The Ecclesiologist

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THE

EC C LESIOLOGIST

(NEW SERIES VOLUME XVII)

'^ Sburgr tgttur et fac et erit Bominus terum''

PCBLISHKD UNDKR THK 8UPKRINTBNDRNCK OF

THE ECCLESIOLOGICAL SOCIETY

VOLUME XX

LONDON
JOSEPH MASTERS ALDEESGATE STREET
AND NEW BOND STREET

MDCCCUX

WI

LONDOy:

FKIKTED BY JOSEPH HASTKHS AlTD CO.,

JULDEB^fe^TB 8TKSBT.

THE

ECCIjESIOLOGIST.

*' Surge Cgftnr ct fat: et rrit 9ominas ucnm.*'

No. CXXX.— FEBRUARY, 1859.

(new series^ no. xciv.)

SOME NOTES OF A TOUR IN GERMANY.

To the Editor of the Ecclesiologist,

Greenhiihe, October, 1858.
My dkar Mr. Editor, — In fulfilment of my promise, I will now en-
deavour to arrange my notes of a tour to the land and home of Albert
Durer, and his master, Wohlgemuth, whence I have just returned.
Much of the ground I traversed haft been so thoroughly explored and
illustrated by Mr. Webb, in his work on *' Continental Ecclesiology,"
as to leave little for a pilgrim in his wake to dilate upon ; nevertheless
I am not apprehensive that my notices will be found entirely devoid
of interest, because they principally relate to the remains of ancient
pictorial Christian art in Southern Germany, a topic but incidentally
treated in Mr. Webb's volume ; and about which I can speak witii
some confidence, in consequence of my having fortunately had, as a
travelling companion, a gentleman whose judgment on this subject has
been formed, not alone from books, but by long experience and a care-
ful, con amore, study of many of the finest early pictures, both abroad
and at home.

Journeying direct from Ostend to Cologne, we reached the " Rome
of the North " before nightfall. The reports of the architect, Zwirner,
periodically published in the Ecclesiologist, relieve me from the task
of giving an account of the progress of the new works at the cathe-
dral ; but I cannot help mentioning, with regret, that a considerable
portion of the nave on either side of the great central area, has been
encumbered by wooden platforms, on which costly oak open benches,
high, massive, and decorated with carving, have been erected. The
chapel of S. Agnes, in the retrochoir, contains the " Dom-bild,"
(formeriy in the chi^ of the town-hall,) the ckef-d'cntvre of the
school of Cobgne, painted about 1450, by Stephen Lothener. In the
chief compartment is pictured the Adoration of the Kings. The

VOL.

2 Some Notes of a Tour in Germany.

Blessed Virgin with the Child in her arms is seated on a throne, and
clothed in a dark-blue mantle, lined with ermine ; the two elder kings
kneel on either side of her, and the younger one stands on her left
hand. Their attendants, bearing gifts and emblazoned banners, wait
around. Behind her float seven angels, on a gold background. On
the right wing is S. Gkreon, in gilt armour and blue velvet surcoat,
accompanied by his men-at-arms. On the left are S. Ursula, with a
Pope, a Bishop, a Youth, and female companions. The back of the wings,
when closed, contains the Annunciation. This grand triptych is alike
distinguished for beauty and harmony of colour, and for its simple
and solemn dignity of composition and arrangement, combined with
elaborate finish in the details ; and to adopt the words of an eminent
German art-critic, " a feeling of ideal grace and beauty is breathed
over the whole work, and is just as conspicuous in the loveliness of
the Virgin with the Divine Child, as in the serene dignity of the kings
who worship, and the youthful fulness of form and tenderness of ex-
pression in the holy virgins and the knights who accompany them."^

In the museum are two other works of great interest, ascribed to
Stephen Lothener. One represents the Blessed Virgin with her Infant
Son, seated in a flowery meadow in a bower of roses. In the sky
above her the Almiobtt is pourtrayed as the *' Ancient of Days,*' and
the Divine Dove hovers over her head. The other, the central portion
of the great altar-picture, formerly in the church of S. Laurence in
Cologne, represents the Doom. Our Saviour, blessing with His
right hand, and unveiling the wound in His side to the condemned,
sits on a rainbow between the kneeling figures of SS. Mary and
John Baptist, surrounded by seraphs of intense blue, bearing the in-
struments of the Passion. Below, in the centre, the dead are rising
-from their graves. On the left of the spectator is the gate of heaven,
a lofty tower of Pointed architecture with angelic warders. The train
of the redeemed, escorted by angels, is entering the celestial portal,
and welcomed by S. Peter and a choir of '* shining ones." On the
right are the mouth of hell, Satan, and the reprobate, among whom
a female, nude and bloated, is rather ofiensively prominent. This pic-
ture, notwithstanding the powerful tone of its colouring, " fails,*' as
has been remarked, "in that depth of character and earnest sub-
limity which the scene demands." Its background has, unfortunately,
been regilt' The museum contains several other important works by
ancient German masters, but I had not leisure to make notes of them.
In the baptistery of the church of S. Mary in Capitolio, is a panel
picture assigned to Albert Diirer. It bears his monogram, and the
date 1521, and if not by him, is, at all events, a good specimen of his
school. On one side is the Decease of the Virgin, and on the reverse
are the Apostles around her empty sepulchre.

The railway-bridge, which is to supersede the steam ferry across
the Rhine, wUl terminate in the Franken Platz, within a few hundred

1 A small engraving of this pictnro will be found at p. 314, of ''The Early
Flemiah Painters. By J. A. Crowe and G. B. CaYalcaselle." 8vo. 1857.

' Mestn. Crowe tad Cavalcaielle ascribe this picture to an imitator of Stephen
JLoihenar»

Some Notes of a Tour in Gemuay. p

feet of the east end of the Dom, and its modem appearance will ill
iccocd, I fear, with the hoary grandeur of the cathedral- choir.

From Cologne we proceed^ by rail to Bonn, and thence up the
Rhine to Cohlenz. On the north of the choir of the church of S.
Castor in that city, ia a fine painting on a gold ground, mentioned
by Mr. Webb, and attributed by Dr. Kugler to Meister Wilhelm of
Cologne. It is of the year 1388. Its subject is the Crucifixion,
with the Blessed Virgin and S. Peter standing on the left, SS. John
Evangelist and Castor on the right, and Cuno, Archbishop of Treves*
kneeimg at the foot of the cross. Half figures of our Loan, S. Mary,
the Apostles, and other saints, are depict^ in panelling on the south
aisle. The Liebfrauen-ldrche was crowded with worshippers at low
mass, about eight a.m. ; not so the Lutheran church, which was fast
closed, and hardly repaid one for the trouble of getting into it. A
large crucifix, and four angels holding candles, stand on the commu-
nion-table, open seats are fixed on platforms in the nave, and the mid-
dle alley is filled with chairs, which (I may remark by the way) I
found in no other church in Germany. Perhaps they are appropriated
to the women, as I have learned is the case with those of the Cal-
▼inittic church of S. Laurence, in Rotterdam, to which I alluded in
the Ecdenologist^ vol. xiii. p. 358. The pulpit, on the north of the
nave, has modem figures of our Loan and Saints, and a clumsy
Pointed canopy of a light slate colour ; opposite to it is a raised seat
or throne very similarly canopied.

From Coblenz we traveUed by water to Mayence. In the Dom»
about ten a.m., on Sunday, September 26th, I found a large congre-
gation, collected in the aisles and open seats, (placed lengthwise, in
triple row, down either side of the nave,) but leaving the wide central
passage unoccupied. Mass, with musical accompaniment, was being
solemnized by a single priest at the high altar ; and at its conclusion
the people sang a hymn with great energy. Three persons commu-
nicated at the sanctuary-rail, on which hung a white cloth. The
hearty devotion of the| numerous worshippers, the vast Romanesque
pile in which they were assembled, and especially the grand colossal
upright effigies of the Archbishop Electors, affixed to the nave piers,
combined to render the scene very religious and solemn. After Divine
Service, I was indebted to the courtesy of one of the ecclesiastics of
the cathedral for a view of the chalices, &c., preserved in the sacristy,
and felt disappointed at learning that the " reliquary of wonderful
beauty," mentioned by Mr. Webb, was no longer there. Over a con-
iesnonal. in a chapel of the south aisle, a httle east of the pulpit, is
a large triptych. The middle compartment contains figures, coloured
and gilt, of the Bleaaed Virg^ being crowned by the FATHEa and the
SoM, between Whom she is seated, and hovered over by the Holy
I>ove. S. Paul stands on the right, and a Cardinal-Archbishop on the
left, of the central group. On the front of the wings are paintings of
the Apostles, siz on each side ; and on the back, of scenes in the life
of oar Lomo. The Dom is receiving a partial restoration. In the in-
terior were acafiblda at the east end of the nave, just short of the apse ;
ftt the eait end of the south, and west end of the north aisle ; and

4 Some Notes of a Tour in Germany.

externally, round the north-eastern tower. The church of SS. Ste-
phen and Mary Magdalen retains its high altar and four brazen pil-
lars ; but every other fitting has been removed from the fabric, which
was scaffolded throughout, encumbered with stones and rubbish, and
undergoing, both internally and externally, a complete reparation. In
the church of S. Quintin, not far from the east end of the north aisle,
is a bas-relief in stone of the Agony, with the sleeping Apostles, finely
designed in the manner of Albert Diirer ; on the wall of the south aisle
is a Procession to Calvary, similarly carved, but in parts almost gro-
tesque. A Pointed organ-case was in course of erection in a pagan
western gallery. The church of S. Emmeran is a late apsidal build-
ing, comprising a nave of five bays, north and south aisles, and a
clerestory. The windows contain no tracery. The pulpit stands
against the second pillar west of the apse on the north of the nave. It
is ornamented with gilding and figures, in the style of the Renais-
sance. There is a plain western gallery, upholding an organ in a
tawdry case, partly painted in imitation of red curtains ! Its pipes,
however, are left honestly of their natural colour. In a glazed cup-
board, not over an altar, but in the comer of the east end of the north
aisle, is a miserable doll-like figure of the Blessed Virgin with the
Child, in blue satin bedecked with silver spangles and embroidery,
lights, on a triangular frame, were burning before it. Outside the
church, at its north-eastern end, is a Gethsemane. Our Loan kneel-
ing among rock- work, is offered a chalice by an angel; behind is
some wall-painting ; beneath, our Savioub is represented lying in the
sepulchre. This erection in stone, apparently of the seventeenth cen-
tury, is seen through an arch, and protected by lattice work in iron.
The church of S. Ignatius is a pseudo- classical apsidal structure, gor-
geously decorated with gilding and carving. Behind the high altar,
which has a rich Renaissance baldachin, is a Deposition in white mar-
ble, tinted from above. by a window of orange-coloured glass! There
are three altars on the south, and two on the north of the apse. The
central one on the south side oddly contrasts with the rest, being
of Pointed design, and supporting an elaborate niche faced with glass,
and containing a painted statue of the Blessed Virgin with the
Child, over which is a lofty pinnacled canopy, ornamented with gold
and colour. Geraniums, in garden-pots, were standing upon the
super-altar and tabernacle. The Dedication crosses are painted on
the walls of this church, and under each cross is a branch for lights.

The observance of the Sunday at Mayence was edifying. Not a
shop was open, and the whole population seemed to be either in the
churches, or quietly promenading in the streets.

To the interior of the minster, at Frankfort-on-the- Maine, our next
halting place, I had opportunity only to make one hasty visit. It has
been cleansed from whitewash, the galleries have been removed, and
the monuments, capitals, bosses, and bas-reliefs, newly gilded and
coloured. A rich Pointed organ case, with carved angels, &c., also
gilded and painted, was in progress in the north aisle. A magnificent
stone canopy hangs over an image of the Blessed Virgin in the south
transept, near the fine relief of the Entombment. On the walls of

Same Notes of a Tour in Germany. 6

the choir are paintings, rather coarsely executed, and similar in sen-
timent and in the soft expression of the heads, and shortness of the
figures, to the school of Cologne, representing events in the life of
S. Bartholomew, a scene from the Revelation, and our Loan's appear-
SDce to S. Mary Magdalen after the Resurrection. Kugler alludes,
in terms of admiration, to " a Head of CuaisT crowned with thorns,
preserved on a panel of the Gothic stone seat, which stands against
the wall of the choir.'* This picture escaped my notice. Of the
shabbiness of the inside of the cathedral, animadverted on by Mr.
Webb, no trace. I am glad to say, remains, unless the boarded flooring
of the entire aisles and nave, below the transepts, deserves to be so
characterized.

In S. Leonardos church an altar has been erected at the east end
of the south aisle, as recently as 1855. It is surmounted by a sort of
reredos, containing in a niche, a painting by Steinle of the Blessed
Virgin and Child, (with gilt nimbi,) over which is a Pointed pyra-
midal canopy of uncoloured oak, containing a statuette of an angel
among tabernacle work, and terminating at the vaulted roof. A hang-
ing, woven like a Brussels carpet, clothes* the wall to some distance
right and left of the reredos. It has a blue ground, upon which is a
nondescript pattern in red and yellow, and is finished at bottom with
a hinge of red, blue, and black worsted, interchanged. The chancel
has been furnished with oak stalls and misereres, eleven on each side.
The woodwork behind the seats is carved in tracery of Middle- Pointed
design, and each panel has a different pattern. The front of the choir
desks is also traceried. The stalls were put up in 1852, and as well as
the canopy, &c., before described, are the work of one " H. T. Wild."
The Frankfort churches are closed during the greater part of the
day. I had some difiiculty in finding the sacristan of S. Leonard's ;
and could not enter the minster (not knowing where to apply for ad-
mission,) after an early hour in the morning.

The Third-Pointed Synagogue, described by Mr. Webb, is no more,
and in its place is being erected a pretentious brick building, with
stone dressings and ornaments, in a style partaking both of the Moor-
ish and Romanesque.

In the collection of pictures belonging to Herr Bettman, the posses-
sor of the Ariadne, are two pleasing interiors of churches by Morgen-
stein ; also a Holy Family, poor and affected, by Cornelius ; and (No.
1 07,) a carious little specimen of the school of Upper Germany, re-
presenting the Annunciation on a gold ground, between SS. Catherine
and Margaret.

The Staedel Museum is rich in early Christian paintings, well-
azranged, and in fine condition, which deserve to be better known in
England. The following, by Italian masters, merit especial notice : —
(6.) The Virgin and Child, enthroned under a canopy, with six an-
gels on each tide, singing or adoring, by the Blessed Angelico. (2.)
The Virgin and Child, enthroned between saints and angels, and wor-
shipped by two devotees, who kneel in the foreground of the pic-
taie ; a lair apeeimen of the Sienese school of the fourteenth century.
(14 and 15.) The Aagel of the Annunciation and the Blessed Virgin ;

6 Some Notes of a Tour in Germany.

by Crevelli. (7.) The Crucifixion, a work of the second half of the
fifteenth century, containing many figures ; angels (one of whom catches
the sacred blood in a chalice,) in the sky, adoring ; the good and bad
thieves, whose souls are respectively being borne away by an angel and
a demon. On the cross, above the head of our Saviour, is a pelican
in her piety* At its foot, in front, are the holy women, with the
Virgin fainting ; and on its right side, soldiers casting lots for the
seamless coat. (36.) A Virgin and Child, with S. John ; by Peru-
gino. (3.) A beautiful Coronation of the Virgin, with a female saint
on her right, and a bishop on her left hand ; three angels on either
aide ; and angels, holding flowers, kneeling below. This picture is,
unfortunately, hung too high. From the works of the Flemish and
German masters, I will select the more remarkable : — (117.) A trip-
tych, of the " School of Cologne," formerly ascribed to Schoreel. In
tiie central division is the Deposition. Mount Calvary is pictured in
the distance, and Judas hanging on a tree. S. Mary Magdalen kisses
our LoBo's hand. Nicodemus (?) is giving the pincers to another
person ; and the nails, stained with blood as if just removed, lie on the
sepulchre on which our Saviour's sacred Body reclines. On the
right wing S. Louis, (or, perhaps, S. Joseph of Arimathea,) bears the
crown of thorns, the entombment being represented in the distance ;
on the left are S. Veronica, whose countenance is marked with a " sub-
dued expression of deep inward suffering;" and a landscape, with
Jerusalem in the distance. (107.) OurLoRD crucified, between the
Blessed Virgin and S. John, with many small male and female figures,
some holding rosaries, kneeling below; attributed to the School of
Upper Germany, of the sixteenth century. (64.) A fine specimen of
John Van Eyck. The Virgin, nursing her Divine Son, sits beneath
a tapestried canopy, on a throne of which the arms and back support
■maU figures of lions. Her hair is long, and she wears a rich crimson
robe, bordered with jewels. The Child holds an apple in His left hand,
and two apples lie on the sill of a window on the left of the Virgin ; on
the right is a recess containing shelves, of which the upper one sup-
ports two glass bottles and a candlestick, and the lower a brazen
vessel of water. (99.) The Mass of S. Gregory, by a Flemish artist
of the fifteenth century. Here the altar has a foot-pace, and one candle-
stick. A cardinal, behind the pontiff, carries his tiara. (69.) The
Virgin with the Child enthroned, in front of a screen composed of
light pillars, is a good picture of the school of Memling. (105.) A
female saint, probably a portrait, on canvas, by Albert Diirer. Her
long hair is marvellously painted, and a silver ornament on the brace-
let of her right hand is minutely finished. (80.) The Virgin with the
Child, and S. Anne» seated on a throne ; over them hovers the Dove,
descending from the Eternal Fathbr. Females with children, meant
to represent our Lord's relations, and other persons are grouped
around. This is an important German work of the fifteenth century.
(71.) A small Flemish triptych, also of the fifteenth century. In the
central panel is the Blessed Virgin and Child ; on the right wing are
half-length figures of S. George and a male — on the left, S. John and
a.female — devotee. The motto en eepenmce is repeated several times

Same Noie$ of a Tour in Germany. 7

o& this pretty little picture. (65.) A choice example of Pieter Christ
tophsen. The Virgin with the Child sits on a throne, omameoted
with statuettes of Adam and Eve in niches ; and other figures, and
with tapestry, as in the picture by Van Eyck, above described. On
her right is S. Francis bearing a crucifix ; on her left, S. Jerome in
crimson, holding a book in his left hand. Behind S. Francis is an
open door, through which appears a landscape with water. On the
lower step of the throne is inscribed, Petrus XPR. me fecit, 1417.
(6^ 63.) The wings of the picture of the Last Judgment by Ste-
phen Lothener, at Cologne. These contain a series of martyrdoms of
the Apostles, on a gold ground, which have been called "a set of
abominable scenes of butchery, each of which is more disgusting than
the one preceding it." This criticism is too severe. It must, how-
ever, be acknowledged that Stephen, like the Blessed Angelico, did
not succeed in the delineation of subjects of human passion and vio-
lence ; he excelled in representations of beauty and repose. (66.) The
Virgin, clothed in a blue robe, with the Divine Infant in her arms,
stands on steps beneath a tent, the sides of which are held back by
angels. She is attended by SS. Peter, John Baptist, Cosmo, and
Damian. There is a vase of flowers at the base of the steps, and
flowers enamel the foreground. This is a fine picture by Rogier of
Bruges, the pupil of John Van Eyck, and master of Memling. (67,
68, 69.) Three small, beautiful, and highly-finished specimens of the
School of Van Eyck, representing : — 1. The Birth of S. John Baptist ;
2. The Baptism of Christ ; 3. The Delivery of S. John Baptist's Head
to Herodias. Each of these subjects is contained in a Pointed arch,
ornamented, between the mouldings, with groups of figures under
canopies, painted to resemble stone. These pictures are very like six
in the Berlin Museum, by Rogier Van der Weyden the elder ; described
hy me in the Eeclesiologisi, vol. x. p. 372. (72.) A large triptych,
assigned to the elder Van der Weyden. The central portion contains,
in chiaroscuro, the Dead Christ in the arms of the Eternal Fathbb ;
aainte, in glowing colours, are delineated on the wings.

Leaving Frankfort, by the early morning train, we arrived at Nu-
remberg between three and four p.m. When passing Wurzburg, I
observed that the stately three- sided apsidal chancel of the Marien
Kspelle there, was scaffolded as if under restoration. On a slight
acquaintance, Nuremberg does not impress one with the feeling of its
tntiqnity so forcibly at, e.g. the older part — (particularly the weather-
stained, picturesque timber and plastered tenements of the Jews' quar-
ter)—of Frankfort. The reason of this, I appr^nd, is that the houses
in Nuremberg are, generally, high and massive, and strongly built of
stone, open which, in so clear an atmosphere, even centuries have left
bat few traces of decay. Being so remarkably well preserved, and
having little beside the style of their architecture to mark . their age,
they at first disappoint a traveller who comes prepared to find them
wearing the dilapidated and time-wom appearance usually presented
by the renunns of the domestic architecture of the Middle Ages. A
very abort timo, however, is long enough to convince the antiquary, or
vtHt. who Hagm among its streets and churches, that scarcely nq

8 Some Notes of a Tour in Germany.

other town in Europe retains so much of its Mediaeval character. Re-
gild and colour (as has been done in numerous instances,) the canopied
images affixed to the corners of the houses, and the countless vanes
which creak on the turrets and gables ; fill the streets with people
in the quaint costume of the fifteenth century ; man the old battle-
ments with steel-clad warriors ; restore the ancient ritual to the sacred
fabrics still rich in altars, roods, triptychs, statues, painted glass, and
tapestry, and nothing more would be needed to reproduce, at least in
outward semblance, the Nuremberg of Veit Stoss, Adam Kraft, Peter
Vischer, Wohlgemuth, and, last and greatest, Albert Diirer, when the
fame of its manufactures, arts, and arms, was spread abroad over every
country of the civilized world.

One of the most extraordinary books in existence is the renowned
Chronicon Nurembergense, printed in Nuremberg, by Koberger, in 1493,
on imperial folio paper, and illustrated with two thousand two hundred
and fifty wood engravings, executed by Wohlgemuth and Pleydenwarff.
Its author was Hartman Schedel, a physician of the above city, and it
contains a history of the world from its creation to the close of the
fifteenth century of the Christian era. The art-student, who wishes
to acquire some knowledge of early German design, will do well to
study the prints in this venerable volume ; but rudely magnificent as
some of them doubtless are, they fail to give a just idea of the state of
pictorial art as displayed in the panel pictures of the period to which
they belong. As I shall have a good deal to say about Wohlgemuth's
productions as a painter, some allusion to the foregoing unparalleled
monument of his skill as a designer and engraver could hardly, with
propriety, be omitted; and the rather, because two of its pages —
the reverse of folio xcix, and the recto of folio c, are occupied by an
immense woodcut of Nuremberg, as it appeared in 1493, and repre-
senting its many-towered gates and walls, churches, castle, and the
lofty stepped gables of its houses. At that time the city had a double
cincture of walls, fortified with turrets as many as the days of the year
in number, as appears from the following extract from the description
which accompanies the engraving : " Habet quoque propugnacula mu-
rum crassissimum et turres quinque et sexaginta supra trecentas." The
writer next refers to a subject, upon which I have remarked above :
" Estque edibus civium amplissimis et firmissimis exomata." The
chronicler goes on to make mention of the " most famous parochial
churches " of SS. Sebaldus and Laurence, and several other goodly
ecclesiastical edifices, now, alas ! destroyed or desecrated, including
two or more monasteries : " Monialesque sacr» virgines ad divam
Catherinam et sanctam Claram duo monasteria habent. Cruciferi
ordinis theutonicorum spaciosa urbis loca possident ; extat quoque in
ea Carthusiense cenobium edificii magnificentia amplissimum et pul-
cherrimum." The account concludes with an enumeration of some of
the treasures of which Nuremberg was then the possessor, includ-
ing the regalia of Charles the Great, the '* divinissima lancea quae
Jhbsu Christi latus in cruce aperuit," portions of the true cross, " et
aliis reliquiis toto orbe celebrandis.*' It may interest your readers to
know, that the royal insignia of Charlemagne, with the lance and

On, the Abuse of Polychrome. 9

other reputed relics» (above celebrated.) which were brought by him
from the Holy Land, are now at Vienna.

And now reserving^, ^th your permission, my notes on the pictures.
&c., in Nuremberg*, and on the remainder of my tour, to a future com-
munication* I will aay no more than that I am, my dear Mr. Editor,

Very sincerely yours,

John Fullbr Russkll.

ON THE ABUSE OF POLYCHROME.

Tb eke Editor of the EcclesiologisU

Sir. — Will you permit me to make a few remarks on the " second"
article of your •• Correspondent on Whitewash and Yellow Dab," as it
perhaps **more than incidentally*' refers to my own in a former num-
ber on the abuse of Polychrome.

1 perfectly agree with your correspondent that " beauty of colour,
composition, and form appear to be laid everywhere before man's eyes
with a perfect unity of purpose to suggest to him ideas of life, and to
relieve him from the dulness and deadness of mere material." I am
only at issue with him as to the extent to which the combination and
application of them should be carried. I am unwilling to take to
myself the remarks which he proffers of deficiency of perception in
colour merely because I do not advocate its extensive introduction into
churches. He aays that he " cannot accept my axiom, too hastily
assumed, that colour which is a necessity in nature is but an accident
in art."

In order to make my meaning clear, I should perhaps have said '* an
accident in sculpture and architecture." With reference to the former
we know not but that the Apollo Belviderc " might once" have been
coloured, and might be coloured " again," if there was bad taste enough
to perpetrate such an outrage ; but then as Hiram Powers, the Ameri-
can sculptor, most truly says, '* he ceases to be a god, a spiritual embodi-
ment, he steps down from his throne on high, and becomes man
among men ; we touch him, talk to him, and handle him with fami-
liarity. And if this is so with one statue, it would be so with all,
were all equally perfect. When Sculpture calls upon her sister
Painting for aid, she acknowledges her weakness, drops her chisel,
takes ap the palette, and pursues a mongrel art, half sculpture, half
painting." I think the most determined advocate of indiscriminate
polychrome will hardly venture to gainsay the justice of this reasoning.
It wiU prove at least that there is "no necessary connection" between
coloration and ttatoary. The Apollo Belvidere is still the " admira-
tion of the world," Uiough accidentally destitute of the addition of
colomr.

And now with respect to Architecture. How strikingly true is the
aphorism, " JVrai enacts what the spirit dictates. It is the telegraph.
•o to speak, ci the soul which created it." And who does not ke\
▼OL. jx. c

10 On the Abuse of Polychrome.

that it is truly the *' vehicle of expression" when he contemplates the
magnificent churches with which England is gemmed everywhere. In
speaking of them, one who has well studied the subject says, " Altitude,
length, distance, space, are the elements we crave for putting together
something which shall speak for us what we feel. Our sense of the
gpreatness and glory of Him Whom we worship, and of the height to
which even our limited faculties are capable of soaring in search of
Him, is in a manner relieved by being allowed to utter itself, as it were,
in things vast and high, in aisles that stretch away from, or vaults that
soar above us. What a swelling and soaring anthem is to the heart
and voice, that a cathedral is to the aspirations of the heart and the
eye.'** I wish your correspondent would bear in mind that this elo-
quent eulogy *" omits all mention of the polychrome,*' for which he is
80 strenuous an advocate. Am 1 not then right in affirming that in
church architecture, though coloration when sparingly and carefully
used may heighten the beauty of particular parts, it is in truth but an
accident ?

Again your correspondent says, " When one speaks of architectural
polychrome, there is another very great difficulty one has to contend
with ; for people's ideas rush into the exaggeration of vermilion, cad-
mium and ultramarine." Aod with very good reason, too, when expe-
rience demonstrates that an excessive love of polychrome has always
been followed by a degeneracy in taste. The late Thomas Hope, in his
History of Architecture, speaking of the Byzantine style, says, " As,
in Pagan Rome, the taste for beauty of form and outline declined, that
for glare of colours and gilding increased." In fact they follow each
other as naturally as effect follows cause. I must again repeat what
Mr. Street says of S. Mark's, " The colour is so magnificent, that one
troubles oneself but little about the architecture, and thinks only upon
the expanse of gold and deep rich colour, all harmonized together into
one glorious whole, — so that all architectural lines of moulding and the
like are entirely lost, and nothing but a soft swelling and undulating
sea of colour is perceived." If this is the language and taste of a pro-
fessed architect conversant chiefly with " form," when there is no
want of that skill and taste which comes from study, what will ensue
if the polychromists carry out their ideas ? Vainly should we look, in
the majority of our churches, for the taste which carefully and deli-
cately manipulated the restored chapter- house at Salisbury. Nothing
is easier than to daub a building with colour ; and if such is the case
in France, we shall hardly escape it in England.

The state of polychrome in the former country is not encouraging,
more especially as the French are certainly not our inferiors in matters
of taste. What does Mr. Street say of Notre Dame de Paris in 1 857 ?
" I was more than disgusted to find how shamefully its interior has
been treated. The groining cells papered with blue paper diapered
with gilt bees ; the walls from one end to the other also papered with
gaudy imitations of mediaeval stencilling, and the whole of the clere-
story "wxn^oy/h pasted over with coloured cartoons on thin paper, by way
of imitation of stained glass !" I do not say that Westminster Abbey
^ Mr. P. Freeman on Cathedral Architecture. Ecclesiologist, Vol. XVII.

Organs for Village Churches. 11

will ever be treated in this way, but I am justified in believing that
sach will be the decoration of many of our country churches, if the
ferveDt polychromists are victorious. Such a plan has been proposed,
and " without any. condemnation" at a meeting in Oxford some time
since. And we have warnings also in the treatment of secular build-
mgs. The eminent architect above quoted maintains that '* in Venice
an old palace, between the badly restored Ca d'Oro and the Palazzo
S^edo on the grand canal, has been restored and picked out with
white and light green, and plastered and painted till almost its entire
beauty has been destroyed !" Truly if the polychromists are not
colour-blind, they may at least be said to be " blinded by colour."

But even if churches could be most tastefully decorated in this way,
it would be a valid objection that you would introduce something really
dien to the impression which such buildings are " intended" to con-
vey. Painting and gilding could never heighten the effects so graphi-
cally described by Mr. Freeman. Paint the solemn and majestic choir
of Canterbury, and you at once bring it down " from heaven to
earth."

But your correspondent refers to the prophetic vision in the Scrip-
tores. To which I might answer that the " sapphires and agates, and
stones, with fair colours," can be no guide to us in ** matters of taste/'
and were never intended to be so, inasmuch as they simply shadow
forth a state of future bliss. The Saviour of the world retired to the
'* lofty mountain" to pray, and the natural feelings would point to the
"deep embowering forest," not unaptly compared to the Gothic
church, as most suitable to the purposes of true devotion. In that,
wdSy not diversity of colour predominates.

In conclusion, am I presumptuous in saying, without reference to
any individual, that to consider *« form the soul of art," as incomplete
and imperfect without colour bodes no good, but rather harm, to the
advancement of real taste amongst us ?

The great masters of design said, perhaps with some exaggeration,
•• Perfect your outline and put in what you please.'* The polychro-
mists would bring us back to the taste of children, who always wish to
" paint before they use the pencil."

I remain. Sir,

Yours truly,
A Membbr of thb OxFoan Architectural Socibtt.
December ^9th, 1 858.

ORGANS FOR VILLAGE CHURCHES.

To the Editor of the Eeclesiologist.

Mt dkar Mr. Editor. — I did not expect that I should have to address
JOB and your readers again on this subject ; but since Mr. Baron, not
coatent with defending himself, has added a somewhat unfair attack on
tbe Hayward's Heath organ, besides several other inaccurate asfteitlont,

12 Organs for Village Churches,

I feel obliged to send a reply, trusting that from regard to truth and
justice, rather than from any private feelings, you will give it insertion.

That part of Mr. Baron's letter with which I have to do begins to-
wards the bottom of page 300. He complains that in my June letter
1 attributed to him *' ignorance and mistakes." Mistakes I certainly
did attribute to Mr. Baron ; but I did not apply the word ignorance,
or its adjective, to him. We are indeed all of us ignorant on many
questions ; but I wish to avoid harsh words as much as possible, and it
is only under special circumstances that ignorance deserves a public
rebuke. I was anxious to say a few words in your June number on
the subject treated of by Mr. Baron, because they might prevent several
persons from giving orders for one- stop organs : I had not time then
to give the reasons for my opinions. If any of your readers have taken
my unsupported assertions for more than they were worth, and at the
same time slighted my recommendation of Mr. Baron's work at the
end of the June letter, I shall be truly sorry for having been even the
innocent cause of so much mischief. The rule that " no one has a
right to make the allegation of ignorances or mistakes in a published
book, apart from the proof on which it rests," would make it the duty
of every reviewer either to write a long notice of every carelessly
written book that is sent to him, or not to give his opinion of it at all ;
which, it seems to me, is a reductio ad ahsurdum. As to the charges
against me of being *' lofty and patronising," " placing myself in the
chair of authority," &c., I leave it to you and your readers to decide
whether my tone of writing has been unsuited to my position and at-
tainments. I shall be most ready to correct the fault, if it exists.
With what grace charges of excessive self-confidence come from Mr.
Baron, is another question.

We come next to my three conclusions on the construction of small
church- organs, quoted by Mr. Baron. There is not now sufficient
difference between us on these points to make further discussion worth
the while, even if I had more to say on them ; I will therefore only remark
that I am much pleased at learning that Mr. Willis has taken up the
manufacture of thase instruments, and that he has decided in favour uf
pedal-keys.

Mr. Baron now gives us an extract from Hopkins on the Organ, en-
livened with some running comments of his own. Mr. Hopkins says
that the old system of English organ- playing, — meaning that which
prevailed from 1 660 to about the end of the last century, — was very
" light " and '* thin,'* compared with the modern ; and Mr. Baron evi-
dently wishes to return to the older system. But, inasmuch as the
period in question is now esteemed to have been the very worst through
which English Church-music has passed, the quotation does not greatly
strengthen Mr. Baron's position. As little to the purpose are his
sneers at large organs in general, which I pass by, being sure that,
whatever Mr. Baron may say against them, these wonderful instru-
ments, if suitably placed and skilfully handled, will always be admired,
in like manner as vast cathedrals and lofty mountains are admired.
Our present concern is with organs for village and other smaU churches ;
and I must now renew my controversy with Mr. Baron as to whether

Organs for Village Churchei. 18

they are best placed in or out of the cbancel. He chargee me with
setting at nought early precedent : let U8 see what are the grounds for
this charge. Dr. Rimbault, in his " History of the Organ." alleges
lereral instances of organs in cathedrals and college chapels being
placed on one side of the choir, generally on the north. I do not think
there can be a better position in cathedrals. In college chapels a cen-
tral position over the choir- screen may be preferable, for reasons into
which it is not my present business to enter. The position on one
ade of the choir was not, however, universal ; for the same author
mentions an organ at Canterbury Cathedral which stood anciently
in the south transept, and another at Rochester which stood in the
north transept, both of them outside the choir. " As regards parish
churches,'* writes Dr. Rimbault, " the common situation for the organ,
both before and after the Reformation, was in the chancel.'* and he
quotes two instances. But he adds in a note, *' Of course, other posi-
tions were occasionally adopted,** and mentions two instances, copied
from '* Jebb on the Choral Service." This author adds a third (not,
indeed, parochial), that of Trinity College, Oxford. In two cases out
of these three the organ was on the rood-loft or choir-screen ; in the
other (the Beauchamp Chapel, at Warwick), it was over the west
door. But even if the current of ancient precedent for placing organs
in the chanceb of parish churches were stronger than it is, I might
still apply to this question what you have re-asserted in your lai^t num-
ber (p, 379), " that the real exigencies of the actual Anglican wor-
ship ought to be the first consideration of Anglican ecclesiologists ;"
and thence conclude that if an organ placed outside the chancel sup-
ports the voices of the congregation better than one inside it, without
being too far distant from the choir, it ought to be so placed. I hope
I fully understand the value of a choir for leading a congregation ; but
I happen also to know something about the power of a congregation to
impede a choir. Imagine the situation of a choir-man, with a small
organ on one side of him doing its best to keep him in time and tune,
and on the other a large body of parish school- children doing their
worst to pull him backwards in time and downwards in tune. But put
the organ westward of the choir, and it will probably keep the chil-
dren in better time and tune ; or, at any rate, it will prevent the choir-
mao from being so annoyed by their defects. Mr. Hopkins is cer-
tainly an authority in questions relating to organs ; but it appears that
this musician, when writing the passage quoted by Mr. Baron in pages
39^ 393, bad not in view the congregation's joining in the singing ;
otherwise the comparison of a concert- room would be quite irrelevant.
I think you will agree with me that every village church ought to
have room in the chancel-stalls or seats for three men on each side,
exdosive of the westernmost stalls, and of that occupied by the organ,
if it be placed there. If the organ is to be small, and at a distance
from the congregation, there is so much the more need of a full choir.
There are doubtless many old village churches which have room for
moie than four stalls on rach side, but there are also many that have
not. I admit tfmt, as Mr. Baron says in reply to another of my objec-
tioas. ** it would be easy to raise the organist a little higher, if thought

14 Organs for ViUage Churches.

desirable/' and this would give room for the bellows under the floor of
the raised part. But I do not think this would be an improvement in
respect of Uie seemliness of choral worship. With the body of the in-
strument above him for a canopy, the organist would then present a
complete parody of a bishop in his throne.

With respect to the organ at S. Thomas's, Oxford, I am glad to find
that it is more sensibly contrived than, judging from the grossly inac-
curate representation, I had concluded it to be. I therefore retract
the remarks in my last letter, as far as the actual organ at S. Thomas's
is concerned. I still think, however, that a simpler arrangement of the
grooves and pipes would have been far better. I am willing to give Mr.
Baron all due credit for his new plans of pipe-arrangement. The best
of them are unsatisfactory, only because all attempts at symmetrical
arrangement must be so. I use the word symmetrical, not in its most
genend sense, but in that which I believe is usual in treating of archi-
tectural objects, namely, to denote that any two vertical sections, at
equal distances right and left of the one through the centre, agree in
every respect. It is essential to an organ -stop that no two of its pipes
shall be of the same size,^ and therefore it is, I repeat, essentially an
unsymmetrical object. It is easy to make the Atf pipe look, in front, like
the A, and so on ; but things that are made to look like what they are
not, are shams .^ Mr. Baron has some curious ideas in connection with
this subject. " What right has your correspondent,'* he asks, " to
call the Pan-pipe arrangement the natural order of the pipes ? It is
their natural order as they stand ready for use, feet uppermost, in an
organ-builder's shop, but not when planted on the sound-board of an
organ." Now if one order be most agreeable to the nature of organ-
pipes at one time, and a very different one at another, it is clear that
their nature must have undergone a considerable change in the mean
while. By what mysterious process is this transformation effected for
the pipes of the Scudamore organs ? As it is perfectly incredible that
simply turning them feet downward and planting them on the sound-
board can produce it, I hope that Mr. Baron, if he writes again, will
enlighten me and your other musical readers about this matter. But
let us hear Mr. Baron's reasons for believing that " the Pan-pipe ar-
rangement" ceases to be the natural order of the pipes when they are
planted on the sound-board. '* In the first place," he says, " it cannot
possibly be carried out, except in a mediaeval Regal." 'iliat it is im-
possible to have the whole of the Open Diapason stop placed in a single
Une, according to any arrangement, except in organs of very unusual
width, or of very smsdl compass, is undeniable. But who wishes that the
whole of that stop should be placed in a single line ? The question is not
whether the whole stop shall be arranged in a single line or not, but in

^ There are, indeed, some exceptions to this rnle, namely, in compound stops,
and in the shrillest of the single stops ; but these exceptions do not affect the argu-
ment, because the equal pipes of these stops cannot be symmetrically disposed.

' To speak with exactness, the front of tlie A]t pipe would in that case be a sham,
fo/ar OM it* length exceeded the true length qf the pipe. The case is quite similar
to that of the high-pitched gables which, in some modem-Gothic conventicles and
other bmldings, may be seen rearing tbemielves in front of a low-pitched roof. The
gable is then a sham, eo/ar at ii herein pitch from the actual roqf.

Organs for Village Churches. 15

what order the pipes which are to be placed in a single line shall be
arranged. Mr. Baron proceeds, — " In ail modern organs, it is a mere
sham and pretence, as may be seen in the description of the Hay ward's
Heath organ. • . .** How can a thing be a sham, when it does not
pretend to be anything else than what it is ? The idea that the front
pipes of that organ were intended to be taken for the whole stop, if
this be Mr. Baron's meaning, is certainly one the credit of which, what-
ever it may be worth, belongs to him alone. The rest of his criticism
on the organ in question is in good keeping with the preceding bit.
" The six tallest pipes are placed on a lower level facing west, which
is a botch.*' If it was *' a botch " to place these pipes as near to their
wind as the situation allowed, I should like to know what names should
be applied to the practices of leaving them and others out altogether,
or substituting stopped wooden pipes for them. See *' Scudamore
Organs," pp. 37, 38. " The remaining 29 [28], from c^JJ to f^ [e»] alt.,
are stowed away we don't know where." I beg leave to inform Mr.
Baron that the smaller pipes of organs are usually — I think I may say
•inDayt — placed on the sound-board, over their wind, and that the de-
signer of the Hayward*s Heath and Preston organs is not the person
who would depart from so sensible and well established a practice.
The next sentence I pass over, not knowing to what organ or organs it
is meant to apply. I take, however, this occasion to explain the ra-
tionale of front-pipes, believing that an explanation may be acceptable
to some of your readers, who, like Mr. Baron, do not yet understand it.
It is right to mention that I am here doing little more than putting Mr.
Hopkins's information into a condensed form. In order that an organ
may look like an organ, some of its pipes must be exposed to view ;
and the next question is, which shall they be r For reasons which
have frequently been stated, the Open Diapason pipes are usually placed
in front of the other stops ; and the next choice lies between the bass
and treble of this stop. The consideration that the bass-pipes are not
only the most bulky, but also require most " speaking room," — that is,
open space before their mouths, to allow the current of air to escape
frieely, — is decisive in favour of the bass pipes standing outside. The
treble-pipes can be placed closer behind the bass, without damage to
tiie sound, than the bass-pipes can be placed behind the treble. Add
to this, that removing the bass of the Open Diapason from the sound-
board ^ves some valuable room for the bass of the other stops ; and
that the sound of the treble-pipes can issue from their mouths freely
enough through the triangular spaces left by the feet of the bass
pipes ; whereas when the treble pipes are placed in front of the bass,
t krge portion of the sound of the latter has to find its way through
the narrow chinks left between the bodies of the former. Choirs,
it is well known, are so arranged that the men may sing over the
heads of the boys. In organs the contrary arrangement is prefer-
tble with respect to the large and small pipes, because the mouths of
organ-pipes are situate, not in the upper part of their bodies, but next
to their feet. The fact that placing the largest metal-pipes in front
gives dignity to the appearance of the organ, is an incidental advantage.
Provided that the front pipes are cut down to their real length, and are

16 Organs for Village Churches.

arranged according to the order of their grooves, they cannot, with any
justice, be accused of being " a sham." But let us attend to Mr.
Baron*8 other objections against the semitonal arrangement. He pro-
duces three — two mechanical, and one musical — not one of which
proves anything, except that he is not very well up in '* Hopkins."
In the first he confounds together the arrangement of all the pipes in
one line, which is generally impracticable for the larger stops, with the
arrangement of the grooves in the order of the semitones, which takes
little or no more room than any other arrangement. The usual zigzag
arrangement of the pipes on the sound-board will generally bring them
within the reach of the fan-hnme movement in small organs without
any crowding. The next mechanical objection, that " all the larger
pipes being placed at one end of the sound-board, the weight would be
very unequally distributed," is a stale and stupid one, which Mr. Hop-
kins has already answered, (sec. 1167,) by remarking that the addi-
tional weight is easily provided against by a stronger building-frame :
but in fietct the frame must be very weak indeed not to be able to bear
the weight of the bass-pipes at one end, especially when the largest
metal-pipes are removed from the sound-board. An organ-frame is
not like a boat, which requires its burden to be equally distributed : it
is more similar to a four-legged dining-table, where no one, I suppose,
would apprehend any danger from its happening to be laden with a
round of beef at one end and only a couple of fowls at the other. As
to the musical objection, that " the Pan-pipe arrangement is bad, be-
cause the pipes when so arranged will be particularly liable to sym-
pathise and spoil each other's speech," Mr. Baron does not favour
us with his grounds for this assertion ; and I think it would be parti-
cularly difficult to find any, as far as the manual stops of small or mo-
derate-sized organs are concerned. If there were any reason in the
objection, it would apply to most of the " Scudamore organs/' as well
as to those all of whose pipes are arranged in the natural order ; since,
even in the former, we find C G and C C)t pipes, or O and Git pipes, or
some other two that differ only by a semitone, standing side by side.
Perhaps Mr. Baron had an indistinct recollection of a passage in '* Hop-
kins,*' (sec. 1201,) where that author states that " it does not answer
to plant large-scale Bourdons semitonally." He adds, however, that
the bad influence of one pipe upon its neighbour does not appear in
small-scale stopped pipes ; and says nothing of its having been observed
among the pipes from G G upwards. Now large-scale Bordone pipes
are out of the question for small organs,^ and in organs of a moderate

^ Mr. Hopkins, in a letter printed in the Guardian of January 6, goes so far as
to propose a Bordone for an organ to contain only three other stops. Such an
organ would furnish a very effectiTe accompaniment to the choir and congregation
of a village diurch, and be incomparably preferable to an organ containing open
diapason only, while its estimated cost is onlj £\0 more. But a Bordone of irery
smali scale would be sufficient for such an organ. The C C C Stopt Diapason pipe
of the PrMton organ is 5^ in. by 7^ in. in its internal dimensions ; and t^ese pipes,
though placed semitonally, do not spoil one another's sound in the least, at the same
time that they are quite sufieient to balanoe the other ten pipes which speak on
ererv key of die great manmal, when all the stops and both couplers are drawn. A
Bordone of still smaller sosle would, I think, be sufficient for Mr. Hopkins' four-
stop oigan.

The Homelling Cloth. 17

m. would only be used for pedal pipes, which might, without any in-
consistency, be differently arranged from the manual stops, supposing
that there were a practical reason for doing so. If a heavier wind
were used, the scale of the stop might be diminished, without render-
ing the tone too weak ; and then this objection to the semitonal ar-
nngement would Tanish completely.

With respect to tbe question about harmoniums, I will only remark,
that if it were certain that they teach men and boys to sing through
their teeth, that w^ould be a serious objection to the use of those instru-
ments. But inasmuch as some singers vnU commit the same fault,
CTen though tbey have been taught with the help of an organ or piano-
forte, it would require a large mass of observations to prove that har-
moniums really have this property ; nor would the observations be
worth much unless they were made by some cooler and more scientific

ad than Mr. Baron's.

The prices of organs similar to those at Hay ward's Heath and Preston -
next-Wingham can be learnt from Mr. Eagles, John's Terrace, Hackney
^ ,N.E.

Yours, &c.,

S. S. G.

THE HOUSELLING CLOTH.

To the Editor of the Ecclesiologist.

Mt dbar Ma. Editob, — I want to put on record an odd and unex-
pected proof of the existence of an old tradition and practice still, as I
think, surviving, when, perhaps, its real and original purpose is forgotten.
Every ritualist knows what the houselling cloth is — a cloth extended be-
fore the comniunicants to catch any fragment of the consecrated bread.
This houselling cloth is ordered in the Coronation office, and it is to be
held by two bishops. It was, 1 believe, up to a comparatively recent
period always used at the royal chapels : and there are churches in
which, as we have lately been assured, its use survives. It is generally
employed, at least I have often seen it, in France, where tbe altar- rails
at covered with a white cloth.

Now did you never observe a practice common, and in my days of
rustic experience universal, in the country, for women always to carry
their Prayer Books wrapped in a white handkerchief to church ? London
female servants as a rule carry, or rather used to carry, for they are
getting too fine now-a-days, their Prayer Books in their white handker-
chief. Prayer Book and white handkerchief was the use of Sunday.
On week-daya and in their best, there was no display of this white hand-
kerchief; on Sundays it was the rule. It was the outward sign of
cfaiixch-going. I have long suspected that this invariable and anoma-
loos white kerchief was the old houselling cloth : and I remember that
in cooverMtion tins sospicion of mine was pronounced by you to be
•t least a jnobaUe gueit.

VOL. xz. ^

1 8 Architectural Notes in Prance,

I have just got proof of it. I was called upon to-day in an official
capacity to administer communion to a considerable number of old
almsfolks in a church in the very heart of the city of London, the very
last place where one would expect to find this old ritual tradition
observed. One poor old woman, from Bristol, who communicated,
when she knelt at the altar-steps, deliberately spread her white — or
rather yellow-white — pocket-handkerchief all along the rails before
communicating. I wish some of your country readers would, wlien
they see the Sunday pocket-handkerchief, investigate this subject, and
inquire whether in any place any knowledge of its meaning, or traces
of this practice survive.

Yours truly,
London; Epiphany, 1859. W. S.

ARCHITECTURAL NOTES IN FRANCE. No. II.

It is unnecessary to say anything of the churches of Paris. They must
be thoroughly well known to most of the readers of the Ecclesiologist,
and it would be a presumption as well as a waste of time on my part
to describe them. To those who have not carefully examined them,
let me recommend M. F. de Guilhermy's " Description Archil ogique
des Monuments de Paris,"^ as a very useful and trustworthy guide.

The antiquarian and architectural riches of Paris are very far beyond
anything of which we could ever boast in London. For beside such
well-known examples as Notre Dame, the Sainte Chapelle, and S.
Germain des Pr6s, there are numbers of smaller churches, very many
of which are of very great interest. Moreover the churches of Paris
afford examples of so many periods, that it is possible — beginning
with the unique choir of S. Martin des Champs, the church of Mont«
martre, and S. Germain des Pr6s. and going on to Notre Dame and the
Sainte Chapelle — to trace out the gradual development of the system
of architecture and sculpture, which in the last two buildings reached
such perfection.

Leaving Paris for Beauvais, the first station at which I stopped was
risle Adam, from whence a walk of two or three miles by the banks of
the Oise brought me to the fine village church of Champagne. This is
very unlike an English village church in its general scheme, but full of
interest. In plan it consists of a groined nave and aisles, of six bays,
a central tower with a square chancel of one bay, and transepts with
apsidal projections from their eastern walls. The date of the whole
church (with the exception of the tower arches, which must have
been either rebuilt or very much altered in the fifteenth century) is
about the end of the tweLfth century. It is now undergoing repair
at the joint expense of the Emperor and the Commune, but this is being
done in so careless a manner that it is to be hoped it will not proceed
further than is absolutely necessary for the security of the fabric. The

> Published by Bance: Rue Bonaparte, 13.

Architectural Notes in H'onee. 19

western facade has a very singular doorway, the tympanum of which,
ia pierced with a window of six cusps, whilst the abacus of the
capitals is carried across the tympanum, and a square- headed door
pierced below. Above is a large wheel window of twelve lights. The
aisles are lighted with lancets, whilst the clerestory has a succession of
circular windows, which internally form part of the same composition
ai the triforium, the lower part being an unpierced arcade. The
chancel ia lighted at the east with a circular window enclosed within a
pointed arch, and on either side with Early Geometrical windows of
two lights. The finest feature is the steeple, which rises in two stages
above the roofs. The belfry stage is excessively lofty and elegant in
ita proportions, having two windows of two lights in each face divided
by a cluster of shafts, whilst other clusters of shafts at the angles of
the tower run up to a rich corbel-table and cornice, under the eaves of
the roof. The finish is a hipped saddle-back roof of steep pitch and
covered with slate.

Internally the most rare feature is a very light cusped stone arch of
Flamboyant character, with pierced spandnls, which spans the western
arch of the tower, and no doubt originally carried the Rood. The
capitals in the nave are boldly carved, and carry the groining shafts,
which are clusters of three. At the west end of the north aisle, and pro-
jecting beyond the fii^ade of the church, is the ruin of a small gabled
chapel, the object of which I did not understand.

Altogether this church, owing to its fine character, and the retention
of almost all its original features and proportions unaltered, deserves
to be known and visited by all ecclesiologists, who travel along the
Northern of France railway to Paris. A few miles farther on the left
rises the fine church of S. Leu, which I have known for a long time,
and which deserves, as I think, very much more notice and study than
it appears to have received. The plan, situation, details, and style
(early First- Pointed) are all alike of the best, and I know few, even
among French churches, which impress me more strongly with the
thorough goodness and nobility of their style. The east end of the
cfaorch rises from the precipitous edge of a rock, which elevates the
whole building finely above the level of the riant valley of the Oise.
It was attached, I believe, to a Benedictine abbey, the other buildings
of which are all in a most advanced state of decay. The church for-
tunately, though much out of repair, and in some points altered into
Flamboyant, is nevertheless sufficiently perfect for all purposes of
ftady. It consists in plan of two western towers (the north-west
tower being only in part built) then six bays of nave and aisles, three
bays of choir, and an apse (circular on plan) of seven bays ; round
the apse is the procession path, and four chapels, also circular on
plan, lighted by two windows, so that one of the groining shafts
is placed opposite the centre of the arch into each, and over the
altars. In place of the fifth chapel on the north side, a circular
recess is formed in the external wall of the procession path, so as
to make space for an altar without forming a distinct chapel. I
should be disposed to say that this was the original scheme of the
church, afterwards altered and much improved by the substituliou of

20 Architectural Notes in Finance.

larger and more distinct chapels.^ The central chapel of the apse has
the unusual feature of another chapel above it, on a level with the tri-
forium, adding much to the picturesque effect of the east end. In
addition to the western steeples there are gabled towers which rise
above the aisles on each side of the choir, and the church is remarkable
like the church at Mantes for the absence of transepts. Perhaps, as
the internal length is not quite 200 feet, this is of some advantage to
the general effect. A considerable change has at some time been
effected in the external appearance of the east end, for on examination
I found that each bay of the triforium was formerly lighted by two lancet
windows between the clerestory and the roof over the aisles. My im-
pression is, that this must have been altered when the chapels round
the apse were erected and within a very short time of the original con-
struction of the church ; but whatever the reason, the church has lost
much by the alteration. The six bays of the nave appear to have been
built after the west end and the choir. The latter has a noble very
Early- Pointed doorway, rich in chevron ornament, and this seems to
have had a porch gabled north and south between the towers so as not
to interfere with the window in the west wall of the nave. The south-
west tower and spire, though small in proportion to the height of the
nave, are of elaborate character. All the arches are round, and there
are two nearly similar stages for the belfry. The spire has large rolls
at the angles and in the centre of each face (an arrangement seen at
Chartres and Vend6me) but in addition it has the peculiarity of detached
shafts, standing clear of the rolls on the spire and held by occasional
bands. They have a certain kind of quaint picturesqueness of effect,
but were never, I think, imitated elsewhere. The whole bkce of the
spire is notched over with lines of chevroned scolloping. On entering
the church the first thing that is remarked is the excessive width of the
nave (36 feet between the columns) compared to that of the aisles
(about 12 feet). The result is, that a grand unbroken area is obtained
for worshippers, whilst the aisles appear to be simply passage-ways.
The general proportion of the building is, however, rather too low in
proportion for its great width. Almost all the arches throughout the
church are, more or less, stilted, and with the best possible effect. When
the eye is thoroughly accustomed to this it is curious to notice how un-
satisfactory any other form of arch is. The fact is, that a curve which
commences immediately from its marked point of support, is never so
fine as where it rises even a few inches perpendicularly before it springs.
The capitals throughout the church are finely carved, and those round
the apse are of immense size, and crown circular shafts of very delicate
proportions, much as at Mantes, and (though on a heavier scale) at
Notre Dame, Paris. The construction of this part is of the very boldest
character, and exemplifies in a very striking manner the extreme skill
in construction to which the architects of the day had arrived.

^ The chmpelt round the apse of Senlis Cathedral form an iatermediate liak be-
tween the two plana at S. Len. Thev form exactly half a circle on plan, and have
only two bays, one of which is lightea with a window. Externally they have stone
rooft, finiihing under the triforium windows. These two churches should be studied
sad oompmrtd together.

Architectural Notes in Firance. 21

Great effect ia produced by the profusion of chevron and nail-head
ornament used on the exterior of the church ; a double course of the
former of the very simplest kind forms the cornice under all the eaves,
and is also used down the edges of all the flying buttresses. On the
north side of the nave there still remains a portion of the cloisters, of
fine early character ; two sides only remain, with a room of the same
date with groining resting on detached shafts. Some remains of gate-
ways in the old walls of the abbey are worth noticing, as also the old
walla which surround the church, built for the most part against the
rock un which it stands, with here and there very small openings, which
make them look as though they were intended for defence. Whilst I
was in the church some boys came to toll the passing* bell. They said
that they always did so on Fridays, at three o'clock.^

1 saw nothing between S. Leu and Beauvais, though in the part of
FraDce bordering on the Oise, I believe that every village would afford
something worth seeing in its church. My time, however, was limited.

As you reach Beauvais, the country changes ; there is a great deal
of wood, a very scattered population, and but few churches. Of course
the first object of every one at Beauvais is the cathedral ; a building
from the study of which I derived less satisfaction than might be ex-
pected. It is unpleasant to find an artist striving after more than
be is really able to attain, and this was conspicuously the case with the
architect of Beauvais. The church was consecrated in a.d. 1^72, and
fell in A.D. 1284. In order to repair its defects the arches of the choir
were subdivided, and from the great size of the columns, and the narrow
span of the arches, the present effect is that of a church in which the
arches have but little to do, and in which everything has been sacrificed
to keep the building from falling again. Then when the roofs and
passages about the building are mounted it is seen that the great object
of the architect has been simply to obtain one grand effect — that of
height and airiness, and that to this everything has been sacrificed :
the details throughout being poor, coarse, and slovenly in their mode
of execution. The whole gave me the impression of being the work of
aa unsatisfactory architect, though at the same time it is impossible to
deny the excessive grandeur of the vast dimensions of the interior so far
as it is completed, or the beauty of arrangement which marked the original
scheme of the ground-plan, unpractical and unstable as it was. It may
be right, however, to attribute some of the failures, with M. Viollet Le
Due, to the carelessness of workmen ; though no good architect allows
himself to be so excused.

It seems very like presumption to criticise such a building, yet I know
not the use of architectural study if it is to be pursued with that blind
faith, which obliges one to admire indiscriminately everything that was
built in the thirteenth or fourteenth century. The mere fact that the
main intention of the people of Beauvais was to build something finer

' No one who visits 8. Lea ahoald omit to go also to Senlis. They will find a
tower and spire of uniisiul — if not unique — beauty and elegance. There are two
fine dawerated chardiest and other remains which, with the charming cathedral, make
t tomi 0uemil€ not ensQy forgotten. It is a walk of about six miles only from S.
Ub— paiBiig by ChntiUy.

22 AreUiectwal Notes in Firanee.

than their neighbours at Amiens is in itself suggestive ; and I am not
surprised that a building erected on such terms is unworthy of its age.
It is one of the very few buildings of the kind which impresses me in
this way ; for usually the feeling derived from the study of mediaeval
churches is one of respect for the absence of anything but the most
thoroughly artistic feeling on the part of their builders. No doubt the
architect of Amiens did his work in the best way he could, vrith little
reference to what was being done by his neighbours ; and it is curious
that the grand success which he achieved should have led, both at Beau-
vais and (I think also) at Cologne, to unworthy and unsuccessful at-
tempts at rivalry. I can quite see that a claim may be made for the
architect of Beauvais, as a man of genius who was not quite so safe a
constructor as his contemporaries, but who nevertheless conceived the
grandest idea of his age, as far as size and height were concerned. I
can only answer that this is not the character of a great architect, and
would lead me to class him with the architect of the abbey of Fonthill,
rather than with the architect of Amiens or Chartres. The first archi-
tect of Beauvais was, however, a better architect, in some respects, than
his successor ; for though his details (seen in the apse only) were not of
the first order, those of the latter are about the worst I have ever met
with in a French church of such pretensions.

The glass in the clerestory windows has a band of figures and cano-
pies crossing them at mid-height, with light glass above and below :
this is an arrangement often met with, and generally productive of good
effect, especially in windows of such great height. A museum attached
to the west side of the north transept contains a few antiquities ; but
the feature of most interest is a late, but good cloister, noticeable for the
extreme delicacy of the shafts and piers between the trefoiled openings.
In the museum is a fair embroidered mitre, which belonged to F. de
Rochefoucald, Bishop of Beauvais, in 1792.

The church of S. Etienne ^ is, after the cathedral, the great archi-
tectural attraction of Beauvais. Its west front has a grand archtd
doorway, with a sculptured tympanum, containing the Nativity, the
Adoration of the Magi, and* the Coronation of the Blessed Virgin, and
four rows of figures of angels and others in the arch. The jambs and
central pier are completely denuded of all their shafts and statues, and
the whole work is much mutilated in all its parts ; nevertheless, it is
the best thing remaining in the city, as far as goodness of sculpture
and detail can make a work good. The gable of this porch runs back
into a triplet, and the main gable has a cusped circular window, now
blocked up. The date of the whole front is early in the thirteenth
century. On the north side of the nave there is a fine doorway, of
very ornate Romanesque ; it has been carefully repaired. An arcade of
semicircular arches above the doorway is diapered with a pattern sunk
in the stone and marked at regular intervals by red tiles inlaid, and

* I copied the following from the ** Tarif " of the seats in S. Etienne : —
'* Une stalle haute par ann^, 8 fr.
Une stalle basse „ 5 fr.
Les deux premiers baucs k chaque cdt^ da choeiur, 8 fr.
Les deux centres bancs derriere Pautel, 7 fr. 50 c."

Architectural Notes in France. 28

iboat two inches square. The effect is good, and it is, I suppose, a
Rstoratioa. The circular window on the north side of the church is
RDsrkable for the £gures sculptured outside its label : it is evidently
a wheel of fortune window.^ The buttresses of the aisles are valuable
examples of late Romanesque work. They have a fair projection, but
are weathered off some five or six feet below the eaves* corbel- table;
and from their summit in some cases one, and in others two. shafts
rise to support the corbel- table. The choir is lofty Flamboyant work,
bat ugly. The nave, of early Transition character, internally has very
beavy groining-shafts, and the far from admirable peculiarity of a tri-
foriuffi with arches formed of very flat segments of circles, and the
ttiing under the clerestory rising in the same line, and forming, as it
were, a label to the arch below.

The gateway to the Bishop's palace, with its steep and picturesque
roo£i ; the palace itself, with its valuable remains of Romanesque work
at the back ; a portion of a Romanesque house near it ; and a fine four-
teenth century gabled house in the Rue St. Veronique, with three
Pointed and canopied windows in its first floor, are the principal fea-
tures of interest after the cathedral and S. Etienne. There is, too, a
great store of fine timber houses, one of which, in the Rue St. Thomas,
is particularly noticeable for the elaborate filling in of encaustic tiles
between all the timbers.

From Beauvais I made an excursion of some ten or fifteen miles, to
tee the Abbey Church of S. Germer. It is a church little known, I
luspect, to most English tourists, but of very rare interest, and equal in
icale to our churches of the first class.. The drive thither among woods
and low undulating hills is pleasant. The church consists of a nave
and aisles of eight bays, transepts, and an apse of seven sides, with an
aisle, and two chapels on either side. The place of the central chapel
at the east is occupied by a^ low passage of three bays, leading to a
gnnd Lady chapel of four bays, with an apse of seven. The whole of
the nawe and choir are of fine style, in transition from Romanesque to
Pmnted. Externally, haidly any but round arches are seen, but
btemally the main arches are Pointed. I know few things much
Bore atriking than the treatment of the apse. The main arches have
their aoffila composed of a very bold round member, with a large
dkevron on each side ; and the effect of this, in connection with the
acutely p<Mnted aiehes, is strikingly good.' Above this is the groined
triforiom, opeaing to the church with an arcade of semicircular arches,
subdivided into two, and supported on coupled detached shafta. Im-
nediately under the rather plain clerestory windows is a corbel-table*
sad in each bay square recesses, now blocked up, but which lode as
thoQgh they had opened to the roof of the triforium. The groining-
ribs of the apse are large, and profusely adorned with sculpture. The
lisle round the apse is adl built on the curve (as is usually the case in
early work), and the groining, constructed in the same way, has those
aagraceful and difficult curves, which result from this arrangement,

' See dw UbHCiBtiott of a WhMl oC Fortuie in *' £« Art$ Somptumru^*' Vol.
IL, takn tnm a US. in Um BikU hmp., No. 6877.
' This work reesHs to mind the work of the same character at Glastonbary.

24 Architectural Notes in France,

Very good low metal parcloses divide the choir from the aisles. In the
nave some of the capitals appear to be of very early date, (especially
along the north -wall, where the acanthus is ftedy used) ; the whole
of the triforium is stopped up, but the design of this part of the church
seems to have been similar to that of the choir, with the exception of
the chevron round the arches. The groining, top, save of the two
eastern bays of the nave, is of later date. At present the only steeple
is an eighteenth century erection over the crossing; but there was
evidently an intention originally to build two western towers. An
altar, of the same date as the church which remains in it, is of much
interest, as from its rather ornate character it seems probable that it
was never intended to be covered with a cloth. It is figured at p. 180
of M. de Caumont's Ab4c4daire,

The exterior affords many features of interest. It is as I have said
almost entirely round-arched, and the choir affords a good example of
the triple division in height, rendered necessary by the groined trifo-
rium and the projecting chapels of the apse. The clerestory and tri-
forium are each lighted with one window in each bay, whilst the
chapels have three windows, — a wide one in the centre, and much
smaller one on each side. There are no flying buttresses to the clere-
story, but small quasi- buttresses, formed of three quarters of a shaft,
finished under the eaves with a conical capping. The eaves cornice
all round the church, of intersecting round arches, resting on corbels, is
so similar in its character to some of the work in the beautiful chapter-
house of S. George de Boscherville, that I can hardly doubt that they
were executed under the same influence, if not even by the same work-
men.

The feature, however, which lends the most interest to the building,
and aids so much in its picturesque effect externally, is the grand Lady
Chapel,^ said to have been built by the Abbot, Peter de Wesencourt,
between the years 1259, and 1266. In plan, disposition and general
arrangement it appears to be as nearly as possible identical with the
destroyed Lady Chapel of S. Germain des Pr6s, at Paris, built by the
celebrated Pierre de Montereau, between the years 1247 and 1255.
Pierre de Montereau built also the Sainte Chapelle at Paris, between
1241 and 1248, and died on the 17th March, 1266. A comparison of
the design of these three buildings has induced me to believe that in
this Lady Chapel of S. Gkrmer we have another genuine work of this
great architect, for it was built before his death, and is identical in
many of its features with work which we know to be his. The plan
of all these buildings is identical.' They all had two staircase turrets
and a large rose- window at the west end, a parapet above the rose-
windoWy and a smaller rose in the otherwise plain gable. The de-
sign of the window tracery, the gables over the windows, the detail

> It is sometimes called alio the '* Sainie ChapeUe " of S. Grermer : I know not,
however, on what groonds. M. Vwllet Le Doc does not mention it in his list of
Saintes Chapelles.

* There is some reason for bdieving that the Lady Chapel of S. Germain des Pr^
was groined with sexpartite vavltiog t if so, it differed from the other chapels in this

Architectural Notes in France. 25

of the staircase turrets, buttresses and parapets, are all so similar
tbit my eug^«tion really scarcely admits of a doabt. The main dif-
fercDces are, that at S. Germer the original western rose window is
perfect, whiUt in the Ste. Chapelle it is a Flamboyant insertion,
and that the chapel is of one story in place of two. In this last
point, and in its complete separation from the church, it agrees en-
tirely with the destroyed chapel at S. Germain des Pr^s. The pas-
sage between the apse and the chapel is of three bays, with a doorway
at the side, but, so far as I cuuld see, no trace of an entrance from the
apse. It is groined : the windows (of four lights) are much elaborated
^Ith mouldings, and have trefoiled inside arches : and an ascent of
tix steps leads from it under a fine archway into the chapel. There is
a north doorway in the chapel, and the whole is groined, llie dimen-
sions appear, as nearly as I can mnke out, to be precisely the same as at
S. Germain, but less than in the Ste. Chapelle, being about ^7 ft. 0 in.
in the clear between the groining shafts, and between 70 and 80 feet
io length. The original altar of stone, supported on a trefoiled arcad-
iog. remains fixed against the east wall. This is 6 ft. 5] in. long by
3 ft. 3 in. high. In the museum, at the Hotel Cluny, at Paris, one of
the most valuable relics is a stone retable, painted and gilded, formerly
in this chapel. I have not its dimensions, but it is of much greater
length than this altar, and I have no doubt, therefore, that the principal
altar stood in its proper place under the chord of the apse, and that
the retable belonged to it. This arrangement was not uncommon ;
it was identical with that of the altars in the Ste. Chapelle ; the same
arrangement existed originally at Amiens ; and we have an instance
of it in Cn^rland in the choir of Arundel church.

llic retable has subjects from the life of our Lord, and illustrative
of the legend of S. Germer. In the centre is the Crucifixion, SS.
Mary and John ; to the right of the Virgin is the Church, and to the
Itft of S. John the Synagogue ; then come figures of SS. Peter and
Paul, the Annunciation and Salutation, S. Ouen (uncle of S. Germer)
healing a knight, a noble speaking to a pilgrim, and S. Germer asking
Dagobert to allow him to leave the Court, in order to found his abbey,
llie whole of the figures are painted and gilded in the most sumptuous
and yet delicate fashion, and though much damaged, are still sufficiently
perfect to be intelligible.

M. de Caumont has given a drawing in the Ahicidaire ^ of what
feems to be a remarkably fine shrine, of twelfth or thirteenth century
character, still in the possession of the Commune of Coudray, S.
Germer. I believe this is within a few miles of S. Germer, and it
ooght not to be missed by ecclesiologists who take this route. It has
so arcade of four trefoiled arches on each side, and one at each end, and
1>S8 a steep roof with a fine open cresting at the ridge.

Of the other buildings of the Abbey very slight traces now remain.
Oope io the west end there is. however, a very simple gate house, and
^ modem coni^entual buildings appear to be now used for a school.
•operintended by nuns.

S. Germer is certainly one of those churches which no ecclesiologist

» P. 365.

26

Sequentus Inedita,

who goes to Beauvais should on any account miss seeing. Its rare
scale, dignity, and architectural interest, and its secluded situation af-
ford attractions of the highest kind, and I am confident that no one
who takes my advice in this matter, will come back disappointed.

Geobob Edmund Stbbbt.

SEQUENTLE INEDITiE.— No. XVIII.

In continuing our extracts from the Sequentiarium and Hymnarium of
S. Gall, we should lose more than half its value did we not copy its
musical notation, its different readings of world-known melodies. We
take them as they come, and we begin with the Conditor alme.

Con - di - tor al me si - de - rum, E - ter - na lux ere - den - ti - um,

Hs^

Chris -te re-demp-tor om - ni-um. Ex - au - di pre-ces sup-pli-cum.
The next is the Veni, Redetnptor,

Ve - ni, Re-demp-tor gen - ti - um, Os - ten - de par-tum Vir - gi - nis :

Mi-re-tur om - ne se-cu-lum: Ta-lis de-cet par-tus De-um.

Passing over the Verbum supemum prodiens, Nee, the Vox clara, the
Agnoscat omnCt the Christe Redemptor omnium, and the A solis ortu,
as not remarkably differing from the Sarum melodies, we come to the
Corde natus ex parentis.

Cor-de na-tus ex Pa-ren-tis An-te mun-di ex-or-di-um: Al-pha et A

cog-no-mi -na-tus, Ip-se fons et clau-su-la Om-ni-um quae sunt, fu-er-unt,

Quae-que post fu - tu - ra sunt, Sae - cu - lo - rum sae - cu - lis.
Next comes the Sanete Dei.

Sanc-te De - i pre-d - o - se Pro - to-mar-tyr Ste-pha-ne:

SequetUuB InediUt.

27

Qui, TIT - tu - te ca - ri - ta - tis Cir - cum - ful - tus un - di - que.

Do-nu-num pro i - ni - mi • co Ex - o - ras - ti po - pu - lo.

This is another proof, were proof wanted, that this hymn is of three
lines, and not, as Mone will have it, without any reason, of two. As
Dr. Daniel very well ohserves, the additional Portuguese stanzas, dis-
covered by Mr. Neale, at Lisbon, would amply show this. Notice also
that the more difficult reading, Circumfultus, not Circumfulsua, is here
adopted. Had we then been aware of this great authority, we should
probably have given this reading in the Hymnal Noted.

Then follows the hymn De Patre Verbum prodiens. As in Mone,
III. 708.

De Pa - tre Ver-bum pro - di - ens Cor-pus dc ma - tre in - du - ens.

Jo-han-nis tes - ti - mo - ni - o. Hoc e - rat in prin - cip - i - o.

The above melody is new to us. The next hymn has not, as far
u we are aware, been printed ; we would refer it to the 8th, — or pos-
sibly the 9th,— century.

Gra-tu-le-tur or -bis to -tus Na - to Chris-to Do-mi - no:

Qui pro ciil-p& Pro-to-plas-ti Car-nem nos-tram in-du-it : Ut sal-var-et

qooa plas-ma-vit De - i Sa - pi - en - ti - a.

Gratuktnr orbis totus
Nato Cbristo Domino :

Qai, pro eulpft Protoplasti,
Camem nostram induit;

Ut salvaret quos plasmavit
Dei Sapientia.

Vobnm Dei Caro factum

Natdtar ex Virginc :
Nod amiiii Deitatem,

Formam Dei suscepit ;
Ut peccatum de peccato
Damnaret Omnipotens.

Magnus^ nobis commendavit
Per Johannem gratiam ;

Baptizatus in Jordane
Lavit mundi crimina :

Ut credcntium purgaret
Gentium piacula.

^ We would rather read magnam.

k

26

SequeniuB Inedita.

Quem vox paterna vocavit, —

' £cce meus Filius,
In quo mihi complaciii,

Coeli, terrse, DomiDum ;'
Ipsi, gentes, obedite ;

Gentesque subdimini/

Gloria eterao Patri,

£t Agno mitissimo :
Qui frequenter immolatur

Permanetque integer :
UnuB Deus in naturk

Cum Sancto Spiramine. Amen.

Then follows the hymn, without music, Quod chorus vatum : and
then the following extraordinary composition.

Lux maris gaude, coelesti digna Bic tuie testis legitur integritatis,

Decore, quie Verbum Patris Altissimi Qui Christum Patris portat in ulnis ;

Voce Angeli iussa protuiisti. Sine semine natum ex te Virgine :
Ave I Ave f Cceh Mater gloriee I Ave t Ave t Rex eterne gloria; !

Tu, Lumen verum, Spiritu Sancto

conceptum,
Gratiam ferens Isetitise pacis
Visum prcesentasti hodie.

Ave ! Ave ! Rex eterns gloris !

Quem senex ille Symeon cernens,
lu came gratias Deo aeens.
In temploprofert altari Regem regum.
Ave! Ave! Coeli Mater glorise!

Jam gemma vitae cum Symeone
Precare ut Deus suam det gratiam
Nobis omnibus, cunctisque fidelibus :
Ave ! Ave ! Coeli Mater glorisc !

Sit tibi Patri Filio et Sancto
Flatui decus laus honor et gloria :
Spes Angelorum nuncet in perpetuum.
Ave ! Ave ! Rex eternse glorite !

Amen.

This is one of the curious examples of quasi- Sapphics which have
their rise from S. Paulinus^ of Aquileia; and about which metricists
dispute, whether they are indeed Sapphics with an additional syllable,
or Iambic Trimeter catalectic. Some of the verses, however, seem cor-
rupt, however read.

After this we have the Dies absoluii pratereunt, and the Ex more
docti mystico.

£x mo - re doc - ti mys - ti - co Ser-vi-mus hoc je - ju - ui - um^

,«: ^ y^~ ^e^ _- ^-

De - no di - e - rum cir - cu - lo Duc-to qua - ter no - tis - si - mo.

Next comes Audi, benigne Conditor, Here, instead of the usual
reading, Sed parce confitentibus : Ad laudem tui nominis, — we have
that of Cassander and others, Poenasque comparavimus, Sed cuncta qui
solus potes. After this, without any noticeable difference, come —

Salve, Crux Sancta, salve mundi

Clarum decus jejunii.
Jesu, quadragenarise.
Summi largitor prsemii.
Vexilla Regis prodeunt.
Rex Christe, factor omnium.
Vita Sanctorum, decus Angelo-
rum.
Ad Cocnam Agni providi.
Chorus novsB Jerusalem.
Martyr egregie (of S. George.)

gloria.
Festum nunc celebre; magnaque

gaudia.
Jesu, nostra redemptio.
Veni Creator Spiritus.
Beata nobis gaudia.
Ut queant laxis.
Aure& luce et decore roseo.
Doctor egregie Paule, mores instrue.

' In whatever sense we take this line, we sorely mast read Dominttf.

SequentuB Inedita. 29

In Nomine Domini, Amen. Incipiuat Tropi et Prose (juorundam bonorum
Suictigftllensium, maxime Saneti Tutilonis, socii beatistimi Notkeri> cogno-
mento Balbuli, monachi perdoctissimi, nepotisque Caroli Magni.

[First are inserted : —

Varii versus de Credo,
Credo dat, in miss4, nisi regni,^ feria prima.
Cruz et Maria habet hoc, et Apostolus omnis.
Sed Cathedra' sola tibi sit excipienda.
Non credit Michael, Confessor, Virgo, et Martyr.
Excipe Patronos, altaria sancta beantes.
Barnabe Credo^ caret, nee babet Baptista Johannes.
Magdala cantatur : Marco,' Lucseque' negatur.
Non habet hoe Michael : sed credunt Saneti Omnes.

Alii versus.
Crux, Virgo summis festis, et Apostolus omnis.
Credo canunt : Cathedram toUas, oleumque Jubannis :
Magdalseque datur : Marco, Lucseque negatur.
Non habet hoc Michael, quod habent Saneti [tamen] Omnes.
Non credit Angelas, Confessor, Virgo, Martyrque ;
Nee non Baptista, nisi sit Dominicus ista.
Atque prima feria Credo canis atque Marilu

'iVu is probably a sufficient specimen of this wretched doggrel.]
Then follow a collection of Sanctuses, with tropes ; which have not,
uofurtunately, for the most part, been copied into our MS.

Divinum mysterium, (Mo,ne i. 306.)
J'he following, we believe, has not been published : —

Sanctus : Fortis El et Eloy, Eloe tremende,

Tu Kex exercituum Sabaoth, intende :
Tu excelse eleyson, Elye timende.

Sanctus : Adonai Domine, mire Dominator,
Sadai omnipotens, et Deus Creator,
Nomen Tetragrammaton tibi, Rerum Sator.

Sanctus : Nobiscum Emmanuel, tu Sother, Salvator,
In usya simplici trinus Operator,
Qui in form& panis es forma et formator.

#

Then follows a most valuable table : —

In Nomine Jesu concordantisB et siniilitudines hujus librisequentiarum cum
titolis super. Ceterum plures per se sunt notificatse et notificandie.

[These titles are the names of the melodies to which the sequences
are written : sometimes mere names, sometimes the hirmos, or pattern
oa which the stanzas are modeUed. In our present state of knowledge
all cannot be explained ]

' The semst ci eonrw to, that the Credo to said every Sunday, except the office
snglit be of some other solemnity, occurring on the Sunday. But what regni refers
to, we oaimot even socas.

' The Cned it bow aaad, acoording to Roman use, on both Cathedra of S. Peter.

* 80 it to on 8. Barnabas.

30

Sequentia Inedita.

Dies sanctificatus,^
Natus ante aecula.
Cbriste Sanctis spes.

Tittdus.
Eia recolamus.
Eia fratres carissimi.
Eia armoniis.
Gaude Christi Sponsa.
Celsa lux Syon.
Dignis extollamus,

Symphonia,
Concentu populi.
Solenni carmine.
Uunc diem celebrat.
Laudum quis carmina.
Summis conatibus.

Puella turbata,
Cantemus cuncti.
Eccc solennis diei.
Scalam ad coelos.
Cbristus hunc diem.
Deus in tuk virtute.

Amena etfdicula,
Gaude semper virgo.
Solennitatem hujus diei.

Captioa.
Summi triumphum Regis.
Summi prcDconem.
Omnis devota mens.

Virgo phrans.
Use est solennitas.
Quid sancta, tu, Virgo Mater.

Vox exultationis.
Omnes Sancti Serapbin.
Agone triumphali.
Lsetetur Ecclesia.
Cbriste tui milites prseclari.

Nomana.
Jobannes Jesu Cbristo.
Lauren ti David.
I^audantes triumpbantem.
Ijsetare, tanta malis.
Hac die veneranda.
Superni Regis laudes.

Metensis.^
Sancti be! la.
Prompta mente.
Pangat bymnum.
Laude dignum.

Justus ut palma minor.
Diiecte Domino Galle.
Festa Stepbani.
Salvete agni.
Rex regnat Deus noster.

Justus ut palma major.
Sancti Baptistse.
Tuba nostra vices.
Cbristi Matrem colamus.
Laus tibi, Cbriste, cui sapit.

Concordia,
Hanc concordi.
Usee Concordes nos.
Laudes Domino concinamus.
Petre summe Cbristi.

Beatusque suffert.
O Blasi.
A Solis ortu.
Mel.3

Duo tres,
Tubam bellicosam.

Greca,
Agni Pascbaiis esu.
Magnum te Micbaeiem.

Frigdola}
Laudes Salvatori voce.

Ijux qua.
Clare sanctorum senatus.
Festa Cbristi omnis.
Psallet Ecclesia.
Patris laus.

Beatus vir qui timet Dominum.^
Sacerdotem Cbristi Martinum.
Juramento.

Diem festum Bartbolomsi.
Laudes Cbristi.
Victimas Pascbali.
Virginis Marise.

' We believe this title to be taken from the versicle that follows the Third Lesson
on the Epiphany : Diet sanetifieatus illwrit nobis ^ &c.| the rhythm of which the
sequences so named follow in their first troparia,

^ From the celebrated musical school of Metx.

* We know not what this is, unless it be the *' Melodnm dnlcedo resonet " of
S. Pirmin*s day.

* Le., PkrygO'Doraf or a mixture of the third and first tones.

' This is clearly with reference to the 113th Psalm, on which the first troparion
Js founded thus :

The Direciorium Anglicanum. 31

We will conclude our account of this very interesting book next
time.

In the meantime, we should be very much obliged for an answer to
the following questions : —

1. What missals (or sequentiaries) of a date prior to the Reformation
are there in the library of Trinity College, Dublin, or in that of
Armagh ?

2. What sequences are there contained not given in the index to the
fifth volume of DanieFs •• Thesaurus Hymnologicus ?"

THE DIRECTORIUM ANGLICANUM.

Directorium Anglicanum : being a Manual of Directions for the Right
Celebration of the Holy Communion, for the saying of Matins and
Evensong, and for the Decent and Orderly performance of all other
Rites, Functions, Offices, and Ceremonies of the Church, according to
ancient Usages of the Church of England, Edited by John Pubcuas,
M.A., Christ's College, Cambridge. London : Masters.

TuAT the Book of Common Prayer is in no sense a new composition,
but a reformation and translation of the ancient service-books of the
Church of England ; that its scanty and incomplete rubrics imply, for
their proper interpretation and reconciliation, a certain traditional
usage, (which, nevertheless, we know to have been interrupted at the
time of the Great Rebellion, and never perfectly recovered ;) that,
accordingly , the strict letter of the law, not merely ecclesiastical but
civil, justifies a system of ritual far more elaborate than any which
our most ardent revivalists have yet attempted, are facts well known
at this time beyond the narrow circle of professed liturgical students,
and have indeed been established beyond contradiction by the recent
decisions of high authorities. There is ample scope, therefore, for the
fllustration of the Prayer Book from the documents or prescriptions
of the unreformed Offices ; and, besides the more theoretical works
of Messrs. Procter, Freeman, and Lathbury, there is certainly room for
»ome more practical essay, such as that of Mr. Purchas. We are not of
those who have any fears or doubts as to the expediency, as well as the
Intimacy, of an appeal to the ancient Service -Books of our National
Church. We are persuaded, that the more people reverently and in-
telligently study those venerable documents, the more they will under-
stand and value what we now enjoy. And if the first impression
upon the mind in some cases may be a sense of how much we may
bave lost, the more lasting conclusion to a man who has learnt any-
tluDg by reflection and experience will be a deep feeling of gratitude

Beaiui vtr f«i timet DonUnum : 12 -f 12 = 24 :
Sacerdotem Christi MartiDum : 1 1 -^ 13 = 24 :

m nuuuUUiM ejus volet nimit,
eanctm per orbem canit ecdesia.

32 The Diredorium Anglicanvm.

that 80 much has been preserved ; — preserved too, we may hope, for a
longer and more vigorous future, by means of that wholesome disci-
pline of the lopping and pruning of extremities and superfluous growth
which the old trunk has undergone. It has often been urged in
these pages thnt we owe it to the abbreviation and condensation of
the ancient choir services, the structure and theory of those offices
having been throughout most providentially preserved, that the present
Church of England, with its daughter communities, alone among the
Churches of Western Christendom, aflfords its lay members, in its
matins and evensong, the privilege of sharing in the daily hour services
of the Church Catholic. No one will accuse the Kcclesiologist of
elevating these services to an} thing like an equality with the crowning
act of divine worship, the Blessed Sacrament of the Altar. But they
have their place and their value. And it argues, we think, some degree
of prejudice, or, at least, some want of balance and dispassionateness,
in Mr. Purchas' mind, that we find him not able to give the first place
to the Holy Communion, without depreciating somewhat unduly the
daily cycle of the Church's choral praise and prayer.

The " Directorium Anglicanum,** as its name implies, is designed
to be a practical treatise. The want of some such manual must often
have been felt. And, indeed, more than one of the kind has been
published. We have, for instance, before us a privately printed Com-
munion Service, supplemented with rubrical directions, by one of the
editors of the ** Visitatio Infirraorum;" which, though we should not
always agree with it, is full of useful and instructive matter. The
brief instructions prefixed to the " Churchman's Diary " may be men-
tioned as the best compendium hitherto published, as to the right
manner of celebrating divine service.

The present •* Directorium ** is avowedly framed on the basis of
the last-mentioned unpretending little manual. We confess that we
are inclined to think that it would have been more judicious, in the
present posture of things, to remain satisfied with that unobtrusive
epitome. There is such a thing as proving too much ; and we can
foresee possible results from this publication, which its excellent com-
pilers Would be the first to regret. We fully believe that this book
was meant to be of practical use among the friends of Catholic ritual :
we only hope it may not prove to be of more use to our foes. The
time seems to us to have not come, if ever it is to come, for such a
treatise in the vernacular. There is much that it is most important
for ecclesiastics to know about the ministrations of the sanctuary,
which ought to be addressed ad clerum. There is much which might
be said for the instruction of the faithful as to the rationale or the
practice of the Church's offices, without going into particulars, which
will excite a smile among many well-disposed persons, and will expose
hcly things to fearful ridicule in hostile quarters. Readers of the
*' Directorium Anglicanum ** will know to what we allude, without
further explanation. We cannot but think that a sounder judgment
would have kept back much that is here given to a scoffing and irre-
ligious public. We are bidden to be " wise as serpents," and arc
warned against throwing pearls before swine.

The Direciorium Anfflicanum. 33

Haviug said so much, not without regret, as to the impolicy of this
pablicaUon, we may go on to give it the praise of containing a vast
deal of curious and instructive matter on liturgical subjects. The
same confusion, indeed, which we have aheady hinted at as prevailing
io the author's mind as to the parties for whom his compilation is
intended, obtains also in some measure as to his matter. We observe
a singular mixture of mere antiquarianism and of practical common
lease. But archaeological speculations are somewhat out of place in a
hand-book : and equally impertinent would be rubrical directions in
an essay by Martene, or Gueranger. What, for example, can be more
saperfiuous than a description of the " Rational " among " the orna-
ments of the minister '* — an ornament which Mr. Purchas admits to
have been obsolete since the fourteenth century ? In like manner no
one would expect to find in a manual for daily use in the sacristy, a do-
cument so curious and valuable as the Form of Consecration or Dedica-
tion of Churches and Chapels according to the use of the Church of
Ireland.

As to the manner in which Mr. Purchas has solved the many ritual-
iitic problems which his difficult task has presented to him, we have
seldom found reason to dissent seriously from his conclusions. We
cannot enter at length into the points of difference that may exist.
The '* Directorium *' will be widely read, and will spread much useful
information. Few, if any, will follow its directions implicitly, and
each one will exercise his own judgment in acting upon Mr. Purchas'
suggestions. But we must put on record our regret, that the old Bnglish
use of Sarum has not been more religiously followed in the matter of
precedent. It is, doubtless, a great temptation in liturgical matters to
choose eclectically from differing rituals, and especially to borrow ex-
planations or practices from modern Roman usage, where the ancient
practice is obscure or doubtful. But we are satisfied that this is a wrong
principle, and entirely evacuates our legal standing ground in matters
of ritual. We inherit the old English traditions, and none other. We
know that this rule has its perplexities, and that the unreformed use
of Sarum is sometimes less convenient, as a precedent, than the re-
formed Roman. But if we are to choose our models, it becomes a
mere question of individual taste. The practical lesson to be drawn
from the difficulties of the subject is one of cautious moderation which,
in matters of ritual, most of us would do well to learn.

This exhausts our depreciatory criticisms. If any one wants to find,
m t convenient and condensed form, a quantity of information as to
vestments, church fittings and decorations, practices, precedences, ges-
tures, and in fact all the externals of divine worship — as well as a
thoughtful rationale of the whole Prayer Book — let him consult Mr.
Porchas. The work shows very extensive reading, great liturgical
experience, and a religious spirit. The compiler has been aided in his
tiik by some of our best ritualists, including Messrs. Chamberlain,
Philip Freeman* and Neale. We do not suppose that all these autho-
rities agree in sJl that is here stated or recommended. Such a volume
*Qit of neceaeitjr* in the present state of liturgical studies and practice
HKmg us, be tentatiTe and provisional. Let it receive a lenient yx^%*

84 ViUard de Honnecourt and his Churches.

ment, and a charitable construction. There are so many diversities
of usage in our best churches* in the manner of performing divine
service, that a manual of this sort can scarcely fail to be of use in
tending to produce greater uniformity. If Catholic principles root
and spread themselves among us, the best parts of this volume will do
good in their day, and the doubtful parts will be forgotten. That such
a work should have been compiled and published, is itself a testimony
to a growing sense of the importance of the externals of the public
worship of Almighty God. People feel their need of guidance, and Mr.
Purchas* volume, if not always a thoroughly trustworthy guide, will, at
any rate, put them on the right scent. The next generation will, pro-
bably, be more ripe for such a manual than our own. And the volume
before us, with many omissions, additions, and modifications, may not
improbably claim the merit of being the first edition of the *' Directo-
rium Anglicanum."

In conclusion, a word of praise is due for the excellent getting up of
the book, and for the spirited illustrations by Mr. J. W. Hallam.

VILLARD DE HONNECOURT AND HIS CHURCHES.

Thb editio princeps of '* Villard de Honnecourt," as Lassus denomi-
nated him ; or *' Wilars de Honecort," as Mr. Burges, with an ac-
curacy not unspiced with the sarcastic, prefers to name the Picard
architect of the thirteenth century, has been for some little time before
the world. Our readers, therefore, are probably aware that it consists
of thirty-three surviving out of fifty-four sheets of square parchment,
on which in those days, when pencils and note papers were yet undis-
covered, the travelling artist jotted down on both sides and in pen and
ink his sketches, much at hazard, and much as one of his living breth-
ren would have done. This curious glimpse behind the scenes of six
centuries back, after forming a portion of the library of St. Gene-
vieve's, was transported into the (now) Imperial Library, at the com-
mencement of the French Revolution, where it lay from time to time
referred to, but never published until Lassus undertook the work at
his own risk, although his premature death left the task of bringing
it to final publication to M. Darcel.

The work is of that quarto form somewhat affected by French eccle-
siologists, and in the present instance very convenient. The various
pages of the MS. are engraved in facsimile, and accompanied with
explanatory text and numerous illustrations, some of which are en-
graved on quarto sheets, and the rest inserted in the text as woodcuts ;
besides which the work contains a preface and double prolegomena, by
Lassus, on the Gothic revival generally in France, and on the Album
itself; a short memoir of Lassus being prefixed by the actual editor. To
the fiact that the work is poathumous is, we hope* due the blunder of
placing Marburg in Styria.

i

ViUard de Honnecourt and his Churehe$. 87

Villard is a man, the knowledge of whose existence depends upon
the fact of this work. His patronymic shows him to be a Picard. The
cumulative evidence of his sketches show that he was working during
the second quarter of the thirteenth century, when First was gradually
growing into Middle- Pointed ; and they also prove that he went into
Hungary, in which land Lassus considers it probable that he built the
diarch of Cassovia. That the chevet of the cathedral of Cambrai, de-
stroyed in the cataclysm of the Revolution, was also his work, is
established by the evidence of his sketches.

It is very plain that Villard was a clever, energetic artist, who went
about the world with his eyes open and his pen in hand. The tower of
LaoD was the most beautiful he had ever seen, and so he drew it ; the
r(»e at Chartres struck his fancy, and so he gave it, as he thought,
from memory, while really making a design of his own. He was en-
gaged on Cambrai, so he took sketches at Rheims. A menagerie came
in bis view, and he jotted down the strange beasts; a Pagan sepul*
cbre struck his fancy, and his reminiscences of it appear strangely Go-
thicised. A pavement he once saw in Hungary is recorded. Then he
turned his attention to '* instrumenta,*' and we have a lettern which
will doubtless be, ere long, reproduced, and a graceful suggestion for a
stall end. Drawings of draped figures (wonderfully " classical ") and
one from the nude are given ; mathematical tricks of the draughtsman
occur, and several ingenious mechanical contrivances are shown.

We could multiply the list of subjects till we had catalogued the
contents of the book ; but we hurry on to that class of drawings which
are to the professed ecclesiologist of the greatest interest, viz., certain
plans of churches built or excogitated by Villard, of which, in all but
one instance, the east end only is represented ; an interesting inci-
dental proof of the importance which, in those days, was attached to
sanctuary and chapel arrangement.

Plate ^7 represents (together with a group of two wrestlers, designed
with a good deal of rough energy) a small plan of an entire church,
with square east end, under which is inscribed :

^ Yesci une glize desquarie ki fu esg^rdec a faire en lordene d'Cistiaux.
I.C. — " Voici one ^glise carr^ qui fut projett^ pour Tordre de Citeanx.
" Here is a square-ended church, which was designed for the order of
Citeaux.''

Alongside it comes the plan of the eastern portion of a church, thus
described;

d lesligement del chavet Medame Sainte Marie de Cambrai ansi com
il tst de tierre. Avant en cest livre eu trouveres les monties dedeos et dehors
ct tote le maniere des capeles et des plains pour autresi, et le maniere des ars
boteres."

** Here is the plan of the chevet of our Lady S. Mary of Cambrai, as it
rises oat of the ground. Also earlier in this book you will find the internal
IB^ external elevations, and all the arrangements of the chapels and walls,
md the forms of the flying buttresses."

representing a (constructional) choir of five bays, with double aisles ;
t fiTe«b«jed ap0e» and single procession-path opening into ^ve chapels,

38 Villard de Honnecourt and his Churches.

of which the four smaller ones are semicircular, with five divisions,
elongated westward into a shallow bay ; while the eastern one is com-
posed of two bays and a rather more than semicircular apse of seven
divisions.

Plate 28 is devoted to a plan described as follows :

" Istud presbyterium invenemnt Vlardus de Hunecort et Petras de Corbeia
inter se disputando ;"

and below :

** Deseure est une glise a double charole k Vilars de Honecort trova et
Pieres de Corbie ;

** Above is a church with double aisles which Villard de Honnecourt and
Peter of Corbie designed.'*

It likewise includes another east end, of which we read :

" Istud est Presbyterium Sci Pharaonis in Maus ;**

and below:

** Vesci lesligement de la glize de Miax de Saint Estienne.
** Here is the plan of the church of S. Stephen at Meaux."

We shall not describe the former of these plans, as we reproduce the
greater portion of it, as well as that of the projected Cistercian church.

The church at Meaux is shown by Lassus to be that of S. Stephen
(the cathedral), still existing, although considerably altered in the later
Middle Ages, and not S. Faro, which was rebuilt in 1751, but of which
a plan still exists in the departmental archives at Melun, which is re-
produced in the volume before us. It shows two bays of the eastern
limb, the westward having double and the eastward single aisles,
the latter bay vaulting into the apse, a five- sided apse, single proces-
sion path, and three three-quarter circle chapels, so spaced as to leave a
bay of the procession path between the central and each of the side ones.

Plate 32 introduces us to

"Istud est presbyterium beate Marie Vacellensis ecclesie ordinis Cister-
eiensis."

In this plan we see an attempt to combine the " Meaux *' and the
•• Peter de Corbie " plans. The apse is composed of seven bays, be-
sides the one on the straight line ; ])arallel to that bay on each side
is a square chapel of two bays from north to south beyond the aisle,
the inner of these two bays opening into a semicircular chapel, which
opens into the bay of the procession path, which is concentric with
the first bay of the apse. The second and sixth bays of the path are
chapelless, like the alternate bays at Meaux, while the three eastern
bays have at the end a square chapel, and flanking it on each side a
semicircular one. Vaucelles, as it is now called, is near Cambrai : its
church was consecrated in 1235, and was still standing in 1718, when
Martene and Durand visited it and speak of its magnificence.

We therefore see five distinct types of church designed and mar-

Villard de Honnecourt and his Churches. 39

iballed as it were side by side by the same architect, as if to serve
bis purpose as bis normal models. Of these the proposed Cisterciaa
one, aod the cathedral of Cambrai, respectively embody io them most
complete forms of what we are accustomed to regard as the character-
iitic fiDglish and the characteristic French plan, while in that which
resulted from Villard*s and Peter of Corbie's friendly disputation and
in that of Vaucelles, we observe a feeble compromise between the two
principles, and in S. Stephen*8, Meaux, a variation on the French
model, perhaps conceived from motives of economy, and, but in its
main feature, recalling forms which are seldom found in days posterior
to the era of Romanesque. As Lassus points out the curious vaulting
contrivances which the partnership church offers in its semicircular
chapels, we refer our readers to his description. The " glize des-
quarie " arrests our main interest from its singular resemblance to an
English abbey church. If, as we may venture to assume, the most
ea&ternly bay at all events was not intended to rise higher than the
ground-story, we should have a building in which the foreign spirit
was thoroughly evacuated in favour of a specially English arrangement,
and this from the pen of an architect all whose other works bear the
French impress. Whence comes this singularity ?

lliis is a question which Lassus considered important enough to sub-
mit to the opinion of several of his friends. He accordingly wrote
in 1853. to M. de Montalembert, Mr. Parker, and M. Schaase, of
Berlin, requesting their views upon the rationale of this form. M. de
Montalembert's reply, founded upon an extensive study of our monastic
churches, made in the interest of his yet unpublished history of Western
Monachism, assumes that the square end wa« a Cistercian characte-
ristic, without very clearly defining whether he intended to imply that
it was a Cistercian invention. He calls attention to the fact that the
church of S. Vincent and Anastasius at Rome, which was given to
S. Bernard in 1140, and probably then rebuilt, had a square end and
two chapels on each side — (the normal Cistercian form, as at Kirk-
stall). Mr. Parker chiefly confines himself to rectifying the error of
Lassus in supposing that the earliest existing monastic churches
founded in England after the Conquest belonged to the Cistercians,
quoting a dozen Cluniac abbeys between the time of William I. and
tiie foundation of Waverley abbey. The solution of the architectural
question was referred to Professor Willis, who of course demolished in a
few lines the notion of the square end being a Cistercian invention —
by examples of abbey churches as well known as Old Sarum, Ely
—(as recast by Abbot Richard between 1000 and 1007) S. Frides-
wide at Oxford, Romsey, S. Cross, and the crypt of York, all anterior
to the foondation of the order of Citeaux. M. Schaase testifies to the
prevalence of the square end in various forms in German Cistercian
churches, and throws out a qusere whether Morimond, which was the
mother chorch of most of the German filiations, exhibited this pecu-
fiirity, a question which Lassus is unable to answer, the building
having perished, and no plan existing.

Ho one, it will be seen, has attempted to follow up the question,
hm large to ainall churches, or alluded to the discovery which we owe

40 Cottage Improvement.

to Dr. Petrie, that the square end was the normal feature of the
primitive Irish church, at a time when all the remaining west was imi-
tating the ** trihuna'* of the secular Basilica.

What inference then are we warranted to draw from the five plans of
Villard, and specially from that of the " squared church? " The first is
the somewhat commonplace one, that it furnishes one proof more of
the predilection of the Cistercian order for that particular form, hut
that it cannot be said to contribute any greater elucidations than we
already possess of the origin of the difference. The second is, that it
illustrates in a lively and unexpected manner that scriptural truth which
forces itself upon ail students of philosophic history, that there is really
" nothing new under the sun" — nothing new in the field of ethics. It
seems that the architect of those ages of faith was very like the archi-
tect of the nineteenth century in his way of doing business. We may
have realised much and dreamed a good deal more about schools, and
national varieties, and hieratic traditions, and yet after allowing to
them all the whole value of which they are capable we peep round the
curtain and discover the professional man of the great 1 3th century,
with his note book in hand impartially satisfying his employer by the
" French'* chevet, with its mystic apse and its radiating coronal of
chapels, or else suiting the views of his English or his Cistercian patron
with the plain square-ended church, while in his playful moments he
solves his ecclesiological arguments with his friend Corbie by sketching
a compromise plan. Had the " Album'' perished, but the cathedral
of Cambrai survived, and the " glize disquarie" been reared in its vici-
nity, what brilliant theories on schools of architects and foreign influ-
ences might there not have been ventilated.

We reserve the consideration of other questions of interest raised
in the volume till a further opportunity.

COTTAGE IMPROVEMENT.

Thk improvement of the dwellings of the labouring poor, particularly
when connected with that regard to architectural proportion, which is
consistent with the extreme of cheapness not less than of costliness, is
a topic which we consider to be fully within our scope : we have no
hesitation therefore in announcing that we learn with satisfaction that
a society for the express purpose of " cottage improvement" has been
organized in London, and that Mr. Slater has placed his services at its
disposal as honorary architect. We understand that the designs of a
cheap pair of cottages with three bed- rooms apiece from his pencil
are about to be published with ample descriptions, and that further plans,
containing varying accommodation, will follow. We wish all success
to 80 useful an undertaking.

41

COMPETITION FOR COMPLETING THE CENTRAL TOWER

OF BAYEUX.

[Wi gladly publish the following circular which has reached us. It is
accompamed by an en^aving, showing the rich octagonal Flamboyant
lantern, with an ugly Renaissance dome above it. The line mentioned
in the last paragraph but two of the circular divides the Flamboyant
vork and the Renaissanoe addition. The last clause, as to the choice
of style, is beyond measure astonishing. English architects who may
be minded to compete must not forget the awkward precedent of
LiUe.— Ed.]

"CODEONMBMBNT OB LA ToUR CbNTRALE DE LA CaTH^DRALB

OB Bayeux.

*' La Society Fran9aite d'Arcb^logie ouvre un concours pour le meilleur
pra^ de ocMironnement de la tour centrale de la Cath^drale de Bayeux.

" Les projets devront Stre adress^s, avant le 15 Mars, 1859, terme de rigueur,
loit k M. Gaugain, tr^sorier de la Soci^t^, Rue de la Marine, No. 3, k Caen ;
loit, k Bayeux, k M. Georges Villers, adjoint au maire de cette ville, com-
missaire du concours.

" Let projets seront examines par un Jury qui sera nomme ultdrieurement.
Le meilleur projet obtiendra une nudaUle a or, Les deux projets qui seront
dait^ immediatement apr^ obtiendront de« mddaiUes d'argent. Des m^-
dailies de bronze pourront kite d^ern^ aux projets qui seraient distingu^
psr la Commission du concours.

** Chaque projet se composera :

'* D'un plan aux divers Stages du couronnement ;

** jynne ^^vation g^om^trale du transept depuis le niveau du sol ;

** D'une coupe sur I'ensemble de la tour.

** Ces divers dessins seront ex^ut^ fi T^belle de 0,01 centimetre pour un
metre ; ils devront ^re aocompagn^ de notes descriptives sur Tensemble du
projet et les moyens d'execution, et d'un devis estimatif des ouvrsge^.

" L'exposition aura lieu dans I'une des salles de rH6tel-de-Vil1e de Bayeux.

" Ls tour, primitivement termin^e comme Tindique Tesquisse ci-jointe, a ^t^
^olie jusqu'^ la ligne que voici.

** I] s'agit d'un projet de reconstruction de la partie d^truite.

" La Soci^t^ laisse aux concurrents une enti^re liberty pour le choix du
•yie."

ANCIENT GALUCAN LITURGIES.

Tki Amdemt IMut^in uf the Ckdlican Church. Now first collected, &c.
by O.H. FoBBBS. Part II. Burntisland. 1858.

Wi know not why Mr. Neale's name, which appeared on the first
fucicuhs of this work, is not mentioned in the second ; unless it be
tint his share of the task did not include any portion of the second

VOL BZ. o

42 Neale's Greek Liturgies,

part : for we are informed that he and Mr. Forbes are still continuing
their labours in common.

We can only repeat what we said of the first part, that this coUec-
tion supplies a most important gap in ecclesiastical literature. Mr.
Forbes's notes, in the present volume, need not fear comparison with
Mabillon*s, with which they stand in conjunction.
The work, we may remind our readers, consists :

a. Of Mabillon's collection,

/3. Of Mone*s Reichenau Palimpsest,

7. Of the fragments published in Bunsen's Hippolytus,

h. Of one fragment in Cardinal Mai's Nova Collectio,
the whole illustrated with parallel passages from the Ambrosian and
Mozarabic rites. The Petrine adulterations are also pointed out. The
whole will conclude with a full Dissertation on the Gallican Liturgy.

The work, judging from reviews, has achieved a very high repu-
tation on the continent. We regret that, in England, the apathy in
such studies has made it a heavy expense to Mr. Forbes, who is the
spirited printer and publisher, as well as co -editor. This ought not
to be ; and it is dishonourable to English theology that it should be.

NEALE'S GREEK LITURGIES-

The Liturgies of S, James, S. Clement, S. Mark, S. Chrysostom, S.
Basil. Edited by the Rev. J. M. Nbalb, M.A. London : J. T.
Hayes. Paics Fivb Shillings.

For five shillings, and in a compact little volume, the theological
student can now procure these Liturgies ; the most important work
connected with his studies, next to the Bible. Twenty years ago ti.ey
could not have been bought for two pounds ; and till now they in-
volved two volumes, and (we believe) twenty shillings. We can sym-
pathize with Mr. Neale*s evident pleasure, as expressed in the Preface,
at having found a publisher spirited enough to undertake the risk.

There are scarcely any notes ; these are reserved for a cheap transla-
tion, also in course of publication. We are truly glad that our advice
as to this point has been followed. Our readers will not need to be
told that Mr. Neale has performed his task thoroughly. He is, be-
yond question, the most competent editor for such a work among
English scholars.

We are much gratified by hearing that an eminent English prelate
was so anxious that these venerable Liturgies should be in the hands
of all the clergy, as to offer to make good any pecuniary loss which
might be the result of so cheap an edition. We are glad, however,
that the publisher was able to assure the Bishop that his munificent
offer would not be needed.

4^

WESTLAKE'S ILLUSTRATED OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY.

llluitrated Old Testament History, Being a Series of Designs by an
English Artist, about a.d. 1310; Drawn from a Manuscript in the
Old Royal Collection, British Museum. By N. H. J. Wbstlakb.
Part II. London : Masters.

Iv this Second Part, which contains ten more plates of this valuable
vork, the Biblical story is supplemented by various apocryphal le-
gends. First we have the devil tempting Noah's wife to tell him
ber husband'fi secret. There is great spirit in the groups. Noah is
met affectionately by his wife at the door of his house ; and then she
coaxingly gives him the draught which the tempter persuaded her to
mix. Below Noah builds the ark, and is visited by an angel. The
next plate, a full-sized one, shows Noah carrying one of his sons up a
ladder and pitching him head -foremost into the ark. The artist how-
ever could not draw the patriarch's head, and so has left it out altogether.
The ark has towers and windows and a leaden roof, the rolls of which
are set diagonally. Next comes the emission of the raven and the
dove, with absurd additions to the story. The devil, for example,
makes his escape from the ark through a hole in the hull, and the
serpent stops the leak by putting his tail through it. Then follows a
series of illustrations of the life of Abraham. His father makes images
—of animals, and gives them to Abraham to sell. Abraham breaks
them and rebukes his father's idolatry. Then he marries Sarah — who
is drawn very gracefully. The Almighty appears to him from the
clouds and gives him three cities. The patriarch and his wife sacrifice
a nun and pray for children. Then Hagar comes on the stage. She
quarrels with Sarah. The scene of her child dying in the desert is
<irawD with much power and pathos. Finally we have God's promise
of an heir by Sarah ; and a humorous scene in which the patriarch
reiaoDs with his aged wife, who remains incredulous.

MILLINGTON'S HERALDRY.

BernUry m History, Poetry, and Romance. By Ellen J. Milunqton.
London : Chapman and Hall. 1858.

This is a very pleasant little volume, by an accomplished lady. It is
not a mere dry heraldic manual, but an attempt to elucidate the sym-
bolitiii and mystic meaning hidden under the quaint insignia of the
•eieDce. Still it may serve as an introduction to the severer study of
GwiOim. In sfnte, however, of the recent organization of a Bureau
^ tides and armorial bearings in the French empire, and in spite also

44 New Anglican Chants.

of the notorious fondness for aristocratic blazons among our Republic
can cousins beyond the Atlantic, we cannot sympathize with Miss
Millington's aspirations after the rehabilitation of the Herald's College,
nor express a hope that our kings-of-arms will hold visitations in our
English counties. The gentle science has seen its day, and the tabards
of pursuivants are likely enough to follow those of the beefeaters.
Still there is no harm, and there may be much profit, in becoming
acquainted with the principles of the study: and, as illustrative of
ancient history, and as aiding architectural, archaeological, and genea-
logical inquiries, there can be no question that heraldry is still of
great importance.

Miss Millington's little book is a perfect storehouse of chivalric
anecdotes and stories of deeds of honour, gathered from a very exten-
sive reading. She has laid the Old Testament and the classics under
contribution, as well as the poems and chronicles and romances of the
Middle Ages. It is impossible to open her pages at any place with-
out finding something interesting and even instructive. She has
thoroughly fulfilled the promise of her title-page, and has shown her
readers the history, poetry, and romance of her favourite science.
We need not say how poignant are her regrets at the Sultan's election
into the Order of the Garter ; but we do not observe that she is aware
of the knighthood previously conferred on the eminent Parsee, Sir
Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy, of Bombay. That *' the claims of the knights "
were ** ignored " when Malta was ceded to England is plainly a matter of
disappointment and regret to our enthusiastic herald ; a reflection which
will be some comfort, perhaps, to Mr. George Bowyer. Miss Milling-
ton's evident sincerity adds no little to the freshness and charm of this
little volume. At any rate we can thoroughly sympathise with her
disgust at the vulgarity of most modem arms. Conceive, for in-
stance, such a crest as the following : ** On a wreath a book erect gu,
clasped and ornamented or ; thereon a silver penny, on which is written
the Lord's Prayer ; on the top of the book a dove proper, in its beak a
crowquill «a,"

NEW ANGLICAN CHANTS.

Twenty-Five Chants, Single and Double. Composed by the Rev. E. T.
Codd, M.A., Perpetual Curate of Cotes Heath, Staffordshire ; with
Harmonies revised and arranged by Mr. J. J. Matthews, Cotes Hall.
London ; Cocks and Co. Stafford : R. and W. Wright.

It is a very easy thing to compose Anglican chants of some quality or
another, and by chance an amateur of very moderate skill may some-
times produce a good one ; but it is a much higher attainment to be able
to discern when one's own productions are worth anything, and when not.
Mr. Codd should have contented himself with publishing the chants
numbered 2, 4, 1% 14, 19, and 23, or some of them, when a good

Early Engtiib Missal at Malta. 45

opportunity occurred, and have left the reet to sleep in his portfolio, or
put them on the fire. It is difficult to imagine what his object could
be in publishing ao many. We doubt whether there is any in-
stance of a quarter of this number of chants by any one composer
living after hina. We hope Mr. Codd does not intend to cram ajl his
chants, or even half of them, down the throats of his own choir. Se-
vera! of the chants, as one might expect, are made up of scraps of
bown chants ; sometimes yaried a little, sometimes not, interwoven
with bits that may be original. Nor has Mr. Matthews done his work
of revising very well. For instance, Nos. 18 and ^4 begin with con-
•ecQtive fifths between the bass and alto ; No. 10 ends precipitately,
the bass and treble descending a fifth in octaves : and in No. 1 3 the
frequent eicailar motion between the bass and treble produces an effect
like that of a railway carriage that has got off the line. Mr. Matthews
ihoald study vocal counterpoint thoroughly in Albrechteberger or some
limilar treatise before be sends any more music to press.

EARLY ENGLISH MISSAL AT MALTA.

To the Editor of the Ecclesiologist.

Sia, — ^There is in the Public Library of Malta an early English Missal,
vbich I think deserves some notice. It is an unilluminated MS. on
TeUum. with the date 1309 in a table at the end. The condition of
the book is good, it being quite perfect. I purpose, as well as I can.
from my somewhat imperfect notes, giving a description of the con-
tents, and in one or two places making quotations.

1. Calendar,
Among the Saints occur :

Non. Mar. S. John Beverley.

XV. Kal. Jul. S. Botulph.

VI. Non. Jun. S. Swithen (red).

Pr. Id. Aug. S. Aldan.

III. Id. Oct. S. Ositha.

XV. Kal. Dec. 8. Hugo Ep. et Conf.

2. Domintcalis,

In Natali S. Thomse :

Imir. Lsetabitur Justus in Dno et sperabit in eo et laudabuntur omnes
recti corde. Psalm. Exaudi Deus orationem meam, &c.

Oral, Infirmitatem nostram respice omnipotens Deus qusesumus quia
poodos proprise actionis gravat : B. Thomse Martyris tui atque pontificis
intercessio gloriosa nos protegat, per.

Lectio libr. Sapient. Beatus is qui in sapientia morabitur .... here-
ditabit ilium Dominus Deus noster.

GnuL Posoisti Domine super caput ejus coronam de lapide pretioso.
V. DsaidaiiUB «iitiiMS ejus tribuisti ei et voluntatem labiorum ejus uoa

46 Early English Missal at Malta,

fraudasti eum. V. Justus germinabit sicut lilium et florabit in seter-
num ante Dominum.

Sec. Johannem. In illo temp, dixit Jhs discipulis suis, Ego sum pastor
bonus, &c.

Offerior, Gloria et honore coronasti eum, et constituisti eum super
opera manuum tuarum Dne.

Secret. Accepta sit in coospectu tuo Dne nostra devotio et ejus fiat
nobis supplicatione salutaris pro cujus sollemnitate defer tur, per.

Commun. Qui vult venire post me abnegat semet ipsum et tollat
crucem suam et sequatur me.

Post'Communio. Spiritum nobis tuse, Domine, caritatis infunde ut
quos coelesti pane satiasti intercedente B. Thoma martyre tuo atque
pontifice tua facias pietate Concordes, per.

3. Pre/ationes.

De Nativit. Pro die Pentecost.

De Epiphan. De Trinitate.

De Quadrages. De Sea Maria.

De Resurrect. De Apostolis.

Pro die Ascensionis. Prefat. Communis.

5, Canon.

Te igitur, clementissime Pater, per Jesum Xtum filium tuum Do«
minum nostrum supplices rogamus ac petimus uti accepta habeas
et benedicas hsec 4^ dona, hsec ^ munera, hsec ^ sancta sacrificia
illibata.

In primis quae tibi offerimus. &c., to cultoribus, as in Rom. Mis.
Memento Domine famulorum famularumque tuorum N. et N. atque
omnium fidelium Xtianorum pro quibus tibi offerimus vel qui, &c.,
as in Rom. Mis.

Communicantes, &c., as Rom.

Hunc igitur oblat. do.

Quam oblationem, do.

Qui pridie qukm pateretur, &c., to ^Hoc est Corpus meum. (^Hic
sacerdos elevet hostiam) and so on to In mei memoriam facietis {Hie
sacerdos sursum elevet hrachia) [?]

Unde et memores. &c.

Supra quae hostiam immaculatam {Hie sacerdos inclinato cor-

pore cancellatisque manibus dicat.)

Memento Domine famulorum. &c.

Nobis quoque peccatoribus, &c.

Per quam hsec omnia, &c.

Oremus preceptis salutaribus moniti, &c.

Pater noster.

Libera nos Domine, &c., per eundem d. n. L X. fi. t. q. t. v. & r. in u.

sps. sci. ds. per om.
Pax Domini, &c.
Agnus Dei.

> No distinction of character. ' Rubrics more modem.

Early English Missal at Malta,

4,7

Hsec sacTosancta commixtio corporis et sanguinis Domini nostri
Jesa Xti sit mihi et omnibus sumentibus salus mentis et corporis* et
ad Titam setemam capessendam prseparatio salutaris. Amen.

Habete vincolam caritatis et ut apti sitis sacris roysteriis.

Domine sancte. Pater omnipotens, asterne Deus, da mihi hoc corpus et
sanguinem &lii tui Domini nostri Jesu Christi ita sumere ut merear per
hoc remissionem peccatorum meorum accipere et tuo Sancto Spirit u
repleri ; quia tu es Deus et prseter te non est alius, cujus regnum glo-
liosum permanet in ssecula sseculorum. Amen.

Dne Jesu Xte fili Dni vi^i, &Cm libera me obsecro per hoc ....
lb omnibus malis et universis iniquitatibus et fac me tuis obedire man-
d&tis et a te in perpetuum nunquam me permittas separari. Qui.

Corpus Domini nostri Jesu Xti sit mihi indigno ad remedium sem-
pitemum in vitam setemam. Amen.

Sanguis Domini nostri Jesu Xti conservet me in vitam setemam.

Corpus et Sanguis Domini Jesu Xti custodiat corpus meum et
animam meam in vitam setemam. Amen.

Placeat tibi, S. Trinitas, Deus, obsequium servitutis mese et prsesta
ut hoc sacrificium quod oculis tuse majestatis indignus obtuli tibi sit
acceptabile, mihique et omnibus pro quibus illud obtuli sit, te mise-
nnte, propitiabile in vitam setemam, qui vivis et regnas per omnia
sarcula sseculor. Amen.

It will be observed that there are but few rubrics in the canon.
Where there are any, they are all in a more recent hand, as are also the
crosses.

6. Sanctoralis.

Only a part, for the rest see No. 15. This division may possibly
be a mistake in my notes.

7. Incipit Commune Sanctorum, SfC.

>*

»•

t*

»>

^lissa de Trinitate Dom. dieb.
Sc5 Spiritu.
Sea cruce.
Sea Maria in Sabb.

„ in Advent, infra
Nativ. Domini usque
ad Purificationem.
Angelis.
Pace,
ad postulandam plaviam.
postulandam serenita-
tem.
de quacunqne tribulatione.
pro mortaiitate.
infirmis.
pnelatis vivis.

9»
9>
ft

»»

>•

»>

f»

l»

• •

•t

(t

»

iter agentibut.
taoerdote.

Missa pro amicis.

ad postulandam gratiam

Spirit us Sanctl.
pro temptatione camis.
amico vivente.
confitentibus.
•, aliqua petitione.

Missa sacerdotis.

contra tempestates.
pro peste animalium.
contra adversarios S. £c-

clesise.
pro rege.

pro fidelibus defunctis.
Communis pro defun. fa-

miliaribus.
pro episcopis et sacerdoti-
bus.
congregatioue.

>>

>f

*•

I •

f •

II

*i

48 Early English Missal at Malta.

Miasa pro benefactoribus. MiMa Communis pro fidelibus de-
,« quiescentibua in cceme- func.

terio. M Communis in anniversario.

M patre et matre. „ pro vivis et defunctis.

«• femina. „ Communis.

8. Ordo ad Matrimonium faciendum,

Isl Rubric, Veniente itaque viro et muliere ad eccleaiam cum pro-
pinquis et amicis suis, et ad ostium ecclesiee stantibus, sive extra fontes,
inquirat primo sacerdos tam a viro quam a muliere, et etiam a circum-
stantibus, utrum hsec conventio inter illos legitima fieri possit, ne scilicet
consanguinitate aut aliqua spirituali copula juncti sint, vel vir cum
muliere altera vel mulier cum altero viro pactum conjugale inierit.
Quibus diligenter inquisitis interrogat bominem ilium ex nomine pro-
prio ita " N. vis banc mulierem in legitimam uxorem suscipere. ita ut
eam sicut Xtianus bomo debet sponsam suam in Dei fide et tua tam in-
firmitate quam sanitate, velis custodire ?" Quo respondente " volo/'
hoc ipsum inquirat a muliere utrum velit bominem ilium pro legitimo
sponso eique per omnia ut supra dictum est fidem servare ? Qua respon-
dente * * vq\o" juhente presbytero propinquis mulieris, accipiat eam per
manum dextram et sic tradat bomini illi dicens " et ego supradicto
pacto tibi eam in nomine Domini trado." Postea sponsus det ^onsse
suse per cultellum dotem. Deinde ponatur annulus cum denariis des-
ponsalibus super scutum, si pauperes sint super librum, et benedicatur
annulus.

After tbe blessing of tbe ring : —

Tunc annulo benedicto et aqua benedicta asperso, sacerdos cum
sponso ponat annulum in poUice sponsse dicens. " In nomine Patris
postea in indice *' et Filii/' deinde in medio " et Spiritus Sci. Amen :
ibique dimittetur, subjungatque sponsus, tenensque manum sponsse et
dicens post sacerdotem, proprio eam nomine vocans " N. De isto annulo
te sponso ; istura argentum tibi do et de memet ipso te bonoro et quam-
diu vixeris et ego vixero* bonorabo et cum Dei adjutorio sustentabo."

After tbe Benediction ; —

Deus Abrabam, et Deus Isaac, et Deus Jacob ipse vos conjungat, &c.

Debinc Sacerdos ducat eos aqua benedicta aspersos in ecclesiam vel
in castelluniS portantes candelas in manibus suis, cantando bunc Psalm.
Beati omnes, &c.

Q. Ordo ad visitandum infirmum.
In the Litany the following names occur : —

S. George, S. Dunstan,

S. Alban, S. Swithin,

S. Edmund, S. Cutbbert,

S. Oswald, S. Egidius,

S. Thomas, S. Gtitblac.
S. Audoen (Owen,)

> [Probtbly a mistake for caneeUum, — Ed.]

Early Englith Missal at Malta. 49

10. Commendatio animarum.

11. Ordo ad Catechumenum faciendum.

Mascali ad dextram, feminse ad sinistrara sacerdotis extra ostium
ecclesis consistant.

13. Benedictiones,

In die Pascbs. Ovonim.
Benedict. Camium.

Pere^noruro redeuntium.

Pomorum (In Fest. S. Syxto.)

Nov. Fnictuum

•»

Domus.
»»

Putei.
Benedictio Armorum.

This Service seems worth transcribing : —
In primis dicantur P salmi subsequentes, interim ante alt are prostrato,

Deus in adjutorium meum intende. Benedicamus Domino in omni
tem{)ore. Ps. Judica Domine nocentes me. Ps. qui habitat in adjutorio.
Ps. Quicanque vult. An. Ne reminiscaris Domine delicta nostra.
Kyrie El. Pater noster. et ne nos.

Ver. Diie non secundum. V. Domine ne memineris. V. Adjuva nos
Deus. V. Salvum fac servum.

V. Gsto ei Domine turns.

V. Mitte ei auxilium.

V. Dne exaudi orationem meam.

V. Dnus vobiscum.

Oratio, Omuipotens sempiterne Deus qui mundum ex informi ma-
teria fecisti et unicum Filium, tibi coaeternum, pro generis humani re-
demptione. Spiritu Sancto co-operante, incarnari atque de hoste antiquo
triumphare fecisti. te suppliciter petimus, ut hoc scutum atque bacu-
lum istum dextera potentise tuse benedicere digneris ut sint arma invin-

cibilia atque triumphal! potenti4tu4^ victricia quatenus quicunque

his armis pugnaverit, tua protectione muiiitus tam corporis quam ani-
mae salutem perficiat atque tibi Creatori omnium gratias referat, qui
viris et reg.

Hie detur Scutum.

Accipe hoc scutum ad tui corporis protectionem, in nomine Patris et
Filii et Sancti Spiritus. Amen.

Hie detur Baculus.

Accipe hunc baculum ad hoc duellum praeparatum cum quo valeas
tibi insurgentem terrere habeasque victoriam in Nom. Patr. et Filii et
Spiritus Saocti. Amen.

Orstio. Confortatiir et corroborator sustentatorque tuorum fidelium,
Adoiuij indefideoSy iDterminabilis, Pater, seterne Deus, qui gentes
atgoM regeaque fbrtet coram populo Israel destruxieti. quique puero

I neve Is umoriL onitted here bcoause it is illegible in my notes.
▼OIm zz. b

60 Early Engluh Missal at Malta.

too David de gigante te blasphemante atque in sua yirtute confidente
triumphare conceasisti* te supplices exoramus, ut hunc famulom taum
in te confidentem benedicere adjuvare, protegere, confortare et con-
servare atque sanctorum angelorum tuorum prsesidio vallare digneris.
Pnesta ei Domine fidem rectam, spem firmam, cordis fidnciam, cor-
poris fortitudinem, omniumque membrorum valetudinem ; te adjuvante
▼ictoriam capessere mereatur tibique Deo soli omnipotenti gratias et
laudes referat per Dominum, &c.

J\inc surgat et iterum dicat ei,

Confortare et esto robustus, supera in Domino et fac bonitatem et
noli oblivisci omnes retributiones ejus : ipse det tibi vitam et victoriam
benedictionemque in saecula sseculorum. Amen.

Benedicat te Deus Pater, custodiat te Jesns Christus, confortet
te Spiritus Sanctus, prsestetque tibi victoriam, qui trinus et unus Deus
vivit et regnat per omnia saecula -sseculor. Amen.

14. In Agendis Mortuorum.

15. In Natalibus Sanctorum ad Missam.

Among others occur the days of

S. Chad, S. Swithin,

S. Cuthbert, S. Orimbald,

S. Alphege, S. Sampson,

S. John of Beverley, S. Oswald,

S. Dunstan, S. Audoen,

S. Augustine, S. Wilfrid,

S. Botolph, S. Ositha,

S. Edmund, S. Aeldrida.
S. Etheldreda,

I will conclude this long paper with one or two passages from these
English Saints' days, the collects, &c., of which seem different from any
hitherto found.

S. Cuthbert :

Omnipotens sempiteme Deus qui in mentis S. Cuthberti pontificis
tui semper et ubique mirabilis, quaesumus clementiam tuam ut sicut ei
eminentem gloriam contulisti, sic ad consequendam misericordiam tuam
ejus nos fiEicias precibus adjuvari.

Hsec tibi Domine quaesumus B. Cuthberti pontificis tui intercessione
nunc grata reddatur oblatio, et per earn gloriosam nostrum famulatum
purifica, per.

P. Com. Deus qui nos sanctorum tuomm temporali tribuis oomme-
moratione gaudere, praesta quaesumus ut B. Cuthberto interveniente
in ea numeremur salutis sorte, in qu4 illi sunt gratia tua gloriosi.

S. Alphege :

Deus electorum, corona pontificum et victoria certantium, qui B.
Alphegum et dignitate pontificatus et martyrii palma decorasti, con-
cede propitiuarita nos apud te ejus intercessionibus adjuvari ut ei in
etema beatitudine possimus adunari, per.

Seerei» Mensis sacris quaesumus Domine hostiam sacnre digneris

Ecdesiological Society, 51

impoatam, ot interrentu archiprssolis et martyris Alphegi vitas nobis
prospera presentis et gaudium futurse beatitudinis obtinent, per.

S. John of Beverley :

Deos qui presentem diem B. Job. confesaoria tui atque pontificia mi-
gratione conscKsrasti, da Eccleaiae tuee digne de ejua aolemnitate gau-
dere, ut apud misericordiam tuam exemplis ejua adjuvemur et meritia^
per, &c.

Munera tni divini myaterii tibi Domine quseaumua B. Job. precibui
pietati tus nos reddant acceptoa pro cujua aolemnitate feata cele-
hnntor.

Sanctificati Domine aalutari myaterio quseaumua ut pro nobia B.
iohannis confesaoria tui atque pontificia intercedat oratio cujua noa
dooas patrocioio gubemari.

TraDalation of S. S within t

Deas qui jubar etberium, antiatitem Swythunum, modemo tempore
(fignatua ea mundo revelare, auppliciter tuam imploramua omnipotentiam,
qoatenua per glorioaa ipeiua aancti merita quern coruacare feciati aignia
ouracuJorum« praebeaa nobia tibi aupplicantibua famulia omnium in-
cremeata virtutum et aempitemse felicitada tripudium.

I have now given aa fall account aa your apace will allow of this
ttrly English Missal. Aa the Book itaelf ia not in England, I truat
70a will pardon the length of these notea.

Youra truly,
J. G* J*
October 4» 1 858.

ECCLESIOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

A Com MiTTBK Meeting was held on December 0, 1858: present,
Mr. Beresford-Hope, M.P., (in the chair,) Mr. France, Mr. Goaling,
the Rev. S. S. Greatheed, the Rev. T. Helmore, Mr. Styleman
Lettrange, the Rev. H. L. Jenner, the Rev. W. Scott, and the Rev.
B. Webb.

The Rer. T. Hill, Rector of Holy Trinity, Minoriea, waa elected an
Ofdxnary member.

Mr. O. O. Scott met the committee, and received their congratu-
htkms on hia appointment as architect of the new Foreign Office. The
committee afterwards adopted the following reaolutiona :

Resolved^ " That thia committee bega to offer Lord John Mannera the
ezpressioa of its warmeat acknowledgmenta upon the wise and juat
choice which be has made of Mr. Scott as the architect of the new
Foreign Office. It feels convinced that the reault of this aelection
will bt equally beneficial to art and to the public aervice, and honour-
able to tiie minister to whom it ia due.

" That this oommittee begs to offer its most sincere congratulations
to O, O. 8ooCt» Esq., upon his appointment as architect of the new
Fofdgii OfioB. T^ bmty of the designs upon which that aelectiou

52 Ecclesiological Society.

has been made, and Mr. Scott's acknowledged eminence, are guaran-
tees of the success of the building ; and the committee feels the strongest
assurance that its construction will form an epoch in the revivid of
mediaeval art, and materially aid the cause to which Mr. Scott has so
earnestly devoted his talents."

The chairman reported that the Bishop of Montreal had informed
him that he had ordered the east window and some other windows for
bis cathedral from Messrs. Clayton and Bell.

A letter was received from Mr. Clarke, the Secretary of the Archi-
tectural Museum, informing the committee, that six candidates for the
Ecclesiological Society's colour prize had sent in their coloured panels
in competition.

Mr. Bodley met the committee, and exhibited his designs for the
new church of S. Michael and All Angels, Brighton ; for a new church
at King's Stanley, Gloucestershire ; for the restoration of S. James,
Bicknor, Kent ; and for a mortuary cross at East Grinsted.

Mr. Burges met the committee, and exhibited a drawing of a
sculptured diptych, which he is about to place in the crypt of S. Augus-
tine's chapel, Canterbury. The relief represented the first preaching
of S. Augustine ; and the names of students of the college who hive
died in their missionary labours are to be inscribed below. Mr.
Burges kindly undertook to prepare an illustration from the aH^j^m
of Villard de Honnecourt, lor the next number of the EcclesiologUt,

Mr. G. M. Hills favoured the committee with a sight of his elabo-
rate plans and drawings of the ruined primitive churches in the Isle of
Arran More, off Galway ; and also of the Cistercian abbey of Boyle,
in Roscommon ; and of several Irish mediaeval castles. He was re-
quested to prepare a paper on the island of Arran for the society's
journal.

Mr. James Redfem exhibited to the committee some photographs
of his plaster group, representing the Death of Abel, executed by him
in Mr. Clayton's studio.

The committee examined the designs for a new church at Llandogo,
Monmouthshire ; for the restoration of Rockfield church, in the same
county ; and for a new parsonage at Hentland, Herefordshire, all by
Messrs. Prichard and Seddon, exhibited to them by the latter gentle-
man. Mr. Seddon reported the progress of the works in Llandaff
cathedral.

Mr. Slater and Mr. Skidmore explained the designs and tenders for
a small iron church, designed by the former, and to be executed by
the latter. Mr. Slater also reported progress in his church at S.
Kitt's, and in the Stafford memorial in Limerick cathedral. He also
mentioned that Kilmore cathedral was now in progress from his designs
without modification. The committee inspected his drawings for the
restoration of S. Mary, Finedon, Northamptonshire, and advised upon a
difficult question connected with the restoration of the chapel-hall of
S. John*s almshouses, Sherborne.

Mr. W. M. Teulon met the committee, and exhibited his designs
for new paraonages at Cockayne Hatley, Beds, and Guisbcnroughf
; and also for a butcher's shop at Roasington, Yorkahire.

Eeclesiological Society. 58

Mr. Truefitt showed the committee his drawings for some altera-
tiooB and mdditions to an Irviogite meeting-house in Islington.

Mi. Withers exhibited his designs for new churches at Llanlawem,
Pembrokeshire, and Llanvihangel-Penbedw, in the same county ; also
for the restoration of S. Michael, Tremaen, Cardiganshire; and some
excellent designs for a timber parsonage, to be built at Newcastle,
Miramichi, New Brunswick, for the Rev. J. Hudson, a former corre-
^odeot of the Bcclesiological Society.

The committee further examined the designs, by Mr. Clarke, for
new schools at Coggeshall, Essex, and for the internal restoration of
Watton, Herts ; by Mr. Ferrey, for the restoration of S. John. Kirk
Eaton, Yorkshire, and of Beaulieu abbey-church, Hants ; by Mr. Nor-
ton, for a new church at Powerscourt, Ireland, and for some Late-
Pointed additions to the chateau of a Russian nobleman at Keblas, in
Li?onia ; by Mr. Street, for the rebuilding of S. Paul, Herne-hill, Surrey,
for new schools, at Colnbrook, Bucks, for the restoration of Hanley
Castle church. Worcestershire, and for the new churches of Far-
lington. Hants, and Whitwell, Yorkshire ; by Mr. S. S. Teulon, for
new schools at Stoke. Oxfordshire, Netherfield. Sussex, Rye Harbour,
Suasex. and S. Thomas, Wells, Somersetshire, — ^for some large colle-
giate schools at Wimbledon, Surrey — for some cottages at Netherfield
— for the restoration of Sandringham church, Norfolk, Great Warley.
Essex, Staplefield, Sussex, and Misterton, Leicestershire ; for the new
cbarch (a fresh design) of S. Paul's, Hampstead, Middlesex, and the
working drawings of Holy Trinity. Hastings, as completed with cer-
tain alterations ; and by Mr. White for S. Petrock Minor, Cornwall,
S. Mary. Little Baddow, Essex, and S. Mary, Wigginton, Herts.

The committee also examined some sketches and cartoons by Messrs,
O'Connor for the east window of S. Leonard, Pitcombe, Somersetshire,
for a memorial window to the Duchess of Beaufort, at Bookham, Sur-
rey, (under the direction of Mr. Butterfield,) and for a large Roman-
esque window in Southwell minster, representing the parable of the
Good Samaritan.

Mr. Keith submitted a jewelled chalice, which he had in hand from
Mr. Street's design.

The arrival of a letter and a parcel of books from the Danish Church
History Society, was announced, and various letters of acknowledg-
ment were put in ; and among other letters, one asking the judgment
of the cominittee on the controversy respecting the Worcester cemetery
chapel.

A fragmoat of an ancient chasuble, green embroidered with flowers,
and with a medallion of the Crucifixion in the middle of a large cross,
ssed to this day as the altar covering at Greinton church, Somerset-
ihire. was forwarded by Mr. Dickinson for the inspection of the
committee.

A tab-cominittee visited the Architectural Museum, after the adjourn-
Bent of the oommittee, and unanimously adjudged the Eeclesiological
Sodety'a colour prize to Mr. A. O. P. Harrison, of 337, Euston-road.

54 Oxford Architectural Society.

The first meeting for the season 1858-9 of the Eccleaidogical Motett
Choir took place at S. Martin's Hall, on Thursday, December 9. The
choir was numerous and efficient, and the room was nearly full.

The great feature in the programme (which we subjoin) was the
Mass by Felice Anerio, a work of no small beauty, hitherto almost un-
known in this country,

Prooramiib.

MoTBTT — " Rejoice in the Lord " . . . . Redford, 1543.

Antiphon — " O Sapientia."

MoTBTT — " Now it is high time *' . • • Eduardi Lupif 1550.

Antiphon — '* O Adonai."

Anthem—" O God, Thou art worthy " • • Rev, S, S, Greatheed.

Antiphon — '* O Radix Jetse."

MoTBTT — " If thou shalt confess."

Antiphon — **0 Clavis David."

Uymn — " Conditor Alme Siderum*' . . . . Hymnal Noted.

Antiphon — " O Oricns."

MissA Felice Anerio.

Antiphon — "O Rex Gentium."

Carol—" Ruyal Da^r "... Carole for Christmas-tide.

Anthbm— " Blessed is the man" • • . Rev. Sir F, Ouseley.

Antiphon — " O Emmanuel."

Carol — " Earthly friends " . . Carols for Christmas-tide.

Antiphon — ** O Virgo Virginum.**

Akthbm — " Hosanna " Gibbons.

The seven antiphons for the week before Christmas were given with
great feeling, in harmony and unison.

OXFORD ARCHITECTURAL SOCIETY.

(The following report was not sent at the time.)

A M BBTiiTG of this Society was held in the Society's rooms, Holywell,
on Wednesday, May 26, 1858, the Rev. J. E. Millard, B.D.. of Mag-
dalene College, in the chair.

A. Hay, Esq., of Christ Church, was elected a member of the So-
ciety.

The chairman then called on Mr. Lowder for his paper on the Prin-
ciples to be observed in building churches in the Tropics.

" The subject of churches for tropical climates is one of Increasing
interest ; the call for churches in climates not directly tropical, but yet
possessing a climate akin in peculiarity to tropical regions, is making
itself more and more heard. People are now making efforts for the
erection of ftresh churches in India. Any remarks on the principles
which are to guide us in these buildings, if not of themselves of any
practical utility, yet are serviceable so Aur as they draw attention to the
subject.

Oxford Architectural Society. 66

"The present |Miper is confined to churches in the Tropics, and the
TCfflarks refer chiefly to West India churches. The points which call
for cuDsideration are those connected with the necessities of chmate,
toch as the extreme heat, the comparatively uniform temperature, the
violeat storms and rains.

" For presenration against periodical hurricanes great strength is re-
quisite, uid for the purpose of preserving a sufficient supply of cool
air, means for excluding the sun*s glare, and for the admittance of cool
draughts, are necessary. In the matter of materials, each locality must
decide for itself, and in ornamental decoration the natural products of
each country must he the guide. In tropical countries the palm tree
is one which affords great opportunity as a subject to be used in deco-
lation.

" Few mistakes can be more injurious for the growth of architecture
io other regions, than those which arise from a desire to transplant
Enghsh Pointed into foreign countries ; it cannot grow healthily, and
&ts itself but awkwardly in many ways in which it has to accommodate
itself. The spirit of Pointed architecture may yet direct ; it will take
the materiab at hand and mould them to the requirements of the
country. In this way Byzantine buildings may be proper models for
many of the peculiar features of Tropical climates.*'

Some suggestions were offered in reference to the construction of
roofs and windows, &c., and a general scheme of a church adapted to
those countries where hurricanes prevailed ; the necessity of having a
cloister round churches generally in hot climates was insisted upon, and
some remarks upon the value of furthering art in the countries them-
selves, by educating the native workmen and encouraging them to rival,
not to imitate, the best built edifices of foreign production.

At the conclusion of the paper the chairman tendered the thanks of
the society to Mr. Lowder for his interesting paper. He considered
that the subject was one which was of great interest to the society
itself, inasmuch as they themselves had, in designing a church in the
East Indies some years ago, experienced many of the difficulties which
had been pointed out, and which indeed had proved insuperable to the
adoption of their plan. After a few remarks from Mr. Parker, and a
very beautiful exhibition of seal impressions by Mr. Ready, sigillarist,
which was highly approved by the society, the meeting adjourned.

The third meeting of Michaelmas term was held in the Society's rooms
OD Wednesday, December Ist, the Rev. S. W. Wayte, treasurer, in the
ehair.

Mr. J. H. Parker, F.S.A., was unanimously elected President in the
room of the Rev. the Warden of New College, resigned.

On taking the chair, the newly-elected President, in thanking the
•odety for the honour done to him, pointed out in a few words the
importsDee of retaining such a society in Oxford, whence so many
yoong men go forth* who eventually, either as clergymen or landed
profHrieton. bare great influence, if not personal responsibility, in the
ptcKrvation^ rcatoration, and rebuilding of churches. The architect!

66 Oxford Architectural Society.

to a great exteut are governed by the taste of their employers, and
therefore a knowledge of the correct principles of Grothic architecture
imbibed at Oxford would stand by them in need in after years, and
go far to prevent those errors of judgment which so constantly occur
in dealing with our ancient edifices. The study of architecture, too,
he considered, would materially assist many men in the study of his-
tory, because almost each reign was as much marked by its buildings
as by its events ; and the former appealing to the eye, must assist the
memory in recalling the latter. He concluded by mentioning his
having held, in conjunction with the present " Radcliffe Observer,"
the office of secretary during the first days of the existence of the
society.

Mr. G. Cuthbert, Christ Church, and Mr. £. S. Orindle, of Queen's
College, were duly elected members of the society.

Mr. Lowder, the secretary, in the name of the committee, congratu-
lated the society and the country on the decision of the Oovemment to
adopt a Gothic design for the new public offices at Westminster. It
had been recently mentioned, as a proof that the Architectural Societies
had done their work, that every church erected in England during the
last year, is in the Gothic style. The new Museum, at Oxford, is a
proof that it can be equally well adapted to any secular purpose, and
now the selection of this style for the Government Offices goes far to
complete the triumph of the old English style over the Palladian, which
has so long been an intruder on our shores.

Mr. JefTcock then read an interesting paper on the Abbeys of York-
shire, of which the following is an epitome :

After describing the physical configuration of the county, Mr. Jeff-
cock pointed out that almost each dale had its abbey. " On the York-
shire side of Teesdale, near Rokeby, is Egglestone Abbey ; in Swaledale
is Easeby ; in Uredale is Jorvaulx ; in Skelldale is Fountains ; in
Wharfdale is Bolton ; in Airedale is Kirkstall ; in the valley of the
Rie is Rievaulx. In strange contrast to these denizens of the vale
stands out the stupendous form of Whitby Abbey, overlooking west-
ward the gorge of the Esk, and presenting its northern side to the sea.
Besides these there are numerous others hardly inferior. Between the
Conquest and 1st of Henry III. were founded or refounded 14 abbeys,
44 priories, 7 alien priories, and 13 cells ; 3 prssceptories and 3 com-
manderies in this county. After that time no houses for monks, nuns,
or canons were built. This period synchronizes with that of the
Crusades; the Crusaders left their property through their religious
zeal, and to have prayers and masses said for them : perhaps, accord-
ing to the adage ' Soon come, soon gone,* having obtained their estates
in England at so cheap a bargain they may have felt a little nauseated
with the glut of land. The monastery, by regular and diligent cul-
tivation, turned the manor to better account than the warrior lord or
ill -fed serf had inclination to do. That style of architecture where
the Norman blends into the chaste Early English, or where the Early
English stands out in all its beauty and purity, has perhaps more to
do with the pleasure which the mined abbey calls up than either its
vmieTable age or its fairy situaticm. Suppose for a moment the periods

Exeter Diocesan Architectural Society. 57

of architectural styles to have remained as now, but the era for building
monasteries to have happened, not when it really did, but, say, a cen-
tury before the Reformation. Instead of the pointed arch, the most
graceful of Christian forms, we should have had the obtuse Tudor arch,
with its perpendicular tracery ; and our abbeys would have been no
grander than most of our parish churches. Roche, Fountains, and
Kienalx, Whitby, Jorvaulx, and Kirkstall belong to this style. In
many cases, as at Fountains and Kirkstall, Perpendicular additions have
been made to Transition and Early English fabrics, as though a later
architect could not throw himself back into the spirit of a former age.
In art, creation and criticism rarely are found together. Homer could
not point out the principles on which he wrote ; or Lionginus create an
Oiad. This concerns the hopes of architecture at the present time.
The present age is decidedly critical ; we are confessedly a restoring
age ; our imitations are wonderful — they are models to the life ; but
can we create the living form, or is it but the lifeless statue after all ?
Before the Reformation there was creation, but no criticism ; last cen-
tory Gothic had neither creation nor criticism in it ; we certainly have
the latter — have we the former ? Our fathers had neither ; have we
ix)tfa ? The parish church of Doncaster seems to discover the spirit of
creatioD still inspiring our architect, and realising itself in the chaste
forms of curve and arch as it did six centuries ago." After alluding
to Wordsworth's lines on " the Strid " at Bolton, he concluded by
quoting from Sir H. Ellis's letters a contemporary description of the
aappression of Roche Abbey.

Some tracings of the recently discovered paintings on the walls of
CSudgrove church were exhibited in the course of the evening. They
will remain hung up in the Society's rooms, for the inspection of mem<
ben, until Wednesday next.

EXBTBR DIOCESAN ARCHITECTURAL SOCIETY.

A QUABTsmLT meeting of this society was held November 25, 1 858, at
the College Hall, South Street ; and although the weather was unfa-
vourable, the meeting was well attended. The Yen. Archdeacon
Bartholomew presided. On the table were exhibited some beautiful
|»ints which had been received from the Architectural Photographic
Aasodation, in return for the annual subscription of this society ; and
widi to mtich interest were these photographs regarded, that the sub-
wanp&m to the association was ordered to be renewed, with a view to
entitle the society to additional specimens which, it is expected, will be
iboitiy leoeiTed.

Lwiit.*Coloiiel Harding, one of the honorary secretaries of the
aoeiety, fcad tbe feOowing report.

"In preeentiiig the present quarterly report, your committee feel
pitified ID being able to state that the principles they have pursued are
■daqg inugiet . and tihe works which have been reported during l\\«

58 Exeter Diocesan Architectural Society.

last few months, either in the restoration of churches or the enrich-
ment or improvement of the sacred edifice, have been neither few nor
unimportant.

" Your committee have the satisfaction of stating that the society
continues to receive additions to the subscription list ; and although
they cannot congratulate the meeting in having received all the sup-
port they might naturally have expected in carrying out the principles
of so important and useful a society, they nevertheless feel satisfied
that the labours of the few have been appreciated, and that its good
effects are gradually extending throughout the diocese.

" Your committee refer, with pleasure, to the movement that has
been made consequent on the visit of one of our most valued mem-
bers— our Curator — to the different local districts, for the purpose of
collecting materials for the ' Rough Notes,' and their subsequent cir-
culation ; and although that useful work has been brought to a close,
your committee express an earnest hope that some zealous member in
each district will point out, either to the curator or one of the secre-
taries, the improvements and alterations which have been made since
each paper has been in circulation, or point out any omissions which in
so great an undertaking must naturally have occurred. Your com-
mittee are desirous of drawing your attention to the pleasing fact, that
since the last sheet, relating to the deaneries of Torrington and Hols-
worthy, (No. 20,) has been in circulation, the agreeable information
has been communicated that an opening service has been held at the
church of S. Giles's, at Little Torrington, and a collection made
towards defraying a deficiency in the expenses incurred, in the admira-
ble restoration that has taken place in this little church ; and although
much exertion was made, a debt of £100 remained, which the libe-
rality of Mrs. Stevens, the owner of Cross, has kindly supplied. In
the restoration of this small but interesting church, open seats and an
open roof have replaced high and inconvenient pews and low ceilings,
llie chancel has been entirely rebuilt by the Rev. G. De C. Guille ;
a new arch to the sacrarium, of carved Hatherly stone, has been con-
structed ; and the granite piers and arches cleansed from the load of
white-wash which encumbered them. Another circumstance of a
most pleasing character, in connection with this church, should not be
omitted — namely, that the altar-table is the gift of Mr. Kilby, the
coachman of Sir Trevor Wheeler, who has for many years been a resi-
dent at Cross, which is situated within the parish of Little Torrington.
In the church of Pyworthy, four new windows have been introduced :
the partition in the church removed, and the font restored to its former
site. Repairs have also been effected at Bridgerule; and at All
Saints, Bradworthy, instructions have been given by a large landed
proprietor for the insertion of a new three-light window, with an ap-
propriate figure in each compartment, in stained glass. Neither should
we omit the rebuilding of Creacombe church on an enlarged scale, the
whole of which has been ably and liberally effected by the family of
Karslake.

" Although the ably restored church of Clyst S. George has been
already casually reverted to in a former report, your committee think

Exeter Diocesan Architectural Society. 59

it right to again draw your attention to it. With the exception of the
tower and a part of the north wall, this sacred edifice has been entirely
rebuilt, under the able superintendence of the present worthy rector, the
Re?. H. T. EUacombe. High and ill- arranged pews have been replaced
by bench ends, (all variously and richly carved,) and open sittings ; the
windows and roof restored to their ancient character ; and the general
arrangement ably performed and executed in excellent taste. Your
committee refer to a letter from the late rector, the Rev. Wm. Rous
Ellacombe, addressed to Mr. Stockdale, in which great stress is laid on
the advantage of throwing out a south aisle, as the means of removing
u inconvenient and always unsightly gallery ; but by the present ju-
dicious arrangement much additional room has been gained, and the
appearance greatly improved, without any extension of the building.
Mr. BUacombe has recently introduced into his stone pulpit a revival
of glass mosaic. The effect is extremely good and affords a great re-
lief to the pulpit, enriching and warming the beautiful stone carving,
aod producing an harmonious and yet sufficiently subdued appearance.

" On the important subject of open pews, your committee would re-
vert with satis^tion to the remarks made some years since, by one of
their most able members, whose abilities, energies, and usefulness have
been removed to a distant land, ' that when we consider how very diffi-
cult it is to remove long established evils, and how hard to induce men
to forego what they identify with their own just vested rights, and re-
gard, however erroneously, as part and parcel of the system of the
Church to which they belong, we must all concur in viewing the ques-
tion as one of extreme difficulty ; yet, when we see that it has been
adopted in so many instances, so as to become almost, if not quite, the
Qnivenal plan in every new church, we may look with hope that, at no
distant period, the practice of earlier days may be revived, and that
doors, which were possibly occasionally found, even before the Refor-
mation, but attained their full development during the Great Rebel-
hen, may be again discontinued, and the evil which they occasion
removed.'

" Yoor committee would, in the next place, remark on the judicious
and complete restoration which has taken place in Winnard's chapel,
within this city, at the cost of its patron, Mark Kennaway, Esq. The
windows have all been renewed, and the chancel-waU entirely rebuilt.
The windows are filled with stained glass ; and the beautiful eastern
one is the work of Hardman.

" Yoor committee have hitherto refrained from reporting on another
kmg desecrated building in the same immediate neighboiu*hood, the
chapel of S. Mary Magdalen. This interesting little Early English
bvulding had stood the brunt of centuries, and was fully capable of
being easily restored. The first act of recent desecration was the re-
moval of the bell (which occupied its original position, and had been
wont to call the poor and afiUcted lasar-people to their house of prayer,)
when it was earned to Hele*s charity school, where it remains. This
•et was followed, the next year, by the total and reckless destruction
of the wbc»le edifice ; a proceeding which was severely commented upon
bf the ebmritj coamiiasioner, on his recent visit to Exeter.

60 Exeter Diocesan Architectural Society.

** Before your committee leave these subjects, they are desirous of
recording the important fact that a new church is about to be erected
at Harberton Ford, at the sole expense of Mrs. Anthony, whose libe-
rality has been seconded by Chancellor Martin, in contributing a resi-
dence for the clergyman, and a portion of the endowment from the
parochial tithe.

" Your committee are pleased in being able to state that a valuable
collection of MSS. was recently presented to the library of the Archi-
tectural Society, by Mr. Stockdale, which comprehends a history of the
county of Devon, — various pedigrees of Devonshire families, — many
original documents, — and an extensive correspondence, all of which are
in . course of arrangement, and will be shortly placed before a sub-
committee that has been appointed to consider in what way they can
be most advantageously and usefully appropriated.

" Your committee cannot avoid remarking on the interest attached to
the last quarterly meeting, in the able exposition made by the Lord
Bishop of Fredericton, on the state and prospects of his diocese. His
lordship, among many other topics, dwelt on the increased desire
among the Canadians to promote the erection of churches ; not the ^
simple buildings alone, but adorned and beautified, in order to show
their veneration for the house of Goo.

'* There is but one other subject yet untouched which your committee
would wish, in conclusion, to remark upon, which is the important
consideration of domestic, as well as ecclesiastical, architecture. An
able paper has been read by Mr. Ash worth on the fine and interesting
old manor house of Wear Qifford, in the north of Devon, which will
be followed to-day by one on the ancient residence of Holcombe
Court. Another friend and member, whose abilities your committee
thankfully acknowledge, has promised to give the society a paper on
Bradfield House, near Collumpton, which has been recently almost en-
tirely restored. These are points of interest which show the value and
usefulness of this society.'*

W. Miles, Esq., having read the treasurer's report, which represented
the society's funds to be in a satisfactory «tate,

The Rev. J. B. Hughes, head master of Blundell's school, Tiverton,
was then called upon for his paper on Huntsham church, a structure
possessing peculiar interest to the members of the society, in conse-
quence of its association with the venerated name of the late Arthur
Troyte, Esq.

Huntsham church, said Mr. Hughes, is situated in a picturesque
valley, watered by the Lowman, about six and a half miles from Tiver-
ton. The annals of the parish extend back as far as a.d. 1263, when
the Puncharduns were parous, and the church itself was rebuilt a.d.
1339, and a.d. 1430. At the time when the late Mr. Troyte became
the patron of the living and the occupant of Huntsham Court, the
little fabric was in a very dilapidated condition ; the exterior was over-
grown with ivy, the interior was in a ruinous condition, and high deal
pews concealed much of the remaining old bench ends. Mr. TVoyte*s
first care was to select and cut some of the finest timber on the estate
for the restoration of the church ; and while the oak was seasoning he

Leteegtenkire Architectural and Arcfutologieal Society. 61

himself to the erection of parochial schools, and to the im-
proiiDg of the dwellings of the poor. Allusion was made to the late
lamented Mr. Troyte^s experience in church restoration, it having
been his privilege to have assisted in carrying out the improvements of
four churches in Dorset and one ia Devonshire previously to the good
vork at Unntsham. The churchyard was enlarged, and an oak lich-
gate erected at the entrance. The diurch itself, originally consisting
0/ nave, chancel, and tower, was now widened hy the addition of an
aiale and vestry on the sosth side, and a small transept on the north.
Mention was made of the correct ritual arrangements, the seating
carred in oak« the windows with their very appropriate legends, the
vork of Waiies, and the gift of Thomas Williams, fisq. The paper
concluded with a touching description of the graves of those who had
during life held the church in such high estimation, and whose resting
places are simply marked by two small crosses, whilst the church and
churchyard are their more appropriate monument. Many interesting
sketches and illustrations enhanced the interest of Mr. Hughes' paper,
which WAS foUowed by a description of the Manor House or court at
Holcombe Rogus, by Mr. Ashworth. This edifice contains a noble
hall, porch, tower, and many curious apartments, with rich decorations,
and is reported to have heen erected by Sir Robert Bluett, in Henry the
Seventh's time. It appears that his ancestor, John Bluett, Esq., first
became possMsed of Holcombe Court by his marriage with Maud,
daughter of John Cheseldon, Esq., early in the fifteenth century.
Recently the estate and mansion has been purchased by the Rev. Wm.
Rayer, of Tidcombe, Tiverton. Besides the mansion the church of
Holcombe, containing several curious monuments of the Bluett family,
was described, and various illustrations were exhibited, which bore
eridence that Mr. Ashworth is a clever draughtsman as well as an able
architect. Both papers will be recorded and illustrated in the Society's
Transactions.

LEICESTERSHIRE ARCHITECTURAL AND ARCHiEOLO-

GICAL SOCIETY.

Tbi December meeting of this Society was held in the Town Hall, on
the ^th, the Rev. R. Burnaby in the chair.

After the exhibition and examination of numerous curiosities and
antiquities, the Rev. J. M. Gresley read a paper on the Book of Com-
mon Prayer.

'• With the Restoration of King Charles II., the Prayer Book of the
Church of England came again into use. Endeavours were made to
form a union between the Church, which was now restored, and the
Dissenters, who had been established in its place during the Oreat Re-
bellion. For this purpose the King issued a Commission to an equal
OQinber of divines of both parties, ' to advise upon and review the
Buok of Commoo Prayer,' &c. . . . Union, however, was found to be

62 Leicestershire Architectural and Archaolopical Sacieiff^

unattainable. It remained, therefore, for the divines of the Choi
England to make only such alterations in the Prayer Book as d
seem to them desirable, independently of other parties. Conseqw
on the ^Ist of November following, the Upper House of the Con
tion of Canterbury appointed* under Royal Licence, a committ
proceed without loss of time to a revision of it ; and on the 2(
December, the new book was adopted, and subscribed by the Clei
both Houses of Convocation and of both Provinces. On the 2i
February, 166% the House of Lords received, together with a 1
message, an authentic copy of the corrected book confirmed und<
great seal. The Act of Uniformity, which directed that it shot
accepted and used throughout England, was passed by the Lor
the 9th. and by the Commons on the 16th of April.

" The original MS. of the Book of Common Prayer, which wi
nexed to this Act, is not now to be found among the parliame
records. . . . But although the MS. originally annexed to the i
Uniformity cannot now be produced, there is a clause in the Act '
renders certain copies of the first printed books of equal authority
the MS. itself. . . .

" The corrected books thus authorised are known as the ' £
Books.* The copy deposited in the Tower of London was reprint
1848, by Mr. Masters ; that for the Chancery in 1840, in three voli
by the Ecclesiastical History Society, under the editorship of 4
Stephens, barrister-at-law, who collated it with the Sealed Bool
the King's Bench, Common Pleas, Exchequer, S. Paul's, Christ CI
Ely, and the Tower, and also with the MS. book annexed to the 1
miss of the Irish Act of Uniformity, passed in 1666.

" As each of the Sealed Books is deserving of special attent
have recently examined the copy deposited in the custody of the
and Chapter of Lichfield, which I think has not hitherto bee
scribed.

" The volume is bound in rough calf, and has the words Lich
Book stamped on one side near the top. The leaves are 15{-in
by 9j- in. wide. The text has a ' meadow of margin ' of Sin. i
fore-edge. The worm has rather damaged some of the early li
After three fly-leaves comes the engraved title by Loggan ; then a
leaf, A % containing ' The Contents of this Book.' Four loose 1
also precede the Morning Prayer, which were evidently pasted in
the book was bound. Tliere is a similar leaf, d 3, before that coi
ing ' A Prayer that may be used,' &c. On comparing this book
Mr. Stephens' collation of the Chancery Book, their similarity i
dent ; excepting that in the Lichfield Book the sheet c of six lea
followed by D, D 2, D 3, two unmarked leaves, and then the four
have been inserted and are unmarked. The paper of the Lie
book is remarkably good, and in better condition than that fc
Chancery.

" At the foot of the last printed page of the book, which con<
with the Ordinal, the commissioners who examined it have w
' The Formes of I^yer for the V. of November, the XXX. of Jai
and for the XXIX. of May, are to be printed at the end of this B

LeieeBiershire Architectural and Archaological Society. 63

They are not, however, added. Then follow (loose, but stitched to-
gether with the same kind of green silk as the volume is stitched with)
>ix printed and two unprinted pages. The first of these contains the
declaration of the Archbishop and Bishops of the Province of Canter-
bury that they have in Synod received and approved this book of public
prayers, and have subscribed the same on the 20th day of December,
A. 1601. The Archbishop's and 18 Bishops' names follow.

" The 2nd page has the declaration of the Lower House of the Pro-
vince that they have on the same day unanimously consented and sub-
sciibed to the said book. The names of Henry Fern, Dean of Ely
and Prolocutor, and of 14 other Deans, and of William Thomas, the
Precentor of S. David's, follow.

"The 3rd and 4th pages have the names of George Hall, Dean of Can-
terbury, and of 30 Archdeacons, 23 Proctors of Diocesan Clergy, and
16 Proctors of the Cathedral Chapters, in continuation of the list on

*' The 5th page contains a declaration of the Archbishop and Bishops
of the Pkt>vince of York, similar to that made by the Archbishop and
Bishops of the Province of Canterbury, and on the same day. The
names of the Archbishop and of the Bishops of Durham and Carlisle are
rabscribed.

" On page 6 is the declaration of consent and subscription of the
Cleigy of the Lower House of the same Province, followed by six
names, but whether Deans, Archdeacons, or Proctors is not stated, viz.,
Henr. Fern, Jo. Barwick, Rob. Hitch, Matt. Smalwood, Humphredus
lioyd. And. Sandeland.

" At the foot of the letterpress on this page are written the first thir-
teen lines of the following certificate, and below them are the signatures
and seals of the first three commissioners.

" On page 7 is the concluding portion of the certificate, followed by
Uie signatures and seals of the last four commissioners.

" The 8th page is blank.

*** We whose names are beer under written Commissioners amongst others
motnted by our Soveraigne Lord Charles the Second by the Grace of God
aia^ of Eoglmd Scotland, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith &c
bj his Highness Letters Patents under the Great Scale of England bearing
ate the fost day of November in the fourteenth year of his Raiene in pur-
naDoe of a eertaine Act made in the Parliament begun and held at West-
minsler the eighth day of May in the thirteenth year of the Raigne of our
aaid Scyverame Lord King Charles the Second, and there continued untill the
uneteenth £iy of May in the fourteenth year of his said Majesties Raigne,
aod thenee prorogoed to the eighteenth of February then next following, en-
tkoled Ad Act for the Uniformity of Publick Prayers and Administration of
Saeraments and other Rites and Ceremonies, and for Establishing the Form
of Maldng, OrdainiDg and Consecrating Bishops, Priests and Deacons in the
Chovdi of England, do Certifie that we have Examined and Compared this
Book with the Originall and we find it a true and perfect Copie. In witness
whereof we have beer onto set our EUnds and Scales this tnirteenth day of
Deeembor in the iiMirteenth year of the Raigne of our said Soveraigne Lord
Kflig diaries the Second and in the year of our Lord Christ 1662.

"'Joa-Haiiabaw, Dee. Cicestr., Rich. Chaworth, Qulielmua Paule, Dec.

64 Leicestershire Architectural and Archaological Society.

Lichfeild, Will. Brabourne, Mar. Frank, Archid. S. Alb., Geo. Stradling, Jo.
Pritchett.' "

[Of these signatures, and of the sedls which accompany them, Mr.
Ghresley exhibited a print.]

" The exemplification is suspended from the bottom of the back of
the volume. The ends of the lengths of green silk with which the
sheets were stitched for binding are there plaited together into a band
three quarters of an inch wide, which is passed through the foot of the
parchment, and then has the Great Seal of England upon it. Below
the seal the silk band terminates in five tassels. The seal, which is of
yellow wax, is preserved in a tin box. With the exception of three
pieces chipped off the legend, the whole of it still remains, but cracked
into four parts, which have been skilfully united. The engraved head-
ing to the exemplification contains a portrait of King Charles II.,
«i£tatis suae 30, A°, 1660.' the Royal arms, English and Scottish
crowns, roses and thistles, &c.

" The exemplification recites that portion of the Act of Uniformity
before quoted, and concludes thus : —

" * Now know yee that Wee, according to the forme and effect of the said
Act of Parliament, and in accomplishment of the intent thereof in thisbehalfe,
have inspected the said examined copy of the said Act of Parliament and
Booke aroreiaid, and have caused the same to bee hereunto annexed, and to
be exemplified vnder the great Seale of England, att the request and proper
costs and charges of the Deane and Chapter of St. Chad in Litchfeild. In
witnes whereof Wee have caused these our letters to be made Patents. Witnes
ourselfe att Westminster, the ffifth day of January, in the ffouerteenth yeare
of our Raigne.

" • Barker.' "

" The following receipt is on a loose half-sheet of foolscap paper : —

" ' Quinto Decimo die Maij,
1663.
" ' Received of William Paule Doctor of Divinity the some of nine ^
pounds currant English money for the Booke of Co-en praver vnder the

freat Seale of England, to remayne in the custodye of the said D'cor ^
*aule Deane of Lichfeild and the Chapter there as a Record according jg
to the tenor of a late Act of Parliament — That is to say seaven pounds '
thereof for the fees of the great Seale and fortye shillings for Mr. Croke
the Stasioner for the Booke I say Rec'

•* * by me

«'Tho Agar.'"

It was unanimously resolved that his Ghrace the Duke of Rutland be
requested to become patron of the Society, in conjunction with the
Lord Bishop of Peterborough.

65

NEW CHURCHES.

S. Paul, Heme Hill. Surrey, — We have already mentioned that Mr.
Street was eotrusted with the task of rebuilding this church after its
destnictioQ by fire. He has finished the works most successfully. Of
the original fabric, built ten or fifteen years ago, in poor Third-Pointed,
tbe tower and spire were uninjured by the fire, and the outer shell also
remained. Mr. Street, therefore, has been constrained to preserve the
former proportions, with the exception of both widening and lengthen-
bg the chancel and adding a chancel aisle. The chancel might well
have been still longer ; but this did not rest with the architect. The
tnmsformation of the old shell into a really good Geometrical Pointed
building has been most ably managed. New windows of good detail
lod proportion have been inserted in the aisles, and the clerestory is
pierced in five couplets of quatrefoiled circles. Each pair is foliated in
I different way, as in the Norfolk clerestories : — we should prefer uni-
formity. The roofs are heightened, and have tile crestings. Not a
little of the excellence of the external effect is due to the fact that Mr.
Street is not afraid of blank wall, than which in due proportion nothing
gives more character to a design. The east window, of five trefoiled
lights with pierced and foliated circles above the outer couplets, and a
large circle in the head, is well elevated in its gable: the east window
of the new south chancel aisle affects an earlier type of Pointed. The
vestry chimney, treated as a cylindrical shaft, is very pretty. Such
walls as are new are faced with ashlar both internally and externally,
loside the chancel arch is stately, with banded shafts of Devonshire
marble. The east window also has marble shafts to its arch mould ;
and the same material is extensively introduced in the constructional
as well as decorative parts of the work : for example, in the internal
arcades of the clerestories, the jambs of the chancel doors, and windows,
&c.- The arcades are composed of five arches ; and the shafts are cy-
lindrical, with courses of marble introduced. The new arrangements
are correct ; the prayers being said in the stalled chancel, which is oc-
cupied by the choir : and a new organ, by Holditch, occupies the
added south chancel aisle. The new wood -work of roofs and seats is
of sterling character, though the poppy-heads to the stalls are ragged
io look : and we are much pleased with the freshness and vigour of
the carving, executed from the architect's drawings by Mr. Earp. The
reredos is very good, of alabaster, with angle shafts of green serpentine
tod a rich cresting, inlaid with variegated circles and a large cross
paU^, charged with annulets, in the centre. The font and pulpit are
enriched with marbles, and the tile floor is very carefully designed.
The east window is to be filled by Hardman with subjects from our
Lord's life, the Crucifixion being in the middle : and the aisle windows
with scenes from the lives of the Apostles. The gas-standards are
wrought bj Mr. Debaofer from the architect's designs.

8. , WkiiwM, Yorkshire.— ThiB is an excellent design by Mr.

TOL. xz« JT

66 New Churches.

Street. There is a nave, 62 ft. 6 in. by 1 8 ft., with south-western
porch, a chancel 29 ft. 9 in. by 17 ft., with a tower 19 ft. square,
opening into it on its south side, and a sacristy at the north-east corner.
The whole accommodation is for about 1 50 people : the nave has fixed
benches ; the chancel has stalls, five on each side, with subsellae and
desks. The pulpit stands at the north side of the chancel arch : and
opposite to it — under the arch and connected with the south stalla — a
reading-stall facing north and west. The sanctuary is well arranged.
The organ stands under the tower on the south of the chancel. The
materisd is Whitby stone ; the style a rich Geometrical Middle- Pointed.
The east window is of three lights with three foliated circles in the
head. The west window has four detached trefoiled lights under a
circle, which is itself pierced with four cinqfoiled circles. We admire
the arrangement of the strings and buttresses exceedingly. The tower
is a good feature and well managed. The belfry windows are of two
lights with a geometrically pierced circle of plate tracery above. We
do not much like, however, the depression of the shaft of the monial
to a lower level than the shafts of the jambs. Why this irregularity ?
The low broach octagonal stone spire with its gable lights on the
cardinal faces we think very good. We doubt whether the transverse
gabling of the sacristy is to be recommended. The chimney, howeTer, in
the north chancel wall — a banded column — is novel and striking. Gkriug
inside, we find the chancel arch very effective. It springs from cor-
belled shafts of coloured marble. The east window also has marble
shafts to the hood moulding : the eastern wall is of ashlar, banded with
coloured tiles ; and the reredos is a composition of tesserae, with shafts
on each side supporting a rich cornice, and an ornate cross in the mid*
die. The south-east window is depressed in its sill so as to form
sedilia : its jambs are shafted. The tower arch is also a good archi-
tectural feature. The chancel roof is arched to every third rafter.
The principals of the nave roof are arched under the collar. The
woodwork is all carefully designed. The pulpit is of stone, with in-
laid circles of alabaster and Derbyshire spar. Its desk is carried in a
shaft, the base of which is supported by a corbel of a crouching tur-
baned figure. We do not read the symbolism of this ; and we should
rather avoid the representation of so uncomfortable a posture. The
font is enriched with inlaid discs of alabaster and marbles ; and it has
marble shafts round the central stem. The cover is of wood, pyramidal
in form. This is a very complete design throughout.

8. ^ Farlington, Hants. — ^This church is about to be rebuilt by Mr.

Street, none of the old features being retained except the west window
and an arch and efiSgy at the south-east angle of the nave. We do not
know that we have ever seen a better design than this for a small country
church. Departing from the hackneyed type of such structures) Mr.
Street has boldly carried his chancel (which is to be of a memorial cha-
racter) to a great height, and groined it in chalk in two bold quadri-
partite bays. The walls are of flint and stone. The effect of the
lofty groined chancel is very foreign both externally and internally :
but it is refreshingly original. The plan comprises an ample chancel of
two bays 95 ft. by 15 ft« with a vestry at its north-west side, a nave

New Churches. 67

tepanted from m north aisle by an arcade of three, and with a kind of
western narthex in which stands the font and into which opens the south
porch. A umber belfry, surmounted by a spirelet, rests on the west
gable. The style is an early form of Pointed, with plate tracery. The
cyliodrical shafts of the nave arcade, and shafts of the chancel- arch, the
viiidow jamb-ahafta, and the vaulting- shafts (which are banded) are all
of marble. The north aisle has only one window, of three hghts with
I large circle above, in a gabled dormer. The other windows, though
ably designed, are somewhat eccentric. Upon the whole, however, we
repeat our opinion that we have never seen a more vigorous and mas-
terly desigpa.

S, Michael and All Angels, Brighton, — We have to notice a remark-
ably good design by Mr. Bodley for this church. The site is very
ooofined, and very awkward : there being no possibility of getting a
west door, or any other west window than a rose in the gable, and the
•oath porch being of necessity nearer the east end than we like to see*
The plan comprises a chancel, 30 ft. by 24 ft., a nave above 60 ft. by
24 ft., an irregular north aisle to nave and chancel, the latter forming
the sacristy and organ chamber, and a southern aisle neither reaching
the eastern limits of the chancel nor the western boundary of the nave.
The specialties of the design are the very unusual height of the whole
building, and the strong Italianizing type of its Pointed style. The ar-
nngementa are of the best kind. The chancel and sanctuary levels are
very ably disposed, the altar standing on a total elevation of eight
0 steps. We much like the projection of a solea, or single-step level,
into the nave, for the pulpit and lettem : and the general arrangement
of the ascent is excellent. A few benches will be placed at the east
end of the nave, the rest of the area being occupied with chairs. Ar-
chitecturally, the great loftiness of tlie nave and chancel, and the large
proportions of the clerestory both to chancel and nave, are the most
conspicuous features. The nave and chancel are of equal height (6Q ft.
to the crest) divided by a single bell-cote of timber covered with a
pyramidal leaden spire. We do not quite like the wooden columns
which support the bell- cote. The chancel has a richer cresting and a
carved cornice : and its clerestory windows— of two lights under large
sexfoiled circles — are richer than the somewhat similar windows of the
nave clerestory. The aisle is low in proportion to the nave, and has
no windows except an octofoiled circle, to the west of the porch. The
material is red brick, banded with white stone, and with inlayings of
brick, carvings, coloured tiles, and marble.

Inside the same general character prevails. The arcades are very
broad* the arches springing from low richly capitalled cylindrical shafts.
The chanoel arch has corbelled and shafted imposts. The arch open-
ng into the organ chamber is discontinuous with voussoirs of coloured
bi^ica. The clerestory windows are a very conspicuous feature. The
CMt window, aet well up in the wall, is a composition of five lights,
tile middle one bein^ trefoiled, the outer pairs being plain, with a plain
ciide above each paift and a very large circle in the head. This circle
\m a centnl qoatrefoiU set square, with a broad surrounding band
fioMd bf tvdve dndea. Thia design is perhaps needleaaly atiff and

68 New Churches,

unflowiog : but we doubt not that it will be effective. The interior
will be of coloured bricks with bands of ashlar ; and there will be a
good deal of constructional polychrome. We hope the green voussoirs
— after the example of All Saints, Margaret Street, — may be re- con-
sidered, or better harmonized. The noble height of wall above the
chancel arch and the west end under the rose demands, and will (we
believe) receive, proper artistic decoration. We shall watch with in-
terest the execution of a design which has pleased us much by its power
and originality. The chancel, we may observe, will have a boarded
arched roof which will be coloured. The general result will be one of
great dignity, obtained by scale and good proportion and constructional
colour, with simplicity of detail.

S. , King's Stanley, Gloucester shire , — ^This is a design by Mr.

Bodley, for a small church to hold about 200 people. The plan com-
prises a nave, 52 ft. by 18, a chancel about 28 ft. long, ending in a five-
sided apse, a north aisle — not reaching to the west end, a tower on the
north of the chancel, and a south* west porch. The arrangements are
thoroughly correct. The chancel has a low screen, and the sanctuary
is well defined. There are stalliform benches with subsellse and desks
on each side, wooden sedilia, sanctuary rails not meeting in the middle,
the pulpit at the north of the chancel arch and a lettern in the nave.
The lower stage of the tower, opening into the north aisle by a door,
and into the chancel by a traceried arch and a door, contains a sa-
cristy, screened off, and a detached spiral wooden staircase for mount-
ing to the organ floor and the belfry stage. The style is early Pointed.
The chancel arch is lofty and well proportioned, and has corbelled
shafts at the impost. The arcade on the north side consists of two
broad arches with continuous responds, but a cylindrical shaft between
the two. The apse windows are single trefoiled lights with a circle in
each head. They are well composed, with a rich carved stringcourse
and a cornice. The aisle windows are of two lights, square- headed.
The rerevaults are well treated, with more character than usual. The
windows in the south wall of the nave are of three lights with geo-
metrical tracery ; at the west end there are two tall trefoiled lights
under a geometrical rose, and there is a sexfoiled circle at the west end
of the aisle. We are glad to observe some sculpture in an arcade at the
north* west of the nave, and also in a circular panel between the arches,
and in the head of the opening to the organ chamber. But the carving
does not go beyond floral ornamentation. The organ is well managed.
The door from the chancel is treated, by shafts and cornice, like a base
to the organ front, which projects slightly from the chancel wall, and
is enclosed by triptych-like shutters. The nave roof is a simple one
with arched rafters and moulded ties and kingposts : that of the chancel
is boarded. We are always rather displeased with the effect of the
horizontal line of roof in an apse that is not vaulted ; and we cannot
but think the altar in this case too near the east wall, when that wall
is merely a side of an apse. Externally this design has a good effiect.
The tower is lofty and well-proportioned, with a gabled roof : recalling
in its motif some of the Normandy examples. The belfry windows
are very tall couplets with banded shafts between and a pierced

New Churches. 69

trueried circle in the head. In the south wall of the chancel externally
a founder'ft tomb is introduced under an arch ; and a sculptured pan^
of the Resarrection is intended to he placed above it. We ohserve a
jodicioos use of tw^o coloured stones in the voussoirs and the introduc-
tion of coloured marbles in some of the internal arcades. The detail
throughout is very carefully designed ; and the wood- work and iron-
work are both satisfactory.

Hohf Trimity, Htistings, — This remarkable church by Mr. Teulon
ooght to be noticed after actual inspection. A striking perspective*
with which the architect has favoured us, shows the chancel and tower
u completed with some variations from the particulars given by us in
former notices. The broad richly gabled apse, contrasting with the
stepped gable of the nave, has a wonderfully foreign look. The nave
in its turn is acutely gabled along its length over each window, and
poeitively bristles with pinnacles and crockets. On the south of the
chancel apse stands the tower — a stately square mass relieved by an
octagonal angle staircase at the north-east corner and an elaborate door»
with sculptured tympanum, on its eastern face. This tower is of good
proportions and is judiciously buttressed. A very ornate clock, brack-
eted out on metal-work, gives character to the view. The belfry
windows are very suitable ; and the tower terminates in a dwarf octa-
gonal lantern with angle pinnacles predominated over by the loftier
Bpirelet that caps the staircase turret. The whole exhibits a growing
mastery of the style and no little originality and freshness of architectural
thought. We are especially glad to see the introduction of sculpture.
The reredos of this church, for example, is decorated with bassi relievi
of Scripture subjects.

S. Poar/, Hampstead, — ^The design for this church, by Mr. S. S.
Teulon, which we noticed formerly, has been set aside, owing to the
want of funds, and the same architect has been commissioned to pro-
vide a cheaper structure. The new design has been contracted for at
£^,800 complete. The site is inconvenient, and the church will not
orientate correctly. The plan comprises a nave about 61 ft. long by
43 ft. wide, a chancel 21 ft. 6 in. broad, and 16 ft. long, ending in a
lemicircular apse, with quasi- transepts to the chancel, in the southern
of which is placed the organ, while the northern one is walled off for a
vestry. A porch is engaged at the west end of the nave, and the two aisles
extend westward, forming side porches. A western gallery occupies
the upper floor of this western extension, and is approached by a de-
tached spiral sturcase at the south-west angle. The chancel is pro-
perly arranged, with a prayer-desk, forming the westernmost seat of
the stalls* on the south side, and a lectern on the chancel screen at the
same side. Opposite to this is the pulpit approached by steps from
within the chancel. The altar stands forward from the east end, but
not near enough to the chord of the apse. The material is brick, treated
with much freedom and power. Internal buttresses of brick project
horn die naTe walls, and carry transverse brick arches, very simply
■onlded. Thus the area to be spanned by the roof is diminished to
38 ft. 8 in* The oigaged western porch not only supports the gallery,
hit it oankd up intmally to the roof^ in three archea below — aadxVxm

70 New Churches,

above — the gallery floor. The gable so formed is stepped externally,
and the porches and western ends of the aisles are carried up — not
without ingenuity — ^in a low belfry, capped by an octagonal spirelet.
We see in this a true feeling of the Pointed style ; but in so small a
building we should have desired an effect of greater simplicity of form.
This is a church which we think will look better in its elevations than
in actual perspective : but we hope some day to verify our prognostic
cations by actual inspection. The west end, speaking as though it
orientated rightly, is, we fear, too florid, and too much broken up for
good efi^ect in so plain and cheap a church. But it is an interesting
ex|)eriment of attempting good detail and arrangements in a very inex-
pensive building. Such a neighbourhood, however, ought not to be
satisfied with so humble a structure for the service of Goo.

Beaulieu Abbey Church. — ^To this building, which is, as is well known,
the ancient refectory of the abbey, a rectangular building in a severe
First- Pointed style, Mr. Ferrey proposes to add a tower and spire at
the north-west end. The new tower is, of course, in the same style, a
little more enriched. The lower stage forms a porch. There are in
ail four stages, the belfry one having a two-light window arcaded with
two narrower lights. This stage is the most ornate : it is terminated
by a plain parapet with a rich cornice ; and within the parapet there ii
a low tiled pyramidal roof. We should have preferred, we think, a
simpler design with fewer stages.

5. Patrick, Pawerscourt, Wicklow. — A new church by Mr. Norton.
The style is a somewhat severe First-Pointed. The ground-plan com-
prises a broad nave ending — without chancel — in a three- sided apse.
A tower adjoins the eastern part of the north wall ; opposite to which is a
^juasi-transept. There is finally a south-west porch. The arrangement
is defective, in that there is no chancel whatever. The apsidal sanc-
tuary, raised on four steps, contains an altar on its footpace, a lettem,
and a single stall-like seat on the south side. The pulpit is at the
north end of the sanctuary steps. The lowest stage of the tower
serves for vestry and organ : and some longitudinal seats are placed in
the shallow south transept. Externally the forms are good, though
the detail and tracery are of the simplest kind. The tower has a lofty
lower stage, a belfry-stage well raised above the ridge of the nave roof,
and a lofty octagonal broach spire, framed of timber. We never much
admire an apse with a wooden roof : the horizontal wall-plates and the
-comparatively low east window are features which make us regret the
old-fashioned square-headed eastern gable. The material is granite.
This design was unfortunately selected in preference to another by the
same architect, — of more elaborate plan and generally more ornate
character.

8. David, UanUawem, Pembrokeshire, — ^The old church here is di-
lapidated and almost roofless, and there has been no clergyman for
many years. The parish appears to have a population of 1 23, and no
income whatever. A new clergyman has been appointed : and makes
an appeal for help under circumstances almost — we should hope — im^
•liaralleled. He says, " It is utterly denuded of internal fittings, and thoae
who attend the tervice now held there since my institution in May last.

New Churches. 71

have nothings to rest themselves upon but the remains of the Com-
flmnlon Table and rails. All the necessaries for the due celebration
of Divine Service, snch as books, surplice, bell, and communion plate,
m entirely wanting. The Holy Communion has not been known to
be administered for twenty years, and the sacrament of Baptism not
Mnce February lOth, a.d. 1837." For this neglected parish Mr.
Withers has designed a small church to hold eighty-four persons, the
contr&ct of which has been taken for £400. The material is the local
itone, with Bath stone dressings. The style is a good but plain Geo-
■etrical Pointed. The plan shows a parallelogram, 50 ft. long by
17 ft. % in. hroad, divided internally into nave and chancel by its
leTels, and externally by buttresses, with a good quadrilateral belfry-
cote of wood, surmounted by a pyramidal capping ^nd a weathercock.
There is a vestry at the north-east, and a porch at the south-west.
The arrangement is very good, with stall -like benches and subsellae in
the chancel, and a well defined sanctuary. The prayers are to be read
from the westernmost stall on the south side, which has also a lettern,
filing west. The pulpit is at the north of the chancel arch. To have
given a good architectural character to so small and humble a building,
sod yet to have avoided foppery or pretence, is no small credit to the
trchiteet. The effect is obtained by good proportion and severe de-
tail. It is a subject for congratulation that the church building and
charch restoration of the remoter counties of the diocese of S. David's
have fallen into such good hands as those of Mr. Withers. We hope
that he will find opportunities of displaying his architectural skill in
more conspicuous and more remunerative works than these small Welch
churches can possibly be.

S. Michael, Llanvihangel-Penbedw, Pembrokeshire, — This small ruin-
ous church is to be rebuilt by Mr. Withers. It has nothing but
chancel, nave, a quasi -transept on the north side, and a gabled tower.
In the new design we find a chancel with a vestry on its north side,
nave, south-western porch, and western tower, the old gabled type be-
ng very properly retained. We much like the simple but sterling cha-
rMter of the new work. The arrangements are very good : and the
detail is decidedly above the average. The tower battens all the way
np from the base to the gabled capping, and has no buttresses or
•tringeourses. The east window — of three trefoiled lights, with two
laall trefoiled circles in the head, all within a foliated hood — is well
raised up, and there is a plain tile reredos below it. The belfry is
reached by a vertical ladder placed within a recess in the tower wall.

S. Dockoe, Uandogo, Monmouthshire, — A small new church, by
Messrs. Pridiard and Seddon, the diocesan architects. The whole ac-
oommodation is for M6 persons. The plan comprises a chancel with
aorth-easfero vestry, nave, and two aisles,, south-western porch, and a
dwarf porch at the west end of the nave. The arrangements are gene-
rally correct, the prayers being said in the chancel within a low screen.
Bat wt think the alleys in the aisles had better have been placed nearer
the middle, and the children's seats are awkvrardly crowded at the
west end of the nave and soath aisle. The style is Geometrical
Foinied. The neve has arcades of three ;— the arches rather lofty, and

72 New Schools.

rising from slender cylindrical shafts. From each capital rises a wall-
shaft ; the flowered capital of which supports a principal truss of the
roof. The chancel arch is discontinuous, and its voussoirs are formed
of coloured hricks. The east window is of three trefoiled lights, with
a sexfoiled circle in the head. The west elevation contains a low shal-
low porch with gahled roof ; ahove which are two windows, each of two
trefoiled lights with a cinqfoiled circle in the head. Between these
rises a wall-shaft, springing from the porch gahle, and helping to 8up«
port a quadrangular open helfry turret, set obliquely. This turret is a
good feature, but it seems, from its inadequate constructional support,
somewhat top-heavy.

NEW SCHOOLS.

Collegiate Schools, Wimbledon, Surrey, — ^This is a very large and im-
posing group designed by Mr. Teulon. llie plan, which appears to be
very judiciously distributed, comprises, we observe, classical and mathe-
matical schoolrooms, with a junior school, school-library, head master's
house, and rooms for the ushers. There is also a stately dining hall, a
covered playground, and an infirmary. The hoys* bedrooms are not single
cubicles, but each is meant to hold three beds. An excellent effect is
produced by the simple and natural treatment of the elevations, result-
ing from the honest development of the groundplan. The material is
red brick : the style Pointed. I'he dining-hall, which has an embattled
parapet, looks somewhat later in style than the rest of the design. The
cost amounts to £9000. We miss a chapel, which should be indispen-
sable in an establishment of this magnitude.

S, Thomas, Wells, — These schools, by Mr. Teulon, are well planned.
There is a boys* schoolroom 45 ft. by 20 ft., opening at right angles
into a girls' schoolroom 40 ft. by W ft., with a class-room in each of
the angles. Besides this there is a schoolroom for infants ; and houses
both for master and mistress.

Mr. Street has built a new school with a teacher*s house adjoining at
Colnbrook, Bucks, There is an infants' schoolroom, 30 ft. by 18 ft.
and a girls' schoolroom 33 ft. 6 in. by 17 ft. at right angles to it, with
a class-room at one end. The class-room and the infants' schoolroom
both have galleries. The fittings are all good, and in character. The
teacher*s house has three bed-rooms, and is very conveniently planned.
The material is brick, banded and ornamented in the arches, the win-
dows being in wood. The chimneys are simple, assuming the columnar
type, which is traditional in some stone districts ; the roofs are of alate,
banded, and hipped. The absence of a bell-turret is a novelty, not
unacceptable.

Mr. Clarke has rebuilt, for Pembroke College, Sir Robert Hitcham's
Schools at Great Coggeshall, Essex. They form a pleasing group, in
red brick with red tiles, in a rather ornate and early Pointed style, as
far as the windows are concerned; but with Tudor chimneya and

New PanonageB, 4fc. 78

Niaewhat poor hipknopt and barge-boards. We like the flowered
tneery in the tyoapanain of the gable- window of the Bchoolroom.

NetkirfiM^ Sussex. — Mr. Teulon has designed a schoolroom for this
ptriih; a single apartment, 18 ft. by ^6 ft., with a class-room measuring

17 ft. by 1 5 ft. The material brick, well treated with patterns and bands.
A lidi-gate has also been added to the churchyard. This would hai^
bMi more successfol had it copied the old simple type. As it is, it has
cross-gables which somewhat overweigh the design. In the same tiU
^e are some successfol double cottages by the same architect. The
three bedrooms in each are Fery cleverly managed, and the style is
good.

Rj/e Harbtmr, Sussex. — In connection with a church built here by
him ia 1847, Mr. Teulon has now erected a good schoolroom, 30 ft. by

18 ft., with a teacher's house attached. The latter seems overdone,
considering its scale and destination, with oriels and gothic details.

Mr. S. S. Teulon has designed a small school and school-house for
^ H. Peyton, at Stoke, Ojp/ords/Ure. The schoolroom is 33 ft. 3 in.
^ 16 ft., with aeparate entrances for boys and girls, a cloak-room, and
coomuoication with the adjoining house. We obserre only one bed-
chamber in the residence, which must be meant therefore merely for an
viunarried school- mistress. The style is very simple but effective. It
^ been found in practice that it is ineipedient for the offices for boys
ttd girls to be in such close proximity as in this case. It is well to
^^pvate them more effectually.

NEW PARSONAGES. ETC.

CbcJboyae Hatiey, Bedfordshire, — Mr. W. M. Teulon has designed
tconnderable bouse for this parish. Its cost will exceed £1000; the
Qotmal white brick with dressings of Ancaster stone. The arrange-
Beats are convenient, though the " study " is, as usual, somewhat in-
•deqoate in point of dimenaioos : and in bouses of this size there is
often an advantage in making the rooms en suite. The windows are
iqoire-headed with wooden monials : but the stone-work adopts simple
Pbinted fbrms. The haunches to the gables were better away, we
dtink.

Gmishoromgk^ Yorkshire, — ^For thb place the Ecclesiastical Commis-
lioners have hoilt a panonage^hoose from the designs of Mr. W. M.
Teuton. The matetial is brick, grey and red, and the cost approaehes
£1.000. The style is the Litest Pointed. The gable of the south
devation is finished with copings of moalded brick, and is stepped to-
wards its apex, with rather meaningless knobs at the base. A hip-
bob io hriek is also, surely, a solecism, as not being in any way suit-
able to the eoostmction. The other gables ha^e barge-boards. The
^fioes are conplele, and show much character.

BmUtwmd P^nrnnfo^ Herefordshire.— k well arranged house, b^

▼ot.

74 Church Restorations.

Messrs. Prichard and Seddon. The material stone* the style Pointed,
with square-headed windows. The porch is almost too ecclesiastical
in its character, but the chimneys are well treated. A French gabled
roof over an attic story gives a picturesque exterior, and a verandah on
the south side, supported by stone shafts, is a good thought, well
worked out.

Mr. W. M. Teulon has designed a by no means unsuccessful
Butcher's Shop, for Rossington, in Yorkshire. The front and stall*
board are picturesque, and there is a gabled roof with a cresting of
iron- work. The latter might with advantage be less ecclesiastical, con-
sidering its destination. We are glad to see Pointed features impressed
on buildings for every-day use.

Newcastle, Miramichi, New Brunswick. — Mr. Withers has de-
signed an excellent timber house for our old and esteemed missionary
correspondent, the Rev. J. Hudson. Instead of the usual weather-
boarding covering the whole exterior, the constructional timbers are
shown and coloured chocolate, while the interstices — made of weather-
boarding — are coloured fawn, the roofs, also of wood, being painted
green with brown stripes. Mr. Withers has given a great deal of
Pointed character to his framework, and the general design is as able
as it is picturesque. As a necessity in so severe a climate, there is a
very deep cellar under the whole basement ; and the roofs, which are
very steep for the snow, are so contrived as to have no flat gutters at
all. We wonder that one large stove was not so contrived as to warm
the whole of this compact house. The material is red pine, but the
chimneys and cellar are of local brick.

Mr. Norton has been commissioned by the Baron d'Uxkull to make
important additions to his chateau, at Keblas, in Livonia. The style
prescribed in this case is the late Tudor. Mr. Norton has improved it
by sundry hints from French and Scotch domestic architecture ; and
has succeeded in obtaining a very picturesque and imposing pile.

CHURCH RESTORATIONS.

S. Mary, Hanley Castle, Worcestershire, — ^This church has been
thoroughly restored by Mr. Street. The plan comprises a chancel and
nave, with a massive tower between the two, with aisles on the north
side of equal length and breadth with the nave and chancel. The
chancel, its aisle, and the tower are remarkably good imitations of
Pointed work, built in the seventeenth century. The tower, in particu-
lar, is of excellent design, and probably replaces an earlier one of the
same character. Mr. Street has removed the galleries and seated the
church with oak seats restored from the remaining old patterns. He
has fenced the chancel with screens, stalled the lantern for the chorus
cantorum, placing the organ and some seats for children in the north aisle
corresponding to the lantern, and leaving the north chancel aisle free for
a vestry. On the north sde is added a timber porch, and a atone one
on the Boutb. The whole interior is floored with Minton^s tiies. The

Church Restorations. 75

reredos is composed of stone and marble, with an inlaid cross. The
stalls are of good design : the pulpit of oak. The north aisle has been
re-roofed, but the other roofis have been opened and repaired. The
wmdowa of the chancel are all replaced by better designs, and will be
filled with stained glass : subjects from the Passion in the chancel, the
Twelve Apostles in the nave, and the Last Judgment in the west
window.

5. Peter, Sudbury, Suffolk. — :This very good specimen of a Third-
Pomted town church has been most ably restored by Mr. Butterfield.
The spacious nave— of five bays, besides the tower, which stands in-
ternally, the aisles in their {Ran slanting inwards to accommodate the
street — ^has been entirely stripped of seats or benches, and fitted with
diairs, light moveable benches being ranged in the aisles. There is
no attempt at oloration in this portion of the church, except upon the
font, where some gold has been rather crudely applied, and on the (low-
pitched) roof, where a gray colour has been applied, that of the sanc-
tuary being blue. The motif of the arrangement of the chancel and
its appurtenances is derived from the old woodwork ; out of which two
chanoel-parcloses of good Suffolk Third-Pointed exist. The stalls
and the subsellse have been designed in conformity with them, as well
as the pulpit, which stands at the north-east angle of the nave ; por-
tioQs (each of two bays) exist north and south, of the lower portion of
the screen, and contain (after the custom of the eastern counties) whole-
length figures of saints, which have been restored by Mr. Castell The
distinguishing feature of the sanctuary is that (the vestry being in a
crypt) an ancient staircase leads down to it to the left of the altar.
The sedilia niches are filled up with wooden seats. The altar has a
wooden super-altar with four circular openings pierced in it. The
bwer portion of the east window (which is of five bays) is filled up.
This is a device which we cannot approve. Granting that the light
streamed down too close upon the altar, the right course was to have
constructed a retable up to the required height, and not employed win-
dow forms for opaque decorations. The fiUing-in is covered in each bay
by a kind of chain of quatrefuils enclosing a large flower, in gold, the
central bay representing a cross under a canopy, both of them some-
what lacking in refinement, and the cross in particular being so broad
m its upright stem as not to leave sufficient room for the arms.
There is some further polychrome applied to the east wall. l*he re-
nainder of the east window is filled with prophets by Mr. Hardman,
who has also filled the east window of the south aisle, containing stand-
ing figures of saints. On the whole, S. Peter, Sudbury, deserves a
jdiice among the most successful of modern restorations. The original
itructare is imius et in cute Third- Pointed, but it is of a good phase of
its style, and Mr. Butterfield has thoroughly caught and followed up
the spirit of the time. The experiment of seating a large area with
chairs is artistically very good, and we understand that the moral re-
sult has fully equalled the expectations of those who made the attempt.

8. Gregory t Sudhury, is under restoration. The chancel is already
diseneambered of the rubbish with which it used to be filled.

AO 8mmi$, Smdtmry, is remarkable for a series of open seaU with
veD cxeentcd bcodi-tnda, made by a self'taughi workman.

76 Church Restorations.

SS, Mary and Andrew, Walton, Herts. — ^This fine church has been re-
stored by Mr. Clarke in a Tery excellent spirit. The chancel is stalled :
but there is no screen, and a cumbrous reading-desk, facing north, adjoins
the pulpit on the south side. For these arrangements the architect n
doubtless not responsible. The general effect of the interior is stately
and imposing.

<S. James, Bicknor, Kent. — This is a Tery small church, eridently ctf
Romanesque origin, but with First-Pointed insertions, in a state <tf de-
cay and neglect which at this day is happily almost unparalleled. Mr.
Bodley has in hand the interesting task of restoring it to something of
its ancient decency and beauty. He very^isely perpetuates and re-
vives every trace of the ancient structure, and the result is striking.
Am admirable effect is produced by the addition of a very lofty cradled
roof, which in the chancel is boarded. The chancel is marked by m
low open screen of very unusual design — balustrade shafts sustaining
a rail. For this crotchet the architect is not responsible. We cannot
without regret chronicle the removal of an ancient though exceedingly
rude high screen. Mr. Bodley has to some extent, however, preserved
the tradition of it by his skilful treatment of an enriched tie-beam, mark-
ing the chancel, llie reredos and east wall are to have tiles in patterns ;
the little low south-western tower will receive a square pyramidal capping.
Is the small circular window inserted at the west end of the south aisle
quite in keeping with the simple stem character of the church ? Assist-
ance in this interesting work of church restoration is much needed. The
new rector, the Rev. Walter Blunt, has some claims on ecclesiologists.

S. Kenelm, Rockfield, Monmouthshire. — This small church is to be
nearly rebuilt by Messrs. Prichard and Seddou, who retain the western
tower and the greater part of the chancel- walls. The new plan com-
prises chancel, with vestry on the north-west side, nave and north aisle,
western tower and south-west porch; the style is Flowing Middle-
Pointed. The arcade is of three arches, with cylindrical shafts : the
chancel arch is discontinuous. We observe a shallow arched recess in
the north wall of the chancel, designed to hold an organ, and there is
a rather large credence-niche to the north of the sanctuary. The roofe
of both chancel and nave are coved and boarded. The tower ends in
a rude wooden belfry of two stages. We do not think the new porch
well proportioned ; and we think the contrasted angles of the nave and
chancel gables might have been improved.

S. Mary, Great Warley, Essex, — This miserably spoilt small church,
with chancel, nave, western tower, bepewed and begalleried throughout;
is to be restored by Mr. S. S. Teulon. He builds a new chancel, with a
vestry on its north side, and a new south porch. The chancel is fur-
nished with a longitudinal bench and subsellse on each side. A prayer-
desk facing north with a lettern facing west is arranged under the
chancel arch on the south side. The gallery is restricted to the tower,
and is reached by a new external staircase on the south side. The
wooden tower and spire are renewed in a very improved form, some of
the old timber being used again. The new chancel is of brick, treated
rightly, and the windows are composed and combined with much skill.

8. John, Kirk Heaton, Yorkshire^ — Mr. Ferrey is restoring this
church, adding to it a north aisle to nav«, a half aisle and a aaoritty to

Ckwrch Restorations. 77

tbe north of the chancel, and a south- west porch. The chancel receives
two longitudinal henchea on each side. The westernmost seat of the
foremost hench on the south side forms the reading-stall. It should
have been the seat in the hench behind. The chancel-aisle is seated
loDgitndinally. This aisle is of the same breadth as that of the nave,
too broad perhapa for good proportion, but necessary in order to in-
CRflie iccommodation. The style of the restorations and additions is
a good Flowing Middle-Pointed, though the side windows are tame.
Tbe vestry haa a pyramidal roof within a horizontal parapet. The aisle
gable above it has a circular window. The chimney crowning this
gible is scarcely to be approved of, inasmuch as its flues are not in
nght. We presume that they run up in the thickness of the wall,
oibraeing the circular gable window.

8, , St^lefield^ iSitfier.— The chancel of this church has been re-

aminged by Mr.Teulon, with the addition of an organ chamber and vestry
at the north-west. The door of the vestry is somewhat inconvenient for
the stalls, being at the extreme west end of the north wall. The pulpit
ia tpproaiched through a door pierced in the pier. The stone coping of
tiie gable of the added vestry is heavy in appearance ; and the organ
itaelf is not very successfully designed. The chancel fittings are better.
The east wall is panelled, and the reredos, of stone and marbles and
mosaic work, is rich in effect. There is a legend, *' Jjoan, evermore
give us this bread." A good piscina has been added, and metal altar-
nils. The lettem is heavy. The stalls are short in proportion to the
diancel. They have snbsellse which have metal desks. The stall-ends
are carved with figures of the Evangelists. The chancel screen is of
atone, low, richly carved, and with figures of angels on each side of
where the gates ought to hang. There are no gates unfortunately ; and
the rounding of the angles where the angels stand is not pleasant in
ks cffiect from the nave.

^. , Netherfield, Smsux. — ^To this church, of which the nave was

restored two or three years ago, Mr. Teulon adds a tower and spire,
with a reredos and new east window. The tower has its lowest stage
flsade broader by numerous buttresses, with a general good effect. The
bdfiry stage is narrower, and is capped by an octagonal broach-spire
with four main spire lights and smaller lights on the oblique sides. The
reredoa is an elaborate composition of stone, with enrichments of Devon-
shire marble and mosaic tesselation. It has five panels, the middle one
coatuning the holy monogram with a cross, and the side ones symbo-
fical flowers and appropriate texts, — for instance, the rose, the lily,
and the vine. The sides and crest have angels bearing labels. The
general effect of this ornate reredos is singularly Jacobean, but its de-
taib are of a far higher order.

8. Mary, SandHmgham^ Norfolk, — Here Mr. Teulon enriches the
chancel with elaborate new stalls of excellent design. The foliage is
designed on natural types, e.g., the olive, the ranunculus, and the con-
vohfvliia : and the ttdl-ends are carved with figures of the Archangels,
Uriel being the foorth.

8. LfoSardp Misiertm, Leicestershire. — A church, with nave and
wlcs. Ml ai ptwa, a long chancel of Third-Pointed style, later than
the nut of the atraotiire, wStb ma embattled panipet ; and a chaTacWc-

78 Notices and Answers to Correspondents.

istic low octagonal broach spire. Mr. Teulon adds an organ chamber
and vestry on the north of the chancel; introduces stalls and subsellse,
without desks ; places a reading-stall within the chancel on the south
side; the pulpit being on the north and a lettem standing on the
chancel step. Some children's seats are placed, facing north and souths
at the eastern ends of the aisles. The reredos is composed of five
niches with wings and carved angels on each side. Its type is later,
we thought, than its detail. The arch into the organ chamber would
be better without its foliation : but there is a happy thought in the stop-
ping of the labels by carved angels.

iS. Michael, Tremaen, Cardiganshire, — ^I'he shell of this church was
built some years ago. but its chancel had received no fittings. These
have now been provided by Mr. Withers. They comprise stalls and
subsellae for the village choir, with a reader's stcJl on the south side,
within the chancel. There is abo a lettern on a platform close to the
reader's stall.

Southwell Minster, — A large Romanesque window, the fourth of a
series, has been filled with stained glass by Messrs. O'Connor. The
subject is the parable of the Good Samaritan. The design seemed to
us able ; but the style is by no means suitable to the early character of
the architectural framework.

iS. Leonard, Pitcombe, Somersetshire, — In this bhurch, lately restored
by Mr. Street and noticed in these pages, Messrs. O'Connor have filled
the east window with stained glass. There are three lights. In the
middle one is the Crucifixion — very purely designed, though without
much power. Below it is the patron- saint, S. Leonard. The dexter
light has S. Mary Magdalene, the sinister one the Blessed Virgin hold-
ing our Lord as an Infant — a very pretty group. We doubt whether
this juxtaposition is iconologically correct.

S. , Bookham, Surrey. — Messrs. O'Connor have erected in this

church, under Mr. Butterfield's direction, a memorial east window to
the Duchess of Beaufort. In the middle of the three lights is a figure
of our Lord, as Risen, while in a medallion below there is the Cruci-
fixion. On one side is S. Peter, and on the other the Three Maries,
above (respectively) groups of the Nativity and of the Epiphany Ado-
ration.

S. John, Bradworthy, Devon, — A memorial window is to be erected
in this church by Mr. Beer, glass-painter, of Exeter. The three effigies
are those of S. Peter, S. John the Evangelist, and S. James the Oreat;
on a grisaille ground.

NOTICES AND ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

OuB thanks are due for the courtesy which has forwarded to us the
monthly parts for last year of Church Work: the Monthly Paper
of the Guild of 8. Alban. (London, Hayes.) These papers give
evidence of much earnest and self-denying work in various directions.
The operatiouB of the S. Barnabas' Brotheriiood in conducting ChriatiaD

Notices and Answers to Correspondents. 79

funerals is perhaps the best known and most useful of the Guild's
fanctions. At the meetings of the society various papers on ecclesio-
logical subjects have been read. We wish all success to this energetic
band of laymen.

Our readers will do well to make acquaintance with Mr. Bbrbsfobd-
Hope's Discourse on The Common Sense of Art (Murray) delivered as
the inaugural Lecture of the Season at the Architectural Museum at
South Kensington. It is a bold vindication of the right of the archi-
tecture of the future to borrow eclectically the merits of every form of
the building- art. In particular Mr. Hope insists that the capabilities
of our own Flowing Middle- Pointed have not been sufficiently de-
veloped : and he answers by anticipation the narrow views propounded
by Mr. J. H. Parker, in a letter to the Gentleman's Magazine, as to
tbe propriety of restricting the architecture of the new Public Offices
to our English varieties. Mr. Street, in two excellent letters to the
Bnlder, has more fully demolished Mr. Parker's position.

We can say no more of The Graves of our Fathers, by C. H.
Hale, (London : Hamilton, Adams & Co.) than that it is a compilation,
by a somewhat unpractised hand, of a great number of facts as to the
customs of various ages and countries connected with the burial of the
dead. In no respect was this volume worth printing.

A Word from a Goth, by Mr. G. J. Wjglby, (Dublin : Fowler)
is a spirited reply, though in a somewhat stilted style, to the " Word to
the Goths,'* by ' Romanus.' A controversy has been in progress
amongst the Irish Roman Catholics as to the relative ''Catholicity" of the
classical or Pointed styles. Dr. Newman's church at Dublin is in classi-
cal architecture, and was criticized by ' Father Thomas* of S. George's,
London. Romanus replied ; and was by some identified with Dr.
Newman. The latter denied the imputation in a letter which went the
round of the newspapers. Mr. Wigley, the architect of the latest
Gothic church in Rome itself, has of course our sympathy.

To the Editor of the EcclesiologUt,

Sim, — I never recollect to have seen the following passages quoted :
as they bear upon a coDtroverted question of the day, you may like to
insert them. I saw the book from which they are taken a few days
ago in the Britbh Museum Library.

I remain, &c.,

T. C. C. W. D. S.

The pamphlet is entitled — *• Articles to be enquired of in the Ordinary
\lsitation of the Right Worshipfiill Mr. Doctor John Pearson, Arch-
deacon of Suffolk, Anno Domini, 1638."

*' Chap. V. CoDceming the Ministers, Preachers, and Lecturers.

**\ doth he alwaies Preach standing, and in his Cassocke, and

Gowne, not in a Cloake, and his Surplice on, and also his hood (if be be a
Gradoatey) and with his head uncovered ?*'

**b, /ton* Whether doth your Minister and Curate, at all times as well in
P^eaebing or Reading the Homilies, as in reading the prayers and the Letany,
iBd admnuiteniig the Holy Sacraments, soiemnization of marriage, burying o(

80 Notices and Answers to Correspondents*

the dead, churehing of women, and all other offices of the Church, duly ob*
•erre the orders and rites prescribed without omission, alteration, or addition
of any tliinff ? and doth he in performing all and every of these weare the
Surplice duely, and never omit the wearing of the same, nor of his hood if he
bee a Graduate ?"

Mr. Truefitt must be credited with great ability for his transformation
into his own peculiar type of Gothic of the Irvingite meeting-house at
Islington. He has shown in this building, as in others, much con-
structional skill, and the cost of the works is, as we have before had
occasion to observe, extremely small. This economy combined with
good architectural effect is obtained apparently by extreme simplicity of
style. The forms are bold and sometimes stately ; but there is no or-
nament and little or no moulding. The result is novel and generally
effective. In this particular case the treatment of the western entrances,
in connection with the difficulties of the site, is ingenious and success-
ful : and there is to some extent an introduction of constructional poly-
chrome. The same gentleman has built himself a Gothic house in
Holloway.

Mr. Gordon M. Hills favoured the Ecclesiological Committee with a
view of an interesting series of sketches made by him in the Isle of
Arran. The island is full of small ancient churches of the Irish type,
which Dr. Petrie has made familiar to us. Most of them are rectan-
gles, little more than cells, e.g,^ 14 ft. 8 in. by 5 ft. 10 in., with the
rudest window and door apertures, and prodigious splays. Nearly all
are roofless and ruined. A single acute lancet often serves as the east
window. Sometimes a number of these cells are grouped together
within an inclosure. The windows were never glazed : and iu one in-
stance the pivot-holes of the shutters are remaining. The solid altars
remain in many instances ; and one church has a holy well. Mr.
Hills also exhibited a ground plan of the fine Cistercian abbey of Boyle
in Roscommon. The plan with its square east end, and square-ended
transept-chapels, resembles Kirkstall. The nave arcades have eight
arches. A gateway, the refectory, and the kitchen, remain of the con-
ventual buildings. The same gentleman has made drawings of three
medieeval Irish castles — ^Ballymote in Sligo, where there is a square
donjon keep with circular turrets at the angle, one of which is a chapel ;
Oranmore in Galway — a more complicated plan; and Annaghdown,
also in Galway, little more than a square keep.

It is with great pleasure that we announce that Mr. Digby Wyatt
has been associated with Mr. Scott in the task of designing the new
India Office, which is to adjoin the Foreign Office, and to harmonize
generally with its style. We have great hopes that this union will re-
sult in a further development of the capabilities of the Gothic style.

Clericus asks whether gates are necessary for a low stone chancel-
screen. We reply unhesitatingly that they are essential, and we refer
him to our criticism of a restored church in Sussex in our present
number.

Received : — P. ; G. P. ; J.

THE

ECCLESIOLOOIST.

**i5nrge igitur et fac: ct txit Bomlnw tecum."

No. CXXXL— APRIL, 1859.

(new series, no. xcv.)

ECCLESIOLOGICAL NOTES ON HILDESHEIM.

^ Paper read before the Cambridge Architectural Society, 1858, by the

Rev. G. Williams, B.D.

NuUiT twelre months ago, I had the pleasure of exhibiting to the So-
ciety a Tery beautiful coloured lithograph of the roof of 8. Michaers
cliarcb, at Hildesheim, in the kingdom of Hanover, now in the course
of careful restoration. I was then led to give a brief account of this
interesting old town, and of its various ecclesiastical remains, which
ire very numerous, owing to its former importance as an Episcopal
See, and to the fact that several of its Bishops have been great
pttroDs, not only of architecture, but of metallurgy and other me-
ciuuiical arts, many remains of which are to be found in the sacristies
of the cathedral and other churches of Hildesheim.

In proceeding to give a more detailed, but still very imperfect, sketch
of the venerable remains of this town, I shall follow the order of my
jooraalt and beg you to accompany me to the various objects of inte-
rest as I visited them. I have not the materials requisite to enable me
to give yon any accurate idea of tlie buildings themselves ; for, as I
{^ but a very hurried visit to a town which would fully occupy as
niany days or weeks as I had hours to devote to it, my object will
nther be to excite than to satisfy a longing for fuller information, in
the hope that, should any member of our society, in the course of some
\im^ Tacation, find himself within reach of Hildesheim, with a few
leisure days at his disposal, he may be induced, both for his own im-
provement and for our further information, to direct his study to the
lich treasnres of mediaeval art of which it is the repository.

The few hoors which I passed there would have been wholly lo8t
Uftid such embarroB de richessee, had I not been so fortunate as to
*<nire the kind services of a guide, competent before all others to
Cnct ise to the objects of chief interest, and to give me the fullest in-
^^nutioo coooeiiiiDg tbem. This was Dr. Kratz, to whom I must beg

82 Ecclesiological Notes on Hildesheim.

to introduce you, before we start on our expedition. His Majesty the
King of Hanover, having heard that I was somewhat addicted to ar-
chaeological research, had not only, with the greatest condescension,
himself indicated to me the principal objects of antiquarian and his-
torical interest in his capital and kingdom, but had also specially
charged the chief commissioner, M.Teichman, to offer me every facility
for visiting them. That very obliging and intelligent gentleman fully
carried out the instructions of his Royal Master, and most ungrudg-
ingly devoted his time to me in several visits to the Relic Chamber, or
rather Chamber of Reliquaries at Hanover, of which I hope to give you
some account on a future occasion. It was on one of these visits that
I had the good fortune to fall in with Dr. Kratz, and to secure his good
offices for my proposed visit to Hildesheim.

A native of this city, in which also he received his education, the
religio loci seems to have taken possession of him from his childhood ;
his enthusiastic admiration for its venerable remains, and his ardent
attachment to archaeological pursuits, has led him to devote the best
years of his life to the illustration of the history and antiquities of his
native town. The situation which he holds of Librarian of the Royal
Library of Hildesheim somewhat facilitated his studies, which have not
only not met with the encouragement which they deserve from the
dignitaries of the cathedral, but have been considerably hindered and
thwarted by the literary jealousy and sectarian prejudice from which
Germany is not wholly free. Notwithstanding all discouragements,
however, his exemplary perseverance has already well-nigh achieved a
work which would do credit to the most distinguished antiquarian, and
is every way worthy of the patronage of a sovereign so devoted to the
arts as King George V. of Hanover. The drawing of the painted rool
of S. Michael's, which I have the pleasure of exhibiting to you again
this evening, — with permission of the Dean of Ely, to whom it non
belongs, and who contemplates the reproduction of it in the nave of hii
own glorious cathedral, — that drawing, I say, was made from the ori-
ginal roof, well-nigh effaced by time and neglect, at the infinite laboui
and pains of Dr. Kratz ; and it is chiefly from his drawings that Uu
present accurate and careful restoration is being made. But this is hii
smallest contribution to the literature of the antiquities of Hildesheim
In 1840, he published the second and third parts of his work, entitlec
" Der Dom zu Hildesheim,'* illustrated with carefully executed draw
ings, to which I shall have frequent occasion to direct your attention
in the course of this lecture. The first part of this interesting an(
valuable work is not yet published. It will contain, I believe, an ar
chitectural history of the cathedral and other ecclesiastical buildings o
Hildesheim ; the second treats of its rich collection of works of ancien
art ; and the third is devoted tb biographical memoirs of two of it
most distinguished Prelates, the principal promoters of ecdesiology
to whose liberal encouragement the town owes its celebrity as a store
house of antiquarian treasures.

If I have detained you too long from the proper subject of this papa
I must crave your indulgence ; for I felt that I could not withhold thi
small tribute of gratitude to that excellent man, both for his persona

Ecdesioloffical Notes on Hildesheim. 88

attentions to myself, and for his abundant and successful labours in
that field in which this society is specially interested.

I may mention that Hildesheim is only one half- hour south-east from
Hanover, by rail, and that the Rheinischer Hof in the principal street
offers good accommodation to the wayfarer. Dr. Kralz first conducted
me to

The cathedral, a fine spacious building, in the form of a basilica,
consisting of nave and side aisles. It has, if I remember right, no
proper choir, but a space at the east end of the nave, surrounded by
ptrcloses, and raised over a crypt, presently to be noticed, is used as
the chorus cantomm, as we discovered immediately on entering, for the
Tespcrs were being sung at about two, p.m.

The first object which attracted my admiration in the cathedral was
a gigantic corona, suspended high up — much too high — in the clere-
story of the nave : one of the most venerable and interesting monu-
Djcnts of the cathedral. It was designed and partly executed by that
remarkable man whose name is indissolubly associated with Hildes-
heim, in a manner which will certainly warrant, if it does not demand,
t brief notice of his life, so far as it is connected with this see, of which
he was. perhaps, the most distinguished ornament. I shall therefore
take the liberty of introducing, by way of episode, an abridged bio-
graphical memoir of this prelate, who contributed more than any other
public man of his time to commend the arts, heretofore practised chiefiy
in the Bast, to the imitation of Western Europe, and is therefore fairly
entided to a memorial in the annals of universal ecclesiolog^, especially
in these notices of the antiquities of Hildesheim.

fiemwardas, or Bemward, otherwise named Barward, descended
from a noble family, was bom about the middle of the tenth century,
in the castle of Sommers, a village situated at the distance of a German
mile from Helmstadt, the parish church of which still bears the name
of the native saint. His father was Count Diedrich. His mother's
name has not been preserved ; but his maternal grandfather was Athel*
bero. Count Palatine, and his maternal uncle was Folcmar, deacon of
die cathedral of Hildesheim, and subsequently Bishop of Utrecht.
This connection it was which, under Providence, gave the direction to
the early education and life of Bernward ; while his fortunes were fur-
ther fisvoared by the fact that his eldest brother. Count Tammo, was
a favourite of the Emperor Otho III. Transferred from the care of his
Bother at an early age, he remained under the guardianship of his
onde at Hildesheim until the latter was raised to the episcopal dignity,
when he commended his nephew to the care of Bishop Otwin, of
Hildesheim, who entrusted him to the charge of the renowned scholar
Thanymar, or Thanmar, director of the cathedral schools, and notary
to the chapter, under whose instruction he not only made rapid pro-
great in hit studies, but also acquired much experience in business.
Amonjg the accomplishments acquired by his unwearied diligence and
ippKcadoD are mentioned writing and illuminating, painting, metal-
h^iy, aetting of jewels, architecture, &c., &c. Having completed his
itndict, be tended his aged grandfather until his death, resisting the
iolietetioti of his uncle, the Bishop of Utrecht, to accept the

84a Ecclesioloffical Notes on Hildesheim.

office of superior of the monastery of Deventry. On the death of hit
grandfather in a.d. 987, he went to the Imperial Court, where he wai
shortly afterwards appointed tutor to the future Emperor Otho III.» ii
which office he continued seven years : and a book on geometry writtei
for his distinguished pupil is still preserved among the archives of th*
cathedral treasury. On the death of Bishop Gerdag, he was appointed
Bishop of Hildesheim, and consecrated by Archbishop Willegis on th
15th of January, a.d. 993.

And here he commenced those elaborate works of art which I haT<
undertaken to review, and which have made his episcopal city a museoo
of his taste and skill. Amidst the active discharge of his spiritua
functions he yet found time personally to superintend the variou
ateliers of the numerous artizans whom he kept continually employed
and now to his former acquirements he added the sciences of chemistr
and medicine, the arts of mosaic work, sculpture, brassfounding, carving
and framing ; and he is further mentioned as the first inventor of roofinj
in tiles, as a precaution against the destructive fires that had before beei
so prevalent in Germany.

The destruction of the cathedral by fire (January 21, 1013) fur
ntshed the indefatigable Bishop with the opportunity of displaying th*
vast resources of his ingenuity in the restoration and decoration of th(
fabric ; and the various articles of church furniture. &c., which I shal
presently proceed to notice in detail, owe their origin to this fortu
nate accident. But that I must confine my further remarks to hii
strictly ecclesiological works in and about the cathedral, I migh
tell how he enlarged its possessions, how he surrounded his epis
copal city with walls and towers, forming a fortification unrivalled ii
Saxony ; how he built a chapel for the preservation of a piece o
the true cross, which his Imperial pupil presented him with at Rome
deposited in a magnificent reliquary of his own designing ; and finall;
how he founded and endowed a large Benedictine monastery of S
Michael, the church of which has recently furnished a design for th
painted roof of Ely Cathedral, considerably modified and improved, n<
doubt, by the genius of Mr. Le Strange. To conclude this brief sketd
of the life of S. Bern ward. He died seven years after the completioi
of his monastery of S. Michael, on the 20th of November, 1022. Hi
last words were, " Lord, into Thy hands I commend my spirit." H
was buried in a stone sarcophagus prepared by himself, before the alta
in the crypt of the conventual church of S. Michael.

To return from this digression to the stupendous corona which sug
gested it. It was fortunately undergoing repair, and a high laddei
with a platform at the top, enabled me to make a close examination c
it, in a very satisfactory manner. It is 22 ft. in diameter, and consist
of a massive rim, supporting, at uniform intervals, twelve turrets altei
nating with twelve niches. The whole design is intended to image th
heavenly Jerusalem. The rim, which is of copper gilt, represents th
walls of the city, and supports on its foliated rim seventy-two stand
for candles ; the turrets, which are open on four sides, are the tower
of the New Jerusalem, in each of which were formerly placed foa
figures, representing the prophets, kings, and other worthies of tb

Eeelesiological Notes on Hildesheim. 85

Old Testament, and the various graces and virtues evangelical. The
twelve Apostles of the New Testament were canopied over hy the
twelve alternating niches. These figures were all in silver gilt, hut
bare loDg since disappeared, having been plundered in the sack of the
church by the Reformers about the year 1575. The names, however*
engnved in Latin characters over the turrets and niches, serve to per-
petuate a memorial of the elaborate arrangement of the subjects. On
the upper plate of the encircling rim, 2 inches deep, are found the fol-
lowing lines : —

-f- VrBS SST SVBLIMIS . MIRI8 FABRICATA FIOVRIS .
VnDIQVB PBRFECTA . FIDBI COMPAOINB JVNCTA .
CVJVS VB8TIBVL0 . VBTV8 BT N0VV8 BXCVBAT ORDO •
GbrM 1KB VIRTVTVM . QVB MIRB 8VROTT IN ALTVM •
FloRIBVS HlC VIVI8 ANIMARVM . CVRIA LUCI8 .
AmTB DbI FACIBM . DIVINVM 8PIRAT ODORBM .
AVCTORBS OPBRI8 . TOGA VB8T1T CANDIDA PACI8 .
H08 PaTBR BT VeRBVIC . CIVB8 BT SPIRITV8 HORVM •
VnVB BT IPSE REGIT . QVI QYOD 8VNT IPSE CRBAVIT .

In virtvtb 8ua . 8oli8 Sol lvcet in ill a .

MtBTICA OI8CBRNIT . TENET . ASPICIT . OMNIA NOVIT .
£t 80LVM REONI CORDIS LOCAT IN PENETRALI.

On the lower plate of the rim, the following : —

•f Mater jv8Titie . via vitb . gratia cvlpe .

Da Pater eternb . Patris Vnicb . Spiritv8 alme .

HeZILO pars ONERI8 . PER Te QVOaVE PAR8 8IT HONORIS •

Et SPES ATaVE FIDES . BT A1CORI8 VT ACTIO PERPE8 .

HVNC REOAT AD 8PECIE1C . DET PACI8 VI8I0 PACEM •

Yt PRV0EN8 . F0RTI8 . JV8TV8 . MODERAMINB MITI8 .

SeD 1CVNDV8 CORDE . 8ANCTV8 RE . JVSTV8 IN ORB .

HiC 8ERAT . ATQVE METAT . QVOD LVCIS IN HORREA CEDAT .

CoNBVlfBNB IONI8 . CON8V1CAT ET OMNIA CARNI8 .

Nb CARBAT PATRIA . VIA LABILI8 VRGBAT ISTA .

ISTIVB 0RNATV8 . PI A VlRGO 8V8CIPB MVNV8 .

FlAT ODOR SpONSO . 8VPER OMNIA BAL8AMA ChRISTO.

The Hezilo mentioned in this last inscription is the Bishop, under
whom this great work, commenced by Bemwardus, was completed and
suspended in the nave, where it still hangs. The cathedral, in fact, owes
iti restoration to him, having been again burnt down in the time of his
immediate predecessor. He was fourth in succession from Bern ward,
and presided over the see from 1054 to 1079. In this interval a smaller
eonma, of thirty-six lights, in imitation, no doubt, of those with which
fiemward had enriched his monastic church of S. Michael, had been
executed by Bishop Azelin, who presided a.d. 1044 — 1054. This still
hangs in the choir of the cathedral, similar in its general character to
tiiat in the nave, bat of smaller dimensions. It was formerly adorned
with the twelve Apostles, and twenty-eight other figures in gold, as one
of my aathorities states; but I rather incline to believe that they
were brass, gilt. In any case, they were pillaged in 1546.

Bat I most proceed to the bronze doors, at present standing at the
west end of the nawe of the cathedral, under the organ gallery, — a
work of eren greater interest than the corona. They are folding-doors.
^ their dim^omoom aze as follows : 16 ft. 2 in. high, 3 ft. \0\ m.

86 Ecclesioloyical Notes on Hildesheim.

wide each, and 1^ In. thick. They are undoubtedly genuine works of
Bernward, and are happily dated as follows : " Anno Dominice Incar-
nationis MXV.» Bernwardus Eptscopus, Dive Memorie, has valvas
fusiles, in faciem Angelici Templi ob monimentum sui fecit suspendi."
The design and execution are equally elaborate. They represent, in
sixteen subjects, Paradise lost, and Paradise regained : one door being
devoted to the history of the Fall, the other to Redemption. The
series, commencing at the top of the right hand door, as you face
them, runs down that door, is then taken up at the bottom of the left
hand door, and terminates at the top. The eight subjects from the
Fall are — (I) the creation of Eve ; (2) Eve presented to Adam ; (3) the
temptation ; (4) the curse ; (5) the expulsion from Eden ; (6) the effect
of the curse — Adam labouring, Eve nursing ; (7) the offering of Gain
and Abel ; (8) the death of Abel. The Gospel narrative is represented
by — (1) the Annunciation ; (2) the Nativity ; (3) (he Adoration of the
Magi ; (4) the Presentation ; (5) our Lord before Herod ; (6) the
Crucifixion ; (7) the three Maries at the Sepulchre ; (8) the Resurrec-
tion— our Lord and S. Mary Magdalene.

This early monument of Christian art has altogether a Byzantine
character, and occupies a place in the history of Christian art cor-
responding in many respects with the Norman period of our own
country, which is perpetuated in the conventional treatment of the
forms of animate and inanimate nature in the Early Pointed style.
But I must proceed with the cathedral, the antiquities of which are far
from exhausted.

As the vespers were being sung in the choir, and I was obliged to
economise time, I proceeded with my guide to view the very curious
cloistered court at the east end of the cathedral, which wears a most
venerable aspect. The monastic buildings around this court for-
merly belonged to the Jesuits, but are now occupied by the seminary.
I cannot pretend to fix their date. They have, I should say, a Lom-
bardic character; while a very beautiful little chapel, in the purest
Early Pointed style, which stands in the middle of the quadrangle,
just as the Late Perpendicular chantry, now used as a library, in
the cloistered court at Winchester College, contrasts curiously with
the surrounding architecture. This lady-chapel is neglected, and
verging fast to ruin. Opening out of the cloisters is a chamber, sup-
ported by low shafts, with quaint Byzantine capitals, filled with ancient
stone cofiins, some of the lids of which are very elaborately carved. I
had not time to examine them minutely ; they are some of them as
early as the eleventh and twelfth centuries, many of them containing
the remains of bishops and abbots of the church of Hildesheim ; and
similar in character to the stone coffin of S. Bernward himself, which
is still to be seen in the crypt of S. MichaeFs, — a drawing of which
I am able to show you, although I was not so fortunate as to get a
sight of the original. Round the head of the loculus runs the legend :

•• Bernwardus Episcopus, Servus Servorum XPl" — leaving no room to
doubt the authenticity of the tradition which ascribes it to him. The
lid is very richly carved, and represents four angels in half length on
one Me, and Bve on the other. The inscription, curiously arranged.

Ecclesiologicd Notes on HUdesheim. 87

ifi the passage from the Book of Job» familiar to us from our own
Burial Service. •* ^ Scio enim quod Redemptor meua vivit, et in no-
nsaima die de terra surrecturus sum, et rursum circumdabor pelle
mea ; et in came mea videbo Dm Sal valorem meum. Quem visurus
som ego ipse et oculi mei conspecturi sunt et non alium. Reposita est
bee spes mea in sinu meo." One of the gabled ends of the coffin is
decorated with a plain cross, the other with an Agnus.

Returning from the cloister to the cathedral, I descended to the
crjpt beneath the choir, where the knotty roots of a gigantic rose-tree,
which covers the eastern apse of the church, are to be seen. It is said
to be upwards of oae thousand years old. I must satisfy myself with
barely mentioning the very ancient crucifix in the crypt, and the mys-
terious Irmensula, (Irmensaiile), now called the column of the Blessed
Virgin Mary, but formerly " Columna Arminii ;" a name of doubtful
derivation to describe a column of questionable material, but supposed
to have been originally connected with some form of idolatrous worship.
It is now surmounted with a bronze image of the Virgin and Child,
from whence it derives its modern name. Two magnificent shrines of
silver-gilt, of very elaborate workmanship, both of the eleventh cen-
tury, stand over the doors of the apse on either side of the high altar,
of which you may form a faint idea from the sketches among Dr.
Kntz*s illustrations. I must not dwell on them, nor on the frag-
laent of the water-pot from Cana of Galilee, nor on the wonderful
baptismal font of brass, which stands in the baptistery on the north
side of the nave, for we have much to see after we leave the
cathedral.

It was perhaps a fortunate circumstance for me, as my time was
80 very limited, that the sacristan of the cathedral was absent from
the town, and not expected back until the morrow. This was, how-
ever, a great disappointment to Dr. Kratz, who was anxious to intro-
duce me to the rich treasures of art which belong to this cathedral.
They consist of splendid reliquaries of various dates; of pastoral
staves — that of S. Bern ward and his successor S. Godehard among
them, above all, of some very early and curious MSS. in elaborate
cases. Among these, is the original work on Geometry, already
mentioned ; a complete Bible ; three Evangelaria, and a Missal — all of
S. Bemward, %,€,, of the early part of the eleventh century ; and two
Evangelaria of Bishop Hezilo, of the latter part of the same century.
All these I must leave for future and less hurried exploration. On
leaving the cathedra], we find in the yard yet another grand work
of Bemwardns, which demands a fuller notice. It is a reduced copy
of Trajan's column which he had seen at Rome, and which had sug-
gested to his pious mind, imbued as it was with the Holy Scriptures,
an imitation in a Christian sense. It is now a ruin, having been most
btrbaronaly mutilated and abused until quite recent times. The shaft
however is nearly complete. It is 16 feet in height, executed in
broose, formerly surmounted by a capital and a cross, the former
% the latter 4 feet high, making in all 2*2 feet. It was originally
cut fior the church of the Benedictine monastery of. S. Michael, in
the oave of which it stood for several centuries. It represents tb«

88 Ecclesiological Notes on Hildesheim.

gospel history ia twenty«eight groups, commencing at the base and
running on a spiral band to the summit. They run in the following
order. (1) The baptism of our Lord in the river Jordan. (2) The
Temptation. (3) The Call of SS. Simon and Andrew. (4) Call of SS.
James and John. (5) The first miracle at Cana of Galilee. (6) The
healing of the Leper. (7) The Choosing of the twelve apostles. (8)
our LoKD talking with the Samaritan woman at Jacob's Well. (9)
Healing of the nobleman's son. (10) Cure of the paralytic at Caper-
naum. (11) Beheading of S. John Baptist. (12) Woman with the
bloody issue healed. (13) Blind made to see. (14) The woman
taken in adultery. (15) Raising of the widow's son at Nain. (16)
The Transfiguration. (17) The man praying our Lord to heal his
possessed son. (18) Parable of the rich man and Lazarus. (19)
Lazarus in Abraham's bosom. (20) Jssus and Zacchseus. (21)
Jesus cursing the barren fig-tree. (22) Blind Bartimseus and his
companion healed. (23) Jssus walking on . the stormy sea. (24)
Feeding tbe five thousand with five loaves and two fish. (25) Heal-
ing the daughter of the Syrophcenician woman. (26) Jbsus calling
Lazarus out from the grave. (27) Mary anointing Jssus at the table.
(28) Our Lord's triumphant entry into Jerusalem.

The treatment of these subjects though not, of course, in the highest
style of art, is remarkably good for the period, and resembles very
much that of the brazen doors. Dr. Kratz's drawing gives a very fair
idea of the style.

And here on leaving this most interesting cathedral and its works of
mediaeval art, I must pay a just tribute to the discriminating zeal and
munificence of the king of Prussia, who has collected in his museum of
Christian art at Berlin exact facsimiles, in plaister casts, of all the
most remarkable monuments of our faith in Germany, including the
doors and column of Bernwardus. His forbearance is as admirable
as his zeal.

It deserves to be recorded as an example of the latter worthy of
all commendation, as well as of more general imitation, that in his zeal
for the collection x)f ancient monuments of Christian art, he is not
unmindful of the possessory rights of the places where they are found,
and of the additional interest which must always attach to them in
the churches, &c., to which they properly belong. I was very much
struck with this in the grand Schloss- chapel at Quedlinburgh, which
is very rich in ecclesiastical works of art, now belonging absolutely
to the Crown. Instead of transferring these bodily, as he might have
done, to the museum at Berlin, I found there an artist who had been
sent expressly to make exact copies of the enamels, &c., for the collec-
tion in the capital, while the originals were to remain in their an-
cient seat. The corona, doors, and column of Bernwardus, could
never be half so interesting elsewhere as they are at Hildesheim.

I must pass rapidly over the remaining objects of interest in thw
curious old town, having devoted so much time to the cathedral and
its treasures.

On quitting the Close, Dr. Kratz conducted me first to the Lutheran
church of S. Michael, which, you will remember, is that with the.

Ecclenological Notes on Hildesheim. 89

painted roof. It was originally built by Bernwardus, as the church of
his Benedictine abbey, in the Lombardic style. It was burnt down
MOD after it was built, and only the two westernmost columns on the
north side of the nave, and the three westernmost towers, Mnth the
north transept of the choir, were saved from destruction. A gallery
in the north-west tarret is very peculiar. It was remarkable for hav-
ing an apsidal termination at the west as well as at the ea^t end ; the
latter has been long in ruins, the former is still used as the sanctuary.
The church has been much tampered with from time to time, and the
windows on the south side of the nave are very large, filled with pour
geometrical tracery. Those on the north are probably original, and
this side is quite Romanesque in its general character. It was a Ba-
tilica with triple turrets, as well as an apse, at each end ; the side
tonets rising from shallow transepts. The church was desecrated by
the French during their occupation, and has since been used as a
lunatic asylum. It was now being carefully restored under Mr. Hase,
of Hanover, for the Lutheran Community, at the expense of the State.
Hie restorations were commenced in 1854.

We next visited the church of S. Mary Magdalene ; the fabric of which
daimg no notice, hut the sacristy contains a beautiful cross, ascribed to
S. Bemward, and a pair of small candlesticks, which are indisputably
his. They are all figured in Dr. Kratz's book. The latter are com-
posed of a mixture of silver and brass, an experiment in metallurgy
on which the founder plumes himself in an inscription to this effect :

BkUTWABDUS . PrjBSUL . CANDELABRUM . HOG . FUEBUM . SUUM . PRI-
HO . HUJTT8 . ABTI8 . FLOBB . NON . AUBO . NON . ABOBNTO . BT . TAMBN .

VT . CBBNia . coNFLABB . JDBBBAT. They are beautifully worked,
rery chaste in design, and resemble closely the stem of the cross in
the reHc chamber at Hanover, but not at all the monstrance there
ascribed to him. The cross, which is 20 in. by 16 in., is very superb,
as rich as gold, and jewels, and gems can make it, well described by
Thangmar, an ancient biographer of the Bishop, as " thecam clarissimis
gemmis auroque purissimo lautissimam ." It was in fact designed as
^e reliquary of the piece of the True Cross, which was given to him as
a parting token by his imperial pupil. This precious fragment was
encased in a square box, formed at the intersection of the cross, which
bears upon its lid the form of a cross and the words Lignu Dni Di.
The ground between the setting of the jewels is covered with a flow-
ing arabesque pattern in gold filagree work, and many of the gems
appear to be antiques, while some have a decidedly modern character.
An iron spike at the bottom of the cross indicates that it was origi-
Daily fixed in a stem or stand, probably for processional exhibition.
There are in the sacristy some ancient iron candlesticks, of very good
pattern. The wooden box in which the bones of the saint are now
deposited, is modem and in wretched taste.

While waiting for the keys at S. Mary Magdalene, I paid a hurried
risit to the church of S. Godehard, some distance off. It is a magnifi-
cent Lombardic church, but was much encumbered with scaffolding, as it
was uodecgaiiig extensive repair, at the King's expense, as I understood,
lor the worship of the Roman Catholics. It formerly belonged lo iVve

90 Ecclesiological Notes on HUd^heim,

Dominicans, with the monastery to which it was attached. The church
and monastery of the Franciscans has been converted into a foundling
hospital. But it was the sacristy of this church that my kind friend
was most anxious to show me. We found it stuffed with a mass of
rubbish, the tawdry ornaments of the modem church, removed hither
for security during the restoration. But our visit was amply rewarded
by the sight of a chalice and paten of exquisite pattern and workman-
ship. The Yormer is of pure gold. The bowl is 3| in. high, and
of very large diameter, and weighs about 1 1 ounces. Round it is
represented the Last Supper, the figures being placed under cinqfoil
canopies within round arches, supported by light shafts, which isolate
each figure. Beneath the design the following inscription iu Gothic
characters runs round the bowl i "*h Rex sedet in cena, turba cinctus
duodena. Se tenet in manibus, se cibat ipse cibus.'* Thestandis
3^ in. high, consisting of two principal members, the pedestal and the
stem. The former is very elaborate, surrounded with seven medallions,
united by a double band, engraved with subjects from the evangelical
narrative: as (1.) The Annunciation, with the legend. "Ave gratia
plena. Dominus." (^.) The Adoration of the Magi. (3.) The Pre-
sentation. (4.) The Crucifixion, with the words. •' vere Filius." (5.)
The Resurrection. (6.) The Ascension. (7.) The Descent of the
Holt Ghost. These subjects are alternated with antique gems and
precious stones. The stem consists almost entirely of a single topaz
of twelve faces, resting on a tulip shaped hexagon, inscribed with
Scripture subjects. The topaz weighs 1 5 oz., and measures 3 in. in
diameter. 1 1 in. in height. The paten belongs to the same date aa the
chalice, as is evidenced by the style of art and by the identity of the
letters. It is also of pure gold, measures 8 in. in diameter, and weighs
nearly 9 oz. The design is exquisitely arranged and executed : in
the centre is an Agnus, with nimbus and banner, with blood streaming
from its side into a chalice. Round this are the emblems of the four
Evangelists disposed crosswise, alternating with winged angels with
censers. Round the rim runs the legend : *' Victima que vicit, septem
signacula solvit. Ut comedas pascha. scandes cenacula celsa.'* On the
reverse of this paten is inscribed the monogram of the artist who de-
signed it, whom I certainly understood from Dr. Kratz to be Ber-
nardus, founder of this church of S. Godehard. Bishop of Hildesheim
in the twelfth century (viz. from 1130 to 1153). not to be confounded
with Bernwardus of the commencement of the preceding century. I
was therefore surprised to find that in his book he ascribes the chalice
and paten to Bernwardus, and can only presume that he has changed
his opinion since the publication of his work, in 1840. Nor can I ima-
gine that they do belong to the same artist or the same period as the
works before descril)ed. There is, however, an old cocoa-nut cup set
in silver, with a decidedly Byzantine character, ascribed with probably
good reason to Bernwardus. There is also in this sacristy a superb
monstrance in the best style of art of the fifteenth century, apoilt, so
far as it can be, by a modem addition of wings and canopy, but even
so contrasting advantageously with a very large and costly monstrance
designed and executed altogether during tiie last century, which entirely
Im^ea all attempt at description.

Arehiieetural Notes in France. No, IIL 91

I must here take leave for the present of the ecdesiological remains
of Uildesheim, to which I feel that I have done very scanty justice.
Bat in doing so it is some satisfaction to reflect that there is now
withia half an hour's distance of this venerable episcopal city an eccle-
siologi^t of tried and approved merit, who has both the knowledge to
appreciate, and, I trust, the will, as I know he has the power, to do
UDple justice to this rich mine of mediaeval art. To him I commend
tbe farther prosecution of these very interesting researches which 1
ittve to feebly inaugurated.

ARCHITECTURAL NOTES IN FRANCE.— No. III.

Mt last letter finished at Beauvais, from whence I made my way to
CoDpi^gne, where I found but little of much interest. The principal
charch is in size, plan, and general design, decidedly conspicuous ; yet
it is remarkable how little there is in it to detain an architect beyond
the general effect. The bulk of the structure is of good uniform First-
Pointed character. It consists of a nave and aisles (53 ft. in width) of
NX bays, transepts, and an apsidal choir, the lower part of which has
been modernized, and which has a very badly planned Flamboyant aisle
nnind it; and there were intended to be two western towers. The
fining of the nave is Flamboyant. The best feature is the apse»
which has a glazed triforium of two lancet windows in each bay, and a
clerestory of large single lancets. It is. I think, characteristic of many
Prendh churches of this fine scale, that they afford much less matter for
itndy and description than our own churches of one-fourth the size and
petension. Their details are so uniform, and their planning so regu-
lar, that a description of one bay is, in fact, a description of the whole
chnrch, and there is nothing in the shape of monumental effigies,
screens, brasses, or other similar relics, to give a special interest to each
part of the building. When we lament the general scarcity of examples
of groining in our English churches, we ought not to forget that it was,
io part at least, to this that we may attribute the extraordinary variety
of their character ; for it is undoubtedly very much more difficult to ob-
tain those picturesquely irregular effects which charm us so justly in
Eo^ish examples, when groined roofs are used, than when their place
is taken by roofs of wood. The points of support must be much more
eqoally spaced, the piers more regularly planned, and each portion
more exactly a reproduction of every other portion ; and it has some-
timet struck me as possible that we owe the much greater variety of
desigos in the treatment even of our groining, as compared with the
French, to the gpreat love of change and variety which our architects
had imbibed in dealing so largely with wooden«roofed buildings. In
this respect indeed, they sometimes ran into excesses for which they had
■0 enaple* and happily* no imitators on the continent; but on tVia
vUe^ wa luma aadaabtiedfy reuoa to be gnteM tot a feature \n out

92 , ^chitectural Notes in France, No. IIL

i^

national art which helped to place it in so high a position when com-
pared with that of other countries.

Another church, dedicated to S. Antoine. is of large size and late
Flamboyant style. It has a fine font, (now disused) of the same charac-
ter and material as the well-known fonts at Winchester. East Meon«
a(M Southampton ; the bowl of which is no less than 3 ft. 0 in. square.
The floor of the nave of this church is boarded, and fitted up with very
smart chairs, whilst the aisles have tiled floors and common chairs, and
there is a rail fixed between the columns to shut in the select occupants
of the smart chairs. It is a mistake, tiierefore, to suppose that the intro-
duction of chairs will necessarily secure the annihilation of the pew system.
Here, too, 1 saw a '* manderoeut" of the Bishop of Beauvais, Senlis,
and Noyon, dated Dec. 8th, 1856, ordering the adoption of the Roman
liturgy, in place of the local uses, of which he says there were no less
than nine in his diocese, so that it often happened that the same priest
'* charg^ de deux paroisses, trouve dans I'Eglise ou il va c^l^brer une
Premiere Messe une liturgie difF6rente de celle qui s'observe dans la
paroisse ou il reside :'* — ** le chant, les c^r^monies, la couleur dea ome*
mens, le^ usages, tout est chang^.*' The Bishop interdicted among
others, the Missals of Beauvais, Noyon, Senlis, Amiens, Meaux, and
Rouen, and his order took effect from Whitsunday, 1857.

Of less distinctly ecclesiastical edifices Compidgne retains some re-
mains. A cloister in the " Caserne S. Comeille*' is a good example.
The arches have no tracery, and the piers have buttresses to resist the
thrust of the groining. This is very simple but good work, though late
in the fourteenth century. 'Ilie old Hotel-Dieu, too, has a characteristic
gable end towards the street, divided by a central buttress, and with a
pointed archway below and a large window above in each division.

The very picturesque front of the Hotel de Ville has been recently
very carefully restored, but so completely, that it looks almost like a
new building. The eflFect of the front is very good, though the belfry
tower rises awkwardly from behind the parapet of the building. There
is an illustration of this building in M. Verdier's " Architecture CimU
et Domestique," which will enable your readers to understand the cha-
racter of this picturesque though late building better than any descrip-
tion that I can give. The roof of the main building, as well as that of
the turrets at the angles and the belfry, is covered with slate : and it is
worth notice how much the effect of these roofs depends upon the
thinness of the slate, its small size and the sharpness and neatness with
which it is cut. Foreign slating is in truth just as good in its eflTecty
as ours is generally bad and coarse.

The Chateau of Pierrefonds ought to be visited from Compi^gne.
The ruins must be interesting, and I believe the site is very picturesque.
It is a fashionable place of resort, and at a distance of some three hours
through the forest from Compi^gne. M. Viollet Le Duc*s description
of the buildings is known probably to most of your readers.

From Compi^gne I made my way to Soissons. It was here that on
this journey I came first on the grand style which distinguishes the
buildings of this part of France. Laon, chief in grandeur, both natural
and architectural, Noyon, S. Quentin, Meaux, and Soissons, are mag-

Architectural Notes in France. No. IIL 98

nificent iUafttnttions of the main features of the style : whilst smaller
ehoTcbes, remains of Abbeys, such as those of Ourscamp (uear Noyou)
and Longpont (near SoissoDs). and of castles, such as Coucy le Chateau,
esible us to appreciate all its varieties. It is to be hoped that the
stream of English travellers will for the future set more in this direc-
tkm than it has hitherto done, since it is now possible in g^ing to Stras-
boaig to take the railway through this country to Rheims. and in so
doing to make acquaintance with a group of churches, which impress
DC more and nK)re each time that I see them. They are remarkable
endence also of the wonderful vigour of the age in which they were
built : for they are all of very nearly the same date — the end of the
12th and early part of the 1 3th century, and conceived on the grandest
ponible scale. Indeed, France, under Philip Augustus, affords a spec-
tide such as perhaps no other country in the world can show. For if
ve think of the wars which characterized his reign, it is almost incre-
dible that it should nevertheless at the same time have been possible to
foond such cathedrals as those of Paris, Bourges, Chartres, Amiens,
Uon, Meaux, Soissons. Noyon, Rouen, Seez, Coutances, Bayeux : yet
nch was the case, and some of them were completed in but a few years
vith extraordinary energy.

Few things are more impressive than the Cathedral of Laon, even in
its prevent state : and what must it not have been with its central steeple
isd the six towers and spires which once adorned its several fronts,
riiiog, as they all did, from the summit of a mighty hill, seen on all
ades for many a long mile by the dweUers in the plain which stretches
svsy from its feet I And yet, magnificent as is the Cathedral of Laon,
it is one only among many ; and such a city as Soissons, inferior as it
ii in utuation. affords nevertheless in its architectural remains, matter
of almost equal interest.

Hie general view of Soissons, obtained from the distance, is striking
only for its architectural character. Hie effect is mainly attributable
to the &ct. that in addition to the cathedral, with its lofty south-west
•leeple, the town also contains the west front, with two towers and
ipiies of the mined Abbey of S. Jean des Vignes. It is to this ruin
that the eye first turns in anticipation of discovering the famous cathe-
dral of the dty : but a little acquaintance with the details of the two
bnildiiigs. leaves no room to doubt that the cathedral, with its lonely
steeple, is nevertheless by very much the most interesting and noble
oample of art which the city contains.

Let us at once, then, bend our steps thither. We shall find a
diurch, the greater part of which dates probably from the end of the
twelfth or the first years of the thirteenth century, whilst its plan is very
renarkmble, and its detidls in some parts of exquisite beauty. In plan
it conaiats of two western towers, (one of which only is built,) nave
and Males of seven bays, transepts, (of which more presently.) a choir of
five bays, and an apse of five sides ; chapels are obtained between the
^wiltJffSBfti of the choir, and the apae is surrounded by an aisle and five
diapeb ; these chapels are circular in plan at the ground line, octa-
gonal above, and are groined with a vault which covers the aisle also ;
this b a node which is seldom satisfactory in execution, and a falling

94 Architectural Notes in France. No. III.

off from the structural truth of those plans in which the groining of
each chapel is complete in itself, and distinct from that of the aisle.
The south transept is finished with an apse, and has a small circular
chapel of two stages in height attached on its south-eastern side.
The north transept is square-ended and of later date.

It is impossible to examine Soissons Cathedral without having recol-
lections of several other churches forced upon the mind. At Noyon, for
instance, we have a grand example of a church of the same date, both of
the transepts of which are apsidal ; but the south transept of Soissona has
a great advantage over its neighbour, in that it has an aisle round the
transept opening with three arches, supported upon slender and lofty
shafts, into each bay, both on the ground level and in the triforinm.
Indeed there are few fairer works of the period than this south transept
of Soissons ; for whether we regard its plan, general scheme, or detail
of design and sculpture, all alike show the presence of a master hand in
its conception and execution ; — the same hand, I suppose, as is seen at
Noyon, but at a slightly later period. Then, again, a comparison of
Soissons with Meaux will show so great a similarity of plan, dimen*
aions, and design in their eastern apses, that it is difficult to avoid the
conclusion that they were the works of the same man, and at about
the same time. And each of these churches has nevertheless some one
special feature of its own, wherein it is unique and unmatched ; Soissons
has its exquisite south transept, Noyon its western porch, and Laon its
cluster of steeples, by which every one who has seen them must
especially have been struck.

One of the features which most marks the churches of this school is
the fourfold division in height of the main walls. There is first the
arcade, then the triforium.^ (which is large, groined, and lighted with its
own windows) then a blank arcade which is analogous to the triforia
of our English churches, and lastly the clerestory. I cannot say that
this arrangement is ever pleasing. The clerestory always looks dispro-
portionately smaU and dwarfed, and the blank arcade below it rather
unmeaning, whilst all the divisions have the appearance of being
cramped and confined. At Soissons it occurs in the south tran-
sept, but not in the nave — where we see the usual triple division.
Some of the capitals here are well sculptured, though generally
very simply, and in the transept they are ofcen held with iron ties (as
in Italian examples) to resist the thrust of the groining. I should
notice that the whole of the walling in this transept is circular on
plan ; this is generally a mark of early date, and though it gave rise
to some complexity in the arches and groining, it undoubtedly often
produces a very charming effect. The windows of the three eastern
chapels are fiill of richly-coloured early glass, rather rudely drawn and
executed ; some of it, 1 suspect, came from the clerestory, the eastern
portion of which is still full of similar glass. The clerestory has

1 These groined triforia are called Tribunes by the French antiqaaries. At Moa-
tierender, where both occur, the upper stage is more than usually similar to oar
English triforia ; and in all these cases it woidd perhaps be best to accept the French
terminology as being substantiaUy correct. The tribune is, in fact, a second sfei^
of the aisle.

Arthitectvral Notes in France. No. IIL 95

luige lancet windows and flying buttresses of two stages in height,
with the arches supported upon detached shafts, and a passage behind
the lower order on a level with the sill of the clerestory windows.

On the exterior, one of the most noticeable features is that the ridge
of the south transept roof rises no higher than the eaves of the rest of
the charch. Yet such is the care with which the design is managed,
that this smallness of scale is not noticed, until from a distance a gene-
nd Tiew of the building is obtained, when it looks undoubtedly very
lop-sided.

From the cathedral one goes naturally to the ruined but still im-
posing church of the great abbey of S. Jean des Vignes. The
vest imat of this church is exactly in a line with that of the cathe-
dnl, at a distance of about a furlong ; and standing on higher ground,
lad still retaining its two towers and spires, it produces a greater
fSttt in the general views of the city. It is now the centre of the
ineoal, with powder-stores, piles of shot, and various other prepara-
tioiu all around it. which afford subject for rather gloomy forebodings,
incase Soissons should again suffer (as it has so often already suffered)
the danger of a siege. The remains of the church are almost confined
to the steeples and west front. The lower portions of these date
torn the thirteenth century, but the upper portion is all of a very
omate and rather late Middle- Pointed style, they are very pyramidal in
their outline, and have a rather heavy arrangement of pinnacles at the
hue of the spires. The belfry* window of the north- west tower has a very
large stone crucifix contrived against its monial and tracery ; there is
• canopy in the tympanum over the head of our Loan, and the tracery
teems to have been designed with a special view to the introduction
of the figure. The spires are crocketed on the angles, scalloped on
the £ice, and pierced with alternate slits and quatrefoils. The sculp-
tnre of this front is not of very good character. From the south of the
•ootb-west tower extends a remarkably fine portion of the domestic
buildings of the abbey, two stages in height, and eight bays in length.
Its south end has the fovourite French arrangement of a central buttress
between two large circular windows, with two lancet windows in the
gable. On the west side each bay has a fine simple pointed window :
whilat on the east side the lower part is concealed by the cloister, and
the opper stage has a row of plain circular windows, similar to those at
the south end. llie steep-pitched roof still remains, and the whole
buiiding is a very fine relic, even amoug the relics of this kind in which
France is so peculiarly rich. The remains of the cloister are in a very
dilapidated state. Drawings which I had seen of it, had prepared me
for earlier and better work than I found. I imagine that it is not earlier
than circa a.o. I SCO. Hie sculptured foliage is in exact imitation of
nature, very pretty, and no more. It is, however, singularly instruc*
tive, as it illustmtes just the kind of work which our English carvers
are most prone to introduce just now, and which is generally (as it
is here,) very ineffective for want of due architectural subordination.
The windows of this cloister are of four lights, with G^metricai
tneerj ; bat the chief pecuUarity is the treiitment of the buttresses,
vhieh are ngiilar on the face, and above the springing of the wiadowa

96 Architectural Notes in France. No. III.

crocketed on the angles. Had the sculpture been fifty years earlier
in date, it would, I have no doubt, have been a singularly beautiful
cloidter. A doorway which opened fix>m the cloister to the church is
peculiarly flat in its mouldings and sculpture, but remarkable for the
still existing traces of painting over its whole surface. The foundations
of the east wall show that the church was not of any great length from
east to west.

The church of S. Leger is the finest edifice after these of which
the city can now boast. Anywhere its transepts and choir would
be of great interest for their early thirteenth century date, and their
good architectural character. The church consists of a nave and
aisles of six bays (of which the four western are in Renaissance), tran*
septs of two bays in depth, and a choir without aisles, which has one
bay of sexpartite groining, and an apse of seven sides. The detail is
very much the same as in the cathedral. The clerestory windows in
the apse are lancets, and in the rest of the church of two lights with
tracery, consisting of a cusped circle within an enclosing arch. In
these Soissonnais churches the label generally has a ball or four-leaved
flower at intervals. There is a procession path or passage, with open-
ings in the buttresses, round the church outside the clerestory win-
dows, dividing the church very markedly into two divisions in height,
and recalling to memory the very similar arrangement in the churdi
of S. Elizabeth at Marburg, llie transept has fine angle pinnaoka,
and a large three-light window with early tracery, whilst the cloister ii
somewhat similar to that of S. Jean des Vignes. Stepped gables are
a favourite feature here even in early work. The aisles of S. Lieger are
so finished, as is also an early building by the side of the cathedral.

The church of S. Pierre, which is desecrated, has a west front of
much interest. It has a nave and aisles, three western doorways,
(whereof the central is pointed, the others round,) and a single wide,
round-arched window over each door. The detail is peculiar, — of late
Komanesque character, and effective. Only two bays of the nave re-
main. Tlie labels and string-courses have a bold dog-tooth enrichment,
whilst the cornice above them is adorned with a regular acanthus-leaf.
The shafts of the west door are fluted ; and in this, as in the quacfanple
arrangement in height, which I have already noticed as a frequent cha-
racteristic of the Soissonnais churches, I suspect we may trace the in-
fluence of the grand church of S. Remi at Rheims.

Of domestic buildings, there are but few traces in Soissons. The
best are, a building near the west front of the cathedral, with stepped
gables, central buttresses in the end, and good simple three-light windows
in each bay ; — a house in the C16itre S. Gervais, near the north transept
of the cathedral, with a steep unpierced gable and three two-light win-
dows in the stage just below it, and an unpierced ground story ; — and
an old hospital near the cathedral, of good early-pointed work, without
groining, but with transverse arches from column to column,— the
capitals being carved, and the arches quite square in section.

From Soissons, an excursion ought to be made to the Abbey of
Longpont.^ I was not aware at the time I was there that it w«a in

' The abbey church of Longpont was dedicated hi a.d. 1227, hi the preaenee of

Arekiiectural Notes in France. No. III. 97

this neighbourhood, but I believe that it is only some eight or ten miles
distant, and that the church is of rare interest and grandeur. I regret
extremely my inability to give any notes of it.

A walk of a mile across meadows, took me to the remains of the
great Abbey of S. Medard. These are very slight, and consist of some
remains of crypts, in which are preserved portions of buildings or monu-
ments which have been dug up from time to time. An old view of
S. Medard shows it surrounded by fortified walls, enclosing a vast
range of buildings, and two or three churches. Of all this nothing
DOW remains, beyond a modem house, converted into an asylum
for deaf and dumb, in one portion of which remains an old vaulted
apartment, now used as the chapel of the Institution.

From Soissons, I made my way across country to Chateau Coucy.^

This is a well-known example of a thirteenth-century castle of the most

atrnptoous kind : but it has suffered much from time, and is now in

danger from another cause, for the Emperor has recently bought the

place, and the castle court is full of workmen busily plying their tools,

cotting out every defective stone in the great central keep, and putting

it into a moat complete state of repair. Thus far, no serious harm has

been done, but I trust that the restoration is not to go much farther, and

that we are not to have the whole interior of the building finished in a

ooDJectural restoration, on the strength of the very few relics which still

remain. M. Viollet Le Due has described this castle at so much length

m his article on military architecture, that I should not be justified in

taking up apace with any further notice of it. I may observe, however,

that die chapel was a small, nearly detached building, of two bays in

length, as may be seen by the foundations ; and from the size of the

bottresaes, it was no doubt groined : but I saw no sufi&cient evidence

to justify M. Le Due's conjectural restoration of it. The interiors of

some of the towers are interesting, as preserving extensive traces of

the distemper paintings in diaper with which the walls of the principal

8. LiMns. Its value as a dated example is therefore considerable, independently of
Hi high ardiitectoral interest.

I EngnerraiMl III., snrnamed le Grand, the founder of the present castle at
Ceacy, was one of the meet remarkable and powerful Frenchmen of bia day. In
AmU. 1200 he ravaged the domaina of the Archbuhop of Rheima, who appealed to
lUHp Augustus for aid, and received for answer, " Je ne puis faire autre chose

Cvoos que de prier le Sire de Coucy de ne point voua inquieter." Some yeara
ba quarrelled with the Canona of Laon, and after apoiling them of their goods,
•■nied away the Dean as a prisoner ; but in the end be waa excommunicated by the
Fbpa tor this eaoapade, and was not released firom the ban for three or four yean.
BetBfe his death in a.d. 1242 be bad been for some yeara one of S. Louia'a moat
firitkfcl friends. It was tiiis Enguerrand who adopted the proud motto —

'* Je ne aub Roi ne Due,
Prince ne Comte ausn ;
Je aula le Sire de Coud."

Hb Mstory Is strildn^ lUiistratiTe of the life of the foremost men of bis day, who
wwe VTrf|*K«»g cathedrals and castles with such manrellona seal in the midst of in-
Ivaal dtrrf^V" and sliilbt sacb as mast, it might have been thought, have entirely
stooped an smrtt worka. I saspeet it was this Enguerrand who, with three barons
aadi^ty knights bdbind him, stood by S. Louia'a table when he feaated in great
Ms at faaaiT. ia ▲.»• 1241. Jean Sire de Joinville gives an elaborate account
if the faMt te Ml Hfli «f 8. Loaia.

▼OL. zx. ^

98 Architectural Notes in France. No. HI.

rooms were adorned ; and they are further remarkable for their wet
scientific construction. Each stage is a hexagon, the groiaing piei
coming over the points of the arches in the stage below. Tfa
grandest feature in the chateau is, however, the great keep : thi
is circular, about 80 or 90 feet in diameter by 170 feet in heigfa
pierced with scarcely any openings, but marked near the summit by
boldly- projecting course of corbels, on which, no doubt, a woode
covered passage round the keep was supported, llie keep is divide
into stages, all of which were groined, the groining springing in tfa
lower stage from corbels carved exquisitely with figures and foliagi
Almost every stone in this building has a mason^s mark visible on il
face. It is difi^cult to ascertain exactly how this keep was roofed. M
own impression was that some kind of steep roof rested on the summi
of the walls, which are of enormous thickness, and finished with tb
usual French sculptured eaves cornice ; but I state my opinion wit
much hesitation, as it appears to differ from the conclusion at whio
M. VioUet Le Due has arrived. The groining of the keep is now a
destroyed, but it seems to have abutted in the centre against a circnk
funnel drum or well, which afforded communication from the base t
the summit ; and my idea is, that the roof was of steep pitch, not risin
to a point over the centre of the keep, but spanning the space betwee
this drum and the external face of the wall. In this way the eztemi
appearance would be that of a truncated cone, with the ridge conoen
trie with the circular face of the wall of the keep ; and the centn
funnel would have afforded some amount of light and ventilation to th
various stages of the keep, which, from the almost complete absence c
external windows or openings of any kind, and the enormous thicknei
of the external waUs, would have been otherwise scarcely inhabitahk
It was not until after this view had been formed on the spot, that 1 sai
a copy of an ancient view of Coucy, given by M. de Caumont in hi
Ahicddaire Militaire, in which the roof is shown as a truncated coo€
with four lofty chimneys rising out of it ; whilst the four smaller tower
have roofs rising to a sharp point.^ If your readers will turn to M
Viollet Le Due's drawings (Dictionnaire^ vol. iii. pp. 115, 117), the;
will see that he substitutes crocketed pinnacles for chimneys, and at
Bumes that the roof only spanned the thickness of the walls, leavini
the internal diameter of the tower to be roofed in the way in which i
has just been restored under his direction, with a flat roof invisible froi
the exterior. Grand as are the dimensions of the keep, it certainly n
quires some marked roof to make its character distinctively Gothic
The chateau occupies the extreme point of a hill, which on three aide
descends precipitously to the valley below. At its angles are fou
towers, circular without, and hexagonal within, to which I have alread
referred ; whilst in the centre of the side towards the town rises th
keep. At its base this is surrounded by a walled ditch, about twent
feet in depth, which seems to have been originally surrounded by a bat
tlemented wall. The chapel stood in the irregular court-yard, in tb
moat sheltered position possible. The only entrance to the keep Wi

^ This view is given, I believe, by Dooeroeau, hi his *' PAw wcdlmUt JiHmmi
ie Frtme§.** I have not had any opportunity c^ ooBsoUing the origiaaL

Architectural Notes m France. No. III. 99

bj a small doorway, reached by a bridge across the ditch on the side
towards the court. The sculpture oo this door, which had been much
damaged, is now, I am sorry to say, being entirely renewed. It repre-
sented the victory of £nguerrand II., Sire de Coucy, over a lion in
the forest at Pr6montr6. The legend is that a lion was devastating
the country, and that the peasantry ran to Enguerrand, who at once
ondertook to attack him. Guided by a peasant through the wood to
the spot, he came suddenly on the beast, and exclaimed to his guide,
"Dieu m*aide ! c'est bien nn lion; mais tu me Tas de frksmontriy
The lion was killed, carried back in triumph to Coucy, and by the aid
of Engoerrand and the Bishop of Laon, the famous abbey of Prhnontr4
was soon after founded upon the spot, where, down to the end of the
ktt century, the monks remembered among their founders and bene-
^tors the name of him whose sudden exclamation had given the name
to their house and order. A series of putlog holes, winding round the
tower in a regular ascent, marks, probably, the mode in which the mate-
nak for the erection of the keep were carried up as the work progressed.
They exist from the base to the summit, and could only have been
Qsed for supports to a passage outside the walls ; and this would only
have been required during the progress of the works. To the present
day the French masons use similar inclined planes, in preference to
ladders.

The situation of this castle, on the summit of a narrow hill command-
ing a magnificent prospect over a well- wooded country, up to the very
walls of Noyon, is singularly fine. The old town of Coucy le Chateau
is enclosed within a continuation of the outer walls of the castle, and has
still all its old gateways nearly perfect. The gateway on the Laon road
is very fine, the two others comparatively small. Upwards of thirty towers
still remain in the external circuit of the walls. The church is of but
little interest : the Sires of Coucy having apparently thought much more
of their own princely residence than of the interests of the Church in the
town just outside their castle walls. The central portion of the west
froot has a grand doorway, a wide single-light window above, and in
the gable an arcade, and a trefoiled rose window, — the whole being in
kte Romanesque style, and earlier than any portion of the Castle. In
the valley below, lies the unwalled village of Coucy la Ville, but I was
mable to examine its church.

From Coney, I made a considerable detour to visit the Abbey of
Pfteontr^. The situation is very striking, in a narrow valley, closed
in on all sides with steep, thickly- wooded hills, and with only a few
dependent cottages leading up to the gate of the Abbey. This was the
cftnef boose of the Fremonstratensian Order, which established as many
■s tkirty.five houses in England. The abbots of the order were bound
to aieet once a year at Pr^ontr^. and as there were as many as a
thousand abbeys belonging to them, the wild valley must then have
praamted a singolar contrast to its present deserted state. Until lately
the liiiildings have been used as a glass manufactory : but they
Wvt jotl been parcbased by the Bishop of Soissons (who seems to hal^
t great flhartt^ for piety and liberality amcmg the people) for an or-
rhinigo I mm Aa mm wbo holds the post ol superior of the insd*

100 Some Notes of a Tottr in Germany.

tution, and obtained permission to search for remains of the old build-
ings : she seemed much surprised at my demand, and with some reason,
-as the only traces left of them are a portion of (1 think) a crypt under
the church, which has fallen with its groining, and is left a confused
mass of stones, just as it fell. On my way from Pr6montr^, I passed
between Anizy le Chateau and Laon a very interesting example of a
village church at (I believe) Chalvour. It is cruciform, with a good
central gabled tower. The chancel has single lancet windows to the
east and south, and the south transept a large boldly-cusped circular
window, and a small projection on the east for the altar, also lighted
with a circular window, llie chancel, tower, and transepts, are
groined: the nave (with its aisles) is of inferior work. Altogether,
this is a very characteristic thirteenth century church, of bold and
vigorous character, and severely simple in all its details.

An ascent of about two miles leads up the side of the mountain, on
which Laon is perched, to the western extremity of the city. And
here I must pause, trusting another time to say somewhat of the archi-
tectural glories of the place> upon which I suppose I can scarcely des-
cant too enthusiastically.

Gboeob Edmund Stbbxt.

SOME NOTES OF A TOUR IN GERMANY.— ^No. II.

To the Editor of the Ecclesiologist.

Greenhithe, March, 1859.

Mt DBAS Ma. Editob, — Within an hour of our arrival in Nurem-
berg, we shaped our course towards the Morizkapelle, or chapel of
S. Maurice, which stands on the north side of the Rathaus Platz, and
groups well with the church of S. Sebaldus, and the other ancient
buildings in its vicinity. It was erected by the family of Mendel in
the early part of the fourteenth, desecrated at the religious revolution
in the sixteenth century, restored by Heideloff, at the cost of the late
King Louis of Bavaria, in 1829, and it now contains an interesting
collection of one hundred and forty-one early pictures, principally be-
longing to the schools of Lower and Upper Germany. Among these
the following are, perhaps, most worthy of regard : —

(6.) The Nativity of S. Mary, on a gold ground ; by a nameless
Cologne painter of the fifteenth century, who, (from his principal
work, a repre!>entation of the Passion in eight compartments, formerly
in the possetrsiun of the late M. Lieversberg,) is usually designated as
" the Master of the Passion.*' (18.) The Annunciation ; by the same
artist. (12.) S. Stephen, borne to martyrdom; by Albert Altdor-
fer, (b. 1488, d. 1538,) of Ratisbon. the best and most original pupil
of Albert Durer. (15.) The Presentation, and (34,) the Adoration of
the Kings; by a scholar of the Master of the Passion. (16.) The
.Descent from the Cross; ascribed to Cornelius Engelbrechtaen* (b.

Same Notes of a Tour in Germany, 101

1468, d. 1533.) of Leyden, bat, in Dr. Waagen's opinion, agreeing
in DO particular with the authentic works of that master. (23.) Hie
Retarrectioo ; a fine picture, assigned to Memling, but by Measrs.
Crowe and Cavalcaaelle to Dierick Stuerbout. (d. 1478,) of {Haarlem,
bis contemporary and feUow pupil with him of the elder Van der Wey-
den. (38.) S. Stephen standing as a prisoner before the High-Priest ;
by Altdorfer. (41.) SS. John, Catherine, James, George, and Afra,
aod (43,) SS. Peter, Paul, Maurice, Barbara, and Christina ; pictures
OQ a gold ground ; by Cramer of Ulm, an artist who flourished about
the close of the fifteenth century. (42.) S. Bridget kneeling before
a crucifix, and (77,) S. Peter released from prison ; by Hans Scbauf-
felein» (b. 1498, d. 1540,) of Nuremberg. (45.) SS. George and
Sebald ; on the back of the panel are two scenes from the life of S.
Vitus. (53.) SS. Catherine and Barbara; on the reverse, in the
upper compartment, is S. Luke painting the Blessed Virgin with the
C^old ; in the lower, S. Sebastian, pierced with arrows. (74.) SS.
Rosalie and Margaret ; on the back are two scenes from the life of
S. Vitus. (80.) SS. John the Baptist and Nicholas ; on the reverse,
in the upper division, is our Loan appearing to S. Bernard ; in the
lower, S. Christopher bearing the Divine Child through a river.
The saints on the fore sides of the above four grand productions,
(the largest works in the collection,) noble figures of life size, and
painted on a blue ground — are by Michael Wohlgemuth, (b. 1434,
d. 1519,) and doubtless belonged to one great triptych,^ of which the
central compartment is wanting. (58.) S. Margaret, and (65,) S.
Ursula, painted on a gold ground by Bartholomew Zeitbloom, who
flourished between 1468 and 1507, an eminent artist of the School of
Swabia. His pictures are usually dignified in conception, and forcible
in expression. The character of his heads is serene and beautiful,
and his colouring brilliant and powerful. The first of the above works
has been injured by restoration ; the second is termed by Kugler, ** a
simple and beautiful form of statue- like dignity ;" and the noble coun-
tenance of S. Ursula is indicative of fervent piety. (64.) Our Loan
being taken down from the cross in the arms of S. John, and mourned
by His Blessed Mother, SS. Mary Magdalen, and Nicodemus ; behind
is a mountainous landscape ; and below are the family of the Stifters.
This fine picture was painted by Albert Diirer, between 1515 and
1518, by order of the family of Holzschuher for the church of S. Se-
bald. It is remarkably rich and brilliant iu colouring, but inferior in
expression to an Ecce Homo, (102,) a half- figure, perfectly modelled,
of the best time of the master, and, in the words of Lord Lindsay*
"full of the deepest pathos and feeling.'* (57.) SS. Joachim and
Anne ; (71.) SS. Benedict and Wilibald ; grand figures painted on
two wings of a triptych ; and (139,) S. John the Evangelist: are by
Hans von Kulmbach (d. 1 545,) the eldest and, with the exception of
Altdorfer. the most eminent of Albert Durer's immediate pupils. (90.)
A crowd of people drawing the body of S. Quirinus out of water ; by
Altdorfer. "The thickly covered banks of the river," remarks Dr.

> 8ddtDfaavsbe0Bpai]itadfail487forthehighaltu'oftheSchiisterkirche(atthe
of tha imdlj of Ftefaigsdorfer.

102 Same Notes of a Tour in Cremumy.

Kngler, *'are another instance of his happy conception of nature.
The light of the setting sun — a golden tint sarrounded by a circle
of clouds, melting away with shades of red — is full of imagination."
(105.) SS. Sebastian and Constantine the Qreat, beneath an arch
with a landscape, signed and dated 1605, is a fine specimen of Hana
Burgkmair (b. 1473. d. 1559.) of Augsburg, and one of the heads of
the School of Swabia. (139.) The Blessed Virgin seated under a
tree, and giving a bunch of grapes to the Child ; by the same artist,
and dated 1510. Dr. Waagen observes, " the whole feeling of the pic-
ture, especially the movement of the Virgin's left hand, is not unworthy
of Raphael. The tender brownish hue of the flesh, the warm and
juicy colouring of the drapery, and the fine execution of the landscape,
remind me strongly of the wings of the Ghent altar-piece by the
brothers Van Eyck." (110.) The Last Judgment ; a most elaborate
composition by a pupil of Altdorfer. (1^6.) S. Mary with the Child,
enthroned in a Pointed chapel, and dated 1499. This picture is attri<«
buted by Dr. Waagen to Sigismund Holbein, brother of Hans Holbein
the elder. (11^ and 116.) Allegorical representations of the Fall and
Redemption of Man; by Lucas Cranach the elder, (b. 1515, d. 1586.)
" In the former,'* remarks Lord Lindsay, " the Fall is represented in
the background, while in front Adam is threatened by the Devil, and
pierced by the spear of Death ; in the other the Crucifixion is the prin«
cipal subject, the elevation of the Brazen Serpent in the Wildemeaib
and the Conception, according to the Valentinian heresy, occupying^
the background, while, to the right, our Saviour stands in front dt
His sepulchre, piercing the Serpent; and in the centre the Lamb
stands on the globe, holding the banner of the cross, and the Holt
Onoer descends as a Dove on Adam from the wound in our SATtoua't
side."i

The Pfarrhof, or parsonage -house of S. Sebald's, near the west end
of the chapel of S. Maurice, is remarkable for its beautiful oriel window,
which, according to Mr. Fergusson, '* is as pleasing a feature as is to
be found of its class in any part of Germany.*'^ This is corbelled
out of a pentangular shaft, formerly enriched with statues in canopied
niches, and has five sides with three traceried lights in each face ; an-
gels in the spandrels, pinnacles at the angles, a carved cornice, and a
steep tiled roof. Below the lights are five fine reliefs, supported at the
corners by angels, and representing the Adoration of the Kings, the
Coronation of the Blessed Virgin, and other sacred subjects.

A few yards' south of the chapel of S. Maurice is the church of S.
Sebaldus. Its custodians, like some of their fraternity nearer home,
have converted it into a show place, and gone so far as to print a small
handbill, describing, in questionable English, the most notable of its
contents, which are ticketed and numbered like objects in an exhibi*
tion ! For a description of the architecture of this stately fabric, tha
reader is referred to Mr. Webb's volume.^ It will be my humbler aiin

1 *< Sketches of the HUtory of ChrUtitxi Art" Vol. iii. p. 396.
* " lUuatrated Handbook of Architecture," toL ii. p. 763, where a woodcat ol
the aboTe window will be AhumL
« <« Contmental Ecdedotogy," pp. 105, 6.

S€nne Notes of a Tour in Crermany. 108

to give some account of its art-treasures. The renowned shrine of S.
Sebaid stands in the midst of the choir. It was cast by the most cele-
brated of German sculptors, Peter Vischer (b. 1460, d. 1529), and his
jive sons, between 1 505 and 1510. A fiill description of it is given in
Wd Lindsay's *' Sketches of the History of Christian Art ;"^ and it is
figured in Labarte^s *' Handbook of the Arts of the Middle Ages."'
The oaken ark which contains the relics of the saint is encased in plates
of silver, and raised on a bronze base or pedestal, faced with excellent
reliefs of certain miracles wrought by him when on his return from
Italy to Germany ; and is surmounted by a canopy having three pyra-
nidkl structures of tabernacle work, and upheld by pillars, on the ex-
toior sides of which, on brackets in niches, are dignified statuettes of
^ twelve Apostles. Above the Apostles are twelve smaller figures of
Fathers of the Church. A statue of S. Sebaid stands at the western
e&d liacing the entrance to the choir ; and at the eastern extremity is one
of the sculptor Vischer. The entire number of figures in this elaborate
work is seventy-two, of which many— e. g., syrens holding candelabra
at the angles, animals, cupids, mermen, and snails (which by a singular
caprice are represented as uncomfortably supporting the entire fobric
on their shells !) betray the debasing dnqud'Cento influence.

Against a column immediately to the left of the shrine is a Proces-
doQ to Calvary, by WohlgemuUi, dated 1485. The other paintings in
S. Sebald's attributed to this master, are a Crucifixion, in a recess
under the organ, and events from the life of S. Peter, in four compart-
Aeots. in the choir. Not far from these is a picture of S. Mary with
the Child, and S. Anne, as early as 1430 or 1440, painted in a style of
transition between that of the fourteenth century and of Wohlgemuth.
On the choir wall to the north of the high altar is a large painting in
oil by Kulmbach. In its central compartment is the Blessed Virgin
with the Child in her arms, seated on a throne, and attended by 8S.
Catherine and Barbara, and angels bearing musical instruments. On
the right wing are SS. John Baptist and Jerome ; on the left, SS. Peter
and Laurence. The design of this work has been attributed to Albert
IXiier, but Dr. Waagen ascribes it to Kulmbach himself, and considers
the picture to be the chef-d'auore of the master. It seems faded, and
■ight perhaps be improved by judicious cleaning. Near it is the com-
memorative escutcheon of the Von Tucher family, ascribed to Holbein :
below this is a wood carving, sud to be the work of Albert Durer in
1513 ; and dose by hangs an '* ever-burning lamp," founded in 1320
by the first fiaron of Tucher. On the column to the right of the
pulpit is a good old repetition of the Deposition, by Albert Dilrer, in
the chapel of 6. Maurice, but much dryer in colouring than the ori*
gmiL In the western i^mo of the church are three early pictures by
aa onknown aitistt representing the Flagellation, Mocking, and An-
ttmciatiao. Here is also a triptych with painted wings, dated 1453.
A hrtis font with atatues of the Evangelists at its base, whieh stands
bdore it, ia irmnrkahlr both as being the first production of the foun-
diies of Nmeoiberg. and having been used at the Baptism of Wenoes-

1 VoL ii. p. MS. < P« 40.

104 Some Notes of a Tour in Germany.

Iau8, King of Bohemia, ia 1361. There were some indications of its
being now made in some way to do duty as a stove ! I trust, however,
that I was mistaken in so supposing. Over an altar in the nave is a
picture of our Loed crucified between the Blessed Virgin and S. John,
and SS. Catherine and Barbara. It is tolerably painted, and attri-
buted, without reason, to Lucas Cranach. The admirable rood with
SS. Mary and John is by Veit Stoss (b. 1447, d. 1542), who contri-
buted his aid to the adornment of the churches of Nuremberg. The
great sculptor, Adam Kraft, who deceased in 1507. has also decorated
S. Sebald*s with several of his best works in stone, and of rare beauty.
One of them, attached to an altar in the nave, and executed in 1496,
represents our Savioue sinking beneath His Cross ; another, near the
altar of S. Peter, in the choir, of the date 1501, pourtrays our Lord
on the Mount of Olives ; a third, within a recess outride the eaatem
apse, the Entombment, the Procession to Calvary, and the Resurrec-
tion, carved in 1492 ; and a fourth, of the year 1485, on the exterior
of the south wall of the choir, represents the Last Judgment.

Our visits to S. Sebald*s, and the collection of pictures above de-
scribed, occupied us so long, as to leave us only time to take a stroll
by twilight in the streets adjacent before retiring to the Rothe Ross (a
comfortable, ancient, and reasonable hotel) for the night. Early on the
following morning I went to the Haupt Markt, or market-place which
contains the Frauenkirche ; and the Schone Brunnen, or " Beautiful foun-
tain,*' (too well known horn pictures and descriptions to need further
mention,) and found it full of country-people, some of them in dresses
of extraordinary quaintness, selling fruit, vegetables, &c., and present-
ing a scene both lively and picturesque. Threading my way through
the crowd, I entered the church, an architectural gem of the best period
of German Pointed, and only at a comparatively recent date, after cen-
turies of misappropriation, restored to its original use.

In the middle of the choir stood a herse, covered with a black pall
having a white cross, and standing between six unlighted tapers in tall
silver candlesticks. On its top were a draped crucifix, between four
candlesticks and tapers, and a small escutcheon in satin at the west
end, representing a skull and cross bones. There were similar escut-
cheons between the candlesticks on the high altar, which had a black
frontal with a gold cross, and black curtains at the sides.

In the apse on the north of the high altar is a picture pourtraying the
Divine Child between His Blessed Mother and S. Elizabeth, who are
seated on a throne, with angels holding drapery behind them, and two
saints and two children in the foreground. Over the high altar is a large
triptych, elaborately adorned with carving, which, it is said, was formerly
in the church of the Carthusians. It comprises three central compart-
ments, and two wings. On the former, beneath graceful tabernacle work,
lue representations of our Lord on the Cross between SS. Mary and
John,^ the Annunciation, and the Resurrection ; the left wing contains a
male and female saint, with an angel floating between them ; the right,
two hermit saints in long beards. The back^und of each sulyect is gilt,

1 Lord Lindsay aspribcs this picture of the Cmoifixion to Wohlgematfa.

Some Notes of a Tour in Germany. 105

aod has a raised pattern ; and the pictures appear to be of the German
Khool, of the end of the fourteenth or early part of the fifteenth cen-
tary. Owing to my inability to examine them closely, I may, how-
erer, err in this opinion, and also be incorrect in some of the details of
the above description. Over an altar on the east wall of the north
aisle is a triptych by Wohlgemuth, of great merit. In the middle
dlTision, beneath a canopy in relief, is painted the Mass of S. Gregory.
Hie altar in this picture is dressed with two candlesticks ; over it, on
1 gold ground, are the instruments of the Passion ; upon it, and hang-
ing over in front, is a plain corporal (half covering a gilt paten), on
which is an overturned chalice. S. Gregory kneels in front of the
tltar ; at his right are a cardinal bearing the tiara, S. Francis, and an-
other monk holding a wheel : more in front is a deacon, vested in a
dalmatic. At the left of S. Gregory are S. Catherine (?) with a sword,
1 bishop kneeling and wearing a cope and mitre, a deacon in a dal-
matic, and a male saint, perhaps S. Dominic, holding a lily in his right
ind a book in his left hand. On the left wing is S. Laurence, and on
the right S. Sebald, holding the model of a church, with tapestry behind
each figure, on a blue ground. All the saints in this painting have gilt
itm^'. Near it is a relief of the Coronation of the Blessed Virgin, en-
riched with painting, and ascribed to Adam Kraft, to whom is also at-
tributed a finely sculptured representation of the Adoration of S. Mary
in the same church. At the east end of the south aisle, over an altar,
is a triptych, of which the central compartment consists of the Blessed
Virgin and Child, carved, coloured, and gilt ; with a statuette of our
Blessed Loan in the tabernacle work above. The wings are painted,
and have carved canopies. The left contains a saint grasping a triple
cross and bell, with half-length figures of SS. Catherine, Dorothea,
and Ursula beneath ; the right, a bishop blessing, with SS. Agnes,
Margaret, and Barbara below. On the south wall, by the side of this
picture, is another, (injured and poor,) in twelve divisions, dated 1512,
and comprising scenes in the life of Christ, with S. Gregory's Mass in
the midst. To the first northern pillar of the nave is affixed a painting
of four Apostles, with the Nativity over them ; on the opposite column
a picture of four Apostles ; and on the second pillars, north and south,
are paintings of monkish saints, which, so far as their position per-
mitted me to judge, are elevated in sentiment and expression.

I have before me a curious engraving, published about a hundred
years since, of the interior of this church when used by the Lutherans,
from which it appears that, at that period, an arched rood-beam, sup-
porting a crucifix, separated the nave from the chancel. The Com-
manion Table was protected by a rail in front and at the sides ; its top
wu covered with a white doth, (bordered by rich lace,) on which
ttood two candlesticks. Behind it was a lofty Renaissance rere-
dos, surmounted by figures, and containing, between pillars, paintings
or relief of the Blessed Virgin and Child in glory, standing on the
crescent; with saints and angels; and other sacred subjects. A few
PKei before tbe Table was a prayer or litany desk. Over a heavy
iMtd gmUerfg bracketed against the east wall of the south aisle, was
t krge doable ofgaiif abuiidantly ornamented with carvings and with

106 Swne Notes of a Tour m Gemumy.

doors containing paintings of the Adoration of the Magi, and the Nati-
vity. Pictures, and statues of S. Mary and other saints, under cano-
pies, were affixed to the south-eastern pillar of the nave, and the piers
at the entrance of the choir ; and the pulpit which abutted upon the
north-eastern column of the nave had a tapestried hanging, and a
sounding-board which sustained a pastoral staff, and at a short distance
from which was an image of S. Christopher.

After breakfast we proceeded to the Friedhof, or Cemetery, (situated
about half a mile beyond the city wall, in a north- westernly direction,)
which contains the grave of Albert Diirer. Distinguished by its unpre-
tending appearance from the costly brass and bronze escutcheoned
gravestones of the old civic nobility of Nuremberg which surround it,
his monument bears the following epitaph : —

" MB. AL. DU.

" Quicquid Alberti Dureri mortale fuit sub hoc conditur tumulo. Emigra? it
VIII idus Aprilis, mdxxviii."

In the words of Longfellow ; —

** Bmigraint is the inscription on the tombstone where he lies ;
Dead he is not, — ^but departed, — for the artist never dies."

Thank God, this saying is true, but in a higher and better sense, of all
who sleep in Christ.

The church of S. John is situated in this cemetery, and possesses a
few interesting paintings. A large triptych with triple leaves, over
the high altar, contains in its principal compartment statues by Veit
Stoss, of the Blessed Virgin and SS. John Baptist and Evangelist,
coloured and gilt. On its right wing are paintings by Wohlgemuth,
of the Nativity, and S. Mary rising from her sepulchre and receiving
a crown from the Almiohtt ; on its left, of the Annunciation, and S.
Mary ascending the steps of the Temple. Below these is a sort of
super-altar or tabernacle, with doors. Its central division is occupied
by a picture of the Crucifixion on two panels, of which the upper one
turns over, and exhibits on its reverse side half figures of our Blessed
Saviour and saints. The right door has a picture of the Resurrection,
with female devotees in a separate compartment below ; the left, of the
Agony in the Garden, with male devotees beneath. At the eastern
extremity of the north aisle is a triptych, also ascribed to Wohlge-
muth, which comprises, in the principal division, the Crucifixion ; on
the right wing, the Flagellation ; and on the left, our Lord before
Pilate : the exterior of the doors is also painted with scenes in our
LoRD*8 life — the Betrayal, Mocking, Entombment, &c. Against the
north wall of the above aisle is a Doom, dryly painted on panel, and
chiefly remarkable for a large group of nude figures of both sexes,
standing in semicircle below the Throne of Judgment. Over an altar
at the east end of the south aisle is a third triptych, with raised tracery
in the head of each compartment. Its right and left wings are deco-
rated respectively with pretty paintings of the Adoration of the Magi,
and the Nativity, on gold backgrounds ; and in the middle panel is a
Crucifixion, in a style very different fit>m, and later than* thftt of its
comjmmon pictures, and not unlike Altdorfer's.

Same Natetofa Tour in Germany. 107

A drcolar mortuary chapel of the Holzschiiher family, in the same
cemetery, u fumiahed with a large triptych of some antiquity, which
comprises a carved central representation of the Resurrection; and
paintings on each side of the doors. Its right wing contains our
LoEO*s Appearance on Easter Day to S. Mary Magdalen, and on the
referse, the Mater Dolorosa ; the left, the Descent into HeU ; and on
the back, in bad condition, our SAVioua holding a scourge and sponge.
In a recess to the south of the triptych, just described, is an Entomb-
ment canred in stone by Adam Kraft in the year 1 507.

Jost oatside the principal entrance to the Friedhof is a Calvary,
with figures larger than life, the work of the above sculptor ; and
thence, along the Seilers Gasse to the Thiergartner gate at regular
dictances, are seven monuments technically called Stations, decorated
with admirable reliefs, (but with one exception, marred by decay,)
by the same artist, representing scenes in our Lord's dolorous pro-
gress from Jerusalem to Golgotha. About midway between Nurem-
berg and the cemetery, and between the Kreuz Gasse and Seilers
Gasse, stands the church of the Holy Cross, to which we next di-
rected our steps. When we entered, two females were tolling the
sance-bells in the chancel; and a few minutes later a funeral pro-
cession passed by the church on its way to the neighbouring burial-
place. First came a troop of maidens in black dresses, and carrying
large nosegays ; next, an acolyte bearing a processional cross ; next, a
priest vested in alb and stole, supported by two other ecclesiastics, and
a boy in a cassock, and a cotta or short surplice, swinging a censer : be-
hind them came the corpse on a low bier draped in black, and drawn by
horses, which was followed by three Lutheran ministers, two of whom
wore birrettas ; one, a scuU-cap ; and all, black gowns and falling col-
lars. After these, walked a large company of military and mourners
in their ordinary clothing. We learned that the funeral was that of a
Catholic banker, the person whose herse I had previously seen in the
Fraueokirche. His wife, we heard, was a Lutheran ; to which fact is
probably attributable the singular fraternization of Catholic clergymen
and Proteatant ministers, apparently in their official capacity, in the
mournful procession.

The principal feature of interest in the church of S. Cross, is the
grand triptych over the high altar. A rood, with SS. Mary and John,
several angels, and the Blessed Virgin above, contained, (to borrow
Mr. Webb*8 words,) *'in some very fine and lofty tabernacle woik/'
sormoaota a carving of the Deposition by Veit Stoss. which is pro-
tected by triple doors, adorned by paintings by Wohlgemuth. Those
on the right wings represent the Resurrection, the Presentation, the
Adoration of the Magi, the Blessed Virgin going up the steps of the
Tempie, and the Decease of S. Mary ; those on the left, the Proces-
sion to Calvary with our Lord fainting beneath the burden of the
crow, SS. Anne and Joachim, the Birth of S. Mary, the Annunciation
and the Nativity. On the doors of the super-altar are half figures
of ourSAVioun and S. Mary. To the south of this gorgeous monument
of Cbriatnuii nit» is another and much smaller triptych, comprising, in
curving of the date 1476, the Mass of S. Gregory, and on the %u\)ex-

108 Same Notes of a Tburnn Germany.

altar or tabernacle, (which opens in the middle,) pictures, assigned to
Wohlgemuth, of the Annunciation and the Nativity.

The house of Albert Diirer is still in being. It is situated at the
northern corner of the street which bears his name, near the Thier-
gartner gate, and is a large square fabric of seven or eight stories,
including those in the lofty slanting roof. The lower part of it it
built of stone, and the upper in the style of the timber residences
of the fifteenth century which are scattered over England. Mr. F. W.
Fairholt ^ conjectures that in Diirer's time the house may have been
connected with a small garden ; but its contiguity to the city wall, as
well as the coeval character of the buildings which now closely sur-
round it, discountenance such a supposition. Passing beneath a wide
arched entrance, surmounted by a medallion of Albert Durer, and
the door of which retains its ancient iron- work, the visitor enters a
tolerably spacious hall, (the ceiling of which is upheld by a massite
beam sustained in the centre by a huge pillar,) having a wide passage
on the right side and a staircase on the other. The former leads to the
artist's studio, a room of moderate size, and lighted by one broad semi-
circular window placed high up in the wall. In the adjacent kitchen re-
mains the original fire-place, with its large projecting hood. The roomi
on the first story, which have been carefully renewed, as regards their
doors and panelling, in the style of the sixteenth century, contain some
modern pictures (the property of an art society which has laudably
purchased and restored the mansion) so unworthy of their position
beside two or three portraits, not unreasonably ascribed to Albert
Diirer, that my friend restrained himself with some difficulty from
inflicting upon them a summary ejectment.

On a rocky eminence within about a stone*s-throw north of the
home of Nuremberg's great painter towers the Reich veste, Burg, or
Citadel, the residence of his imperial patrons and friends ; and now,
occasionally, of the royal family of Bavaria. In the midst of its court*
yard,

'* boand with many an iron band.
Stands the mighty linden planted by Queen Cunigunde's hand,"

beneath whose branches the youths and maidens of Nuremberg were
dancing on a wedding festival on the very day on which Ddrer*s father
first came to reside in that city, almost five and twenty years before
the birth of his illustrious son. This tree, of traditionary fame, and
still verdant and vigorous, notwithstanding that its years may be
counted by centuries, is surrounded at the foot by a low stone wall,
which supports at its four angles colossal bronze statues, upholding
standard lamps in their right hands.

And here the length to which this communication has attained com*
pels me abruptly to conclude, by subscribing myself, my dear Mr.
Editor,

Very sincerely yours,

•John Fullbb RussbIiL.

* See his interesting papers, illustrated with wood engravings, on *' Albert Doror,
his works, his compatriots, and his times," in the first four nambers of the "Art
Jaanul " of 1855.

109

THE ICONOGRAPHY OF THE CHAPTER-HOUSE. SALIS-
BURY.

By William Buroxs, Esq.

Thi chapter-houBe and cloisters at Salisbury are certainly not the least
iDteresting portions of that very curious cathedral. Their architecture
is Dot only more developed than that of the main church, but they con-
tain one of the very few illustrations of English iconography which
bare escaped the violence of the Puritan, or the more legal devastation
of the early reformers.

At present we have nothing to do with the cloisters beyond remark-

mg that they were by no means well restored some years back, when

the Purbeck shafts were replaced by common stone, to the no small

detriment of the general eflPect; and that there are still some faint

traces of the painted glass which once filled the tracery of the arcades.

The chapter-house is a noble octagonal building, having an internal

diameter of about 50 ft. Each side is occupied by a large window of

four lights, with an arcade of seven bays below it : the vaulting -ribs

fall upon a central pillar, and their filling in is composed of the same

light concrete found throughout the cathedral. Whether there was or

was not anciently a high pointed roof remains a disputed point. All

we know is, that the present roof is modern, and that the poin^on has

evidently formed part of an older roof contemporary with the building.

The great defect of the structure is its want of boldness : the buttresses

do not project far enough, and the small columns at the angles look

flat, and resemble reeds. Altogether, the impression is left on the

spectator that the architect, whoever he might have been, was by no

means up to the mark of the designers of Westminster, Canterbury, or

WeUs.

The late restoration by Mr. Clutton brought to light the curious
fact that the hooks for the iron tie-bars had been inserted into the cap
of the central pillar at the time of its construction. In all probability
the iron ties (or perhaps wooden ones shod with iron) were removed
when the building was thought to be properly consolidated, and the
hooka being left for any future emergency, were again made use of by
Sir Christopher Wren, in whose time the building was probably in
much the same state of dilapidation as it was before the late restora-
tion by Mr. Clutton. The fact was, that either from the action of the
wind apon the high roof, or from some other cause, the building had
got a twiat ; and it became necessary to take down and rebuild the
central piUar, and to add considerably to the strength of some of the
buttresses ; thereby very much improving the outside effect. The date of
the building was partially fixed by the finding of sundry pennies of
Edward I. in those parts of the foundations requiring under pinning.

The extreme brevity of the account of the Salisbury sculptures in
the very admirable work of Professor Cockerell upon the fa9ade of
WeUs, must be my excuse for the present notice, as well as my desixe

110 ne Iconography of the Ghiqiter-houie, Salisbury.

to put on record the precise amount of mutilation and remains of
colour to be seen previous to the late restoration ; since which time the
majority of the groups have received a second painting by Mr. Hudson,
^-certunly the artist most qualified for the work.

Vbstibule.

On entering the vestibule our attention is at once arrested by the
very beautiful doorway forming the entrance into the chapter-house.
Curiously enough, there is no provision made for any door either here
or at the arch between the cloisters and vestibule. It is true that the
atone seats, &c., were cut away to the eastward of the cloister-arch,
bat in such a manner as to make it very doubtful as to whether there
was any doorway at all originally. It must remain a matter for con-
jecture as to what subject filled the very curious niche over the door-
way. Frequently we are assisted in investigations of this kind by the
silhouette of the figures being preserved by the discontinuance of the
painted background ; but unfortunately, in the present case, the whole
of the background has been destroyed. In all probability, we should
not be very far wrong if we assigned a group of the coronation of the
Virgin to this place, inasmuch as in the Litany of the Blessed Virgin
we find " S. Mater caritatis,*' " S. Mater misericordise,*' " S. Mater
justitise," and so on. In the voussoirs of the arch are fourteen small
niches, containing figures of the virtues trampling on the vices ; and
I may here remark, that few subjects were greater favourites with the
artists of the middle ages than the Psychomachia of Prudentius.^ Al-
most every church of any importance had its virtues and its vicea re-
presented either in stained glass, sculpture, or painting. Canterbury
has them incised on the stone historiated pavement round the shrine of
S. Thomas k Becket ; Chartres has them sculptured on the west portal
of the north transept, but without the vices. They formed the deco-
rations of the window-jambs in the painted chamber at Westminster ;
and, indeed, so popular was the subject, that on the font of Chelmerton,
Derbyshire, where funds were deficient to sculpture them, the initial
letters take the place of the figures, but placed on opposite sidea, by
way of antagonism.

The following is a list of these figures, with such remains of colour
as can be perceived at the present time.^ I should observe that the
background is red, the bowtells on either side green, and the canopies
white, shaded with yellow, the little sham windows being black.

* The Psychomachia of Prudentias was an exceedingly popnlar book with ooi
Saxon and Norman ancestors. The plot is the battle of the seven principal virtnei
— Fides, Pudicitia, Patitntia, Humilitas, Sobrietas, Larg;ita8, and Concordia, — wit
the seven corresponding vices, vix., Idolatria, Libido, Ira, Saperbia, Lnzaria, Avf
ritia, Discordia. After the defeat and destmction of the vices, the virtues build
splendid temple, where Wisdom is finally enthroned. In the Arundel Psalter — i
English work of art, by the way — there is the Rota Altemationis, in the ooter rim
which are forty-one circles, each filled with the name of a Virtne or Vice.

3 1855. The whole of these notes were taken in that year : the restoratioB
course involved the destruction of the remains of colour. Salisbury contains of
treasures of iconography, — e.g., the signs of the xodiac and the labours of the y
jMuntad OD the vaulting of the choir, but now whitewashed.

The Iconography of the Chapier-house, Salisbury. Ill

West door of chapter-house, sinister or south side, beginning at top : —
1. A Virtue, armed with a rod, trampling on a Vice, also armed with
a rod, which it is biting.

The Virtue has face and hair painted yellow. The rod is green, with
brown lines marking the sticks. The dress is yellow, powdered with
chocolate lozenges. A chocolate line runs round the ends of the sleeves
and the bottom of the dress, and also a double one round the neck.

The Vice has yellow dress and yellow rod, with red or chocolate
lines. The face of this figure is very perfect as regards the polychromy,
which appears to have been thus applied : — the stone was first of idl
covered with yeUow ochre, like the rest of the figure ; then a pinkish
white colour was passed over it, and upon this the eyebrows and lines
of the eyes were formed of reddish brown, while the eyeballs and teeth
were gone over with opaque white ; black lines being used to indicate
the pupils of the eyes and the teeth.

2. A headless \^tue : green dress, probably with a yellow powder-
ing, shoe black.^

The Vice holds a book, and wears a helmet : no colour on the dress»
but I suspect it to have been white, with black powdering.

3. A Virtue (Concordia ?) trampling on Vice (Discordia ?), who is cut-
ting a man's throat : no colour. The Virtue points to the group with
the right hand, and shades her eyes with the left.

4. Virtue, with book, tramples upon a sleeping Vice. Virtue's dress
white, powdered with black lozenges evoided.

5. Virtue, much broken; green dress. The Vice is sitting, and
holds up the right hand. The dress has perhaps been yellow, with a
black powdering.

6. Temperantia pours liquor down the throat of Ebrietas, who holds
a jug. llie Virtue has had probably a yellow dress, and the Vice a
green.

7. Fortitodo, armed with a round shield and spear, tramples upon
Formido, who cuts her own throat. No colour.

Dexter or north side, beginning ^m top of arch : —

1. The Virtue (Fides?) holds up both hands, and tramples on Vice
(Infidelitas ?) whose hands are clasped one over the other. No colour.

2. Virtue covers Vice with her cloak. The Vice embraces her knees
with one hand, and stabs her with a sword held in the other.' No colour.

3. A Virtue is hanging a Vice on a small gallows ; the Vice is pin-
ioned and blindfolded, and has her tongue protruding. Virtue's dress

blue.

4. Virtoe (Veritas?) pulls out Vice's (Mendacia?) tongue with
fnooers: the virtue has yellow dress, powdered, with large, reddish
puxple lozenges.

6. Virtue holds a flower in her right hand, and a scourge in her left,

I TUs wmf probably be FstieDtia and Ira, as Anger is represented in Pmden-

tnsas

•* Hirsvtas qnatieni galeato vertioe cristas."

s TUs firAai*>fc Is takeo Arom Pnidentiiis. Discord, by stealth, wounds Concord ;
AeislshniaBA Ulad W Mlh : whieh Isller incident may be represented by the

112 The Iconography of the Chapter- house, Salisbury.

with which ihe punishes ahalf-aaked Vice, who is also tormented hy a
serpent. Dress of Virtue yellow or pink.

6. Largitas pours heated coin from out of a heated ladle into the
throat of Avaritia. Dress of Virtue, green; that of Vice, perhaps
black.

7. Virtue standing on the back of a Vice, who is on all fours.
Dress of Vice, green.

The absence of colour in several of these groups, and those the best
of the eeries. is accounted for by the fact that casts were taken of them
by the late Mr. Gottingham : tiiese casts are now in the Architectural
Museum.

The whole of these sculptures are of the very highest class of art,
and infinitely superior to any of the work in the chapter- house : the
only defect is the size of the heads. Probably this was intentional on
the part of the artist. The intense life and movement of the figures is
deserving of special study.

The Intxbiob»

The key to the whole scheme of the iconography of the chapter-
house itself is the quatrefoil in the tympanum of the inside face of the
entrance-arch. From the fact of the evangelistic emblems occupying
the angles of this panel, we may well infer that it was adorned with
a seated figure of our Lord. In the triangular spaces left by the smaller
angles, and the circle containing the quatrefoil, were doubtless angels
with censers, or instruments of music. Between the arch and the
window above it are a series of arcades, some of which, if we may judge
from the iron cramps still remaining, contained figures. What these
figures were we have no means of ascertaining. At Westminster the
Angelic Salutation occurs in a similar position. If, then, we imagine
this subject to have obtained in the present intttance, we shall dispose
of two of the four arcades available for sculpture ; and as the church of
Sarum is under the invocation of S. Peter, we may, perhaps, devote
these two under consideration to him and S. Paul.

Around, and starting from the quatrefoil as a centre, run first a series
of heads, representing the various conditions of life at the time the
edifice was constructed. Thus we see the shaven monk, tlie in and
out-door costume of the fine lady, the nun, the merchant, the sailor,
the countryman, and many others. Then, above these, and filling in
the spandrils of the arcade running below the windows, is the history
of man, from the creation to the delivery of the Ten Commandments
on Mount Sinai. It will thus be perceived that this series begins and
ends with the ministrations of our Lord.

The poem is now taken up by the stained glass. We have first the
Angelic Liturgy in the quatrefoils of the windows, each of which con-
tains an angel, who bears one of the objects used in the celebration of
the Eucharist.^ So far all goes well ; but in the loop formed by the
secondary angles and great circles of windows, where we might expect

. ^ Ttn of tivss remain scattpred In the wegtqm windows of the nave and aisles of
thecathedraL

The Iconography of the Chapter-house, Salisbury. 113

to find eight of the nine orders of angels (the remaining one, viz., the
Thrones, heing put in the quatrefoil over the doorway), — and in the
great circles themselves, where the rest of the heavenly hierarchy, or
rather one of each order, would be placed, — we find an unmeaning
collection of kings and bishops. Of these we have one large circle
remaining in the west triplet of the nave : it contains a king and bishop
under a double niche. Two other bishops belonging to the span-
drils below the great circles are preserved in the same locality ; and
another, representing a king, is to be found in the glazier's shop of the
cathedral. Now in none of these is there any indication of a nimbus,
nor does the formation of the lead induce us to suppose that any ever
existed ; there is also an equal absence of any inscription. We are
therefore driven to conjecture that they must be the portraits of the
benefactors that '* ben portreid and paint, with gay, glittering glass,"
as Piers Ploughman observes, when enumerating the various means of
obtaining the funds for church building in his days.^

Coats of arms, belonging respectively to (1) Henry III., (2) S.Louis,
(3) Eleanor of Provence, (4) Plantagenet, Earl of Cornwall, (5) Clare.
Earl of Gloucester, (6) Bigod, Earl of Norfolk, (7) Warren, and (8)
another, which Mr. Winston^ thinks was Edmund Plantagenet, son of
Richard, King of the Romans. Six of these are to be found in the
triplet at the west end of the cathedral, as also the bordure of No. 8.
As to No. 7, it has entirely disappeared, probably at the time when the
remains of the old glass contained in the east window of the chapter-
house were removed to the western triplet of the nave.

The field of the windows was a very beautiful grisaille glass ; the
mass of it was used to help fill up the city ditch, in the time of
J. Wyatt. Esq. The east window was only dismounted about thirty
years ago, and used to fill the east windows of the choir aisles. All
the windows in the cathedral are secured by means of lockets to iron
bars : these latter are fixed to wooden frames, placed on the outside ;
tibe consequence was that the windows could be repaired or taken
down without the introduction of ladders into the church. This was a
CDOimon expedient of the thirteenth century ; it occurs at Canterbury,
at Jesus College, Cambridge, and at the Temple, London : the wooden
frames have been removed in the two last instances.

The sculptures under consideration exhibit much the same degree of
art as those few remaining at Westminster. The bodies are tall and
diin, but the heads are very large in proportion ; (probably this was
done to g^ve effect to them from below) ; the dresses are in small folds,
and the features are more effective than delicate. The coloured ground
of these sculptures is red and blue, counterchanged at each arcade.
Mr. Hudson discovered that these backgrounds had been powdered
with gilt-pointed quatrefoils. Light colours, such as pink, white, light
pwple, yellow, and with occasional introductions of green ^ and red,

' Dr. Rock, in his " Church of our Fathers," tells as that the obiU were read
Ml ia the ebapter-botue.

' See Uie SaLisbary volome of the Archseological Institute, for a very interesting
•eeoont, by this gentleman, of the ancient glass remaining at Salisbury.

' The frem OMd through the building was a very peculiar colour, most approach-
iif the aiodcni graen veraiter, but more brilliant.

TOJt. XX. Q

114 The Architectural Exhibition.

were employed for the figures. These last- mentioned were diapered
with gold and white ; the former had only black or chocolate lines and
powderings. The blank spaces between the apex of the arch and the
figures was filled up by trees or houses painted on the ground.

[We are obliged to postpone to our next number the Tabulated De-
scriptions of the subjects round the arcades. With them we hope to
give an illustration.]

THE ARCHITECTURAL EXHIBITION. 1859.

Hitherto the Architectural Exhibition has suffered under the draw-
back of living in borrowed lodgings, and in consequence of this dis-
advantage, it has had to offer itself to the public inspection at anjun-
usual season. It has been the hothouse plant of winter, and not the
hardy growth of spring. It was opened when many people were still
in the country, and closed as soon as they came up to London. Hap-
pily this evil is now corrected, for the creation of the Architectural
Union Company, and the acquisition, by the governing body of that
institution, of premises well situated in Conduit- Street, and with am-
ple space behind, has permitted the erection of galleries specially
adapted to the exhibition of architectural drawings. In this, accord-
ingly, the Architectural Exhibition of the present year takes place ;
and what is still more to the purpose, it has already opened ; and, best
of all, it is to continue open for a considerable period, not closing till
the last day of June. In the meanwhile the rival collection of the
Royal Academy will come forward in competition for popular favour.
Friendly as we have always been to the young institution; pleased
as we have always expressed ourselves at the noble boldness which
induced the architects of England to assert their own independence,
we cannot but rejoice at the manly challenge which they have thus
thrown down ; and we are sure that the good sense and generosity of
the public will not cause them to repent of their boldness. For our
own part, viewing the two exhibitions in the light of a tournament,
we shall reserve our more special examination of the ecclesiological
contents of the Architectural Exhibition till our next number, which
will appear long before its period of closing. We shall then to the
best of our power offer a comparative appreciation of the two collec-
tions. In the meanwhile, however, we are bound to express our re-
grets, that the school in whose success we have the greatest interest
should not have pressed itself more actively to muster a strong display
upon this most important recurrence of the Architectural Exhibition.

Something, no doubt, may be said as to this being a year of recoil.
The exhibitions for the three last years have been greatly fed by the
Lille, the Constantinople, the Liverpool, and the Public Offices com-
petitions. But surely an exhibition like the present one should not
coldly set forth the bakemeats of competitions which have already been
displayed to the public in their own place. As it is^— while Mr. Scott

Mr. Jebb's Index of the Peierhouse Church Mutic. 115

barely appears in two photographs and a print. Mr. Street in a
new church at Westminster, which is too important to deal with on
the present occasion, and in his Public Offices, Mr. Clarke in his
charch at Hey wood, Mr. Burges in a photograph of sculpture, and a
piquant piece of furniture, Mr. Teulon in some almshouses and a
chapel, Mr. St. Aubyn in a lithographed church, Mr. Norton in a
country house, Mr. White rather often, and Mr. Withers still more fre-
quently, Mr. Goldie with some completeness, and Mr. Truefitt with
his clever recast of the Irvingite chapel at Islington, and the unfor-
tunately ingenious circus which he raised for Mr. Hampton — we miss
the names of Mr. Brandon, Mr. Butterfield, Mr. Christian, Messrs.
Dean and Woodward, Mr. Ferrey, Mr. Hardwick, Mr. Pearson, Messrs.
Prichard and Seddon, Mr. Pugin, Mr. Slater, &c. ,

Before we quit the subject, we may in passing say that the subjects
which cover the largest wall space are Mr. Owen Jones's large and
tbowy Palace of the People, M us well Hill, and Mr. Pennethorne*s
whole Iliad of .Public Offices, such as they would have been had a
boontiful parliament and a Palmerstonian Treasury sacrificed the me-
tropolis to his desires. The former, the rival Crystal Palace, is de-
cidedly pretty. It is just the sort of second step which a man of Mr.
Joneses fancy would take with the Paxtonian construction as his
starting-point. But we do not yet endorse this marriage of iron and
^ass, as the universal solvent by whose action the " architecture of
the future'* is to come into being. Still less can we, speaking out now
architecturally, recommend any of our friends, in their zeal for the im-
provement of north London, to take shares in the Palace of the People,
— until at least those of the Sydenham venture command a rather
hitler value in the money market. Of Mr. Pennethorne*s cauchemare,
all we can say is that it exceeds our most romantic conception of
potential platitude. Ci git we trust, and we believe, may be written on
the expansive frames which guard and surround his drawings.

MR. JEBB'S INDEX OF THE PETERHOUSE CHURCH

MUSIC.

To the Editor of the Ecclesiologist.

Sir. — At the request of the Committee of the Ecclesiological So-
ciety, I hfve consented to the printing, in your publication, of an Index,
with a PreCace, to a very curious and interesting collection of Anglican
Church Music, prepared and presented by me to the Society of Peter-
house, Cambridge, to which these documents belong. The College
has also given its consent. Allow me now to say a few preparatory
words, in hopes that the attention of ritualists and musicians may be
called to a collection, which illustrates, I believe, more accurately than
aoy reeovd now existing, the choral usages in Cambridge during the
eslendiiig from the Reformation down to the temporary over-

116 Mr. JebVs Index of the Peterhouse Church Music,

throw of the monarchy in the seventeenth century. I am indebted to
the kindness of the above-mentioned college for the use of these valuable
relics in a late publication of mine ; the second volume of the " Choral
Responses and Litanies," in which all the compositions for those parts of
our cathedral services contained in this collection have been inserted ;
and in the Preface I have made some remarks upon the information,
known to but very few, which is afforded by them. They illustrate
many particulars of choral usage now obsolete and all but forgotten,
both at Cambridge and elsewhere, and contain fragments of some of
our great composers not to be found elsewhere, besides other pieces by
more obscure authors, which deserve to be rescued from oblivion.
There is one fact to be collected from these volumes, all other record
of which has I believe perished, but one which surely possesses some
interest, and I hope may receive a fuller investigation than it has been
in my power to make ; namely, that a Latin translation of our Prayer
Book, and adapted at least partially to choral music, was used at some
of the colleges at Cambridge, e.g.. Trinity, Peterhouse, and probably
King's. This translation differs from any which I have seen, certainly
from the forms published in Queen Elizabeth's time, and those ased at
Oxford and at the meetings of the Convocation of Canterbury. The
second part of the Index relates to a collection of hymns. Magnificats
and Masses used apparently by the college at a time just preceding the
Reformation, as is evident from the names of the composers. These
may illustrate, I think, the origin of our cathedral services and sn-
thems ; the latter I have no doubt being partly derived from the hymns,
partly from the antiphons at commemoration, &c., of the unrefbrmed
service.

I must not however further anticipate the Preface to my Index.
But 1 gladly take the opportunity of expressing a wish, that such of
our cathedrals and colleges as possess ancient choral documents would
each consent to a publication of an index of whatever belongs to their
society, including an accurate statement of the parts, still extant, of
each composition, and also of all the fragmentary pieces in their pos-
session. This would not only materially illustrate the history of our
ritual, but would aid towards recovering and completing much that is
valuable. Already many accessions have been made to the stock of our
ancient church music by the labours of those who have put together
from distant sources the scattered remains of very noble and religious
harmonies ; but much more, I am persuaded, yet remains to be done. If
any such undertaking is ever likely to be realized, I shall be very will*
ing to lend my assistance, such as it is, having already put together a
good deal of information which may possibly be of use to those who
would desire to engage in a work that has long been a desideratum.

I remain, sir.

Your obedient servant,

JoBN Jbbb.

Peterstow Rectory , Ross,
^3rd March, 1 859.

117

LOICAL NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS.— No. I.

(From a Correspondent.)

Amtb-Rbpoiimation Oftics-Books.

Books of the Anglican Church, of which there must have heen
ipies in manuscript in the year 1 530. and numerous editions.
it totally disappeared, with the exception of the Uses of
which there are several editions existing.) York, Hereford.
'• Of the last no printed copy has been discovered. It
irished like many others in the search made for snpersti-
temp. King Edward VI. Mr. Maskell was in possession of
belonging to the Rev. W. Blew, a folio on vellum, written
about the year 1400. which he conjectured, on reasonable
) be according to the above-mentioned Use. as it " varies "
I of Sarum. York, or Hereford ; but in the Ordo Sponsa-
sea*' with the Pontifical according to the Use of Bangor, still
in the cathedral library there. There are, therefore, rea-
>unds for supposing that it is the genuine Use of that church
le. This is further strengthened by a note, in the hand-
the age, at the end of the calendar, which certifies that the
(iven by " S' Morrys Griffith Priest to the hye Alter of the
burch of Oswestry, in the yere of our Lord God a thousand
"ed fifty and foure." The locality here mentioned almost
m that the volume belonged to a church in a part of the
here the Use of Bangor was probably observed.
lops were enjoined in a letter written by the Council, (dated
)ec. ^, Regni tertio anno,) to command the clergy, each
own diocese, to bring and deliver up to themselves or their
all Antiphonals, Missals. Grayles, Processionals, Manuals.
Pies. Portasies, Journals and Ordinals after the Use of
Dcoln, or any other private Use ; and that you take the same
I your hands, or into the hands of your deputy, and them
It and abolish that they never after may serve, either to any
m they were provided for. or be at any time a Lett to that
uniform order, which by common consent is now set forth.

r Injunctions we find devotional rhymes in English make
anuice as a gradual substitute for the Latin.

you shall every Sunday, at the time of your going about the

1 holy water into three or four places where most audience and

people is, for the declaration of the ceremonies, say distinctly and

t jam parishioners may well hear and perceive the same, these

■ber Christ's blood- shedding, by the which most holy sprinkling
■Bs you have pardon.'

like numner, before the dealing of the holy bread, these words :
rmisr's Body this is a token Which on the cross for our sms wai

118 Liitargical Notes and Illustrations.

broken ; Wherefore of His death if you will be partakers, Of vice and sin you
must be forsakers.' "

These religious rhymes which succeeded the Latin, were probably
in much use and account, from the fact of Queen Elizabeth availing
herself of them " to express," or rather to *• conceal," her mode of be-
lief respecting the Eucharist when examined before the commissioners :
'* Christ was the Word that spake it,'* &c.

Tbb Church Calendar.

Our present Church Calendar appears to have been formed on the
principle of distinguishing between Days of Obligation and Days of
Devotion. After the Reformation, only the Feasts of Obligation were
retained in the Church Service, such as those dedicated to the memory
of our Lord, the Blessed Virgin, the Apostles, &c., the Baptist as the
Precursor, and S. Stephen as the Proto-martyr ; S. Mark and S. Luke
as Evangelists ; S. Paul and S. Barnabas on account of their extra-
ordinary call i the Holy Innocents, the Feast of S. Michael and All
Angels to remind us of the benefits received by their ministry, and
All Saints as the memorial of all who have died in the true faith and
fear of God.

The principle of selection, however, with respect to the other names
of saints found in the calendar, and usually printed in the Roman
letter, is not so easy to be understood. Some of them are, indeed,
such as have been long known and honoured in the English Church
before the Reformation, and were peculiarly appropriated to it, as S.
Alban the proto martyr of England, Venerable Bede, King Edward
the Confessor, S. David Archbishop and patron saint of Wales* S.
Boniface who, though more directly the apostle of Germany, was a
native of Crediton in Devonshire, and S. Edmund, King of the East
Angles and martyr ; others again were no doubt selected from t^eir
acknowledged fame in the Universal Church, such as S. Ambrose,
S. Augustine and S. Cyprian.

There still remain some, whose names Wheatley supposed were
retained for the sake of certain trades who kept their festivals, such
as Bishop Blasius, patron of the woolcombers. But this will hardly
account for the introduction of Prisca, Nicomede, and Enurchus.

But it seems also difficult to account for the " omission ** of others,
.such as S. Patricius or Patrick, who would so well have borne com-
pany as the Apostle of Ireland with S. David the Apostle of Wales,
or 8. Osmond, to whom the Church, both before and since the Reform-
ation, is so much indebted for her liturgical services. — (Calendar of the
English Church illustrated. 1851.)

Use of the Latin Language since the Reformation.

At the installation of a Dean in Salisbury Cathedral a Latin service
is performed in the chapter-house by the canons and prebendaries ; and
in Hereford Cathedral a Latin sermon is, or was accustomed to be,
preached on a certain day, when the clergy alone attended. In Oxford,
the Latin Litany and sermons at S. Mary's, at the commencement of

LUurgieal Notes and Illustrations. 1 19

are well known.' The former was publiahed in score by Dr.
b. The nine o'clock evening prayers at Christ Church and Wor-
' consist of selections from the Prayer- Book in that langaage.
Cambridge it is certain, that before the Great Rebellion the ser-
at Peter- House were in Latin, as there are four Latin Litanies
XMemore, Ramsey, and Molle. The latter we are informed, in
»f its part-books, was written " pro Collegio Sancti Petri " (Can-
i and it may be fairly surmised that Ramsey's was written for
7 College, and Loosemore's for King's, if they were not also in-
d for use at S. Mary's before the University, as at Oxford. In
.boTe- mentioned MS., besides a rich store of English composi-
there are some fiill services in Latin by GKbbons and others. —
f Choral Services. Vol. II. Preface.

ere is an edition of the Common Prayer- Book in Latin verse, en-
, *' Liturgia Sacra curru Thesbitico deportata, a Randolf Gilpin :"
oco. 1657. l^mo.

Chubch Music.

the period of the Reformation the musical part of the Church
ee was of the same nature in England as on the continent, i.e.
Y antiphonal, in which the congregation bore little or no part.
sr and Calvin, however, were both anxious that they should take
ire in it, and for this purpose the former preferred the ancient

Hymns, which he rendered into the vernacular tongue. Calvin,
e contrary, preferred metrical translations from the Psalms, by
t and Beza, which he took care should be set by the most ac-
liahed musicians of his age, such as Goudimal, the master of
trina and Bourgeois. The partiality of Queen Elizabeth for the
lonal mode of service retained it in the Chapel Royal, and con-
ntly also in the various cathedrals of the kingdom.
e people in England, however, were accustomed to take their
in the musical part of the services, even when the Offices were
ated in Latin; for at the end of Heame's edition of Robert
retbury, (p. 379,) we find an extract from Injunctions of the
%ich bishop of Canterbury, (Cardinal Pole,) which plainly shows
he people joined in the quire-song, in times preceding the Re-
d Usages. " Item : the churchwardens of every parish, when
e was accustomed to be sung, exhort all who can sing, and have
eemstomed to sing in the quire in the time of schism, or be/ore, and
irithdrawn themselves from singing ; and on refusal to present
to the Ordinary or to the Chancellor."
i learned author of the work on Oriental Liturgies, (Renaudot,)

the Preface expressed the previdling sentiment of all persons of
m our popular Psalmody. " Psalmos retinuerunt sed quos novo
lo rjthmis plemmque inconcinnis deformaverunt."

n is a sendee, " In Commeadationibas Benefactomm," ased in many ool-
■^ in oar UniTenitiei, oonaiitiDg of a Latin Prayer of thanks for the
^sbeaeraction ; and the 144th, 45th, and 46th Psalms in English. In
■ College, Ojrfbrd, the 147th Psalm is added, and the 3rd chapter of the
i«f 8oiraion«

120 Ecclesiological Society.

Nahum Tate has succeeded to an extent which defies all competition,
in degrading the Psalms of David to the condition of being tolerated,
and perhaps even admired by the most dull, gross, and anti-poetical ca-
pacity. These were not easy tasks ; but Nahum Tate has enjoyed more
than a century of honour for his labours ; and his '* new version " of
the Psalms is still sung, (like the shepherd in Arcadia piped,) as if it
would never be old. — (Knight's Shakspeare. Vol. I.)

ECCLESIOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

A CoMMiTTBB Meeting was held at Arklow House, on Feb. 15, 1859.
Present : Mr. Beresford-Hope, M.P., in the chair ; Mr. Forbes. Sir
John E. Harington, Rev. G. H. Hodson, Rev. W. Scott, Rev. B.Webb,
and Rev. G. Williams.

The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed. The fol-
lowing answers to the resolutions passed at the last meeting were pre-
sented :

" Qfice of fVorks, fVkUehaU Place,
"Dec. 16, 1858.
" Sir, — I am directed by Lord John Manner* to acknowledge your letter
of the Idtb, conveying the resolution adopted by the committee of the Ecde-
siological Society on the 9th instant.

" Bis Lordship desires me to request you to express to the committee the
gratification he feels at receiving this testimony of their approval of the
choice he has made with reference to the New Foreign Office, and of their
appreciation of his anxiety to promote in this country the best principles of
architecture.

<< I have the honour to be,

" Sir, your very faithful servant,

" Brinslby Marlat.
"TheRev. B.Webb."

"20, Spring Gardens, London, S.fV.,
" December \5, ]S5S.
" My dear Sir, — I most sincerely thank you for your letter communicadng
to me the congratulatory resolution of the Committee of the Ecclesioloffical
Society. I beg you to express to the committee my strong sense of the
honour they have done me by that resolution, as well as my earnest hope
that I may not be found wanting to an opportunity so noble and so important
to the revival in which we are all labouring.

'* I remain, with many thanks,
" My dear Sir,

" Your very faithful servant,

" Gbo. Gilbbrt Scott.
'* The Rev. Benjamin Webb."

Letters of acknowledgment were received from the Surrey Archaeolo-
gical Society ; and letters were read from W. W. E. Wynne, Esq., M.P.,
the Rev. H. L. Jenner, Rev. S. S. Greatheed, J. S. Walker, Esq., Rev.
H. Philipps, G. F. Bodley, Esq.. B. Ferrey, Esq., G. M. Hills, Esq., J.
Norton. Esq., W. Slater, Esq., J. P. St. Aubyn, Esq., S. S. Teulon, Esq.,
W. White, Esq., and R. J. Withers. Esq.

Ecclesioloffical Society. 121

The chairman annoanced that, in compliance with a request from
the committee of the Architectural Museum, he had expressed the in-
tention of the Ecclesiological Society to oflfer another Colour Prize for
the present year. This was confirmed by the committee.

The following letter was received from the Danish Church History
Society:

€*

Copenhagen, \6th October, 1858.

"Gbntlkmbn, — It is now about six years since the Danish Church His-
tory Society had the pleasure of opening a correspondence with you. The
Eodetiological Society, which has objects so much in common with our own,
tnswered in the spirit of Christian sympathy and brotherly kindness. It also
forwarded us a valuable material present, a testimony of its own rich means
IS of its generous wish to encourage our weaker efforts.

" Since then we have continued our labours in the field of Christian archae-
ology, endeavouring by word and writing to remove the minds of our country-
mea from dwelling too eagerly on the momentary and the material, and re-
curring to past times, to historical research, and to spiritual development, so
that the Lord of Life may open the eyes of those who seek light in His
light. We have also held annual meetings in different parts of Denmark, in
one or other of the noble churches still left to us, thus instructed by Chris-
tian monuments and the strong faith of our fathers. This activity has borne
good fruits. May God still increase them !

" We trust that you will receive this communication with the same kindli-
ness as our former one, — each such word of light being in fact a small link in
that chain of ritual and unional tendencies and restorations which is happily
strengthening among us.

*' Allow us at the same time to present you with our small offering, all
that we have published in the interval, namely :

" Helv^. Den Danske Hirkes Historic efter Reformationen. 2e Vol.
" Helv^. Den Danske Kirkes Historic til Reformationen. Vol. I. II.
" Im. Barfod. Den falsterske Gejstligheds Personnlhistorie. 2e VoL
" Kirkehistoriske Samlinger. 2e Part. (Vol. I.— HI.)
"Ny Kirkehistoriske Samlinger. 1st Part. (Vol. I.— III.)
" Henrik Susos GudeHg Visdomsbog, ved Brandt. 1 Vol.
" Povel Eliesens Danske Skrifker, ved Secher. Ist Part. (Vol. I.— III.)
" Cbristiero Pedersens Danske Skrifter. Vol. III. — ^V.

" With every expression of good will, and of love to the cause of our
eommon Redeemer,

'* Yours very respectfully,
" The committee :

*' J. F. Fbnger, Lie. theol. and Pastor.

"L. Hblweg, Philos. Dr. and Pastor in
Odense.

"Fb. Hammbrun, Dr. and Pastor in Co-
penhagen.

" HoLOBR Fb. Rordam, Cand. theol. in Co-
penhagen.

"Gborgb Stephens, Professor of Old Eng-
hsh, and of the English Language and
Literature, in the University of Cheaping-
haven.

"C. J. Bbandt, Cand. theol."

It ma agreed to preieot in return the Eccleriologist, in continuation,

TOL. XX. M

122 Ecclesiological Society.

and the Reports of the Society, since the last communicatioii with
Copenhagen.

The following letters from M. Christ. Hoist, of Christiania, were
next read :

** CArwfuinw, U 19 Novh., 1868.
'* Monsieur le Secretaire, — J'aurai hien voulu presenter k votre illustre Soci^t^
un envoi plus riche ; mais les dessina, publics aux frais pubhc*, par rapport ^
la cath^drale de Trondhjem, ne sont pas encore acbev^s et le texte est encore
sous la presse. J'espere toutefois, que le departement pour Tinstruction pub-
lique va lui-m6me vous les envoyer, aiin d'obtenir sans doute I'opinion de It
soci^t^ sur cet outrage, et je ne pourrai ainsi avoir le plaisir de faire cet envoi.
S'il y avait quelque objet ou quelque ^crit par rapport k nos antiquity qui
pourrait vous interesser, je me ferai un vrai plaisir de vous Toffiir, autant
qu'il me soit possible.

'* Avec la consideration la plus distingu^e,

"Christ. Holrt.*'

" Christiania, 19 Nov., 1858.
'* Mr. le Bibliothecaire,— La Soci^t^ Royale des Sciences k Trondhjem m'a
charg^ de transmettre h. votre illustre Soci^t^ les Merits suivants, en vous
priant de vuuloir bien les accepter comme une marque de sa haute considera-
tion. Savoir :
" Rliiwer, Norske Mindesmaerker.

"Christ. Holst.
" k The Ecclesiological Society, London."

It was agreed to return the society's thanks to the University of Chris-
tiania and the Royal Society of Science at Trondhjem, and to present
the Ecclesiologist in return. The books from Christiania are the
"Foreningen til Norske Fortidsmindesmerkers Bevaring** for 1855,
1856, and 1857, with the <* Norske Huus-Kalender '* for 1859. some
numbers of the " Illustreret Ayhedsblad,*' and some lithographs of the
celebrated timber structure, the Borgunds Kirke.

A specimen of a French invention called Diaphanie — a transparent
coloured paper in ecclesiastical patterns, intended to be applied to plain
glass — was forwarded by Mr. Gordon ; who also mentioned the mag-
nificent mediaeval collection of Senator Calemann, of Hanover, nearly
as rich as that of the Hotel de Cluny in paintings, ecclesiastical ves-
sels, mediaeval art-objects, books, MSS., autographs, seals, and em-
broidery.

Mr. Clayton met the committee, and exhibited the drawings, by
himself and Mr. Bell, for one of the apse windows of Exeter College
Chapel, Oxford ; for a memorial window to the late Baron Alderson, in
S. Mary Magdalene, Munster Square; for the transept windows of the
new church at Halifax ; for six single lights in the south transept of
Westminster Abbey ; for the windows of S. Michael, Comhill ; for
the apse of S. Mary, Stoke Newington ; for a memorial window at
S. John, Bromsgrove, Worcestershire; for a new east window at
Highnam, Gloucestershire ; and for windows at Hemel Hempstead,
Scorborough, and a new church in Yorkshire.

A conversation ensued upon the proposed east window for Montreal
cathedral, in which it is proposed to place a standing figure of our
LoBO ^tween the four Evangelists. The committee were anxious

Eeclesiological Society. 128

that oar Lord's figure should be markedly distinguished from the
attendant saints. Mr. Clayton also mentioned a memorial window
which Mr. W. V. Ellis, of Gloucester, is about to place in the south
ai^Ie of that cathedral. The subject is to be historical, and is to com-
memorate the entrance of Edward II. into Berkeley Castle, his murder,
the demand of his body by the Abbat of Gloucester, the funeral pro-
cession through the city, the burial of the king in the abbey, and the
erection of his shrine.

Mr. Clarke met the committee, and exhibited his designs for the im-
portant new church of S. Luke, Heywood, Lancashire, and for the
restoration of S. Peter's, Thanet. He also consulted the committee
on the arrangement of the nave of Exeter cathedral for special services,
and the following resolution was adopted by the committee :

"The committee having inspected the designs for fitting up the
nave of Exeter cathedral for service, submitted by Mr. Clarke, are
strongly of opinion that the seats provided for the dignitaries and choir
onght to be of a less cumbrous form. They would recommend metal
desks. They also deprecate the complicated arrangement proposed
for suspending the curtains across the transepts ; and recommend the
employment of a simple horizontal rod, which might, if necessary, be
sustained by rods or chains depending from the roof."

Mr. Lavers met the committee, and exhibited the cartoons for some
stained glass windows, in a somewhat archaic style of design, for Gulval
church, Cornwall ; for a private chapel at Maidenhead ; and for a win-
dow at S. Simon*s, Chelsea. From this design, which was composed
of series of groups from our Lord's life, the central subject, repre-
senting the Crucifixion, had been rejected. Mr. Lavers mentioned
that a Pointed house and factory for himself and Mr. Barraud was now
rising in Endell Street, from the designs of Mr. Withers.

Mr. Surges met the committee, and reported progress at Constan-
tinople, and in his design for a small new church at Nunkeeling. York-
shire. He ofiered a paper on the Iconography of the restored Chapter
House at Salisbury, for the Eccletiologist,

The committee examined Mr. Norton's designs for the restoration
of S. Matthew, Coates. Gloucestershire, and S. Martin, Fiddington,
Somersetshire. Mr. Norton announced the preparation by the Arundel
Society of a work on the Christian Mosaics at Rome.

The committee examined Mr. St. Aubyn's designs for the restora-
tioD of S. Martin, Camborne, Cornwall, and S. Mary, Huntingfield,
Suffolk, and for a new school at Clay Hill, Middlesex.

The committee also examined Mr. Hopkins' designs for a new
timber school at Leigh, Worcestershire, and for an elaborate coped
tomb at Sevem-Stoke, in the same county.

A perspective drawing of a Middle-Pointed church, built at Newburgh,
New York, for the Presbyterians, by Mr. F. C. Withers, was forwarded
for inspection by the architect's brother, who expressed a hope that
the boildiog, which was warmly commended in the United States,
■nght before long become the property of the Church. Mr. F. C.
Withen has been commissioned to design a cathedral church for an
AlKiJeui didoeee.

124 Oxford Architectural Society.

A correspondence between Mr. F* H. Dickinson, the Rev. J. M. Neale,
and the Rev. B. Webb, as to the publication of an Antiphonale, from the
Sarum text, with illustrations from other uses, was mentioned : and in
connection with some questions raised therein the Rev. G. Williams, by
the permission of the college authorities, exhibited a MS. catalogue of
ancient choir-books preserved in the library of S. Peter's college. Cam-
bridge. The catalogue is made by the Rev. J. Jebb ; and contains a
careful collation of the part-music, much of it unpublished, in use in
the college chapel both before the Reformation and in the great ritual
revival inaugurated by Bishop Cosins. It was agreed to request the
college and Mr. Jebb to permit the publication of this catalogue in
successive numbers of the Ecclesiologist, with a view to acquaint
ritualists with this almost unexplored mine preserved at Cambridge.

Engraving bills for the Ecclesiologist from Messrs. Jewitt, Hodgkin,
and Utting were ordered to be paid ; and the committee adjourned.

OXFORD ARCHITECTURAL SOCIETY.

A MBBTTNO of this socicty was held on Wednesday, February 9th, the
Rev. S. W. Wayte, B.D., Trinity College, in the chair.

J. Bamaby, Esq. of Christ Church, was elected a member of the
society.

A letter was read from^ Mr. Haines, calling attention to the publi-
cation of a complete list of English Brasses, which would shortly be
out. Subscribers are invited to put down their names at the society's
rooms, Holywell.

Mr. John H. Parker presented a view of the interior of the large
church in Gordon Square, London.

Mr. James Parker read a paper on the " Study of English Domes-
tic Architecture." He pointed out the great attention which had been
paid to ecclesiastical architecture, while this had been neglected, and
referred to the mistake which many made in supposing Gothic to be
an ecclesiastical and not a national style ; as if, during the Middle
Ages, there were two styles, one for churches and another for houses.
He contended that the Gothic of the fourteenth and fifteenth century,
in England, more completely met the requirements of that age than
the architecture of the nineteenth century meets those of our own.
He insisted on the necessity of careful study of old examples to under-
stand the perfection of the Gothic as applied to our manor houses and
castles — not simply as regards form and detail, but also plan and pur-
pose, and especially in connection with the history of our country —
and he showed how the student might fill in from other sources the
bare outline, which is all that the ruined walls of our Middle-Age
mansions afford us. He referred to the success which had attencted
church restoration and church building through understanding the
principles on which they were constructed, and maintained that the
same result would follow as regards domestic buildings. He

Mr, Parker on Domestic Architecture. 125

the paucity of our domestic remains, when compared with ecclesiastical,
aod explained the reaaon why England possesses so little town architec-
tore in comparison with foreign countries ; but he protested against this
being made the plea for the importation of foreign designs. He said,
*' Because we have no town architecture to speak of remaining, we are
apt to argue as if we never had any ; while, by adapting the country
architecture to town purposes, which, without doubt, as towns grew
up the Mediaeval architects did, we arrive at what was probably our
town architecture ; by running over to Italy or other foreign coun-
tries, we can only have what it was simply impossible for our town
architecture ever to have been.** He illustrated his proposition by
supposing that Walter de Merton had brought a design from Paris, on
the plea that there was already a university there, or that William of
Wjkeham, instead of New College cloister had sent for the plans of
the Venetian palaces, which were then building on the edge of the
Lagoon, or that William of Waynflete had copied the leaning tower of
Pisa at the end of Magdalen Bridge ; and, in concluding, he said,
— " Popularity may be gained for the moment by the architect who
brings over a new design, as some speculator who imports some
novelty, but whether our art will be beautified by the bare importation
of foreign forms remains to be seen ; and although, like the modern
drama, which has now almost lost its nationality by the introduction
of everything French, for a time draws large houses, and the success-
ful translator is welcomed as the great author of an original play,
English art will never be really advanced one jot by the swamping of
all national beauty in the gaudy display and meretricious colours of
some Venetian beauty, and no architect's name will be honoured by
posterity who. despising his own country's treasures because of the
labour required in searching for them, goes to a foreign market and
comes back laden with tinsel, and dazzles for a moment the eyes of the
admiring and flattering crowd around him.**

At the conclusion, the treasurer, Mr. Wayte, who took the chair in
the absence of the president, moved a vote of thanks to Mr. Parker
lor his very interesting and useful paper.

Mr. Lowder drew attention to a portion of the paper where he be-
fieved Mr. Parker had not, in his opinion, sufficiently distinguished
between the ability of studying ancient houses for the purpose of em-
bodying the principles of their erection in modern work, and the mere
copying of plans and details. He felt sure that the nineteenth cen-
tory must have its own peculiar arrangements, and that an attempt
Id reproduce simply houses of the Middle Ages would lead to no be-
neficial result.

Mr. Parker agreed with these sentiments, but nevertheless thought
that we might gain some advantage even from the old arrangements,
such as the large central hall.

Mr. Bruton urged as a plea the unwillingness now shown to go to
•ay expense by persons who were building houses, and the small pro-
portion of houses built by architects to those erected by builders, and
the difficoldes which an architect who wished to employ the old Eng-
Inh type had to undergo from the caprice of employers.

126 Oxford Architectural Society.

A conversation ensued, in which the usual unappropriateness of
house fittings to the character of houses erected after ancient models,
was discussed. It was urged that no detail of furniture was beneath
an architect's notice, and attention was drawn to a very beautiful street
lamp lately placed in the court-yard, in front of All Saints' church,
Margaret Street.

The meeting was then adjourned until Wednesday, the 16th of
February, at eight o'clock, when a paper will be read by Mr. Growse,
of Queen's, on " The Ecclesiastical Architecture of Sufiblk." Mem-
bers are requested to attend.

A meeting of this society was held at the society's rooms in Holy-
well, on Wednesday, February 16, J. H, Parker, Esq.. president, in
the chair. W. Fisher, Esq., architect, and C. E. Fisher, Esq., of
Christ Church, were elected members of the society.

A paper, by Mr. F. S. Growse, of Queen's College, was then read,
on the '* Ecclesiastical Architecture of Suffolk." He began by de-
fending the Perpendicular style, the prevalent one in that county,
from the abuse so generally lavished upon it, pointing out its supe-
riority in symbolism and in general convenience, especially for city
churches. Professing himself an admirer of Perpendicular window
tracery, he indicated how important it was to consider the character
of the masonry employed for the wall in which the windows were
set. For as the mathematical precision of Perpendicular work was a
natural reaction upon the extravagancies of the later Flowing, its^merit
could not be sufficiently appreciated except when brought into con-
trast with the error against which it was a protest. Thus the rough-
ness of the wall, combined with the exact finish of the windows, ex-
hibited that happy union of utilitarianism and artistic elaboration
which characterizes the Perpendicular above every other style. For
the shell of the fabric where strength was the main requisite, smooth*
ness and finish were disregarded ; in the more ornamental parts no
labour was spared in producing a result that might please the eye.
After remarking the happy effect produced by a judicious arrangement
of the transoms in some examples from Suffolk churches, he proceeded
to describe the ' peculiarities of the architecture in that county, pre-
faced by the following remarks : — '* One of the greatest faults of mo-
dem architects is, that they are too cosmopolitan. They disregard all
old associations, and aim at a beauty which appeals only to the senses,
not to the^ affections ; whereas of old every county had its peculiar
type, now there is only one legitimate form which must everywhere
be enforced without modification from locality or native material. And
such is the very consistent practice of those who find a strong argu-
ment for the exclusive revival of Decorated, in the fact that it wu
the most universal of all styles. But I greatly fear that architecture*
like everything else, the more universal it becomes, the less capable it
is of exciting strong individual interest. The man who boasts of hit
liberal and enlightened sentiments, may look forward with triumph

Afr. Grawse on the Churches of Suffolk. 127

to the day when provincial and national peculiarities shall all be lost,
and the varying surface of character shall be reduced to one dead
lerel, when every man's county shall be the world, and home a name
that bears no meaning ; but I would rather be content to preserve the
aocieot landmarks, and leave some record of the past, amidst the
leTeiling torrents of the present. Already we see buildings rise around
08 which bear the familiar name of Gothic, but in all else are foreign ;
imitition, it seems, is no longer so. when the model is found not in
England but on the continent. If there must be novelty in design,
let it be procured by honest thought and the development of our here-
ditary type, not by arbitrary naturalization. So long as England fol-
lowed the dictates of its native taste, its architecture was divine ; so
eooQ as it borrowed it fell. Italy, the fated sovereign of the world,
baviog first enforced its way by arms, and then by superstition, in its
third dynasty claimed the throne by virtue of the tiUe conferred by
art, and &om the debasing influences of this latter rule we are but now
recovering. And debasing, I say, it was, as every imitation must be.
£ogland was the first to protest against the canons of Palladian art ;
may it continue the reformatiop, trusting in its own resources, and
not yield before the dogmatism and distorted representations of any
author, however admirable may be his eloquence and genius." He
then remarked on the propriety of always employing native material
where possible, to which practice we were indebted for the beautiful
flint panelling and the curious circular towers peculiar to the eastern
counties; and after noting the elaborate character of many of the
Suffolk porches, with a suggestion that the chamber above was occa-
sionally employed for a prison, as appeared from an example at Bidle-
atone, and glancing at the acknowledged excellence of the carved
woodwork, he proceeded to criticise at some length the *' Ecclesiastical
Topography of Suffolk," published in 1856, regretting that a work so
very meagre in its amount of information should not at least have en-
sured accuracy in those points which were mentioned. The rule of
omission was so arbitrary, mistakes of all kinds were so frequent, that
the book was neither of any interest to the cursory reader, nor of any
value to the professed ecclesiologiat. After amply substantiating these
objections* and noting the very inconsiderable number of fine Perpendi-
cular towers in Suffolk, he concluded with the following remarks : —
** So liberally has the piety of our forefathers provided for the religious
wants of future generations, that, in whatever direction the wayfarer
turns his steps, the first sign of the proximity of human habitations is the
sight of the parish church. Planted, as it generally is, on the brow of
some slight eminence, while the village nestles in the valley below ; it
tells with most eloquent expression of gratitude and devotion for the
rich ooro-lands and the teeming bams over which it rises, hallowing them
with its presence, and often in the most retired hamlets scarcely to be
distingoisbed from the lstter> save by the turret on the western gable,
tnd the dark cedars, in whose religious shade it lies embosomed. Yet
aoch as this picturesque situation adds to the beauty of the landscape,
1 great] J teta that in another and more important point of view, it is a
serious efiL Either the devotion of our ancestors was stronger than

128 Oxford Architectural Society,

own, or our bodily frame is weaker. A walk of half a mile from the
village, up a steep ascent, to a cold and scantily-filled church, far too
large for the actual requirements of its congregation, seems too severe
a penance for modem Protestants. A dissenting chapel is at once
built in the heart of the village, at the foot of the hill, and is rapidly
filled, while the ancient place of worship is as rapidly deserted. Thus
in scarcely any English county is dissent more rife than in Suffolk ;
and I firmly believe that the fact I have mentioned is one of its con-
current causes. It becomes, therefore, incumbent on modern archi-
tects to pay more earnest attention than is often done to the personal
comfort of the congregation."

A discussion on the subject of the paper ensued, and on the want
of applicability of Perpendicular windows to the requirements of
stained glass, on account of the small divisions into which they were
usually split up. Mr. Growse warmly defended the style for its effi-
ciency for that purpose, and endeavoured to prove the earlier style
less capable of accommodation. The chairman having expressed his
thanks and that of the society to Mr. Growse, for his excellent paper
on the Suffolk churches, and regretting that none of the members did
devote themselves with the same energy to particular counties, the
meeting was adjourned to Wednesday, the 23rd of February, at eight
o'clock, when a paper will be read by the secretary, Mr. Lowder, upon
" The proper Mode of Decorating and Furnishing Gothic Dwelling-
Houses,*' when members are requested to attend.

A meeting of this society was held on Wednesday, March % J.H.
Parker, Esq., president, in the chair. H. S. Le Strange, Esq., of Chnit
Church, and Mr. Joseph Plowman, were elected members of the society.
The president then called upon the secretary to read his paper upon
" A Visit to lona ; with some account of its History."

Mr. Lightfoot stated the interest with which lona ought to be re-
garded, not only by those who are members of the Scotch Bpiscopai
Church, but also by those who, although living under the pale of
another Church, yet owed no little to their sister in the north. loot
was the chief seat of the horrors of Druidism previously to the coming
of S. Columba, about a.d. 564, who established a college on the island
for the education and general improvement of the people. After his
death the foundation passed through several phases, and notwithstand-
ing its isolated position acquired great wealth and increased in in-
fluence up to the time of the Reformation. It continued under the
influence of the Culdees until the beginning of the thirteenth century,
when they were driven from this and certain other of their establish-
ments by an invasion of clerics from the south, who acknowledged the
authority of the Bishop of Rome, and brought into use the tonsure and
other ecclesiastical customs hitherto unknown. A nunnery was esta-
blished in the island about this time, and continued until a.d. 1543,
when Anna Macdonald, the last prioress, died, to whom no suocesaor
aeems to have been appointed. The religious establishment of looa was

Cambridge Architectural Society^ 129

altogether broken up by the act of the Scotch parliament passed in 1560,
which alx>lLBhed reUgious houses. The island then passed into the hands
o( the McLeans, but is now the property of the Duke of Argyll. The
second part of the paper contained a description of the ruins of lona
as at present existing ; the most ancient of thes^e is without doubt S.
Oran's chapel, which contains features of early Norman of a very rude
character, as well as the remains of some later work inserted within
the huildlng. The chapel of the nunnery is the next in age, and
although built almost entirely in the Norman style is clearly much
later than S. Oran's chapel. The cathedral, however, is by far the
most important huilding on the island, and bears marks of two distinct
periods^ the tower and nave heing Norman work of the same date as
the nunnery ; while the work east of the tower, as well as the tran-
septs, are of a later kind. The carving on the Norman capitals is still
slmrp, notwithstanding that it is entirely unprotected from the weather ;
it is of a most grotesque description, and is of great interest to those
fond of the curious. The altar, which was perfect in 1688, and was
partly existing in 177^, has now entirely disappeared ; but, according
to the accounts given of it by early travellers, it appears to have
been made of white marhle, and was of great size and value. The
crosses are a great feature in Zona, and hear a considerable resemblance
to those in Ireland, especially those at Monaster- boice in Co. JiOuth ;
lona is said at one time to have possessed as many as three hundred,
bat most of them were destroyed by Puritan zeal, and now only some
three or four remain. Sepulchral remains cover the i2*land, both in
the shape of cairns, as well as stone monuments of all kinds ; which
are accounted for from the fact, that lona from time immemorial has
been considered sacred ground, so much so that numbers of kings
both Scotch and Irish, and it is said even Norwegian, have been in-
terred here, the last of whom is said to have been the famous Macbeth.
Mr. Lightfoot related some other interesting facts with regard to lona,
and concluded his paper by regretting the miserable state in which the
present proprietor leaves the ruins.

The president thanked the secretary for his interesting paper, afler
which a conversation took place, when the meeting was adjourned to
Tuesday, March 15.

CAMBRIDGE ARCHITECTURAL SOCIETY.

Tarn first meeting of the society for the Lent term was held on Thurs-
day. February 10th, 1859.

The Rev. G. Williams. King's College, vice-president, in the chair.

Messrs. C. P. Pratt, Jesus Cc^ege, — Clowes, Trinity College,
and T. F. Morton, Trinity College, were elected members of the

society.

The Rev. W. J. Beaumont, Trinity College, read an able and in-
terestiDg paper, on ** The Temples of Nubia ;" upon which remarks of

TOIm XX. »

130 Cambridge ArchUeciural Society,

some interest were made by Rev. G. Williams, King's College, and
Rev. R. G. Peter, Jesus College, especially in reference to the use of
these temples for purposes of public worship by the Nubian Christians.

The second meeting for the term was held on February ^th, the
Rev. O. £. Corrie, D.D., Master of Jesus College, president, in the
chair.

The following gentlemen were elected members of the society:
Rev. R. Goodwin, Clare College, (Vicar of Hildersham, Cambridge-
shire,) Mr. H. Fetherston, Emmanuel College, and Mr. C. C. Towns-
end, Trinity College.

llie Rev. G. Williams, King's College, laid before the meeting the
drawings of Mr. Caird's proposed church in Glasgow ; they were the
exterior and interior perspectives. The church consists of nave, aisles,
south-west tower, south porch, and presbytery in the place where a
chancel would stand in an English church, but separated from the
body of the church by a stone screen, and a curtain the whole height
of the arch. Height for the clerestory is obtained by a succession
of gables over the windows : though considered pleasing by most of
the members, the exterior effect is better than the interior, for these
gables cut up the woodwork of the roof, the scantlings of which are
too small for effect, and cau ill afford tampering with. The church
on the whole reflects great credit on its architect, Mr. Rochead, and is
an example worthy the attention of Scotch church builders. The
Rev. G. Williams then read a paper upon " The Vestments belonging
to King's College at the time of its Foundation ;" during the progress
of which an interesting discussion was carried on as to the meaning of
several devices which are recorded to have been worked on these vest-
ments, such a» '* roses and rotes," " pheasants and ducks," &c.

Mr. Campion, of Queen's College, made some remarks upon the
false application of the term super- altar, as used at the present time ;
showing that the ancient super-altar was a moveable stand, whereon
the sacred elements could be consecrated in other places than the
church. He pointed out how careful we ought to be in adapting old
phraseology to modern use.

The third meeting for the term was held on Thursday, March 10th,
the Rev. the president in the chair.

Messrs. C. G. A. Birch, Trinity Hall, and H. Hanson, Trinity Col-
lege, were elected members of the society.

Mr. W. Maples, Clare College, read a paper on the church of SS.
Mary and Nicholas, Spalding, Lincolnshire, remarkable as having east-
em aisles to the transepts, and additional aisles to the nave, besides
the ordinary north and south ones.

The meeting was then adjourned to Thursday, March 24th.

131

ARCHITECTURAL SOCIETY OF THE ARCHDEACONRY OF

NORTHAMPTON.

At a committee- meeting, held February 1 4, 1 869, the Rev. Lord Alwyne
Comptou in the chair ; present, Rev. Chancellor Wales, W. Smyth,
Ssq., Revds. H. J. Bigge. C. L. West, T. James, &c. ; Mr. Rands
attended with the amended plans for S. Sepulchre's church, and the
oommittee promised their co-operation when the work was brought
forward. Also there were exhibited a design for a sundial, in the
form of a LaUn cross, to be placed in the churchyard of Wicken ;
drawings, by Lord Alwyne Compton, of tiles from an old caetle in
the Tyrol, and of others, very rich in colour, from a church in Wilt-
ikire. The sub-committee to co-operate with sub-committee of Edu-
CitioQal Society for plan^ for Training School was reappointed, Mr.
Bigge being added to the number. The following new members
were then elected : — E. Browning, Esq., architect, Stamford ; David
Watts Rosbell. Esq.. Biggin Hall, Oundie ; the Rev. T. W. Carr, Lod-
dington ; and W. R. Roberts, Esq.. Great Easton.

Aq amended set o^ plans for the rebuilding of Gilmorton church,
by Mr. W. Smith, a member of the society, were exhibited and dis-
eossed. Some alterations were suggested in the form of the area
tad the arrangement of the seats. The plans for the restoration of
Naseby church and the rebuilding of Hazlebeech church, both by Mr.
W. Slater, were postponed. The secretary stated that the latter
chorch particularly demanded the assistance of lovers of good archi-
tectural design, as the authorities of the parish had undertaken the
work on their own shoulders rather than allow an incorrect and in-
convenient arrangement to be carried out by one who would have
borne all the expense. Such spirited conduct deserved that public sup-
port it would no doubt meet with. The secretary having stated that a new
society was about to be formed in London, to be called " The Cottage
Improvement Society,'* for the purpose of furnishing to its members
good and cheap plans for labourers' dwellings, it was resolved* to sub-
icribe to the same. Letters were read from Mr. Beam and Mr. Gue
respecting the appointment of a joint committee of the society and the
Agricultural Society of the county, for the purpose of offering a prize
for the best cottage suited to this district. Opposition having been
offered in Parliament to the Gothic style for the new Public Offices,
the secretary was directed to take steps m support of the previous re-
sdations of the society in favour of that style. It having been stated
that the society had the opportunity of acquiring an interleaved copy
of Bridge's Northamptonshire, with notes by the late Mr. Baker, at a
reasonable price, the secretary was instructed to address a circular to
members of the society, requesting special donations for the purchase
of this valuable book.

The appointment of sub-committees agreed to at the October meeting
«M amuBged, and the following appointed : — " Church Music." Sir H.

1<}2 Exeter Diocesan Architectural Society.

Dryden,Sec.; ''Bells and Belfries," W.Maunsell, Esq., Sec; "Parochial
and General Antiquities," Rev. A. W. Brown, Sec. ; " Warming and
Lighting," Rev. H. J. Bigge, Sec; "Labourers' Cottages," Rev. T.
James, Sec ; •• Pavements, Glass. &c," Lord A. Co'mpton, Sec. The
secretary stated that he was permitted to say that, provided a suitable
and permanent museum could be established in the town, Sir Henry
Dryden was prepared to present his very valuable collection of local
antiquities, many of which were in the museum of the late Mr. Baker,
to such a public institution. Thereupon Mr. Chancellor Wales b1«o
promised to give, in like manner, his collection of minerals, once in
Mr. Baker's possession, and purchased at his sale by the late Dean of
Peterborough. The committee expressed a strong opinion that such
opportunities ought not to be allowed to slip by, and that means sboold
be taken for bringing these most liberal offers before the town and
county. The Rev. F. Lawson consulted the committee with reference
to the shifting of a screen and a new organ for S. Peter's church.

EXETER DIOCESAN ARCHITECTURAL SOCIETY.

Thb eighteenth annual meeting of this society was held at the College
Hall, on lliursday, March 3, 1859, the Venerable Archdeacon Bar-
tholomew presiding. There was a very good attendance of members,
and many ladies graced the meeting with their presence.

The annual report, which was adopted, was read by Lieutenant-
Colonel Harding, one of the honorary secretaries, and referred with
satisfaction to the general working of the society, and claimed for it
on the ground of extensive usefulness increased support. The plant
of an honorary member, Mr. White, for the restoration and enlarge-
ment of S. Giles, Sidmouth — a large and most comprehensive work.
most zealously taken up by the Rev. Hans Hamilton, the rector, and
a very influential committee — were exa ined. Restorations in variom
parts of the diocese were recounted : amongst others, Crediton ; the
chancel of Marwood, (rebuilt,) both under the direction of the society's
architect, Mr. Hay ward ; Holcombe Rogus, Morthoe, and Combmartin.

The adaptation of the nave of Exeter cathedral to large afternoon
Sunday congregations, was alluded to with gratitude to the chapter,
and the expression of the hope that it was the prelude to permanent
arrangements which would combine the nave and choir.

Thanks were awarded to the authors of papers read in the oourae
of the year ; and to Mr. Stockdale, for the gift of his father*8 MS.
collection of matter intended to have been worked up into a hiatory' of
the county. All these documents have been arranged and catalogued
with much care by Colonel Harding, and are accessible to all members.

llie treasurer's report was satisfactory, showing the funds of the
society to be in a solvent state ; and when the arrears of subscriptions
are paid, a handsome balance will remain in the treasurer's bands*

Leicestershire Architectural Society, 138

P. C. Delagarde, Esq., read a very able and interestiDg paper on
the present state of the High-street, in Exeter, contrasting it with its
earlier style ; and describing, in graphic language, the degenerate
taste which characterizes the present buildings. He was followed by
J. P. St. Aubyn, Esq., who interested the meeting by a well- written
paper on S. MichaeFs Mount, Cornwall, reviewing that celebrated
building both in its early and present state. The plans and illustra-
tions which accompanied the paper added much to its interest, particu-
larly some well* executed water-colour sketches taken on the spot by
Mr. Gendall, of Exeter, who kindly lent them for the occasion.

The following officers were elected : — Patron : the Right Rev. the
Lord Bishop of Exeter. President : the Right Hon. Sir J. Coleridge.
Vice-Presidents: Hon. C. Trefusis, M.P.. Rev. Prebendary Wool-
eombe, T. Newman, Esq., and Yen. Archdeacon Downall. Secreta*
lies : lieutenant- Colonel Harding, and Rev. J. L. Fulford. Treasurer :
W. Miles, Esq. Curator : T. O. Norris, Esq. Architect : J. Hay ward,
£sq. Committee : J. Carew, Esq., W. B. Crabbe, Esq., P. C. Dela-
garde, Esq.. Rev. H. T. Ellacombe, H. Ford, Esq., Rev. J. B. Hughes,
H. James. Esq., Rev. W. T. A. Radford, E. Thorold, Esq., Rev. Mar-
wood Tucker, Rev. C. C. Turner, and Rev. W. Wills.

Thanks were voted to the chairman for his great kindness and atten-
UoQ during the year, and the meeting separated.

LEICESTERSHIRE ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ARCHITEC-
TURAL SOCIETY.

Tus Society met on February 28th, 1859, G. H. Nevinson, Esq., in
tbe chair.

Mr. Thompson exhibited a MS. on a sheet of parchment, recently
pvchased at the sale of the effects of the Rev. J. G. Dimock, rector
tf Uppingham. It appears to be the first skin of " The abstracte or
Hrefe declaraticm of all and singular Lordshippis, manners, landes, tene-
iKots, woodes, peraonagis, pencions, and all other possessions as well
ipritiiall as temporall apperteignyng vnto the late attaynted monastery
sif Colchester, surveined by Richard Pollerd and Thomas Moyle, esquires,
gcserall snrveyers of the Kingis landes,*' &c., reference bein^ made to
t book in which the particulars might be found. The last abbot of the
"attaynted** monastery of S. John Baptist, at Colchester, was John
Becfae» " of whom/' says Willis, " I know nothing farther, than that he
VIS one of the three mitred Partiamentary Abbats (the two others being
those o€ Olastonbory and Reading,) that had courage enough to main-
tain lus eooacience. and run the last extremity, being neither to be pre-
vailed upon by bribary, terror, or any dishonourable motive, to come
into a surrender or sabscribe the king's supremacy : on which account
being attainted of high treaspn, he suffered death at Colchester, and
was hanged then D«ombcr I, 15S9.'*

134 Leicestershire Archiiectwral Society.

Mr. North exhibited a hitherto unnoticed local Token, and a small
leaden Token.

Mr. Neale read a paper on a likeness of Erasmus of Rotterdam,
and on the Dunbar medal struck in commemoration of the victory
gained at that place by Cromwell over the Scottish army commanded
by General Leslie.

Mr. Ooddard exhibited a spring padlock, of a globular form, about
1^ inch in diameter, found at Graddesby. Also a bronze medallion, of
an equestrian figure of King Charles I., surrounded by a border or
frvLxne of flowers, &c.

Mr. Oresley exhibited some specimens of English spurs, of which
he read a description ;

No. 1 is denominated a " prick spur," from its having a sharp point
at the extremity of the neck instead of a rowel. It is of the earliest
form known ; the arms and neck being straight. The spurs of the
soldiers represented in the fiayeux Tapestry are of this description,
and they continued of this form until the time of Henry II. ; but by
the end of the reign of that King (1189) the depression of the arm,
occasionally before seen, had become permanently settled.

No. 2 is a very fine example of a spur of about the time of Richard II.
The arms of it are strongly curved, and it has a foliated rowel of eight
points.

No. 3 is probably of the same reign, but later.

No. 4 is similar in shape to the spurs shown on the brass of Sir
Symon de Felbrigge (standard-bearer to Richard II.) in Felbrigg
church, Suffolk (1417). The arms are straight for a little way from
the neck, and then curve downwards. It has a star-shaped rowel of
six points.

No. 5 is a noble and beautiful spur, to which an interesting history
belongs. Ralph, eldest son and heir of John Shirley, of Staunton
Harold, was twenty-six years of age and upwards on the 31st of Oc-
tober, 1487 (^ Hen. VII.) A few months previously we find him,
with many other retainers of the house of Lancaster, following the
standard of Henry VII., who had assembled his army at Kenilworth
Castle, and marched through Coventry and Loughborough to Notting-
ham, to suppress the insurrection raised by the followers of Lamb^
Simnel, headed by the Earl of Lincoln and the Viscount Lovall ; he
was accordingly present at the battle of Stoke, fought June 16tb,
1487, and was one of the fifty-two knights dubbed on the field. There
appears no reason to doubt that the spur now exhibited is one of those
stated by the writer of Harl. MS. 4928, p. 39. to have been worn by
Sir Ralph Shirley, at the battle of Stoke, and then (in the time of
Charles the First) *' conserved by the Shirleys.'* As one of Jack
Cade's friends might say, — *' the spur is alive at this time to testify to
the fact." I am enabled to exhibit it by the kindness of Sir Ralph's
descendant, its present possessor, the Earl Ferrers. The neck of this
spur, which slightly curves upwards, is about 3^ inches in length. The
arms, curving downwards, are about 3^ inches.

No. 6 is the neck of a spur of probably Henry VIII. 's time.

No. 7 is the neck and mutilated arm of a brass spur of the tiflie of
CbarleB L

New Churches. 185

• Thompson read the second part of his paper on the Jewry
which he endeavoured to prove that the fragment of masonry
bj that name waa originally the western entrance of Roman
r, before the station was enlarged to meet the requirements of
ihition. At a subsequent date (in the middle or latter part of
ad century) the space between the western wall and the Soar
bably covered with buildings, and then the western wall re-
saving only the portion now remaining, which was incorporated
rge edifice, of which the foundations have been discovered at
times. Mr. Thompson entered very fully into his reasons for
these conclusions.

i resolved that Mr. Thompson's paper, with two illustrations,
ed with the report of the society for 1858, and that Mr.
laper, read at the last General Meeting, also accompany it, if
I of the society shall be sufficient.

NEW CHURCHES.

— , Ilousham, Serayingham, Yorkshire, — ^This new church is
from the designs of Mr. Street. The plan comprises a chancel
dund- ended apsidal sanctuary, a vestry on its north-west side,
rith a nartbex-like porch at die west end, and a tower engaged
north side of the narthez. This is an admirable and novel
id admits of great internal comfort in the nave, and of much
whitectaral combination externally. The arrangement is ex-
the chancel-levels being well contrived. There is a low screen,
i-stalls, with subsellse, a pulpit at the north-east of the nave,
ettem on the opposite side, and the organ under the archway
; to the vestry. The font is at the extreme west end, on the
and as you enter by the single west door. The altar stands at
areme east end of the apse. We should have Uked better to
een it advanced.. Externally the treatment is very good. The
rj of white stone is relieved by bands of red. The window-
r» of geometrical Middle- Pointed design, is good, and the string-
I — as always in Mr. Street's designs — are well managed. The
X is roofed with a lean-to, and is sustained by massive columns,
orizontal architraves. Surely arches would have been better,
I, or because, less novel. The small engaged tower is square,
J splayed into an octagonal open lantern, formed of columns, with
■lidal capping. A circular west window, above the lean-to roof
ttuthex, is a good feature. Internally the chancel arch, which
timioas at the impost, is cinq-foliated. The roof is of the circu-
dk form. The apse- windows are combined by a foliated arcade
id-ooaldings, sustained on detached shafts ; and a reredos is
1 eonatmctionally by stilting the middle ones. The apse roof is
d. The woodwork is simple but good ; and coloured marbles
lodoced, thoogb sparingly, in the font and pulpit.

i

136 New Schools.

S, Luke, Heywaod, iMncashire. — Mr. Clarke has designed a large
and important church for this manufacturing town. In order to accom-
modate the site, he places the tower over the north porch. The plan
contains a nave of 80 ft. hy 24 ft., with two broad aisles, and a south
porch in addition to the tower-porch on the north side, and a chancel of
about 40 ft. by 22 ft. 6 in., with aisles not quite reaching to the east
end. the eastern half of that on the south side forming a vestry with an
organ chamber above it. The arrangement is good, but somewhat
crowded. The chancel has double stalls, and an ample sanctuary. A
prayer-desk is placed, somewhat needlessly, at the westernmost end of
the foremost line of stalls on the north side. I'he pulpit adjoins the
southern jamb of the chancel-arch. The style is Geometrical Middle
Pointed of an ornate kind. Externally the ample clerestory, high roofs,
and lofty octagonal spire, arc effective. But we hope the haunchedgablet,
some of the details of the buttresses, and the exterior of the oigtn-
chamber, may be reconsidered. The latter, of two stories, might be much
improved, by any treatment such as a pyramidal roof, which would make
it more obviously an adjunct to the main design. The tower has
great merits, but wants a few feet more height to clear the belfry stage
of the crest of the nave roof. The arcading on its second stage some-
what recalls an earlier style than the rest of the church. We note with
pleasure the introduction of some panelled-sculptured heads in the east
wall, and figures of the Evangelists on the oblique sides of the spire.
But the latter are not sufficiently niched for their position, hitemally,
we observe that use will be made of Derbyshire marbles. The reredot
is an arcade. The chancel-roof is boarded, that of the nave being an
open one with arched braces and hammer-beams. A church of this
scale imperatively demands a vaulted roof for its proper effect. The
chancel-screen, we should have said, is a low one of stone. Ought not
such a screen to be of one height, rather than, as in this case, being
stepped on each side to follow the levels of the stalls and subaelln ?

NEW SCHOOLS.

Leigh, Worcealernhire, — Mr. W. J. Hopkins has designed a pictur-
esque timber building for these schools. The plan comprises a school-
room 42 ft. by 18 ft,, with a class-room, porch and cloak-room attached.
The treatment is excellent ; the framework being visible, ao4 the win-
dows being foliated between the upright timbers immediately under the
eaves. The two stone chimneys show character, in spite of their great
simplicity. At one gable there is a four-sided open bell- turret, capped
with a quadrilateral pyramidal spirelet. This would have been better,
perhaps, had it not projected outwards beyond the gable : the qiMsi-
penthouse so formed below having no use.

Clay Hill, Enfield, Middleaes, — This structure is designed by Mr.
St. Aubyn. There is a single schoolroom 28 ft. by 15 ft., with a single

Church Restorations. 187

sqparate yards and offices, and a teacher's house attached.
ifortunately, has only a single bed-chamher. The style is brick,
in two colours, with wooden monials to the windows, and
gables to the roof.

CHURCH RESTORATIONS.

'efer. Isle of Thanet. — ^This curious and interesting church is
earranged by Mr. Clarke. At present it is in a specially mise-
mdition, full of pews and galleries and staircases, some of the
ong cut away bodily and a schoolroom formed out of the west
tbe south aisle. Mr. Clarke proposes to gut it and fill it with
a benches ; adding a chancel-arch, and reinstating the missing
tween the chancel and its north aisle. The plan shows a very
lanceU with a north aisle, the east end of which is the vestry, a
^lapel to the chancel, nave and aisles, with a tower at the west
' the north aisle. Some modern windows of a poor Gothic are
irily retained. The Romanesque nave will look very well when
rd and restored. The new chancel-arch is shafted in that elegant
tional style common in East Kent, and an example of which
in the easternmost nave respond on the north side in this very
u We scarcely recommend the floriated chamfer introduced in
di itself. A new parclose will separate the chancel from its
aisle.

Vary, Humtrngfield, Suffolk, — ^This church is being restored and
bed by Mr. St. Aubyn : who, however, is not responsible for the
d arrangements, which are of the most singular character. The
d is of ample size. It is furnished with a long bench and sub-
Ml each side, intended (we presume) for the use of a lay-impro-
r. At the north side of the chancel-arch is a pulpit, and a desk
te : and between them, extending into the nave — after the
A of a chorus cantorum — are choir seats and subsellae, with metal
The necessity for such a compromise in a ground plan of this
cannot be enough regretted. The new seats and wood- work in
d are good : though we must except the reading-desk, which is
•sly encumbered with battlements and buttresses ; and it has the
J oi open metal tracery in front

)imrtm, Camborne ^ Cornwall, — ^This typal Cornish church, of three
ll and equal low aisles, is about to be enlarged and rearranged by
t. Aubyn. Unless he is compelled by the nature of the site, we
I lisfe counselled an extension of the original church eastward or
aid rather than the addition of a fourth aisle on the south side.
nmtiiig this to be the only feasible plan, it has been here well
1 out. The style is the usual late Third*Pointed of the district,
bs foor-oentred arches and cradled roof. The roofs are all to be
id, after the ori^nal fashion. The area is to be properly arranged,
• ffh^«M^ distinguished ; but we observe the retention of one
mr. The eastern end of the added aisle forms a vestry, which

138 Church Restorations.

has a very good chimney, that partly relieves the extreme monotoDy of
the exterior.

S. Matthew, Coates, Gloucestershire, — A little church with chancel,
nave, south aisle, western tower, south-western porch, and a chapel
on the north side of the nave. Mr. Norton enlarges this by adding a
vestry on the north side of the chancel, and he renews the east window
and chancel- arch, and rearranges the whole interior. The substitution
of a wider chancel arch for the original Romanesque one is unavoidable.
We are glad, however, that the old arch is reset in the north chancel
wall opening into the vestry. By banishing the children to the tower
much additional accommodation is obtained, though at the cost of their
convenience. The chancel receives stalls, the westernmost on the
south side being distinguished as the prayer-desk. There is a high
chanceUscreen, though without gates ; a lettern stands on the chanceU
Btep ; and the pulpit adjoins the north jamb of the chancel-arch. The
new east window is of Flowing Middle-Pointed style.

S, Martin, Fiddington, Somersetshire. — A very small church, with
chancel, nave, and west tower. Mr. Norton has in hand its restora*
tion, which will include the addition of a south porch and of a vestry
to the north side of the chancel, and the rebuilding of the north wall
of the nave. In so very small a building — only 43 feet long internally
-—the making any distinction between the three seats on the south side
of the chancel, by giving a larger desk to the *' reading-desk " is un-
necessary. The new north wall is of somewhat better detail than the
poor Third-Pointed of the original church.

S. Bodvan, Llanaber, Merionethshire. — This very interesting specimen
of a Welch First-Pointed church has been carefully restored, under the
care of Mr. Philip Boyce. The works include a complete rebuilding of
the west end, which, owing to its exposure to the sea, was in a most
unsafe condition, and the renewal of many of the windows, besides thf
re-arrangement of the whole interior. Mr. Boyce has judiciously re-
produced and copied the stem severity of the original style, and has
strengthened the west end by three massive buttressnes, which are pedi*
mental- headed and splayed outwards at the base below the stringcoune*
from which rise two slender lancets ; the whole west wall is battened
at its lower part. The west gable terminates in a single beli-cote» of
unpretending but suitable design. The church is remarkable for a very
richly moulded south-west door : this is now protected by a new porch.
This porch has a corbelled arch, which we do not much admire: aadis
guarded by an iron gate, which is of very commonplace design. The
clerestory is restored, and a curious double lancet-window, south-east
of the chancel, has been renewed. The arrangements ar^ good, com-
prising returned stalls, five on each side, and subsellse : with open seats
in the nave, and chairs in the aisles. The funds, we are informed, are
insufficient ; but the cost of so sound a restoration ought surely to be
provided by some of the many visitors to the adjoining Barmouth, a fa-
vourite place for university reading-parties.

. Great S. Mary's, Cambridge, — We learn with satisfactioii that the
restoration of this church is at last likely to proceed. The cost is esti-
mated at about £3,000.

139

STAINED GLASS.

Westminster Abbey, — Messrs. Clayton and Bell have in hand six
military memorial windows for the north transept. Each window will
ha?e the figure of a worthy of the Old Testament, with a group below»
detcribiog some ecene of his life. The sketches exhibit great boldnesa
and vigour of treatment and colouring : though in the figures of Joshuft
ind Jonathan the * heater'-shields are almost too prominent. The
figures are clothed in mail ; the tracery is of early character.

S. Mary Magdaiene, Muniter Square. — A three-light window, the
Cttteramoat one in the south aisle, is about to be filled by Messrs.
Clayton and Bell with a memorial of the late Baron Alderson. The
subject is the Resurrection. In the middle light our Lord is shown in
a pointed aureole. His drapery requires reconsideration, we think ;
ind the two soldiers at the foot would be better away. They recall un-
pleasantly the mediaeval treatment of a Doctor crushing heretics. In
the dexter light stand S. Peter and S. John the Evangelist; and in the
UDister the three Maries. These are excellently designed. The
colouring shows an excessive predominance of blue.

S, Michael, Comhill. — The enrichments of this church are pro-
gressing ; and Messrs. Clayton and Bell have in hand a series of
windows in rich stained glass. The clerestory receives grisaille, but
the aisle windows, of two large round-headed lights with a circle above,
will have groups. We have seen with much pleasure the sketch for
the " Advent" window. The chief groups are the Nativity and the
Spiphany. The design is naturalistic, but not more than may be
necessary for the style.

Ejeeier College Chapel. — The apse windows are to be filled by Messrs.
Ch^fton and Bell, with subjects of our Lobd*s Life and their types.
Thos the Resurrection is paralleled by Joseph^s extraction from the pit.
The design and grisaille are excellent.

8. , Haley Hill, Hali/ar. — One of the transept windows — a

fine eomposition of four lights with tracery — is filled with glass by
Messrs. Clayton and Bell. The' subject is the Life of S. John the
Bi^tist, admirably treated.

8. Mary, Newington. — ^The five apse windows of this new church-
each of two tiefoiled lights, with a sexfoiled circle in the head — are
to be €lled with stained glass by Messrs. Clayton and Bell : the gene-
ral subject will be the Te Deum. The angels* window is very beauti-
fully treated, each light having two large groups. The grisaille is
▼ery well managed, and the canopies are made as little obtrusive as
possible. The circle above will have our Lord's Head in Majesty,
adored by angels.

S. John, Brcnugrove, Worcestershire. — Messrs. Clayton and Bell
hoBfe jast fixed a stained glass window in the east end of the south
nsle of this ehttrch. The fenestration is late Third- Pointed, of three
cmqfiiiM ^glifil. Itt the middle one is a seated figure of our Lobd,

140 Notices and Answers to Correspondents.

with the legend, •• Come unto Me, all ye that labour/' &c. ; and in
the side-lights are respectively groups of mothers bringing their chil-
dren, and the sick brought by their friends. The treatment is new,
and has great merits.

Holy Innocents, Highnam, Gloucestershire. — A new east window for
this church, by the same artists, contains nine groups from our Lord's
Life.

S, Mary, Hemel- Hempstead, — Here Messrs. Clayton and Bell have
erected a three-light memorial window, with nine groups of our Loan's
Burial and Resurrection. The Crucifixion is, however, missing.

S. Leonard, Scorborough, Yorkshire, — Here, in the east window, we
have, by Messrs. Clayton and Bell, a seated Majesty, adored by che-
rubim, in the sexfoiled circle in the head : and in the three lights the
Nativity, Crucifixion, and Resurrection, with three smaller groups of
the Annunciation, Last Supper, and Entombment.

NOTICES AND ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.
To the Editor of the Ecclesiologist,

8. JAICBS'S, BICKNOR, KKNT.

Sib, — In your notice of the contemplated restoration of S. James's,
Bicknor, under the superintendence of my friend, Mr. Bodley, yoa
state " The chancel is marked by a low open screen, of very unusual
design ; balustrade shafts, sustaining a rail. For this crotchet the ar-
chitect is not responsible. We cannot, without regret, chronicle the
removal of an ancient though exceedingly rude high screen."

I am too grateful to the Ecclesiological Society for the great amount
of good which it has effected, to be in any degree callous to its obser-
vations. As therefore, in this instance, your remarks are likely to im-
pede the work I have in hand, I must venture to trouble you with an
explanation. 1. As to ' the high screen :' it is not * ancient.' It is of
the very worst character, the lower portion being of brick and plaster.
It is incapable of restoration. It does not stand at the entrance of the
chancel. 2. As to the proposed screen, it was necessary to have one to
mark the chancel, there being no chancel-arch. A high screen would
have been expensive — would not have been consistent with that very
* skilful treatment* of the tie-beam for which you justly commend Mr.
Bodley. It would not have compassed an object which I had in view^
that the officiatiuff Clergyman should throughout the Service be xntirxlt
open to the Congregation ; experience having long ago taught me that
this is the surest, if not the only way, of leading an uneducated con-
gregation to Kneel, Hiis, then, was my * crotchet,* as you are pleased
to odl it : and I cannot but think that there is nothing in which Blr«

Notices and Answers to Correspondents. 141

Bodlqr has shown more skill, snd taste, and judgment, than in the way
in which he has met it ; and that his low stone screen* with coloured
marble shafts will be one of the most beautiful features of the ' restora-
tion,' and will mark the distinction of nave and chancel better than any
bigh wooden screen could do, the former being of a more structural, the
latter of a more/iir9it7acrtf-/tA;5 character.

Hoping that yon will pardon this communication from one who was
fighting against ' pews* and ' Church wardenisms' long before the Ec-
deaiological or Cambridge Camden Society was in being,

I am, sir.

Your obliged servant,
Waltkr Blunt,
Rector of fiicknor, Kent.
HolUngboMme Hill,
March 1. 1859.

[We fear that we must adhere to our opinion that to insist on the
officiating clergyman being visible to his feet is ' a crotchet.' And, in
these days, the fact of a high screen, which is all the more valuable for
being * not ancient,' is worth perpetuating. — Eo.]

The New Foreign Office, — It would be superfluous to do more at
this juncture than simply to record that at the opening of the Session
of Parliament an unhandsome attempt was made by Mr. Tite, aided by
Lord Palmerston, to cancel Lord John Manners' selection of Mr. Scott
for the new Foreign Office. There can be no objection to any gentle-
men, who have a preference for Classical architecture, doing what they
hklj can to exclude a Pointed design. But it is discreditable to have
produced again all the stale arguments about excess of cost and defi-
ciency of light and air, which were refuted, once and for ever, by Mr.
Beresford- Hope's Select Committee. However, Mr. Scott defended
himself ably, and obtained the powerful aid of '* Habitans in sicco ;*'
and we have a strong persuasion that in spite of all intrigues we shall
yet see the new Foreign Office built from his designs.

The following Petition and Memorial are in course of signature.
Names are received by the Secretaries of the Architectural Society of
the Archdeaconry of Northampton : —

"To the Honourable the Commons of the United Kingdom in Parliament as-

tembled,

''The Homble Petition of the undertigned, being Members of the Architec-
tural Societv of the Archdeaconry of Northampton,
*• Showet'b,

'• That your Petitioners having understood that the selected design for
the new Foreign Office has been objected to on the ground of its ' Gothic'
style, beg your Honourable House not to reject it on that consideration ; but,
believio|^, as they do, that the Gothic style is more national, snd appropriate
to the site than anyother, and at least equally convenient and economical, beg
Hoaomable House to oonfirm the decision in favour of the selected

'Aidl yoor Psdtioiiera will ever pray» ftc.**

142 Notices and Answers to Correspondents.

^ Memorial to the Right Honourable Lord John Manners, First Comndssioner
qfHer Majestj^s Works and Public Buildings.

** My Lord,

*' We, the undersigned, many of whom ere members of the Arcbitee-
tnnd Society of the Archdeeconry of Northampton, beg to ex|ireBs oar satis-
faction at the selection of a Gothic design for the new Public Offices ; being
convinced that b^ a developement on the basis of the old architecture of the
country there exists the best hope of onr Public Buildings being effectually
improved in character, and made worthy of our advanced architectural know-
ledge.

** We also feel that in the plan of the elected Architect, Mr. G. G. Scott,
we have every reason to expect a successfiil example of this developement, and
the production of a building in our own country that may vie with those great
designs of his abroad, which have already secured him a high European repu-
tation.

'* We trust, therefore, that the recent discussions in which so much misap-
prehension has been exhibited will not shake your determination to carry out
the selected design, with such modifications as, on a review of the plan, may
hfi deemed expedient.

" March, 1859."

In the churchyard of Sevenstoke, Worcestershire. Mr. Hopkins has
placed a coped tomb of ornate design. The cross along the tomb is
elaborate in form, and richly worked with ball-flower mouldings. At
the angles are recessed arcuated panels, carved with kneeling angels.
The only drawback to these seems to be that the angelic figures are
cramped ungracefully within the curves of the fenestration. An upright
cross of metal, with four richly floriated stays at right angles, the
whole supporting a crown of thorns, was designed to atand upon, and
intersect, the horizontal cross of the tomb. This has not been carried
out. and we do not know that we regret the loss. We are not certain
how the two distinct ideas would have succeeded in combination.

The Arundel Society has undertaken to raise a special fund for the
purpose of obtaining water-colour copies of the priceless, but perish-
ing frescoes of the Italian churches. We can imagine few objects
more important in the interests of Art than this. The scheme has oar
best wishes : and we invite our readers to aid it by their contributions.

Mr. F. C. Withers, who has emigrated to the United States, has
built a very fair church at Newburgh. New York. The building was
intended for the Presbyterian community, but it is hoped that ere long
it may pass into other hands. A perspective view which we have seen,
shows a geometrical Middle- Pointed design, comprising chancel, clere-
storied nave and aisles, a tower and spire being engaged at the west end
of the south aisle. The chancel seems too low for the nave : and the
tower is decidedly too short, the belfry- stage scarcely rising above the
nava-roof ridge. The broach spire is better. Some unexplained win-
dows about the west end seem to indicate a gallery. The clerestory is
a series of foliated circles.

A person who has long been looldng ont in vain for a copy of the
" History of Pews," (whiQh is quite out of print) hat begged ua.to in*

Notices end Afuwert to Correspondents. 143

qmre if any of our readers know of a copy of the Third Edition for

nle.

A tpirited remonstrance, in which we thoroughly concur, has been
addressed to the Lord Mayor of York, by the Secretary of the Lincoln-
ihire Architectural Society* against the proposed demoHtion of the York
Walmgate, one of the most perfect examples of a mediaeval barbican
thtt has been handed down to us. We rejoice to hear that the Van-
dalism is averted by a vote of the municipal body.

A correspondent expresses anxiety to hear the report of the Sion
College Committee as to the city churches. We hope it may soon be
forthcoming, and we expect to find that it will be all that we can de-

lire.

An attempt is making, which has our best sympathy, for restoring
the little church of Bemerton, as a memorial of Oeorge Herbert. Se-
parate funds are organized for specific gifts : such as, e. g., from chil-
dren for a font, from clergymen for the altar plate. We should be glad
to bear that a monumental efiigy of George Herbert were thought of.

Our contemporary, the BuUder, has engraved the first prize design for
Mr. Spurgeon's Tabernacle as voted by the competitors, and the one
which is to be actually carried out. We doubt whether any more
hideous buildings have ever been imagined than either one or the
other of these promises to be. Art has never flourished genially
among Nonconformists ; a fact for which some good reasons might,
perhaps, be found, but into which we need not enter here. Still we
were scarcely prepared, after all the parade of a competition, with a
new scheme of adjudication by the competitors themselves, to expect
so wretched a result as Mr. £. C. Robins' and Mr. Pocock's de-
signs. It seems clear that the architects who accepted Mr. Spur-
geon's invitation must have been, as a rule, among the least emi-
nent in their profession ; or else that the absurd — but in this instance
the happy — prohibition of the Pointed style, must have excluded horn
the competition the best half of the rising " talent" of the day. If it be
true, as was stated in some of the newspapers, that Mr. Spurgeon jus-
tified the prohibition of Gothic, on the ground that a style which, by
its colaosniation. would hinder a preacher from being seen or heard
by his congregatioD, must of necessity have been invented by the Devil
as a material obstacle to the flow of Divine grace, we can only say that
the resnlt, as shown here, seems to demonstrate that that personage has
a monopoly of good architecture, as well as " good tunes,'* and that
Mr. Spurgeon might have followed Rowland Hill's example with
advantage. The designs are to our eyes almost preternaturally bad.
The conditions that were to be provided for were rather favour-
able than otherwise. Any one who remembers the Baptisteries of
Florence and Pisa might well have expected that a central font, and
a vast auditorium would give scope to some magnificent architectural
<»i^^m^mtyiw»«^ e?en ib the style of the Pantheon. The Anabaptists, in
daltinf one of the aacraments, have a far worthier idea to embody in

144 Notices and Answers to Correspondents.

their religious buildings than most sects of Nonconformists ; but the
opportunity here has been quite thrown away. It were superflu-
ous to criticise in detail Mr. Robins' design : its portico leading to
nothing — its frightful pediment — its meaningless symbols — its array of
Renaissance pots — its hideous fenestration. The idea of it is the
Surrey Music Hall translated into stone, and with a portico added in-
congruously at one end. But although Mr. Robins' design was se-
lected by the competitors themselves, that by Mr. W. W. Pocock has
been chosen by the committee. Mr. Pocock*8 design is illustrated by
the Builder of March 26, in a plan and an elevation. A more tame
or common-place composition than this we have never seen. Here
there is a low kind of circular dome, rising somehow — for we see
neither buttresses nor piers — from a parallelogram : and at each comer
there is a low clumsy tower, with a portico at one end.

A correspondent having visited Watchfield church — reviewed among
our New Churches, in April, 1858 — confirms our architectural de-
scription, but bewails the little use that is made of the building, and
certain ritual irregularities which he discovered. We feel as strongly
as ever we did the importance of churches being utilised, as well as
built or restored. But in the present case, which is, we believe, a
district chapel, it is most likely that the church can only be served
occasionally by the clergy of the mother church. It may be wholljr
impossible to erect Watchfield into a separate parish, with its com-
plete ecclesiastical staff.

Messrs. Williams and Norgate have issued the prospectus of a
work, which will have a deep interest for all lovers of Ancient Christiaa
Art. It is by M. J. A. Rambouz, Conservator of the Museum at
Cologne, and is entitled. Illustrations of Ancient Christian Art ts
Italy; Outline'Tracings of the Principal Frescoes from a.d. 1200 to
1600; with an explanatory Text by the Author. The work will contain
three hundred tinted plates, and be comprised in five volumes, answer-
ing respectively to the following five periods : — I . Anterior to (Hotto ;
2. Giotto, and his School ; 3. The Siena School, from Ouido da Siena
to Duccio ; 4. Perugino, and the Umbrian School : and 5. The School
of Perugino and Raphael.

A very interesting prospectus has just reached us from a fiiend in
Oermany. The Abb6 Bock, already most favourably known as a Me-
diaeval antiquary, is about to publish a copiously illustrated deacriptioii
of the treasury of the church of our Lady of Aix-la-Chapelle. Every
one who knows anything of the value of the antiquities there pre-
served, will look forward with eagerness to the appearance of M. Book'a
promised work.

Received :— Rev. W. H. Lyall.— J. R— P.— J. M. W. P.

THE

BCCLESIOLOGIST.

** Surge igftar ci fac: et crU 9om(iiii8 ucum."

No. CXXXIL— JUNE, 1859.

(new sebies^ no. xcvi.)

COLOGNE CATHEDRAL.

s

'*Aichitect'8 Forty-second Report rbspbctino the Works at

Cologne Cathedral.

"Thi whole of the operations at the cathedral during the second half of the

pnt year have, in pannance of the plan minutely described and justified in the

w report bat one, been chiefly confined to the advancement of those parts of

the building which belong to tne systems of buttresses. Little as the opera-

tioas on particular parts of the building during the last year may have done

to strike the eye» they nevertheless required a large expenditure of time and

Krength on the part of practised hands. If, for instance, we contemplate the

bold fiifing buttresses at the south transept gable, it will be easily perceived

that toch complicated systems of construction involve a lengthy and laborious

preparation oi the stones. The completion of the two upright buttresses in

that place, eonnected with the terminations of the stair-turrets, demanded, in

the course of the past year, the energies of all the inmates of a building shed.

More than a hnndred larger and smaller pinnacles surround and crown the

priacipal hoik of the abutments, diminishing upwards in separate stages, from

vhidi the bold, strongly profiled, flying buttresses spring. On account of the

frost, whieh set in veiy early, even in &e beginning of November, the already-

wofkad stones conld not all of them be set up for the eastern buttress beside

the sooth portal. In the course of the spring, therefore, and not sooner, will

the sooth portal, upon the completion ot the systems of buttresses and the

resBOfal or the scaffolding, stand forth in finished splendour. The stones for

the creetioo of the remaining upright buttresses on the south side of the nave

have been prepared.

^'Otithe north tide of the cathedral, for the account of the Central Cathedral-
hmUtmg AssoeiaiUm, the works at the northern transept-gable have not been
advanced so fiur as those on the south side ; but, on the other hand, the eight
piers of the fonr systems of buttresses against the nave have been carried up
to a height of fifty-two feet above the roof of the aisle. The circumstance
that the details on the north side of the cathedral are less richly developed,
permitted the works in this part to be advanced more rapidly and at less ex-
pense. We were consequent^ enabled, not only to purchase a large store of
•looe ibr the conlinnation of the buttress-system on the north side, but also
to eonqilet* the pnyvialoD of the scaffolding and transporting trucks that were
jv WBttng*

fOJt, XX. ^

146 Cologne Cathedral,

" At the great northern tower the middle buttress on the north side has
been built up to the height of the capitals of the windows, and the facing
(brustung) of the window-pier, which was very much damaged, has been re-
stored at a great expenditure of material. As far as the existing scaffolds
afforded the means, the restoration of the north-eastern comer buttress of the
north tower, adjoining the aisle, has likewise been undertaken. When the
sacristan's house was pulled down in the year 1843, the profiles of the bat-
tresses were found partly mutilated, partly overlaid with tile-work, and their
now stand in need of an extensive restoration. The extreme richness of detail
which marks the huge masses of the western towers, from their plinths upward
(vom untersten Socket heginnendy) has hitherto allowed only a very moderate
advance, in these parts of the building, as in others, to become visible during
each successive year ; besides that the works in these parts are pnrposely
carried on at a very moderate pace, in order to insure more rapid progress in
the erection of the systems of buttresses. But we may look forward to the
completion of the body of the church in a few years; and then, as we shall be
able to apply all the building funds to the erection of the north tower, its ad-
vancement will be materially accelerated ; and the eager wish to see, befwe
long, one at least of the mighty western towers overtopping the vralls of the
city of Cologne, may then ensure for the cathedral-works an active interest
and contributions on the part of larger circles.

" On the eastern side of the great south tower the restoration works have been
brought nearly to completion. The integration of the defective ommments,
an operation which has been, in part, very troublesome, while all the existiiig
stone work has been, as far as possible, retained, affords withal a 4aftim
towards estimating the cost of restoring all the outer surfaces of the touth
tower, a process which will be undertaken as to those details which are most
in danger of perishing, as soon as the body of the church has been comfiletfld.

** Simultaneously with the provision of the roof and vaulting for the nave
and transepts, the insertion of the great nave- window in enamelled fjlam
is also an essential part of the operations for the years next succeeding* The
cartoons for the upper mosaic lights, having been pirtially drawn at fiill watb,
we were enabled, in the course of last year, to make a beginning by prepanac
a specimen window, in order to obtain a criterion for carrying out the xeit of
the stained-glass works. In connexion with making the approaches to the
bridge from the city at the foot of the cathedral-choir, we have to look fomifd
to the erection of a massive lining- wall, faced with free* stone, which muat be
built within a few years in place of the earthen bank which has hitherto been
left from motives of economy. The laying out of new streets in the imm^
diate neighbourhood of the cathedral, which has been proposed to be done at
the same time, involves the relinquishment of the ground hitherto used as a
carpenter's yard for the cathedral ; and the ereat value of the plots of ground,
not built on, adjacent to the cathedral, will oppose great difficulties to the
acquisition ojf a carpenter's yard equally well situated.

" As the present time urges on the completion of the cathedral, internally
and externally, after a course of years during which the advancement oi the
building and the collection of funds have kept pace with each other, so also
we may look forward to the immediate neighbourhood of the cathedral,
according to the long cherished wishes of all friends and promoters of the
works, being partially cleared of the unsightly surrounding buildings, through
the completion of the standing bridge over the Rhine, and of the buildings
connected with it. In consequence of the serious expenditure which mu^M
incurred, during the years 1859 — 60, in the erection of the cathedral rocf^Bod
the construction, in iron, of the central tower, it must be a principal object with tka
building committee to procure the means for the unabated advancement of the
stonemasons' work ; because a partial dismissal of the cathedral stonemasonSk
skilled in their art by long practice, would exercise a lasting detrimental iaflo*

The letmography of the Chapter -housey Salisbury, 147

00 the perfonnances of the Cologne buildiDg-shed. The construction of
N>f must now be taken in hand ; and in order to meet these expenses
ut detracting from the progress of the stone work, an active sympathy on
ut of the Cathedral-building Associations is much to be desired.

Iter soch considerable sums have been devoted to the completion of the
Jial» through the successful exertions of the associations and the libe-
of the variout industrial companies, the Central Cathedral-buildine
iation confidingly request the iron-works of the Rhenish provinces and
phalia to lend a helping hand to the advancement of the national build-
y nippl3ring the iron that will be required at as low a price as possible.
ODstruction of the roof consists throughout of wrought and rolled iron ;
hit material, which may now be procured at a moderate price, presents
>?er, according to an accurate estimate, the advantage of a saving in cost
opared with the scheme of a wooden roof, because the price of the latter
iiu has risen considerably of late. The greater security, however, offered
A a construction in iron, renders the use of that urgently necessary,
iseparably connected with the roof, stands the project, approved by a
me Cabinet Order of the 4th of April, 1 855, of erecting a central tower
;tal; its form will be that of a fl^che, 100 feet high above the roof-prin-
and about 360 feet above the ground, with a diameter of 24 feet. The
lie construction is reouired in consequence of the slight bearing-power of
mr great piers at the crossing, which, according to the Report of the
. Technical Building Deputation, dated 29th June, 1853, was proved to
uiBcient for the erection of a massive central tower. In like manner
ite observations made, during the last year, on the displacements that
)ceiirred to the four great piers of the crossing have shown that to load
with a massive structure is altogether unallowable. Even if a perma-
xmdition should be restored through the completion of the vaulting, still
ut DOt attempt to put a greater load upon them, or we shall not be able
ure their continuing to stand. At the same time this lighter metallic
nction is considerably less expensive than one of stone.
Im Cathedral-building Fund owes to the activitv and aid of the associa-
md companies who are working for the completion of Cologne Cathedral,

1 tome spontaneous gifts, the total contribution of 38,700 thalers, for the
ear. With the addition of the yearly State-contribution of 50,000 thalers,
f the Cathedral-rerenue and collections, there have been therefore on the
about 95,000 thalers at disposal forthe purposes of the Cathedral- works
B. Particular information respecting the application of the money to the
s parts of the building will be imparted m the next report, after the
ioo-protocol' is finished.

"(Signed) Zwirnkk,

" Cathedral Architect, &c.
fme, 29th January, 1859."

B ICONOGRAPHY OF THE CHAPTER-HOUSE. SALIS-

BURY.

By Williau Buborb, Esq.
(Continued from p, 114.)

(allowing is a list of this very complete series of sculptures,
Dg the state of the polychromy, and the extent of their mutila-
befere the hite restoration.

148 The Iconography of the Chapter-house, Sdubury.

Subjects bound Aboades.

NoBTH Aboadb. Qroundt blue.

Suiifeci,

Tracet ^f Colowr,

ObaervatUmi.

Head$,

Coiom.

1. OoD creates the
li^ht, ^>parentl7 a

Chaos, with Ugare of
Odd.

a. Creatioii of the
flrmament.

None.

•

Almost en-
tirely destroyed.

•

Almost en-
tirely destroyed.

Broken
away.

Head of
man j ve»y
short beaxd;
hair con-
fined with
small cir-
clet.

Oncfaccks.
The wbote
allUr looks
modem.

NoBTH-wssTSBN Abcade.^ Ground, red.

I. Creation of the
trees.

8. Creation of the
sun and moon.

3. Creation of fishes
and birds ; the birds
are on the ri^hthand
of God azkl the fishes
on the left.

4. Creation of
beasts on the ri^ht
hand and of Eve
ftom* Adam's side on
the lift hand of God.

5. Goo rests on the
seventh day. The
Deity in an aureole,'
a tree on cither side.
He is blespiDC the
earth.

The earth on which our
Lord stands, yellow.

The sky the ordinary
light green, shaded with
liAe; the earth is yellow,
apparently with white
high lights and shaded
with red.

Traces of light green
near birds, also near
fishes ; on the latter the
green is somewhat dark-
er ; trunks of trees yel-
low.

Not many traces of
colour, but apparently
the same system.

Interior of aureole, a
good decided blue, light
green on foliage of one
of the

Destroyed.

Very nearly de-
stroyed; but the
po»e of God ex-
cellent.

Destroyed.

Destroyed
part of the
is cut into the
wall with excel-
lent ellbct*

The beasts are
a cow and a
horse.

Cloak of God,
green; with two
black lines on
the border; tu-
nic light pink,
with black pow-
dering.

Female
head with
wimple and
circlet.

Male head,
hair thrown
back and
tongue out;
very good.

Female
head with
circlet.

Male head,
puffing out
his right
cheek; has
hair covered
with coif.

Traces
light
on outer
mould of the
arcade, s
lion ands
fleur-de-litf
alternate.

Wimple.
red;ooroitfk
light green;
hairyeOour;
pnirito of
eyesandcje-
brows nay;
samedtapcr
to mould.

Hair |ci-
low.

Hair Tcl-
low; and
traces of
Mack fines
dividing
locks.

Hair yel-
low; cotf^
perhaps
white.

1 The whole of the sculptures of the West and North-west Arcades had been ao destroyea
that little more remained than the silhouettes of the figures ; they were conseqoentily rewwfcea
altogether.

* Adam has now been inserted on the right hand of our Lord. In the pveaent notfoe I
merely state what was to be seen Iwfbire the restoration.

* In Bibl. Reg. 9 B. VII. the Deity is represented in an aureole suntnmded hgr An^tif linfM
instnanentB at music.

7%e Iconography of the Chester-house, Sali$bwry. 149

Suijeet,

6. OoD shows
Adam the tanee of
;ood and eril; be-
Jtind Adam is Ere;
and behind bsr an-
other tree, ptobtMj
the tree of life.

Traea qf eoimir.

'. Adam and Eve
Mdni^ of the tree of
life; theSopentand
Adam on the right of
the tree, alao a tree
on the rig^ and left.

and Ere

8. Adam
Ude

tbrr percdre
Dndlty; on tiie
hand, i.e.,
the door. Goo speaks
to tbcm from a cloud.

tbdr
leffc

Qoak of God, light
freen, lined with light
pink; between Eve and
end of panel there are
traces of bunches of
leaves mi the groond;
they have been probably
gilt; tiiey cover the
whole ground like apow-
dering.i

The trunks of trees are
yellow ; and the serpent,
a light green.

The clouds from which
Goo is issuing are blue,
green, and yellow j the
earth as usual; the nude
parts are treated with a
very slight tone of pink
upon the stone itself.

OdtermUiont,

Headi.

The trees grow
up and cover
their nakedness.
Adam and Eve
are more perfect
than aiqr figures
in tlUs arcade.

Colomr.

Male head,
drawing up
his chin with
an expres-
sion of dis-
gust.

Traces of
light flesh-
colour. lUs
isnotagood
head.

Male head,
Phrygian
bonnet,
screwing up
left cheek.

Head de-
stroyed.

Hair as
usual, traces
of colour in
eyeballs, c^;>
perhi^
white.

NoBTH AscADB. Ground,blue.

1. The Expulsion.

I. Adam working
with a spade; Eve
ncfclingCain.

I.

ndAbcL

Angel's wings coloured
pink, with feathers mark-
ed in black. Angel's gar-
ments probably white.
Hie door of Paradise
painted on the general
ground : it is a yellow
colourwith black foliated
hinges ; the part of the
doorway through which
Adam and Eve are pass-
ing is hollowed out from
the wall surfl&ce, and fur-
Uieron toward the east
there has been a tree
painted wiUiyellow trunk
and green branches ¥rith
black outline.

Eve's drapery white
witii blue ornaments ;
distaff green. Beyond
Adam is a thick circular
bush painted, beyond that
there are traces of an-
other.

Abel's garment green,
and the lire red; the two
upper douds ydlow, the
lower green. Inside of
Cain's tunic green ; out-
side probably white or
pink; hoee red; la-aces
of a painted tree between
this and the last group.

Very imper-
fect: figures all
destrc^ed.

Adam destroy-
ed : and Eve
neu-ly so. Eve
is only clothed
firom waist, as
also Adam;
there are traces
of something
like a distaff.

The fire has
descended on
Cain's offering,
but has tumnl
against him and
bums him. Up-
per part of both
figures de-
stroyed.

Female
head; very
good: evi-
dently a fine
lady.

>Mr.

Ike

The bands
which go
round the
chin have, I
think, been
white; the
cloth mclos-
ing the hair,
green, with
black net.
The band
round the
forehead
also white.

,«^ leaves in the present as wdl as in several other instances to be
■ -- of pointed quatrdbils, with which the ground was covered, and in
aiceaidingly diapered the whole of the backgrounds in this manner.

are mi entirely dUtorent allUr.

Male head;
bald.

Male head,
perhaps a
monk,
making gnri-
maces ; no
beard.

All the
fhces are
painted alike
with yellow
hair, and
grevor black
eyebrows
and pupils.

150 The Iconography of the Chapter-house, Salisbyry.

Subject.

4. Murder of Abel. 1

5. OoD sentences
Cain. Abel*8 blood
crying from the
earth is represented
by Abel buried in it
up to his arm-pits
praying.'

6. God commands
Noah to build the
Ark ; he is at work
with an anger.

7. Noah enters the
Ark at one end ; and
at the other he re-
ceives the dove with
olive branch ; the
raven is feedhig on
the dead bodies. The
upper part of the Ark
is tenanted with birds
and the lower witii
beasts. Thelstbeast
is like a giraflb or
camel; the Snd a
heifer j the 3rd an
ibex; and the 4th a
sheep.*

8. Noah prunes his
vineyard; the vines
are trained on a
trellis in the Italian
fkahion.

Traeet qf Cohmr.

The upper range of
douds are yellow; the
next green; and the
third light-red, almost
piidc. A^l's dress green;
and traces of red on his
hose. Cain has a light-
red g^arment ; a red coun-
tryman's hat and yellow
hair ; traces of a painted
tree between this and the
last group. Sundry lines
below the clouds may be
trees or forks of fire.

God has red outer gar-
ments, and a pink under
dress. Abel a green dress.
Cidn has a brownish red
lining to upper garment ;
and his lower one is
green. The hair of figures
» yellow ; and Cain*s hat
red. A {Minted tree be-
tween this sculpture and
the last group, coloured
as usual. Tiie nimbus
of God was painted.

Blue ground. Noah
has a green dress, red
hose, and black shoes.
God has a flesh-coloured
mantle. The Ark has
been yellow ; and there
appears to have been an
interior of ditto. This is
shown on the wall in a
reddish chocolate colour
with black lines. The
Ark has the figurehead
of a dog.

Ground, blue ; sea,
green with touches of
yellow; body of Ark yel-
low; roof green. The
interior where the ani-
mals are is black ; inside
red. Noah in both cases
has a green dress, red
cap, and red bote.

Noah has a red ci^ and
dress, and black boots.
Stalks of vine yellow;
leaves green, and grapes
red ; background blue.

OAttfrso^fofU.

The upper part
of Abel destroy,
ed; also tiie legs,
flsce,andarmsof
Cain. A hand
comesout of the
clouds and ttiere
is a large tree be-
hind Cain, which
is coloured in
the usual way.'

Armsandfhces
destroyed,other-
wise perfect.

In pretty good
condition ; but
the heads and
arms mutilated.

Very perfect.
Dove broken,
and parts of dead
bodies. Noah's
head quite per-
fect.

Noah's face is
broken.

Head of
rustic, with
country cap;
no beard.

Head of
youth, with
hair flowing
back ; he is
putting out
his tongue.
Very good
indeed.

Male head
with short
beard and
Phrygian
cim>.

Male head
with pro-
jecting chin ;
nobeitfdfbut
marks of
bristles.

Head of a
nun. In the
capital be-
low there is
(1) a mon-
key, and (S)

an mi<ni»J

devouring
another.

The cap i«
black ; but I
think it
doubtfti).

Cap. red.

Cap,gTeen;
band, yel-
low.

Hood, red-
dish black;
also dress;
bands rottDd
the neck snd
forehead
have
white.

1 In 9 B. VII. Cain slays his brother with a Jawbone of some animal.
t The hand issuing firom the clouds which in No. 1 is extended, here appeura, flraai wfa«t rt-
mains, to be doubled up, as if in the act of threatening : there is no nimbus in eitlier oaae.

> It mav probably represent the half-buried body of Ab^ InSB.VII. awfaoteooanpaitineal
is devoted to the sul^ect of Cain buying Abd.
* The Ark is a boat supporting a structure with two tiers of circular ardies and an ImW-
cated roof. There is a door-way at either end *, one ot\;heia\Aa & dooic with floriated Ungcs.

7%« Iconography of the Chapter-house, Saliibury, 151

NoBTH-EABT Aboade. Tht ground qfthia Arcade U red.

Suijeet.

I. The drunken-
ness of aVoah.

2. The bmildin^ of
the Tower of Babel.
Tbe tower oonsisto
^ three stages : the
npper one is un-
fiaisbed. One mason
hokb a plnmb-bob ;
■inther carriea stone
ot) his head ; and a
third receiTes it; an-
other is bewing atone
*Hh an axe ; and
ft flfth la carryinj^
(oiDething on his
iind: these two lat-
ter hare quite dia-
*Ppeared. An in-
ctSned piane with
liieces acrooa ia used
Huteidofaladder.i

9. Alvaham im-
fktns the three An.
Ids to stop with him .
He is on one Icnee,
tad the Angels are
(D albs with amice.

4. Abraham waits
OB the Angela at ta-
ble; Sarah laogfaa
from behind the door
of tbe boose. One
Angel has orertum-
cd his cap, and talks
with his companion :
tke first one talks
with Abraham; he
has hia band cm a

Traces of Colour.

S. Destruction of
Sodom and G<nnor-

boildings
pdl melllhlling upon
two peofde, one of
whom is half burled
in tibe ground.

6. Lotdowtsflrom
Sodom wta his two
dtughUn. HiswifiD
ii tamed into a polar
ofayt.

Ham*8 c»p is jellow;
outer garment green ;
the iuner^probaUy white ;
shoes black. The next
brother has a blue cloak
and flesh-coloured tunic.
The 3rd, i.e., the one over
Noahy a blue tunic and
red cap. Noah, a green
tonic ; the shoes of all
the figures are black.

The tower is coloured
ydlow; with the stones
marked in white lines.
At all events the upper
story was ao. Cavetto
mould green. Inride of
embrasures on upper
story as well as sides of
stones of unfinished work
red. The mascm with
square, has a green tunic,
allso the one who carries
the stone ; the one re-
ceiving it a light pink
tunic with red diaper.

Tunic of Abraham,
green; the cloak, flesh
coloured, ist Angel has
probably had a white
tunic with red diaper:
snd, flesh colour; and
3rd, green; traces of blue
onthe wixigs.

Abraham, a green tu-
nic, red cap, and white
niykin; the roof of the
house is green. Sam^
a light pink garment,
ist Angel, blue tunic and
green wings ; Snd Angel,
green tunic; and 3rd,
white, or light red. Ta-
hie, green; and doth,
white.

RooCIa of the buildings
and tbe cavetto, green ;
very slight marin of
green on some of the
buildings, especially in
the longtriplet of one of
them, llie figures, both
green dresses.

Pillar of ault, white.
lat daogliter, green tu-
nie and white veil ; Snd
daughter, donbtftad— per-
li^^ yellow, or white.
Lot's mress is green, with
ft red cap.

Ohtervationa.

Head of Ham
perfect ; the
heads of the
other two bro-
thers and of
Noah broken ;
also sundry of
the arms.

Two of the
heads pretty
good ; the others
broken away ;
and two of the
workmen en-
tirely disap-
peared.

Abraham's
head and hands
gone; the hands
of Angels are
mutilated, as
also their faces :
otherwise quite
perfiBct.

Very perfect:
AbrahJim's hand
gone, also those
of the two An-
gels. The faces
of Abraham and
of the Angel
with whom he Is
conversing are
mutilated ; the
other two per-
fect.

Quite perfect,
except the noses
of the figures.

Heads.

Very perfect,
except Lot*s face
and right hand,
and Sml daugh-
ter's two hands.

Destroyed.

Male head,
partially
bald; very
short curly
beard. This
is very per-
fect.

A queen
with crown.

Male,
youthful
head, with
short, curly
hair.

Male head,
with short
beard, and
coif tied
under his
chin. The
stone is
much de-
cayed.

Male head,
short beard
and close
fitting cap.
Very good.

Colour.

The coif
may have
been white,
or blaclc.

The cap
may have
been white,
or black.

t The incttncd pUmes are still used in Constanttnople instead of ladden.

152 Tke Iconography of the Chapter^house^ Salisbury.

Subject.

7' Abraham lead-
ing the ass, which Is
loaded with wood.
Isaac is on its back.

8. Abraham about
to slay his Bon, an
Angel and a ram.

Trace» of Colour.

The ass is yellow, the
tonic of Isaac blue, and
Abraham's green.

The Angel had proba-
bly a green dress ; Abra-
hiun a green cloak, a
blue under- gannent, and
black shoes.

ObterwUion*.

Abraham's
head and arms
gone} also
Isaac's flice:
otherwise quite
perfect.

Very imper-
flBct ; the only
perfect part is
the lower part of
Abraham.

Youthftil
monk's
head. Very
good in-
deed.

Female
head, with
long flowing
hair.

CM

East Aboade. The ground qfthii arcade ie blue.

1. Blessing of Ja-
cob ; Rebecca is list-
ening at the door.

S. Blessing of Esau
—he is tnmmg away
his head, and holding
his dish with food
untouched. There is
no Rebecca here.

3. Rebecca sends
Jacob to Padan-
Aram.

4. Jacob takes the
top off tiie well, to
giye water to Ra-
diel's cattle. She
pohxts to the house.
One beast is a camel :
there are also two
oxen and an ass
whidi Rachel holds
by a bridle. The
camel has two yery
small humps, and he
is no larger than the
other annuals.

6. Rachel brings
Jacob to her fliikther.

Cavetto and bead of
building above the door,
green. Rebe<xa's tunic
green, and doak red.
Jacob's tunic white, or
light yellow, ¥rith blue
duper. Counterpane,
green. Traces of blue
on the tunic of Isaac )
and the dxtaperj at the
head of the bed red.

Esau, green tunic ;
counterpane, yellow ;
and the drapery at the
head of the bed, red.
The trefoiled head of the
door, green ; the interior
jamb of ditto, dark red.
The tunic of Isaac, light
red; pillow, green.

The house coloured as
usuaL Rebecca, a green
tunic. Jacob's tunic has
probaMr been red; it is
now light red : the sack,
yellow, and the tree as
usual. There are traces
of green and red between
this and the last group.

Jacob has a red tunic,
green wallet, and belt ;
and Rachel, a green
dress. Tlie house has a
green cupola, with, I
think, black marks for
tiles. The ass is yellow,
and the bridle blue. Ra-
cbsi has flowing hair.

Rachel has had, I
think, a white dress.
Jacob's tunic, red, with
green hose and green
wallet. Laban, green
tunic, with red hose.
Hie house contains no
trace of colour. Behind
Rachel the background
has certainly been pow-
dered with leftvee.

Rebecca's left
arm perfect; all
the heads and
other arms brok-
en: otherwise
perfect.

Heads and
arms of both
figures broken :
otherwise per-
fect.

Both heads
gone, as well as
Jacob's right
hand: otherwise
perfect.

Both heads
broken, and one
of Rachel's
arms; also the
camel's head :
otherwise the
compartment is
perfect. The
figure of Jacob
isTcry good.

AU three of
the beads gone,
and Jacob and
Laban's hands
and arms: other-
wise perfect.

Broken.

Male, with
hood, short
beard, and
moustache.
Very good
indeed.

Male head,
with circlet
round fiow-
inghair,
beard
shaved.

Ahead
forming
three faces,
short
beards.

Crowned
male head,
fiowing
hair, no
beard.

Tta
ared!

Hie
hasb(

J%e leonojfrtgtit/ of the Chapler-ktmte, SaUtbtay. 158

JMM.

,»„»■»».

"*"'""'■'

HmA.

(Wwr.

dood*.

pofcrt." ""

HdatwMl,

■ttnlnwoCtalattiicti

IHednHo^ttuAnccl

-tOtinmiOMpntmiaj

ni> tKMltod

•booldcn or
both flmn

j^t^'

■>lJi«b,Lata.Hl

wUtc dmci the nut,

Head of a

prlBrt, Willi

SonrH-uiT i&aciSB. ArtdgnrndUlMimvodt.

■ la 1 B. Vlt_ a«t te ate k lidT hMbI t7 tta ■"■ ■>"*<»»•

■ ■ B. ¥11. ta* alB Mi adiKt AtUM bita UirM pDap* : In the

*~1l J li Ihi ■pimil. Ill J " "" ^•" Dffu coattudbi

•i ■«, htf Mt wMK hk knd domirBdi.

the third, vat Un In

154 The Iconography of the Chapter-houie, Salitbury.

Smhied.

A. This is in two
groaps :— ist, the se-
neschal is Wf\nfs the
price ; 2nd, the sene.
schal on horsebaek,
with Joseph behind
him.i This latter is
the suhject of our
illustration.

5. The brothers
bring back the coat :
two houses are re-
presented here. A
woman is behind Ja-
cob.

6. Pharaoh seated,
gives a stick into Jo-
seph*s hand ; Joseph
clasps the Kbig's
right hand with his
own. Behind him is
the seneschal,* who
has the same hood
as In No. 4» but
thrown back.

7. Temptation of
Joseph : Pharaoh's
wife holds the conn-
terpane of the bed ;
Joseph turns his back
on her, she catches
hold of his mantle.3

8. Joseph accused :
a seatedf figure ctf
Pharaoh, with one
leg orer the other;
the Queen with her
knees bent, and Jo-
seph turning away
wnh outstretched

TraetacfCokmr.

ist flgoie (seneschal),
yelloiw tonic, lined with
green, light red hosen.
2nd, brotiier, light Ver-
million dress, lined with
green ; black hose. 2nd
seneschal in green tunic
and hood. Joseph, white.
Arson of saddle painted
Mack ; horse, teown—
traees of blue on it, pro-
bably the shading for a
white horse.

ist house, green, and
bead black, walls white,
scored with dark black
lines, shaded green at
bottom and vellow at
top. The roor has been
white, shaded with blue i
dormer gable, black. 2nd
house, mould of arch,
green; soffit and inside
of house, black ; cavetto,
green ; and inside of em-
brasures, red. Jacob,
blue tunic ; chair at back,
yeUow, with half-inch
green border. Leah,
white dress, with two
black lines round the
neck ; band of head-dress
going round the chin,
blue. 1st brother, i.e.,
dexter, green tunic ; 2nd,
yellow, or light red dress,
very doubtftil ; 3rd, also
doubtfol, perhaps green :
the two first have black
hose.

Merchant, graen tunic
and hood, andblack hose.
Joseph's tonic, yellow;
Pharaoh's, blue ; drapeiy
of seat, white; seat,
green; drclet ot Pha-
raoh's head, vellow, with
pattern in red ; the castle
as usual } cavetto, green i
walls, shaded green be-
low, yellow above, and
white in the middle.

Josefrii, blue tunic,
green mantle, and Made
hose. The la^y has per-
haps a white tunic. The
counterpane appears to
have been originally
green, and then re-paint-
ed with blue and white.

A blue garment and
yellow cloak. Queen,
white tunic, with red-
dish brown lozenge-
shape diaper ; cloak,
green, with similar dia-
per. Joseph, a green
tunic.

ObtenaHtma.

All the heads
are gone, besides
other mutila-
tions.

All the heads
are gone, except
Leah's, which is
defaced; a good
many hands and
legs off.

Male head,
short beani,
a bandage
foond fore-
head tied
on left side.
I suspect
this head Is
meant for
thatofaSa-
raoen.

Brokoi.

Ithink
the bandi
has been
white; th
aretraoa
blue on tl
hair.

Pharaoh's arm
and aU the heads
broken: other-
wise perfect.

A good deal
motilatedi the
breast of the
ladv, both heads,
and one of Jo-
seph's arms
gone.

All the heads
and nearly all
the arms de-
stroyed.

Male head,
short beard,
curly hair,
and cap.

Broken.

Destroyed.

Thehairc
thishesd
hascer-
tahilybeai
gilt,mis
yellow
ground.

»> M

1 fl B. VII. " IcU est Joseph voida a senesdial de
Em€ amene JoMph ao roy de Bgypte."
' 2B. ViL " /(^ est Joseph pteaeuie an Hov de Bcyv^e per soon
^ 2B, Vn. " Id U Rajne reqoeit Joseph eibe Mwa an^."

le

7k lamojfr^pkj/ of the Ckapter-kome, Salkbury. 155

South Abcade. Qrommd, Hue.

e if less oolour on this than on any of the others. The reason is, that the
J hare been easit^ and tliat ficom some reason they are much damper.

fii§el.

cpli is put
■on; be has
tk his Isgsj
e the butter

lis is two
— 1st, the
hanff; his
n tied be-
I; loandbis
i a pair ci

t top orer
ktoBAtbeUt-
shis pane;
iB is his peel
with a losf
anit;there
sods^ orer
I. tod, the
n his knees

Pharaoh
cup.

■acdi in the

asleep; on

(dexter) the

DOd and se-

(of com;

side,

Idne estinir

a

andlnic lifts
hands— pro-
baraoh con-
vlthamai^-
d the butler
nchisingra-

*wro eroops
lst,Joaephis
d from pri-
basthefet-
li the cnp-
Bfls up bis
i. And, Jo-
leeis before
, who pre-
D witharod
a.

IVaess V^ Coloitr.

Prison as usual. Isus-
pect the head below has
been rilt ; the keeper has,
I think, had a wUte ta-
nic, with black lines
roand neek; Joseph, a
green tonicr-^ds hands
are rlssped. The inte-
rior of the prison is rsd :
no colour reaalns on
other figures.

I can detect no colour
on this group, either on
culprit or exectttianer.

Butler, a green dress ;
Pharaoh's, gold or yel-
low; drapery of throne,
green.

Counterpane of Pha-
raoh, red, lined with
green, the tunic probably
yellow; the spaces be-
tween cattle, black or
red.

ist figure (dexter) white
or yellow tunic ; tnd,red
or yellow; ditto green
hose and black uoes;
Srd, green tunic.

1st, the prison as usual,
chamller of arch, green ;
Interior, red. Joseph, a
green tunic ; the cup-
bearer, probably white,
lined wHn green, and red
hose. Snd, Joseph, green
tunic ; Phsraoh, red or
veUow dress and green
hose. Panels of chair,
green, with red borders.
Tlie ground of srcadc
between Joseph and Pha-
raoh becoaies green ; the
inside of niaraoh*s cloak
k ptfoted white on the

All the heads
are broken, be-
sides other da-
mage.

Heads and srms
of these sutijects
all more or less
destroyed and
muti]ated,other-
wise very per-
fect.

Quite perfect.

Heads; breast
of lstfigve,and
most of arms de-
stroyed.

The heads are
all mutilated ;
but that of Pha-
raoh is the most
perfect; several
of the arms are
also gone.

Female
head, with
hair, in a
doth, which
has the ends
brought
over cm top.

Male head,
with a short
beard.

Colour.

ChUd*8
head, long
straight
hair, no
beard, and
laughing ex-
pression.

Youth's
head, with
long curiy
hair, and
crown of
laurel.

Msle head,
bald, long
hair, and
beard.

166 I%e Iconography of the Chi^ter-houte, SalMwy.

Smigect.

8. Joseph
with Bceptare in hand,
presiding oyer the
threehinir of the
corn: one man la
threshing the com,
and the other throws
straw into the mie.i

7. Here are two
groups: istftbebro-
Uiers bring an ass
with a sack on its
back } one is holding
open another sack,
into which com is
being poured. Snd,
one of them is on his
knees before a seated
flgore of Joseph.

8. Two gronps : —
ist, the presentation
of Bex^amin to Jo-
seph; Snd,thecapis
pat into his sack.

Traett 0/ Coiowr,

The Nile, green; the
labourer has a green tu-
nic ; and the thresher,
white: Joseph's venr
doubtful: lash of flail,
red or gold.

The Ass has been yel-
low; the Snd figure op-
posite sack, green tunic,
as also the one holding
sack ; the hosen are
black ; the kneeling bro-
ther has a green tunic ;
—as to Joseph, it is im-
possible to say.

Inride of Joseph's robe,
green; Bei^amm's tunic,
green; figure putting cup
mto sack, greeu) cup,
gold.

ObtervoHotu,

HeadsmutUai-
ed; right hand of
Joseph, and ob-
ject at head of
Nile destroyed —
otherwise, pre^
perfect.

All the heads
except one are
gone, ottierwise
it is tolerably
perfect ; Joseph's
hand destroyed }
and kneeling fi-
gure's arms.

Tluree of heads
gone : otherwise
pretty perfect.

Youth's
head, long
hair, ending
in cttris;
fillet round
head.

Mouk'a
head, with
hood, partly
corering
ditto.

Bfalohead,
with coif;
a slit in the
right side of
ditto ; hair
fiowing out.

CelST.

^fdanhsi
reddish

J

outer
of pupllf
light taiw
shou]dfln»
red.

SOXTTH-WXST AbOADB.

This should be red ground, but it has nearly disappeared, if not quite.

1. The cup found
in Bei\j8xnin*8 sack;
Joseph is seated.

8. Two groups :—
Ist, four or brethren
on their knees before
Joseph, who is seat-
ed as usual; and,
Joseph is fUling on
Benjamin's neck.

N.B. he has more
the look of strangling
him.

3. Jacob and his
ftimily, including his
wife, going into E-
gyptonfoot; Judah
sent on before.*

Ist figure (dexter) green
tunic, with red dii4>er.
and, red or gold tunic,
(BeuJamin's.) 3rd, (a
Serrant,) white tunic ;
Joseph has blue tunic,
with red inside ; a green
splay to seat.

1st brother (dexter),
green tunic, tnd and
srd doubtftal ; Joseph,
blue tunic ; a gold staff,
and green seat, with gold
cavetto. and group,
Beujamin, gold or red
dress, and black hosen.
Joseph, doubtful.

1st figure, green tunic,
and, green cap; tunic,
doubtrol ; black hose ;
the Lady has a wimple :
I think she has had a
green cloak. 4th, green
cap ) tunic, doubtftil.
5th, Jacob, doubtftd ;
Judah hasa green tunic ;
there are marics of leaves
on the ground biqrond}
as in other panels.

Heads of Jo-
seph and servant
gone: otherwise
quite perfect.

All the heads,
anda great ma-
ny of the
destroyed.

This is a veiry
good group; on-
ly 4th figure's
head is pofect;
one of Jacob's
hands, and one
of lady's muti-
lated.

Male head
of a beard-
less priest.

Male head,
bald, with a
▼eiy short
beard.

Line of ly
Uds marin
with a re
dish bm
line.

Male head,
ayenr short
beard, and
coarse hair
coming orer
forehead.

1 fl B. VII. Joseph communicates the intelligence that there is com In Egypt by tttrouli
straw «qxm the river, whidi la thus conveyed to the flUher, " com U est en soun dbastd."

*2B, VII. AkklyisalBorepicse&tedlnthissnftdect: '* IcQ est Jacob e sa HBmme
JSlTpAv « .KoMlpb lor lltz/'

lemogr&pk^ cf the Chapier-hmue, Salisbury. 1 57

la-

of
leir

"4y

i it

It

Bta

b«

tab
Ja.

At
pcd

fU

■lit

Bll>

the

the

or
tab

3VaMi ^ CpIomt.

1st flginnet doabtftil ;
Snd, green tunic; 3rd,
doabtfbl i 4th, green ta-
nic} all the i«rt,doabC-
fU. Of the upper heads
of an, let has green cap.
and tnd the same, srd
yellow.

cf central

cf blue <m tunic
figure.

No i4»parent colour.

No I4»parent colour.

No colour. Green
with damp.

OUennUi^tu,

This is in bad
condition, from
green streaks of
rain; and it has
been cast. This
i^yplies to the
whole (tf the two
last arcades.—
Faces are an mu-
tilated: other-
wise it istdera-
blypertDct.

All the heads
and arms de-
stroyed or mu-
tilated. Stone
generally in bad
state, from the
damp.

Upper part of
Moses destroyed
—and the whole
of the flgrure of
God.

Good spirited
group: heads de-
stroyed or muti-
lated.

Heads of men
and horses, mu-
tilated : other-
wise perfect.

Beadt.

Male head,
and curiy
hair, beard,
and a fillet
round head.

Blalehead,
IktflMe, and
short curiy
hair, no
beard.

Male head,
fiowliighair,
along beard,
and a cap.

Male head,
a quantity of
bushy hair
turned back,
no beard.

Malc^,

with unbut-
toned hood,
beard
sharen.

C9Umr.

IIood,green.
This is a
good head.

South ov West Dooswat. Grtmnif, BAte.

ikes

the

Moaes, ydlow tunic. '

1st figure, gireen.

Both of these
groups were en-
ttarely destroyed.

Female
head, with
the hair in
cloth, and
a drdet
abore.

Female
head, flow-
inff hair, and
circlet. A-
bove, some-
thing crimp-
. ed, corerinc

I I top of head.

...^ leatoitd as the brethren implorinf: Joseph not to take yengcance on
dwth ( but In that case there would oe onfy eleven male fifures, not

haa a Wm-thMped sbield.

158 The leonogropky of the C/ugi^er-howe, SaHtbury,

It will be seen that several of the groups in the history of Joseph
exhibit a very considerable deviation from the Scripture narrative ; and
ns it happened to fall to my lot to give directions to Mr. Philip, the sculp-
tor, respecting the restoration of this portion of the work, I was at
first very considerably puzzled ; but remembering how Henry III.
directed his book of the Gestes of the kings of Antioch to be famished
to the artists employed on his chamber in the Tower for the purpose
of guiding them in their work, it struck me that probably the same
system had been carried out in the present instance, and that some
contemporary illuminated MSS. might throw a little light upon the
subject. Accordingly I went to the British Museum and examined
Cotton. 2 B vii., commonly known as Queen Mary's Psalter. In the
wonderful set of drawings it contains of the Bible History, I found the
same variations regarding the story of Joseph, as in the sculptures at
Salisbury. One group indeed, the Seneschal of the King of Egypt, with
Joseph seated behind him, is identical both in the MS.^ and in the sculp-
ture. It should also be observed that the MS. is English art,and not many
years later in date than the Salisbury sculptures. But how to explain
variations from the Scripture, such as these ? Joseph is sold to the
Seneschal of the King of Egypt, not to the Ishmaelites ; the Senes-
chal presents him to Pharaoh ; he is tempted by Pharaoh's Queen,
not by Potiphar's wife ; and he lets his family know there is com in
Egypt by throwing straw on the Nile, which flows past the castle of
his father. &c. It would be a curious fact to ascertain the origin of all
these variations; I have searched in vain in the Apocryphal work of
the second century, called the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs,'
which Matthew Paris tells us was translated in his time by Robert
Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln.' There indeed Joseph does enter very
largely into the details of this portion of his life for the purpose of
exhorting his hearers to the practice of chastity and fraternal love ; bnt
he is sold to the Ishmaelites who, after leaving him in charge of a mer-
chant, eventually resell him to Potiphar. while it is Potiphar's wife
Memphitica, not the Queen of Egypt, who persecutes him with her
solicitations during seven long years, who mixes love potions in bii
food, who offers even to break her idols, and finally threatens to
kill herself. There is, likewise, no mention of throwing the straw on
the river. Fabricius also gives another apocryphal narrative, which
relates the manner in which Joseph during the first year of plenty
married the beautiful Aseneth, daughter of Potipher,^ the priest of the
sun. The story, which reads very like the legend of S. Barbara, ex-
cept that everybody is made happy at the end, gives us most minute

* Mr. Westlake is now publishing fac similes of this MS. Unfortimately the
work is in lithography, and as but few copies (150) are being printed, and the
stone nibbed down afterwards, the work is likely soon to be very scarce. The MS.
was most useful in supplying any defoodve portions of the sculptures, particolaily
in the costume.

3 See Fabricius, Pseudo-Graphia Veteris Testamenti. 8vo. Ham. 1713-1723. voLii.

' See Matthew Paris, sub anno 1252. Master John, of Basingstoke, archdeaooa
of Leicester, heard of the work while at Athens, and upon his informatioa
Grosseteste sent for it and made the translation.

^ It b a disputed point as to whether this was Joseph's old master^ or a toteflf
different person.

The Iconography of the Chapter-house, Salisbury. 161

etaOs concerning the lady and the wondrous tower in which she had
ved all her life, but contains nothing relating to the points under
mnderation.

I next tried the Speculum Historiale of Vincent de Beauvais, who
t>te at the time Salisbury was in progress of construction, but he
ts the matter very short, by referring us to the Scripture narrative for
the particulars beyond the bare outline of the facts, and devotes one
two chapters to the story of Aseneth.

My own suspicion concerning these variations is that they must be
igfat for in some contemporary author who made the story of Joseph
0 a sort of romance, adapting and altering the incidents to the
oners of his time ; and we should also remember that Froissart is
re than suspected of embellbhing his history in a similar manner.

The Poltchbomt.

Two systems of Polychromy obtained during the middle ages ; viz.
where the whole building was elaborately coloured. This was used
ly for small buildings. 2. Where the roof and walls were sparingly
corated ; the principal amount of colour being retained in the arcade
Qning round the edifice.

S. Stephen's chapel, Westminster, (now destroyed) ; the Sainte
lapelle, at Paris, and the church at Assisi, in Italy, are examples of
e former, while the Chapter House, at Ely, (commonly called the
dj Chapel,) and that at Salisbury, among many others, illustrate the
ter.

The colour began with the tile pavement, which was divided from
) walls by the white colour of the stone benches. Then came the
ade richly coloured, the Purbeck columns dividing a series of
tains painted upon the walls. The colours of these last are very
tbtful ; but the most probable supposition, and that most borne
; by existing remains, would be to suppose them to have been
k, diapered, edged with yellow, and lined with green. The caps of
imns are gold, pricked out with colour. The abaci are in Pur-
k marble. The colours of the mouldings of the arcades are counter-
nged in each bay.^ The principal ones were powdered with various
terns, such as lions, fleur-de-lys, the heraldic cinqfoil, &c. The
» within the arches had the name of the prebend inscribed in a
are frame within a circle, while the spandnls were filled in with
poly chromed sculptures above-mentioned. It will be perceived
; the greatest amount of colour is in the arcade ; from this it is
led up to the groining by means of (I) the coloured parts of the
■ille glass ; (2) the Purbeck shafts of the mullions and jambs ; and
a red fillet on the principal mouldings.

lie ribs of the vaulting have their mouldings divided by red hollows
fiDeta ; and a nebula ornament of {he same colour occurs at the sides.

[ ihoBld remark that every particle of gilding in the arcade had been aystemati-
aeraped off, ao mndi ao, that one of the principal moulding* in every niche
■tad no coloiir at all, except one or two minute spoU of a murrey colour. Mr.
no, who baa ao ably fiifrmtftd the polychrome, haa reatored these mouldings
anay. My owb opinion is, tbat they have been gilt, for surely there could have
ao objeeC m ■i?rffr*"g off this colour more than any other.

»&• XX* Y

162 The Iconography of the Chapter-house, Salisbury,

The main body of the vaulting is covered with red lines, not unlike an
imitation of stone work.^ The bosses are gilt, relieved with red,
and on each of the three sides is painted a mass of green and yellow
foliage on a triangular dark-red ground. Mr. Hudson has used por-
tions of blue in his restoration of these parts, as he found that colour in
the same position in the vestibule, but I was not successful in finding
any bl,ue when I coloured the tracings before the vaulting was scraped.
The colouring of the vestibule has been almost a fac simile of the Chapter
House, except that the painted foliage at the wall ribs is in red and green
on a yellow ground. The tile pavement of the main building is divided
into compartments by black borders running to the centre of each bay ;
these compartments are again subdivided by black tiles into narrow pa-
rallel spaces, and these again into lozenges squared in by the same means.
The great majority of the tiles are made of the common red brick earth
with an incised pattern, which was filled in with a yellow clay ; the whole
was then burnt, and afterwards glazed with a yellow glaze ; the black
tiles being simply the red clay over burned. The bosses being, but with
one exception, composed of foliage and chimerical animals, offer nothing
worthy of remark, except that to the north of the west doorway ; each
of the three divisions into which it is separated by the ribs is occupied
by a grotesque group of figures relating, I suspect, to some guild or
trade who probably contributed to the building ; these are respectively
the armourers, musicians, and the apothecaries. The figures, although
similar in style to those below, exhibit a vast difi^erence in their execu-
tion, inasmuch as every feature is marked and distorted in the strongest
manner. Indeed, concerning one group, (viz., the musicians,) the
less said the better, for the artist has by no means confined himself
within the bounds of decency.

The last thing to be noticed is the sculpture between the bases of
the small columns of the central pillar. The restoration of this part
must be considered as a guess, for the upper half of all these groups
was completely destroyed. Judging from the frequent remains of an
animal with a bushy tail, the artist would appear to have had the in-
tention of iUustrating the popular romance of Reynard the Fox, or per-
haps some of ^sop's fables ; but I rather incline to the former opinion.
1, the fox disputes with the wolf.
% he defies the wolf.

3, he fights the wolf.

4, is a cow.

5, the fox visits the lion, who is sick in bed.

6, the fox makes the wolf run away.

7, is a dragon.

8, is a lion.

The Dean and Chapter, having had the good taste to preserve the old
cap and base in the cloisters, any one will be enabled to judge for him-
self what amount of authority thefte is for these restorations.

W. Bu&GBS.

' This in reality must be considered as a species of diaper, for althon^ in ill
simplest form it resembles stone, yet it bears bat little resemblance to it in its other
varieties.

168

MR. JEBBS CATALOGUE OF ANCIENT CHOIR-BOOKS AT
S. PETER'S COLLEGE. CAMBRIDGE.

No. I.

Index to Church of England Services and Anthems, of the time preceding
the Great Rebellion, with a few compositions anterior to the Reformat
tion, contained in part-books belonging to the Library of Peterhouse,
Cambridge^

PRBFACB.

This valuable collection, one of the fullest of the kind which has
yet been discovered, possesses a peculiar interest » as illustrating the
full choral service of the earlier part of the seventeenth century.

It contains two distinct sets of part-books, neither of which is perfect.
The first set consists of four volumes in small folio ; viz., the part-
books of the Medius Cantoris, Contra Tenor Decani, Bassus Decani, and
Bassns Cantoris, The binding is apparently of the age of King Charles I.,
of black leather, much worn, with the college arms and the designation
of the several parts stamped on the upper cover of each volume. The
second set is more complete, as it consists of seven volumes ; viz. the
part-books of the Medius, Tenor, and Bassus, for each side, and the
Contra Tenor Decani, These volumes are of the same size as those of
the first set, but in more modem binding, probably of the last century,
in rough calf, with the college arms on the upper cover of each volume,
and in tolerably good condition. The cover, however, of the Bassus
Cantoris has been torn off. Each set was probably made up into vo-
lomes, and indexed, much about the same time, it would seem not
long before the Great Rebellion; though the second set was after-
wards rebound. While the handwriting and notation of some of the
earlier pieces are older than the Reformation, none are of a later date
than the period just mentioned. Both sets are evidently collections,
ptrtly of loose scraps and partly of older fasciculi or volumes ; as ap-
pears from the different sizes and qualities of the paper, and from the
erasnres of former paginations or foliations in several places. The
commencing leaves of the second set (which precede the regular folia-
tion) belong to one of these older collections. An index is prefixed to
each volume, for the most part in the same handwriting, and evidently
made before the contents were completed. The arrangement of these
indexes is very systematic, as will presently be shown ; but they are
defective and incorrect. It appears from some memoranda, in hand-
writing of the last century, and lying loose in several of the volumes,
that the writer had begun a new index. These are found only in the
Medims Cantoris, both the Tenors and the Bassus Cantoris part-books.
In the flame handwriting there are a few erroneous designations pre-
fixed to tome of the compositions, the authors of which are not named
in aU of the part-books.

It will flofficifiiidy appear from the following index, thai not a few

164 Mr. Jebb's Catalogue of Ancient Chotr^books

compositions of our distinguished masters, hitherto all but unknown,
and some not yet discovered elsewhere, are extant here.

After a very careful examination, the compiler thinks it clear that the
collection was completed and put into shape while Dr. Cosin, the cele-
brated Bishop of Durham, was Master of Peterhouse, for the following
reasons : —

1 . An English Litany, by MoUe, and a Latin Litany, by Dr. Child,
were composed at Dr. Cosin's request, one of these while he was Vice-
chancellor ; as appears by the evidence of these volumes.

2. Accompanying this collection is a fine copy of the black-letter
folio Prayer Book, printed by Barker in 1634, — the very year when
Dr. Cosin entered upon his Mastership. This volume is interleaved
with music paper in the places where the usages of the full choral ser-
vice would so require ; and it contains selections from pieces in the
part-books, and has one of the above-mentioned notices of Dr. Coain's
superintendence. It seems not improbable that this eminent man, on
his accession to the Mastership, carried on that work of adorning his
chapel which his predecessor. Bishop Wren, had so nobly begun, and
intended this volume to be one of a set which should present a model
form of choral service for his college.

At the same time it is doubtful whether this book was ever actually
used in the service of the chapel. It contains the Medina Decani part
only ; and it does not appear that books for the rest of the set were e?er
furnished. There are some portions evidently unfinished ; and there
are glaring errors in the wording of the Sursum Corda and Samctus}
which a ritualist so eminent as Dr. Cosin would surely never have
allowed, had the volume been submitted to his final revision, or brought
into use.

3. The compositions in these volumes consist not only of pieces by
the principal musicians then at Cambridge and Ely, (as Loosemore,
Ramsey, Molle, and Amner,) but by others connected with the cathe-
drals of which Dr. Cosin was a member, namely, Durham and Peter-
borough.

4. It seems very probable that a choral service had been used both
before and ever since the Reformation in the neighbouring church of
Little S. Mary, which the society of Peterhouse employed as their
chapel till 1 632 ; and that some of the older Latin documents belonged
to its choir, particularly the four part- books of unreformed services,
&c., still belonging to the society, and to be noticed presently in the
second index. But whether the choir was kept up continuously after
the Reformation or not, at all events it would seem to have been it
least reinforced on the building of the chapel in 1632, under the aus-
pices of Bishop Wren, then Master ; and it is probable that he and
Bishop Cosin encouraged the collection of materials for the service from
the contemporary composers at Cambridge, and from other aources.
This notion is consistent with a passage in ** Fuller's History of the
University of Cambridge," under the date of 1633 — 4: "Nowbegtn
the University to be much beautified in buildings, every college eiUier

1 Viz., <* It is very meet and right so to do :'"* Lord God of Sadooik :** " AdI
of the nu^etty of Thy glory ;" *' glory be to Thee, O LoaD, In tk9 Mgkett."

at S. Peter's College, Cambridge. 165

its akin, with the snake, or recovering its bill, like the eagle ;
their courts, or at least their fronts and gate- houses, repaired
>med. But the greatest alteration was in their chapels, most of
>eing graced with the accession of organs." And we know
iahop Cosin was a great promoter of the choral service at
n.

lia view be correct, then the black letter Prayer Book above-
ned may be considered as a guide to the idea which an accom-
l ritualist like Dr. Cosin entertained as to the requirements of the
and service. This book contains a dupHcate, so fisu: as it goes, of
N&» Decani part, belonging to the second set. (One or two

however, are not extant in the latter.) It has the Preces^ (as
raides and responses before the Psalms are technically called*) by
s composers, in several sets ; the celebrated service in F by (Sib-
far Morning and Evening Prayer, comprehending the Venite, as
ittomary in the older services ; several sets of Responses (after
reed,) and three Litanies ; the Kyrie and Creed in F by Gib-

a Sanctus, with the preceding versicles, or Sursttm Corda, pro-
by Amner ; and a Oloria in Excelsis, by Amner. It is to be re-
d, that a blank music-leaf is inserted at the Offertory, which was
>ly intended to be filled up, as we find an Offertory sentence
imes set to music in old books ; in " Day's Morning and Evening
'•'* (1560 and 1566.) for example. At the end of the volume is
a translation of the Morning and Evening Service, (but not of
ommunion. Litany, or Psalter,) interleaved with blank music-
From this it appears that the Latin service was occasionally
A the college. There are also two Latin Litanies, by MoUe and
more ; and the former is expressly designated. Pro Coll. Sii,
The version used for these Litanies differs from that still em-
l at S. Mary*s, Christ Church, Oxford, from that daily repeated

Sessions of the Convocation of the Province of Canterbury, and
hose in the published translations of the Prayer Book. But no-
of this version has yet been discovered beyond what can be col-

from the suffrages in these musical adaptations ; as the words of
tany are not given at full length. The translations also of the
■ and Evensong differ from any now extant.
. Clay, in his learned edition of the Liturgies, &c., set forth in the
of Queen Elizabeth (Parker Soc. Publ. 1847), remarks that the
Pkayer Book of Queen Elizabeth (1 560) *' was not received every-
! with equal favour and respect. Strype, under the year 1568,
sr» p. 269.) tells us, that ' most of the colleges ' in Cambridge

not tolerate it, as being the Pope's dreggs ; and even that ' some
rt of Bemet College went contemptuously from the Latin prayers,
aster being the minister then that read the same.' "
lether that antipathy was confined to the particular version here
I of, or extended to the usage of the Latin language, is not clear.

fonner, this may be the reason for the adoption of an indepen-
BTBion at Cambridge.

few Latin services in the part-books consist of the Te Deum,
e« and (in one instance only) of the Kyrie and Creed. There

166 Mr. Jebb's Catalogue of Ancient Chotr-booh

are no evening services set to music ; whence it may be inferred that
Latin was used occasionally only. But the same remark is applicable
to at least one of these (Dr. Child's) which was made with respect to
the black-letter Prayer Book. It is difficult to believe that the gross
mistakes as to quantity which exist in that service wotdd have been
tolerated by a learned society. The probability is, therefore, that this
particular service was never actually revised or performed, and that its
use was prevented by the troubles which fell upon the Church shordy
after its composition.

This Latin Te Deum by Dr. Child was composed /or the Right Wor-
shipful Dr. Cosin. If this designation points to his Vice- chancellorship,
its date was 1639. Perhaps it was connected with some solemn ser-
vice at St. Mary's. It may be observed, that as there are in the collec-
tion Latin Litanies by Ramsey, Organist of Trinity, by Loosemore. Or-
ganist of King's, and by Molle, who seems to have been connected
with Pcterhouse, these Litanies were probably used occasionally in the
respective colleges of the composers ; and if so, it may be reasonably
inferred that the Litanies used before the university were not less so-
lemnly performed, but were sung in Latin, as is still the usage at Ox-
ford, before every term.

As to the English services, those for the evening are more numerous
than for the morning. This may be accounted for by supposing, either
that the choral service was then, as now at Trinity College, confined
to surplice times* and thus the evening choral occasions would be nearly
twice as frequent as the morning, or that the Matins on week-days
were more simply performed than the Evensong.

The hand writing of the pieces is very various. In the black letter
Prayer Book the music is written in very remarkable characters, found
also in some instances in the part-books, and in other MSS. of the
seventeenth century, the notes being of a rhomboidal form, very bold
and distinct. The words are written cursively, while in the part-
books they are often in Gothic or Old English letters. All the parts
of each composition are generally the work of the same scribe. Those
of Bird, Tallis. and Taverner, appear to be contemporaneous with
their authors; that of the latter, especially, is identical with what
occurs in the Latin part-books which form the subject of the second
Index here.

Several of the MSS. appear to be autographs : especially the com-
positions of John Amner, Organist of Ely, which are written for the
most part with great clearness ; the words in a fair Italian hand, Hts
name Jo, Amner, generally either precedes or follows, lliose of
Loosemore, Ramsey, and Wilson, have also, for the most part, the
signature, probably autograph, of their respective authors. The same
may be remarked, in a few instances specified in the Index, of Batten,
Child, Strogers, &c.

In the original Indexes, the pieces are methodically distribated under
distinct heads, thus :

1 . Ad Domine labia, i.e. the Preces before the Psalms.

2. Psalmi festivales, or the Psalms arranged like Canticles, Bodi as

ai S. Peter's College, Cambridge. 167

ve find in many of the older Sendees, used on great festivals ; a fea-
ture now obsolete.

3. The Veniie exultemus, arranged as the Canticles, to which the
preceding remark is also applicable.

4. Ad Dominus vobiscum, or the Responses after the Creed.

5. Utanue, English and Latin.

6. Full Services, subdivided into three heads of

(1.) AdMatutinas:

(2.) Ad Officium Altaris, i.e. Kyries and Creeds ; including also,
in a few instances, the Glory before the Gospel, and an offertory
sentence : and

(3.) Ad Vespertinas.

7. Verse Services, with the same threefold subdivision.

8. /W7 Anthems, in three subdivisions :

(1.) Of praise. (2.) Of prayer. (3.) Of penitence.

9. Verse Anthems, similarly classed.

10. Ad Sursum Corda, and

11. Ad Gloria in Excelsis.

There are however no settings of the Sursum Corda, except in the
Utck-letter Prayer Book, and but few of the Sanctus and Gloria.

12. Aniiphona Fesiivaks, being, for the most part, collects for the
Orett Festivals.

The same designations, as far as they are applicable, are observed
in the black-letter Prayer Book. This distribution confirms the fact,
of which however we have ample independent evidence, that the dis-
tiaction between full and verse services and anthems, was coeval with
the Reformation itself.

It it obviously unnecessary to observe this minute classification in
the following Index, as all practical advantage will be secured by a
twofold diyision into Services and Anthems, under the head of each
oompoaer.

For the convenience of musical students and antiquarians, after
emAk piece are given references to published works or MSS., in which
the whole or any part or fragment of the composition may have been
ootioed by the compiler ; where also necessary observations upon the
piece itself are inserted. It is much to be wished, that additions to
these notices may be made by persons conversant with old music, into
whose hands these pages may fall. In many instances queries are
ezpresced as to the identity of compositions in other collections with
thoee at Peterhouse. To establish this, collation would have been
necessary, which neither time nor opportunity allowed to the compiler.
Any one versed in occupations of this kind, knows that it is not always
easy to tell the key of a composition, until it be scored, especially in
the old music, where the ancient modes still had influence, and where
an the flats and sharps proper to the several keys are seldom expressed
in the signature. Accuracy in this respect is therefore not warranted
or profesacd.

The foUowing are the abbreviations employed in the first of the

.« W_J

168 Mr. JeWs Catalogue of Ancient Choir^books

md signifies the medius decani volume,
mc .. medius cantoris volume.

cd
td
tc
bd
be

contra tenor decani Yolume.
tenor decani volume.
tenor cantoris volume.
bassus decani volume.
bassus cantoris volume.

These abbreviations in Roman letters refer to the First Set ; in /
to the Second ; while MD (in capitals) refer to the black-letter P
Book.

The other abbreviations refer to the published works or MSS. s
contain any parts of the several compositions. The asterisk * d
nates printed books.

1. Alto. An alto part-book of the seventeenth century, beloi
to Mr. Joseph Warren.
*2. Amner. Amner's Sacred Hymns, 1616.
*3. Arnold. Arnold's Cathedral Music.
*4. Bam. Barnard's Selected Church Music, 1 641 .
5. Batt. An Organ Book, formerly belonging to Adrian Bi
and now in Mr. Warren's possession.
*Q. Boyce, Boyce's Cathedral Music.

7. Chr. Ch. MSS. in the Library of Christchurch, Oxford.
"^8. Chor. Resp. Choral Responses and Litanies, edited by the

piler of these indexes.
*9. Day. Morning and Evening Prayer, &c., printed by John
1560-1565.

10. Durh. MSS. in Durham Cathedral Library.

11. Ely. MSS. in Ely Cathedral Library.

12. Glouc. MSS. inserted in the second alto part-book of Bai

in Gloucester Cathedral.

1 3. Here/, MSS. inserted in the part-book of Barnard, belo;

to Hereford Cathedral.

14. Lamb. A MS. bass part-book, in the Lambeth Library,

neously lettered Services and Anthems, by J^omas Mori
the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

15. Lichf. MSS. inserted in the part-book of Barnard, belongi

Lichfield Cathedral.
*16. Rimb. Anth. Rimbault's Anthems of the Madrigalian

printed for the Musical Antiquarian Society, 1845.
*17. Rimb. Serv. Rimbault's Cathedral Music, 1843.
18. 8. John's Ox. MS. bass part-book in the Library of S. J
College, Oxford, of the seventeenth century.
"^19. Tomk. Mnsica Deo Sacra, &c., by Thomas Tomkins, 1668.
20. Tudw. The Tudway Collection, Harleian MSS. Brit. Mus.
98 in the Catalogue of MS. Music, 1842.

Other references speak for themselves.

«l 8. Petards College, Cambridge. 16p

nmt, JoHK. [Mas. B. Oxon. in 1613 : in 1610 appointed Master of
tfaeCboristen and Organist of Bly : in 1615 published Sacred Hymne
ofS, 4, 5, emd 6 parte for voicee and yiob: died in 1641.]

8BRVICS8.

1. Preces with Pialms, for Chriitmas Day at Evensong. mcL mc, cd.

t<L tc. bd be.

* Preoes in Cho. Resp.

2. Do. Minister's Part and Dec terse, te.

* Preeea in Cho. Resp.

3. Preoes and Venite. md mc. ed id bd be.

* Preees in Cho. Besp.

4. Do. Minister's Part, and Dec. Terse, tc.

* Preees in Cho. Besp.

5. Serviee in D mi. Te D. Ben"*. Kyr. Cr. Msgn. N. Dim. mc cd. bd.

be Tudw. EW Organ Book. In Batt. there is a Magn. and
N. Dim. ^ if the same?

6. KjT. in G maj. MD.

7* Sarsnm Corda and Sanctus : anon3rmoas, bnt probably his. MD.

* Cho. Besp.

8. Gloria in Excekis, in D mi. mc cd. bd. be

B. Verae Service : composed for Dr. Henry Cesar, Dean of Ely, (1616

—1636) called Caesar's Service. Ven. Te D. Jub. Kyr. Cr.

Ms«i. N. Dim. mc. cd. bd. be.
Todw. Ely. There is a Service in Alto : which is not this.

ANTHBMB.

1. A stranger here, mc cd.

* Amn. Ely Org. Book. 2 copies.

2. Hear, O Lord, md mc. cd, id. tc. bd. be.

3. Eaw doth the ctt^ remsin solitary, cd. bd. be. not in the usual

hand, and no signature.
^ Amner. 5 voc

4. I will sinff onto the Lord, md mc. cd. td. te. bd. be.

* Amn. Ely Organ Book.^

5. lift up your hc«ds. mc. cd. bd. be.

6. Lord, I am not high minded, cd. bd.
Tudw. Eljr Org. B. and score.

7* O eome hither. 5 parts, md mc. cd. td bd
Ely Org. B.

8. O sing unto the Lord. 7 parts, md, cd. td. bd. be.
Tndw. Ely Org. B.

9. Ont of the den>. ed. bd.

10. O ye little flock. 6 parU. md td. tc. bd be.

* Amn. Ely Org. B. Batt.

11. Eemember not,lLoRD. cd. bd.

* Amn. Ely Org. B. and score. Tudw.

12. Woe is mc mc cd. bd. be the bass is unfinished.

* Amn.

m, AnuAir. [Vicar Choral of S. PauFs, London, died 1 640.]

8BRVICB8.

1. litaay [cmmeously attributed to Bamsey in md"] md. cd. td. bd

* dMT. Besp.

^i^ XX. z

170 Mr. JebVs Catalogue of Ancient Chatr-bookg

2. Foarth Magn. and Niinc Dim. in 6 mi. tnd, mc* cd, id, tc. bd, h

3. Christ Rising. [Easter Anthem, according to the Prayer Ba

▼ersion before the hut review.] mc. cd. bd. be.

ANTHEMS.

1. Blessed are all those, bd.

2. Deliver us, O Lord our God. -4 voe. mc. cd. md. ed, tc. bd. be.

* Bam. • Boyce.

3. Have mercy upon me, O God. 5 voc. mc. cd. bd. be.

4. Hear my prayer, O God, and hide not Thvself. me. cd. bd. be. ^

Tudw. * Boyce, 5 parts. Ely Org. B. Lichfield, td.

5. Hear my prayer, O Lord, and with Thine can. bd.

6. Holy, Holy, Holy, Lord God Almighty. In 6 parts. For Trinit;

Sunday. mc. (3 copies) cd. (4 copies, one it verse and oa
chorus) bd. (2 copies) be. (3 copies).
7* I heard a voice. For Michaelmas Day. mc. cd. bd.

8. Jesus said. For S. Peter's Day. mc. cd. bd. be.

9. O how happy a thing it is. mc. cd. bd. be.

10. O Lord, let me know mine end. mc. cd. be. md.
IL O Lord, Thou hast searched. " For a tenor and bass." md. m
ed. td. tc. bd. be.
Batt Lichf. 1st cc. td. tc. bd.

12. Out of the deep. For a tenor, md cd* td. bd. (2 copies ; one i

chorus only.)

* Bam.

13. Ponder my words, md. mc. cd. td. tc. bd. (2 copies) be.

14. Praise the Lord, O my soul. md. me. ed. td. tc. bd. be.

15. Turn Thou us. For Ash Wednesday, mc. cd. bd. be.

Bbck, Anthony.

Anth. Who can tell how oft he offendeth? md. td. te. bd. be.

BsNNBT, John. [An eminent composer of Madrigals, in the 1 6th cent
Anth. O God of Gods. mc. cd. be.

Bird, William. [The celebrated composer. Org. of Lincoln, i
1567. Oentl. Chap. Roy. in 1560. Died in 1623.]

SERVICBS.

1. Preces and Psalms for the Epiphany, mc. cd. bd. be.

* Bam. 2nd Preces and Psalms. Durham, Epiph. S. John's Os

1st Prec. and Ps. Lamb. Prec. only. * Chor. Resp. Pie
only; vol. i. 4 parts ; vol. ii. 5 parts, with psalmody.

2. Do. td.

* Bam. 2nd Prec. somewhat different. * Chor. Resp. toL ii.

3. Preces and Psalms for Ascension Day, at Evensong, md. od. bd. b

The Preces are the same as the former.

4. Preces. mc. cd.

* Bam. 1st Preces, contra ten. cantoris.

5. Preces and Responses, md. mc. ed. td. te. bd. MD.

Chr. Ch. upper part and bass only. * Chor. Resp., vol. i. the ino
parts supplied.

6. Short Service, in D mi. Te D. Ben"*. Kyr. Or. Magn. N. Dii

md. mc. ed. td. bd. be.

* Bam. 1st Service ; has Venite. * Boyce, has no Venite ; tnd tl

Kyrie and Creed are different, but agree widi thoae in Nfr
mentioned below. .Tudw. .Batt. Great Service; has not 1U%

tit S. Peter's CoUege, Cambridge. 171

or Naoc D. S. John's Oxf. has 3 Senrioes: the Ist, a short
Service ; 2ndy pricked Semibrief: 3rd, for a man alone.
7- The same Service. Magn. and Nunc D. only. md. cd. td. bd, be.

8. Sernee in F major. Te Deum, Ben". Magn. unfinished ; the bd.

haa words of part of the Te D. only. md. cd. bd*
Lamb. /or a man alone.

9, £yr. and Creed in D mi. md. cd. td. tc. bd. be.

* Boyce ; see No. 6, abo? e.

10. The same Kyrie, with others, be. md. cd. td. bd, MD. erroneously

aacribed to Tallis in md,

11. Great Magn. and N. Dim. in C major, mc. cd. bd. be. cd. td. the

two counter tenors differ.

* Bam..Batt

12. The same Magn. and N. Dim. mc bd.

13. Latin Te Deum in D mi. No Jubilate, md. mc. cd. tc. bd. be. an

adaptation of that in No. 6. No Jubilate or Ben**.

ANTHBIIS.

1. Behold, I bring you glad tidings. JFbr Christmas Day. Bird^s Ne

irascaris. cd. bd.
(In Tudway, Boyce, and Bam. the adaptation of the Ne irascaris is
to the words, O Lord, turn away Thy wrath.)

2. Fac in Serro tuo. 5 toc. md. mc. td. bd.

Brit. Mus. Add. MSS. 5058. No. 178 in the Musical Catalogue.
Lamb.

3. How long, O Lord. md. cd. td.

4. Laetentur ceeli. 5 voc. md, mc. td. be.

Brit. Mus. Add. MSS. 5058. No. 178 in the Mus. Catal.

5. O God, the proud are risen, mc. cd. bd. be.

6. O how glorious art Thou. md.

7. O Lord, give ear. mc cd. bd. be

6. O Lord, make Thy servant Charles, mc. cd. bd. be. be.

This was probably the Anthem sometimes used at the service
before the Convocation of the Province of Canterbury at S. Paul's ;
as in 1640 and 1661. See Syn. Aug. tn loc.
9. Prevent us, O Lord. md. mc. cd, td. bd. be. Written in an Ita-
lian hand.

* Bam. 5 parts. Tndw. Lamb.
10. Sing joyfully, mc. cd. bd. be.

* &ra. 6 parts. * Boyce, 6 parts. Tudw.

Bujrii. [Probably B. Blancks, mentioned by F. Meres, in his Pal'
kdis TBtmia, 1598, in a list of famous English Musicians. Author
(tf Psalm tunes in Este's collection; edited in 1844 by Dr. Rim-
bault, for the Musical Antiquarian Society.]

Magn. and Nunc D. mc cd. bd. be

BoTCB Of BoTB, Thoma8. [Mu8. B. Oxon. in 1603.]

1 . Short Service in A mi. Te D. Ben«*. Kyr. Creed. Magn. N. Dim.

md. cd. bd. be.
Lichf. Alto. Gloucester. Te De. Magn. and Nunc D. has second
counter tenor.

2. Latin Te D. in A mi. md. mc. cd. bd. be.

BnL,JoHV. [Born in 1563. Mus. B. Oxon. in 1586. Mus. D.
Cantab. Organiat to Q. Elizabeth. Was some time Commoner in
te Vicar^a CoUflge at Hereford. Died in 1630.]

172 Mr. JAVs Catalogue of Ancient Ckotr-booke

Collect for the Epiphany. Anthem/or Twelfth Day. The Star Anthm
Batt. called there alio The Star Anthem. Tudw. lichf. ten. dec

Child, William. [Mua. B. Oxon. iiiyl631. Mus. D. Oxon. in 1663.
Org. of Windsor. Died in 1696, aged 90.]

SBRVICBS.

1. ''Sharp Service" in D maj. Yen. Te D. Juh. Kyr. Cr. Magn. N.

Dim. mc. cd. bd. be.
This was the favourite Service of King Charles I.
* Boyce; without the Venite. Tudw. Lichf.: noVenite; wanti

the upper part. Hereford, has no Venite, Kyr. or Creed.

2. Service in G maj. Benedicite, Jub. Kyr. Creed. Magn. N. Dim.

mc. cd. bd. be. MD. Kyrie only. Written very fairly in a

Gothic hand, with square notes.

Alto.

3. Sanctus and Gloria in Excelsis, in G. maj. 8 voc. mc. cd. bd. be.

4. Latin Te D. and Jub. in A. maj. md. mc. cd. td. tc. bd. be.

'* Made for the Right Worshipftil Dr. Cosin by Mr. Child," [i.e. in.
1639, when Dr. Cosin was Vice-chancellor.]

5. Part of the Burial Service. *' I am the Resumction," &c. smL

mc. cd. td. tc. bd. be.

ANTHBlia.

1. Collect for All Saints' Day. mc. cd. bd. be.

2. Bow down Thine ear. md. tc. bd.

3. Give the king Thy judgments, mc. cd. bd. be. td. [Lamb. Bial

quaere whether this at LambeUi may not be Weelkes'sor Wood-
son's.]

4. Hear, O my people, md. mc. td. (2 copies) tc. be.

5. O Lord, wherefore art Thou absent ? md. mc. cd. td. tc. bd.
The med. dec. is signed Wm. ChUd.

6. O let my mouth, mc. cd. bd. be. cd. bd.
The bd. and be. are signed iV. Child.
Ely Score.

7. O Lord, Thou hast searched, bd.

8. Sing we merrily, mc. cd. bd. be.
Tudw. • Boyce.

9. Turn Thou us, good Lord. me. cd. bd. be.

10. What shall I render. An Anthem of thanksgiving, md. me. cd. td.
tc. bd. be.

Crajtford, William.

ANTHRIi.

1. I will love Thee, O Lord. mc. cd. bd. be.
Batt.

2. The King shall rejoice : or, O Lord, make Thy servant Chaiki*

Batt. where it is called, O Lord, make Thy servant. .Lieht 1 e.
td. tc. bd. : the composer is called Cranfield, and James is sub-
stituted for Charles in tc. Ascribed to Lamb,jnn. in tc only.
. . Heref. where it is called, O Lord make Thy servant : md. 1 ea*
2 cd. 1 ct. 2 ct. bd. (chorus only.) be. iJamb. haa Uie same
title. The Peterh. MS. has the title O Lord, make 7% ser-
vant Charles in most of the books, but conected in pencil ai
above in the bd.

Dbibing, Richard. [Mus. B. Oxon. in 1610: a Roman Gatiiolie:

ai 8. Peier^g College, Cambridge. 178

Organist to Q. Henrietta : of the Bering family in Kent : educated
m Italy. Several of his oompoaitionB, cfaoefly secular, are extant.]

ANTHSIIS.

1. Ckdlecl for Easter Dajr. me. cd. bd. be.

In square Gothic handwritbg, and square notes.

2. Lord, Thou art worthy, md. cd, ti, tc, bd.

3. Therefore with Angels, md. ed, id. tc. bd.

Duuci.

8BRVICBS.

1. Jubilate in C maj. fiuL me. ed. td. tc. bd. be.

2. Kyrie and Creed, in G mL me. ed. bd. be. md. mc, cd. td tc. bd. be,

3. Kyrie as before, with oHiers. me. ed. td. MD.

Erri, MicHABL. [\^car Choral of lichfield. Mus. B. lived in the
early part of the 17th century.]

SKRYICB.

Msgin. N. Dim. in D mL md, mc, ed, td, tc, bd. be.
Lu£f. 1 tc td. tc. bd. be

ANTHSIiB.

1. Blow out the trumpet, md. me. cd, td tc, bd be.

* Rimb. Anth.

2. Awake and stand up. md. me. cd. td tc, bd be,

* Rimb. Anth. Lichf. td. tc. bd.

3. 0 clap your hands, md me, ed, td. tc. bd, be.
lichf. cc. td. tc.

Pauavt, Johv. [Organist of Saliabury, 1598. Of Christ Church in
London ; as noted in Batten's Organ Book.]

Short Serrioe. Ven. Te D. Jub. Kyr. [no creed] Magn. N. Dim.
mc ed. bd. be bd be. MD. K3rrie only. Called Farrands

in be In bd. "The creed to this is Mr ** The rest is

torn.

Batt Magn. N. Dim.

Pauuny, Richard. [Gentl. of the Ch. Royal in 1564. Master of
the Children of the Chapel to Q. Elizab. Died in 1 580 or 1585.]

Sendee in A mi. Te D. Jub. Kjrr. Cr. Magn. N. Dim. md me. cd.

td The Magn. in cd is imperfect ; the Nunc D. torn out.

* Boyoe : but in G mi. with some difference Tudw. A mi.

Gloucester. Te D. Magn. Nunc D.
Anthem : Call to remembrance me. cd. be bd.
* Bam. * Boyce. 8. John's^ Oit

FiiBAROBCo, Alfhoxso, jun. [Bom at Greenwich : son of Alphonso
Ferrabosco, an eminent Italian musician. Published Ayres in 1609.]

Sanctus. md

Anthem. Hate ye no regard, me ed. bd. be.
Batt. Lichf. 1 cd. tc. . . Lamb, anonymous, but probably of this
writere

Fioo, JoHir.

Anth. Hear me, O Lord. mc. cd. be tc. be.

The m. and e begin, Hide not Thy Face,
Batt.

174 Mr. JebVs Catalogue of Ancient Chok^ooke

Obbbbs, John.

Collect for S. John Evangelist's Day. md. mc. cd. td. te. bd. be.
Signed Jo. Cteeres.

Gibbons, Oblando. [Born at Cambridge. Mus. B. Oxon, in 1622.
Org. Ch. Roy. in 1604. Died in 1625.]

8BRVICB8.

1. First Preces and Psalms. fPs. cxIt. 1 — 14.] me. cd. bd.bc Chr.

Ch. 1st preces wants the upper part . . * Chor. Resp. toL iL
Preces only. Lamb.

2. Preces and Psalms. [Ps. cxIt. 15.] md, mc. cd. td. tc. hd. he

MD. which has a second Gloria Patri.

* Bam. 1st Preoea and Ps. . . Durb. Easter Day at Evensong.

(Preces are the same.) . . Chr. Ch. 2nd preces. * Chor. Re^.

Ereces only.

3. Preces mc and Psalms. Easter Day at Evensong, mc. cd. Preces

as No. 2.

4. Venite in F belongs to the celebrated service in F, which follows

here, md, mc, td. tc. hd. he. MD.

* Bam.

5. Short Service in F. Te D. Ben"" Kyr. Creed. Magn. N. Dim. md.

[imperfect : begins at the Kyrie] mc, [there is another under
Uie title of mc but is really a counter-tenor part, and the same
as cd,"] cd, td. tc, [2 copies] hd, he. [2 copies.] MD.

6. Kyrie ; same as in 5. md. cd, td, 3iD.

7. Magn. and Nunc D. in F, a different service horn the former, mc

cd. bd. be.

* Bam. Second service of 5 parts . . Lamb. Long Magn. ou. if the

same ? . . Batt. which has also a Te D. and Jub. . . S. John's*
Oxford.

8. Latin Te Deum. F major. No Ben" or Jub. md. mc. cd.td.te*

hd. he. An adaptation of the Te D. in No. 5.

ANTHBMS.

1. Behold, I bring you glad tidings. Anthem for Christmas Dqr.

mc cd. bd. be
Batt. Lamb.

2. Behold, Thou hast made my days, mc cd. bd. be

* Bam. Batt, (a tenor) . .Tudw.

3. If ye be risen. For Easter Day. mc. cd. bd. be
Batt. for 2 means . . Lichf. td. tc. Lambeth : no name

4. This is the record of John. mc. md. [two copies : one ii chom

only.] cd. td. tc bd.
Batt. Lichf. td. . . Alto.

5. We praise Thee, O Fathbr. Proper Preface for Easter Day. mti

cd. bd. be .
Batt. Lamb.

6. Glorious and powerful God. cd. bd. md. mc. he. hd.
Batt. Lichf. ta. tc Heref. md. and cd. te

Gilbs, NA;rBAinBL. [Mns. B. Oxon. 1585. Mus. D. Oxen. 1622.
Org. Ch. Royal and Windsor. Died 1633.]

8BRVICB8.

1. Service in C Te D. Jub. [no Kyr.] Creed. Dr. Gyk$ Me etnicf
to the organ, mc cd. bd. be

at 8. Petards College, dmibridge. 176

Batt qti. the same 7 Second service hfts the Kyrie . . * Bam. has

the Kyrie. Lamh. has the Kyrie. . . S. John's, Oxford. Short

morning senrice : au. the same 7 The Kyrie differs in Batt.

Bam. and Dr. Giles s autograph score.

2. Magn. Nanc D. mc. cd. bd. be. md, (imperfect) md, differs from mc.

ANTHEMS.

1. GoUect for Whitsunday, mc. cd. bd. be.
BaU.

2. Have mercy. Ps. 51. cd. mc, tc. bd, be,
Batt.

3. He that hath My commandments, cd, td, bd. be,

4. 0 awe thanks unto the Lord, md, cd, td,
* Sam. 5 parts . . Tudw . . Lamb.

5. Out of the deep. mc. cd. bd. be.
Batt.

HuTH, JoHv. [Organiat of Rochester Cath. 1633.]

Magn. and N. Dim. bd. md, mc, cd, td, tc, bd, be,
Batt. ^ Day has a full m'. service by Heath, but qu. whether the
same composer, as his book dates 1665.

HuTov, John. [Mas. B. Cantab. 1626. Org. S. Marg. Westm. in
1628. Died about 1657. CBHtd organist of Newark in lAchf.']

ANTHBMS.

1. Call to remembrance, mc. cd. bd. be.

2. Hear my cry, O God. mc. cd. bd. be.
Lichf. te. be.

3. Sweet Jbsus. 6 toc. mc. od. bd. be.

The m. and b. hepn And so desermng death. The c. begins Ah
woe i$me ., Lichf. td. bd.

KOTDI, RiCHABD.

Anthem : O sing unto the Lord. 1632. mc. and be. mc. cd. bd.

be. md. me, cd. td. be.
There is a first and second c. part : both mc. correspond. Hinde's

signat. me. and be. Lichf. td. tc. bd.

HoopiE, Bdmukd. [Master of the Chor. and West. Abb. and org. C.
Rojal in the time of K. James I. Died in 1621.]

SBRVICBS.

1. Magn. and N. Dim. in A major, mc. cd. (2 parts, different) bd. be.
Batt. Terse, qa ? there is another evening service in Batt. *' flat, and

last serfioe."

2. Magn. and N. Dim. in D major, called JuU in med : great in b. c.

mc. cd. bd. be.
Lamb, with Var. Te D. Ben. Kyr. and Cr.

3. Magn. and N. Dim. in C major, caUed fiOl rnhd.; called short, m

C. T. De.

4. flanctas and Glor. in C maj. cd. be,
Lsmb.

176 Mr. JebVs Catalogue of Ancient Chmr-books

ANTBSMS.

1. Collect for Cbristmai Day. me. cd. bd. be.

2. Golleet for tbe Circame. mc. cd. bd. be.

Botb these anth. are in iqaare notes and Gothie characters. Eithei
one or the other is in Tudw. : but as both begin with the umi
words, this requires a special reference.

3. Behold, it is Christ, mc. cd. bd. be. md, mc. cd. td,
* Bam. Tudw. Lamb.

4. O God of gods. For the King's day. mc. cd. bd. be. te.
Batt. Lamb.

5. The Blessed Lamb. For Good Friday, me. cd. bd. be.
Batt.

HuaHBs.

Magn. Nunc D. to Derricks short service, me. cd. two copies, botl
the same, bd. be.

Hutchinson, John. [Called of York, in be. Organist of Durham ii
the time of K. James I. Perhaps connected at one time with Soath
well ; as his Anthem, Of mortal men, is called the Southwell Jnthem
in be.'}

ANTH BUS.

L Behold, how good and joyful, md. cd. td. to. bd. Tudw.

2. Hear my crying, O Goo. md. mc. td. tc. bd. be. in md. attribute

to Mudd. No name in tc. and mc. Attributed to Hntchinsoi
in the other parts.

3. Lord, I am not high-minded, mc. (2 copies) tc. bd. be. begic

Which are too high for me.

4. O God, wherefore art Thou absent, md. qu 7 is this Hutdii

son's?

5. Of mortal men. Southwell Anthem, md. mo. td. te. bd. be.

6. Te that fear the Lord, mc ed. bd. be.

Alto : which begins, He is their Helper, as does the mc in tk
collection. In the Alto book, this direction occurs, ** If ft
Freces and Fsalms, begin here. He is their helper j if for t
Anthem, begin herci The Lord hath been nUndfil of us.**

Jbffbribs or Jbffrbt [Matthbw ? Bither Vicar Choral of Wdli
and Mas. B. Oxon. in 1595, or organist to King Charles I.]

Anthem : Rejoice in the Lord. 6 voc cd. bd. mc. td. (2 parts, dil
ferent) tc. be.

JuxoN.

Anthem : Christ rising. East. Anthem, md. mc. ed. td. te. bd. k
Batt. 6 parts.

Knioht, Robbbt. [In Day's Morning and Bvening Services there i
an Bvening Service by Knygkt : bat no Christian name is giveo
Thomas Knight is the author of a Latin Anthem in the Peterhons
Latin Services. See the Index to them.]

Latin Anthem : PkopCerea mKstum. 5 voc md. mc. td, bd.
Laud.

Anthem : Praise the Lord, O my soul. 4 voc ed.td,t€»bd. Tndv.

at S. Peter's CoUege, Cambridge. 177

Loosuco&E, Hbnrt. [Mu8. B. Cantab. 1640. Org. Kmg*8 Coll.
Camb. and afterwards of Ely Cathedral.]

8BRYICB8.

1. Serrioe in D mi. Te D. Jub. Litany, Kyrie, Gloria tibi. Creed,

Mag;n. Nunc Dim. mc. cd. bd. be. Probably autograph, and

has the author's signature.
Tndw. without the Litany. Lichf. no Litany, nor Gloria tibi. 1 cd.

td. bd. Magn. and N. D. wanting in td.
Litany, Ely, and *Chor. Res. vol. 1.

2. Benedicite and Jub. 6 ma. mc. cd. bd. be.

3. Latin Litany, in D mi. md. mc. cd. td, tc. bd. be. Has the author*8

si^ature at the end. The second part, after the Kyrie, was
evidently written, in all the parts, separately, and has a different
signature, probably autograph. The first part has the same
music as the English Litany mentioned in No. 1.
^ Chor. Resp. vol. 2.

4. Latin Litany in 6. mi. with latter suffrages.
* Chor. Resp. vol. 2.

ANTHBlia.

1. Behold, it is Christ, md, me. cd. td. tc. bd. be. Signed with the

author's name : mc, begins. Which was ordained.

2. Behold, now praise the Lord. mc. ed. td. tc. In square notes.

Signed, but not in the usual manner.

3. Fret not thyself, md. mc. cd. td. te. bd. be. MD.

4. O Goo, my heart is ready, mc. cd. bd. Square notes : the usual

signature.

5. Praise the Lord. mc. cd. bd. be. Signed as usual.
Lichf. 1 cd. be.

6. Tell the daughter of Sion. 5 tocL mc. cd. bd. be. Signed as usual :

m. begins. Behold thy King.

7. Thou art worthy, O Lord, mccd.bd. be. m. not signed, b. signed

at nsual. c square notes, like those usual in MD., and not
signed. In be Offertory written in pencil.

8. To Jb8U8 Christ, mc. cd. bd. mc. ed. td. m. begins. Unto Him

that loved us. be begins. And hath made us.

9. Truly God is loring. md. mc. cd, td. bd, be.

10. Turn Thee anin. mc. cd. bd. be. Signed, but qu. autograph ?

11. Unto Thee mt I up. mc. cd. bd. be. m. is signed Henrie Loos-

more, cd. is signed as usual, bd. square notes, as in MD.,
but not Gothic wtters. Signature as usual.

Uroe, JoHir. [Robert Lagg was Mas. B. Oxon. 1638, and organist
of S. John's College, Oxford.]

ANTHBMS.

1. Behold bow Bood and joyful, md. mc. cd. td. tc.bd. be. Tudw.

2. Let my complaint, md. mc. cd. td. tc. bd. md. is signed.

Maci, Tboxas. [Clerk of Trin. Coll. Camb. 1613. author of Musick's
Monument, 1676.]

AollieB: I heard a voice, mc cd. bd. be. mc. begins, AUelma,
Sahraition.

▼OL. XX. ii A

178 Architectural Notes in France. No. IV.

Marson, John. [Probably ought to be Mason, Sir John Mason is
mentioned by Morley, and was Mus. B, Oxon. VM)8.3

ANTHEMS.

1. God ia our hope. bd.

2. O clap your hands. mJ. cd. Signed.

MoLLE, Hbnrt. [Apparently of the choir, and probably at one time
Organist of Peterhouse, in the early part of the seventeenth century;
a contemporary of Bishop Cosin, when Master.]

SERVICES.

1. Magn. and Nunc D. verse, in D mi. mc. cd. (2 copies) td. bd. be.

mcU mc. cd, id. tc. bd, be. The two rood, parts are the samCi
as are the altos and tenors. Tudw.

2. Second Magn. and N. D. fall, in D mi. md. me, cd, (2 copies)

td, to, bd. The two med. parts are the same, as also the two
altos and two tenors.
Tudw. in F, qu. if the same?. .N.B. Liohf. has in 1 cd. a Magn. sDd
Nunc Dim. called Molde^s: not. the same as either of these.

3. Litany, /or Dr. Cosin. md, mc. cd. td. tc, bd. be. MD.

* Cbor. Resp. vol. ii.

4. The singing part [or the minister's suffrages] of the same, td.

In tc. there is a singing part of a Litany erroneously attributed
to MoUe : it really belongs to Tomkins's Litany, which see.

* Chor. Resp. vol. ii.

5. Latin Litany and Suffrages, md. mc cd, td, tc, bd. be. MD., which

last has this notice. Pro Coll. S, Petri.

* Chor. Resp. vol. ii.

6. Latin Te Deum in F maj. md. (2 copies) mc, cd. td, tc. bd. (2

copies) be,

ANTHEM.

Great and marvellous, mc, cd, bd, be.

In an Italian hand, but not the same as in Amner's composi-
tions. Square notes.

(To be continued,)

ARCHITECTURAL NOTES IN FRANCE.~No. IV.

The two great architectural attractions of Laon are the cathedral an4
its subordinate buildings, and the fine church of S. Martin. They are
situated at the two extremities of the long narrow ridge on which the
town is built, which towards the east falls precipitously on three
sides almost from the very walls of the cathedral down to the broad
vast plain which extends as far as the eye can reach, and from all parts
of which the grand mass of the building, with its almost nnrhralled
cluster of steeples » is seen standing — just as our own glorioua Lincoln
— on the very spot of all others fitted for a diocesan throne.

I know no church which is altogether more calculated to leave a
lasting impression on the mind than the cathedral. What is wantmg
in grace and delicacy is amply atoned for in force and majesty ; tod the

Arekiieeiwral Notes in Finance. No. IV. 179

oeM of the plan, the short period which seems to have elapsed
its comroenceinent and completioa, and the almost entire ah-
later additions or alterations, combine to make it in every re-
the utmost value to the architectural student. The stem,
lajesty of its art is just what we moderu men ought to en-
bo impress ourselves with ; but whilst I believe that all students
5 enormously benefited, they must not come here under the
»n that they are to see work which is pretty and attractive in
sense or degree as S. Oaen at Rouen, or Cologne Cathedral.
1 this church has the remarkable peculiarity of a square east end,
dsts of a nave and choir respectively of eleven and ten bays
1, transepts with an eastern apsidal chapel to each, a small
u the south side of the nave, and sacristies formed in the angles
the transepts and choir. The groining is sexpartite in the prin-
Its, and quadripartite in the aisles ; there is a large vaulted tri-
ind the fourfold division in height to which 1 have already re-
ft characteristic of many of the churches of this district. But
noteworthy feature is that the three principal facades — on the
rth, and south — were each intended to have two towers and
hilst a lantern crowned the crossing. No less than four of
vers and the lantern still remain, (though without their spires,
I an engraving by Dusommerard,) as well as the lower portion
hers. On the east and north the cathedral is enclosed with
5 ranges of coseval buildings belonging to the Bishop's palace,
I the small private chapel, to which I must recur again.
\ hear what M. Viollet Le Due says about the characteristics of
ledral of Laon i} — *' La cath^drale de Laon conserve quelque
son origine d^mocratique ; elle n'a pas Taspect religieux des
le Chartres, d* Amiens ou de Reims. De loin, elle paratt un
plut6t qu'une ^glise ; sa nef est, comparativement auz nefs
et mcme a celle de Noyon, basse ; sa physionomie ezt^rieure
[ue pen brutale et sauvage ; et jusqu'k ces sculptures colossales
ix« baufs, chevauz, qui semblent garder les sommets des tours
ade, tout concourt k produire une impression d'effroi plut6t
ntiment religieux, lorsqu'on gravit le plateau sur lequel elle
On ne sent pas, en voyant Notre Dame de Laon. Tempreinte
rilisation avanc^e et polic^e comme k Paris ou k Amiens ; Ik.
rude, hardi : c*est le monument d*un peuple entreprenant,
e et plein d*un mAle grandeur. Ce sont les m^mes hommes
fetrouve it Coucy-le-chateau^-c*est une race de glints."
iisposed to think that M. Le Due scarcely values the nrchi-
»f Laon sufficiently highly, and that he is mistaken in his idea
emocratic character imparted to it by the turbulence of the
at the time of its erection. It appears to me that the pecu-
' its character is derived much more from some connection
trman art, and I believe that the churches throughout this
Prance ahow many evidences of such a connection. The
of the towers of L^on is very German ; I need hardly adduce
I ftom the Rhine district, where, as we all know, the steeples

' Diclionnaire, Vol. 11. p. 309.

180 Architectural Notes in Prance. No. IV.

are treated as so many great turrets, nearly similar in aize, hdght,
and design, whilst the crossing is often marked by a low lantern.
The grand cathedral at Toumai in this respect resembles very strongly
that of Laon : and if we were coming from Germany into France, we
might at Andemach, Coblentz, Treves, and Chalons sur Mame (in
the church of Notre Dame), see a regular sequence of buildings
by which we should arrive without any very gheat or sensible break
at Laon. The groined triforium is another well known German
feature, and though the apse is a very general termination to German
churches, it is yet not impossible that its absence at Laon may be an
evidence of Germanic origin, as we do meet there with some ex-
amples of the same kind. In one particular feature I am able to
trace a most singular coincidence with a German example, to which
however I do not wish to attach very much weight, though it is un-
doubtedly curious. The steeples at I^on are very fine compositions— I
should hardly speak too strongly of the steeple of the south transept,
were I to say that it is the best designed steeple in France, — marked by
turrets at the angles, which are either octagonal or square in plan,
with shafts at their angles and very beautiful in their effect. In the
west front one of the stages has, in these open turrets, large figures
of oxen and other animals looking out from between the shafts on
the city roofs far away below, — a quunt conceit, which one woold
suppose to be a purely personal and peculiar device, and of which
nevertheless there is an almost exact repetition in the very similar
steeples of the grand cathedral at Bamberg.

My belief is, that as we can trace a stream of Italian art coming to
the south and south-west of France, and thence working on to the
north in gradual and steady development, so we may also see the same
thing here. Italian art first spread down the Rhine, and thence spread
right and left, and in these border provinces of France influenced to
a greater extent than is generally supposed the French architects.
On their part there was a peculiar skill and art displayed which soon
enabled them to develope from the germ which they received ; bat the
Romanesque work out of which they developed their buildings, was of
a different order from that which was the ground- work on which the
architects of Poitiers, Bourges, and Chartres had to work ; the latter
having in Italy a Byzantine origin, whilst that of the Rhine churches
was rather Romanesque. Something therefore of the magnificent cha-
racter of the best early French Gothic is owing to Germany, and it
was the situation of the Isle de France, the meeting point as it were of
these two developments, which made it the centre from which the best
Gothic architecture of the world naturally S])rung. But whatever waa
the history of Laon Cathedral, no one can doubt the excessive grandeur
of the result. No doubt the magnificence of the situation, whidi recalls
forcibly some of the most interesting of Italian cities, such as Siena
and Perugia, has something to do with the colouring of memories of
Laon ; but in the church itself there is but one point on which it is
possible to feel that there is any serious shortcoming, and this, as an
Englishman, I am almost afraid to say is the absence of an eastern apse.
It 18 only when one travels from church to church finished with apaidal

Archiieciural Notes in France. No. IV. 181

choirs, that the eye sees the whole ctU of the square east end as the
termination of the vista in a large church. But there can be no doubt
that there is less completeness and unity of effect, fewer fine effects
of light and shade, and altogether less skill and architectural ingenuity
in the English plan than in the other : and though I should be sorry to
lee the apse commonly introduced in small churches, yet I think it for-
tonate that attention has been a good deal drawn to this matter of late
fears, and that men have not been slow to recognize the advantage of
importing this one foreign practice at any rate into our own country.
Both externally and internally the east end of Laon is deficient in effect,
ind gives the impression of being low and awkward in proportion,
rhere is an eastern triplet which comes down very near to the floor, and
I large rose window over it ; an arcade of open arches, flanked on either
lide by a pinnacle, conceals the lower part of the gable. This elevation
is indeed the worst thing in the whole church, and contrasts unfavour-
ibly with that of the north transept. This is perhaps a little later in
date, and owes much to the irregularity of outline caused by the com-
pletion of one only of its steeples. It has the peculiarity of two double
doors ; and the large rose window composed of eight octofoiled circles
inrrounding a ninth, is of rare beauty. It is to be prized the more,
too, because in the fourteenth century there was a plan for its removal,
of which we have curious evidence : one of the side jambs and part of
the arch of a large Middle-Pointed window having been inserted by
cutting away the wall close to a buttress in such a way as to disturb
very little of the original work, and yet to afford us a very curious evi-
dence of the way in which alterations of this kind were made by the
medieval masons, without the introduction of a single shore or sup-
port of any kind. Fortunately the alteration was stopped just where it
ought to have been, after it had afforded evidence of the customs of the
masons, but before it had destroyed a perfect First-Pointed fa9ade ; and
I suppose that by this time we have outlived the rage for Middle-
Pointed work so far that it would be difficult indeed to find any one so
wrong-headed as not to be grateful for the stoppage of the alteration at
the point at which we see it now. Of the western fa9ade I can say but
little. It has been my fortune to see it twice, but an evil fate has so co-
vered it with scaffolding at one time, and taken down and rebuilt so much
■t another, that I have only been able to guess at its general effect. The
vettem doorways are adorned with sculpture, and this is almost the
MEdy place in the church in which figure sculpture still remains ; but
the whole exterior of the church is remarkable for the fine architectural
Bharacter of the sculpture of foliage, which is used with special lavish-
Beta along almost all the stringcourses. I hardly know any finer work
of its kind, but it is altogether conventional in its treatment, and er-
ranged with very particular reference to architectural effect, the foliage
in each bay being very nearly identical in its design. A peculiarity in
the external effect of the church is the lighting of the triforium u ith
Mparate windows, so that we have three heights of windows in the de-
ration belonging to the usle, triforium, and clerestory.

Of the vnrious steeples which adorn the church, and whose nhnrac-
^ is geneimlly very similar, the most beautiful is i think that of Ui\t

182 ArekUectural Notes in France. No. IV.

south transept. The lower stages are lighted with couplets of lancets,
and have buttresses at their angles ; above the roof line square pin-
nacles are set diagonally at the angles, and in the topmost stage the
tower is an octagon in plan with octagonal angle pinnacles resting on
the square pinnacles below, and lighted by lancet windows of very
light proportions. The octagonal pinnacles are composed entirely of
shafts supporting arches, and are of two stages in height ; and within
them are contrived some newel staircases of exquisite design. They
consist of a series of delicate shafts — one on each step, and supporting
another above : the capitals of these shafts are all well carved and
with great variety : the effect of this winding cluster of shafts seen
through and behind the shafts of the pinnacles, is a great lesson in the
beauty of shafts and the value of scientific construction. Much of the
beauty of the design is owing to the very light and airy character of
these angle pinnacles, and it is much to be deplored that the spires
shown in Dusommerard^s view no longer exist.

The small cloister on the south side of the nave is one of the features
to which it would be unpardonable not to refer. It forms only one side
of the enclosure, the east and west ends being occupied by the chapter
room and a groined chapel projecting from the south wall of the nave,
whilst the wall of the aisle forms the north side. The merit of this
cloister is, therefore, not its extent, but the beauty of its design. The
windows are of two lights, and above these is a quatrefoil opening en-
closed within a circular moulding, round which are pierced sixteen
small circles. The tracery was glazed, though the lower part of the
windows appears to have been always open as it is at present. The
whole design is a very good example of plate tracery. The outer wall
of the cloister abuts on the street, and though only pierced with smill
square windows, is yet so skilfully buttressed and finished with a cor-
nice so finely sculptured, as to be a very successful architectural fea-
ture. At the angle of this wall near the south transept doorway, s
buttress is brought out from the transept, and against it is placed stuid-
iog on a corbel a grand angel under a canopy which now holds a sun-
dial ; and though the dial is not old, I suppose, to judge by the position
of the hand, that it takes the place of one coeval with the fabric. The
angle of this buttress coming forward rather awkwardly in front of the
door, is cut back in a very skilful manner, and has two recessed shafts
with capitals and bases, affording a capital example of angle decoration.

There is not much of which I need make special mention in the in-
terior. The main columns are generally plain cylinders, with veiy
large capitals from which the groining shafts rise ; these are banded
very frequently in their height with bad effect. There is the fourfokl
division in height to which I have already adverted, and considerable
matter of study in the sculpture of the capitals which is however in
some cases rather too rude and early in its character.

There is some very fine early glass in the eastern windows of the
choir. In the transept there are two arches across next the wall, sup-
porting a floor on a level with and connecting the triforia, the spacious-
ness of which is quite wonderful. They are groined throughout, and
the views of the church obtained from them are very good. I found

Arckiieetural Notes in France. No. IV. 188

Kiddle- Pointed screens dividing the several hays of the triforium
oaTe, and there was a good deal of 1 3th century glass lying on
and about to nndergo restoration. Considerable alterations
ade in the last century hy the insertion of chapels between the
les of the choir, but these do not detract much from the general
f the church, which exhibits a degree of general uniformity
to be paralleled save at our own Salisbury,
ink it admits of a fair doubt whether such a cluster of similar
•teeples at regular intervals around one building, as we have
Duld ever be perfectly satisfactory ; but of the beauty of their
taken separately, there cannot be two opinions. It is possible
the centnd lantern bad been carried up to a great height, what-
tfect there b might have been rectified, but there is no sign of
;h intention.

:he east and north of the cathedral are very large remains of
ga of the same date as the cathedral, and fairly perfect in their
d effect. Towards the interior they all rest on op^en arcades,
on the exterior the outline is well and picturesquely broken by
I of turrets projecting from the walls of the great hall of the
•aid to have been buUt by Bishop Garoier in a.d. 1^9.
ffishop's Chapel, a groined building with nave and aisles, and
■tages in height, still remains. It is of slightly earlier date than
bedral, is covered with a roof of one span, and has a very small
the east end.

e seems to have been a communication directly from the
• Palace to the eastern part of the cathedral ; and if the people
Q were as turbulent as they are said to have been, the Bishops
ise so to place their palace, and so to connect it with the cathe-
to enable themselves to stand a siege if need be.
r the cathedral, the church of S. Martin, at the opposite end of
TS, is the principal architectural relic still left in Laon. Like
liedral, it is remarkable for its square east end. It is cruciform
, and consists of nave and aisles, choir without aisles, and tran-
ritfa chapels on the east side. Two towers are placed in the
between the transepts and nave. The general foundation of the
B Romanesque work, but the choir and transepts are of a rather
Barly I^rst-Pointed, much more German than French in its
tr» and the western facade is one of the best examples that I
i a Middle* Pointed front to a church of moderate pretensions.
irlj-Pointed work at the east is remarkable for the very heavy
er of its mouldings and string-courses, the use of both round
Dted arches, and the very ingenious arrangement of the chapels
east wall of the transept, and of the buttresses above them.
dutfiels are formed under two bays of vaulting, so that the
i; abaft and buttress come over the point of the arch. The
ia well groined. The steeples are poor in character and rather
leant, but they appear never to have been completed, and in the
mrliood of the cathedral it was dangerous to venture upon any
Moat careful and noble work.
«nt front ia Tery ornate, and is marked chiefly by the fine

i

184 All Saints', Margaret Street.

octangular pinnacles at the angles of the clerestory and by the large
sculpture of S. Martin in a quatrefoil which fills the gable. The
three western doorways are composed of a succession of small reedy
mouldings, and against the buttresses beyond the central doorway are
figures of saints considerably mutilated.

Almost the only other interesting church is a small building attached
now to an educational institution for boys. A priest told me it had
belonged to the Templars, and at any rate it is an octagonal building
with a small chancel on its eastern side, and a smaller circular apse.
At the west end there is a small porch. Hie whole is in a late Roman-
esque style, and very small, the external measurement of each side of the
octagon being only about eleven feet.

Here and there are to be seen remains of houses and gateways, bat
there is nothing of sufiicient interest to require a special note here, and
the only other building I need mention is the very curious church at
Vaux sous Laon, a village at the foot of the hill below the citadel and
cathedral. This has a western porch or narthex, nave and aisles of five
bays, transepts and low central steeple, and a choir and aisles of three
bays, groined, and both loftier and wider than the nave. The east end
is square, and has a triplet and a large rose window above, very similar
in design to the east end of the cathedral. The columns are cylindrical,
with simply carved caps of bold design. The choir is all First-Pointed,
the nave of earlier date and much simpler character and not groined.

I must conclude this brief notice of Laon and its buildings with joit
mentioning two of the existing buildings in the neighbourhood which
ought to be seen and examined. These are the magnificent granary of
the abbey of Vauclair near Laon, and the still more interesting hos^tal
for lepers of Tortoir : both of these are figured by M. Verdier in hii
" Architecture Civile et Domestique," and appear to be of rare beanty
and interest.

Obobqb Edmund Stbut.

ALL SAINTS', MARGARET STREET.

Thb completion and consecration of this memorable church demands
from us more than a mere passing notice. There has been no church
built since the revival of ecclesiastical architecture among us in wlaA
we have been more intimately concerned and more deeply interested
than in this : and if we claim some trifling share of praise for its merits,
we deserve some part of the blame for its defects. It is unfoftmiate
for all parties, — for ourselves not less than for its distingoished arehi*
tect, Mr. Butterfield, — that so long a time has imavoidably eknaed
since the first conception of this design. It is not fair to criticiBe it as
a work of to-day. All Saints* church was begun ten years ago* and
if we would understand its true merits, and its historical impdrtaiioe
in the eocktiological revival, we must bear this fiact conatantly in wad.
Our readers scarcely need to be told that the erection of

An Saints', Margaret Street. 185

B8 this was a day-dream of ours from the firfit. The idea fruc«
Other parties, interested in the old cbupei on the site of which
• church now stands, had entertained a similar project. The
I were merged into one ; and after many years we witness their
lishment. Regrets are useless : but we can see now that the
)f site, dictated chiefly by considerations of sentiment, was unfor-
Great expense was incurred in obtaining the requisite ground :
ar all the area is too small and otherwise inconvenient. Neigh-
hnildings deprive the church altogether of an east window and
lights to the north aisle : and the capacity of the interior is
inadequate to the large congregations which its attractions will
J to invite. The latter defect nothing can remedy : the former
n neutralized hy the scope it has given to Mr. Dyce's pencil,
e are few who will read these pages who are not perfectly fa-
iith the actual building upon which we are commenting ; so
is almost superfluous to put on record that its ground* plan con-
a broad nave, with two aisles and arcades of three wide arches ;
^aged tower occupying the most westernly bay of the south
od being used, in its lowest stage, as a baptistery ; of a vaulted
I, with chancel-aisles to its western part, and a sacristy on the
ide. The most marked architectural characteristics within are
leial force and power of the design ; the massive proportions of
ails ; the great height of the nave, and the fine developement of
restory ; the bold span of the chancel arch, the stately groining
chance], and the open tracery which fills the side arches of the
I. Doubtless some of these merits have been carried to excess.
iage of capitals and string-courses — in violent reaction from the
ess and prettiness of horrowed details — is often exaggerated in
rM but honest originality. In some later churches we have
a tendency to the opposite extreme of an excessive naturalism
1 or folial ornamentation. The just mean would be something
D this and Mr. Butterfield^s outspoken conventionalism. The
sture of All Saints' answers to the earlier *'Pree-Hafiaelitism "
lister art, before its truthful principles had been exaggerated
eir opposite errors. And curiously enough there is here to be
d the germ of the same dread of beauty, not to say the same
ite preference of ugliness, which so characterises in fuller de-
iient the later paintings of Mr. Miilais and his followers. But
batements do not in any way diminish our general admiration
manly and austere design which is embodied in this church. It
that we should have among us monuments of the sterner and
Puritanic developement of Christian art; for the tendencies
day are uudeniahly overmuch in the contrary direction. There
ay artists who can produce graceful and pleasing interiors : Mr.
Ldd's praise is that in this impressive church, in spite of small-
scale, he has approached to the sublime of architecture.
, as to the exterior, his success is yet more unequivocal. The
in and treatment of his material, red hrick banded with black,
masterly. He was the first to show us that rod brick is the
aiding material for London, and to prove to us that its use vi'a%

B D

186 AU Saints, Margaret Street.

c ompatible with the highest flights of architectare. In the matter of
b anding his red brick with black and other colours, we chiefly admire
h}% moderation. His numerous imitators in this popular style of con-
structional polychrome have often overlooked his example of discretion.
The best feature of the exterior is beyond doubt the tower and spire.
Tbe dignified proportions of the former, the admirable treatment of
the enriched belfry- stage, and the striking outline of the lofty spire,
have secured a host of admirers and have outlived the hostile criticism
which was at first provoked by their novelty. In the houses attached
to the church for the use of the clergy, Mr. Butterfield has been, we
think, far less successful.

Returning inside the church to consider its coloured decorations,
which after all are the most striking feature of the interior, we are met
by a host of difliculties. First of all however to note the points which
deserve unqualified commendation. It is common enough now-a-dtyi
to see polished granite, and our native marbles and alabaster, and
Minton*s glazed and coloured tiles, used for constructional decoration.
But almost the first example of this practice was set in All Saints'
church. We owe a great deal to the precedent a£forded by Mr. But-
terfield for the proper use of these materials. And never have thej
been used more lavishly than in All Saints*. All the piers and jaml^
shafts are of Aberdeen granite or coloured marbles ; and nearly the
whole chancel is walled and arcaded with polished alabaster. Then
again the low chancel- screen and the pulpit are of pure white marble
inlaid with coloured patterns. The nave walls are lined with glased
bricks, disposed in patterns : and this too was a welcome novelty, when
this church was first begun. The more recent decoration of parts of
the interior, such as the basement of the tower, with incised pattens
on the ashlar filled with coloured mastic, is a new process whidi we
gladly welcome and in which we see the capability of much wider sp-
plication. The pavement, of Minton's tiles, is most successful ; and
we think the stencilling of the bold timber roof of the nave very sa-
tisfactory. But we cannot extend our praise to the rest of the archi-
tect's own share in colouring the interior. The patterns in the nave,
and over the chancel arch, seem to us abrupt, and disproportionate, and
ungainly. They are without flow or continuity : and the colooring
throughout is fragmentary and crude. This too is a crying fisult in
the inlaying of the pulpit and chancel-screen : and the green voussoirs
of the arches, in connection with the succession of other bald colours,
are to us very displeasing. And there are some incongruities to be
observed ; such, for instance, as the comparatively rude brickwork of
the nave edging itself up, so to say, among the more costly materials
of the chancel. Lastly the grisaille of the clerestory, cold and flat
and yet spotted with gaudy blots of colour, is surely in bad taste ab-
solutely, as well as relatively to the rest of the interior. For the rest
of the stained glass, by M. Alfred Gerente, is of the most oppoaifee
character. The great west window in particular throws an oter-
whelming flood of gorgeous green and gold light into the church. Of
the design of M. Oerente's subjects — a Root of Jesse in the west
window, and single figures of saints in those of the aialea — the JBbfifa-

AU SmnUf, Margaret Street. 187

il need not speak. It is archaic and conventional beyond de-
3a; and *' antiqaation" has been adopted without stint. It is
to be regretted that sach drawing should seem, from a variety
!amatance», to have the degree of sanction which its presence in
lorch extends to it. And as to the tone of colour, of which the
rindow sets the pitch, opinions differ so much, and dogmatism is
to much out of place in matters of which the eye is the ulti-
jodge, that we will not attempt to decide the controversy to
. as is well known, it has given rise. To our own mind, M.
te'a colouring is harmonious and beautiful, though perhaps over
nd luxuriant. The motif of the west window both in subject
ilonr, is the Jesse window of Wells : and the French artist, we
is not responsible for reproducing even too faithfully the faults,
f be faults, of the original which was proposed to him, with the
It of all parties concerned, for his guidance. More than this on
BCt which has caused some misunderstandings we do not feel
upon to say, holding as we do an opinion about half way be-
the two extremes, and sympathising in some respects with both

more sure of his principles than either of his colleagues, Mr.
has frescoed the blank east wall of the church, and painted the
ii the sanctuary and the groined roof of the chancel in a style
, in our judgment, leaves nothing to be desired. There is no
I in our Communion that can approach All Saints' in the dignity
•uty of the adornment of its most sacred part. It must always
retted that Christian sculpture has not been admitted to a share
decoration of this costly shrine ; but at any rate Christian paint*
8 lent its most effectual aid. It is a happy augury for the future
ich a church as this has been imagined, completed, approved of,
rmally consecrated by our ecclesiastical authorities to the service
1 for Whose honour it has been intended. The ceremony of last
lay* ccnnciding with the completion of the twentieth year of our
ioe» sets the seal, in some feort, to the final triumph of the cause
riatian art to which our labours have been devoted. If any one
understand what has been effected for Christian art in England
last quarter of a century, he should visit in succession first any
I of that date, and then All Saints', 8. Marylebone.
•objects of Mr.Dyce*s great altar piece— which it is surprising that
has yet engraved — were painted in reverse order to their icono-
aequence. The last painted is the most beautiful and touching
whole. The architectural framework consists — as our readers
«tly aware — of two arcades of panels* one above the other, each
dng seven niches, the central ones being wider than the rest.
the apringing of the vault, and separated from the arcades by a
oomice, is a still wider field for pictorial design. The lower
of panels contain a group of the Nativity between six of the
ea; the upper one the Crucifixion between the other six Apos-
bove all our Loan is represented enthroned with a hierarchy sur*
■g Him. The last subject, inadequately seen in respect of light,
■gvandlj treated ; the background is blue paling upwaxda. 'Vda

188 AU Saints', Margaret Street.

figures and groups below are backed by a rich dark diaper. Into tl
twelve Apostolic figures Mr. Dyce has thrown a novelty and a distin
tiveness, which is the highest praise, considering how the subject h
been forestalled by some of his greatest predecessors. But the Cmc
fixion and the Nativity deserve yet higher admiration. In the form
our Lord's figure, drawn with great purity and the deepest reverenti
feeling, is treated with the exactly right limit of conventionalism : tl
weeping Mother and S. John stand on either side of the Cross. Sti
more attractive perhaps is the lowest panel, in which the Blessed Vi
gin holds her Divine Infant, and three angels behind a low wall star
in adoring attendance. This group has been accused of a tendency I
sentimentalism, but we cannot share the objection. There is indeed
s|>eciai sweetness in this design, but no declination that we can pei
ceive from a standard of the highest idealism.

These beautiful frescoes do not suffer, it must be owned, from tk
deeply tinted light of the French windows, to which probably the
accomplished author conformed his work. Happily Mr. Dyce all
undertook the {minting and gilding of the parts of the chancel whic
immediately surround his pictures. Nothing can be better than tli
Jesuit. The tone and feeling of these enrichments recall to us tli
most successful of the polychromed interiors of Italian Pointed : ao<
we must plead guilty to a wish that the whole interior had beei
coloured by the same hand.

Finally we have to notice the arrangements of the interior. These
it need not be said, are admirable, though not faultless. The phii
alabaster walling beneath the frescoes wants further architectural en
richments ; and the metaL cross affixed to it just above the altar, t
more conspicuous than graceful. But the levels of the sanctutrj
&c., are well managed. The stalls, with subsellse, are low and thd
ornamentation is not very effective, llieir stone flooring is a mistaki
if only for acoustic reasons. The brass lettern is grandiose, and tfa
metal parcloses are powerfully designed. The organ, divided into tm
stands half in each chancel- aisle. It is played from the north side. C
the pulpit we have spoken, so far as regards its inlaying. It is in deag
rather awkwardly managed, being too irregular and angular in plan
and it seems to want a plinth. The nave will be seated with moveab
chairs ; a decision for which it is impossible to be too thankful. Tl
font stands under the arch connecting the tower with the south aitl
The cover, somewhat infelicitously composed of wood and brass, hi
the appearance of too great heaviness in spite of its strong supports 1
two pulleys. Upon the whole, however, we have never had occask
to notice a more suitable and dignified adaptation to the Anglican ritQ
than this magnificent church presents.

We renew our congratulations to all the parties concerned in tl
great work on the conclusion of their labours. They have all deaerft
well of the cause of religious art. To ourselves it is a source of i
small pride and satisfaction that one of our most valued coadjutors h
not only contributed with his proverbial munificence to the funds of tl
undertaking, but has been from first to last the originator, and advise
snd the ultimately responsible director of the works. This ahouid 1

i

f.

The Second Choir Festival at Southwell Minster. 189

reckoned as another claim which Mr. Beresford-Hope has fairly estab-
lished OQ the gratitude of the Church of England. We do not say
that All Saints', Margaret Street, is a perfect ' model-church.' We
have not scrupled here, as always, to criticize freely. But we assert,
without fear of contradiction, that our generation has seen no greater or
more memorable work, or one more pregnant with important conse-
qoeoces to the future of art in England.

THE SECOND CHOIR FESTIVAL AT SOUTHWELL

MINSTER.

Wx have great satisfaction in reporting another successful meeting of
the choirs of Nottinghamshire in Southwell Minster, on the ^2$th of
April kst, — the very anniversary of the former one.

it is not easy to exaggerate the value and imi)ortance of these choir
festivals, or of the associations under whose auspices they are organ-
ic, aad of whose activity and success they are the result, as well as
I the test. It is to us a matter of no small surprise and regret that the
ttcellent example of the midland counties has not, hitherto at least,
l>een more extensively followed. We confess that we had hoped to be
called upon to record other choir- meetings during the past year, besides
those of Southwell, Ely, and Lichfield. We can scarcely imagine it
possible that the numbers of clergymen from other dioceses, who have
s*8isted at such ceremonials, should be content without endeavouring
to introduce the like into their own neighbourhoods. Can there be
inj truth in the statement so often made, that the cathedrals them-
telres, which certainly ought to be foremost to encourage and foster
aoy movement for the improvement of the music of the Church, are in
fact, in one way or another, very frequently the main obstacles to choir
festivals ; which, in most instances, can only be held in the mother
church of the diocese ? We trust not.

The last year's festival at Southwell, as our readers may recollect,
was conspicuous for the employment of the Plain Song of the Church,
to a degree till then unprecedented. The success of that experiment
was so complete, that it was at once determined to repeat it, on a still
more extended scale, at the next festival, — that, namely, which is
the subject of our present notice. We could have wished that it had
been found possible, this year, to adhere exclusively to the ancient
music. Bat we fear it must he granted that a certain concession to
tastes formed in the modern corrupt schools of Church music is, on
such occasions as these, not only tolerable, but necessary. Still, we
cannot help longing for the time, which we firmly believe must arrive
sooner or later, when the vast superiority of the Ancient Church Tones
over the aoomalous compositions called Anglican Chants, for the con-
gregatkmal execution of Psalm and Canticle, shall be acknowledged
and acted upon.
The aervioes at Southwell this year, as last, were prefaced \x^ ^xl \m*

190 The Second Choir Festival at Southwell Minster.

posing procession of about ^60 choristers, lay clerks, and priests, all
vested, and chanting *' Quam dilecta** to the 8th Tone, 2nd' ending.
The procession moved in two columns from the chapter-house, down
the north aisle of the nave ; and, wheeling round at the west end, pro-
ceeded up the nave. The bishops (there were three present — Lincoln,
Newfoundland, and Western New York) with their attendants, entered
by the west door, and passed to the choir between the two lines drawn
up {Decani on the north, Cantoris on the south, according to the use of
Southwell, which is appropriately followed throughout the county)
along the whole length of the nave.

For the Morning Service, the arrangement of the Manual of Plain
Song was used, and the effect was admirable. The responses, parti-
cularly those of the Litany, were given with great accuracy and mas-
siveness. The same may be said of the hymn. Chorus Nova HierU'
salem, from the Hymnal Noted, wedded, however, to the melody of Ai
Coenam Agni, 64". The Psalms and Canticles were sung with unfnil-
ing precision, and with (an unusual attribute of parish choirs) no little
refinement. We fancied, however, that the chanting was not quite so
spirited as last year. We would suggest that, if it be found absolutely
necessary to make a decided pause at every comma in the verses of the
Psalms, about half of those points might be dispensed with, without
the least detriment to the sense. May we also be allowed to represent
to the very able organist of Southwell, whose apparent grasp of the
principles of Gregorian music is, considering the school in which be
was educated, very remarkable, that the temptation to vary the accom-
panying harmonies of the Psalms almost ad infinitum, must not be en-
tirely yielded to ? There should be, we think, a reason, to be foond
in the words themselves, for every fresh combination of chords.

The Communion Service, also from the Manual of Plain Song, was
excellent, as far as the choirs were concerned; but we must again
enter our respectful protest against the mode of celebrating the Holy
Mysteries, adopted by the bishop of the diocese. Until our clergy,
whether bbhops, priests, or deacons, are " mediocriter docti in pltmo
cantu,^* however well-trained the choirs may be, the work of our dunral
associations will be only half done. It is intolerable that, where such
evident care has been taken, as at Southwell, that all the senricei
should be worthily rendered, the chiefest of all, the Holy Sacrifice
itself, should be marred by the unwillingness or incompetence of the
celebrant — usually, of course, the principsd dignitary present — to redts
the very easy Plain Song of the English Liturgy.

The number of communicants was very large. Among the members
of choirs present we were glad to observe numerous instances of un-
affected devotion and reverence. On the other hand, the behaviour of
a considerable portion was far from satisfactory.

At Evensong, the Psalms and Canticles were extremely well song to
Anglican chants, with an unvarying vocal harmony. The Preces were
the same as in the morning. A hymn from Redhead's collection, and
Tallis' canon in G for Bishop Ken's Evening Hymn, were snag* the
one before, the other after, the sermon, which was delivered in die
nave, the clergy and choirs standing in front of the pulpit.

The Royal Academy and Architectural Exhibition. 191

We mii«t not omit to mention the judicious selection* and fair (but
not perfect) execution, of two well-known anthems, the one at morn-
ing, the other at evening, prayer, — *' If Goo be for us/' by Pales-
trina, and '* Sing to the 'Lord,*' better known as "The proud have
iigged pita," by Dr. Tye.

In concluding our notice of the second Southwell Choir Festival, we
\Kg to offer our hearty congratulations to all who have been concerned
in its organisation. It is no secret that the energetic Rector of South-
ireU la the person to whom the choirs of Nottinghamshire are mainly
ndebted for their efficiency. The appointment of a travelling choir-
natter has been evidently of immense service. We would suggest that
3ne» or perhaps two, of the resident clergy should undertake the office
>f aaremonarius, for the sake of ensuring the due effect of the proces-
uon, which forms too important an element in gatherings of this kind
x> be left altogether to chance.

yiCHITBCTURB AT THE ROYAL ACADEMY AND ARCHI-
TECTURAL EXHIBITION, 1859.

Wm promised in our last number to offer a comparative review of the
Bodeaiology contained in the Architectural Exhibition and in the Ar-
efaitectural department of the Royal Academy's annual assemblage.
[n the fulfilment of this task we find ourselves beset with the some-
what whimsical difficulty of one element in the comparison having
Bcariy attained its vanishing point. What may be in store for archi-
tecture in the Royal Academy of the future we cannot guess, — whether
die Conduit Street Grallery will hold its own in the race with the pluck to
vhidi it owes establishment we can only hope ; but certain it is that
Ilia year will not be the one to which the hiture historian of British
mhitecture will turn back with thorough exultation.

We will commence our survey with new churches, — not too curiously
iOfcatigating whether the glowing paper indicates a building really to
be oonatructed, or one of that airy class "' submitted in competition.'*
One oi the most noticeable occurs early in the Royal Academy (1060),
lad is entitled " Interior of a small church designed in the Early
duistiaii style, and proposed to be erected in Yorkshire," by Mr.
Sidney Smirke. It is absolutely and literally a small basilica, with
two aiales, the altar placed on the chord of the apse — the walls
bang covered with decorative painting, into which symbols are iutro-
iooed* and the aisles divided from the nave by pillars of green marble
nr tcagliola. We do not of course recommend or commend such an
ibaiidoiiment of our distinctive northern and pointed traditions, never-
dieleaa we indicate the attempted experiment with no unkindly feel-
ingi. Mr. Street contributes very pretty sketches of two small churches.
He is alio noticeable in the Architectural Exhibition for his intended
sharch in Westminster, which we have described elsewhere, and for
a lerj nch aeolptcured pulpit. Mr. Clarke curiously sends the in-

192 Architecture at the Royal Academy

terior of his church at Heywood to the Academy, and the exterior
to the EzhibitioQ. The unfortunate (because violated) competitioo
for the R. C. church of S. Peter and S. Paul at Cork, enriches the
Royal Academy with the interior and exterior, both of Mr. Murray's
(1062, 1100) and Mr. J. P. Joneses (1076, 1113) churches. In the
former a not very successful attempt to combine the aisled and aa-
ditorium systems is shown, involving in forms apparently derived
from the trefoiled section, an extremely complicated roof. Mr. Jones's
church is a starved cathedral, with double aisles and triforium, in
a feeble kind of early continental Pointed, but with the inevitable
English wooden roof to the nave, exhibiting externally some faint
attempts at coloured effects with red brick. Mr. Goldie gives (R. A.
1130; and 350, Architectural Exhibition,) the east end of his church
at Scarborough, which has the peculiarity of having a windowless apse
relieved by an external arcaded gallery. Hie steeple presenting a short
spire, has a solid sea-side look about it ; but we must counsel Mr.
(}^oldie not to repeat this t}'pe too often. It occurs again in his church
of S. Patrick at Bandon (Arch. Ex. 35), which has moreover a three-
sided apse rather deficient in character.

Of the various churches shown in Conduit Street we only pretend
to notice a few, and we will begin with a brown-looking model on the
table, which seems to indicate a church wherein a straddling nave ia
that no style of Italian which is so popular with conventicle builders,
propped by a consumptive tower, effloresces eastward into a shallofr
chancel and transepts weighted by a cupola on an octagonal tamboar,
and propped by four more little — shall we call them towers ? each stuck
into its own corner, and each capped by its own little capping. Inside,
the straddling nave boasts of columns and aisles, and the whole seems
fitted up in a style of chaste simplicity. The author of this " labour
of an age in piled stones'' is •' W. Tite, Esq., M.P." The locale is
Gerard's Cross, Bucks, and the building, which we hear is to hold 400
persons, is not yet consecrated. It is something to be possessed of
Mr. Tite's ideal of a village church.

Mr. Collins's new church at Hooton Park, Cheshire (135 and 151)
now being erected for R. C. Naylor to hold 200, is in an Italianising
type of Romanesque. We should of course have preferred Pointed.
But no cost seems to have been spared in the design, which we are glad
to see includes in the plan (which rightly is given) an apse .wiih
eastern aisle. The building is cruciform with a low octagonal lantern
spire. The nave is of three bays, and all the pillars are red granite.
llie least satisfactory feature is a low campanile attached by an open
cloister to the south side. The material of the building is red and
white sandstone.

Mr. George's interior of a " cathedral " (1 124) must be noticed as t
specimen of perverted taste; the style is Norman, with sprawling
sprites of modem Italian feeling hitched into all possible spandrilt.

Mr. Hellyer's new church at Kingsclere, Woodlands, Hants, (322) is
a Middle- Pointed study, which would have been more in date some
twelve years since. We should add five more to Messrs. VulUaaiy
and Johnson's proposed new church at Rochester (337).-- Mr, Coe^

and ArehiteeitBral Exhibition, 1859. 198

desigo of the church lately erected for the Bishop of Brechin at

Dundee (Arch. £z. 301) exhibits the west end of a small building,
with a north aiale and a small bell spirelet to the south.

On the whole we think that among the new churches which the
Architectural Exhibition contains, by no means the least creditable, is
ooe of which all the designs (the plans inclusive) are honestly shown
in a portfolio lying on the table, and which will accordingly, in all pro-
bability, be overlooked by forty-nine out of every fifty visitors. The
architect is Mr. Lewis, and the building is offered for the small sum
of £3.000 to be erected at Clapham. The style is Early Middle-
Pointed, and the plan is cruciform, with aisles somewhat, we fear, too
long. The nave has five bays, and the chancel levels seem well
managed, while the fittings are of a satisfactory character. We do
not imagine that the steeple is included in the computation.

Our readers will not have forgotten that more than civic act of perfidy
by which the Town Council of Edinburgh strove year after year, until
happily arrested by the heavier hand of the court of law, to break faith
with Parliament and the public, and convert the means entrusted to
them for the rebuilding of Trinity Ck>]lege Church to their own ends.
In pursuance of this disreputable object, a competition was announced
Uxt a new church " on the same model" as the old one, i.e. Oothic of
some sort or other, suited to the ritual of the Kirk as viewed through
Town Council spectacles. Several of the tangible results of this ela-
borate mala fides hang on a screen in the Architectural Exhibition, and
we are glad to see tibat, as a body, they are such as are truly con-
gioous to a competition so engaged in. That by Mr. Goldie is the
beat, but even that is flat and spiritless. Closely adjacent are some of
the tenders for Mr. Spurgeon's non -Pointed tabernacle.

We pass over sundry cemetery chapels in the Architectural Exhi-
bition. The only one we can honestly praise is by Mr. Withers.

Church restorations are, we are sorry to say, " conspicuous by their
ibsence '* in both exhibitions. Indeed, we only find Mr. Slater's very
effectiye uncoloured drawing of the choir of Sherborne (R. A. 1091),
Id notice among larger works. Mr. Withers sends several of the parish
efaorches which he has restored with his accustomed carefulness and
|ood taste.

Messrs. Prichard and Seddon present (R. A. 1050) their rehabilita-
tion of Christchurch College. Brecon, as originally designed, with the
ichool-house raised upon an open cloister. We sincerely regret that
the judgments of the local authorities will probably necessitate the
wppreaaion of the latter very telling feature. The design, by the same
iffchitecta, for the Oothicising of Patington Park, Warwickshire, (R.A.
1109.) appears to convert a substantial mansion into a most picturesque
latline, without impairing its intrinsic comfort.

We are gUul to see that, in his Public Rooms at Berkharosted,
[Ajch. Ex. 3t23.) Mr. Lamb has not lapsed into his usual mannerism.

lo Arch. Ex. 166 Mr. F. R. Wilson shows a very clever transforma-
aoQ of aome rubhiahing old cottages and a granary into four residences
if a sort of conventional but allowable Pointed, at Alnmouth by the
M. in NorthnmberlAnd.

▼Ol XX. «? c

194 The Royal Academy and Architectural Exhibition.

Among miscellaneous designs, a fountain at Oswestry strikes us as
a feeble reminiscence of Mr. Barges' clever suggestion for a similar
monument at Gloucester. In one respect, however, this design carries
off the palm of originality ; for the architect has the quaint audacity,
unknown to Greek or Goth, of introducing full-sized statues of naiads,
as if paddling in the water.

Mr. Goldie's altar in the R. C. church of S. Vincent, at Cork, (Arch.
Ex. 334,) is a rich specimen of that modem developement of the re-
table, with apparatus for Benediction, which the present Roman ritual
has called forth. We doubt, however, the effect of the double scale of
the larger figures in the niches brought into immediate juxtaposition
with the smaller proportion of those in the groups. Mr. Goldie (Arcb.
Ex. 649) gives some pretty studies inspired by Mr. Scott's work on
Domestic Architecture. Mr. Shaw's two sketches for organs (Arcb.
Ex. 153) are somewhat rich, and strongly remind us of Mr. Street's
style. Mr. Blomfield's public drinking fountains (Arch. Ex. 56) are
truthful.

For what, if it were not so ridiculous, might be justly called pro-
fanity, commend us to a sketch for a small Gothic villa, with farm
premises adjacent, in the Architectural Exhibition. The premises are
so grouped together as to mimic an early apsidal church.

We have alluded to the series of competition desigpis for Trbitj
Church, Edinburgh, in the Architectural Exhibition. On the same screen
are hung sundry of the tenders made for the EUesmere memorial, in
Jiancashire, — a memorial assuming the form of a tower. Grothic art is
Gk>thic art ; it will, we believe, survive much ; and we ought, we sup-
pose, to be glad at its most outri developements. Otherwise, we ooii*
fess to no little dismay at this gaunt series of variations on the Italian
Pointed campanile, and the baronial fortalice.

Apropos of towers, we may note that Mr. Street contributes (Arch.
Ex. 343,) a most carefiiUy executed coloured drawing, on a large
scale, of the Campanile of Florence. We are glad to see the name of
an architect of reputation attached to such a work. Mr. Goodchild
gives us, in two perspective interiors (Arch. Ex. 328 and 329), Wren's
first design for S. Paul's Cathedral, created from the model now in the
Architectural Museum. The sight of these drawings makes na even
more thankful than that model, that this design was not carried out.
It appears to us to possess all the points in which the cathedral is now
open to criticism, with a much smaller proportion of its redeeming
merits.

Mr. Burges, with a happy versatility, appears in the centre of the
Architectural Exhibition with a Gothic sideboard, profusely painted by
Mr. Westlake with scenes from the French 13th century poem of the
martyrdom of S. Bacchus, and heads in medallions symbolising various
wines, — sherry, for example, as a fair, and port as a dark beanty ;
champagne perhaps too coquettish, if the idea did not accord with the
nature of that over-praised wine. A frame (120) gives us the repre-
sentations of some other still more remarkable pieces of fomitore.
designed by Mr. Barges, and richly decorated.

As usual, Mr. Hardman and Mr. Hart display their adiievements ifl

Ecclemlogical Society, 195

netal work in the Architectural Exhibition ; and to our surprise we
iod the Patent Wood-canring Company returned to life. In a small
aitalogoe of their works which is appended to their stall, we find that
iie wood earrings at S. Barnabas', Pimlico, emanated from their
iteliers.

Numerous sketches of painted windows, chiefly by Messrs. Clayton
ind Bell, Mr. Powell (representing Mr. Hardman), and Messrs. Lavers
lod Barraud are to be found on the walls of the Architectural Exbi-
)ition. To enter into an examination of them would carry us beyond
imits. The sculpture room at the Royal Academy contains (1259)
ifr. Philip's recumbent effigy of Queen Katherine Parr, executed for
«r restored high tomb in the chapel of Sudeley Castle, Gloucestershire.

We sincerely regret to have to part with the Architectural Exhibi-
oof of the present year with such modified praise. But architecture
tost continue to fail in its exhibitions so long as it continues its at-
itupt to amuse the public by competing with the legitimate exhibitions
f pictures through pretty drawings and smart frames.

ECCLESIOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

. CoMM nrsB Meeting was held at Arklqw House on Friday, May 6th,
850: present, A.J. B. Beresford-Hope, Esq., in the chair; F. H.
Kckinton, Esq., the Rev. S. S. Greatheed, the Rev. W. Scott, and the
l«v. B. Webb,

The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed. The Rev.
L H. Sperling, M.A., Rector of Wicken Bonant, Essex, and author of
^edniological Walks in Middlesex, was elected an ordinary member.
Ad afterwards added to the committee.

A new number of the Dietsche Warande was received, and letters of
Kknowledgment from the Surrey Archaeological Society.

The committee approved of the selection by a sub-committee of a
ast from one of the eight panels of a tomb in S. Giovanni, Verona, for
the Bodesiological Society's prize of five guineas for coloured decora-
ion in connection with the Architectural Museum. Mr. Beresford-
Sope*s offer of an extra prize of three guineas, if any works should
ippear deserving, was mentioned. The scheme of the Architectural
llnsenm Prizes for the year, and the conditions, will be found below.

Mr. Slater met the Committee and consulted it on a question of
irest importance as to the proposed restoration of the choir of Chiches-
ter cathedral. It appeared that a legacy of £2000 by the late Dean was
to be Applied to the restoration of the choir ; and the question had arisen
■ to the proper limits of the choir eastward and westward. The fol-
lowing resolution was adopted : —

«• This GomiDiitee having considered the plan of Chichester Cathedral in
rwiKilkw with Hr. Slaters report recommending the retention of the stalls
■I their pNsest positkm onder the lantern, are decidedly of opinion that it

: I

196 EccUmlogical Society.

would be mos^ ailvhable to retain the actual arraDgemetity not onlyofa
archaeological but upon practical grounds. By ao doing they are of opinioii
that the requisite arrangements for the peculiar uses of a Cathedral would be
most completely secured, while the congregational accommodation imperatiYclj
demanded would be most conveniently provided in the nave."

Mr. Slater exhibited his further deaigbs for the reatoradon and re-
arriangement bf S« Mary, Higbam Ferrers, for the new church of S.
jMichael, ^azelbeech, Northamptonshire, for the restoration of All Saints,
Nuseby, Northamptonshire ; and for a new school, with reading-roOka,
&c., attached, for the pjonah of S. John Evangelist, S. Pancras, to be
buijt in a court, leading out of Tottenham Court Road.

M. Alfreid Oerente of Paris met the committee, and, in an account
which he gave of ecclesioloeical urogresis. in France, ol^ehtioned that the
Emperor bad promised thAt^^e war should not interfere with the ilk*
mense public works now 'in hand. M. Oerente's great rose windoir
for the south transept of Notre Dame of Pans was now ready, aad
only waiting for the stonework to be renewed. He Imentioned the state
of the works in the choir of Notre Dame, and as to its new spire ; and
stated that the whole quartier of the CiU was in course of reconstmctioD
by M. VioUet Leduc — but unfortunately in a Renaissance style.

Mr. Truefitt met the committee and exhibited his designs for a new
school at Aberpergwn, Glamorgai^shire,. and for the restoration of
the curious little church of S. Andrew, Little Shelsley, Worcester-
shire. The committee recommended strongly the retention of the high
screen, returned from the chancel-screen, and marking off a chantry
chapel at the eastern end of the nave on the south side. This rare
arrangement is found also in the church of S. Mary, Fenny Bendeyf
Derbyshire^ and has been preserved in that instance. It was ad-
vised that the floor of this chantry should be furnished with moveable
chairs.

Mr. Seddon met the committee and exhibited an excellent drawing
of the design, by Mr. Prichard and himself, for the thorough restoration
of the west front of Llandaff cathedral. The northern tower is |o be
completed with a rich open parapet after the type of the Somersetshire
towers : the southern one will have a lofty octagonal spire. The com-
mittee also examined Messrs. Prichard and Seddon*s successful compe-
tition designs for the restoration and rebuilding of Brecon college ; and
for a new school at Llandough, Glamorganshire ; and also two desiens,
one more elaborate than the other, for a new church at Cardiff. Mr.
Seddon also brought the designs for a new church at Newport, Mon«
mouthshire.

Mr. O. M. Hills met the committee and exhibited numerous illustra-
tions of a paper on Boyle Abbey, which he had prepared for the Sede*
Biologist, Of these the committee selected the ground plans of Boyk
and Kilmallock abbeys, a panorama of Kilmallock, and a view of Adare
church.

Mr. Burges met the committee and kindly agreed to draw on wood
as an illustration of his paper on the restoration of the Salisbury ehafiter-
house one of the sculptured sobjects from the spandrels of thd'araiHle.

Mr. Barraud met die committee and exhibited some cirf6oin»*'b>tie

Eeclesioloffical Society. 197

eiecuted by Mr. Laven and himself, for stained glass windows at
Gnlval, Cornwall ; for the west window of S. Anne, Highgate Rise ;
for a Romanesque window, with medallions and early mosaic borders,
at Broomsbill, near Honiton ; and for a window, representing S. John
the Baptist and the Resurrection, at Spettisbury, Dorsetshire. A me-
morial window of two lights for Brimpton church, executed by Messrs.
Lavert and Barraud from Mr. White's design, was also examined.
Tbe subjects were the Resurrection and Ascension, and the committee
remarked on tbe anatomy of the figures and on some of the symbolism
introduced.

Mr. Wbite met tbe committee and exhibited the designs for a
Pointed bouse at Ingate^tone, Essex, for the rebuilding of S. Nicholas,
Bidmontb, (of wbich be promised a lithograph for the Ecclesiologist)
and for new acbools at Andover. He also showed a chalice and paten
of latten silvered, which he had designed and had executed at a cost of
toot more than tWenty-three shillings for use in poor colonial dioceses.

The committee examined the drawings for a new church at Highgate,
in tbe parish of Hawkhurst, Kent, kindly forwarded by Mr. Scott,
A.R.A. ; and tbe designs for a new church at Barcombe, near Lewes,
by Mr. Ferrey.

They also examined the designs for a new church, of unusual
artistic merit as respects its polychromatic decoration, by Mr. Street,
intended to be built in the parish of S. John Evangelist, Westminster ;
and drawings by the same architect of new churches at Cowley, Oxford-
ifaire and in the parish of S. Giles, Oxford.

Mr. Withers* designs for rebuilding the church of S. Helen, Little
Cawtborpe, Lincolnshire; Mr. P. Boyce's for the restoration of Llanaber
church, Merionethshire ; and Mr. W. M. Teulon's designs for new
ichools at Llandilo were next inspected.

Mr. S. S. Teolon sent his drawings for the following works, a ceme-
tery chapel and lichgate for Marlborough ; a wooden and metal spire
fo be added to his tower at Fosbury ; the restoration of S. Martin, Wel-
tOD, Lincolnshire ; additions to S. Helen, Kirmington, Lincolnshire ;
the rebuilding of the nave and tower of S. Bartholomew, Newington
B^gpatb. Gloucestershire ; a drinking-fountain for the east end of the
new cburch of Holy Trinity, Hastings ; a fountain for S. Chad's well in
the quadrangle of Sbadwell Court, Norfolk ; some cottages built at
Wimbledon by the Cottage Improvement Society ; a parsonage at
Netherfield, Sussex ; a rectory at Birch, Essex ; a parsonage at Billing-
loo, Beds ; additions to the vicarage at Couiscliffe, Durham ; a vicarage
at Billingshurst, Sussex ; timber additions to a rectory at Mister-
Ion ; and cartoons for stained glass windows and for fittings at Shad-
well Court.

From Messrs. Walton and Robson the Committee received the draw-
ingaof tbe restoration of S. Botolpb's, Bossall, Yorkshire, and of a shop
in Domestic Pointed for Durham : and also the elevation of the restora-
tipo of tbe great central tower of Durham Cathedral.

Some deaigna for organ-cases, for village churches, by Mr. Lewis
vereenained.

Mr.- Kdtb aubiiiitCed a number of recent worka of church-plate, in-

198 The Architectural Museum,

eluding a chalice (designed by Mr. Street) in which the enamelling was
more delicate than in most former instances.

A grant of five pounds was made to the Rev. J. M. Neale in con-
sideration of expenses incurred by him in his researches after Inedited
Sequences.

The twentieth anniversary meeting was fixed for June 9l8t, at eight
p.m., at the Architectural Museum, South Kensington; and it was
agreed that the subject for discussion on that evening should be the
proper arrangement of cathedrals, with especial reference to large
occasional congregations.

Letters were received from Messrs. Scott, A.R.A., C. B. AUeo,
Ferrey, Withers, Kobson, Teulon, Lomaz, Clarke, the Rev. E. Half,
the Rev. J. Jebb, the Rev. T. James (inclosing the Northamptoa-
shire Society's Petitions about the style of the new Foreign Office),
and Mr. G. J. R. Gordon. The latter gentleman, writing from Hanover,
mentioned that the celebrated archaeologist the Abb^ Bock had informed
him that he had found at Monte Casino an ancient wheel, round which
was rolled a slip of parchment, painted with pictorial illustrations (of
thirteenth century date) of the ExuUet jam angelica turba Cttlorum;
during the singing of which in choir, a deacon, by turning the wheel
set free the parchment which, being handed down to the people, in-
formed them by the pictures of the subject of each verse. Was thii
the origin of the Buddhist prayer- wheels, or on the other hand was it
a kind of improvement upon that strange practice ? Mr. GordoB
kindly undertook to give a notice of the Scandinavian Ecclesiological
books lately forwarded to the Society.

The Committee then adjourned to the 91st of June.

The following circular has been issued :

" 78, New Bond Strbbt, London. W.
** 6th May, 1869.
<' Dear Sir,

"The Twentieth Anniversary Meeting of the Eccluio-
LOGICAL Society will be held at the Architectural Museum, South Keaiiog-
ton, on Tuesday, June 21st, at Eight o'clock, p.m.

<*The Second and Third Meetings of the Ecclesiological MoteU Choir will
be held on Tuesday, June 7tb, and Thursday, July 21st, at S. Martin's Hall.

" Yours very faithfully,

"BENJ^'WEBB.lxx^ q^^
"J. M. NEALE, J^^-^^cf-
"H. L.JENNER,

" Hon, Sec. for Musical Mattert!'

THE ARCHITECTURAL MUSEUM.

*' prizes to art-students and artist- workmen. 1859.

" Prizes for wood-carving. — The Committee of the Architectural Mnseaa
offer to artist-workmen two Prises of £6. 5s. and £3. ds., as First and Seeoai

Prizes, for the most meritorious specimens of carving in Wood, being tlie Ok-
richment of a hollow moulding, not less than 18 inches long and ^->--

Oxford Architectural Society. 199

\ either in Nstunlly or Conventiooally rendered foliage, with or without
iml life. The work may be executed in either hard or soft wood at the
cman pleaaea.

Prizes for Coloured Decoration. — A Prize of Five Guineas it offered by
Committee of the Ecclesiological Society (of London) throueh the Com-
ee of the Architectural Museum, for the competitor who shall show him-
most succeasful in colouring, according to his own judgment, a cast from
nel (one of eight) from the side of a tomb in the Church of San Oioyanni,
ram. It contains a draped female figure, turrounded with foliage on a flat
ind in low-relief, and encloted in a narrow border. Mr. Beretford-Hopey
*., will giTe Three Guineat in one or more extra prizes if any works appear
yring of being so rewarded. This being specifically a colour prize, the
e cftst for competitive coloration is proposed to all the competitors. The
ididste may adopt that medium for applying his colours which he prefers,

he is expected to treat the panel as forming a portion of an architectural
ipoeition, and not as a cabinet piece. The original is in marble.
* Casts from this panel will be supplied on appUcation to the Honorary
•retsuT of the Architectural Museum at 5s. each at the Museum, or by pay-
nt of 2s. extra for packing and case. Duplicate Casts will be allowed,
e Committee of the Ecclesiological Society will themselves adjudicate.
^ General Conditions. — All Specimens sent in competition for the Prizes
isi be deposited in the Architectural Museum, free of cost, by the 1st of
ieember, 1859, with the competitor's name and address, and those of his
iployer (if any) attached. The^ will remain the property of the competitor

Lis employer and will be exhibited in the Arcbitectuial Museum for one
onth before the prizes are awarded, and also until after the day of presenta-
VD if thought desirable. The Specimens must be removed at the expense of
le respective competitors. The Prizes will not be awarded unless there ap-
ear sufficient merit in any of the Specimens to entitle them to such distinc-
on : but certificates of merit in addition to the prizes, will be given in such
s as the Judges may consider deserving.

" GEO. GILBERT SCOTT, A.R.A., Trbasurbr.
"JOSEPH CLARKE, F.S.A., Hon. Sbc,
** 13, Stratford Place, W., where communications should be addressed.
March, 1859."

OXFORD ARCHITECTURAL SOCIETY.

i MiBTiiro of the Oxford Architectural Society was held at the So-
iety's Rooms, Holywell, on Tuesday, March 22, at eight o'clock.
lie President in the chair.

The Secretary, in reading the Report, stated that the letter sent by
im to the Lord Mayor of York had received a very courteous reply,
qireasing his Lordship's thanks to the society for their interest in the
resenration of the antiquities of his native city, and his own earnest
nire that they should remain unimpaired. The Secretary felt happy
> be able to inform the society that the proposition for the destruction
f the Old Barbican, at the Walmgate Bar, York, had been negatived
f twent]r*eight Totea of the York Council to eight.

A TOte of thanks mm passed unanimously to the Lord Mayor of
Mc ior hb care of the antiquities of his city, and for the letter re-
RVad firooi Iuid*

200 Oaford Architectwral Society,

The discussion on the subject of the last meeting, which was ad-
journed to the present meeting, was opened by the President, who
stated that the object of the committee in proposing a discussion to-
night, on the subject which Mr. Skidmore had brought before the so-
ciety at the last meeting, was to enable the members to consider more
in detail the various points which had been brought to their notice ; the
subject was new to all of us, and one worthy of attention. He seemed
to think that not unfrequently shrines were original models of churches,
first made in metal, and then serving for the general idea of a church,
He considered this not an improbable view, and one which was sop-
ported by facts of which we were aware, namely, that metal workman*
ship was in advance of stone. He regretted very much the impoesi-
bility of Mr. Skidmore being present at this meeting, and he feared
that without the iron models, which so lucidly explained Mr. Skid-
more's arguments, members who had not been present at the last
meeting would find difficulty in understanding the views which were to
be examined to-night.

Mr. Lfowder scarcely hoped to throw much new light on the subjeet;
one to him, perhaps, more interesting than any other in architectural
design, and one to which he had paid some attention. The views, be
remarked, of Mr. Skidmore were so novel and yet so plausible, that
though at first he disliked the notion of metal foliage being the model
for stone, yet on considering the subject more carefully, he felt per-
suaded that very much in this view was true. He did not confine his
remarks to mediaeval work ; he would go back to the more andent
styles of architecture, and he thought that we should discover that the
carving of stone capitals would resolve itself into two classes — ^those of
essentially stone character, and those which were derived from metal.
Of the former were the Egyptian class of capitals, and the Grecian
Doric ; of the latter, all capitals of the Corinthian type, and he begged
attention to the circumstance that Corinthian brass or bronze was st
one time the most famous in the world. Our earliest foliage followed
the Corinthian type ; it then developed into the stiff-leaved foliage of
the thirteenth century, deriving itself, if the views here put forward
were correct, from the metal ornamentation in gold, silver, or copper;
the feeling by which the architects were actuated being that of wuhing
to represent in commoner materials the choice work of their noUeit
metals. The next century imitated natural Ipaves, while the fifteenth
conventionalised and stiffened them. He then referred to the more vo*
propriate character of the lamina of metal to represent the delicacy and
pliability of natural foliage, in comparison with the unbending oatora
of stone, and alluded to a practice, which seemed natural, of a woik-
man drawing from his breast his metal crucifix, and carving from it
one in stone. In conclusion, he said that if the ,t)ieory Mr. Skidmoie
advocated were true, it must bear sifting in every quarter, and Uib waa
the duty of a society like our own.

The Rev. J. Millard expressed his hesitation to accept »t,pr^ient t
principle the apparent reality of which he could scarqely rtfuitfif becjanae
he thought that if it were true it waa not a little homiliating and. de-
structive to the principle in which the society commenced its ~^~"

Oaeford Archiiectural Society, 201

by asserting, namely, that each material was adequately and really
treated by the ancient architects. He produced a sketch of a cross of
i common character, which was certainly more of an iron construction
iian a stone, and observed that there was great apparent probability in
iie idea that the ancient builders took for their models the carvings in
iredoas metals, but doubted that they went through so laborious a
irocess as first making a model from nature in iron and then copying
t in stone.

After some remarks from the Rev. F. T. Simmons on the clever
reatment of iron amongst the Russian serfs, and the general taste for
letal decoration among uncivilised or only semicivilised nations, and a
light conversation on the seveial topics brought forward, the President
ijoumed the meeting till next term.

The first Meeting for the Te^m was held in the society's rooms,
dywell, on Wednesday, the l«th of May, at 9 o'clock.
llie Treasurer, in the absence of the President, took the chair. The
llowing gentlemen were elected : J. R. Stewart, Esq., Pembroke
ill^e; A. Wilkinson, Esq., Christ Church; W. Thorold, Esq.,
uiat Church.

The Secretary was glad to inform the society that some measures
are taken for the preservation of the old gateway, the last remains of
Mary's abbey, Reading, and that he was informed that efforts would
made for its restoration. He was also requested to lay before the
aety some encaustic tiles from the manufactory of Mr. Godwin, of
igwardine, near Hereford. The tiles were of excellent manufacture,
d one of them elicited attention from its very admirable imitation of
sent tilea. Mr. Godwin received the thanks of the society for his
saent : they were happy to have the opportunity of recommending
n both for superior character of workmanship and reasonableness in
ice. He then proceeded to show some copies of ancient mural
lutings, found by hiss in Withington church, near Hereford, which
xe of an interesting character, inasmuch as they exemplified a habit
lich has shown itself elsewhere of painting over paintings already in
istence ; in this case there were no less than three sets of paintings.
The chairman then requested Mr. Lowder to read the paper which
had promised for the evening on Hereford cathedral.
Mr. Lowder, after handing round some sketches of various details
lich he had made at Hereiford, proceeded to explain his object in
i^ging this subject before the society. He considered that over and
ore his own private interest ^nd study in this building, he was in-
Ded to enter on the subject as one on which there bad been some
atroversy of late, and some severe strictures by certain of the press.
fiare noticing these he would sketch briefly the history of the build-
\ itself. The mun portion of the two earliest churches in a.d. 825
1 1012» were destroyed, and the earliest work which now exists was
\ wodk of Bishop Losing, in 1079, and Raynelmus. in 1115, while
hter Nonnan work belund the altar was that of De Vere in 1 136.
b took in the nsTe, choir« and part behind the altar. The lady
nn. XX. »»

202 Oxford Architectural Society.

chapel and crypt about 1^00. The lower portion of the central
tower, perhaps, some twenty years later ; the upper portion quite t
century later. He then noticed the tomb of Peter Aqnablanca, and
dwelt at length on the splendid works in Bishop Cantilnpe*8 time, be-
tween 1250 and 1958, including the north transept, the earlier portioo
of the north porch, the clerestory of the choir, and a doorway on the
south-east corner of the nave leading into the cloisters. He begged
leave to differ with Mr. Britton and the Glossary on the date of the
chapter-house, which they assign to this period, believing it to have
been built quite seventy years later, the character of the remains bear-
ing the marks of the Decorated style of Edward III. It appeared to
him to be rather later than the eastern transepts, which take a middle
place between Cantilupe and the middle of the fourteenth century.
In the reign of Henry VI. Perpendicular additions were made, as John
Stanbury's chantry chapel on the north side. Edmund Audley, Bishop
of Hereford, built, in Henry the Seventh's reign, in the year 1492, a
chantry on the south side of the lady chapel. About this period cone
the main cloisters, and of a later style what are called the Bishop's
cloisters. In 1530, Charles Booth added a supplementary porch to
the then existing early one. This concluded the ancient history of the
cathedral, and Mr. Lowder regretted that that of the modem part was
anything but a gratifying task. He believed few churches had suffered
so much from wanton barbarity and reckless restoration. First, the
chapter- house suffered severely under the Cromwellians ; then came
Bishop Bisse, who carried away large portions of it to repair hii
palace. In 17S6, the west tower fell from neglect ; a large sum wai
expended on the rebuilding, not of the tower, but of a hideous weal
front by Wyatt, who curtailed the length of the nave 15 feet» built a
new triforium and clerestory, destroyed the old groining, lowered the
pitch of the roofs generally, and effected an amount of mischief whidi
it would take three times the sum he expended on his trashy perfimn*
ance to restore to its old condition. On this subject he fully agreed
with Mr. Britton's strictures. Some time about 1830 the pinnacles of
the tower were erected. In 1841 Mr. Gottingham commenced his
work, not of restoration, but of pulling down and rebuilding. Hiii
portion of the restoration Mr. Lowder severely criticised, ^e nave
roof was coloured before the year 1850. Mr. Cottingham*8 works
stopped about 1851. Mr. Liowder stated that his acquaintance witli
the cathedral began in 1851. The present state, he remarked, oflered
a contrast to the state it was then in. He then read an extract horn
the leading article of the Builder of the beginning of April, in whidi
he pointed out many misstatements of a very injurious character to
Mr. Scott, under whose able superintendence the present worica aie
being conducted; he specially referred to the imputation that the
colouring of the nave roof and the tiles on the pavement were dona
with his sanction. The more serious imputation of neglect to the dead
he wished to show was equally unfounded. As secretary he felt bound
to report to the society, if he had the opportunity, tiie proyeis d
large works, and such surely was Hereford cathedral. After aome re-
marks on these charges, he proceeded to state that he conridered the

Northampton Architectural Society. 203

t of the Builder^ in trying to leave the impression that the pre-
storer was the author of his predecessor's mischiefs, was unfair,
t was their duty to have drawn attention to the condition of the
ral before, and not to hinder the work while conducted with the
it care and skill by so trustworthy a person as Mr. Scott.
chairman moved the thanks of the society to Mr. Lowder for

Buckeridge, on behalf of Mr. Scott, thanked Mr. Lowder for
e defence of him, which he was sure Mr. Scott would have done
ad been present.

meeting was then adjourned to Wednesday, June 1, at 9

p.m. Members are requested to attend.

ITECTURAL SOCIETY OF THE ARCHDEACONRY OF

NORTHAMPTON.

wiTTBB meeting was held on Monday, April 1 1 . Lord A. Comp-
the chair. The following new members were elected : Rev.
ipher Smyth, Woodford, Rev. E. V. Buckle, Dallington.
s for the new church of S. Mary's, Peterborough, by E. Chris-
Ssq., were submitted for consideration. The committee con-
I that it followed the type of a country rather than a town church,
commended greater height to the walls, and windows of a less
ic character. They strongly recommended increasing the width
m the seats, which as at present drawn shows only 2 ft. 8 in.
Mt to seat, a space which, with the slope given to the backs,
admits of kneeUng. The church is so designed that a north aisle
sreafter be added, if required.

complete plans for Hazlebeach church, by Mr. W. Slater, were
led. The committee still continued to consider this the far pre*
plan to another arrangement which had been proposed, and fully
ed of it, with some suggestions as to a few of the details,
ottion of the plans for Loddington church, by Mr. J. H. Chris-
idnding a new south porch, were again consMered. and the plan
ed which grouped the children in one mass to the west of the font.
Scott*s original plans for the proposed chapel of the Lunatic
B were exhibited, and the secretary asked the advice of the com-
on some points on which he had been requested to communicate
Ir. Scott.

fint of a series of plans for the " Cottage Improvement Society,'*
t published, were exhibited and approved. This plan places one
three bed-rooms on the ground floor.

aeeretary stated that the memorial and petition, in favour of the
■tyle for the new Public Offices, had been signed by upwards of
nd members of the society, and that other societies were adopt-
I aame conrse ; also, that hirther offers of contributions had been
ihcNdd a poUic moseum be formed for the town and county \ also.

204 New Churches.

a notice from the Church Masic Committee, that a gathering of parish
choirs WR8 contemplated, to be held at Peterborough, on the 30th of
June.

Mr. Elliott consulted the committee as to the chancel aisles of S.
Giles' church. It was resolved to visit the church on the next com-
fiiittee meeting.

Mr. Butlin stated that a faculty had been obtained for the restoratioD
and enlargement of S. Sepulchre's, and asked the committee for their
assistance, which was readily promised ; and the secretary was desired
to summon the old committee at the earliest advisable period. Mr.
James stated that half of the choir roof of the cathedral was now ex-
posed to view, and the effect of the colouring remarkably good. It hu
been executed by Mr. Clayton, under Mr. Scott's superintendence.

The reports for the year 1858 are expected to be soon ready. T^
librarian was directed to purchase several architectural works, and a
special subscription was entered into to purchase the interleaved copy
of Bridges, with Baker's notes, which had been offered to the society
on very favourable terms; and the secretaries were directed to make
application to members to assist in securing this valuable book for the
society.

NEW CHURCHES.

8. — — , Hawkkurst, West Kent. — Mr. Scott has carried oat m the
nave of this little village church, of which we have seen sketches taken
from the north-east and north-west, the local type of a broad and low
three-gabled structure, in a somewhat French form, of the style trail*
sitional between First and Middle-Pointed, llie east window of the
chancel, which is destitute of aisles, exhibits a three-light design, with
rudimentary plate tracery of sexfoiled roses in the head. The cliara&
teristic feature of the side of the chancel is the arcading, which miu
continuously, only interrupted by the two windows, of two lights each,
of which the more eastern is at the distance of one arcade from the east
end, and the other at that of two from the other window, and from tht
western termination of the chancel. The east windows of the aisles
are of three lights, the central stilted. The north aisle resolves itsdf
into four bays, with a porch — a stone one, with open al^ading — in
the second bay from the west, and a two-light window with plate
tracery in the others. At the west end the arcading is resumed in the
two long two-light windows of the nave, spaced and flanked by single
arcades. In the gable is a small circular window, with tracery designed
upon S. Andrew's cross. The aisles have respectively a long two-light
west window. The abaci of the shafts all through are square. T^
steeple, which stands to ^he north of the chancel, has in each hat tvo
disconnected single lights in the belfry stage, surmounted fay thiee
evenly spaced little circular openings. The spire itself is a brond and
massive stone broach. This part of the composition rather lenii
Surrey, We cannot speak positively of the south side, or of tlie inttf-
Mud features. We congratulate Mt . ^^coXX otv VANm^ ^vea audi giaeeCal

New Churches. 205

expression to his idea. The church itself is, we hear, the fruit of dis-
tinguished individual munificence.

S. , Westminster, — We congratulate Mr. Street on having an

opportunity of building in London itself a church of more than com-
mon pretensions. The church is founded by the daughters of the late
Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol, (who was a canon of Westminster,)
and is situated in Garden Street, near the Vauxhall Bridge Road. In
style, the design is of the same type as All Saints, Margaret Street,
and Nlr. Street's own church at Boyn Hill. The plan is peculiar.
There is a nave of 60 feet by 23 feet 3 in., separated by wide arcades of
three arches from its aisles : a chancel, 36 feet 6 in., ending in a semi-
circular apse ; aisles on each side of the chancel, leaving the sanctuary
projecting, but treated as transepts, with two arcRes and a central pier :
a vestry projecting northwards from the north transept; and at the
north-west of the north aisle a detached campanile, serving as porch,
and communicating with the church by a short open cloister. The
plan exhibits great conveniency of arrangement, and the fittings are
excellent. The font stands near the principal door : the pulpit against
the north pier of the chancel-arch : the organ against the east wall in
the north transept. The choir and sanctuary arrangements are admirable.
Externally the material is red and black brick, with bands of Morpeth
stone, voussoirs of coloured bricks, and marble shafts. The clerestory
windows are large uniform lancets, grouped in three triplets : the aisle
windows are a series of arcaded trefoil -headed lancets. The apse
windows, however, are large compositions of two or three lights, with
pierced circles in the head, of plate tracery, llie buttressing of the
apse is most effective, and the treatment of the stringcourses, band-
ings, &c., is excellent. The roofs are banded with tiles of greenish and
blueish hue. The campanile is a very remarkable design : of red
brick handed, and entirely without buttresses. The lowest stage is
open on three sides, forming a porch, and is very massively treated.
llie fourth side contains the belfry-staircase. The second stage, form^
ing a chamber internally, has on its three outer faces two tall narrow
kncets, but a larger window in the east side, and sculptured panels
north and east. The third story is loftier, and, according to the proper
law of campaniles, more ornate than the lower ones : its lancets
are three in number on each face. Still more lofty and elaborate
is the belfry-stage itself, with two large adjacent trefoil-headed
l^ts on each side, with central marble shaft, and rich canopies
of brick. Above all there is a bold projecting cornice, enriched
with moulded bricks, bands of colour, and even with medallions and
globes of glass; and the roof, of timber, a low octagonal broached
wfim with spirelets at the four angles, is very novel in its outline,
bat a very happy combination of the Italian and Rhenish types of
steeples. The west front of the church, which groups well with the
cuopanile and the connecting cloister, presents a large composition of
three two-light windows, and a noble wheel-window above, all in
a large containing arch. The transepts are roofed with two low
Handld tmiSTerse gables, which are thus judiciously kept below the
level of the comioe of the chancel- wall. The interior is ^lychto-
• BAtixed ^bamn^fbout with brick aad marble. The chanceV and %«»&•

206 New Churches.

tuary are groined, the ribs being of stone, the cells of brick, and the
shafts of marble. The low screen, separating the chancel from the
nave and transepts, is of ashlar. The nave roof is boarded. The
fittings are simple, • and scarcely ornate enough for the church ; but
happily the only seats are to be moveable chairs. This remarkable
design must be noticed hereafter from actual inspection.

8, , S. GUes^ Oxford. — ^This church is to be built from Mr.

Street's designs. In the plan we have a groined chancel of two bays,
ending in a semicircular apse ; a clerestoried nave and two aisles, the
arcades comprising four arches ; quasi-transepts (square in plan) to the
chancel ; and a vestry and south-west porch. The plan is compact
and convenient ; but we hope these short transepts in place of aisles will
not become too common. The style is very early Pointed. The ma-
terial, stone, with coloured bands in the clerestory, and coloured
voussoirs to the window- arches. The tower, ending in an octagonal
broached spire, of stone, stands over the westernmost bay of the chan-
cel. A curious, and almost too early feature, are four open pinnacle
turrets on the cardinal sides with low cappings — Romanesque in
character, but not in detail. At the south-east angle of the tower there
is a conspicuous staircase turret, octagonal, capped with an octagonal
spirelet. The roofs are of grey slates, with a ridge crest of red tile.
The transept fa9ade8 have large rose windows with quadruplets of lan-
cets beneath : the apse windows are of two lights with foliated circlei :
the aisles have couplets of trefoiled lancets ; and the clerestory alter-
nately small foliated circles and larger windows of two lights with
tracery in the head. This we think the least successful part of the
design. There is great originality in this church ; not the least re-
markable feature internally being the fact that — the chancel being
much narrower than the nave — the nave arcades abut eastward, not on
the solid pier of the tower, but on the heading of a broad arch, occa-
pying the west face of the transept. This is scarcely to be recom-
mended for imitation — though it undoubtedly gives a picturesque in-
ternal perspective.

8. , Cowley, Oxfordshire, — Mr. Street is about to build a new

church in this parish in early First-Pointed style. The plan shows a
western tower, a clerestoried nave, and two aisles, the arcades being of
three, and a south-western porch, a chancel ending in a semicircular
apse, (groined in wood), and two transepts to the chancel, the north end
of the one to the north being screened off for the vestry. The detail ia
exceedingly good : and the wooden groining for the apse gets rid of our
chief objection to that form of east end. llie chancel has a boarded
roof, that of the nave being open. There is a massive sanctuary arch,
necessitated by the timber vault of the apse. The tower haa an oc«
tagonal broached spire. The tracery is good — of the plate character :
and the whole exterior is picturesque and distinctive. This new church
will stand about three quarters of a mile from the old one, the reatora-
tion of whicli we have already noted. The latter will be used in foton
as a district church.

8. Mary, Barcombe, Sussex. — A small new church by Mr. Ferrey:

with broad nave, two small transepts, — the northern one aenring at a

veatry, the soathera one for acbooV c^aldien, — viid a. short chaoed

New Churches, 207

ee-sided apsidal Banctnary. The Btyle is very early Oeometrical-
Ated ; — the material rubble, with quoins, dressings, bands, and cor-
led cornice, of ashlar. A quadrilateral bell- turret, set obliquely,
li a well managed fl^he, stands at the east end of the nave roof. The
if IB not very successful, we think. An awkward angle is formed by
i ridge of the chancel being so much lower than die nave, and so
3rt in itself before it falls in the apse. But internally the effect of
5 groined apse is good ; the vaulting shafts are of polished marble,
le nave roof is of open timber. The west elevation shows a traceried
idle above two wide-apart lancets.

8. Nicholas, Sidmouth, — ^This church is about to be almost entirely
boilt by Mr. White ; the porches are additions, and the whole east
id is quite new. The plan as completed will contain chancel with
w aisles, that on the north side serving as vestry — with the addition

a transept-like addition on the same side for organ- chamber. &c.,
lofed with two low transverse roofs, in order not to rise above the
Lves of the chancel ; — a clerestoried nave, with aisles and transepts,
wo porches and a western tower. The area is large, and will accommo-
Bte nearly 1000 persons. The arrangements are satisfactory. The
reades, which have four arches besides those to the transepts, are good ;
lie roofs are all of wood : and externally the aisle roofs are almost flat —
f lead. The tracery is of good plate character : the larger windows
1 the gables of the chancel and transepts having fine foliated circles in
heir heads. The thing we least like in the design is the somewhat
wkward treatment of the transeptal organ-chamber north of the chan-
d. Its two low roofs, and the two adjacent windows divided by the
tackpipe, are infelicitous.

Cemetery Chapel, Marlborough. — Mr. S. S. Teulon has designed a cheap
lemetery chapel and lich-gate for this place. The chapel is also to be
ited for the inmates of the neighbouring union. We are truly glad to
ee an altar provided, and we hear with great satisfaction that the interior
rill be furnished with chairs, over and above a few benches required
or mourners. The whole cost is not to exceed £475. The material
I brick, banded : the style Middle-Pointed. The plan shows a nave
rith a three-sided apse for the sanctuary. The apse windows are
atber large circles set in arched heads. There is a porch in the mid-
Ik of the south side. The lich-gate is of brick, rather ornate, but in
;ood taste, with stepped gables.

S. , Foslmry. — A new church was built here some time ago by Mr.

L 8. Teulon, to the tower of which he now adds a timber spire covered
rith metal. We are much pleased with the desigpa, in itself, which is
erj rich and ornate, with bold crockets — made oif lead — and plentiful
[ild^ng. The style, however, is perhaps a little coarse, as compared
rith the tower.

8. PeUr, Birch, Essex, — ^This church was built ten or twelve years
igo, by Mr. 8. 8. Teulon, of flint with Caen stone dressings, in late
Ifiddle-Pointed style, of a fair average character for that epoch of the
evivaL The plan Yam chancel and a vestry on its north side, nave and
wo aiidet, aonth-west porch, and a tower engaged at the west end of
he north aisle. The tower is rather low with an octagonal broaeh
fire of stone.

208 New Churches.

8, ' ', Cardiff. — ^A design by Messrs. Prichard and Seddon, of
some architectural pretensions and with some remarkable features, was
accepted for a new church at Cardiff, but afterwards materially mo-
dified through want of funds. We are not sure that we wholly regret
the supersession of a design which with some good points was somewhat
needlesily eccentric. It was a cruciform church with a central tower
very considerably narrower than the nave. In fact the aisles were
nothing but ambulatories, the central nave being made of unusual
breadth, for supposed congregational convenience. The effect, looking
eastward from the west end, was that the lantern looked like the £ly
octagon turned inside out : the broad nave was separated from its aisles
by low couplets of shafts, forming ten bays, sustaining a huge clere-
story of five bays (a good feature by itself for a town church, but here
in excess of its supports), while eastward it was awkwardly contracted
to the comparatively narrow breadth of the central tower. This large
span of nave was further not roofed in a sharp gable externally, bat
in a sort of hipped gable — far from pleasant to the eye. Internally it
was to be spanned by large brick arches, like some of the great Italian
churches, and to have a barrel roof of timber. Eastward the chancel
was to be vaulted, of three bays with a three-sided apse ; and there
were two transepts. The central tower and its spire were well treated ;
and the whole design showed skill and power and fertility of resources*
which may yet achieve great success. *

iS. , Newport, Monmouthshire. — ^This church is designed by

Messrs. Prichard and Seddon. The plan comprises a chancel with a
vestry at its north-western end, a nave and south aisle, with an engaged
tower at the west end of the latter, and a south chancel aisle for children.
The style is developed Pointed, and some polychrome is introduced.
The tower is slender, in excess ; but the octagonal broach spire is
good, though the spire-lights set on the cardinal sides seem treated
with rather too early a feeling. There is a western porch.

A chapel is about to be built for Tunbridge School, from the designs
of Messrs. Wadmore and Baker. We criticize it from a lithographed
perspective view. The style is Geometrical- Pointed ; but it is not
well worked out. There is no antechapel — the plan being a mere pa*
rallelogram of six bays, with an excrescence (treated like a porch) on
one side for the organ. There is something commonplace about the
type of the windows and buttresses. There are angle pinnacles, which
belong more properly to a later style : and at one comer there is an
insufiicient octagonal turret, capped by a low bellcote to hold a single
bell, and splayed awkwardly at the foot into a square basement, with
an entrance door. A niche in this turret with a figure seema to be a
redeeming feature. The roof is high and crested, and has gaUed
crosses : the buttresses along the side rise above the pierced parapet
into pyramidal heads, and have meaningless gurgoyles projecting from
them. The intention is throughout far better than the execution.
We congratulate the authorities on the idea of building a separate
chapel for the school. The school at present occupies an intruaiye gal-
lery in the north aisle of the parish church.

209

NEW PARSONAGES.

Netherfieli^ Sumbcx. — By Mr. Teulon,— full of good pointa. The
drawing- room has a lai^ projecting angular oriel, carried up into the
floor above. The house is lai^e and well contrived ; and the style a
decided Pointed. The cost is £1470.

Birck, Em9€x. — ^A commodious brick house by Mr. S. S. Teulon.
Character is given by the staircase being built in a circular turret
ending in a bell-cote. There is also an angular oriel window, octago-
nal in plan. This house costs £1160 ; the style being an unpretend-
ing Pointed.

Comisclife, Durham. — ^This house stands most picturesquely on the
edge of a considerable precipice. Mr. S. S. Teulon has made additions
to it, in admirable taste. He has boldly bracketed out a terrace on
the face of the rock, and treated the design very spiritedly with much
picturesque irregularity.

BiUmgskurst, Sunex. — A smaller house, not to exceed £000, by
Mr. S. S. Teulon : in brick, and of a quasi-Pointed style. The only
feature calling for remark is an octagonal oriel turret.

Mistertam^ JLeiee$ter$hire, — A timber porch and room over has been
added by Atlr. Teuton. It is perhaps a little overdone, the projecting
aogk in front, though not without precedent, being somewhat out of
keeping with the rest.

NEW SCHOOLS.

Bneom College. — ^Messrs. Prichard and Seddon deservedly won in
competition the important work of the reconstruction of and additions
to tl^ foundation. The old chapel, of very fine austere First-Pointed
ityle, remains. The additions are large and highly decorative, but will
probably be much modified in execution. The schools and residences
•eem very judiciously planned : and we note a very satisfactory de-
vdopement of ornate work in statuary and constructional polychrome,
with multitudes of turrets, and cappings, and many- windowed oriels,
and lugfa roofs, and ridge crestings. An arcaded covered playground
is a good thought for a large school.

LUmUlo, Caermarthenthhre. — ^This group is being built for Lord
Dyoevor by Mr. W. M. Teulon. The plan is very unusual. The boys'
and gills' schoolrooms are adjacent, under separate gables, each 34 ft.
kmg by 18 ft. broad, and open into each other lengthwise, there being
no intermediate wall, but the vaUey of the roofs being supported by four
iron shafb. lliese apartments are separated by heavy curtains hung
between the pillars : but, when these are withdrawn, form a very large
and almost square room. An infants' schoolroom, furnished with a
gallery, adjoins the girls' half, with cloak-rooms and a class-room.
The boys Imve also a cloak-room, and a class-room is borrowed from

▼OL. ZZ. B E

210 New Schools.

the ground-floor of an old house adjoining. This house is to be im-
proved into keeping with the new school by the addition of a porch
and the insertion of new windows. The material is the blue Lhmdilo
flag with dressings of Bath stone : red sandstone is alternated with
Bath in the voussoirs of the window-arches. The doors and porches
are of oak : the school- fittings of deal stained. The style is a some-
what indistinctive Pointed. The least happy part is the union between
the two schools internally : iron uprights and iron horizontal girders
are not aesthetically charming, and remind one of the dismal apartment
in the Sanctuary, Westminster, in which the National Society holds its
meetings.

The Zetland Schools, Redcar. — Messrs. Walton and Robson have in
hand the erection of these schools. They are separated by the Infants'
School from the south wall of the churchyard ; and stand with the
master's house attached in their own grounds. In plan we find in
apartment 51 ft. 6 in. long by 20 ft. broad, opening at its west end
into a transverse room 18ft. deep and ^ ft. 6 in. wide. Inwardly Hi
eastern end on the south side projects as a class-room. The piacticil
inconveniences of this arrangement are that there is but one entnnce
for boys and girls, though there are, we are glad to see, separate eziti
aud separate yards and oflices. But there are neither cloak-roomi nor
lavatories provided. We are not fond of mixed schools on so large a
scale as this. Architecturally the plan has been sacrificed to the d^
sire to make a south facade, in which the gable of the western tram-
verse apartment should balance the gable of the eastern class-roooif
with a common porch-entrance between them. But as these gablei are
not in the same plane, this effect can never be satisfactorily presented
to the eye. The natural irregularity of the plan would in practioe
have worked out much better. The material is red brick, with dren-
ings and bands of white stone. The style is a plain early-Pointed ; the
windows being of two trefoiled lights with small quatrefoils in the head;
and the gables having three tall unequal trefoiled lancets, irregolariy
transomed, under a common discharging arch. The porch, bearing a
dedicative inscription, is judiciously enriched. A very plain quadrila-
teral belfry-turret, with broached spirelet, rises from the crest of the
roof about the middle. The teacher's house is of the same style, and— •
we are glad to see — has three bedrooms.

Mr. Truefitt has designed a school-room for Aberpergum, Glamorpai^
shire. The room is 60 ft. by 20, divided by a curtain : and at right
angles to the middle of one side there is a class-room, 14 feet aquare^
common to both halves, with a lobby on each side for the aepante
entrance of boys and 'girls. The style is Pointed. The windows halt
wooden arches and monials : and there is an elegant bellcote flankiDg
the gable of the class-room. A master's house, with three bed cham-
bers, adjoins the schoolroom.

Llandough, Glamorganshire, — Designed by Messrs. Prichard aad
Seddon, and built of stone. The style is First-Pointed, almost too ds*
cided and elaborate for the size and destination of the building. It is a
single small room with a small house attached. The achoohnoom ii
lighted by a First- Pointed arcade of contiguous lancets richly moulded.

Secular PahUed Works. 211

An important and extensive group of schools, for boys, girls, and in-
feats, with houses for a master and a mistress, for Andover, has been
designed by Mr. White. The style is Pointed ; the material brick of
two ooloars. There is a good slender bell-cote.

SECULAR POINTED WORKS.

Mr. White has designed a very picturesque Pointed house at True-
loves, near Ingatestone, in Essex. The windows are low and ample —
^tiat great denderaium in revived Secular Pointed. We observe a bold
but not unsuccessful innovation in supporting a gabled projecting story
an open porch on low thick marble shafts.

Anything more wretched than the art of most of the drinking foun-

that have as yet been erected cannot be conceived. We con-

^xatnlate Mr. S. S. Teulon therefore on having done a much better

Uiing in a fountun which he has designed for the east end of his church

cif Holy Trinity, Hastings. The composition is rather, but not unduly,

ftorid. There is a square basement, almost too large, but perhaps ne-

oesaitated by the inscriptions of which it is the vehicle : on each side of it

is bracketed out a bason, receiving a jet of water. Above all there is a

licalptnred group of our Loan and the woman of Samaria, under an open

oanopy, witii figures of angels at the comers. This is the right idea : and

'Vte rgoice to see a new opening for Christian sculpture. The same archi-

teet has designed for Shadwdl Court in Norfolk an excellent fountain

£or the qnadrangle. The stream being derived from S. Chad's well, —

whence the whole place derives its name, — a figure of that saintly

Isishop ia placed under an open canopy. There are four spouts from

lion-heada : and the wide bason is contained by a low well-moulded

"Wall, leminding us of some of the fine Italian mediaeval fountains.

For Shadwell Court Mr. Teulon has also designed some good stained
^saa for the dining-hall. It represents eight periods of English his-
tory, the Roman, Diinish, Saxon, Norman, Plantagenet, Tudor, Stuart,
aod Hanoverian : which are each treated with certain striking historical
aoenes, with differing foliage, &c. Among other works in the same
snasion, the same architect has designed a glazed screen and side*
hoard, between a drawing-room and a dark corridor — ^the glass being
krge sheets of Chance's rolled glass, with linear drawings of scenes
from the lifo of S. Edmund — ^the patron-saint of* East Anglia. These
ivorks are very rich and in admirable taste.

Mr. 8. S. Teulon has built at Wimbledon twenty-four excellent
ud most unpretending cottages. They are of brick, with a little cha-
ncter ^ven them by hipped gables. Each has three commodious bed-
iQooia, and aufiknent and well-arranged ofiices.

We have yen with mnch pleasure a photograph of a linendraper'a
|^>-frallt, executed for Messrs. Shields and Co. of Durham, by Messrs.

212 Ckurch Restorationt.

Walton and Robson. The ground-floors of two very ordinary brick
houses are treated with a Pointed stone cornice, and plinths, of good
and modest detail, the uprights being of stone, moulded and cham-
fered : the side doors are trefoil-headed. The window-space is ample:
and the utility as well as beauty of the design deserves much oogi-
mendation.

CHURCH RESTORATIONS.

Durham Cathedral — ^The great central tower, an elaborate TM-
Pointed composition, has long been disfigured with cement. We re-
joice that Messrs. Walton and Robson, a local firm, in connexion with
Mr. Scott, have in hand a careful restoration of the buttresses of the
lower stage and of the whole upper stage, including the windows iivi
parapet.

Queen's College Chapel, Cambridge. — ^We are very glad to be aUe to
announce that Mr. Bodley is about to restore the chapel of Queen's
College, Cambridge, — we need not say in a very satisfactory manner.
The windows (some of which already contain inferior glass) are all to
be gradually filled by Mr. Hardman, who has already two in hand, and
who is likewise to fill the windows of the hall with armorial glass.

S. Margaret, Wicken Bonant, Essex, — Chancel, nave, south porch,
west tower. The architectural history of this church is this. A late
Norman fabric of chancel, nave, and circular^ west tower. Cbanod
rebuilt about a century later. The nave in part rebuilt in the Middk-
Pointed period. After this no alteration took place, except perhaps in
the porch, till the seventeenth century, when Theophilus Aylmer
erected his high altar, as he calls it in the register book, and rtiied
the sanctuary on three high steps, burying part of the sedile and
bringing the floor to within four feet of the sill of the east window : — tUi
sanctuary he fenced in with cumbrous twisted balusters. In the eiiiy
part of the last century the tower either fell or was taken down, and
three out of the five bells, which tradition assigns to it, were hong in
a wooden cot over the west gable. Fifty years since two of these re-
maining bells were sold to cover some repairs, which oonaisted of
choking up the nave with six large pews. The rector at the same tine
added another, extending across the chancel, and completely abutting
out the altar.

The chancel, of plain and good First-Pointed work, ia long and
narrow, (30 ft. by 12 ft.) and rather lofty. It retains all its andeat
features, eastern triplet, side lancets, priests' door, aedile, piadoit
and aumbrie : in the south-west comer is a very beautiful hmcet win-
dow with internal banding and shafts. The arrangement of tiie wii-
dows is peculiar ; the sills are set lower as they advance eastward, the
altar window being the lowest. There is a step down at the chaneel

' At the rebuilding of the ndsfaboaring church of Arketden twa jeanaiaQS|lhe
ibondatioiis of ■ very large Roimd tower were laid here.

Church Restorations. 218

i« and probably in former times another in the centre and a third at
sanctuary. The only restoration needed in the chancel has been a
r roof, the lowering of worthy Parson Aylmer's high altar, and pro-
fittings.

Vhe chancel-arch, of plain Middle- Pointed work, low and narrow,
1 been so crushed by a settlement in the g^ble above, (from the
oping out of the rood-stairs) that a new one was found necessary ;
B has been carried out with increased height and width, some deta^s
the old one being reproduced as its memorial.
The nave has been entirely rebuilt on the old foundations, retaining
o good Middle- Pointed windows, the only ancient features, and using
sm as a guide for the style of the new work. The nave is fifty feet
length, the door in the centre of the south side as before, retaining
e old bases, and two windows on each side of two lights ; on the
trth aide are two three-light windows. The porch, of stone, is also
!W ; its predecessor, a mixture of wood and stone, retaining no archi-
stural features. In taking down the old nave, a number of frag-
ents of early lancet windows were found built up into the walls ; one
ndow remained perfect in its original position, very small and high
» in the wall, with some rude fresco colouring in the splays ; it had
!ver been glazed, and showed fastenings for a wooden shutter. From
e number of fragments of these windows, it is probable that there had
en many of them set near together. In digging the foundations for
e new tower, the remains of the former one were laid bare, together
ith the bases of a very narrow arch ; the modem west wall of the
.ve proved to be entirely made up of fragments of the old tower, all
Transition Norman work ; many of these were put together, so that a
Icrably perfect idea of the detail of the old work could be formed ; one
Ifry window of two lights came together very perfectly. The new
ver is square and without buttresses, fifty feet high, and capped by a
me broach spire, which adds about thirty-five feet more, llie tower-
di is narrow and lofty, west window of two lights, tower windows
sfoiled slits, the belfry stage breaking out into double two-light win-
(ws with areading.

The massive Norman font, the only relic of the first church, has
en preserved, fitted with a cover, and placed under the tower-arch.
The ritual arrangements are these : the sanctuary is raised on one
w step, (necessitated by the low level of the east window), and paved
tfa Minton's tiles ; the altar, of carved oak, stands on a rich footpace,
le sill of the east window has been raised by the insertion of a stone
table with pierced tracery which, without concealing the First-
anted work behind, adds dignity to the sanctuary, and links it with
a more advanced architecture of the nave. The chancel is stalled,
th returns against a high screen of oak of very rich detail, the work
Rattee and Kett. Above the rood-beam rises a richly carved and
nneed triangular canopy, ending in a floriated gilt cross — (this was
ggested by a design in the JnstrumaUa.) Prayers are said from the
BSlemmost stalls on dther side. A small organ is carried on stone
sekcts on the north side : the key-board is reversed and brought down
to the stalls. The four lancet windows contain the Evangdists and

214 Church Restorations.

four major propheto, two in each window. The south-west lancet hat
a group of Chbist blessing little children, — a memorial to a child of
the rector's. The east window is reserved for the crucifixion. An ele*
gant stone pulpit from a design by Mr. Street occupies the north-eait
comer of the nave : opposite is a lettem, and between them, Cactng east,
a litany stool. A large space over the chancel-arch is relieved by
Terrey's new stamped plaster on a red ground, llie nave is filled with
low and moveable oak benches. Here are two painted windows,— one
the sermon on the Mount, the other our Loan in the temple with the
doctors. All the windows are by Mr. Lavers ; the remaining ones are,
for the present, filled with quarries and grisaille. This interesting res-
toration was conducted without professional aid by the rector, the Rev.
J. H. Sperling. To less competent ecclesiologists, however, we should
not recommend the adoption of this course.

iS. Andrew, Little Shetstey, Worcestershire, — ^This small, bat interest-
ing church, containing a Romanesque doorway, is to be restored and
re-arranged by Mr. Truefitt. It contains only nave and chancel, the
former very irregular in plan ; the design generally First-Pointed.
The most curious feature is the original high chancel-screen, of
fifteenth century work, which is further returned on the south side in
the nave so as to enclose a square space, formerly used (no doubt) as a
chantry chapel. This is of course now made a pew for the squire.
We thoroughly agree with the architect in deprecating the destruction
of this unusual arrangement. The area of the chantry might well be
cleared of pews and furnished with chairs, and the screen preserved.
A similar arrangement is to be found in the curious church of Fenny
Bentley, near Ashbourne, Derbyshire. A moulded rood-beam also re-
mains, quite detached from the high screen below. A very rich incised
monumental cross remains in the chancel-floor : and the church possesses
a silver chalice and paten, the latter with a foot, which being reversed
serves as a handle to the lid of the chalice, dated 1576. The chorch
has been much mutilated, and dormer windows and modem lights have
been inserted. These Mr. Truefitt renews : and he translates a dia-
racterless low square turret into a good design of the same tjrpe, with
open panels and a good roof. He has boldly placed an open fireplioe
in the wall under the east window.

iS. Botolph, Bossall, Yorkshire, — ^This small but interesting chorch is
undergoing a partial restoration under the superintendence of Messrs.
Walton and Robson. The plan is cmciform, without aisles, and with
a low square tower at the intersection. The tower piers and arches are
of Transitional style, but the upper part is of early Middle-Pointed:
the remainder of the church is mainly Transitional. The north txan*
sept has been walled off from the church and suffered to fall into decay :
and the nave has been shortened about a third owing to the dilapida-
tion of its west end. The side windows, of good Romanesque charac-
ter, have been miserably mutilated extemally. The roofs have been
lowered.

The architects propose to raise the roofs of the nave and sooth tnn^
sept to tiie dd weather moulds on the tower ; and to restore the windows
aoooiding to the model of the ruinous (but onmutilated) windows in the

Notices and Answers to Correspondents^ 215

north transept. There is a fine Romanesque portal on the south side ;
which, by rebuilding, restoring to the perpendicular, and supplying the
missing shafts, can be well renewed. The new west end is to have two
round-headed lights under a plain circle in the gable. We thiak this
a very probable restoration, though the mouldings of the circle do not
8eem quite in harmony with the simple character of the ancient work.
This is a case in which moreover the local type of Romanesque, if
there be one discoverable, should be borne in mind. We are glad that
a work of so much interest is in reverent and trustworthy hands.

S. Mary, Welton, Lincolnshire. — ^This is a curious church, with an
apsidal east end, of three sides, each having a Third -Pointed window.
It is probably the rebuilding of an original apse, but it is only a sanc-
tuary, with no chancel whatever. Mr. S. S. Teuloa is restoring it with
care and judgment. He forms a choir out of the easternmost of the
four bays of the nave ; and much improves the outline of the tower.

NOTICES AND ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Thi Chetham Society of Manchester has published, under the com-
petent editorial care of Mr. Thomas Jones, M.A., the Librarian, a
Catalogue of the Collection of Tracts for and against Popery, (pub-
fished in or about the reign of James II.) in the Chetham Library.
This in fact is Peck's list of the Tracts in that controversy with con-
nderable enlargements and improvement. Peck's Catalogue is now
Tery scarce ; and the present editor has vastly added to it not merely
horn his own researches but from the collections made by others, such
as the Rev. J. T. Allen — an ex- Chetham Librarian, and the Rev. Dr.
Todd of Dublin. Few people who have not looked into the subject are
at all aware how fiercely the Roman controversy raged in England
Qoder the last of the Stuarts.

We hear with satisfieustion that a memorial window to the late
Archdeacon of Rochester has been entrusted to Messrs. Clayton and
Bell. The committee hope to raise £300; and propose to fill the
three lancets in the north transept of the cathedral with scenes from
the life of S. Stephen the proto-martyr.

The meetings of the choirs of the Lichfield Diocesan Choral Associ-
ation will this year be again held in the several districts, the restoration
of the cathedral not being sufficiently advanced for a festival of the
aggrq^ated choirs.

We thank Mr. J. M. W. PuUen for his letter. He invites us to de-
nounce more vigorously a custom which he asserts to be growing more
common — the congregational use of properly stalled chancels. We do
not yield to him in reprobation of this practice : but we still think that
a stalled chancel, temporarily misused, but ready at any moment for its
right use, is better than a chancel filled with pews or than no chancel
at all« Correctiiig a clerical error in the notice of Boyn Hill church
in our la«t volame, Mr. Pullen reminds us that the east and west mii«

216 Notices and Answers to Correspondents,

dow8 of that church are of five and fowr lights respectivelf. Into hu
revival of the Shottesbrooke controversy we think it inexpedient to fol*
low him. Our views are not substantially different : and we feel
obliged to him for his courteous tone.

Mr. Sedding addresses us on the style of music proper to be used ic
the new church of All Saints, Margaret Street. He very nearly ex-
presses our own views of what church music ought to be, as they have
been set forth on several former occasions : and we think it therefore
less necessary to enter upon the subject. But we thank him for hia
communication.

A correspondent inform us that much activity in respect of church
restoration has prevailed in the north of Italy. S. Antonio, Padua, hai
been under extensive renovation. These works will probably be stopped
by the war : and already several of the Venice churches have been oc-
cupied for military or commissariat purposes.

We understand that at Olveston church, Gloucestershire, there is an
ancient fine linen cloth for the altar which must much resemble that
noticed at page 192 of our eleventh volume as in use till the late
restoration at Sheen church, Staffordshire. Like that it was only broad
enough to cover the top of the altar, and not to hang over the front
The Olveston cloth bears the date of 1602.

The compiler of our SequentuB Inedita informs us that he has ob-
tained a very interesting collection of new ones, partly from a MS. d
the Benedictine House B. V. M. de Culiura Dei (N. D. de la Coutnie).
partly from one originally belonging to the Oratory at Amiens, and
partly from a very rare printed Missal (1484) of S. Brieuc.

We hope, in our next number, to call attention to the very able re-
port of the Committee of Sion College upon the vexed question of the
City churches. We should be truly glad to see that question so satii-
factorily solved.

We are glad to add Ely to the number of cathedrals in which chonl
festivals of parochial choirs have ^een held. The spectacle of its nave
on May 25, filled with about 4,000 persons, is described as very
striking. The choirs were placed in a sort of chorus cantorum under
the lantern.

A notice of Mr. Withers' excellent design for rebuilding the little
church of S. Helen, Little Cawthorpe, Lincolnshire, is postponed tiU
our next number, when it will appear with an illustration promised ts
us by the architect.

The subject of discussion at the anniversary meeting of the Eccte-
siological Society on June 21st, will be the proper arrangement of cSf
thedrals with reference to their occasional use by large congregatioiis.

The Worcester Diocesan Architectural Society will hold its geneni
meeting on June 7th, with an excursion to Wyre- Piddle and Choieli-
Lench.

Received: the Rev. Rowland Smith — the Rev. H. M. Rioe Am
Ecdeaiologist — ^A. B.

THE

'I

ECCLESIOLOGIST.

** %nx%t igitnr ct fac : ct txit BomfnoB tecum.**

No. CXXXIIL— AUGUST, 1859.

(new series, no. xcvii.)

BOYLE ABBEY AND THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE CIS-
TERCIAN ABBEYS OF IRELAND,

^m A 8KITCH OP THE WORIS OP THE OTHBE MONASTIC ORDBB8.

^BAT a complete reYolution in architectare was effected in Ireland in
^twelfth oentory is beyond a doubt, and that it arose from the ex-
*o>ple of the Cistercian abbeys is, I believe, equally certain. Great as
*M their influence on the style of building wherever the monks of this
^r settled, nowhere is it more distinctly seen than in Ireland.

Before this period the churches were numerous, scarcely less so 1
oooiider, than in times under the sway of Pointed architecture, and far
tteeeding in number the buildings in use for religious service in our
own days. The majority of these early churches were of diminutive
fixt, were frequently of timber, and were many of them also wholly
of stone, copered with high-pitched stone roofs. Very commonly they
were witfaoat any distinction of nave and chancel, and very frequently
too a chaneel has been added within this early period. The larger of
the early chnrcfaes have not this distinction of the parts, and rarely
does their extreme length amount to 70 feet. Aisles and their neces-
sary arcades were unknown.

The unquiet habits of the people had been little favourable to the
developaieDt of architecture ; though in this respect I cannot discover
that there was afterwards any change by which the Cbtercians could
profit beyond the zeal and knowledge imported by their own order.
The eccleaiaatical body had for 200 years been in a peculiarly dis-
ordered conditiun. Hie primatial see of Armagh had become here-
ditary in one family* and was held by a succession of laymen who
absorbed the emoloments« and deputed the duties to a suffragan Bishop.
laprofpement commenced mider Celsus, a member of this family, who
stteeeeded to the primacy in 1105. He was, however, in holy orders,
sad cooeeerated to the see, although only 26 years of age. One object
witii hifls was to terminate the hereditary possession by his own family
ia the see. To efFeet this he^ nominated or recommended as his sue*

218 Boyle Abbey and the Architecture

cessor the celebrated S. Malachy, whose piety, as a youth in a school
at Armagh, had attracted his notice. The Archbishop admitted bim
in due time to the priesthood, and employed him frequently as bis es-
teem for him increased into friendship and confidence. At the death
of Celsus in 1 129, his intention as to his successor did not immediately
take effect, but though the see of Armagh was then assumed according
to previous custom by a relative of Celsus and held for five years, Ma-
lachy stood so high in public esteem that on the decease of that per-
sonage he« with but little opposition, succeeded to the chair of S.
Patrick in 1134. To this prelate, whose memory is justly venerated
for his pure piety and earnest zeal is owing the introduction of the
Cistercian order into Ireland. The Cistercian rule founded at the end
of the previous century was now rapidly acquiring influence under the
protection of the great S. Bernard. Malachy visited him at Clairvaux,
and afterwards sent some Irish monks to that abbey to be initiated into
the practices of the order. On their return with some French brethren
the first Irish Cistercian monastery was founded in 1142 at Mellifont,
in the principality of Oriel. The remains of this monastery are still to
be seen about four miles from Drogheda ; the church has disappeared,
but the reare points of peculiar interest in the buildings which yet
remain. As our present business is however chiefly with the churches.
I shall not further notice these buildings here.

S. Malachy, who had retired from the archiepiscopal see of Armagh
in 1 1 37, to become Bishop only of Down, died on a visit at Clairvaux
in 1148. In the same year a colony set out from Mellifont whidi
locating itself for a short time at three different sites, finally in 1161
settled on the spot where now stands Boyle Abbey, in the present
county of Roscommon.

Bishop Malachy has been supposed by some writers to have been
one of the first to erect a stone church in Ireland. I cannot suppose
that any person who has given attention to the subject holds that
opinion now. It was founded on an often quoted .passage in the life
of S. Malachy, written by his friend S. Bernard ; " Visum est Malt-
chise debere construi in Benchor (Bangor, co. Down,) oratorium Upi-
deum instar illorum quae in aliis regionibus extructa conspexerat. Et
cum ccepisset jacere fundamenta indigenae quidam mirad sunt quod in
terra ilia necdum ejusmodi sedificia invenirentur." Dr. Petrie has pointed
out that this passage refers only to a change in the style of architecture
and not to any novelty in the use of stone and mortar, and with the
positive remains still existing of earlier stone churches this conclnaioB
cannot be resisted. We know also from S. Bernard that Malachy had
previously constructed a chapel of wood at the same place, which
merely proves that both kinds of construction were in use. Is it not
then more than probable that the novelty introduced on this occasioii
is represented and handed down to us in the Cistercian style of build*
ing ? One of the latest, and probably most sumptuous efforts of the
native style is seen in the existing chapel of S. Cormac, on the rock of
Cashel, consecrated in 1 1 34, the year of Malachy*8 accession to the
primatial see. This building consists of a nave, about 33 ft. by 17 ft.,
ornamented with round-arched arcades or recesses in the aide waDi*

of the Cistercian Abbeys of Ireland, 219

from which rise attached columns, carrying plain hoop ribs supporting
the cylindrical vault. The chancel is 13 ft. by 10 ft. 6 in., and is
covered by a groined vault of one bay ; the altar stood in a small recess
in the east end of the chancel. The chancel arch and arcades are de-
corated with chevron ornaments and grotesque sculpture. Attached
to the sides of the nave transeptwise are two slender square towers,
ODe terminated with a pyramidal stone roof, the other with a square
pvapet. The church is roofed with stone, raised to a very sharp pitch,
^ has within both the nave and chancel roofs a habitable apartment.
^ exterior is decorated with arcades. There were two entrances
<uigmally to the church, one north the other south. The north one of
neb and imposing design and deeply recessed. The church was dimly
Qghted by a few round-headed loops, but no east window. I have
^us recaUed its general features to contrast them with those of the
Cistercian churches.

Ware's list of the 43 Cistercian foundations in Ireland includes one at
•^blin which preceded Mellifont, but which as Dublin was then under
be archiepisco|)al rule of Canterbury, and not of the Irish primate,
conclude to have been more English than Irish. Omitting this one,
berefore we have 42 abbeys, all which sprung into existence between
he foundation of Mellifont in 1142 and the year 1224 ; only two being
f later date. The powerful effect which this rapid spread of the order
urying their own style of architecture must have had is evident. In
iigland the Cistercians had commenced in 1 1 28 and had acquired
tNNit 70 foundations up to 1224, to which they added not more than
:n afterwards, and those with only two exceptions within the 13th
Atory. It will be interesting to notice presently the points of affinity
itween the works of the order in the two islands. Records of the
initruction of the Irish Cistercian buildings have not in many instances
we to my knowledge, but of Boyle abbey it is known that though
unded in 1 161 the church was not consecrated till 1218.
The situation chosen for Boyle abbey can hardly be surpassed in
«uty and interest, llie river Boyle in its course from Lough Gara
' Lough Kee flows at this part in a deep valley from which woody
ypes rise on the south to the open wide spreading pasture of the plains
Boyle, then the territory of Moylurg, held by the Mac Dermots,
rda of Moylurg, and petty sovereigns of the district ; their residence
It then and long after on a castled rock in Lough Kee, close to the
ore where is now the magnificent demesne of Rockingham. North
the river rise more abruptly the Curlieu hills, more wild in aspect,
eir surface strewn with masses of sandstone rock, through which the
own heath struggles to light. Lough Kee dotted with islets, the
posing woods and slopes of Rockingham, the quiet shady valley of
e mbbey, and the bleak sides of the Curlieu hills unite most happily
Uiancy with repose, and stem austerity with inviting shelter.
In earlier times higher up the Boyle, about a mile, where now a
iTeyard crowded with memorials overhangs on a lofty steep a small
taract of the river there stood a monastery founded by S. Dachonna.
le crumbling fragment of wall within the graveyard marks the site
the church which succeeded the saint's establishment — called ori-

220 Boyle Abbey and the Architecture

ginally Eas-mic-neirc (the cataract of the sons of Eire) it came to be
afterwards Eas-Ui-Fhloinn (the cataract of O'FlyDti) modernised into
Assylin. When this ceased to be a monastery is, I believe, unknowo.
In 1209 we read of one Flaherty O'Flynn Coarb (i.e., successor), of
Dachonna, perhaps an ecclesiastic, though for that class the title was
then fisdling into disuse, and was afterwards applied to the lay abbots
or hereditary possessors of the church property. In 12^ Maelisa
0*Flynn, prior of this place, died, and it is from this family that the
modern name is derived. It appears that part of the property of the
ancient monastery of Assylin was absorbed by Boyle Abbey, for ac-
cording to Archdairs Monasticon, the latter was possessed (at the sup-
pression) of the vicarage of Assylin, i.e., one fourth part of the tithes,
and in a list of its lands appears "the quarter of Moc Moyne," the
present name of the townland in which Assylin graveyard stands.

Between these two monasteries, but close to the greater one, stands
the town of Boyle, which owes its existence to the Cistercian monks
and the cultivation and arts they introduced here.

In the period of fifty-seven years which took place between the foun-
dation of Boyle abbey and the consecration of the church in 1%18, it
furnished a Bishop Florence to Elphin, who died in 1 1 95 ; and we ^ud
one of the Lords of Moylurg, who died in 1197, taking orders in the
monastery, so that it had probably risen into importance then. To'
wards the end of this period also the sovereignty of Ireland passed
from its native ruler to the king of England. A notice of a calamity
which the Anglo-Norman invaders brought upon the abbey in 1901 »
gives some idea of the extent of its buildings. In that year Willitm
Burke, with some Irish allies, occupied the abbey as military quarters*
and the king of Connaught coming to prevent their farther advance
into his province, lay with an army in the vicinity, and daily skir-
mishes took place between the forces, in one of which the kin^«
Cathai Carragh O'Connor, was slain, after which Burke and his allied
pursued their advance. During this occupation, " The hospital of
the monks, the houses of the cloister, and every apartment throagb'-
out the whole monastery *' was profaned by the soldiers, who *' left
nothing in the monastery without breaking or burning, except the roof>
of the houses only, and of these they broke and burned many . . . •
they left no part of the monastery to the monks excepting only the
d(irmitory and the house of the novices." Burke's soldiers worked
fur two days in surrounding " the great house of the gueats '* with a
cashel or stone wall. In all this there is no allusion to the church,
und therefore I conclude that none existed then, although probably it
was in progress. I much fear that Burke's stone wall may have robbed
the unfinished pile of some of its parts ; so convenient a quarry would
hardly have been neglected. Certainly this hostile invasion must have
been one cause for the long time occupied before the building wai
ready for consecration. The event shows how little favourable was
the political state to the advancement of architecture. Again in the
year 1235, Maurice Fitzgerald, Lord Justice of Ireland invaded Coo-
naught, burned Iloscommon and the great church or cathedral at Bpbio,
and on the night of Trinity Sunday his army sacked Boyle abbey, tp-

Pl.l.

"Details &oin Bajle AhLey

fitrt at- Watt pari o£ Jfart:
4.. Sa3f a^ ■ft'mn, Eaatrt^anA of Satt an, SohSi- itidt.

Jatntnfl^lbJitVr

FrEuidBcimihljey 111 Adare, (Vi T.i-nmHi-h-

of the Cistercian Abbeys of Ireland. 221

larently without the consent of the chiefs, who caused the spoil to he

returned or paid for. In 1243 the abhey was again occupied by troops ;

this time no violence is recorded. In 1284 the abbey was again spoiled,

tliuugh the spoils were ret\imed. In 1300 the Burkes paid a hostile

y\siu and in 1315, Felim O'Connor, King of Gonnaught» having joined

the Earl of Ulster, who had just been alarmed by the landing of

inward Bruce with the Scots in Ulster, Rory O'Connor pillaged Boyle

abbey, and took advantage of the absence of Felim to commit other

depredations. Rory O'Connor even assumed the sovereignty of Con-

Qiught, but be was defeated and slain by Felim, who himself fell on

the luth of August in the same year, being only twenty- three years

old, in a battle at Athenry gained by the Burkes and Berminghams.

io 1398 the abhey of Boyle was plundered of provisions and stores

by the Lord of Moylurg, and the spoil was taken to his castle of the

Koek in Luugh Kee, probably to prevent it falling into the hands of

the Burices and their allies* then ravaging the district. Several in-

iluiees occur of the connexion of the chieftains of Moylurg with the

ibbey. In im a lady of this family died within Uie abbey walls. In

1331 a Lord of Moylurg resigned his lordship and became a monk in

thiiaiihty, and his ancceasor in the lordship died and was interred here

ia 1130. In 1341 another of the family, a monk of the abbey, died.

Semai of the Moylurg chieftains were afterwards interred here. In

1444 tbe abbot of Boyle, with a number of the clergy of Connaught,

loooiBpanied the Bishop of Elphin to Rome, and in 1 448 the abbot

Cornelioa was promoted by the Pope to the see of Achonry. In 1 634

I MacDennot, of the family of the Moylurg chieftains, was abbot of

Boyle; and in 1560, when the abbey was suppressed by Elizabeth,

mother of this family waa abbot.

After the su|iprc8aion, when Elizabeth was making vigorous efforts
U) reduce the Inth chieftains, the abbey buildings were the scene of
violence. In 1603 Sir Richard Bingham, Governor of Connaught,
made a stay here on hia return from an expedition against the O' Neils
in Ulster, and two years after it was one of the places garrisoned by
the same oflker to cheek the O^Donnels of 'r3rrconnell (Donegal), who
nevertheless broke through his lines across the Boyle and ravaged as
fiur south as Elphin. In 1696, 7, 9 military expeditions rested here, and
in the last year Sir Conyers Clifford, Governor of Connaught, under
the orders of the Earl of Essex, repaired to Roscommon, and there
assembled the Eng^Ush and Irish forces and marched them to Boyle,
arriving on the Sunday before Lammas. 0*Donnell, the coadjutor of
the lebeUkms O'Neil, Earl of Tyrone, and himself created Earl of
Tyiooaiiel, took up a position in the Curlieu Hills. On August the
16th, Chffbrd marched out, intending to proceed north through the
passes of Lough Kee and the Curlieus held by O'Donnell, whose scouts
overlooking the abbey instantly informed him of the movement.
O'Donuell hastened to meet the Queen's forces, which were driven
back to the walls of the monastery, and Clifford himself killed on the
noun tain side in endeavouring to check the flight of his men. Again
in 160% the Queen's forces occupied the abbey, and in an encounter
vith the brother of O'Donncll sustained another reverse.

222 Boyle Abbey and the Architecture

Such is the troubled history of this place, which, as we might expec
has suffered severely from so many rude assaults and occupatioD)
Fortunately the most important part, the abbey church, has retaine
its walls except the outside of the nave aisles.

The church, which stands north of the conventual buildings, i
cruciform in plan, with a low square tower at the intersection. Rooo
and pointed arches are blended in the work throughout, nowhere d
we find the chevron and other enriched mouldings so usual in the sty]
and age which produced S. Cormac's chapel.

At Boyle abbey, the entire length within the walls is 181 ft. 8 in
the extreme length being about 196 ft., of which the west end wa
occupies a thickness of 8 ft. The breadth across the transepts is 79 f
2 in., the depth of each transept being 27 ft. 6 in., whilst that of tfa
chancel is only 25 ft. 8 in., so that the arms of the cross are 1 f)
10 in. longer than the head. (Plan, see plate 1. Details, plate 2.)

The chancel is 22 ft. 5 in. wide inside, and lighted only at the eai
end, where is a simple but noble triplet of lancet windows. O
the north side of the chancel is a piscina, and on the south side
recess, probably for sedilia. The chancel is vaulted with a pointe
continuous or barrel vault of rubble stone without ribs or shafts c
any kind. The chancel arch, which is under the east side of the towei
is pointed, and is of noble dimensions. It is of three plain squai
orders. The inner one only projects in front of the chancel walk
whilst the middle order fills up the space occasioned by the nave beiii
21 in. wider than the chancel, and the outer order springs from th
face of the side walls of the nave. The inner order is carried at eac
side on a shaft 14 in. diameter, projecting not more than half its dii
meter into the chancel. The middle order has the square jamb undc
it cut into a slender shaft on the angle, and the outer one has a stmili
shaft on the angle of the intersection of the east transept wall wit
the arch of the transept or side wall of the tower: thiiB last shai
being common to the outer order both of the chancel and transep
arches. The caps to the chancel arches have the square abacas an
scallop ribbed capital belonging to the round-arch period, in this case
and generally throughout the church where they occur, cut on tlu
surface in gentle reliefs into leaf- like forms. The arch rises to tbi
full height of the chancel-vault ; whilst this arch is pointed, the otha
three tower arches are semicircular, and of only two orders ; and ii
the western one the inner order is made to spring from the face of tin
side wall without being brought down to the ground at all. The opeo-
ing for view eastwards therefore is here the full and uninterrapMi
width of the nave, the chancel arch being as before pointed oat oolf
reduced by one order to a width of twenty-one feet; and in the tnn-
sept arches there is the same care to avoid obstruction to the view. Ii
all these arches the same lofty proportion is observable as in tltf
chancel arch. Each transept has on its eastern side two small chapels
opening into the transepts by pointed arches, with plain archivolts. 1b
both transepts a difference in dignity seems to have been marked be-
tween the chapel next the chancel and the outer one, by giving to tlK
piers and capitals of the first a style and finish after the oianner of the

of the Cistercian Abbeys of Ireland, 223

chancel pien, and allotting to the outer ones piers chamfered into a
semioctagon form with plain caps. Each chapel is lighted over where
the altar stood by a single window. The windows in the transepts
are round- beaded, but in the north end between two such is a poioted
door. The tower, which was of the same width as the nave aod tran-
Kpt», rose one story above their roofs, and has lancet windows. The
nave is 156 feet long, measured to the front of the chancel arch, and
^4 ft. ^ in. wide in the clear. It had an aisle on each side, but both
aides have been entirely removed, and their materials have been used
to wall up and support with huge buttresses the north arcade, done it
is supposed at the time or in consequence of the iujuries caused by
the garrisons of Sir R. Biogham and Sir Conyers Clifford in Queen
Elizabeth's time. Besides the transept arches, there is on each side
ID arcade of eight arches, having between the responds seven piers on
each aide, commencing with four cylindrical ones eastward 3 ft. 6 in.
diameter, the three western being piers 3 ft. 6 in. thick (the thickness
of the wall), and 4 ft. 10 io. longitudinally, besides a triple attached
ahaft at each end to carry the inner rib of the arch. The style of
these triple shafts is decidedly of the pointed period, and so is the
Btoolding about the abaci of their caps ; but the sculpture of the caps,
oo&sisting of foliage, figures, and Scripture subjects, is as decidedly in
the manner of the round-arch period, which is also strongly marked
in the cytindrical piers and their scalloped capitals. Higher up the
tranation of styles is still more striking, for all the arches of the south
ndt are semicircular, whilst all those of the north side are pointed.
Above them again the clerestory on both sides has round-headed win-
dows, and on the piers are triple shafts with their capitals which re-
eeiTed the wall timbers of the roof, and are closely after the style of
the triple shafts to the western piers of the arcades below. The arches
of these lower arcades are of two orders chamfered. The end of the
MQtli aisle opened to the transept with a round arch the width of the
ttde, but the north aisle has only a small door opening from the tran-
^. The west end of the nave is lighted by one lancet, the jambs
haotifiilly moulded and shafted, the shafts divided by bands into
several lengths in a manner very ])revalent in Ireland. It is seen in
Kilkenny, at the cathedral of S. Canice, and very abundantly in
Chriatchurch cathedral, Dublin. Beneath this window is the west door,
^ pointed, of two orders, of deep mouldings. In the thickness of
^t west wall a stair ascends intended for access to the side gutters of
^ roof. The two buttresses which in the west elevation divided the
^Te from the aisles, are 4 ft. 1 in. wide, and project only 1 ft. 7 in., but
He moulded on the angle with an arrissed bead 2^ in.' diameter be-
^^een two hollows. The whole of the dressings are wrought in a
''^Qtiful and durable sandstone, being, notwithstanding the rough

^lage and long exposure experienced, generally in very perfect con-

*tioD.
The coDwentoal buildings were on the south side of the church, and

the grouod about them bounded on the south and east by a bend of the

Hfer Boyle, flowing in a shallow, rocky channel.
Of this part of the abbey the remains are very imperfect, though at

224 Boyle Abbey and the Architecture

the first glance at them the impression is more favourable, as the wall
which have been left standing retain their original altitude, and form
complete enclosure of the cloister court.

A range of building extended south from the south transept* ao
had attached to its west side another parallel range, abutting againi
the south aisle of the church. Of these, only the wall which divide
the two ranges exists, straight with the west side of the transepts. I
its lower part it contains a fireplace with a semicircular arch, of whic
the masonry was reset a few years ago. The upper part of this wa
is so clothed with ivy, as to make an examination of any features whk
might indicate the uses of the apartments difficult. On the groan
floor the sacristy remains next to the transept. Opposite, set back
few inches from the west face of the church, extends the west bou
dary of the cloister-court. The outer wall remains, and has the ei
trance gateway in it, a Pointed arch of a single order, without chmmft
or moulding to archivolt or jambs, except a chamfered hood-mod
which is set up 1 6 inches from the soffit of the arch ; the arch beiii
constructed in two rings of voussoirs, flush, in the same way as bcic
arches are now made in bridges and such work. The gateway :
7 ft. 6 in. wide, and within it, on the right or south, is the porter
lodge, and on the left a staircase, which led to apartments over tfc
gateway, which have disappeared. The gateway is not in the oenb
of the side of the court, but nearer to the church. The other buUdinj
which filled up this side are destroyed. The south side of the cloiata
court is formed by what I suppose to have been the refectory to tfc
east, and a kitchen to the west. If a refectory, it seems to have bee
singularly wanting in light ; for although the walls seem perfect, tfc
only window I could discover is a small lancet high np in the toot
waU. There was a ground story and a floor above. The ground stor
communicatee with the kitchen. The apartment, whatever its pni
pose, was about 74 ft. long and 26 ft. wide. The kitchen is M)fi
long, and the same width : it was perhaps not originally designed lb
this use, as the fireplace and two ovens which exist do not bond to tk
walls against which they are erected. The fireplace is 8 ft. 10 in. wide
and 5 ft. 3 in. deep, and has a lofty Pointed arch in its front ; alongeid
of it a similar opening, 5 ft. 8 in. wide, is formed ; the jamb between i
and the fireplace is 4 ft. wide, and that on the other side 6 ft. 9 is
wide. Each jamb contains an oven, the mouths opening opposite eid
other under the arch. A circular turret which exists at the corner <
the kitchen has been modernised ; its purpose is not very distinel
No trace of the architecture of the cloister remains.

Part of a terrace constructed on arches extends from the buildingi ei
the east side of the cloister-court eastwards towards the river, and is fti
to have terminated at a building which stood in the river called on th
spot " the bath," which was taken down some years since. Perltfp
" the bath " contained apparatus for raising water, and the terrace, i
may be, was an aqueduct for the supply of the convent.

With the sole exception of the added parts in the kitchen, the whofc
of the remains are of the original foundation.

The ritual arrangements within the abbey church of Boyle proviief

f^the Ciitercian Abbeys of Ireland. 225

£or five altara, viz.. four in the transept and chapelf, and the high
iltar. The seats for the choir and clergy of the convent ocoupied pro-
bably 80 much of the nave as has cylindrical columns to the arcades.
Tit., four bays of the eastern part, by which in ritual the nave was ab-
sorbed, and became choir. The whole space under the tower and in
tbe transepts, comprising all the space immediately in front of the
>ltirB. was thus left clear. This is the arrangement which, according
to Vlollet le Due, existed at Clairvaux, and which seems well adapted
to this church. I think the change from cylindrical columns to oblong
pen with attached shafts distinctly marks the extent of the choir, the
v»tward part providing for the lay brethren. It is probable that the
buildiags abutting against the south transept contained the chapter-
boose, library, parlour and noviciate, and dormitories in the upper part.
The refectory I believe to have been in the existing building, at the
south of the court, with cellars underneath. The western range con-
tuned, perhaps, stores, with dormitories for the lay brethren iu the
upper part. From the mention of " the great house of the guests^"
which, in his fortification in 1201, William Burke surrounded by a
stone wall, probably that building was detached to the westward ; and
oear it, in all likelihood, stood tiie abbot's residence, the role of the
order requiring his special attendance on the arrival of strangers, with
whom he took his meals, and not with his subject brethren. The po-
1^ of these buildings would therefore be near where the glebe house
^ the parish is marked on tbe Ordnance map. Here too, probably.
W tbe entrance to the abbey, through its external cincture of wall,
vbich enclosed the whole abbey buildings.

This wall of protection was used in France as well for the seclusion
of the society within, as for security : on this last ground it was not
ttii necessary in Ireland ; and that it could not have been neglected in
tbii instance I think is clear, as the external entrances in the west end
of the church, and the larger entrance to the cloister-oourt before de-
*oibed, not to mention the small door north of the north transept,
^oold have been otherwise entirely without protection. The mecha-
BioiL industrial, and agricultural establishment, which the Cistercian
^ required, lay probably still farther west. Eastward, the small
*P>oe between the abbey and the river was laid out with gardens, and
^ necessary reservoirs of water for the preservation and cultivation
^ fiah : perhaps the conduit which I have supposed to be traceable in
^ existing terrace at this part had some connection with these.

Altogether, apart from the austere observances of the inmates., and
^ the solemnities of the spot, the abbey must have possessed, in its
b^ty and its orderly and complete arrangements, attractions pleasing
^ the highest degree to imagine ; and its adaptation to the cultivation
^ energetic mental and physical labour could not fail of useful in-
"^ce, which must command the respect of reformers of every age.

In Ireland the use of a square east end to the churdi seems to have
^ as exclusively adopted as in England, and this is probably owing
^^ English influence which followed the Anglo-Norman invasion,
^^ether Malachy'a church at Mellifont followed the French type or
^* udbrtoiuitely* DOthiDg remains to show ; but erected as it was by

VOL. XX. O G

226 Boyle Abbey and the Architecture

a direct importation from Clnirvaux, and this fact taken in conjunction
with the record that Malachy's church had ten altars, it may be sop-
posed that it did poescBi an apsidal termination, after its parent church.
On this supposition it must have had two altars with their chapels
in each transept, and an apse of five bays, or altar-chapels with the
high altar in the centre. Its splendid prototype at Clairvaux had nine
chapels in the apte. and two in each of the transepts. Although the
apsidal termination is usual in the great churches in France, the fashion
seems to have been by no means so fixed as was the one adopted in the
British Islands. Citeaux itself had a square east end ; and Viollet le
Due gives plans of two French abbeys with the square termination,—
Vaux de Semay, founded in 1128, and Fontenay, near Mootbard,
founded in 1119. The first has, however, apses in its transeptal
chapels ; but the last is identical with Boyle throughout the plan, except
that it has one bay less in the length of the nave. Is the occurrence of
the English plan in this instance to be connected with the fact that the
church at Fontenay was erected under the auspices of an English pre-
late, Evrard, Bishop of Norwich ? It was not consecrated till 1 147.
Both these churches, like Boyle, seem to be without side windows to
the chancel, or as it was in fact, the chapel of the high altar. The first
four daughters of Citeaux were La Fert^, founded in 1113, which was
entirely demolished in 1567; Pontigny, founded in 1 1 1 4, which still
exists ; Clairvaux, founded in 1115, destroyed during the eighteenth
century ; and Morimond, founded in the same year as Clairvaux. Pon'
tigny, like Clairvaux, has an apse, but of only seven chapels ; but the
apse is separated by the length of thr6e bays from the intersection of
the transepts, whereas at Clairvaux the chord of the apse was only one
bay from the transepts. The great abbey of Clugny was building at
this time, for the older establishment of the Clugniac monks, and bad
an apse, with five smaller apses or chapels ; but its arrangements differ
materially from the Cistercian plan. All the Cistercian churches just
described were alike in possessing four transeptal chapels. According
to the observations of Viollet le Due, this arrangement was the rule in
all Cistercian churches; but I shall presently point out instances in
which the transeptal chapels were more numerous. Of Morimond,
the fourth daughter of Citeaux, I am not able to furnish any descrip-
tion, nor am I aware whether it is now in existence or not. Althottgh
founded in 1115, the site of the establishment having been changed
the church was not built till after 1130, and the building of that period
probably yielded to another, as it is recorded of the Abbot Cono in
1^53 that he caused the church to be dedicated. I have called atten*
tion to the efFect of English influence in the church at Fontenay, and
now would point out the singular fact that the two establishments of
Clairvaux and Pontigny, where no such influence is marked, were both
founded under the presidency of S. Etienne (Stephen Harding) an Eng*
lishman, then Abbot of Citeaux, by whose impulse the order first rose
into greatness.

I have thus alluded to these four churches because their fonna moft
have influenced the arrangement of many others. Their abbots ImM
•uperior rank in the order, although aubordinate to the pareat ehoicbi

of the Cistercian Abbeys of Ireland. 227

exeideing a somewhat independent authority in their own affiliations.
Clainraux alone extended ita branches into the British Islands, and. it
might have been supposed, would have been followed in so important
a point as the plan of its church. Besides these four, Citeaux had
twenty-two other monasteries of her own immediate foundation, some
of which were in Enghind, but I am not able to point them out.

That the Cistercian abbeys in the British Islands should have differed
^m the great majority of those on the Continent in the form of their
»tt end« must have happened from a habit of worship already strongly
brmed here, which even the influence of the Cistercians could not
ireak through. Whilst yielding to this habit, and adopting the square
sast end with the high altar by itself, the number of the transeptal
thapels was increased. In England there are frequently six of them,
md sometimes in Ireland the same number is found. The features of
iie following eight English examples may be noted in the order of their
iates: — Fnmess abbey, in Yorkshire, founded in 1127, has six tran-
leptal chapels ; and though the chancel or chapel of the high altar was
rebuilt at a later period, it projects only one bay east of these chapels.
At Rievaulx, Yorkshire, founded in 1131, the original Eastern termi-
nation has been renewed in the Early Pointed period, and the usual
contracted high altar chapel of the earlier age has been replaced by a
mgnifioent First- Pointed choir of seven bays with aisles: the six
tnnseptal chapels were rebuilt at the same time, but retail^ their ori-
pnal disposition. At Fountains, also in Yorkshire, founded in 1132,
we find again six transeptal chapels ; but the eastern termination has
been replaced by a greatly extended work of later date, finished in
W56. Roche abbey, also in Yorkshire, founded in 1 147, has only
four transeptal chajiels, and retains its original east termination, pro-
JtttiDg very little beyond them, only sufficient to admit of one small
window on each side. It is very much less in its dimensions than
cither of the preceding English churches, but still exceeds the church
tt Boyle by 24 ft. in length. The nave has eight bays in both. In
the general disposition the two plans are almost identical. Kirkstall,
hmded in 1152, exceeds the last example by about 18 ft. in length,
lliOQgh it has one bay less in the nave. It has six transeptal chapels,
aul I chancel of the contracted t3rpe of the order, though a little longer
thin St Roche abbey. The transition from the round to the pointed
iRh it very marked in this instance. The great arcades have pointed
•Rhes, carried by clustered shafts with scalloped capitals. The clere-
itory baa round-headed windows, and the same form of windows is seen
tbtMighout the church. Jervaulx, founded in 1156, exhibits an ad-
HBce in the Pointed style, and a variation in the plan from the earlier
chsrches. It has aisles to the chancel, with arcades of four bays, and
ttefa transept has three eastern arches, one of which opens into the
duukoel-aisle, and the other two to altar-chapels. It had four tran-
leptal chapels. By land, though founded in 1143, was not built till
>Aerll77. It is a perfect First- Pointed building, and in plan exhibits
iistber step in advance of the last, having aisles to the chancel, which
IR letanied acroas the east end behind the altar ; and the transepts
livs not only the eastern aisles or chapels for two altars in each» but

228 Boyle Abbey and the Architecture

also western aisles. The last English example I shall Dotice is that d
Netley abbeyt Hants, founded in 1230, being one of the latest pro-
ductions of the Cistercian order in England. It belongs to the tran-
sition from the Early to the Middle-Pointed, is of the smaller dass,
being only about 30 ft. longer than Boyle ; has a nave of eight bayi
and chancel of four bays, with side aisles ; and the transepts have twc
eastern chapels each.

Each of these churches had a large square central tower, and in eael
case the tower piers were planned with the least possible projection
The series shows the superiority of the English in size over the Irish
and the variation of the arrangement for the high altar which aroM
with Pointed architecture. The last point is not so distinctly brougfa
out in the Irish examples which exist, although there is evidence ti
show that it generally took place as the Pointed style was fully adopted

Boyle abbey, though commenced after Jervaulx, in which the changi
to the Pointed style and the variation from the original disposition o
the Oistercian plan has been noticed, and though not completed til
1218, when the perfect First- Pointed example of Byland must haw
been finished, is in its general character earlier than Kirkstall the lates
of the English cited, before a variation in the plan was attempted.

Boyle abbey is one of the largest, if not the largest, Irish Cisterciai
abbey in existence. Of the existing Cistercian abbeys in Ireland, Hoi]
Cross, near Thurles, possesses much interest. It was founded in 1183
The chancel and transepts though they retain the original disposi
tion in plan have been greatly altered in the 14th or 15th centuries
The nave retains its original features ; it has five bays, of which the
eastern is divided off by a semicircular arch which spans the width d
the nave ; ' this no doubt marks the point to which the stalls or choir*
seats extended westward, allowing thus only one bay of the nave for the
use of thos^' engaged in the ceremonial of the service. The transepti
have each two eastern chapels vaulted, remarkable for their elabontc
workmanship and for the spiral shafts of the screens between then.
The chancel is short like Boyle, is vaulted with fan vaulting, ami
lighted by a large eastern window of six lights with reticulated traoerj
the heads of the lights cusped with trefoils, otherwise the traceiy >
not cusped. The tower and also the north transept is vaulted.

Dunbrody abbey, in the county of Wexford, was founded in tb(
same year as Holy Cross, and though long before the completion o
Boyle abbey, it is entirely a First- Pointed building. This is to b
accounted for from its owing its erection to Harvey de Montmorency
one of the companions in arms of the invader Strongbow who, no doobt
had the assistance of English builders. It was a cell of Build was, ii
Shropshire. Nevertheless, its style varies greatly from that of Bog
land. The great arches have only a chamfer on the edge, and thei
piers are quite square, even omitting the chamfer. The soffit of tin
arch has a small rib carried on corbels or on short corbelled sbafb
The chancel is 33 ft. wide and 36 ft. long, lighted by an eastern tripli
lancet, and has space only for a single lancet in each aide. The towor
which as nsual, stands at the intersection of the cross, is cairied oi
Pcnnted arches like but loftier than those of the nave, and even pkincr,

of the CUtercian Abbeys of Ireland. 229

ud the rib of the loffit is omitted. The tower has a plain Pointed
nalt. The transepts have each three eastern chapels vaulted. The
oave hss five bays with Pointed arches before described. The two
eaitem bays appear to have belonged to the choir» the extent uf which
ii defined by the clerestory windows of the second bay, which have
tD internal opening of richer character than the others. The clere-
storj has double lancets with well moulded trefoiled curtain arches,
iome of them carved with the dog-tootb, and the second one before
referred to divided by a shaft into two openings internally as well as
ateroslly.

Hore abbey, at Cashell, though founded according to Ware in 11 73,
did not, according to others, become Cistercian for near 100 years. It
ku, howeveTj the two chapels to each transept, and the short chancel
tif that order of First-Pointed architecture,

Oraigne-ina-managh* in the county of Wexford, founded in 1307,
Im three chapds to each transept ; the chancel is rather longer than
oml.

Trntem, Wexford* founded in 1300, was greatly altered in 1445,
ndsgain in more modern times, and retains but little of its primitive
featora.

Jopoint abbey^oo. ^Ikenny, though a very important building, and
ippsrently very perfect, I have not been within. Other Cistercian
cbirches . remain more or less ruined and altered at Bective, Meath,
iMmded 1146— 61. Baltinglass, Wicklow, 1148— 51, Shroul, Long-
fcrd, 1150-^53. Odorney, Kerry, 1164. Knockmoy, Oalway,
H80— go. Gray Abbey, co. Down, 1193. Corcumroe, Clfite, 1104.
Kiloool, Upperary, 1300; and at a few other places.

Haviag thus treated of the works of the Cistercians, it may be in-
^pani what proportion did the work of the other monastic orders bear
to theirs?

Ware's list (probably incomplete) gives of tlie early monasteries 47
bounded in the 6th century ; 94 in the 6th ; 36 in the 7th ; 3 in the
^ ; 5 in the 0th ; none in the 10th ; and only 3 in the 1 1th ; com-
l*itiog 187 in the whole. Of these, at the Cistercian period, a great
*u&ber had fallen into decay, or their property had been assumed by
^abbots or " corbes," or by " erenachs ;** the first of whom held the
diOTch property absolutely, and the last from being wardens of the
^boreh lands and assistants of the Archdeacons, who were administra-
tor! of the church property, had usurped the possession, and were by
bottom invested with it in hereditary succession by the Bit»hop. These
ctrly monasteries followed the rules of their immediate founders till
">ch time as the remnant of them were brought tinder the rule called
^ 8. Augustine, and hence Ware has classed them all as Augus-
^'Wma; the number given includes also nunneries. In the 13th cen-
|vy which gave birth to the Cistercian order here, new vigour was
^^omd into this, and 36 monasteries were founded, besides 1 1 nun*
*^ and 3 establishments of the branches of S. Victor and Premon-
^ The 13th century saw 33 new foundations, besides 31 establish-
ments of the two branches above-named and of Trinitarians, of Eremites,
^ of Nona* The aaeoeeding three centuries brought not more than 1 8

280 Boyle Abbey and the Architecture

establishments of the rule and its branches into existence. The
culations omit 11 foundations whose date is uncertain. Th<
churches were small, of the kinds mentioned in commencing o<
ject, and round them the monks lived in cells or huts of wood ox
Instead of multiplying altars within the church, a separate chi
chapel was raised for each, altar, and thus we often find several cli
congregated together, and so likewise when the practice hai
obtained it continued to be exercised, whilst at other places bu
of far greater size am] magnificence were being erected. Thi:
that we find associated with churches of the 7th, 8th, or 9th cer
others as late as the 13th or 14th. In this manner the Augus
handed down many peculiarities of Irish, architecture which
otherwise have become obliterated. Of the abbeys founded in U
century I have not all the information I could wish. I think tl
hibited but little of . the Romanesque style, and although the Of
retained the semicircular arch, the mouldings and style of fin
proximate much more nearly to Pointed work. At Ballinatn
Youghal, is the abbey of S. Molanfide, of very adcient foundatic
re-built in the Early-Pointed period. . It has a chancel 75 ft.
with a row of six lancet windows in the south side near the eas
and another row of five lancets on the north side opposite the
part of the south wall. There was a division between the na^
chancel, and the nave is 65 ft. by 25 ft.: 6 in. The ; conventual
ings formed a quadrangle on the south. Athassel abbey was f(
in 1200. The church is cruciform in plan; with north and
aisles to nave, and eastern aisles or chapels to the transepts, and
sive central tower. The chancel has a range of five lancet wind
each side ; the east window is of three lights with tracery, anc
later date. The conventual buildings lie to the south. The <
is much larger than any other I shall have to refer to ; inde
whole establishment is on a large scale. The cloister windo
triplets of trefoil -headed lights. It formed a complete quad]
The Pointed architecture of this example shows distinctly the st
Augustinians had adopted whilst the Romanesque features of
were still in progress. At Ballybeg, the abbey founded in 12
nearly disappeared, but it still retains a few good features of
Pointed work.

The Benedictines began in Ireland in the twelfth century, in
they erected five houses, and in succeeding centuries added onl]
others. Their influence was therefore but small.

The Dominicans began in the thirteenth century, in whlcl
founded at least twenty-six establishments ; seven more were ad
the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, and there are seven of unt
date. One of the earliest of their buildings was the well known
abbey at Kilkenny. At Roscommon, between 1253-9, was
crated their abbey church of that place. It is 138 feet long
the walls ; it had a north aisle at the western part, which has
peared, and was lighted by a range of lancet windows, of whit
remain on the south side near the west end, and there was ai
range on the north side near the east end. It had no divisioa tx

of the Cistercian Abbeys of Ireland. 231

icbancel. The east and west ends have each of them noiv a fine window
of late tracery ; but jambs of windows of lancet date can be observed in
both walls. Kilmallock abbey (Plates 1 and 3), founded in 1^01. has a
cbancel 66 it. long and 24 ft. wide, separated and almost shut off from
the Dave by the piers of a lofty central tower, in which the east and
west arches are only 7 ft. 6 in. wide. The tower is very slender,
(tanding on the centre of these two east and west arches. The nave
it 90 feet long, and had an aisle to the south. There is a south tran-
lept, with a western aisle. The chancel has a range of six two-light
vrndows in its south side, whilst the north has none. Eastwards are
five beautifully moulded lancets. The cloister court and conventual
bculdmgs lie to the north. Much of the work both in church and
otber buildings, is of later date than the foundation. Sligo Abbey,
tboogh an older foundation, was rebuilt in 1416. Of the first build-
isg there are considerable remains. It had eight lancet windows in a
range in its south wall in itfc eastern part ; in its later alterations a
central tower was erected, taking in the western of these lancets and
blocking up another. To the period of the rebuilding also belongs the
beautiful cloister which exists on the north side of the church. Within
the court it is 42 ft. by 60-}^ ft., and had an arcade of nineteen arches
east and west, and sixteen arches north and south, after the manner
of the cloisters in the South of France. The church had a south
liile and south transept.

The Franciscans had only one foundation in the twelfth century,
bat added thirty -five in the thirteenth, seven in the fourteenth, thirty-
three io the fifteenth, and eight later, besides twenty-eight to which
no precise date is assigned, giving a total of 112. At Ardfert remains
i^nch of the church erected in 1260, with five lancets in the east end,
« range of nine lancets in the south side of the eastern part, with no
windows in the north side, a south transept with western aisle, and a
lonth aisle to the nave. The tower is at the west end. The cloister,
^gh of the same kind, is less elegant than that of the Dominicans
^ Sligo, and is also of later date : its openings present one of the few
i&stances to be met with in Ireland of the '* Tudor *' arch, and here I
believe it is formed from only three centres. An abbey founded in 1 302
'^ains at Castledermot, with aisle and transept to the north, instead
of as most usual to the south. Rosserick. founded late in the fourteenth
^tnry ; Multifeman, rebuilt in 1460 ; Moyne, built in the same year ;
Kilconnel, 1460 ; Adare, 1464 (Plate 4) ; all have the narrow, lofty,
^tnd tower, upon narrow arches, which nearly shut off the nave
^ the chancel, and which seems to have been the custom of this
P^od. Moyne, Kilconnel, and Adare, present examples of the cloister
of the same kind as at Sligo before referred to. At Moyne and Adare
it ia on the north, and at Kilconnel on the south. At the first the
'fcide has ten arches of about 3 feet span in each side of the qnad-
'^le ; at the latter it forms a quadrangle only about 22 feet square ;
^ Adare it is about 30 feet square.

Besides these, the Carmelites in the thirteenth and two succeeding
^KQtuies acquired sixteen establishments. Of their architecture I have
^ had the opportanity of making any observation.

232 Whitewash and Yellow Dab.—No. III.

It appears then that in architecture the challenge thrown down by
the Cistercians in Ireland in the twelfth century, was soon taken up by
the Augustinians, who carried on the native style of art ; and that in
the next century, when the Pointed style was introduced, the Cistercians
almost ceased to build, and left the field open to the Augustinians. Do-
minicans, and Franciscans, who pursued a manner of building common
to all the orders throughout the lancet age. The fourteenth century
added but little to the number of ecclesiastical monuments, but in the
fifteenth the Franciscans were again active, and produced the alender,
lofty central towers, of which a great many remain more than I have
enumerated, and the small but picturesque cloisters I have described.^
This mode was also used at this time by the Augustinians and Do^^
minicans in several reconstructions ; but as the new establishments c ^
the Franciscans far exceeded the increase of the other two orders tc
gether, I think we must yield to their energy the credit of originatin
the peculiar and beautiful arrangements of the period.

Gordon M. Hills.

WHITEWASH AND YELLOW DAB.— No. HI.

COLOUR AN BLEMBNT OF ARCHITBCTURAL EFFECT IN CHURCHES OW

CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE.

The subject of painting as accessory to architecture has been moet
tenderly touched by every writer who has approached it — and perhaps
all the more tenderly the more the writer knew about the matter. And
no wonder. The subject is not simple, but expands with the stady of
it. And I regret to be obliged to feel that there appears to be wanting
in the technical preparation which most of our architects have receifed
for their professional career, that element for want of which they are
ever fighting and struggling with difificuUies.

Our nation is now opening its eyes to what other nations have been
wide awake to before us, viz., that art is a difificult and dignified intellec-
tual pursuit ; and not what Englishmen have hitherto been inclined to
consider it, a pretty plaything.

Men have looked about for a profession ; they did not like the nivy*
they don't like the army, and are perhaps too late for that and many other
things ; but they don*t consider themselves too late to turn architects.
They have had a gentleman's education, and the amount of good taste
which is supposed to have been thus imbibed fortuitously, nobody
knows bow, is supposed to be quite enough to start upon. After aO«
there are but five quite distiuct orders of classical architecture ; Grothic
may be soon learnt ; and for the rest, a fair connexion, and perhaps
some genuine hard work for a year or so in an architect's office will aet
them on their legs. And at the end of that time what have they dfJM*
drawn hundreds of lines and arches, gables, roofs, and chimQeya* atovs"
tions and sections of mouldings, to get out the sheet after aheet of piu*

Whitewash and Yellow Dab.— No. III. 288

and elevations, which a boBy architect has to supply to his customers,
who are always in a hurry.

But where has been the master to teach the real value of all these
dry but precious details ; to help him over those first difiioolties in art
which books cannot do — ^to show him, and not merely to tell him ? From
books he may learn a great deal about proportion and the effect of con-
tiist and repetition, the use and abuse of ornament, and the common
£nt principles of light and shade. But who has taken the trouble to
nggest to him what architecture really is and means ; and who has
given him an idea of that most indispensable but ignored branch of his
grand profession, the connexion between architecture and the sister
stfts ? Alas ! men undertake that profession in nine cases out of ten
trusting to luck, and making poor naked fancy do duty for what can
only be done well by serious work, upon a good base of natural genius.
These are busy bustling days, the master has no time, and the pupil
little inclination for that quiet studious thought which is the necessary
food for an artist. But that is no excuse. Everything great has been
<)oQe in bustling times. Conceive the turmoil of an Italian republic in
^hich those grand fellows lived, whose works are now our study, and
who were then sitting at the feet of their respective Gamaliels !

Our English bustle has been for other purposes, but there is an
awakening idea in all classes of our people that art is worth something
iot its own sake, distinct from mere money-making. Art is glorious
work — ^but only for those who have the heart for it. I wish there were
tQ " ite missa est" for the rest.

I have mentioned art education. I do not wish to make more of it

than it deserves. You cannot find gold in all diggings — art cannot be

tiughtin the common sense of teaching, its principles may, and its tech-

Bicaiities ; but they only make the artificer not the artist. That little

Monosyllable '* Art" implies more than can be put into words, for

fould it have been so clothed, Art would not have been wanted. Art

* the expression of a man's own thoughts, and the best art is the

^eunt expression of those thoughts. But as they need be clear before

^ can be well expressed, art education must be head work before it

a band work. The hand needs education, and the eye too. But the

^Cation of the eye is not attained by looking at things — the stupidest

People have been looking at things all their lives — no, it is by clearing

t man's thoughts, by training his reason, and I may surely say without

^t, it is by the education of his heart, that the artist is made ; and

b eye is educated by the process without his knowing it. It is in this

ttat our leading architects shine out brilliantly from their contempo-

i^ries. Their works show a definiteness of idea, an individuality and

Garnets of purpose, while others exhibit little more than copyism and

^Iperiment. The former have made their profession a matter of head and

heart, the latter little more than a matter of pencils and Indian rubber.

The aubject of colour applied to church architecture *' riles" some

^BOple wonderfoUy. But their objections are quite comprehensible. I

ilMgioe them to arise entirely from these two sources, a most reasonable

4Bgut at the sho^ngly bad things they see done, and a total incapa^

«ity on their parte to invent anything better.

TOL. XX. ii H

234 Whitewash and Yellow Dab.— No. III.

That pictorial repref entations have been approved and encouraged in
our churches by theologians of all shades of opinion is a simple fact, as
witness altar-pieces, windows, &c. This fact marks one line at least
which divides us happily from those liberal-minded protestants, out of
the pale of our Church, but altogether in that of whitewash, who allow
coloured glass in geometrical patterns and twirligigs, but have a truly
Mahomedan horror of a living form, or a symbol of sacred associatioD.
They tolerate the true protesting polychrome of gold organ pipes and
red calico, green altar cloth, (table cloth ?) chocolate tiles, and sham
oak graining, but beyond this their nose sniffs popery in the smell of
paint.

But let us rather take God's good gifts in good faith, and fear no
evil ; man's wretched abuse of them is lamentable. But He Who
created beauty and gave us the sense not only of its power but of its
sanctity, may be glorified in it. Use it, then, to a high and holj par-
pose, such as by the painter*s art to add to the solemnity of a sacred
place ; to turn the wandering thoughts to seriousness ; to put before
erring eyes forms which time and association have long hallowed ; to
fill the vacant mind with subjects of solemn thought ; and further still,
to arouse the deep feelings of religious emotion ; to check the levity of
a young mind ; or to soothe with solemn recollections the thoughtful
moments of one more matured. Such is within the province of Art, of
sacred Art, Art as it should be, and, as I hope, will be applied to our
sacred buildings.

But how ? Art (with the exception of music) produces all its effects
by means of forms and colours : and for these effects it is in architec-
ture that there is the largest scope. I must not recur over and over
again to arguments : I have stated them in my former letters. Taking
it therefore for granted that the introduction of other forms than thort
of the architectural carving, and other colours than those of the mat^
rials of a building, is desirable, it appears to me that there are two
distinctly available means at hand, first, in the use of materials natu-
rally or artificially coloured, and secondly, in the resources of the art of
painting. Under the first head comes everything that architecture can
require for its enrichment, marbles, coloured stones, metals, tiles, mo-
saics, glass, drapery, embroidery, by which churches have been made
treasure-houses of art. Why then look any further ? I can only an-
swer, that it dug deep into the purse of Christendom to produce S.
Peter's, and it took centuries of the wealth and devotion of Venice is
the palmiest days of religious enthusiasm and self-sacrifice, to produce
S. Mark's. We need something more within general reach : and the
only resource left is in the art of Painting — an art which the canon of
good taste in all ages of the world has sanctioned to architectural use*

But how about authorities P The precedents of Christian art vary
as much as the architecture or more. The same hands seem to have
worked at glass, at wall painting, and in miniature illuminations; their
family likeness is strong ; but each period had its speciality, and ewh
kept to its own dodges. The question, then, for us is, what are «e to
follow ? — or are we to follow at all } I have no doubt of the answer, bit
J cannot put it in so few words. If we take an axiom in whicb sO

Whitewash and Yellow Dab.— No. III. 286

till agree, such as this, *' Colour properly used in architecture must be
entirely subservient to architectural effect; the moment it becomes
obtru»iye it is bad." What says precedent to that ? The fact is that
colour has always been a difficulty. It is one of the rarest gifts — I
mean the intelligent, not the mere ocular sense of it. Form has been
maitered often ; but colour rarely. I believe the course of its use
architecturally applied in Gothic work has been very much this.
Romanesque (Norman) was in its plain massive forms a huge vehicle
for colour. Pictorial art was in a fearful state of raw puerility in those
days. Castles were painted on the fat pillars ; patterns and subjects
went uncomfortably round comers ; and colours were dabbed about
lUfflercifully. Artists had some grand ideas; but the principles of
ivoportion and composition in the use of colour were not developed till
long afterwards. A great stride was then made in the arts— a new
^yle of architecture came into vogue, the First-Pointed : that, too, was
otdoured all over. The characteristic of this great step was refinement.
The colours used were tenderer and more broken ; and often so soft, so
beautifully mellowed, that at a distance they looked like blended hues
ladting into each other. Buildings were entirely covered on this
principle of decoration. Diapers, scrollage, and pictorial subjects,
cofered large wall spaces — imitative drapery, even imitative masonry
abo, on large surfaces of wall and roof; and a reasonably symbolic
coDTentionality of forms, which in the preceding age rejoiced in types
frequently bordering on ugliness, now struck out in principles of real
Wuty. Colour aj)plied to architecture had reached its climax of
Rfinement at the beginning of the 14th century, after which came in
the use of violent effects; bright raw red, their beloved minium, was
Bled immoderately, shaft after shaft overlaid with it in gaudy proxi-
juty ; red lines, red carved work, red everywhere. But colour blushed
itielf into shame, as if gaudiness had brought its own cure by artists
^ng themselves into a guild of total abstinence. People's eyes were
I'earied, not by the use but by the corruption and abuse of what in nature
n lovely and universal, and of what in art based upon that nature would
w always lovely too if the same princifiles were followed. There was
* loll. Then followed the days of higher art ; art more by principle, I
*caQ, than by experiment, the origin of which it is hard to trace,
^th of the Alps we know how art first broke away from the lethargy
*lucb weighed heavily on everything, social, political, literary. We
cm trace the influence of the Pisan school by its distinct mannerism
^icolpture, as we can also trace Giottism in painting. But whence
^ contemporary Gothic school of the early thirteenth century, with-
"vt a trace of common origin with its sister arts in Italy ? whence the
^quisitely studied beauty, the refined and holy feelings expressed in
tone by the artists of Cbartres, of Salisbury, of Wells, and countless
ther masterpieces of Northern art ? Of course there were bad and
loodering artists — there are always — and when people speak of
mintness and ugliness, gaudiness or vulgarity, they speak of the bad
ttiata and not the good ones. But there was a poetry of intention
KNit that entbosiastic age which must have produced some glorious
•alts. We can see bat ftunt traces of them ; for, alas I few are the

236 Whitewash and Yellow Dab.— No. III.

remains which the excesses of a necessary reform, and the ▼iolence of
puritanic hate» hare left us of the art of these interesting times.

The polychrome of the succeeding century (the fifteenth), which in
pictorial subjects was often very fine, soon became coarse and exces-
siye, in its application to merely decorative purposes. Black came
much into use, so that the shadows of architectural relief in carved
work and mouldings were swamped by violent effects of most objec-
tionable paint, extreme contrasts of white, black, vermilion, and dark
green, in lines and '• spirals." and large spaces covered with colour un-
relieved, testified the bad taste of the time. The ideal was rather gor-
geousness than beauty in architectural decoration. Such, if I mistake
not, were the general characteristics of an age which was certainly less
aesthetic than the refined one which preceded it. It was the beginning
of the end in the history of Gothic art. Science took the place ol
Faith. Pride supervened upon humility. Reason asserted her ma-
jesty, and Imagination, gone mad amid the surrounding Babel, broke
forth with a power common to intellectual aberration and excitement,
and at last fell exhausted and powerless before the cold rationalism oi
the succeeding generation. But the fifteenth century had had its great
artists and great works, works too most refined. The reredos of thf
Lady chapel at Gloucester is a sufficient proof of what exquisite worki
were done, where wealth combined with talent to stem the tendency to
a coarse and vulgar taste in architectural matters. It would be hard to
devise anything more refined than that fifteenth century specimen of
architectural polychrome. But it is sadly ruined. After these timet,
through the reigns of the later Tudors and Stuartf , colour applied to
architecture was often used to make things lock as ugly as possible,
till at last we come down to the days of our fathers, when the only
colours used in churches were the dear old whitewash and yellow dab,
in glorious relief, following the margins of arches and stringcourso ;
or with the help of bands of lampblack framing the Ten Commaod-
ments, the king's arms, or the squire's hatchment, with equal and
undiscriminating devotion. Such, roughly sketched, appears to have
been the course of the art of decorative polychrome as applied to
Gothic churches. And after all our study of it, one huge difficulty
stares us in the face — are we to follow the styles of polychrome, as we
follow the styles of architecture upon which they were used ?

In returning to former styles of architecture we are not menl§
amusmg ourselves. We adopt them seriously, because they are per-
fectly matured forms of art, individually thought out, and then worked
out. In employing those styles we are not merely adopting antiquated
forms ; but we take what is thus ready to our hand, because it best
expresses our thoughts. Pictorial art, on the contrary, was, during
those periods, in a perpetual course of experiment. The great prinet-
ples on which any claims to respect as a matured art must rest had not
been struck out. Perspective, linear and aerial, was unknown. The
light and shade of form was most imperfectly understood, and that of
c^our atill leas : so that reflected lights, without which it is imposaiUe
te give roundness, and cast shadow, without which it is impostMe
to place any object firmly on another, were either ignored, or need so

Whitewash and Yellow Dab.— No. III. 287

tifflidly and rarely, as to be in moat cases of little value, and commonly
omitted altogether.

The lamp of originality in architecture had begun to grow dim,
before the genius of painting came forth in its full- developed beauty.
Here then is the difficulty. We have perfect styles of architecture,
uul imperfect contemporary styles of painting. Are we, then, who
bive a perfect art of painting within our power, to revert to imperfect
vt, when we come to the practical application of painting to aichitec-
toral purposes ?

Now, Sir, it appears to me that there is one ground, and only one,
upon which this question can be answered, and that is the ground of
appropriateness. Art is good or bad just in proportion to its fulfilment
of the purpose to which it is applied. Inappropriateness would mar
uything. At the bottom of that lovely valley which slopes down
from the Gothic walls of Alton Towers, has been placed a most per-
fect (pecimen (and that a good-sized one) of a Chinese pagoda : the
top of it is just like an old-fashioned parasol, from the ferule of which
ijet of water flies into the air. and in its fall converts the pagoda into
a huge umbrella. On the side of the valley, above it, is a pagan
erection shading the bust of the perpetrator of this deed, and above
lus head is written, " he made the desert smile '* — a result of which I
^ve little doubt.

In dealing with architecture we are dealing with what is entirely a
feature of man's imagination. A painter's own genius may reign
lopreme before a canvas in his own studio : but when he faces an
architectural wall-space he stands in the presence of his master. If it
be that of an Egyptian temple, let him go home, if he has not first
otastered Egyptian art — if it be that of a Oothic church, let him do
likewiie.

It 18 a very common but most unfortunate confusion of ideas, which

^ofoonds a " style " with the mere accidents of success or failure of

{dividual artists ; a result which is often most unhappy in the public

P<lginent of Oothic art. Is Oothic art objected to because it is con-

^tional ? I say all art is conventional, and styles of art are but

>Titems of conventionality. And we are justified in reverting to any

ooe such system for the identical reasons upon which it was itself

indented, if by that means we can best attain our end. In Gothic art

^ prevailhig spirit appears to me tu be this, that it had for its object

lather to suggest ideas than to imitate things : and herein I trace a

prineiple, of the particulars of which I must beg leave to address you

toother time.

In the theory of painting I conceive that by perfect art is meant that
by which an idea is completely and satisfactorily conveyed. There are
two, and as far as I know only two means of producing this result ;
one by actual direct representation (the naturalism of modem art) ; the
other by indirect representation (the suggestive symbolic method of
early art). The former tends rather to reflect honour and glory on the
•itist and his skill ; the latter sets in motion a train of thoughts in
vhich the artist and his skill are lost. I conceive that there can be little
doubt at to which approaches nearest to the spirit of the Christian ideal.

238 Whitewash and Yellow Dab.— No. III.

If therefore there be a system of pictorial art which is rather sugges-
tive of thoughts than directly representative of things, in its modes of
expression, I imagine that such would be more in harmony with the
ideal of an architecture, such as the Gothic, which sprang from the
deep yearnings of religious thought, and is its very embodiment —
whereas, on the contrary, a style of more direct and material represen-
tation, which every artificial appliance has brought to perfection,
would be more appropriate with an architecture, such as the classical,
whose principles are entirely free from any approach to symbolism,
capable indeed of being very magnificent, very beautiful, but utterly
unsuggestive of anything beyond the sphere of its own abstract self.
This settles the question in my own mind. I must not trespass further
upon you now. I must leave the subject of " imperfect art'* and sym-
bolism as contrasted with naturalism for another letter.

If you will allow me to address you once more, for the purpose of
entering more into particulars, I trust thenceforward your pages will
be what I hope all churches soon will be, free from *' whitewash and
yellow dab."

Yours very truly,

T. G. P.

Highnam, May 23, 1859.

P.S. — I must keep controversy for a postscript. With your corres-
pondent on the abuse of polychrome I lament that so beautiful an ap-
plication to architectural purposes should have been so constantly sub-
ject to the abuse of bad taste. He seems not to have borne in mind
that while architecture was growing on from style to style as a perfect
art, the art of painting was only growing up from infancy and was not
matured till the spirit of architecture was exhausted. The erring taste
of former days is no argument. Both arts are now matured ; our only
difficulty is in their mutual application. Hence, and for other reasons,
it is that I cry out for our architects to be better educated. Can your
correspondent have ever seen the church of San Francesco at Assisi ?
That has not an uncoloured square inch anywhere. But the result is
not in anybody*8 opinion what he says would infallibly be the case with
the choir of Canterbury, to " bring it down from heaven to earth."
And the reason simply is, that it has been done properly.

It is most grievous to see people constantly rushing into architectural
polychrome — it is vanity, vanity, all vanity on their parts. The sub-
ject is anything but simple and easy. It needs great observation, great
artistic experience, and an element which is most rare, a fine eye and
a fine comprehension of colour. No books, no theories of colours
could ever make an artist. I re-echo your correspondent's " Caution'
most loudly and cordially. He only tunes his trumpet to its abuse.
But there is per contra a proper use of it, which if he would but allow,
our trumpets would pretty nearly be in tune.

239

CHICHESTEK CATHEDRAL AND DEAN CHANDLER.

*k offer no excuse to our readers for reprinting the main portion of
ArcaUr which has been issued with the weighty name of Dr. Hook
iched to it, detailing the steps which have been taken to engraft upon
in Chandler's munificent bequest a fitting memorial of his long and
Uiil vtewardship. Officially connected as that wise and good and
ned naui was with our Society as one of its Vice-presidents, and
MMudly attached as many of us were to him by friendship, more or
^ intimate, we do not conceal the peculiar interest with which this
inspires us ; —

In the year 1847 a large and lubstantial Restoration of the Cathedral
emnmcDced by the Dean and Chapter, and hsM been carried on from time
inMy aa funds have been tupphed by public beneficence, almost to the pre-
hear. In the appeal which was then made for assistance, the hope was
rwmmrd that ultimately the choir mif^ht be restored, and a larger portion of
BAlhednl rendered available for public worship. But the effort to carry
tbcae objects was deliberately postponed, with these observations: — 'The
n and Chapter feel the greatest reluctance to propose any definite plan for
■toefation of the choir. This is a department of cathedral architecture in
A modi information and experience are yet to be acquired.
' The Dean and Chapter at present can do no more than express their
conviction that the most magnificent church, which serves merely to
the eye of taste, has entirely missed its proposed end and object. And
will they rejoice, if, after tome longer time for observation, they shall
to devise a plan, whereby, without violating the rules of architectural
a larger portion of their fabric luay be made more directly available
the great purpose for which every Church is designed— the worship of
pgh^ God.'

'The time would seem to have now arrived, when efforts might success-
y be made to carry this design into execution. On the death of the late
Mftf** Dean of Chichester, Dr. Ch andlkr, an earnest desire was expressed
manjv both personal friends and others, to raise a Memorial worthy of
adLnowledged merits and suitable to his known wishes ; and accordingly
i. ICacting held at the Palace on the 16th of February last, the Lord Bishop
Cbidieater in the chair, it was unanimously resolved,— * That in the opinion
dua Meeting the best Memorial, and one specially accordant with the feel-
a flf the late Dean, would be a restoration of the choir of the cathedral,
h ice enlargement and better adaptation to the purposes of Divine worship.'
* At the same Meeting it was made known that the late Dean had by his
i haqneathed the sum of £2000 * in trust to the Dean of Chichester, the
jhdaaaon of Chichester, and the Prebendary of Wittering, applicable in
■Ib or in part, at their discretion, towards the decoration of the Cathedral,
I tUmg of the Theological College, or the erection of a Church in Chi-
HtaTpWith the expression of a hope that a sum might be raised to be applied
m with it.' The trustees have since elected to apply the whole
to the first of these purposes.

Haover, it is at this time generally admitted that our venerable cathe-
iIb auiy and ought to be made mure extensively useful for the celebration
UviBe Service, and it is known that a desire prevails in this diocese that
I Mother cfanreb should be rendered capable of affording to greater numbers
liappOfftanities of united worship. Under these combined circumstances.

240 Chichester Cathedral and Dean Chandler.

•o farourahle to the completion of the original design of restoration, a con-
mittee has been formed, consisting of many of the principal residents in the
county and city, lay and clerical, and others ; and a plan has been prepared
by Wdliam Slater, Esq., an eminent architect, and the successor of the late
Mr. Carpenter (under whom the former improvements were effected) wbieh
has received the sanction of the Dean and Chapter, and been approved by tbe
acting Committee, as one which, while it will restore to the choir its origiasl
features and proportions, and will not offend either against architectural pto-
priety or the distinctive cathedral arrangement, will appropriate and adapt to
increased congregations a much larger space of this sacred edifice.

" By this plan it is intended to remove all the present modem ansuitaMe
fittings of the choir,— pulpit, throne, altar-rail, pews, and galleries ; to td»
down and carefully restore the existing stalls ; to provide new fronts and cb-
risters' seats of suitable design ; to replace the stalls in their present positios,
except the return stalls at the west-end of the choir, which, with the ofju
and organ-screen, known as Bishop Arundel's shrine, are to be removed—tbe
latter to be re-erected in another place. The present reredos or altar-scnen
will be replaced by one of stone, in accordance with the style of the choir; a
new pulpit and a throne of a more suitable character will be also erectei
The arrangement of the sittings of the choir, the exact position of the or|^
and other matters of detail, are reserved for future consideration.

" But, in order to make provision for larger congregations than can be at*
commodated in the choir, such as assemble on Sundays and occasions of special
interest, it is further proposed to adapt a great portion of the nave to the pB^
poses of Divine Worship, by furnishing it with sufficient and suitable sittiogii
and placing the pulpit, already provided, in a position most convenient for
hearing, thus rendenng the space also available for any other spiritual minii^
trations, similar to those which have been adopted in other cathedral churcbn.
It is calculated that by this arrangement, sittings can be provided for more
than »even hundred worshippers within these sacred walls.

** With this statement, and the sketch and plan annexed to it, the C<M-
mittee commend their scheme of restoration to public approval, relying for
its completion, under the Divine blessing, on support from those who wddd
raise a nt Memorial to the honoured name of Chandler, as well as from the
diocese at large. They would appeal earnestly to such as wish to see develo|e4
the primitive beauties of this venerable fabric, no less than to all who partab
in the general wish for church extension, and desire that our ancient catk-
drals may be made more available for the public worship of Almighty Goo.

*' The work is estimated to cost six thousand pounds. It is purposed, if
more convenient to the subscribers, that the larger payments may be spread
over a space of three years.

"Subscriptions will be received at the Banks of Messrs. Gruggen sad
Comper, Chichester ; the London and County Banks at Chichester, BrightOi»
and Hastings : by Messrs. Drummond, Charing Cross, London ; and by die
Secretary, Rev. C. B. WoUaston, Felpham Rectory, Boguor."

We have omitted the names of the Committee, but it iocludes suck
as those of the Bishop, and Dean and Chapter of Chichester, and ihe
two Archdeacons of the diocese, which show the general interest Ux
in the work.

Together with the circular a lithograph and plan of the restoicd
cathedral are issued, which we are allowed to reproduce, and whieli
will save us the necessity of a detailed description. It will be ob*
served that the stalls are left in their original position in the lant^
This decision was arrived at aifter consideiable discussion, and we thiik
wisely — for the space east of the lantern would not have been siiflMiiK

WeMahfB lUmirated Old Testament History. 241

for t dignified duMii* and sanctuary, while it would have been hardly
poeaible to adapt the transept to congregational use. The Jube has to
be removed, but its late date and the hopelessness of a good arrange-
ment if it were allowed to continue reconcile us in this instance to a
sacrifice against which in the case, for example, of Christchurch Priory
church, where the conditions are wholly different, we felt bound to
protest. We are glad to see that Mr. Slater travels out of the too
hackneyed tjrpe of arcaded reredoses and introduces a more archaic treat-
ment. The height of this reredos is, as all who are acquainted with
Chichester cath^ral will remember, defined by the solid backing of the
ancient reredos which still exists, and will of course be retained.

It will be noticed that a simple pattern is shown in the central panel
of the reredos, and that the choirscreen is left quite plain. We believe
that the treatment of these two portions of the church are left purposely
for further consideration. Whatever is however decided upon, we trust
that the reredos will be composed with a view to the retention of the
ancient levels and backing. Their removal is no way called for by the
practical exigencies of the cathedral, and their annihilation or alteration
would be to destroy an interesting landmark of ecclesiastical archi-
tecture.

The stalls it wiU be recollected are valuable relics of Third- Pointed
woodwork. The Dean and Sub- dean's stalls, and the throne, as
shown in the lithograph, are designed by Mr. Slater. We trust that
the nave area will be seated with chairs.

To revert to the memory of the late Dean, we cannpthelp leaijndioff ..
oor friends that he was the founder of S. Andrew's chureh. W^IBKtBet; -.
sad that All-Sunts' church owed the possibility of its existehbe to his f^^
kind and zealous offices. We may therefore venture to entertain the *-
hope that Ais memorial will not be neglected by those who, while
domg hoikw to the Dean of Chichester, desire to record the good deeds
of the rector of All Souls'. The selection of his successor to the former
office will be, we trust, an additional incentive to help a work which
has such great human probabilities of being so well used.

WBSTLAKE'S ILLUSTRATED OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY.

Ws welcome the appearance of eight more plates, K . ^"y tfti'Tirlu
ihre, of Mr. Westlake's most interesting series of Scriptural ilmgns by
m English artist of the early part of the fourteenth century from a
Ifanoscript in the British Museum. Plates 20 and 21 are postponed
(we onderatand) on account of their being injured at press.

The first illustration represents Abraham on his sick bed despatching
Ida " aeoeschal" to find a wife for Isaac. The next is the meeting
with Rebecca, who is tending her sheep, dressed in wimple and coif.
Then she and the steward ride away, each mounted on a camel — very
esrionaly drawn. Then the steward hands her over to Isaac. The
iMSt aeaae ia the birth of Baan and Jacob — most conventionally treated.

▼OL. XX. II

242 Mr. JebVs Catalogue of Ancient Choir-books

Then a larger picture represents Isaac sending Esau for venison ud
Rebecca instructing Jacob in his deceit. In the following one Isiic
blesses Jacob, who has the skins of goats on his neck and hands;
and Rebecca stands at the bed*s foot encouraging her younger son.
This is very well drawn and composed. Below Esau brings his vem-
son. Two crowded and spirited pictures next represent Joseph telling
his dreams and the envy of his brethren ; and then his being seized by
them and stripped and thrown into the well. Then the " seneschal
of Egypt" mounted on a trotting- horse with a huge money-bag in hii
hand buys Joseph ; and, in the next plate, puts him behind him oa
his horse and carries him to Egypt. Meantime the brethren bring die
coat of many colours to their father. Their hypocritical concern lod
Jacob's grief are expressively given, Joseph is sold to the king d
Egypt in the following plate. The king, crowned and carrying i
sceptre, with a dove as its head, is seated in a chair of an interestmg
and early Pointed style. Finally the king goes out hunting, with hoond
and horn. The hare is admirably drawn, and the leash of honnds.
Below the queen tempts Joseph, and being repulsed complains to i
servant who comes in clothed in helmet and coat of mail and bearing!
lance. Joseph is here represented as quite a young boy.

The index, with the full readings of the Norman French descriptions
and a translation, is not so far advanced as the plates. And Mr. West-
lake in his third number gives a cancel of a former leaf which was not
accurate. This publication is one of peculiar interest and deserro
warm encouragement.

MR. JEBB'S CATALOGUE OF ANCIENT CHOIRBOOKS AT
S. PETER'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE.

( Continued /rom page \7%,)

MoRLBT, Thomas. [Mus. B. Oxon. 1588. Gentleman of the Royal
Chapel, till 1619.]

SERVICBS.

1. Service in A min.. .Te D.. .Ben^. Ryr. Creed. Magn. Nunc Di**

mc. cd. bd. be. mc,

* Bam. with a Venite. . . Batt. with a Venite. . . Lamb. D mi. (jo- i^

the same 7 . . S. John's, Ozf. Morley's short service, ffiidai
eemibrief : qu. if the same?

2. Kyrie as above. MD.

3. Magn. Nunc D. in G maj. md. mc. cd, id. (2 different parti) ^

(imperfect) bd. he,

* Bam. service of 5 parts. Lamb. S. John's. Tudw. efeoiV

service in D. qu. if the same 7

ANTHBM8.

1. How long., .mc. cd. be. mc. bd.

2. Teach me Thy wajrs, O Lord. md. mc. cd. td. te. bd. be. WrillEi

in the same Italian hand as most of Amner's eompositioiii.

ai 8. Peter^s College, Cambridge. 348

UDD, John. [Organist of Peterborough Cathedral, apparently from
16S0 to 1620.]

ANTHBM8.

1. I will alway give thanki. md. mc. id. ie. bd. be.
Lichf. td. ie.

2. O clap your hands, nul. mc, td, tc. bd. be.

3. Out of the deep. md. td. tc, bd, be.
Batten, /or a camiuM, Lichf. td. tc.

uiOT, John. [Mas. B. Oxon. 1586. Moa. D. Ozon. 16M. Or-
giaist of Eton and Windsor.]

SBRVICBS.

1. Senrice in D mi. (in 4 parts, both m. being the lame) /or meanu, in

D sol re. Te D. Ben"*. K. Creed, O^ertory in m. only. md.
me. ed. td. te. bd, be.

* Bam.^r«/ tetviee of 4, 5, and 6 parts ; with Venite.

2. Serrice in C major. 3 parts, for men. Te D. Ben**. Magn. Nunc

D. cd. bd. be. ed. td. te, bd, be, td. begins at Magn. The rest
of this part is torn out.

3. Senrice in D mi. 4 parts, for men. Te D. Ben"*. Kyr. Creed, cd.

td, te, bd, be.

4. Senrice in 0 mi. Short service, 1 jUU. Te D. Jub. Kyr. Creed.

mc. cd. bd. be.
Alto...S. John's, Oxf.

5. K^rie, as in No. 4. md. ed. td. bd. MD.

6. Magn. and Nunc Dim., in medio ehori, in D mi. mc cd. (2 parts,

different) bd. be
7* Magn. and Nunc Dim., belongs to Pierson*s service, ta me<lk> ehori,

in A mi. mc. cd. bd. be.
8. Magn. and Nunc D. m Cfa. ut — C maj. md. mc. (both the same)

ed, td. te. bd.

ANTHBMS.

1. Blessed is God in all His gifts. 4 voc. cd, td, te, bd, be.

2. Give laud unto the Lord. md. mc. ed. td. te. bd. be.

3. This is My commandment, ed, td, te. bd. be.

^Utia, Hbjtbt.

SBRVICBS.

1. Preces and Pialms, East, day eyensong. mc cd. bd. be.

* Choral Resp. toI. ii. Preces onl^.

2. Kyrie and Creed, with Gloria tibi, in F maj. mc cd. bd. be

In c the Gloria tibi is called by mistake, Gloria ta exeelsis.

ANTHBMS.

Lord, What is man 7 Signed H. P. md. mc. cd. td. tc. bd. be.

ULBT, OsBBRT. [Id Sir F. A. G. Ouseley*8 MS. mentioned below,
here is a note in the handwriting of Mr. Gwilt, the celebrated ar-
Utect, stating that this senrice was composed in 1549 ; and attri-
Qting the mention of Parsley to Morley, which the compiler haa
oC been able to verify.]

TeD. andBen**./a/. inF. md. mc. cd. td, bd. MS. belonging to the
Re?. Sir Frederick A. G. Ouseley, Bart.

•om, RoBBST. [Organist of Westminster Abbey : died in 1569.
■Bed Mir. Pmnme afBtntm'. in aul.]

*

S44 Mr. JebVs Catalogue of Ancient Choir-boob

BBRVICBB.

1. Semoe in D major. Te D. Ben**. Kyr. Creed. Magn. ]
Not that which it in Barn, in F. S. John'a, Ozf. haa a

2u. the same? Batt. haa a aenrice, Yen. Te D. Ben
Ireed. Magp. and Nunc D. tn medio chori.

2. Flat Serrice. Te D. Ben. tc. be.
' Not in Bam.

i ANTHBM8.

1. O bone Jbsu. (These are the Anthems for the scTen da]
Chrtstmaa, commonly called the seTcn Os.) md. me. it

2. Collect for the Quire, tc. be,
*' Ever-Blessed Lord, Which hast chosen us among so

sing Thy praises in the Sanctuary ; grant that with diligc
rcTcrence we may attend our calling, and that the prayers vi
daily made in Thy Name may come up into Thy P'resenc
blessing may fall upon the present necessities of us all, to t
of Thy noly Name, and for the benefit of our souls ; throug
Christ our Lord. Amen."

Patrick, Nathaniel. [So called in this collection, but Amoh
nates him Richard, mentioning that he was Organist of West
Abbey, and that the name of Richard Patrick appears in th<
books for the first time in the year 1616 among the singing
that Church, and continues there till 1624.]

Service in G mi. Te D. Ben. Magn. Nunc Dim.
Tudw. (qy.? Arnold.)

PiABSoir, Person, or Pxbrson, Martin. [Mus. B. Oxon
Master of the Choristers at S. Paul's : died in 1650.]

ANTHEMS.

1. Bow down Thine ear. mc. cd. bd. be.

2. Blow up the trumpet, mc cd. bd. be.

PoRTMAN, Richard. [Called William by Tudway. Orgi
Westminster Abbey 1638-^2.]

Service in G major. Yen. Te D. Ben"*. Kyr. Cr. Magn.
md. mc. cd. td. tc. bd. be. In md. the Venite is en
assigned to Wilson^ by a later hand, and in td. by an o^
be. is signed Richard Porman. Tudw. Lamb. S.
Ozf., short service.

ANTHEMS.

1. Lord, who shall dwell, be. md. me. cd. td. tc. bd. be.
Batt. Lamb.

2. O Goo, my heart is ready, md. mc. cd. td. te. bd. be.

Ramsey, Robert. [Mus. B. Camb., of Trin. Coll. as app
these books. Tudway says that William Ramsey was Org
Trin. Coll. Camb. in 1639, probably a mistake for Robert, as '
is not always correct in his names. Some of his compositi
among the MSS. of the British Museum.]

SERVICES.

1. Service in D mi. Te De. Jub. Kyr. Gloria tibi. Creed. II
Dim. Litany^ 4 parts, mc cd. bd. be. The Lttany
mc. and be. mc. and be. have his signature.

/

Mi 8. Peter^i College, Cambridge. 246

Tndw. no litany, there oelled Jcim Ramsey. . .* Chor. Reap. vol. iL

litaDV ODly.
^^ The Litany in cd. fol. 167, is erraneoosly assigned to Ramsey.

It is Looaemore's.
3. Latin Litany in G mi. md. me. ed. td. te. bd. be. Signed with

author's autograph.
* Cho. Reap. voL ii.

3. Latin Te D. and Jub. in F ma. md me, ed. td. te, bd be. Signed.

Jub. has CoU, Trin, after his name.

4. Another Latin Te D. and Jyb. in F ma. md me. ed td te. bd, be.

Signed.

ANTHBM8.

1. CoUect for Trinity Snnday. me. td. bd. be. Signed.

2. CoUect for the Purifieation. mc. ed. to. bd, be. In thia Index, ct

assiffned to New Year's Day, by mistake,
d. Collect for Christmas, cd. md ba,
4, Collect for Easter Day. 5 toc mc. (2 copies) bd.
b. Collect for Whitsunday, mc. cd. bd. be. te, bd. Signed.

6. Collect for Ascension Day. mc. cd. (3 copies) bd. be.

7. I heard a Toice from heayen. mc.

8. My song shall be alway. cd. bd. be

9. Collect for All Saints' Day. mc cd. bd. be. be.

10. O Sapientia. 5 yoc bd. md (2 copies) mc, ed. td te, be,

11. Collect for the Annunciation, oc. td

UPHXID, John. [Mob. D. Oxon. 1554. Oentl. Ch. Royal in the
tine of Edw. VI.]

I S^^ yoii A i^w commandment ed td bd
♦Day.

nra, Edward. [Organist of Durham, 1609-11.]

8BBVICB8.

1. Pkeeea, and Mond/s Psalms for Asc. Day at Matt. me. cd. bd. be

Dnrh. the preces only, which are those still used on Sundays at
Durham. * Chor. Resp. yoL i. Preces only.

2. Preces and Paalm for All Samts* Day. The Preces as before*

AlfTHBM.

0 pndae Goo in Bn holinesiu mc. od. bd. be. te. (?) M. (T)
Batt

on, Jomr.

Te D. and Ben. in G min. mc cd. bd. be. Signaturct perhaps au-
tograph.

tn, SxiTBB, or Smtthb, William. [^Clericue. Organist of Dar-
kan 158S-08, na nppeara by the Durham books.]

1. Preeea and Psalms, Christmas Day at Matins, mc. cd. bd. be. MD.

Dmfaam, with same title. * Chor. Resp. yol. L Preces only.

2. Preeea and Ptalms, Christmas Day at Eyensong. The preces the

same aa befbre. me. cd. bd. be.
8. Piraeea and Pialma» Easter Day at Matins. The same preces. mc.

td* bd. be.
4. PinhB lor Whitaoadi^. me.

246 Mr. JeW% Catalogue of Ancient Chohr-booh

5. Prec and Pa. for Whitsunday at Matini. cd. bd. be.

6. Psalms Easter D. at Evensong, bd.

7* Preces and Answers. md» mc. ctL tcL tc. bd. be. MD.
The Preces are the same as in No. 1. The Responses. are
still used on Sundays at Durham ; but the inner parts di

* Chor. Resp. toI. L, 4 parts as used at Durham. * Chor.

Tol. u,, in six parts, i.e. including the inner parts both o
ham and of this collection.

ANTHBM8.

1. If the Lord Himself, mc. cA, bd. be.

2. I will wash my hands, mc. cd. bd. be. (Qu. 7 which of the S;

Stbvxnson, Robxbt. [Mii8. B. Oxon. 1587. Mus. D. Oxon., 1
Anth. When the Lord turned, mc. cd. bd. be.

Stonard, William. [Mus. B. Oxoq. 1608. Org. Chr. Ch. O:

ANTHB1I8.

1. Hear, O My people, md. mc, id, ic* bd, be.

2. Sing unto God. [Galled in the Index to most of the parts,

praises.'] md. id. te. bd. be.
Batt

3. When the sorrows of helL md, bd. be,
Batt. anonymous.

Strogbrs, Nicholas. [Lived in the time of K. James I.]

sbrvicb.

Venite. Te D. Ben. Kyr. Creed. Magn. Nunc D. mc cd. 1
mc. te. (2 copies) be. The mc. has Kyrie and Creed
tc. has no Venite, and is signed Nicholas Stro^ers.

* Bam. Lamb. S. John's, Oxf.

ANTHEMS.

1. O God, be merciful unto us. mc. cd. bd. be.

2. Domine, non est exaltatum. md, mc. id. bd. Signed N\

Strogers,

Tallis, Thomas. [The celebrated composer, Oentleman of the (
to K. Hy. VIII.. K. £dw. VI., Q. Mary, and Q. Eliz. Organ
Queen Eliz.: died 1585.]

1. Preces and Response, mc. cd. bd. be.

* Bam. Preces the same, but responses differ... Chr. C

sponses nearly the same. * Chor. Resp. vol. i. from Ct
copy, wanting upper part. ^ Chor. Resp. vol. ii., fron
Ch. and this collection, all the parts. Lamb. S. John*i
and Psalms.

2. Preces and Responses, mc. cd. td. bd. be. The preces diifb

all others. Responses nearly coincide with Boyce and B
^ Boyce. (Resp. only.) * Bam. (Resp. only.) ^ Chor.
vol. ii. (Preces only.)

3. Litany, md. cd. (two parts ; one is the na^M^ part or Min

suffrages.) td, bd, MD. Differs from his ordinary Lit.
harmonies and in hanng a transient modulation into A n
Chr. Ch. not exactly the same. ^ Chor. Resp. voL i. (the '
Ch. copy.)

* Chor. Resp. toI. ii. The above copy.

ai S. Peier^s College, Cambridge. 247

4. The celebrated aervice. Vetiite, Te D. Ben. Ky. Creed, Magn.

Nunc D. md, me, (2 copies, one of which has not the Venite)
ed. td, hd, be, (2 copies, one of which has not the Venite.)

* Btrn. has Venite. ^ Boyce has not the Venite. Lamb, has

the Venite. Tudw. (qu. 7 Venite.) S. John's, Oxf., short
service.

5. Kyrie as in No. 4. md. cd, td. MD,

6. Suictus and Gloria, belongs to the above service, md* mc, cd, td,

tc, bd, be,

* Bam. Boyce. (Qu.? Tud. Lamb, and S. John's.)

ANTHBM8.

1. Arise, O Lord, md, cd, id.

2. De Lament. Jeremis. md, td, bd. Evidently for the unreformed

service. The title of the Lesson is set to music, as in the
breviaries. It is in very old writing, apparently of Tallis's
younger days. The second leaf is misplaced before the other.
Brit. Mus. Add. MSS., 5058. Music Cat. No. 178.

3. Discomfit them. md. (2 copies) mc, cd, (2 copies) td, (2 copies) tc,

bd. be. (2 copies).
Tudw. Brit. Mus. Add. MSS. 5058. Music Cat. No. 178. The
Editor's note is worth transcribing. " This Anthem, although
it could not have been composed by Tallis on the subject of the
Spanish Armada in 1588, be having died in 1585, might have
been adapted to English words for that occasion. The whole
of the preceding Anthems hy Tallis, and probably this one,
were originally written in Latm."

4. Hear the voice and prayer, bd. be.

* Day. ♦ Arnold.

5. O God, be merciful, md. td. bd.

6. Verily, verily, I say unto you, Except ye eat the flesh, &c. mc.

cd. bd.

^A^UTBR,. JoHK. [Lived iQ the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
Mentioned by Morley. Compoaitiona of hie are in the Music School,
Oxford.]

1. Latin Gloria in Exc. Creed. Sanctus, and Agnus Dei. in G mi., for

the unreformed service, td. tc. bd. At the end of td. FhUs of
Taverner for UU. men and a child. In a very old hand. All
the parts are in the Latin part-books at Peterhouse. See the
Index to them.

2. Gloria in Exc. Creed. Sanctus, Agnus. Latin, (qu ?) td.

^omm, Thomab. [Mus. B. Oxon. 1607. Oentl. C. Royal. Or-
limit of Worcester.]

BBRVICBS.

1. Preoei and Responses, mc. be. md. cd. td, bd, be. MD.

The precea resemble those in his Mus, Deo Sacr,, but the Re-
sponses are not there.

* Tomk. (Precea only : not quite the same.)

^ Cher. R«fl9., vol. 1. Preces from the Mm. Deo 8aer. Vol. ii.
Pree. and Reap, firom the above MSS. S. John's Oxf., Preces
and Psalms.
S. Short Venite m C dmj. me. cd. bd. be.

* ToBBk.

248 Mr. JebVg Catalogue of Ancient Choir-boob

3. Serrice in C maj. Te D. B"V Kyr. Cr. Magn. N. Dim. mc bd.

be. wki. (impmeet).

* Tomk...* Warren's edition of Boyoe. * Onseley'i lemeei.

Lamb. S. John's, Oz. [Batten has a Qreai Service (T. D. and
Jub.), and 2 Evening Senrices.]

4. Kyrie, as in 3. md. cd. id, bd.

5. Litany mc?. (2 parts separate) me. e<2. f (2. ^c. M. e(2. is ealled MoUe*!

in the Index, by mistake; and id. is called Tallis's. fo. ii the
nngvag^ or Minister's part, erroneously giren to MoUe.

* Chor. Reip., toL ii.

6. Ck>mmon Litany, md. mc. cd. id. bd. be. MD. The tenor ii the

ordinary Litany.

* Chor. Resp. toI. ii.

4NTHKlf8.

1. Behold, the hour comcth. cd. id. bd. be.

* Tomk.

2. Blessed be the Lord God. mo. cd. bd. be.

* Tomk. . . Batten. . . Lamb, no name.

3. Give sentence, mc. cd. bd. be.

* Tomk. . . Batten (2 basses).

4. Ck>llect for Whitsunday, md. mc. cd. td. te. bd. be. Signed in nd.

* Tomk. . . Batt. . . Lamb.

5. Jk8U8 came : for S. Thomas's Day. be. md. mc. cd. td. to. be.

* Tomk. . . Batt.

6. My Belored spake, md. mc. cd. td. te. bd. be.

* Tomk. Batt. Heref. md. 1 cd. 2 cd. 1 oe. 2cc. td. te. be.

7. Anthem for All Saints' Day. mc cd. bd. bd.

* Tomk. . . Batt

8. O Lord, I hare loved, mo. cd. bd. be. mo. and be. signed.

* Tomk.

9. O pray for the peace, mc. cd. bd. be.

* Tomk. Batt.

10. Sing unto God. md. mo. cd. td. te. bd. be.

* TV^mk. Batt.

n. Thon art my King. mc. cd. be. te. be.

* Tomk. . . Batt. Heref. md. 1 cd. td. tc. Lichf. td. te. bd. he

Lamb.
12. Turn unto the Lord. md. cd. td. tc. bd. be.
Batt. qu. 7

Ttr. Chbi0tophbr. [Mob. Brc. Cantabr. 1536. Mua. D. Cantifar*

1545. Organistto Q. Eliz., 1545.]

Mani. and N. D. in G mi. mc. md. mc. cd. tc. bd. be.
Tudw. • Rimb. Scrv.

ANTHBMS.

1. Miserere mei Dens, Ps. 67. td. bd. be. be. begins at Et «■*•

alarum. Brit. Mus. Add. MSS. 5059. Musie Gat. 179.

2. Praise the LorDi ye children, mc. bd. be.

Ward. Johw. [Lived in the early part of the acTcntecnth ccnttfT'
Called a Gentiil Man, in Batten's Orpn Book. A oelebnted writer
of Madrigals, which have been published.]

ANTHRM8.

1. I heard the voice of a mat mnltitada. md. ed, td.Ui.hd.be* **
begins HdUekfjahf Salvatum,

^ 8. Peer's Colkge, Cambridge. 240

2. Let God aiue. me. cd. bd. be.
* Bun. Batten, for 2 basiet.

ucK. [Probably Thomas Warwick, Organist of the Chapel
fdi aod Westm. Abb. in the time of Charles I. (Hawhna) .']

Anthem. O God of my salyation. md. mc, cd. td. tc. bd. be. The
part in me. is really a cootra tenor : that in be. it the m.

JEKs, or WiLKBs. Thomas. [Mus. B. Ozon. 1603. Org. of
nchester in 1697. Wood queries whether William Weelkes,
s. B. Ozon. 1602, is not meant for the same person.]

SRBVICRS.

1. Magn. N. Dim. in A. mi. mc. cd. (2 parts, which diflfier) bd. be.

tnc. tc. bd,
Batt., fire parts.

2. Kagn. N. D. in C major, 7 parts, mc. cd. (2 parts, which differ)

Batt. with verses : has 3 others, Magn. and N. D. in medio chori.

ANTHSM.

0 how amiable, cd. bd.
n, Matthsw. [Mns. D. Ozon. 1629.]

ANTHBMS.

1. Behold now, praise the Lord. mc. cd. bd. be. mc.

2. 0 how glorious art Thou. md. mc. td. tc. bd. be.

3. 0 praise God in His holiness, mc. cd. bd. be. md.
Tudw...Lichf. td. tc.

(ursoH, Thomas,
Two Kyries. be.

ANTHRMS.

1. Behold, O Lord. cd. bd. be.

2. Blessed, O Lord. md.

3. Hear my prayer, O Lord. me. cd. be. bd. the. td. tc. mc. and

tc. hegm at Hold not Thy peace.
Tudw. Batt. Lichf. cc. both t. bd.

4. Help, Lord. me. cd. bd.

5. Lord, I am not high-minded, md. Perhaps Hutchinson's : be-

gins fVJdch are too high for me.

6. 0 Lord God of my salvation, cd. bd. be.
Todw.

ov, Thomas. [Called (in be.) Organista Petrensis, that is, of
ohoase ; lived in the seventeenth century.]

SRRVIORS.

1. liagn. N. Dim. md. mc. cd. td, tc. bd. be. Signed, probably au-

tograph.

2. Magn. N. Dim. in C ma. mc. cd. bd. be. Signed.

3. Venite in C major. Composed in 1636, ten. dec. Signed : erro-

neoQslymawedaROfi.m some parts by a later hand. TN.B. med.
dee. fol. Q. 6. and ten. can. fol. P. 4. erroneously assign a
Yenite of Portman's to Wilson. See ante.]

4. SaaelM. me. ed. bd. be.

k XZ. KM

250 Mr. JebVs Catalogue of Ancient Chotr-booh

5. Latin Kyrie and Creed in F ma. md. (2 copiet) me. td. td. tc. hi.

be. Signed.

6. Kyrie. bd.

7' Christ Rising. Easter Anthem, md. me. cd. tc. bd. be. 8igned.

ANTHRM.

1. Collect for the Circumcision, me. td. bd. be.

2. Behold, how good and joyful, me. td. te. bd. be.

3. Behold now, praise the Lord. me. ed, td. te. bd. be.

4. Blessed is the man that fesreth. me. ed. te. be. Signed.

5. Lord, Thou art become gracious. Ps. for Ckr. Day. md. me. td.

tc. bd, (2 copies.) Signed.

6. Collect for S. John Evang. Day. me. ed. td. te. be. Signed.

7. Prevent us, O Lord. ma. me. ed. td. bd. be. Signed.

8. Thy mercy, O Lord. bd. be.

9. Turn Thy face from my sins. bd. be. Signed.

Woodson, Leonard. [Organist of Eton, and of the Choir of Windsor,
before the Rebellion, as appears by Batten's Organ Book.]

Anth. Give the King Thy judgments, mc. cd. be. (2 copies), bd.
One of the bd. copies is singing part, i.e., the voice. Batt.

Anonymous Sbrvicbs.

1. Score of a Chant, cd. 2 copies td. te. bd. be.

2. Six Psalm Chants, mc. (only 5 chants) cd. 6 chants.

In mc. are the mean and tenor piarts ; in cc^. are the ooaDtff
tenor and tenor ; no bass extant. Apparently in a more moden
hand than the rest of the work. The medius and tenor are wiittfli
in counterpoint.

Only No. 5 appears to be extant in other collections. No. 2e.
has the cadence of tone 8 in tenor. No. 5 has 2nd tone in teaff*
No. 6, which has only counter tenor and tenor in second set, hn
no apparent connection with any tone.

3. Lincoln tune. md. me. cd. td. tc. bd. be. Unlike any chant ezttft'

Appropriated to Nunc Dim. in me. and bd. in the others to Mig*'
• Chor. Resp. Vol. ii.

4. Apparently a Psalm tune. Med. and bass. me.
6. Benedicite. Latin, me. cd. bd. be.

6. Benedicite. Latin, md. me. ed. td. In the same handwriting v

Laudate Dominum, mc. ; to be noticed under the head of snoiy'
mons anthems.

7. Kyrie after Commandments. 1 flat. md.

8. Magn. N. Dim. td. te.

9. Nunc D. fragm. me.
10. Gloria Patri. fragm. cd.

Anonymous Anthems.

1. Ad te levavi. td. te. bd. bc.—td. has words only.

2. Adesto nunc propitius. md. me. bd. . .

3. Aspice Domine. 8 voc. med. is called triplex, md. mc. td, {^et^f

tc. bd. (2 copies) be.

[Are these two compositions? or is either the same as a Bof^
Domine in Mus. Cat. Brit. Mus. 178 or in 179, by Phillips f]

4. Audite verbum Domini. Words only. bd.

0. Cantemus Yirgini. md. mc. (2 copies) td. bd.

6. Cceli enarrant. bd.

7. Estote fortes in hello, td. bd. be. Ten. has title only.

.J

at 8. Peier^s College, Cambridge. 261

8. Benedietiu e« Domioe. td, bd. be, — bd. ami be. have words only.

9. GandeMDiM omnea. 8 voc. bd. qu. ? Bird, Add. MSS. Brit. llut.

5058. Miu. Cat. No. 178.

10. Hear my prayer, O Lord. Ps. 143^ for a bass. me. cd. bd. be.

11. In manot tuaa. 5 parts. 2 trebles, md. me. id. bd.

12. Laudate Dominum in Sanctis, bd.

13. Laudate Dominum omnes eentes. mc, [2 parts, separate] ed. td. bd.

One of the mc. [fol. iSj signed BAchard, the rest cut off. [Qu.
Is this a Laudate Domine in Brit. Mus. Catal.» No. 178?]

14. Let Thy merciful ears, te, bd.

15. O Jerunlem* Jerusalem, me. cd. bd. mc. begins, Behold your house.

16. Omnes gentes plaudite. td. bd. be.

17. Quia disperiit. No words, md. mc.

18. Tliis is the day which the Lord hath made. cd. td. tc. bd. be.

19. Tu Lux pulchra. mc.

20. A bass passage. No words, be.

No. II.

Index to Motets and Masses, and other Services belonging to the time
ut before the Reformation, contained in part-books in the Library of
?eterhouse, Cambridge,

rhis collection is very fairly and legibly written, on good paper, in
r Tolumes, small folio. Triplex, Contra Tenor, and Bassus, are written
tfte parchment covera of three. The cover of the Medius, or more
>perly the Tenor, is torn off. The Triplex is written for the most part
the Treble cliff, but occasionally in one of the four C cliffs; The
Bticm of the C varies often, in the signature of the Medius and Contra
nor books, as in ancient Church Music. The notation is very clear,
' notes lozenge-shaped, and intermixed not unfrequently with the an-
Qt ligatures. A bcMiutifully written, though not complete. Index pre-
h each volume, except the Triplex, which also wants twelve leaves,
1 cads at folio 106. The collection consists of Masses, Magnificats,
vins, and Motetts. The Hymns are chiefly addressed to the Virgin
vy ; a striking evidence of the need of Reformation at that time.
t Magnificats are analogous to our Services, and always begin upon
) voids, Et exultavit Spiritus, indicating that the first hemistich was
Qoed by the Cantor ; a custom observable in some of the old re-
Bed Services ; as in Whitbroke's Service, in Day's Collection.
Piom the fresh appearance of the pages it may be inferred that these
h were but little used ; having probably been written but a short
e before the Reformation.

^a the following Index it is to be understood that all the four parts
^ composition are extant, unless when noticed to the contrary.

Kv» William.

Gaode Viigo Mater Christi.

1. Magniftfat.

2. A Mass, (without a name, but probably Appleby's, as it follows his

Magnilleat.)

262 Mr. Jebb's Catalogue of Ancient Choir J>ook$

AsTow or Atstok, Hugh. [Organist to K. Hy. VIII. Some ^
of his are in the Music School, Oxford ; and in the MSS. Brit.
Nos. 26 and 100.]

1. Atc Maria dive matris. [2 copies of the hass.]

2. Missa Te Deum.

3. Are Maria Ancilla. Triplex and bassos wanting. \ j^^ ^ j^^

i S*5^^^i^ 5?^- ™E^'''' '^^' contia te

6. O Baptists. Tnplex wantug. ;

B&AMSTON. [Mentioned by Morley.]
Marue Yirgini.

Catcott.

Trinum regnum.

Chambrblatnx, Arthur.
Ave gratia plena.

Dark, John.

Magnificat.

Edwards. [Richard Edwards, probably a relation, was master oi
children in Qaeen Elizabeth's Chapel, and died in 1596.]

Terrenum sitiens regnum.

Er£ll, or Erlxy, Walt£r.

Ave Tulnus. Triplex and medius are wanting.

Fatrbfax, Robert. [Mus. D. Cantab, in 1 504. Mentioned by
ley. Organist of S. Alban's. Some of his compositions are i
Music School at Oxford, and in MSS. in the Brit. Mus.]

1. O Maria Deo grata. Triplex is wanting.

2. Maria plena virtute. Triplex ii wanting.

3. Ave Dei Patris filium.

4. Missa: rTecum principium.]

5. Missa : 'O quam glorifica.]

6. Missa: 'Albanui.J Brit. Mus. Harl. MSS. II, 586. M«

No. 226.

7. EtemK Laudis lilium.

8. Magnificat.

9. Lauda virum Alpha. Brit. Mui. Harl. MSS. 1709. Moi

No. 62.
10. Missa.

Hunt, R.

1. Stabat mater. Triplex is wanting.

2. Are Maria mater.

JoNTs, RoBRRT. [Mentioned by Morley. Some compositions <
in Royal MSS. Brit. Mus. Mus. Cat. No. 28.]

1. Missa. [8pes nostra.]

2. Magnificat.

at 8. Peter's College, Cambridge. 268

Ail, William. [Works in the Music School at Oxford.]
[Chriite Jesu.]

riSHT, Thomas.

Misia : [Lihen not.]

BFOBD, Nicholas. [Mentioned by Morley. Some compositions of
hii in British Mus. MSS. Mas. Cat. No. 62.]

1. Salve Renna. WanU triplex. Brit. Mas. Mus. Cat. No. 62, has

two of this title.

2. Mitsa. Wants bastus.

3. Domine Jesu Christe.

4. Ave cujus Conceptio.

5. Ave Maria anciUa.

6. Missa rinclina Domine.]

7. Miisa [Return MundiJ imperfect.

pvs Italus. [Probably related to Thomas Lupo, one of the Court
Musicians to K. James I. and K. Charles I. Tliere were many of
he name of Lupo or Lupi in the sixteenth century ; but none Ita-
isns, with perhaps the exception of Joseph Lupi, of whom there is
composition in the British Museum. (Mus. Cat. No. 25.) The
thers were Edward Lupi, a Portuguese, author of Masses, published
t Antwerp in 1621 ; Didier Lupi, a Frenchman, author of Chansons
^phituels, in 1548 (Burney) ; and Lupus Lupi, a Netherlander, in
be time of the Emperor Charles V. (Bumey.) There was also a
ohannes Lupus, of Antwerp, mentioned in a MS. Cat. of the Abbate
isntini, various works of whom were published at Venice^ &c.,
538—1544.]

1. Aspioe Domine.
2.. Mitsa.

ITTH, Edward.

2. Totitts mundi Domine. Triplex and medius wanting.

soH, JoBH, Cicestriensis. [Sir John Mason is mentioned by Mor-
ey. Mus. B. Oxon. 1608.]

1. O Rex gloriose. Triplex is wanting.

2. Are Maria fait. Triplex is wanting.

3. Ne nobis miseris.

4. Qnales sumus.

IBBCKB [John. Mus. D. Oxon. 1560. Organist of Windsor.]
Ave Dei Patris Filia.

iMAK [JoHir. Some of his compositions are in the Music School
t Oxford.]

Eoge dieta. Triplex is wanting.
■nsmoKx [Jamxs. A secular Chaplain. Mus. B. Oxon. 1531.]

254 Mr, JebVs Catalogue of Ancient Chotr-boob.

Pashb or Patshb. [Mentioned by Morley.]

1. Sancta Maria Mater.

2. Magnificat.

3. Magnificat. [Two copies of triplex and bassus.]

PiooTT, Richard. [Mentioned by Morley. Some of his compofiitkn
are in the Music School at Oxford.]

1. Salve Regina. Triplex is wantine.

2. Missa [Yeni Sanete Spiritus.l "^plex is wanting.

3. Yidi aouam egredientem. [Without author^s name, but probilil

by Pigott, as it follows a composition of his.]

Stubmbs, Hugh.

Exultet in h&c die.

Talts, Thomas. [The celebrated musician.]

1. Salve intemerata.

2. Missa. [Salve intemerata.]

3. Ave Rosa sine spinis. The triplex is wanting.

4. Salve Annae muiieris Sanctissime. No part extant but the triple]

Does this belong to the preceding?

Tatbrnob or Tavbbkbb, John. [See Index No. I.]

1. Sanete Deus. Triplex and bassus are wanting.

2. Ave Dei Patris.

3. Missa. [Tavemor.]

4. Missa. [Mater ChrisU.]

5. Mater Christi Sanctissima.

6. O Christe Jesu.
7* Gaude plurimum.

8. Missa. [Small devotion. Query, In all devotion.]

9. Magnificat.

10. Fac nobis Dominum secundum. Triplex is wanting.

11. Sub tnnm prsesidium. Triplex is wanting.

Ttb, Db. Christophbb. [See Index No. I.]
Missa.

Whitbbokb. [A Service by one of this name in Day.]
Sanete Deus.

Anonymous.

Te matrem. [Triplex only extant. The leaves are stuck togBther^ ti
consequently very little is legible.]

255

SEQUENTIiE INEDITiE.— No. XIX.

owing sequences are from a MS. Missal belonging to the
House of N. D. de la CoUture (B. V.M.de Culturd Dei)
It is an admirably written folio of the fourteenth century,
nred in the public library, now in the desecrated convent
f. The sequence on S. Qermanus stands in the very first
itoral Proses.

XC. Db S. Gbrmano.

dt triumphalis,
anOsagonaU.
o tjpatio,
mi^decoratur,
dam praestolatar
una cum gaudio.

nis Uberatmr
iito eoronatur
diademate;
ptUB quod qiuerebat
dt quod Ti&bat
in enigmate.

ins diem ittam
Qum agonistam
snt Dominnt :
t in agone ;
)ris» sed cotonte,
lent terminus.

labor, [et] certamen
nnt : sed solamen,
liesy ted pivmia
le a te, Jesu Christe,
MiF agonittiB;
srunt netcia.

lit^ O Germane,

um illud mane

non habet yesperum :

Cessat lucta, cessai loctua ;
Et ad urbem es prodoctus
In qui nil eat nuaerum.

In hae valle lacrymarum,
In hoc loco tenebrarum,

In h&c aolitudine,
Suapirabaa et plorabaa,
Et ad lucem aapirabaa

Quee caret caligine.

Inveniati fidum ducem
Qui te dnzit ad hanc lucem,

Dei Patria Unicum :
Qui de pugnA redituro»
Et ad Begnum profecturo

Tibi dat yiaticum.

Gaude, Pater, et exnlta,
Quia mercea tua multa,

Quia multa gloria;
Coelnm tibi reaeratur;
Te recepto ^loriatur

Tota coeh curia.

Inter cceli aenatorea
Collocaria, ut exorea

Chriatum, vivum Judicem :
Proni tibi aupplicamua,
Ne noatrarum aentiamus

Hie culparum yindicem.

Ameo.

In Fbsto S. Gbmdulphi, (d. ziiL mena. Nofembria.)

Die aacro rcToIuto
Quo de Vie volat Into
Viator ad Patriam.

gno Sacerdoti
Ofdia et deroti
lemna hoatiam ;

frtma of the paraUa ia taken by the poet in a acnaa diAsrent from
Mied to It by meduBTal writera. TSbay aee in it man'a reatoration to
Maseei Ae nnderatanda it of the reat of Paradiae ; thefirat, that ia the
if Usaaedneas, hi oontradiatlnotlon to the perfeot eonaifnanatimi and
Mdy and ssal, of heaven.

256

Sequeniue Inedita,

SenruB pradeos in talentis,
Miles fortis in tormentis,

Puro gaudet pnemio :
Serri Patris patrem* laudent
Qui patroni tanto gaudeot

L«ti patrocinio.

Felix Pater Gendulphi genitot
In Adi& fcecundi coelitua

Semen vit® leminat :
Marcent clau8« matris artus ;
Quam recludent florent partus

Florem sacrum germinat

Florem fons baptismatis,
Ros ngat karismatis,

Sub Sixto Pootifice :
Sub coelesti discipline
Dote morum et doctrin&

Dotatur mirifice.

Mtu stupet morum pignus,
Sacra sedi .... d^us
SacrsB sedis apice r

In pastorem sublimatur :
Delegatur, operatur

Salutem in gentibus ;
Christo simul operante,
£t sermonem oonfirmante

Signia consequentibus.

Arma poenitentium^
Saccum et siliceum

Flagra gerit corporis :
Pane ordeaceo,
Potn vivit amneo,

Sub deserto pectoris.

Geminatnr spes corone :
Verus Martyr in agone
Perstat ad Martyrium :

Judex SKvit ut infligat,
Fornax furit, Christus rigat,
Spondens vitse bravium.

Judex plorat, — Pastor orat,
£t torquentis in tormentis

Yits reddit filium :
Judex credit, — Pastor cedit,—
GeUam ponit, et disponit

Suum domicilium.

Dum disponit officinam
Hostis armat" spem Tulpinam
.... saevit in gallinam

Animal perfidie :
Pater Tulpi comminatur,
£t gallina reportatur :
Yulpes luit, — morti datur,

Ad fores ecclesisc.

Sic a Tulpi spiritali,
More vagos bestiali
Suos solvat, et penali

Camis k conta^o :
Figuratur in gallinft
Vaga caro incentiva,
Quam seducit fraus yulpina

Cum Tadllat ratio.

Ergo tui custos horti,
Qui gallinam datam morti
Yits reddis manufoiti/
Sic nos rege, quod in grege

Nil possit vulpecula.
Esto pnesens, O PatronCt
Desolatis in agone :
Esto noster intercessor,
Yere Martyr et Confessor,

Per etema secula. Amen.

' The poet is imitating— and not withont awkwardness — Adam of S. Yiclor^^

Servi emeu cmoem laadent.
Qui per cmcem sibi gandent
Yit« dari monera.

' The latter half of tills apparently oormpt verse Is wanting.
' To amend both metre and sense, I would rather propose —

Dnm disponit officinam
Hostis speciem Tulpinam
Armat ; — ueswit in gallinam, &c.,

Le., tiie Enemy prmares a Tulphie phantasm to terriff the Samt. '

^ If the passage be not oormpt, me sense most be—*' Thou who dost nstoit*
Bonl thit was dead "— L e. the sinner — " to its tme life, namely, the Loan." f*
mifitrHi, as every one knows, is constantiy osed by medteval writers as syiMSM**'
with Darid, and is hence applied to the Tine Dsrid, Chbist.

257

MEMORIAL OF DEAN PEACOCK.

A nmiio memorial to the great Dean of Ely has been found in the
restoration and completion of the central lantern of the church he
loYed 80 wiselj and so well. His friends and the dignitaries of the
chTirch, headed by his successor, form the committee to carry it out»
while of conrae the design is in Mr. Scott*s hands. The subscrip-
tions hare already begun to come in. but for so great a work a con-
udenble sum is needed. We shall hereafter recur to it in detail, but
we cuQot let this number pass away without an announcement of the
fact.

THE ASHBOURNE CHOIR-MEETING.

In our number for December, last year, we gave an account of a meet-
ing of parish choirs belonging to the diocese of Lichfield in the church
of S. Oswald. Ashbourne. The meeting of the same choirs for the
eminent year took place on Thursday, the 7th of July. The music was
^ follows : — ^Moming Prayer, Responses, Tallis ; (sung from the cheap»
^Qt moorrect edition pubUshed by the Cheadle Association ;) Venite,
Pvrant's single chant in F ; PssJms, 5th tone, 1st ending, and 8th
^e, ht ending ; Te Deum and Benedictus, Gibbons in F ; Anthem,
*' Bow Thine ear,'* by Byrd ; no Introit, but an Organ Voluntary in its
P^ : the music of the Communion Service was entirely from Mar-
°^ as given in Helmore^s Brief Directory ; two verses of the 149th
'Wq, in Brady and Tate's Version, with Gloria Patri, were sung to
the omal tune between the Nicene Creed and the sermon. The exe-
^^n of the music was good upon the whole, being best in the Anthem
^ the Communion Service : the defects in the chanting of the Psalms
^^ SQch as might be expected, considering that the choirs had not
'^'^cdsed together, and that there was no conductor. The same re-
^^*k may be applied, though in a lower degree, to the Canticles ; and
^'^ was some want of steadiness in time on the part of the young
^'Kamsty who in other respects played admirably. There would have
j^n litde more to wish for in the celebration of the Holy Communion,
^t for the priest's part being said throughout in an unmusical manner,
^^ for some irregularities of ritualism. The organ was played softly
^I^Hng the delivery of the elements ; and we are glad to be able to say
^^ no one remmned sittine, at least in the chanoel, while this took

In the afkemoon service greater concession was made to the dege-
^l^ate taste in Chorch-mnsic, which is now happily on the wane. The
rj^^lma were song to a double chant in F by E^. Elvey, (not, indeed, a
2^ OM of tia ktndO the Magmfie&t and Ntm^ DimUtis to Nares' Verse
^^vviee in F. The Anthem was Croft's *' God is gone up." The
* >«ena " W9n not mng by aolo voices, but in semi-chorus. Still we

258 A New Church for the Scotch Kirk.

must assert that it would have been better, in every way, if a full ser-
vice had been chosen ; and with respect to the Anthem, a less showy
one, which would have been suitable for each of the choirs to sing on
ordinary Sundays, would have been far preferable. So much time need
not then have been spent in " grinding " at the festival music, and
what was so employed would be spent to better purpose. Besides,
experience shows that simple music, when sung by an assemblage of
rural choirs, is more effective than any of the opposite class. The
93rd Psalm, metrical, was sung to the tune Rockingham, Just before
the end of the service. Both this tune and the one sung in the morn-
ing sounded about as well as possible, allowing for the commonplice
harmony with which the Cheadle Association have clothed them.

NEW CHURCH FOR THE SCOTCH KIRK.

Mb. Caird's church, commonly known as the Park Church, Glasgow,
from being situated in Kelvin Park, is a remarkable structure, is
marking the progress of ecclesiastical architecture in the Scottish Pres-
byterian Establishment. It has been erected for the admirers of that
well-known royal preacher, by Mr. J. J. Rochead, of Glasgow.

We have been favoured with a view of two prettily executed dnw«
ings of the interior and exterior of this church, which enable os to
furnish the following particulars. We use east and west in the de-
scription simply in an arbitrary sense, to signify what would be eist
and west in an English church, without pretending to determine tiie
orientation.

Externally, the building presents all the essential features of i
Middle -Pointed church. A showy tower, 1 52 feet high, is attacked
to what should be the south-east angle of a church, consisting of t
nave with aisles, and a well developed chancel. The tower is reiDy
a very creditable composition, if original; with an elaborate upper
story, not we presume designed for bells, formed of double two-
light windows with somewhat exaggerated tracery. The buttresMi
decorated with niches, not intended for statues, are good, bat siff-
mounted with pinnacles of an Early English type, not in keeping with
the general architectural character of the church. The nave consisli
of five ba3rs east of the tower, with a shallow porch on the south side
in the centre bay. It is stated to be 35 feet in width, ezdnsive, we
presume, of the aisles, and the total length is 1 30 feet, but whether
this includes the sham chancel is not stated. The height of the roof
of the nave is 71 feet, and a clerestory is produced by carrying oat
gables in each bay, over the arches of the nave, the exterior tppetf-
ance of which is not amiss, although the efiect of the panelling on the
ceiling of the gables, internally, is heavy and Oppressive. But fcr this
the open wooden roof would be tolerable. The nave arches are i^^
ported by single circular shafts with heavy foliated capitala.

The drollest part of the building is the chancel : externally prcttf

Ecelesiological Society. 259

sQoughy with a Tery handsome east window of rich geometrical tracery.
Eliere is an ambiguity about its size, for while our exterior riew presents
3nly six lights, the interior view gives eight. A lean-to vestry is at-
uiched to the south side of the chancel, which last is surmounted with a
^ble cross, as is also the nave. The chancel, however, is a mere sham :
the ritual of the Scottish Kirk not allowing any legitimate use for
that essential portion of Catholic ecclesiastical edifices. The interior
treatment of it is therefore peculiar. A low chancel screen of solid
masonry isolates it completely from the church, lliis screen is re-
lieved by an arcading of trefoil arches, in the middle of which, in the
proper place for the altar, is a gigantic pulpit, fit emblem of the doc-
trine of the Church which has substituted the ordinance of preaching
for sacraments, the foolishness of man*s wisdom for Divine grace and
power. Over the screen the whole of the east window is visible
through the chancel arch, except when a vast crimson curtain hanging
over it, for all the world like the stage at a theatre, is drawn, in order
to make the chancel snug for the lay elders when assembled in pres-
bytery— for the chancel is assigned to that base use. The nave is seated
imlh open benches, like many of our modern English churches.

On the whole, then, Mr. Caird*s Park church must be taken to indi-
cate a very considerable developement of ecelesiological taste in Scot-
land, as well as some progress in ecclesiastical architecture. It is not
the fault of the architects that the theology of the Confession of West-
minster has, by evacuating the vitality of the Christian faith, at the
same time rendered correct ecclesiastical architecture an impossibility
consistently with the theory of the Scottish Establishment. And if the
public mind, consistent at least in its rigid formalism, will tolerate, as
it seems, the form without the substance, we know not that we can
blame Mr. Rochead or any other architect for attempting to produce
some picturesque eflfect at the cost of reality : for indeed unless shams
■re to be permitted in Scottish ecclesiastical architecture, the artist
most abrogate his functions. When we remember that Mr. Spur-
geon regards the noblest style of architecture that the devotion of
Western Christendom has dedicated to the service of Qob as the pure
invention of Satan, we may congratulate the architects and people of
Scotland that there is still found among them encouragement for such
eSbrti as those of Mr. Rochead, and admit that they are entitled to
more credit and sympathy in Glasgow than corresponding essays would
be in London.

ECCLESIOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

A Com MirrBB Meeting was held at Arklow House on Tuesday, June ^ 1 ,
\%5^ : present, Mr. Beresford-Hope, in the chair, Mr. France, Mr.
Oosting, the Rer. S. S. Oreatheed, Sir John E. Harington, the Rev.
T. Hehnore, the Rev. H. L. Jenner, Mr. Gambler Parry, the Rev.
J. H. Speifing. the Rev. W. Scott, and the Rev. B. Webb.
The ainntes of die> last meeting were read and confirmed.

260 Eeelemhgieal Society.

The following letter from the president was read, and taken into
consideration :

« KemerUm, Jume 20, \S59.

" My dear Mr. Webh,^In ease I should be prerented to-morrow, as I im
to-dsy, from going to town to attend the meetings of the eommittee and tlM
society, 1 send you this to request that you will communicate to the eooi-
mittee, and to the society, my resi^ation of the office of president.

" I have but one resson for this step, one with which the committee hii
been long acquainted — my unwillingness to hold in such a society an office is
which I have nothing to do, and at any rate in which 1 do nothing. Tlie
Twentieth Annivenary seems a fit oocasion for terminating a connectioB is
which, for one hdf of that period, I hare had little opportunity of beiiigof
any use.

" The pressure of my duties in this parish and diocese has fior many jm
made it impossible for me to give anjr attention to duties of inferior obligstioa ;
and it will not be Uiought strange if my sympathies and labours have bees
exerted exclusively where they Im more demands than they oould satisAT'

'' It costs me a good deal to sever this tie ; but it is time that I shoula giie
up msny, and there is none I can so properly begin with as this. There it
no Society from whose members I could so much grieve to be parted sko-
gether.

" Tours fidthfuUy and affectionately,

** Thomai Tbobp.

"TheRev. B.Webb."

The committee adopted unanimously the following resolutions, which
it was agreed to submit for adoption to the general meeting to be held
the same evening :

" Resolved, — ^The committee, having received with great regret the letter
from the Archdeacon of Bristol, resigning his office ofpresident, desires tk
secretary to communicate to him the deep tense which the committee eata**
tains of his long and earnest services in the chair of this society, as well ss of
the official and other interest which he has displayed, not only in the origiBsl
formation of the society at Cambridge, but in the general prosress of cede*
siological science ; and, by way of a very slight recognition of the late pi^
sident's services, the committee desires to recommend to the society that hi
be appointed a patron of the Ecclesiological Society."

'* Resolved, — That the committee, in recognition of the man^ aerviees is
consistently and so actirely exhibited, not only towards this society from iti
earliest days, but towards the general progress of ecclesiological seieaee^ hj
Mr. Alexander Beresford-Hope, desires to recommend to the Society the tf'
pointment of that gentleman as their president, in the room of the Aich-
deacon of Bristol ; and the committee ventures to think that the concnmMi
of the Twentieth Anniversary, and the consecration of All Saints', MaryleboMb
is a very suitable opportuni^ for recognising the sense which the sode^
entertains of Mr. Beresford-Hope's msny and loyal services to the Chnrdi or
England, and of their sympath^r with him and congratulations to him on tlo
satisfsction which he must feel m the present progress of Church arduteetnc^
to which his own labours snd liberality have so Ivgely contributed.**

The Bishop of Western New York was admitted as a patron.

The following gentlemen were elected honorary members: — Sa
Charles Barry, R.A., Herr V. Statz, of Cologne, and Charlea Kimp,
JBsq., of Sydney, W. W. B. Wynne, Eaq., M.P., the Her. F. B. Mtr*

T\oeniieik Afmwersary Meeting. 261

B.A., of Rifle Terrace, Bapwater, and R. J. Jones, Esq., of Milton
next Oraveeend, architect, were elected ordinary members, and Mr.
Wynne was added to the Committee.

The Annual Report of the Committee was considered and adopted,
tod ^tke Music Report was also agreed upon.

It was agreed to nominate the Revs. S. S. Greatheed, T. Helmore,
H. L. Jenner, J. M. Neale, W. Scott, and B. Webb for the new com-
mittee ; and W. Elliott, Esq., and A. W. Franks, Esq., for the new
toditora.

Letters were read from C. B. Allen, Esq., G. M. Hills, Esq., the
Soirey Archssological Society, J. P. St. Aubyn, Esq., the Rev. J. Jones,
R. J. Withers, Esiq., G. E. Street, Esq., and G. F. Bodley, Esq.

Mr. Slater met the committee, and exhibited his designs for a new
church at Tedworth, for the restoration of the church of Eastern
If audit, and for the re-arrangement of the choir of Chichester cathe-
draL The committee accepted the oflFer of his perspective view of the
Chichester interior for the next EccleaiohgisL

Sir John Harington exhibited the designs by Mr. Douglas for a new
church at Over, Cheshire.

Mr. Skidmore met the committee, and exhibited his amended designs
and estimates for an inexpensive iron church, worked out in concert
with the chairman and Mr. Slater.

The committee examined Mr. St. Aub3m*s designs for the restora-
tion of S. Mary, Callington, Cornwall ; Mr. Bodley's designs for the
Diocesan Training college at Ripon ; Mr. Clarke's designs for Trinity
church and schools at Bishop Stortford ; Mr. Hopkins' restoration of
Upper Sapey, Herefordshire ; Mr. Withers' restorations of S. Cynnllo,
littigoedmore, Cardiganshire, and S. John, Narraghmore, Ireland;
Mr. Tenlon's designs for the restoration of Elm, Cambridgeshire,
Newington Bagpath, Gloucestershire, and Sunbury, Middlesex; and
BIr. Street's designs for a new church at Hollington, Staffordshire, and
far ^be restoration of S. Michael Penkivel, Cornwall.

The Twentieth Anniversary Meeting was held on Tuesday evening,
Jane 31st, in the theatre of the South Kensington Museum. The
president. Archdeacon Thorp, took the chair at eight o'clock. Among
those present were — A. J. B. Beresford-Hope, Esq,, T. Gambier Parry,
Bsq., Hogh Pksmell, Esq., Rev. W. Scott, Rev. B. Webb, Rev. H. L.
Jenner, Rev. S. S. Ghreatheed, J. F. France, Esq., W. Dawson, Esq.,
Rcr. John Jebb, Rev. W. H. Lyall, G. E. Street, Esq., W. White,
Baq.» the Rev. — White, J. P. St. Aubyn, Esq., J. Clarke, Esq.,
Rev. J. F. Russell, Rev. B. Worlledge, J. S. Walker, Esq., Rev.
C. S. Caffin, W. Slater, Esq., O. Truefitt, Esq., F. Skidmore, Esq.,
H. Mathew, Beq.

The Annual Report was read, as follows, by the Rev. B. Webb.

" The eompletion of Uie twentieth year of the existence of this So-
ciety eeiaeided with the completion and consecration of that most re-
Molulilt ebsfch of inodem times, with the history of which our

262 Ecclesioloffical Society.

own history has been intimately connected, and in which the em-
bodiment and the success of our principles find their best lUuttntiQiL
If All Saints', Margaret Street, is not in all respects that 'model-
church ' which was one of our earliest anticipations, it is at letst
the nearest approach to that ideal which the ecclesiological mofenwnt
has yet produced. And while we can point to that noble and do-
numental building as being in some degree the crown and mateml
result of our labours, we feel that our twenty years of existence ut
Society have not been fruitless. What has been effected in this period
by ourselves and our fellow-workers in the cause of church aidiitec-
ture and its subsidiary arts may be measured by a comparison of this
church with any of its predecessors of a quarter of a century ago. A
success, which would once have been thought unattainable, has been
reached. What may not be hoped for, if the future progress of ncnd
art be at all commensurate with the past ?

" The year that has gone by has been marked by the loss of two of
our Episcopal Patrons ; the venerable Bishop of Bangor, and the a*
cellent Bishop of New Jersey. We have to lament also the deeeaie of
a Vice-President, the Dean of Chichester, who was for many yean i
staunch friend of the Society. The death of the Dean of £ly ms i
still more serious loss to the cause of ecclesiology. On the otjiff
hand, the Bishop of Western New York has become a patron, sad
one of our members. Archdeacon Abraham, has become a patron \ff
virtue of his consecration to the See of Wellington : and a member,
and former officer, of our Society, has succeeded to the Deanery of
Ely. A valuable addition to our committee has been made in the pe^
son of the Rev. J. H. Sperling,, well known as a practical ecclesiologiiti

" The proceedings of the Committee have been mainly confin^to
the publication of the Ecclesiologist, and to the criticism of such design
as have been laid before us. Papers and communications of gicit
value have appeared in our journal in most of the departments of labour
that fall within our province. Foreign architecture and art have bees
more copiously illustrated than usual. In particular may be noticed
the papers on Hildesheim, Oottland, Cologne, Dalmatia, and Blr*
Street's series of letters on French Ecclesiology. On home sobjecti
may be mentioned an able paper on the decoration of S. Paul's Catb^
dral, and Mr. Burges* essays on Altar-plate, and on the Iconography of
the Chapter-house of Salisbury. Mr. Street's paper on the Fotue of
Art in BngUnd, and a spirited controversy on Polychrome, mnat ili^
be specified. Among the most valuable Utnxgical contribntiona lie a
treatise on the Presence of Non-Communicants during the oelebratioa
of the Sacrament of the Altar, a reprint of the Sarum Servidom Indi*
dendorum, and a continuation of the Sequentiae IneditSB. The latter
series, which has attracted much attention among continental ritoalirtik
will be further enriched by some acquisitions lately made by ita editor
in a tour in Brittany, in aid of which research a small gimnt mi
made by the Committee. Of ecclesiastical music more will be
the Motett Report. But the deeply interesting and vftloaUe
logue of the music preserved in the Library of S. Peter's CoUege» Oia*
bridge, now in course of publication in our pages by thie lUv. Jobs

Twentieth Anniversary Meeting. 268

ebb, desenres notice here for its historical and archaeological, as well
I artistic, importance.

" The Committee has maintained friendly intercourse with the Oz-
>rd, Cambridge. £xeter, Northamptonshire, and Worcestershire Ar-
litectural Societies, with the Surrey and Leicestershire Archaeological
ocietiea, and with the Architectural Museum. To the latter body,
mjointly with the officers of the Committee of Council on Education,
« are again indebted for our place of meeting this evening. At the
ragresa of Architectural Societies held last year at Oxford, our Presi-
eot» the Archdeacon of Bristol, one of our Vice-Presidents and a
inner Secretary, Sir S. R. Gl3rnne, and a member of Committee, the
[on. F. Lygon, M.P., represented our Society. With foreign eccle-
iologiata oar intercourse has been confined to exchanges of publica-
iooa with the Dietsche Warande, the Danish Church History Society,
lie University of Christiania, and the Royal Society of Sciences of
i'roodjbem ; and we have been favoured with communications from
leiT Reichrnsperger.

*' The Colour Prize offered last year by your Committee, in connection
rith the Architectural Museum, was competed for by six artists. It
raa adjudicated unanimously to Mr. Harrison. A similar prize of five
loiinds has been offered for next year, on the same conditions. The
abject is a panel of a tomb from the church of S. Giovanni, Verona.
ynr Chairman of Committee has ofiered, in aid, a second prize of three
Nmnds to be awarded to one or more competitors.

'^ As to liturgical matters, the reprinting of the Sarum Missal, under
he editorial care of a member of our Committee, makes slow but steady
iragieaa. A project for the compilation of an Antiphonale, to comple-
Bcnt the Hymnal, has been mooted. The completion of Mr. Neale's
heap edition of the Greek Liturgies must be noticed, and the appear-
iDoe of a second part of Mr. Forbes' Ancient Gallican Liturgies. A
Ibtory of Altars, by Mr. Neale and Mr. Street, has been announced
a onr pages.

" In the department of Christian Painting, the Committee must put
»n record their high sense of the value of the precedent set by Mr.
)yoe's admirable freicoes in All Saints', Margaret Street. It was with
aoch ntisCiction also that they saw Mr. Rossetti's sketch for a proposed
riptjch for UandafF Cathedral. The Arundel Society continues with
preat raccess its most valuable labours, and has entertained the project
if pabtiahing a work on the Christian Mosaics of Rome. It is impossible
o think of the contingenciea of the war now raging in Italy without
fishing that another excellent scheme of this Society — of making ac-
tuate copies of the many frescoes still preserved in less-known
diarches — had been already carried out. Mr. Westlake's edition of a
lerica of Scriptural lilastrations from an BngHsh MS. of the Thirteenth
Centory most not be forgotten.

" Of Christian seulptnre we have still, unfortunately, little or
Bodiing to report. An alto relievo for the crypt of S. Augustine's
ChapeC Oaoterbory, designed by Mr. Burges, and executed by Mr.
Btyfleis, leprescnting the conversion of S. Ethelbert, is almost the only
wsk whieh baa come before us. Mr. Philip's effigy of Dr. Mill is

264 Ecelenoloffical Society.

still unfinished : bat that of Qaeen Katherine Parr, for Sudeley caitle.
by the same artist, is exhibited at the Royal Academy.

" The Ladies* Bmbroidery Society have continued their oseful la-
bours with undiminished zeal and ability*

" We pass now to the consideration of several points of genenl
importance, which have been discussed, or have approached tbdr
solution, during the past year*

" The question of the proper arrangement of the naves of cathednh
for such large congregations as were attracted by the so-called speciil
services, has been anxiously observed by your Committee. With re-
ference to Bxeter Cathedral, they were consulted. The Committee,
however, will not prejudice the discussion on this subject, announced
for this evening, by any expression of opinion. They will only obsene,
that the example set in S. Paul's and Westminster Abbey, of ming
moveable chairs instead of benches, has been since followed in Att
Saints,' Marylebone, and other churches. Your Committee is satiiM
that this method of seating the area of churches of cathedral-size pos-
sesses peculiar advantages, and it looks with much interest to the ex-
periments which are being made in those of a less scale.

" The migration of the Architectural Exhibition to the new Gallery
in Conduit Street, is a matter of congratulation. As a consequence,
the architectural branch of the Royal Academy Exhibition has been tlni
year more unimportant than ever. It must be confessed, howerer,
with great regret, that the general architectural show of the ycsr ii
decidedly below the average.

*' The question of competition has been ventilated with great profit
during the year. The action of the Institute of British Architects, sod
the Report of Mr. Beresford*Hope's Special Committee of the Hoaie
of Commons on the Foreign Office Reconstruction, have probably kid
the foundation for a much better arrangement in any ftiture pnbfie
competitions. On the other hand, the competitive principle has failed
conspicuously in more than one instance. The Spurgeon Tabemsde
competition, for example, was as unsatisfactory in its conditions as its
results ; and the Ellesmere Memorial competition, and one for a
Roman Catholic Church at Cork, have been unsuccessful. However,
the competition for the Manchester Assize Courts seems to have beea
altogether better managed. On every ground your Committee rqoioef
at the failure of the one for Trinity College church, Edinburgh ; aad
it trusts that no further obstacles wUl be raised to the reoonstmctioi
of the original church, as ordered by Parliament and recently eonfinacl
by the Court of Session.

** In iron church building the Committee hope to be soon able to
report the completion of a cheap but effective model prepared by Hr.
Skidmore under the superintendence of the Chairman of CoouDittMi
and Mr. Slater.

<* The question of the proposed destruction of a lai^ niimbar of
the city churches, and the desecration and sale of their sitea, is ootiif
great interest to this society. The whole matter was invostigafeed If
a Committee of the Fellows of Sion College, under the chauemaMl^
of Mr. Scott, the President of the College, and a member of !!■

Twentieth Anniversary Meeting. 265

Committee. The Report recommended a judicious compromise, by
which a few, and those the more insignificant churches, would be sacri-
ficed— the steeples in all cases being preserved, and the sites either
left open, or used for parsonage houses. We have no hesitation in
endorsing the moderate compromise here suggested as the best solution
of an admitted difficulty ; though it is to be wished that means may be
found for building the residence houses on other than the sites of
diurches. It must be noted in this Report that it distinctly enunciates
the principle that it is quite useless to attempt any improvement in the
city churches without an entire re -arrangement of the interiors : and
the Committee reprobate the great square Lx)ndon pews as the monster
evil of the Church in the Metropolis.

" We may now proceed to notice the more conspicuous architectural
woika that have fallen under our notice. First we have to thank the
fbUowing architects, alphabetically enumerated, to whose courtesy we
owe the opportunity of seeing much of the artistic progress of the
day. The committee have had the advantage of the co-operation of
Messrs. Bodley, Boyce, Burges, Clarke, Douglas, Ferrey, Hills, Hop-
kins, Nash, Norton, Robson, St. Aubyn, Scott, Seddon, Slater. Street,

5. S. Teolon, W. M. Teulon, Truefitt. White, F. C. Withers, and R.
J. Withers. To this list we must add the names of the following
artbts, Messrs. Beer, Clayton and Bell, Gerente, Lavers and Barraud,
tnd O'Connor, for stained glass ; and Messrs. Keith and Skidmore for
metal work.

" Of new works we must assign the first place to Mr. Butterfield's
church of AU Saints', Marylebone, already referred to. That gentleman's
Baliol College chapel, and parish church of S. John Evangelist, Hammer.
imith, have also been noticed. Mr. Scott's great work at Doncaster, and
hia churches of S. Mary, Stoke Newington, and S. Matthias, Richmond,
ind his buildings at Exeter College, are of Ihe highest order. Mr. Street's
design for a new church in the parish of S. John Evangelist, Westmin-
ster, mod Mr. Bodley's design for S. Michael and All Angels, Brighton,
ire both of singular merit. Mr. Slater's effective Kilmore cathedral,
ind hia church of S. Peter, at Edinburgh, are in progress ; and Mr.

6. S. Teulon's Holy Trinity, Hastings, and Mr. Crowther's S. Mary,
Hulme, have been opened during the year. Mr. Clarke's large church
tt Heywood will be shortly undertaken ; while Mr. Rohde Hawkins'
chorch at Limehouse has been consecrated. The foundations for Mr.
Bntterfield'a church, near Gray's Inn Lane, are already dug. Mr.
Buigca's Memorial church at Constantinople, after undergoing some
ttodifiemtions, has been actually put in hand.

" Of church restorations the most remarkable are the following :
The works at Lichfield and Peterborough cathedrals are advancing
under Mr. Scott ; and he will soon proceed with one of the most in-
teresting undertakings of the time — the restoration of the octagon of
Ely cathedral as a memorial to Dean Peacock. The central tower of
Darfaam cathedral is in hand under the care of Mr. Scott and Mr. Rob-
eon. A monifioent bequest by the late Dean of Chichester, in aid of
Ihe restoimtiim and re-arrangement of the choir of his cathedral, has
Wen made the fonndatton of a subscription for the completion of that work

V^v XX. M M

236 Ecclesiological Society.

as hie memorial : Mr. Slater is in charge of it. The same geatlemin
has in hand the partial restoration of Lomehck cathedral, as a memorial
to Mr. Stafford ; and his completion of Mr. Carpenter's noble un-
dertaking at Sherborne minster must be chronicled as an event of the
past year. Llandaff cathedral proceeds steadily under the care of
Messrs. Prichard and Seddon. The thorough restoration and recon-
struction of S. Michael, Cornhill, by Mr. Scott and Mr. Williams, will
form, when completed, one of the most memorable works of the age.
Its richness of fittings and decorations, and the use of sculpture in the
doorway, deserve special commemoration. Mr. Rogers' elaborate aeries
of wood carvings for the interior must be particularly noticed. We
are glad to see so spirited a championship for benches in the contest
between them and chairs. S. Alban's» Wood Street, one of Wren's
Gothic churches, has also been restored by Mr. Scott. Mr. S. S.
Teulon's elaborate refitting of Blenheim Palace chapel is another work
of great importance ; and his re-construction of Sunbury church, Mid-
dlesex,^ must not be forgotten. The restoration of S. Stephen's crypt,
by Sir Charles Barry, as a chapel, is also a memorable work. Let
us add to these the rebuilding of Wicken Bonant church, Eaaex—
the work of an amateur. We hear with pleasure that Mr. Scott will
proceed with the restoration of the Great and Little S. Mary's, at
Cambridge, and Mr. Bodley with the chapel of Queen's College in
that University.

" Little has reached us during the year as to Ecclesiological progreis
in the Colonies. Montreal Cathedral is advancing, and its stained
glass has been ordered from Messrs. Clayton and Bell. Mr. Slater's
church at S. Kitt's is finished. We have also seen a good design for
a timber parsonage, by Mr. R. J. Withers, for Newcastle, Miranuchi-*
for Mr. Hudson, an old correspondent of this Society.

*' In foreign countries we hear of a Pointed Cathedral at Lintz, tod
a new church at Aix-la-Chapelle, by M. Statz ; of a gocud Gothic chuck
at Wijk Maastrecht ; and of an English church at Nice of some pre-
tensions, by Mr. Smith. We observe, in a foreign paper, the accoont
of the dedication of the choir-crypt of the cathedral at Lille. M. VioUeC
le Due is re-erecting the fl^che at Notre Dame. In the United States
Mr. F. C. Withers has introduced a much improved method of design.

" Of miscellaneous designs the Committee may mention Mr. Scott's
Crimean Column at Westminster (engraved in the EceUnologitt), tad
Mr. Bodley *s Mortuary Cross, at East Griosted, with great commen-
dation. The scafiblding for the former is already erect^, and we shall
watch with interest, but without misgiving, the comparative effect of
that monument and of the one in another style which is in coune of
erection in Waterloo Place.

" A monumental brass in Westminster Abbey, by Messrs. Hardmittf
to the late Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol, is also observable. la
church plate Mr. Keith has executed works from the designs of
Mr. Butterfield and Mr. Street. Mr. White has procured the roana-
facture of some very cheap latten plate, of good shape, for colonial oio»
The publication announced by the Abb^ Bock — P^re Martin's worthy
successor — of some of the treasures of Aix-la-Chapelle, will be of gi***
impoTtBRce for the revival of the goldsmith's art.

Twentieth Anniversary Meeting, 267

" Secular Pointed Architecture has made great progress during the
fear. The selection of Mr. Scott's design for the Foreign Office, and
3f his design in conjunction with Mr. Digby Wyatt for the India Office,
are facts of the greatest moment. It is earnestly to be hoped that
QOthiog will interfere with the execution of these projects. The
Oxford Museum has reached completion. The selection of a Pointed
deai^ for the Manchester Assize Courts is a most hopeful sign of the
growing improvement of the public taste. Of large collegiate works
the Committee would notice Mr. Bodley's Ripon Training College,
Messrs. Prichard and Seddon's design for Brecon College, and Mr.
S. S. Teulon's large schools at Wimbledon. Mr. Slater's S. John's
•diools, Tottenham Court Road, likewise deserve notice. Several
large mansions of Pointed design have come before the notice of your
Committee, one example by Mr. Norton, being in Russia. Mr. S. S.
Teolon has been the first to give a proper character to Drinking Foun-
tains by his excellent design, in which statuary is introduced, at Has-
tings. The Committee must also notice with approbation designs for
dieap cottages, with sufficient bedroom accommodation, prepared by
Mr. Slater and Mr. Teulon. There are as yet but few warehouses and
>k)pe in any purely Pointed style. While the sumptuous character of
iiew constructions in London and other great towns for commercial
purposes denotes the growth of public taste, they have as yet unfor-
tonately scarcely travelled out of the beaten track of Italian and Re«
iMttssance.

" In conclusion, your Committee see no reason for fearing that the
'orther growth of art among us will be checked. They note with
Hdsfaction not only the gradual addition of skilful artists to the num-
icr of those whose combined exertions have already wrought so great a
hange in English architecture, but the wide diffusion and growing in-
Aence of better taste and more knowledge and love of true art in the
oblie mind. In short there is every encouragement for further en-
Hnroura and for good hopes of further success."

Mr. Beresford-Hope, in moving the adoption of the report, remarked
lat it was perhaps unusual that the adoption of the report which had
i«t been read should be moved by one who was to some extent per-
mally responsible for its contents ; but he might be allowed to break
iitNigh the etiquette and conventional modesty which regulated such
Atten, on an occasion like the present, which was the Twentieth An-
Ivenary of the society. Insignificant as might be the space which
le aociety occupied in the spectrum of society, it was, notwithstand-
ig« large in the eyes of those who were interested in the subject of
sdeuology : its growth, rise, and various fortunes had long occupied
be dearest thoughts and called forth the most strenuous exertion on
he part of its members ; it had even been the turning-point in many
(f thdr careen. However small might be the gathering that evening,
fc great work had been accomplished by the agency of the society, and
Ant too not only for England, but for the Christian Church throughout
Um world. Bearing in recollection the condition in which church ar-
cUtectore was twenty-two years ago, he could not say that the p ms^

268 Ecclesiological Society,

for the revival which had taken place was due exclasively, or efCQ
primarily, to the society, for there had been previous to its existence
persons who had been labouring to the same end ; but they would now
admit that the standard which was held up even in those extremdj
clever, biting, sarcastic articles, which appeared in the British Critk,
was almost as bad and miserable as the existing style of church archi*
tecture of that day which was therein criticised, which they so freely
condemned. Contemporaneously too with this society, the work of Sir
Charies Anderson, full of excellence and of good feeling, although be-
hind the present day, had likewise appeared ; and he (Mr. Hope)
would not deny how much they were indebted to the members of ib-
other communion, nor what great advantages they had derived fron
the enthusiasm, the hearty, zealous feeling of Mr. Pugin. He had been
long enough in the grave for polemical feelings to have vanished awtf.
and all could press forward to do justice to an honest, a true, a loving*
and a loveable man. Whatever difference of opinion might have ex-
isted between them and Pugin, they might not in the year 1850 shrink
from an acknowledgment of the truth. With all those statemeotii
however, which truth compelled him to make, he maintained that in tbe
twenty years' existence of the Ecclesiological Society a great woik
had been done, — a work which did not end in stone and mortar, bit
which went into the absolute verities of the faith, to the deepest Mf
ings and the most practical actions of the Christianas life, and Christia
zeal ; to feelings which must be responded to, and must help in tbe
developement of the moral fabric. Indeed, he was afraid that, if tbej
had now any complaint to make, it was that they suffered from a pk-
thora of success — they had really done so much that the society, wbcn
it claimed the credit of originating a good work, failed to command at-
tention, because it seemed to be singing an old song, of the truth of
which everybody seemed to be now well assured. Let them look tt
parish churches of the present day. Why, the very worst pnriih
church that was now built, even one in the utmost spirit of suspidon,
or ignorance, or of selfishness, or of purse- pride, — with the single ex-
ception, perhaps, of Mr. Titers church, which they saw in the Ardn-
tectural Exhibition, Conduit Street, — could not fail to be superior to
any of those which were proposed by members of this society, or \/f
good men who thought with them, at the outset of the movement.
The architectural movement of the society was started in 1839f ttd
they had to fight battles, not merely against ordinary opponents, bat
even against such remarkable periodicals as the Christian Remm
branccTt which, if his memory served him rightly, was one of their noit
strenuous, not to say bitter, opponents at that day. Look, again, 9t
the cathedral movement. It was comparatively but a few yean igo
since they had ventured to say, " Why not use the naves for tbe pB^
pose of public worship ? Surely they are not the verger's special pro-
perty. Put chairs in the naves, sing the service in them, — yes, end
put a pulpit in each of the naves.*' How much had been said agiintt
their fanaticism, their dreaminess, their utter want of the slight'*'
knowledge of the refinement of the age I Yet now. all shades end
sectiona of Churchmen, high and low, broad and narrow, crowded ftr-

Twentieth Anniversary Meeting. 269

ard to U9e the naves of our cathedrals for public service. Exeter and
PauI's, Cluchester and Westminster, one after another, — they were
Uowing the example set. There were plenty of people to be found in
e present day who claimed the credit for that of which some ten or
reive years ago the members of the Ecclesiological Society, aud those
[lo thought with them, were the first, and at the same time unrecog-
sed apostles. In the colonies on every side cathedrals were con-
rocted ; and as to Scotland, new cathedrals had been erected at Perth
id at Cumbrae ; and even in the Established Church of Ireland, a
thedral had been built on the strictest ecclesiastical principles in the
oceae of Kilmore. He would not weary or insult the meeting by
rtailing what the principles of the society had accomplished in parish
iOTchea newly built or restored. Then, too, the Hymnal movement
id progressed ; and as to their efforts in regard to the instruments of
orahip, — for instance, church plate, — there was not a silversmith in
le present day, dealing in such materials, who did not more or less
anform to the ecclesiastical model. He was quite sure, from what
ad taken place, that the career of the society during the twenty years
f its existence, had been a great and signal success, the earnest and
roof of which were to be found in the fact that many of those who
ad started the movement were now distanced in the race. Those
rho had originated anything great had never yet in this world received
heir due share of credit ; but the future historian of the Church would,
ome two hundred or three hundred years hence, perhaps, render due
BStice to the ecclesiological movement. Mr. Beresford-Hope con-
hided by moving the adoption of the report.

The Rev. W. H. Lyall seconded the motion, which was carried
inanimously.

The following report from the sub- committee for Music was read by
he Rev. H. L. Jenner, and adopted.

*'The Sub-committee for Music have but little to report respecting
beir own labours during the past year. Since the completion of the
lymnal Noted their operations have been chiefly confined to the prac-
ieal exemplification of their principles by the public performances of
heir Motett choir. These meetings have been regularly held. The
boir, although it has suffered loss by the death or removal of members,
ontinnes in a fair state of efficiency. Their performances have been
rell attended, and the commendation of the audiences, as well as the
iicss, has been freely bestowed. It is not to be expected that the
lioCett meetings will ever be popular in the sense in which that epithet
s affiled to the oratorios and secular concerts of the day. Still it is
lot unreasonable to hope that the growing appreciation, among all
4iises, of good music, (of the works, for example, of Handel, Bach, and
Seelhoven,) may tend to draw attention to the pure and solemn school
€ Church music, which this society has ever upheld. The compositions
if P^Jettrina are not more strange to English ears at the present time,
ban were the works of Sebastian Bach, a few years ago. The latter
lave, by the force of their own intrinsic value, obtained a considerable
lad iofifiasiiig share of public favour ; and there seems to be no reason

270 Ecclesiological Society.

why the great Italian master and his successors should not, in doe
time, take the position to which their unrivalled merits so justly entitle
them. It will be in no small degree due to the labours of our Amateur
Motett Choir, if the trashy compositions too often heard in English
churches, give place to the grand and devotional counterpoint of FUes-
trina, Vittoria, and Di Lasso.

" Perhaps, however, the most practically important branch of the
Committee's musical operations consists in their illustrations and re-
commendation of the brue congregational music, or Plain Song, of the
Church. The programmes of their music meetings have always con-
tained several specimens of Plain Song, and they are glad to report
that throughout the kingdom, as well as in America and the Coloniei,
there are unmistakeable signs that the minds of Churchmen are becom-
ing alive to the claims of the ancient music, as adapted to the offices of
our Communion. The chanting of the Psalms at the consecration of
All Saints*, Margaret Street, may be adduced as a triumphant proof of
the value of the ancient tones of the Church, in securing a full and
sonorous flood of song in this portion of the service. We have scarcely
ever heard anything that so nearly approached our idea of whit
Psalmody ought to be. The immense power of the concentrated voices
of some hundreds of men, to whom the Psalter Noted was evidently
familiar, gave good promise that the ancient tones of the Psalter wiU,
one day, again become, as they ought to be, the especial song, not of
boys and women only, but of the clergy and laymen of our ordinary
English congregations.

'* The Choir Festivals that have been held since the last annivenary,
are those of Ashbourne, Southwell, and Ely. At each of these 0^^
gorian music has been employed. At Southwell, especially, where
alone the true office of these meetings of parish choirs, viz., the im-
provement of the congregational music in parish churches, seemi to
have been consistently kept in view, the result has been most grati-
fying. Southwell, also, is one of the very few churches of capitulir
dignity, in which Gregorian Psalmody, and the Motetts of the Paki-
trina school, are constantly used in the ordinary offices.

'* The special services, held at S. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster
Abbey, must be cited as affording positive proof of the essentially popular
character of the Choral Service, a position for which we in common with
most writers on Church music have ever contended. The Committee
are still of opinion that a more congregational type of music and of
singing might have been chosen. The grandest effects of vocal oniMa
accompanied by organ harmony might be produced on such occaiioiii;
and this the Committee hold to be, under most circumstances, the mode
of singing, where the people are expected to join.

" The attention that has been paid to the subject of church oigani
during the past year has been viewed by the Committee as a moat
satisfactory indication of the progress of ecclesiastical music. Tbi
Rev. J. Baron, of Upton Scudamore, may fairly claim the credit of
inaug^urating a new era in organ building ; and this, not only by tbe
enunciation of principles, in his work on Scudamore Organs, (some of
which principles, however, have been shown in our journal to be antct*'

Thventieth Anniversary Meeting. 271

able,) bat also by directing the atteDtion of organists and organ-builders
to the coBstruction of good and sufficient instruments at a low cost.
Among the organs that have been erected since our last anniversary,
nay be enumerated the magnificent instrument of four manuals by
Hill, for All Saints*, Margaret Street ; a large and excellent one by
the same builders for Ashbourne ; an admirable one of two manuals
and pedal, for Preston- next- Wingham, designed by our treasurer, (the
case by Mr. White,) and built by Mr. Eagles ; a smaller one for Ald-
lidge, near Walsall, designed and built by the same persons, in which
a considerable difficulty of position has been most skilfully overcome.

" On the whole, the past year, if it has been characterized by less
apparent activity on the part of the Committee, has yet been far from
anfiroitfol in works based on the principles they have constantly main-
tained— principles, which they have reason to hope and believe are
making steady progress. There are few portions of the Church which
liave not been already influenced by them, and the Committee do not
doubt that at no distant period they will be found to have penetrated
the whole."

The Rev. S. S. Greatheed, the treasurer, read the audited statement
of the society*s accounts, showing a balance in hand of £61. 9s.

Some conversation took place on the expediency of distributing the
Ecclenolagifi among the members, and on the advantage of a more
central place for the annual meeting.

The President then remarked that the present was an occasion and an
epoch in the history of the society (of which they had been reminded
by Mr. Beresford-Hope in his speech) which might, probably, justify
him in making some observations to the audience at that stage of the
proceedings. The society had now reached its twentieth anniversary
under his presidency. He might have felt more acutely than most of
them the observations which had been made by Mr. Beresford-Hope,
simply because he was twenty years older than most of them. There
was one observation which touched him particularly, and that was one
having reference to the foundation of the society, which gave a higher
value to the institution, in his opinion, than if they had met in the
■tost important room of Exeter Hall, small as was their meeting at the
preaent time. It was a great thing to preside, even for one meeting,
over such a society ; its numbers certainly were few, and very different
from the numbers at those energizing tiroes when its foundations were
bid; but still it was a pride, and he felt it to be such, for him to oc-
cupy the chair on that occasion. It was true that about twenty years
ago three members of the society, still living, but only one of whom was
at the preaent meeting, came and spread before him on his table at
Trinity College a drawing from a brass, and asked him whether he would
patronise and countenance, as their tutor, the existence of a society
irhicb they intended to form, the object of which should be to visit
ehureheSf to copy what they found there worthy of being copied, and for
Undred pmpoaet. The original society was then founded, and by degrees
proapered, ontil the movement assumed a higher shape, and trod upon
the toea of those who had corns. Tlie president then proceeded to ^vvt

272 Eccksiological Society.

an account of the rise and progress of the Ecdesiological Society. Hie
society afterwards took up its residence in London, and had there done its
work in a much more effective manner than previously, Mr. Beresford-
Hope, as chairman, heing particularly active in doing that great work,
and in promoting art as well as administering to the spiritual life and
devotion of the Church of England. During the whole period of the ex-
istence of the society, he (the president) had been connected with it,
and had sacrificed personal ease and professional advancement to pro-
mote its success — he had been the comer- stone of it. He still enter-
tained a high value of the great designs and great sympathies of the
society, but he asked them to receive back from him the office whidi
he had then the honour to fill of President of the institution. He
could not do better than retire on that their twentieth annivenary,
thanking them for their kindness on all occasions, and for the friend*
ships he had formed during the time he had been connected with tlte
society. It was not without strong personal dissatisfaction and sicri-
fice he took the step of resigning his office of President of the society.
The Rev. William Scott regretted that they were about to lose the
aid of the president, who had most efficiently stood at their head for to
many years ; and he believed that it had been a matter of self-deniilon
his part that he had occupied the chair so long. He (Mr. Scott) vtf
commissioned by the committee to propose a resolution having refer-
ence to the occasion. The reverend gentleman then read the reso-
lution, which acknowledged the long and earnest services of the ardi-
deacon, as well as the interest displayed by him in the general progress
of ecdesiological science ; and by way of a very slight recognition ^
his services, the committee begged to recommend an alteration in the
rules of the society, with a view to the venerable archdeacon being tp-
pointed a patron of the society. He was quite sure that, in proposing
such a resolution, he was only expressing the unanimous opinion of
the committee and of the members of the society, as well as of the
Church of England generally, and of all who were interested in eccl^
siology throughout the world. He was not acquainted with the forma-
tion of this society at Cambridge, because he had not the good fortone
to be educated there ; but it was his good fortune to make his acquaint-
ance with Cambridge in connection with this society, and the society
had found for him the best friends he had, which he believed to be the
case with many others. In a temporal sense, he believed the connec-
tion of some of them with the society had rather operated against thea
— it was a matter of little consequence whether they counted the cost
or not ; but as they had been faithful to their duties in connection vith
the society, according to the measure of ability which Qod had pf^
them, and according to the way in which they had discharged tbeff
duties, they had had their reward, though it might be in a very indif-
ferent way as to material things, but that was a matter of very litde
consequence. This society had a most important bearing upon the
promotion of art, especially painting, sculpture, and textile and een*
nomic manufactures. They must not think that, because compantiveif
few persons assembled at their anniversary meetings, they woe not
doiDg a great work ; they were going on quietly, hut still they W0*

Twentieth Anniversary Meeting. 278

vctiDg a great work. He was sure that it would be in accordance
th the feeling of the meeting if he nominated, as the future president
the Ecclesiolog^cal Society, Mr. Beresford-Hope, an office for which
at gentleman was eminently qualified, by his anxious desire for the
proTement of church architecture, towards which aim, moreover, his
V labours and liberality had largely contributed.
The proposition that Mr. Beresford-Hope should be elected president
the society was seconded by the Rev. W. H. Lyall, and carried una-
nously.

The Venerable Archdeacon Thorp having vacated the chair, it was
ken by the newly-elected president. Mr. Beresford-Hope, who ac«
lowledged the compliment which had been paid to him, which he
Jaed the more proceeding from a friend so cherished as Mr. Scott.
e then proceeded to pass a eulogium upon the Archdeacon for his
ist conduct as president, and his active and 2ealous services on behalf
r the society. He should have wished from the bottom of his heart
tuit they could have retained the services of the Archdeacon as their
cetident. He had always admired the constitution of the society^
rbicb seemed to him to represent, in miniature, the British consti*
ntion, placing the head of the body (the president) above petty re-
ipoosibilities, and leaving thetn to his active minister^ \ but as it had
Iwen otherwise determined, and as a more American fOrm of consti-
totion had been adopted instead, they must bow to the decision. The
moouncement made to the committee of the intended resignation of
tbe Archdeacon had filled them with much concern and regret. He
*M rare, however, that, although the Archdeacon was no longer their
pRiideDt, they would all unatiimously elect him one of their patrons —
ut office which had hitherto been filled only by bishops and university
^^evn. And in breaking through the rule they showed a slight — a
very slight — acknowledgment of their unspeakable gratitude to the
A^tlideacon for all that he had done. Of their late president it might
'^be said —

•* Clsmm et venerabile nomen,

Qui maltum nobis et nostrB proderat urbi."

The (new) president then put the resolutioh, that the Archdeacon
c elected a patron of the lociety, to the meeting, and it was carried
Binimoasly by acclamation. He congratulated the Venerable the
•ithdeaoon upon his election, as the first and only patron of the so-
ctf who was not a bishop or an officer of the University of Cam*

fi%e.

Ae Venerable the Archdeacon, in acknowledging the compliment,

iMiked that much good had been derived in consequence of the so-

ety being connected with young and rising architects at the time of

I eitabli^ment.

The president then proposed for re-election as the committee the

Bowing gentlemen — the Revs. S. S. Qreatheed, T. Helmore, H. L.

Uner, J. M. Neale. W. Scott, and B. Webb; and W. Elliott, Esq..

d A. W. Franks, Esq.. were elected auditors.

The pnndent called the attention of the members present to an ivory

TOL. zz. V H

274 Eccle^iotogical Society. ^

diptych, and a triptych by Filippo Lippi, exhibited by Mr. Ghonbier
Parry ; to a curious collection of Australian marbles, forwarded by Mr.
C. Kemp, of Sydney, an honorary member ; and to some church pUte
manufactured by Mr. Keith. A chalice, richly jewelled and set with
cameos, attracted much attention. Some cheap latten church plite
of appropriate design by Mr. White, intended for colonial uie, wu
also exhibited.

The president then introduced, as a subject for debate, the qnestioQ
of the proper arrangement of cathedrals for special services, with eipe-
cial reference to the advantages of moveable chairs. A member haviog
begun the discussion by objecting to chairs altogether.

The Rev. W. Scott replied by recommending that people should kneel
on the floor, and not ** at half-cock " on prie-dieu chairs. He thought
this would get rid of the necessity of turning the chairs at certain
parts of the service. But the present amplitude of ladies' dresses wti
a novel difficulty for any system of church arrangement.

Mr. Street, complaining that prie-dieu chairs were often made too
large, spoke forcibly against the practice of the Incorporated Choich
Building Society, in refusing their grants when chairs instead of
benches are introduced by architects. He argued strongly against thii
regulation, and urged that a memorial upon the subject should be ad-
dressed to the Incorporated Society by the Ecclesiological Committee.
As a proof of the advantage of chairs over benches, he instanced the
case of All Saints*, Margaret Street, where, during the crowded cer-
vices that followed upon its consecration, 800 or 900 people were
seated, instead of about 650, which would be the full accommodatioa
of its area if benched.

The president remarked that the London Diocesan Society had no sodi
rule against chairs as that which Mr. Street had coroplHined of in the
practice of the Incorporated Church Building Society. He argued thit
the chairs in All Saints' were an experiment ; and stated that, while he
thought chairs preferable for cathedral naves, lie was more doubtful
about parochial churches. However, chairs were vastly more eco-
nomical than benches ; and in All Saints' the area was chaired for
£80, while benches, aU the lowest estimate, would have cost £300.

Mr. White supported the president in thinking that benches might
possibly be more suitable for small areas, though chairs would be better
for large spaces. He pleaded, however, for a memorial against the
rule of the Church Building Society, and contended that its grants
should be proportioned to the actual area of the churches, and not to
the number of seats.

Archdeacon Thorp thought that the cheapness of chain was their
greatest recommendation. But he confessed that he thought thea
untidy, and had found in his experience that English people were (asi
of fixing their places in church.

Mr. Street argued that it was only with churs that worshippers cooU
have full liberty of action, or that the whole area of a church, indoifing
the alleys, could be filled on occasions of great crowding. He enlaige^
also on the aesthetic advantage of a free area, and drew a jnctorBrf *
ehorch encumbered with unused pews.

Tkceniieih Anniversary Meeting, 275

The president thought that the cold of the pavement was an argu-
ment that had been overlooked against the use of chairs ; and that the
question of wooden versus stone or tile paving must form an element
of consideration.

Mr. J. S. Walker, representing the Worcestershire Architectural
Society, gave an account of the arrangements of Worcester cathedral
for the special services held in the nave. Objecting to them, he a4-
vised that the organ and solid screen should be removed (as at Ely and
Lichfield) and the choir and nave made available for simultaneous
worship.

Archdeacon Thorp was of opinion that for Special Services Matins
and Evensong should not be used, but the Litany, or some special
Prayers : and for such short services that the congregation might stand
in prayer and not kneel.

The Rev. John Jebb, Proctor in Convocation for Hereford, a visitor,
thought that people mi^t stand and kneel in such services, and dis-
pense with seats altogether. He proceeded to condemn strongly the
arrangements of S. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Ahbey for the
Special Services, arguing that naves were never intended for congre-
gational use without the choir. He claimed that our cathedral churches
should be used as wholes, both choir and nave being made available
for common worship. Hence the close screen of Wren's choir at S.
Paul's was to be condemned.

The president explained that the principle adopted in the arrange-
ment of S. Paurs was to interfere as little as possible with the existing
arrangements, and to fit up merely in a temporary manner. As a
member of the committee which had effected this, he felt bound to say
that he thought, under existing circumstances, this was the wisest
compromise ; and he pointed out the superiority of the present ar-
rangements to those adopted during the special services in the nave in
the Exhibition year. The surplus of money in hand was being devoted
to gilding the lantern, a purely neutral object. On the other hand,
the interior of Chichester cathedral, of which he exhibited an engraving,
was to be arranged in a way, like Ely and^Lichfield, suitable for com-
mon worship.

The Rev. J. Jebb repeated his condemnation of the experiments in
S. Pknrs.

Mr. White expressed his agreement with the last speaker, and re-
marked that the use of wooden tiles for the floors would meet the ob-
jection to cold pavements made by a previous speaker.

The Rev. B. Webb remarked on the distinction between the regular
daily services of a comparatively small capitular body and the occa-
sioiud crowded services of diocesan or general interest, and argued that
a cathedral ought to have a permanent choir for the former, and a tem-
porary arrangement, with a second altar and choir, for the latter. He
referral to the arrangement of the great domed churches of S. Peter's,
and the two at Florence, and contended that if S. Paul's were to be
made available for collective worship the altar and choir should be
bronglit down under the dome.

The RtT. H. L. Jenner advocated the Spanish custom of having no

276 EccUsiological Society,

seats at all.^ Sermons would be shorter if the congregation stood. At
Southwell minster, on occasion of the late choral festival, the oongre-
gation stood in the nave while the Bishop preached.

The Rev. J. Jebb admitted that the dome might probably be the
right place for the altar and choir in S. Paul's.

The Rev. White inquired at what period in the early^history o(

the Church large churches were first used.

The president referred to the size of the ancient Basilicas and summed
up the discussion. He agreed that the distinction between the capi-
tular and congregational services was important, and observed that
much caution was necessary in our theory and practice as to cathedral
arrangement.

The meeting separated about twenty minutes after eleveii.

At a Committee Meeting held immediately after the Annivenary
Meeting, the President in the chair, the former meipbers of the Com-
mittee were all re-elected ; and the following officers were appointed:
— Chairman, the Rev. W. Scott ; Treasurer, the Rev. S. S. 0^ea^
heed ; Secpretary, the Rev. B. Webb ; Secretary for Music, the Rev<
H. L. Jenoer ; Precentor of the Motett Choir, the Rev. T. Helmoie.
Archdeaeoa Thorp was also elected an honorary member of the com-
mittee.

• I

Two public |n.eeting9 of the Ecclesiolpgical Motett Choir have been
held since th(B appearance of our last number. The programmes ve
give below :

Tuesday, June 7,

ANTHBM—'^The Son of Man" . • . Rev, S, S, Greatkeed.

Processional — Psalm xxiv Psalter N^ied.

MoTBTT — " Hear the voice and prayer " . . • . TallU'
Dedication op a Church — rsalma Izxxiv., cxxii., exxxii.,

PsaUer Noiel
Anthem—** ilow goodly" . Rev. Sir F, A. 6. Ouseley, Bart.

Hymn— ''Blessed City, Heav'Dly Salem" . HynrntUNotel

Anthem— '* Let mv soul bless Uoo" . Rev, S. S, Greeikeei.

Hymn—" Come, Holy Qhost " . ... Hynmal Noted,

Hymn— "The eternal gifts" Hymnal Naiel

MissA — " Etema Christi munera " Palettmt>

Thursday, July 21.

Motett — " O Lord Qod of our salvation "... Pafeffnasi

Hymn— " Te Deum " Ambrosiam Mehdj*

(From the Lansdowne M8S, m the British Museum J
Anthem — *' In My Father's house are many mansions "

TheHo».F.Ly9am.MIn

1 Oar contemportry, the " Baildflr," has given in a Isfce wamJb&t a Istttr fey
Mr. Bonomi, snpporting this propositkmy and an iUnstraticm of the pn^v-enlife*
■fsd bf tiie Copts when standing hi dmrcfa. — Bd.

Oxford Architectural Society. 277

w— " Te Dcum " Marbeck.

(F\n>m the ab<me Ambrosian Melody.)
BTT — ^' O pmie the Lord " . . , . Orlando di Lasao.
IN— '^ Creator of the start of night " • . Hymnal Noted, 1 Qi-
m — " Conditor alme aiderum "

fVom TalestrinaU ** Hymmi totius anni,'* 1589.

-" O Lord, my God '* Palestrina.

" Beholfl, I bring you ^lad tidings " . . (jtovanni Croce,

'* O beata gloriota Trinitas " .... Palestrina.

*' Behold now, praise the Lord " • . Giovanni Croce.

" Not unto OS, O Lord "... Orlando di Lasso.

OXFORD ARCHITECTURAL SOCIETY.

fivQ was held in the Society's rooms, Holywell, on Wednesday,
5f at nine o'clock, the president in the chair. J. W. Gunther,
if Queen's College^ was eletted a member. The president re-
1 Mr. James Parker to read his p^iper on ** The Plans of Me-
Houses."

James Parker delivered a lecture upon " Plans of Castles and
i during the Middle Agies." In ia previous paper he had pointed
i mistake which he considered many persons made in consider-
i Gothic to be so essentially an 'ecclesiastical style as to be un-
to the wants of domestic life. H^ httd contended that a study

existing remains of the dwellings of '[our ancestors would show
roughout the middle ages the Gothic style met the wants and
ments of each successive age to a remarkable degree. By way
tration to this paper, he proceeded to trace the gradual develope-
rhich might be observed in the plans of domestic buildings from
les of the Normans to those of Queen Elizabeth, and to show,
18 time would allow, the chief causes which seem to have guided
reral changes of plan. In referring to the buildings of the
m in this country, he considered that, in spite of their number
tent, and probably at one time magnificence, they cannot be said
t influenced any succeeding buildings, either as to design or plan,
leem to have set a fashion rather than founded a style, which
i died out when they left the country. After referring to the
irhich the Romans probably copied from Italy, he observed that
oection could be found between them and the large square keep-

which the Norman barons introduced. This was a type stand-

itaelf, and from that one type all the successive varieties of the
ml houses of the country might be said to be derived, each
f succeeding the former as circumstances necessitated, or change
torn and habit called forth. He considered, first, how far the
n caatle met the requirements of the Norman baron, chiefly with

to hia safety and protection, and afterwards his comfort and
Bents. As a fortress he showed that nothing could be more
•ad perfect, and he then went on to show how the internal ar-
met the requirement of a domestic habitation. As, how-

278 O^ord Architectural Society.

ever, the number of retainers of the baron increased, as in all proba-
bility they did, and as the inconvenieDce and misery resulting from the
close crowding together, not to say positive evil, we find at the dtwn
of the thirteenth century not only that the bailey which had surrousded
the keep was enlarged, but that the walls were provided with towen
and buildings which were capable of accommodating the baron, his
family, or his guests. This extension of the bailey was the first step
towards the future developement. In order to exhibit more clearly the
principle of developement, he referred to Kenilworth Castle, as one
amongst many examples, and by a series of plans to show the castle in
its several stages. He explained how the moated bailey gave way to
one surrounded by a wall, along which were arranged the priociptl
chambers. This was the. second stage. The third consisted in gather-
ing together all these chambers into one group, the hall forming the
centre. Tliis principle of developement would be found apparent in
most of our castles if examined liistorically. and exhibited the history
of the times. The first stage showed the domestic arrangements en-
tirely subordinate to the military ; in the second the domestic and
military were combined ; in the third the military were entirely snbor-
dinate to the domestic. The same principle was also exhibited in
castles built from the ground where no buildings before existed. He then
proceeded to show what changes had in the meanwhile taken place oi
the smaller buildings — the town houses and manor houses of the period.
As examples of Norman town houses, he referred to the Jews' Home
at Lincoln, and Mayre's Hall at Bury S. Edmund's ; as Norman manor
houses, to Apple ton and Boothby Pagnell. As houses of later date, be
exhibited and described the plans of Sutton Courtney and WaniveH
Court. After describing the general plans of houses, both large and
small, in the fifteenth century, he concluded by especial reference to
the large dining hall, the decrease of which, in its proportion to the
number and extent of other rooms, was the chief feature to be obserred
in the change which took place towards the end of the fifteenth and
during the sixteenth century. He briefly enumerated the vartom
causes which led to this change. The college-hall he instanced as the
nearest approach in form and arrangement, but the spirit of the old
feudal hall was there wanting ; that seemed to have passed away with
the system which gave it birth.

At the conclusion of the paper, the secretary, Mr. Lowder, expresied
his thanks to Mr. Parker for his paper, and thought that a connected
description of the progress of ancient house -building, such as the
society had just heard, was of great value, in giving a clear notion of
many of the peculiarities of old houses and mansions. He referred to
several buildings of interest, where much that Mr. Parker had touched
on could be examined, such as Carew Castle, Pembrokeshire ; the Pa-
lace, at Wells ; the Castle of Beverstone, in Gloucestershire, btult in
the reign of Edward HI., by one of the Liords of Berkeley ; and Nan*
ney Castle, in Somersetshire.

Mr. Skidmore offered some remarks on the manner of finishing the
round and octangular towers common in old castles, with pyramidal or
conical roofs, covered with lead. He alluded to their destruction bam

Oxford Architectural Society. 279

the rapacity of those engaged in civil war at different periods, who
atripped off the lead for the purposes of warfare ; in this way the ban-
queting-hall of the palace of Wells lost its roof, and went to decay,
and he supposed that in the same way most of such specimens have
now vanished.

The president, after some observations on the manner of dividing
domestic chapels into an upper and lower story, while the sanctuary
portion took op the whole height, instancing the remains at God-
atow, near Oxford, adjourned the meeting until Wednesday evening,
June 29.

A meeting was held at the Society's rooms, Holywell, on Wednesday
efvening, the 29th of June, at 9, p.m. ; Mr. J. H. Parker, president, in
the chair.

The following memben were elected: — J. W. P. Maxwell, Esq.,
Christ Church, and C. W. N. Ogiivie, Esq., Christ Church.

The president then requested the secretary to read the paper fur-
lushed by Mr. Buckler, architect, of Oxford, on the paintings lately
discovered at Chalgrove church, in the county of Oxford. The paper
was in the form of a communication addressed to the president. The
following is a sketch of it.

The recently discovered paintings in Chalgrove church demand the
attention of the artist as well as of the eccleeiologist. The figures are
of early character, and the head-dresses, the wimple, &c., point them
out as works of the fourteenth century. The chancel in which these
paintings exist is of the date above mentioned, and has windows of the
character of that style on the north and south sides. These windows
form breaks in the subject of the frescoes, and are themselves decorated
in their splays by figures. On the north and east walls are a series of
subjects taken from the events of our Blessed Lobo*s Passion, and are
treated with delicacy and religious spirit. The north wall treats of the
events of the Passion itself, including figures of S. Mary Magdalene,
the Virgin Mary, S. John, and S. Peter in the act of cutting off the ear
of Malchus, and of other of the Apostles ; there appears also the traitor
Judas, and the reviling Jews, whose countenances are marked with
great respectings of character, their noses being exceedingly crooked
and beak-shaped. On the east wall our Loan is seen in the act of
rising, soldiers appear in recumbent postures beneath some arcades of
what is intended to be a representation of the sepulchre. The upper
part of this figure is lost, as also is the case with the one in which our
Loan is represented as ascending, the feet only being visible. The
•oath side is decorated with traditionary subjects, chiefly relating to
events connected with the lives of S. Mary and S. John. Mr. Buckler
here qooted a series of legends translated from curious and interesting
sources, which throw much light on this, perhaps the most obscure
portion of the design« His paper was marked with great care and
aeconcy of research, and was beautifully illustrated by an accompany-
ing aketdi of hu own, and also by tome tracings which were taken on
the spot by persons connected with Chalgrove church, and kindly lent
for the evening's exhibition.

280 Oa^ord Architectural Society,

llie president moved a vote of thanks to Mr. Buckler for his cod-
munication» in which he had succeeded in explaining the detuls of tkcte
designs, a puzzle to most of those who had hitherto examined them.

Mr. Freeman trusted that these paintings were not exposed merdf
to he destroyed as soon as possible. Mr. Parker assured the meedng
that steps had been taken for their preservation.

After a slight discussion on the best mode of preserving old ftescoct,
the meeting was adjourned till Saturday^ July % at two o*clock, being
the annual meeting of the society.

The Twenty-first Annual Meeting was held in the Society's rooim,
Holywell, on Saturday, July % at two, p.m.^ the president, Mr. J. H.
Parker, in the chair.

After the election of the following members, C. H. Hall, Esq.. Chriit
Church, and C. Marriott, Esq., Queen's College, the following report
was read by the secretary, Mr. Lowder.

"The committee heg to lay before the members of the society their
report of the last year's proceedings at this their Twenty- first An-
nual Meeting. They wish first of all to call attention to the preeeot
condition of the society, and in doing so feel that they can congratulite
the members generally on the increase of subscribers, and oh the pros-
perous condition of the funds at the present time : the balance in band
is such as to inspire good confidence for the future, iand the committee
cannot do other than express its thanks to those who have the manag^
ment of the funds, and also to those gentlemen who have been iiistni*
mental in forwarding the increase of subscribers, by not only taking*
warm interest in the prosperity of the society itself, but have also es>
erted themselves to make known the advantages to others.

" The first event of this year*s business was the election of Mr. J. H.
Parker to the office of president. The committee need not remind tbe
members of the society of the claims which Mr. Parker has upon their
thanks for the long-continued interest and support which he has alwtji
given to all efforts for the improvemient and advance of Gothic arcbi-
tecture, and especially to the efforts of the Oxford Architectural So-
ciety : he has added to his former claims on our gratitude his diligent
and efficient presidency of the past year.

" In connection with Mr. Parker *s election, the committee record
with pleasure the acceptance of the secretaryship by Mr. Laghtfoot, of
Balliol College.

" The committee, besides thanking the various ofiScers for their at-
tention to the well-being of the society, owe a debt of gratitude to those
gentlemen who have consented to read papers at the various meetingi;
and though this is a customary vote of thanks, yet they desire tpeciiinj
to mention some to whom they are indebted for information of a itrj
valuable and interesting character. They wish particularly to refier to
two papers by Mr. James Parker connected with the history and ii^
rangements of domestic and castellated buildings of the middle agei;
to a paper by Mr. Skidmore on the application of metal- work to do-
mestic architecture, and a very clever examination of the principki of

Oxford Arehitectwral Society. 281

ctriy eoDTeDtional foliage as connected with metal decoration ; to Mr.
Orowae for his analysis of the churches of Suffolk ; and to Mr. Buckler
for his eommnnication on the mural paintings in Chalgrove church,
Oxfordshire. Other papers have been read by Mr. Lowder. Mr. Light-
loot, &c. There have also been one or two discussions on subjects of
irchitectural importance. The committee also desire to notice a work
publithed under the auspices of the society, by the Rev. Herbert
Haines, of Exeter College, entitled * A Manual of Brasses/ the pro-
ipectas of which is now laid before the members.

'* The chief works now in building which Oxford itself presents to
the architectural student during the last year are referred to with plea-
rare by the committee. The Oiford Museum, which has already been
ilioded to with commendation at more than one previous annual
■eeting, is now approaching its completion ; and though it is impos-
libie, in a work where so much hitherto untrodden ground has to be
nplored in the field of design, to eipect no faults, nothing unsatis-
futory, yet as a whole the committee feel that they will receive the
gnieral concurrence of the society in congratulating themselves and
^ university on a building which has grappled with one of the hardest
pvoUemB with which Gothic architecture has in modern times been
Cilkd upon to deal. The committee would draw attention to the de-
Cttitions in natural colour, the beautiful effect of the marble columns,
to the improved iron work in the quadrangle, and to the exquisite
^vkmanship in the carved capitals in the cloisters. At present they
look with great interest and some little anxiety to the completion of
^ polychromatic decorations in this building. Another great work,
^ tlie eminent architect Mr. Scott, is one also to which attention haa
ita heretofore directed, namely, the chapel of Exeter College, the
*peedy completion of which may be with certainty looked forward to.
fhe present is not an occasion to justify examination of details, beau-
^ as they are, and fully calculated to preserve the high reputation of
the architect for chasteness and elegance of design, llie committee
feel themselves fully able to congratulate the society on such an addi*
tion to the architectural beauties of Oxford. Among recent restora-
tions may be mentioned that of Oriel College by Mr. Buckler, and the
rchoilding of Wolvercot church by Mr. Buckeridge, a member of the
committee of this society. The style chosen is an early one, and the
dctaila, aa te as the present condition will admit of judgment, are
vigoroiia aa good. The society will feel pleasure in learning that the
libnurj of University College is entrusted to Mr. Scott ; that a new
chmch in the vicinity of this town is to be built by Mr. Street ; while
another church is also in contemplation. The committee also feel
satiaiaetion in reporting that the restoration of Elsfield church by
the aune architect is now completed, and will be opened on Thursday
next by the Lord Bishop of Oxford. The committee, in adverting to
the iron church just erected in the Cowley Eload, regard it as a supe-
rior attenpt to many churches built of that material, at the same time
regretting that meana had not been devised for the restoration of S.
BarthdoiiMw'a Chapel to its original condition and use. They also
wish to eipteaa their anxious deaire that attention should be iiaid to
TOL* zx. o o

282 Oxford Architectural Society.

some of the smaller old churches in the neighbourhood of Oxford, the
condition of which calls for amelioration ; and they take thi« oppor-
tunity of noticing two in particular, — Binsey church and South
Hinskey.

** Nor has the society been inactive or forgetful in its duties of pre-
serving ancient architectural remains which have from time to time
been threatened with demolition. Two cases called for the interference
of the society — the proposed destruction of the Walmgate Bar at Yoric,
and the dangerous condition of the Abbey Gateway at Reading. In
the former case a letter was sent to the Lord Mayor and Corporation
of the City of York ; in the latter one was sent to the magistrates of
Berkshire : the results have been satisfactory in both cases.

" An equal interest in new. and especially large public buildings hu
been taken by the committee, who appealed in behalf of Gothic archi-
tecture for the new buildings in Westminster, and in behalf of Mr.
Scott as the architect for them ; and at present there seem to be no
grounds for supposing that any change in the architect will be made.
The committee cannot but feel what vast importance to Gothic archi-
tecture the erection of such a building by such an architect as Mr.
Scott is likely to have.

" Of great works beyond the limits of Oxford, the committee look
with especial pleasure on the completion of All Saints' church, Mar-
garet Street, by Mr. Butterfield : they consider its consecration as an
era in modem church building, in that in it, perhaps more than in anj
other modern church, is exemplified the great truth for which this and
other kindred societies have for so many years struggled, namely, 'that
nothing can be too costly for the service of Goo.' Here are the richest
marbles and the noblest carvings, costly decorations without stint, with
nothing spared to render it worthy its high object ; nor in an architec-
tural point of view is its value inconsiderable, since it is one of the €nt
Gothic churches which attempted to display in its construction the
development of natural colour. Of restorations, the committee caD
attention to that of Hereford CathedraL by Mr. Scott, in whom it fedi
perfect confidence as to the success of that part of the cathedral mhoA
he has undertaken.

'* Nor are there wanting signs of progress in the general appiecii-
tion of Gothic architecture : the judges in the Manchester coropetitioi
have chosen a Gothic design for their Town Hall ; and though Itafiaa
may still be seen adopted for large public buildings, yet there is entf
hope that a love for that kind of architecture has passed away» tod
that our own Pointed styles are the most popular, as well as the aoit
appropriate.

" The committee, before concluding the report of their past jtv,
cannot omit to call upon the members to bear in mind the ncceimy
support which a society of this kind requires ; and they also with to
remind those to whom the communication has already been made li
well as others who are unacquainted with it, of the propooal wiiidh
the society has made to the University respecting their coUeetm of
casts, brasses, seals, &c. : the committee regret that no deciaion hm •>
yet been arrived at, and they therefore look to the memben with oon-

Mr. Church on SolubU Glass. 283

fideoce for their hearty tapport in preserviog the society's collection in
Oxford.

'* Among many other useful studies in the furtherance of architectural
knowledge, that to which attention is now chiefly called is polychromatic
decoration, and it is one which requires, perhaps more than almost any
at present, great discretion and talent : the committee therefore feel
that they can put forward this study as one which will be of great ser-
Tice to the cause this society has at heart. To this recommendation
they add their earnest request, that all members should do their best to
preserve such specimens of ancient pictorial art as fall under their
notice ; and it is with an object of this kind in view that the committee
have induced the lecturer of this afternoon to give to the society some
valuable information for securing and furthering decorative art."

The president then called upon A. Church. Esq., F.C.8., of Lincoln
College, to read the paper which he had prepared for the meeting on
the uses and advantages of soluble glass.

The following is an abstract of Mr. Churches paper.

Several methods for preparing soluble glass are employed. If fifteen
parts of white sand, ten of carbonate of potash, or eight of carbonate
«f soda be fused with one part of charcoal, a glass is obtained readily
soluble in boiling water. For most purposes, a mixture of three parts
of soda glass thus obtained, with one part of potash glass dissolved in
a suitable quantity of distilled water answers best.

The uses of water-glass are various, but chiefly valuable for the
hardening of other materials, as building stone, plaster of Paris, white-
wash, &c. ; but in colour decoration it is being applied either alone,
or mixed with alum, as it produces a perfect preservative against attri-
tion or the effects of weather in the case of paintings in fresco or dis-
temper. An extract from a paper read by the Rev. John Barlow be-
fore the Royal Institution, was quoted by Mr. Church, which entered
into the method called Stereochrome practised in Germany, and em-
ployed in the fresco paintings in the New Museum in Berlin. Besides
the above uses, Mr. Church suggested the advantage with which it
might be nsed in paintings on glass, terra-cotta, plaster of Paris, white-
washed walls, marble ; he had himself made some experiments on
earthenware also with success, and such was the hardness which the
material gave to the coloured surface, that the most violent rubbing,
and even adds could do little to affect it. For the decoration of brick
mufmoe»p whitewashed ceilings, and plaster walls, Mr. Church recom-
mended that the colours should be mixed with size and a little whiten-
ing, and laid on as in distemper painting ; when dry, the painting to
be syringed twice or thrice with water-glass. Water-glass seems
likdy to offer a substitute for enamel when mixed in a concentrated
state with oolours, and applied to brass, iron, &c. The manufacturer
to whom Mr. Church referred for the specimens which he exhibited,
was Mr. Collins, of Oxford Court, Cannon Street, who had already
made aevenl hundred tons of soluble soda glass for home consumption.
The lecturer kindly offered his assistance to every gentleman who might
be anziona for further information on the subject.

284 Exeter Diocesan Architectural Society,

The president tendered the thanks of the society to Mr. Choidi fcr
his paper, and made some remarks on the value which such a materiii
would have in the preservation of frescoes abready existing : if he had
known of it before, he should have preferred it to the mixture whieii
he made use of for the preservation of the paintings in Chalgrofe
church.

Mr. Church, in answer to a question from the secretary respecting
the colours which would stand the action of the water-glass, siud tbt
the vermilion and cobalt, ultramarine, all the ochres, several yellowi,
and several greens (with the exception of emerald green), the permt-
nent Baryta white, and Mr. Perkins's new purple now in such conunoa
use ; in fact, those colours chiefly which have a natural tendencj to
fade, are affected by the soluble glass.^

The president then said a few words on the subject of the discoD-
tinuance of the present room in which the society's meetings were
held, and begged especially to assure the meeting that it wu not
to be supposed that the society was to break up because it no longer
used the present room, the lease of which was out at the end of
the year, and the expense would be too great for the society to re-
new it. He hoped that another room would be secured in Oxfbri
Mr. Cox, of Trinity College, added some remarks as to the value of
the society in a place like Oxford, and the meeting was adjourned.

EXETER DIOCESAN ARCHITECTURAL SOCIETY.

The Quarterly Meeting of this society was held at the College HiB,
South Street, on Thursday, June 9th, 1859. The chair was taken bf
the Right Hon. Sir J. T. Coleridge. There were many members tad
visitors present ; amongst them the Prebendaries Domford and WooB-
combe. Revs. J. L. Fulford, R. T. Radford, Messrs. J. Carew, C. Tucker.
Harding, Hay ward, James, Miles, Norris, Ash worth. Wills, &c.

llie secretary read the report, which stated that

'* Since the annual meeting little has occurred in the proceedings of
your committee which seems to call for any special notice. One set of
plans has, however, been laid before us during the past quarter. Tlcf
were plans for a new chapel of ease in the parish of Woolhrdiswortliyi
near Bideford, by Mr. Gould, of Barnstaple. Your committee feel
that less has been done of late years in church building restoratioiit i*
fewer plans of intended works have been brought to the cognisanoe of
your committee.

" The restoration of Callington church, Cornwall, has been effsotiA
under the direction of Mr. St. Aubyn, one of our honorary memben.

** There has been one improvement accomplished, and that it tke
correct ritual arrangement and use of the chancel. Clergy and choir ii
the restored church at Callington are found in their pkm at the eeb-

1 The friends of the Society will be glad to learn that the Atktmmm fan Mt^i
July 2nd, contains a foil and interesting aocoont of the appUeation of

Exeter Diocesan Architectural Society. 285

adon of madns and evensong ; it will not, henceforth, be seen there
ftt the clergy have no part or Bhare in the service of praise. Pews
id galleries have disappeared, and with free seats a considerable gain
ems to have been obtained, both as to the number of worshippers and
eir comfort.

" Your committee would remind our distant members that by one of
or rules, recently amended, mediaeval domestic architecture forms one

the objects of our inquiry and study. And your committee would
;am ask members to look about them, and to inquire whether there
e not some remains of ancient domestic work in their own neigh-
»iirhoods. Drawings of such remains would both enrich our port-
lie and tend to help on the desire for returning to the mediaeval cha-
kcter in work for our own houses.

'* We see the progress which ecclesiastical architecture has made
nee the birthday of our society ; but we know not how great may
e the revival in domestic work in a coming period of time. There
re tokens which way the taste of the public begins to bear. When
ddependents at Barnstaple adopt as their model for a school-house a
ledueval town-house, having walls of red, and black, and yellow brick,
wo-light lancet windows under a connecting arch, with trefoils in the
jrmpanum, high-pitched roof, dormer windows, metal ridge crests,
nd inscriptions in mediaeval letters. Churchmen surely have good hopes
bat their domestic architecture will improve.

" The consecration of All Saints', Margaret Street, in the diocese of
iondon, architectural societies cannot allow to pass without notice,
fhe church is indeed a design of some ten years since ; but no one can
ee that church without feeling that a great progress has been made,
hat ecclesiastical architecture has become a living art, that it can ex-
iiess the genius of an architect of our own times, as well as declare
hat which is far higher^ the glory of Goo, and the exalting principles
if our holy faith. Much has been accomplished there, which may say
o all, ' take courage.*

*' The Art Exhibition of Barnstaple will, your committee think, have
ts influence in the extension of those objects which have our care,
rhcre was indeed but little mediaeval work, excepting the stand of Mr.
Skidmore, of Coventry ; but that stand alone brought before the eyes
if many examples of mediaeval metal work of modem manufacture,
vho before knew not of its existence. A portion of the metal screens
veently erected in Ely cathedral, door handles and hinges, plain
xnroDK and standards, and some chalices and patens, were exhibited
ff Mr. Skidmore/'

The Rev. Mr. Radford suggested the propriety of a paper being sub-
aitted, at another meeting, upon '* Cottages."

Mr. Miles, the treasurer, sUted that he had £60 in the banker's
tends.

The Rmr, H. Woollcombe submitted the plans of a proposed chapel
of mat at Whiptoo, in the parish of Heavitree.

Mr. T. O. Norria showed a memorial cross, manufactured of terra
9Uta,

286 New Churches.

Mr. C. Tucker presented the society with a copy of the Proceedings
of the Annual Meeting of the Archaeological Society of Great Britain
and the Western Counties, which was held in Bristol in 1851. The
thanks of the meeting were awarded to the donor for his present.

Mr. John Delagarde and Mr. J. T. King were elected members of
the society by the last monthly committee.

Colonel Harding then read a highly interesting paper upon "Tbe
Effigies and High Tombs of Devon."

Mr. £. Ashworth also read a very interesting paper upon *' Some
of the Dartmoor Churches bordering upon Devon.*' It described t
line of churches and old buildings through the granite district from
Bickleigh on the Plym to the vale of Ashton. The principal objecti
noticed were the villages of Meavy and Sheepstor ; the tower of
Widdecombe-in-the-Moor; the rich pulpit and screen in the improted
church at Holne ; the old manorial houses at Canonteign and Ashton,
with delineations of some curious paintings on the screens at Ashton.

Votes of thanks having been given to these gentlemen, and also to
the chairman, the meeting separated.

NEW CHURCHES,

All Saints, Ridgemont, Bedfordshire, — ^This is a striking church,
built three or four years ago by Mr. G. G. Scott. It comprises a
chancel, with a south chancel-aisle and a vestry on its south side, a
clerestoried nave with two aisles, a western tower, and a northern
porch. The style is good early Pointed : the type that of a somewhat
ornate village church. The windows, especially in the chancel, tre
rather mean and ill- proportioned, that to the east end having only
three lights. The arcades are of four arches, rising from clustered
shafts. The roofs are open, and of inconsiderable scantlings; the
aisles, which have lean-to roofs, being very low. There is, however,
some fair carving of heads and foliage to the labels and caps ; and
there is an introduction of colour, in patterns on the ceilings between
the rafters, and in a somewhat excessive number of texts. The font —
a very poor octagonal one, and without a cover — is hideously poly*
chromed, in a most gaudy and coarse style. As to arrangements, the
chancel and sanctuary levels are good, and there are longiitudiaal
benches on each side ; but an open prayer-desk, facing north and west,
stands outside the chancel, on the south side, under the arch. On
the north side there is a good stone pulpit, with angle- shafts of marble.
The greatest want is that of a reredos ; and the altar, though prapatf
furnished with cross and candlesticks, lacks a super-altar. Tliere are
moveable sanctuary rails, and moveable sedilia. The woodwoi^ is sll
of stained deal, the seats being all open. The floor is of coloured tiles.
The organ, appropriately designed, occupies the south chancd-aitk.
The east and west windows have stained glass. Neither are very good.
The former has a Majesty in the head, and rows of saints bdow : u
ibe htter there are Moses and Aaxon. The tower is small in area, bat

New Churches. 287

Tery effective externally. It has a bold octagonal staircase turret at-
tached to its north-east angle; a well- developed belfry- stage ; and a
good octagonal stone spire, with shafted spire-lights on the four car-
dinal sides, of a somewhat early type. The church is a very con-
spicuous and beautiful object from the neighbourhood. The roofs are
of deep-coloured tiles, with crestings ; and the arch-heads are all
treated with voussoirs of alternate colours. Here, as elsewhere, we
have been surprised to see Mr. Scott using the miserable common cir-
cular stack- pipes, and painting them stone colour.

S, , HoUingion, Checkley, Staffordshire, — A small country church

by Mr. Street, it has a nave, circular-ended chancel, a vestry on its
south side, and a south-western porch. The arrangements are tho-
roughly good, except that the altar does not stand forward on the
chord of the apse. There are stalls and subsellse, a low screen, and a
pulpit on the north side of the chancel-arch. The style is a late First-
Pointed. There is a good broad chancel-arch, with corbelled shafted
imposts ; and the windows, which are very varied, have good mould-
ings and rere- vaults. The nave-roof is an open one, with collars and
arched braces : the chancel has a coved and boarded roof. Mr. Street
has got over the difficulty of the lowness of the apse-roof by inserting
in it a high gable with a good traceried window. We have never
thought this a felicitous compromise : and, in this case, the contours
are far from pleasing. The west gable, however, is very good. A cen-
tral buttress, dividing two tall single lights, supports a single bellcote,
which has much character.

^. Alban, Baldwin Gardens, London, — Our readers will be glad to
learn that this church, by Mr. Butter6eld, is already rising above the
gpround.

^. Helen, Little Cawthorpe, Lincolnshire, — This is a truly excellent
design by Mr. Withers for cheaply rebuilding a small rural church. In
the plan we find a chancel, 20 ft. 6 in., by 15 ft. S in. ; a nave, 29 ft. 3 in.,
by 17 ft. 6 in. ; a south-west porch ; and a vestry extending like an aisle
on the north side of the chancel. The arrangements are thoroughly
correct. The material is red- brick, with bands and patterns and voussoirs
of black : the style early Greometrical Middle- Pointed. A good low
timber belfry, with small shingled octagonal broach spirelet, rises from
the western end of the nave roof. The window tracery is of good
character. The woodwork is simple but in good taste. We see
nothing to question but the patterns in two coloured bricks in the inter-
nal wmllt, which look spotty ; but will be less so in execution than in
the drawing. There is a very picturesque ascent by a steep flight of
steps to the porch, the church standing on a steep bank. The re-
building of this church is a work of no small difficulty in so poor a
benefice. We commend the case to our readers, and give an illustra-
tion in the hope of procuring some help from such as may be able to
offer it.

8, , 8o&ih Jedworth, Hants, — ^This church, undertaken by the

late Mrs. Asaheton Smith as a memorial to her husband, is to be
erected by Mr. Slater. The problem imposed upon him was to build
at a moderate coat a chorch without aisles for a small agricultural
pariah. He aocordiDgly dispensed with (the frippery of buUieiaea Vn

288 New Churches.

the nave, while he introduces character hy gproining the chancel ; and
as pictorial polychrome was forbidden, a judicious ute is being made
of coloured materials in the shafts and elsewhere. The nave is to
be of three bays, and the chancel of two, and there will be a very fine
tower crowned by a broach. The vestry to the north has a hipped
roof. We think that the effect of the groining, which is in itself
bold, would be enhanced by a slight addition of elevation to the whole
structure, and we should also recommend a coved roof for the nave,
and the side windows being placed high and invested with something
of the character of those of a clerestory. The belfry story of the
tower rises well above the roof line. The ritual arrangements are not
shown, but the chancel rises on a single step, and the sanctuary on
two more, the bold transverse rib with its triple shafts having the effect
of a sanctuary arch. The footpace is elevated on another step. We
understand that the general type adopted is that found in the district
about Marlborough.

^. , Lyndhurst, Hants. — A thorough re-casting of an old chorch,

to hold 683 persons, by Mr. White. The plan, when completed, will
comprise a nave 72 ft. long, of five bays, with aisles (the eastern bays
of which form quasi- transepts), and a tower engaged at the west eod of
the north aisle, north and south porches, a chancel 29 ft. long, with
chancel aisles, and a projecting sanctuary, having a vestry on its noith
side. There is much merit in the design, but it is deformed by great
eccentricities. In particular the east window, of seven lights, alter-
nately broad and narro^jr, with a large circle in the head, is thoroughly
indefensible. It is a mere capriccio, and is impure in style. Another
novelty is the forming the piers of groups of detached thin marble
shafts, without bands. Instead of a clerestory, there is a pair of im-
mense dormer windows on each side, of seven lights each with a host
of geometrical figures, very crudely combined, in the heads. On the
other hand, much of the detail is good and spirited, and particularly
the richly- moulded west door. We regret to see a thoughtful design
spoilt by affectation of singularity. Ilie work is at present only par-
tially carried out ; and we should prefer noticing it in greater delul
when it is completed.

S, , Windmill Street, London. — We are glad to announce that a

church of a satisfactory character is about to be erected in Windnill
Street, (at the top of the Haymarket,) by Mr. R. Brandon, for the use
of an outlying district of S. James's. From a photograph of the western
elevation, we perceive that the style will be combined of First sod
Middle-Pointed. The triple recessed portico is well managed, althoogh
we fear it presages a g^allery. We should recommend a reconsideni*
tion of the haunches and flanking pinnacles, which are evidendy
founded on Grantham, but are hardly applicable on so small a scale.
The tower and spire, which stand back at the south-east comer of the
church, exhibit a successful study of early French forms. We believe
that the difiiculties of site will necessitate a somewhat bold adi^^tatkn
of an apsidal east end. We shall watch the progress of this ehnich
with interest.

288 New Churches.

the nave, while he introduces character by gproining the chancel; tnd
as pictorial polychrome was forbidden, a judicious use is being made
of coloured materials in the shafts and elsewhere. The nave uto
be of three bays, and the chancel of two, and there will be a very fine
tower crowned by a broach. The vestry to the north has a hipped
roof. We think that the effect of the groining, which is in itself
bold, would be enhanced by a slight addition of elevation to the whole
structure, and we should also recommend a coved roof for the nave,
and the side windows being placed high and invested with something
of the character of those of a clerestory. The belfry story of the
tower rises well above the roof line. The ritual arrangements are not
shown, but the chancel rises on a single step, and the sanctuary on
two more, the bold transverse rib with its triple shafts having the effect
of a sanctuary arch. The footpace is elevated on another step. We
understand that the general type adopted is that found in the distnct
about Marlborough.

^. , Lyndhurst, Hants. — A thorough re-casting of an old cborcfa,

to hold 683 persons, by Mr. White. The plan, when completed, vill
comprise a nave 72 ft. long, of five bays, with aisles (the eastern bayi
of which form quasi- transepts), and a tower engaged at the west end of
the north aisle, north and south porches, a chancel M ft. long, with
chancel aisles, and a projecting sanctuary, having a vestry on its north
side. There is much merit in the design, but it is deformed by great
eccentricities. In particular the east window, of seven lights, alter-
nately broad and narro^jr, with a large circle in the head, is thoroughly
indefensible. It is a mere capriccio, and is impure in style. Another
novelty is the forming the piers of groups of detached thin marble
shafts, without bands. Instead of a clerestory, there is a pair of in*
mense dormer windows on each side, of seven lights each with a host
of geometrical figures, very crudely combined, in the heads. On the
other hand, much of the detail is good and spirited, and particularly
the richly- moulded west door. We regret to see a thoughtful design
spoilt by affectation of singularity. The work is at present only par-
tially carried out ; and we should prefer noticing it in greater detail
when it is completed.

<S. , Windmill Street, London. — We are glad to announce that a

church of a satisfactory character is about to be erected in Windmill
Street, (at the top of the Haymarket,) by Mr. R. Brandon, for the use
of an outlying district of S. James's. From a photograph of the westen
elevation, we perceive that the style will be combined of First and
Middle-Pointed. The triple recessed portico is well managed, althoogh
we fear it presages a g^ery. We should recommend a reconsidera*
tion of the haunches and flanking pinnacles, which are evidendy
founded on Grantham, but are hardly applicable on so small a scale.
The tower and spire, which stand back at the south-east comer of the
church, exhibit a successful study of early French forms. We believe
that the difiiculties of site will necessitate a somewhat bold adaptation
of an apsidal east end. We shall watch the progress of this church
with interest.

ui^

'•-■^

u

]

289

NEW SCHOOLS.

male IVaimng-'Coliege at Ripon, an important work by
ey, fully maintains his reputation, both in grouping and
buildings form a quadrangle, 1 55 feet east and west by
north and south, with a well -arranged internal cloister,
nd eastern limbs contain the college proper, domestic
I the remainder. The upper story, of course, is chiefly
mitories. The oratory, 48 ft. by 20 ft., is well placed
;r the library and music-school, and is lighted by a large
% which, together with several others, are deserving of
aise. The oratory is reached by an external newell stair
er. A bold gable is carried up over the entrance gate-
itaina the servants' sleeping apartments. The practising
t one hundred children stands detached a little westward

^ancras^ London, — Parochial Schools, for 1000 children,
dimensions, and possessing noticeable architectural cha-
^, the fruit of great private munificence, for the above dis-
Dmediately adjoining the Tottenham Court Road, from the
ider the superintendence of Mr. Slater. An idea of the
lilding may be formed from the fact that in one portion,
^tic included, the structure rises to the height of six stories.
3ms, a boys' room 70 ft. 3 in. by 30 ft., a girls' of similar
id an infant schoolroom 63 ft. 4 in. by 29 ft. 3 in. are
on each other, and class-rooms, residences, committee-
vered cloistered play-ground are all provided, while pro-

in the upper portion for a reading and coffee-room for
id the basement is fitted up as an industrial department
ising schools of cooking, washing, &c. A louvre, and
!t with conical roof contribute character to the pile,
* the advantage of two distinct entrances. The material
kith stone dressings. We shall revert at greater length
I when we notice them from the actual construction.

also building schools of a simple character at Tidebrook,
feple Lang/ord.

SECULAR POINTED WORKS.

)f Great Bedwyn, Wilis, has been almost entirely rebuilt
"etilon. The cottages are of different sizes, and all of
without undue effort at a picturesque appearance.
MTl, built originally by Mr. Blore for Sir R. J. Buxton,
; extensively and sumptuously enlarged by Mr. S. S.
B of the additions are in the highest degree stately and
[n particular we may notice the large court-yard ad)oia^

p p

290 Church Restorations.

ing the mansion, in the middle of which stands the S. Chad's Well,
which we noticed in our last number. Around it are a multitude of
apartments, for every imaginable purpose, including gate-houses, and a
game- room, built of the local flints, like a round tower with a coDical
roof. The whole detail is very rich of its kind ; and there is an amazing
deal of happy symbolism in the ornamentation, in legends, earrings,
&c., armorial, historical, and religious.

CHURCH RESTORATIONS.

S, Michael, Penkivel, Cornwall, — This church, which is perhaps the
most interesting one in all Cornwall, is about to be restored for l/x^
Falmouth by Mr. Street. It is of uniform Middle -Pointed date, cruci-
form, the four arms being of almost equal length, with a western tower.
The latter, owing to its ruinous condition, must be rebuilt, stone by
stone. This is most important, from the fact that it retains an old
chantry with its altar, in its second stage. Mr. Street described this
tower-chapel and the whole church some years ago in the Exeter Ar-
chitectural Society's Transactions : and we rejoice that so delicate a
task as its restoration has fallen into his hands. The room over the
south porch is also rebuilt. We thoroughly approve of the details of
this interesting work. The low leaded spire, and the leaded octagonal
capping to the turret-staircase, are most effective, the lead being laid
on diagonally. Good tracery is inserted in all the windows, and the
roofs are renewed. The arrangements are correct : only one hundred
and fifty seats being required. The chancel receives stalls, and the
pulpit stands on the south side of the chancel-arch upon a projecting
solea. Seats in the nave, and a few — facing eastward — ^at the west
side of each transept, suffice. There is a good reredos, and the sanc-
tuary walls are treated with an incised pattern very effectively. We
have seldom seen a better restoration.

5. , Wavendon, Bucks. — A good village church, very thoroughly

restored by Mr. Butterfield. The tower, affecting the square, solid
type of the neighbourhood, has not been touched, but tbe rest of the
church has been remodelled. The high lead roof of the clerestoried
nave, and the lead lean-to's of the nave, are very conspicuous. The
chancel has only a tiled roof. The interior, which has suffered froa
damp, is excellently treated. The nave, which is rather narrow, hti
nothing but chairs, some benches being placed in the aisles. The
chancel has a low stone screen, with metal gates, stalls, and subaellttf
and a well-defined sanctuary. An organ*chamber and vestry are en-
tered by an open arch on the north side ; and an unglazed window of
three lights in the north wall admits tlie sound. The windows are of
grisaille or of stained glass, of various degrees of excellence. There ii
a good deal of colour in the roofs, and some on the chancel-icnen.
The latter is applied without any delicacy or harmony. There is no
reredos ; but the altar, sumptuously vested, has cross and candieiticb*
The worst feature in an excellent restoration is the treatment of tiw

Church Restorations, 291

chancel-roof in two ways, in order to develope the sanctuary. The
church3rard cross occupies its right place.

S. , Millbrook, Bedfordshire. — This church, very prettily situated

on the steep side of a deep valley, has been substantially restored by
Mr. Batterfield. It has a square solid embattled tower, a nave and its
arcades of late Middle- Pointed, a chancel and nave aisles of Third-
Pointed.' The outside has been carefully pointed and repaired. To
the inside little has been done. But the nave is full of some old dark
oak open seats with carved ends. The chancel was difficult enough to
restore ; for it has on its south side three busts, on detached low
[X)lumns, with flagrant Whig inscriptions ; — two of them, Lord and Lady
Holland, outside the altar rails, and the third, to one of the Fox family,
within. However, Mr. Butterfield has improved the levels, and intro-
duced some longitudinal seats. There is a prayer-desk, facing two
vajTs, on the north side of the chancel-arch. A small vestry is screened
off at the east end of the north aisle. A new south-western porch
baa been added. Nothing has been attempted in this restoration but
general decency and sound repair.

S. Mary, Callington, Cornwall. — This church, consecrated on August
31, 1438, has lately been effectively restored under the care of Mr.
St. Aubyn. It is an imposing building, of Cornish Third-Pointed style,
Bonstmcted of large blocks of granite. The whole interior has been
freed from pews and galleries, and furnished with open seats. The
chancel has been fitted with stalls and subsellse for the use of the choir.
[n the middle of its floor is the brass of Sir Nicholas Assheton, the
founder of the church. Before his time Callington (which is one of
the boroughs disfranchised by the Reform Bill,) was subject to the
neighbooring church of South Hill. The plan of the church comprises
I nave and aisles, a short chancel with a north chancel- aisle, western
lower, and south-west porch. The arcades, of five arches on the
lorth aide* and four arches on the south, are uniform, as is usual in
^omiah Pointed. Mr. St. Aubyn has taken advantage of this, and
Bade the chancel out of the two easternmost bays : placing his stalls in
oe and leaving the other for a sanctuary. There are parcloses behind
he atalla, and a low screen. There is a clerestory to this church, a
neat onasoal Cornish feature. This has been reopened, the ait^les
letng supplied with flat roofs in order to show it. It is said that
iioatwithiel boasts the only other clerestory in the county. The res-
oration ia both architecturally and ritually in good taste : and we
imeh like the unpretending style of the woodwork. Besides the un-
mial architectural features already mentioned in this church, there is
la eaatern window to the tower in the middle stage below the belfry
tage. The east window is remarkably large and fine. Much remains
D be done in the restoration of the exterior, but the good feeling shown
litherto by the inhabitants gives every reason to hope that before long
bia intereating church will be brought back to something like its ori-
(iiial perfection.

8. • Sidbmy, Dewm. — The restoration of the early chancel of

he cbnreh of tbia village, standing on the river from which Sidmouth
■ket ita omnie, ia in Mr. White's hands, and includes a new roof and

292 Church Reatorations.

new east window of the simplest form in the old arch» composed of three
foliated unintersecting lights, llie ritualism is correct, stall-like seats
with subsellse, side prayer-desk to north, projecting, we are sorry to
see, somewhat into the nave, and pulpit and lettem to the south. A
single-light Romanesque window on each side of the chancel shows its
antiquity, in spite of later alterations.

S, Michael, Bradden, Northamptonshire, — ^This little church, which
is in Mr. White's hands, has been almost rebuilt. The plan b of the
simplest — a west tower, nave and aisles of three bays, south poreb,
and chancel. The restoration comprehends new seating and correct
choral arrangements, the desk being placed under the chancel arch to
the north. There are single stall-like seats and subsellse. The pulpit
(Stands against the north chancel pier. The levels are a step at the
chancel arch, two at the sanctuary, and a double footpace. The esit
window is of two lights only, and exhibits Mr. White's favourite plite
tracery. In the aisles are retained some original late Middle •Pointed
windows. The sacristy to the north is an addition, while the prieit'i
door is retained, which seems a surplusage. The nave roof retiioi
its original low pitch. On the whole this seems a simple and pleanng
village church,

Si(^. Peter and Paul, Aldwinkle, Northamptonshire. — ^This chorcfa,
consisting of a clerestoried nave and aisles of four bays, a chancel of
three bays, an ancient vestry at right angles to the chaqcel, and western
spire with broach, is of Middle-Pointed date, except the east window
and a few other Third-Pointed insertions. It is under restoratioo bj
Mr. Slater, llie chancel roof is to be replaced in oak. Hie pecu-
liarity which this roof shares with that of the chancel at HigbiB
Ferrers is, that although of so early a date it is of a low pitch. The
windows are to be made good, and the nave reseated. A stall-like
bench of oak is to be placed to the south of the chancel, an origins!
bench-table of stone being retained to the north. We cannot kaie
this church without calling attention to the curious transomed two-
light Middle -Pointed " l)chnoscopic ** window at the south-west angle
of the chancel.

All Saints, Naseby, Northamptonshire. — This church, so interesting
from historical associations, is under restoration by Mr. Slater. The
church consists of a nave and north and south aisles of four bays,
north and south porches, western tower, and the incomplete stomp of
a spire. The date of arcades, aisles, and lower stage of tower ii
Middle-Pointed, while the clerestory is of the third age. The chancel
was rebuilt about thirty-five years ago in true Churchwarden taste, and
reduced in length. The most remarkable architectural featnre aboat
the church is the north arcade, of which the pillars, qoatreHail in
section, are actually stilted up upon a circular plinth four feet Ugiu
The details of the two- light windows are simple but good Middle-
Pointed. The upper part of the tower is Middle-Pointed, and, ss
we said, the spire, which is crocketed, was never completed. Vaiiooi
theories are assigned for this anomaly, of which the most probable
is that the walls, which are almost in a dangerous state, coold not
bear any additional weight. The restorations include new nA

Church Restorations. 293

new seating of a satisfiictorj description, and new walls to the south
side. The chancel is seated stallwise: the prayer-desk, which is
just in the nave to the south, having desks facing north and west.
The pulpit is against the north chancel- pier. The font is to the
left of the southern entrance. The tower heing so much out of
repair will be rebuilt, and it is hoped that the spire may be completed.
A curious relic of Naseby's historical days is found in the bells, which
were recast a short time before the battle, one being inscribed *' God
save the King."

88. Pster and Paul, Kettermg, Northamptonshire. — This fine church
is of Third-Pointed character, except the east and south windows of
the chancel, which are of Early Middle- Pointed. The tower and spire
are among our most beautiful parochial specimens. The interior of
the church ia still sadly disfigured by high pews, and west and side
galleries, although some improvements have been lately effected by the
rector under Mr. Slater's superintendence in the chancel, where new
oak seats have been placed, and are occupied by the choir. The organ,
which waa in the west gallery, blocking up the tower arch, has been
removed into the south chancel aisle. The chancel is lighted by brass
gas standards by Mr. Skidmore. The square pews have been removed
from the north chancel aisle, and moveable seats placed there for the
children. It is now proposed to erect a stone reredos in place of the
present unsightly and commonplace oak panelling of some sixty years
back. Still however the pews and galleries disfigure the nave, and
the tower-arch is still blocked up.

8. Michael^ Hazelbeech, Northamptonshire. — ^The church consists of a
nave smd elerestoried aisles of three bays, and a western tower, llie
arcades, which are well proportioned, being of Early Middle- Pointed,
the clerestory is late, and the roof Third- Pointed. The windows
throughout the church are mostly Perpendicular insertions. The tower
has richly crocketed sngle-turrets, and a low pyramidal capping is to
be introdaced. The chancel was rebuilt about fourteen years ago.
The walla and the north arcade are so much out of repair as to require
rebuilding, all the old masonry being used. New oak roofs and new
oak aea^g are also introduced, the present old seats being preserved.
The rich Jacobean pulpit has been refitted on a stone baee, new rails
having been felicitously introduced, and will be retained. An iron
grille of good seventeenth century work remains, separating the nave
from the chancel. The architect employed is Mr. Slater.

8, Mmy, Fmedon, Northamptonshh^, — ^This large cruciform church
is oomposied of a nave and aisles of four bays, groined south porch,
tnuiaepta, western tower, and spire. The style is fine First-Pointed,
with Aiiddle-Pointed insertions, and Perpendicular alterations. The
drarch ia internally remarkable for a stone chancel- screen, now some-
what mutilated, and a pierced stone arch of double curvature, concave
on the upper part, thrown across the nave to the west of the lantera
for eooatiiicdcmal aafety. The restoration of this church has devolved
OD Mr. Sbter. The richly carved seats of the fifteenth century are to
be made good, and the chancel is to be seated staliwiae with returua,
the pr«ycr*desk being in the nave aoathward, with the pulpit against

294 Church Restorations,

the north chancel-pier. The lettem, of brass, is by Mr. Potter. The
chancel was. it may be noted, formerly groined. A reredos of alabaster
is about to be erected in the chancel, having a carving of the Nativitj
in the centre panel. Externally the church exhibits a pleasing con-
trast of colour from the two varieties of stone employed. Those who
desire a fuller description of this important church will find it in the
" Churches of Northamptonshire."

S, , Elm, Cambridgeshire, — ^This large and fine church it in

process of partial restoration by Mr. S. S. Teulon. Only the eastern
portion of the nave and its aisles is required for the population. Under
these circumstances we regret the "free" benches — ominous word-
marked in the plan as facing north and south at the east ends of the
aisles. A prayer-desk is placed, most needlessly, adjoining the sooth
pier of the chancel-arch, but in the nave. A new north porch is added,
and the south aisle is rebuilt : and the angle- turrets of the fine Pint-
Pointed tower receive p3rramidal caps. The nave roof, a hammer-
beam one, with two collars, the former being embattled, is restored
with open tracery between the collars, which we do not greatly ad-
mire.

8, Michael, Upper Sapey, Herefordshire, has been placed by Sir
Thomas Winnington, Bart, in the hands of Mr. W. J. Hopkins, of
Worcester, for restoration. The old church, miserably decayed through
damp, consists of a chancel and nave of Romanesque date, with Fint^
Pointed insertions, to which a modem bell-cote and porch have been
added. Mr. Hopkins preserves ancient features as far as practicable,
and proposes to add a new south porch and small rubble tower, the
belfry stage of which breaks out into timber and carries a shingkd
broach spire. The old Norman chancel arch is transferred to the
tower. There is no indication of an east window having ever existed.
A Middle-Pointed one of three lights is now provided. The chancel
correctly arranged in itself is somewhat short in proportion to the nave.
A low wooden screen is thrown across the arch, and the prayers said
from the westernmost stall on either side. The present Jacobean pulpiti
mounted on a new stone base, resumes its old position. On the whole
this is a simple and judicious restoration at a comparatively small
outlay.

8, John, Narraghmore, Kildare, — Mr. Withers has undertaken the
remodelling of the exterior of the nave of this frightful modem church*
The chancel has been already rebuilt in a fair First- Pointed style. The
material is granite, which affects the nature of the detail throughout.
The addition of a south porch, buttresses, and a western bell-cote sap-
ported on a flying buttress, and the insertion of good plate-traeery
windows in the walls, are all very effectively arranged. And the ia*
temal arrangements are very good ; a reading-desk, outude the
chancel- arch, being placed on a kind of solea, which really forms a
westward extension of the chancel.

8. Cyntdlo, Llangoedmore, Cardiganshire, — This miserable bamlike

structure, rebuilt about thirty years ago on the old foundations, by the

aid of a grant from the Church Building Society, is about to be trtnt*

formed to a more decent appearance by Mr. Withers. The present

BtTQcture boB a nave and chancel, the latter quite as long aa the fonier,

Notices and Answers to Correspondents, 295

rith hideous tnrreta between the two, and on the west gable. That
>uch a pewed interior could ever haye passed the ordeal of the Church
iailding Society is amazing. The process adopted by Mr. Withers is
Dgenious and satisfactory. He guts the whole church, replaces all
he windows and doors with good Pointed insertions, adds buttresses,
idds copings, crosses to the gables, repaves the interior, with new
teats, &c., and a little colour at the east end. A new vestry is added
o the north side of the chancel. The chancel receives stalls and sub-
sellse : a reading-desk is ingeniously fitted in under the chancel- arch,
iie level of the chancel being extended westward. Under very diffi-
:ult circumstances we think this restoration very cleverly managed,
rhe absurd turrets are temporarily retained to please the parishioners.
S. Helen, Kirmingion, Lincolnshire. — In this church, which formerly
had aisles, (the arcades on each side — of excellent Middle-Pointed detail
— ^remaining embedded in modern walling), Mr. S. S. Teulon reproduces
the north aisle, with the addition of an organ chamber and sacristy.
It is a pity that the south aisle was not also thrown out again. The
new organ>chamber is treated like a quasi-transept.

S, Bartholomew, Newington Bagpath, Gloucesterhire, — Mr.S. S. Teulon
leboilt some time since the chancel of this church. He now rebuilds
the nave and tower. The style is a bold Middle-Pointed. The nave
Itts aisles, which are all under one large roof of broad span, with a
krge dormer window, as a clerestory, on each side. The toWer is a
W square massy one with a dwarf pyramidal capping. We should
^h it another stage. The tower internally is seated for children —
^ arrangement which we seldom much approve of.

Graffham, Sussex. — Mr. Street has designed a very good lychgate
^r this church. It follows the old simple timber type, and has a tiled
"oof, with a moulded stone crest, and a metal cross on the gable. The
giUes are well moulded.

STAINED GLASS.

We have seen a sketch for the three -light east window of Newington
Bagpath church, Gloucestershire, by Mr. Wilmshurst. In the middle
light there is the Resurrection — rather weakly and academically de-
signed, lo the dexter light there is the Temptation — a subject rather
painfully treated, the devil being represented with wings, horns, and
doven feet. In the other light there is the Agony ; and in a large
sexfoil in the head there is a group of the three women and the angel
at the Sepulchre. Here, too, the drawing lacks severity.

NOTICES AND ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Tbb orgm in King*s College chapel, Cambridge, has been taken
down, in order to be rebuilt on an enlarged and improved plan by
MoMTS. HiU. The instrument had been built by Avery eax\y Vcl V!i^^

296 Notices and Answers to Correspondents.

present century, and had since undergone some slight alteratioos. It
consisted, like most English cathedral organs, of a Great and Choir
Manual, each extending from GO to f ^, and a Swell of onlj tbne
octaves, to which had been added a remarkable patchwork of pedil
pipes. The compass of each Manual is now to be from C C to g*, tbit
of the Pedal from C C C to tenor f, and the number of stops will be
increased to about forty, six or seven of which will be on the Pedal,
one of them a 3^ ft. Open Diapason. Almost all the existing stopi
are to be incorporated in the new organ. We hope to give a particular
description when the work is finished, which will not be till about
Christmas ; though it is intended that part of the org^n shall be ready
for use in October. The present case, which dates from 1607, is to be
retained, being enlarged in a manner that will not alter its appeanuKe
as seen from east or west. This rebuilding of the organ wUl be tbe
second great improvement which the Provost and Fellows of Kiogs
College have made in the choral service of their chapel ; the first being
the substitution of a musical for an undefinable polytonic recitation by
the priest of the versicles and prayers in the daily service. We hope
that a third improvement will be effected before long, namely, a tho-
rough reformation with respect to the music in use.

It is worth mentioning that an account-book preserved in the college
has been found to contain all the details of expenditure in building the
organ of 1 607. We hope to be able to print this very curious does-
ment in our next number.

We propose in our next number to review several of the most pro-
minent churches in and about London which have been recently ereded.
We shall also give, illustrated by a plan, (due to the courtesy of
M. Alberdingk Thijm,) a description of a church for Holland of moie
than average merit, which M. Cuypers is erecting at Alckmaar, in the
province of North Holland.

An account of the new organ of All Saints', Margaret Street, and
notices of the Norwegian Government's splendid volume on Trondjbeffl
Cathedral, and of the interesting publication, by the Surtees Sodety.
of the Fabric Rolls of York Minster, are unavoidably postponed.

We postpone also to our next number a correspondent's letter oo
the western towers of Llandaff cathedral.

The Guild of S. Alban^s have published a Burial Report of the
Brotherhood of S. Barnabas. This practical eflfort deserves warm
support and encouragement.

We are also glad to announce the formation of a London Committee
which promises a vigorous assault on the Pew System.

Received : — Mr. Davies. — M. N. — An Ecclesiologist.

Erratum : In our last number, in a notice of Mr. Thiefitt'a reitoii*
tion of Little Shelsley church, Worcestershire, east was printed fof
west, as the situation of the fireplace. •

THE

ECCLESIOLOGIST.

<(

%u,tqt igiutr ft Ut : et txit Bowfaitti uotw.*'

No. CXXXIV.— OCTOBER, 1859.

(new series, no. xcviii.)

SEQUENTLE INEDITiE.— No. XX.

Iv die Public Library at Amiens is a most valuable fwted Sequen-
tiiry, written on thick paper in small quarto, and containing 217
(s 4S4) pages. The epigraph at the end is ** Oulielmos Level : orate
pro eo: 1572." He was a member of the Oratory at Amiens. I know
BO MS. which would be better worth reprinting than this. Besides a
collection of the best and commonest sequences, there are a large
Biaber which I believe to have been Level's own. They are clearly
^ late, — plainly by the same writer, — made, in every instance, with
tbe greatest exactness, tuper some well-known melody (an exactness to
^Hiich medisBval writers did not tie themselves down), — and I have
sever leen any one of them elsewhere. Some of them are very beautiful :
I ihall give eight as specimens. For one or two of these I could almost
diiiii a place in the very first class of sequences : none of them appear
te rink lower than the second.

XCII. In Nativitatb D. N. J. C.

In Natsli Salyatoris Visitarit quos amavit ;

Angdorom nostra choris Noaque rite revocarit

SuoeiDat conditio : Qntia, non meritum.

Annonia diversorum r n '

8ie in nnum redsctoram Infinitus et immensus,

Dalds est oonneetio. Q»«™ "on capit alius sensus.

Nee loconim spatia,

Felix dies hodiemos. Ex etemo temporalis.

In ono Patri oo-etemos Ex immense fit locsli^

Nsseitnr ex '^^rgine : Ut restanret omnia*

Felix diesy et jucundus ;

DhisCnri saodet mundos ^on peccatam, sed peccatt

Yen Smis lamme. Formam samens, vetustati

Not » se oontempearat :

Ne jpamt Imniio lens Immortalis se mortali*

BtiliiMpisieM niiifc Dsii8« Spiritslis eorporali,

" Uwjfintan % Naiora oonfederat*

Q a

298

Sequeniue InediUt.

Sic concumtiit in pertoiuB
SiogaUuris unione

y4nrbuBi, QATO, spiritnt,
tJt Mttura non mtiletur»
Nee penooa geminetur,

Sed lit nnm penitua.

TanUe rei Sacramentam
Latet hottem ftnuMeirtiMii $
Fallitur malitia :

CmcQM Hottia non pnen^
Qaod tub mole carnii agtt
Dei Sapienlia.

Jen neater talBtarii,
Qai pradenter operarii

SaJutii myatenum.
Hit qui colunt hunc natilcB
Da talutem temporalemi

Da perenne gandinm 1

3[CIlI. In Pbsto Epiphanijb.

MaffDom nobis gaadiomt

Virso, contnlitti,
Cum Dei Arehangelo,

Sancta, eredidiati
Qaod deberta 4eri

Mater Jetu Chriiti ;
De fiicto non dubitans

Bfochim itiqaititili.

iHienia laactiwiBinm,

Sancta, gennitti;
Etpattoret gandii

'^tet lialmiilti :
ninnn dtuCfinintiiiiif

teiMa, emisiati ;
jBI eitanti fopido

homtm

6 Maria, gratdari
^Reua ttoueiy onani bMmmm

^^MeaMtfMrFllioe
Cmb 4 Ma^ adorari
Ipenm oemis, et donari

Munere tam Tario.

JeoM

StelU notat nnitatem,
Myrrba, camii veritaten,

£t thus eit oratio :
Anrum monatrat Deitatem,
n^eqob Aegei Trinitatem

In tanto negotio.

O Mariav ateUa nuuidL
Apeccato aimae mondi

rer te, elemeoe et pia:
fit ▼Utntibos fSecondi
i46ti teciiu et jneundii

Nottm aalM ae ¥iak

Domina dnkisdma.

Mater orfmanoriiniy
Ve ooUandat ewia

Omnium Thrweram :
Tn M enim per • • -• #

RMina eoBlomm : ^
Poet nane yitam not joi^

Choris Angelorum.

XCIV. In Fbsto CiRCUMciaioNia.
{From tkt tame book.)

Apptt«ithodie
hMi *virtQt 'grMtim»

Qom Deum efereumeMit :
Nomen ei ei)BUouBi>
Nonen Dt lalvMewtty

QMd-M OeMi, Indidit

^Ott^n, 'rtOoi homiidy
IVomttif i|ttod oa Doitdtii

ob eterno nknoiBatf
Dttdttm Mittri numinia
Socy et opotmo Vifgfaui

AngiMb AsttimiBnt*

Tu naquaa Tim Zabdi»
Tn peecatum inenlit

Nomen tacrumt euperMi
Jetu,
Jeaif

Qnod dealt in konuMa
Sunpla IM 'Kotttee

Chiod ett lalntiiBraii
TnaQnvimMWo

MoettJH <e> ioiitaiiii

Annt ttttiie) iiitto
Date,Jeni»piiBiiilMi^ Amen.

XCy* In BOOBir Fbsto.

In exerini Cttiitiir

Ntto Regi gloria t
Per quem lemB redditnr

Et oGilo ooDcoriift »
Jure diet eolitnr

Chneti natalitia :
Quonaacente natdtnr

NofK Jiegisgtvtb.

Mediator nobis dalus

In aalntie pretinni»
Non natuTK, ted reatot

Eflbgit eonaortinm :
Non amittit elaritatem

Stella ftindens radians ;
Nee Maria casdtatem

Pariendo Fi^m.

Quid de mopte lapit ovena
Sine manua niii Jeaui

Qni de regom lioB^
Sine camia opefe
De came pnerpenB

Frooeant Ti^gineft?

book,)

Radix David tjpnm geaaity
Virga, Matria qum prooeaait

£l regali aemine :
Floe eat Faer nftbia natua,
Jure flori comparatua

Fne mirft dolcedine.

In prvaept vaohnalw-
Cuina orlna oelebratar

C«Bleali pwMoaio;
Coeli ctvea jubilant^
Dumpaataeea vigikuit

Sub noctia ailentiob

CuneU la«idea iatooant
Super partHB Viifiniai

Lex et PialoH conaaaant
ProphetaMiA paginuk

Angelorum et Paajtomoi
Stellc aimul et Ma^rum

CoQoordaat indicia,)
Regea cumint Orientia
Ad pr»iepe Yi^gieatiay

Qentium

Et

Viiga Jeaaa ionit t
Kadi¥ nvnuDt TU^ga floNMy
Vngo pMwrt SaiYBtoraBy

Sicut Lex pffweinuit.

Jean, Puer inunortalia,
Ex etemo temporalia,
Noa ab btyua Titw malia

Tu potiNiter eruei;
Tu poat Titam bane nioptalBrnt
Sire mortem bane Titaknp^
Yitam nobia immortalam

Clementer reatitue- Amen.

XCYI. Ik FxaTO AacKRaiONia,
(fVoM tht $ame book.)

Bfwiia 0Oida Miblefcuiiia»
Et iiHMiplniBi paiaovanraa
SahratoffialKNiia:

Libertati captua ikim i
Orbia t^rrie mtnlat<ir i
Sue

Dalci kmdet harmoniA,
ItalotietariaBb

Nam lafivnva tptXmtnfg
FimiBaw fiawam?
GnMia cum fioloiiA &

Qaiudit coeir curia.

Ticior iiif|nt« anivwtiur^
Planetua Suvtria commiiatur;

Conraaurgnnt omnll^i
Re^ MBda oepulatiur &
ScanditQadfii eMUnlwr

In patemA^oriL

r-..„ ef thM «M«t the extran&elyli^ epoeb at wMeh tbe attneaea
!• ii Mw»a*by#na in the aame Mrtra ht «to BpO^anj/wbidi

800

SequeniuB Inediia.

O qui csntm AngekNram,
Que sunt festo lupernorum

In coeli palatio f
Quo Regina, ** coeli porta.
Per quam mundo lux est ofta»'

Ccanitur cum Filio.

Pie Jefu> forma mores ;
Pdle pestea et langoorcs;
Nos ndere ggbU flotes

Da post hsec exilia :
Dnlcis Jesu, supplieamw
Ut te iBti Tideamnsy
Cnm Marii gaudeamus

£t Sanctis ia Patril Aacs.

XCYII. In Fbbto Trambfiouiutionis.

{From the same book.)

I^tabnndi jubilemus,
£t deTote celebremns

Hkc sacra solcmnia :
Ad honorem snmmi Dei
Hujus laudes nunc diei

Personet Ecclesia.

In hac Christus die festi
Sum dedit manifesta

Glorie indicia ;
Ut hoc possit enarrari.
Hie nos suo salutari

Repleat et grati& I

Christus ergo, Deus fortis,
YitK dator, Victor mortis,
Yerus Sol Justitin,
Quam assumpsit camem de Virgine»
TVansformatus in Tabor culmine,
Glorificat hodie.

O quam felix sors bonorum I
Talis enim beatorum
Erit Resurrectio :
Sicnt fuleet sol plenus luminis,
Fulsit Tultus Dei et hominis,
Teste Evangelio.

Candor quoque sacrse vestis
Deitatis fiiit testis,

Et futurss gloriK :
Mirus honor et sublimis !
Mira, Dens, tuae nimis

Virtus est potentiie I

Cumque Christus, Virtus Dei,
Petro, natis ZebedaBi

Majestatis gloriam
Demonstravit manifeste,
Ecce Tident, Lucft teste,

Moysen et Heliam.

Hoc habemus ex Mattheo^
Quod Ibquentes eraot Deo
^ PatrkFiKo:

Vere sanctum, Tcre dignam,
Loqui Deo, et benignum ;
Plenum omni gaudio I

Hujus magna laus diei
Qu» sacratur Toce Dei

Honor est ezimius :
Nubes illos obumbraTit,—
Et Vox Patris proclamsrit,—

' Hie est meus Filius.'

Huius vocem exandite ;
Habet enim verbum vitc

Verbo potens omnia:
Hie est Christus, Rex cnnetofWi*
Mundi Salus, Lux SanctonuBi

Lux illustrans omnia.

Hie est Verbum IVitris— Veita
Per quem perdit jus aeerimB

Quod in nobis habnit
Hostis nequam. Serpens dtm.
Qui, fundendo suum nms,

EvsB nobis nocnit.

Moriendo nos sanaTit
Qui suigendo reparant
Vitam Christus, et damnarit

Mortis magisterium :
Hie est Christus, Paz etcns,
Ima jungens et mpenu^
Cui de ccelo vox Paleraa

Confert testimonium.

Cujus sono sunt tnrbati
Patres illi tres fMrscAiti,
Et in terrft sunt proslnti

Quando tox emittitur:
Sui]^t tandem, inauflnti
Sibi Chriitoy aed intante
Ciicumspeetanti am

Jenia aoliia eemkar*

Tke Orgun at AU Samt^, Margaret Street. 801

hoc oelariy Chrittiu, Splendor Dei Patrii,

I pcnniat enurui^ Preee Swiete nub Matrit
we vite Repmtory Not k moite liberet.

^tito Wiunphttor, xibi. PatcF, tibi, Nmte,
forte victAwinjeret ; Xibi, Sencte Spiritiw.

m die Jaude dignft, gj^ ^J^^, ,ummA majettate
I tot nncta flmit ngna, Laiu et honor debitui. Amen.

\ ORGAN AT ALL SAINTS', MARGARET STREET.

r aocoiint of this splendid instrument may not be uninteresting
r of oar readers,

church where no cost has been spared to secilre the best of
ing attainable for the construction, ornamentation, and ritual
7 of the building, it was to be expected that no parsimony
be allowed to stint the musical provision for the due perform-

tiie Divine Service with an accompanying instrument in keep-
li the elaborate expenditure of skill in the other arts. The art
ngan-builder would not be expected to be less called into play
lat of the architect, the painter, and the cunning workman in
nd iron, alabaster and marble. Accordingly the organ was
I and arranged at an early period of the building, although the
ant of funds which for so long a time delayed the completion
church prevented the actual order being given for its erection

year. The Rev. Thomas Helmore, Honorary Precentor of the
dlo^cal Motett Choir, was requested to undertake the oversight
work ; and the well-known firm of Hill and Son, 261, Euston
ivere employed by him to build the instrument in the most com-
iid finished manner, with every suitable appliance of the present
: the art, and on as grand a scale as the space allowed by the
:tiiral arrangements would allow.

main object of the plan of the organ now to be described has
le attainment of the greatest possible variety and beauty of tone,
T with sufiicient depth and power fiilly to sustain (without over«
ig it) the entire chorus of choir and cong^gation which may at
DC, under the most favourable circumstances, be expected to
lieir voices in the psalms and hymns and spiritual songs of the
U while at the same time the antiphonal character of the singing
be aided and brought out, with more than ordinary prominence,

unusual advantage of a local arrangement, and a consequent
eqinally antiphonal in the organ itself.

m are accordingly three organs combined in one massive pile of
nd supporting woodwork on each side of the chancel, i. e., in
itli and south chapeb formed by the ends of the aisles, which
■•d two or three steps above the level of the floor of the nave,
wned off (as most of our readers are aware) from the chancel,
M fillad vith open tracery above and light metal work below.

bt yememhered diat there is a small east window in each oC

aOS Tkg OrffMm ai AU SimU^, Marfan^ OruHi

these, and Um hoBt ai tke otgan on each aidt wasfanaAlo<ba kept
hack 8o 8a< t» Itaife the tracery and jamht of tfaaas: m view r aai it ii
in Bome meaanre- to he regretted that greater depth froor the waUi
could not have heen aeooi edv aa the stops are crowiled hiconfcoientlj
for purposes of tuning.

The manuals or fingen>hoards are four in nmnher^iand are placed ao
ar to give the usuaT arrangement of Swell at the top. Great in the next
helow, and Choir in the third row ; to which is added a aecond CSMr
organ helow. The Tariona organs played hy these four seta of kejs
are placed as follows : — On the south side, the Sioeli and the SaUk
Choir I the raannaki d these heing^ respectively the kigbasa and the
lowest of the four finger-hoards. On the north side is the Ghreat organ,
togethfiff with the North Choir. Thece ara two safes ef pedal pycad
one on each side of the church, of 16 feet seale ; that on the nestb hsinir
of wQoit and the aoath metmL Tlieae are played l^ two oolevea and a
half of Oeraaan pedala. The oiganiat aits on the north aide^ wilk kia.
fMe towafda the aouth, the actiyon of the north ofgjsns heing vevenad*
The meohaaical diffionltiea of iiniting into one instrument tke tm
oolleetions of pipes separated hy the entire hceadth of the ehmcW e
distance of about 60 feet, have heen overcome \xf the buildera with
even more than their wonted d(ill.

** Tke unprecedented distance of the offgana ea the aoetk fron tbosa
of the north side neeesaitated a gteat amoumt of horizontal friotioe
and inertia. This was, however, overoome by the use of e fian oC
anspending the trackers, and the use of the pneuomtie lever, ao that the
aoi^ organa, though played on the north aide of the i^aao^ at e di^
taace requiring 80 It. of vertical and korizontat action ta e soli^
answer aa promptly to the touch of the organist aa that of the ergaaa
immediately behind him.**^

The communicatioo between the opposite adea is below the ioor rf
the chancel, where the vaolted foundationa of the building, with tbak
archea and massive piers^ afford an^pie room for the tiadien (st
wooden lines, by which the keys of the inatniment open the pallilb
and thua admit the wind to the pipes,) for the wind-tnurics, and for die
draw-atop action, conneeting the south organ with the varieoa parts si
the instrument on the north.

The bellows are placed on each side immediately above tke ftoet of
the chapels ; the feedera, which are worked by two handlea> ead ie«
qnire two blowers, are on the south side only. These, aa well aa tka
aystem of pneumatic bellows^ conveyancing [Hpea, and the rcat of the
machinery not in the vaults, are hidden from view by maaaive osk
casiog, Mmply carved in harmony with the chareh from Mr. Batter*
field's designs, and reaching six or seven feet from the floor, aa high aa
the impost upon which the great pedal pipea and the real of the apeak-
ing parts of the organ are aupported.

The estimated cost of the whole was £U60. of which £60 wsa
allowed for the easea and carving,' leaving the aetnal coal of the

> Soe tiie ArfAfcr of July 3. 1859.

silMaotodaoatoftheMisj^lMi so tfast^ iacMfe[« the voodUwarmhs Mril
esil fl the eiim km bssa j^lftK^

n» Otj/m at AU SakM', Mmyarei Sire^^

906

llMlnuMBt ituft 41<im. The number of itops Gfft the o|^Dtfte iSdea
^ Am 4k0nk an ^qml, aaok 'on tbe voi^tli being in genend tn-
•weptd % >m qngaepopding itop <m the vooth, but of diffBrent cli».
VMUriof tioM nod sede. The «oale of the instrument is from C C G
•ti y la sho «nd ell the eteps nre entire, — ^iiO., eoimd to each -of
•the flfty^4eiur keys ^ the t/Mtmh, vrhkh. iill extend from C C to/in
-siu llMnie tre five ^^tope in -eaoAi of tke ehoir oigttne, nhie €or the
front evgnn, <niue lor the sweN, ondtw^ forthe pod^. llierenreolso
Sto cooplers, and fire oomposMop {«dah« oOfB^ewell podal» one for the
nepKinto Mrell of the Vok l^mann etop, and one for the tremnlant.
The ttinnber of pipee is Ijn ; nnd uptrorde of twoflsiJee of tredker ave
need in Ae netioa of th^e^mth^iigan. The front pipes ave^of ■spotted
^neinl,-^i.e., a mistuve of «qnal penrtioBS -of tin and lead. Tbeie Is
^lAso n^uT'prsportkm'OftiA in all the metal pipes.

The "whole of the worknimu^ is of n "wety eupeiior kind, and tftie
fafis of llie inetnunealt bear proof of en honetft nnd aealous endeavoor
<on the part nit the builders to make the ini^tniment "trerthy of the
(ehnveh in which it etands, «nd of the senriee to which it b dedicated.

The foUowing ^ n listof tiie stops {—

North.
MamuU (Qreat Organ J

'8 Open TOwMion S ft.

3 Stopped llispason .... B ft. tone

4 OctoTe 4 ft.

6 Twelfth 3ft.

6 Fifteenth 2 ft.

7 Foil Miztnre, 3 ranks

8 Wald Flnte 4 ft.

9 Poaaone 8 ft.

BecomiMmmud (Nm^ Choir.J

1 Conetlimbn ...
• flnopped Ihapaeon
JOdMn .........

4 NsaonFfaiAe

4 Y4U, ffowan^ . . .

8ft.

8 ft. tone
4ft.
4ft.
8ft.

Pedal CCC to F.
IBA Base Wood 16 ft.

South.
Fourth Manual (SweUmg Organ J

1 Bourdon 16 ft. tone

2 Open DiajDMoa 8 ft.

3 Stopped Oivpasdn S ft. tone

5
6

i

8
9

Octere 4 ft.

Twelfth 3 ft.

Fifteenth 2 ft.

Mixture, 2 ranks

Cornopean 8 ft.

Oboe.... 8ft-

Ffrtf Manual CSoufh Choir.)

1 Dulrianm 8 ft.

2 Stopped Diapason 8 ft tone

3 Octave 4 ft.

4 Snabe Fhite 4 ft.

5 Cormome 8 ft,

PedalCCCtoF.
1 Open Diapason Hetal.. 16 ft.

HoupUn.

I North to South Choir.

5 Swell to Great.
J Offeatto Fedsl.
4 fineU to Pisdal.

.6 North <}hoir to FediL

6 South Choir to PedaL

WW9 i/seipoiiiioii 1 "Nieif ■

TutiibrttieSwelk

Three lor te QMatOfiSii.

304 Ecclegfastical Vestments, ^c, in King's College, Cambridge,

The pipes of the Posaune (or Trampet) Btop project horiasontillf
from the front of the north organ in a sort of £ui-like arrangement, the
larger pipes being at the outer sides, and the smaller in the middle*

The Vox humana, though extending (as will be seen by the register
of its scale) to the lowest note on the manuals, is placed as a doaUe,
beginning at C, the octave above the lowest note on the key-boards.
This arrangement is considered by the best authorities more confe-
nient, as enabling the player, in using this Solo stop, to accompany ob
the other manuals with greater ease and comfort.

We have only to add, that competent judges have pronounced t
most favourable opinion of this instrument; some not hesitatiag to
pronounce it one of the most perfect church organs in this country.
Although by no means so large an instrument as many which might be
mentioned, it has a variety of effect and a volume of most exquisite
tone which are adequate to the comparatively small church in wUch it
is placed. Each system of organs on the north and the south has its
own *' individuality of tone, and when both are combined, the effect
in the nave is. that of perfect unity ; so that it is not possible for an
auditor to detect any disruption of the volume of sound/'

ECCLESIASTICAL VESTMENTS. BOOKS. AND FURNITURE.
IN THE COLLEGIATE CHURCH OF KING'S COLLEGB,
CAMBRIDGE. IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY.

By the Rxv. Gsobge Williams, B.D., Senior Fellow.

No. I.

" What can a man do that cometh after the king ?" — ^is old Poller's
plea in excuse for the fewness of the benefeustors, and the small*
ness of benefactions to King Henry VI.'s truly royal foundation at
Cambridge : which he thinks was caused " partly from the complete-
ness thereof at its first erection : partly from men's modesty, that their
meanness might not mingle itself with princely magnificence."

This and the following papers will show that, as regards the cdebn-
tion of the Divine Worship in the Collegiate Church, the appointmenti
were designed on a scale commensurate with the g^randeur of the bidU^
ing, and that the architect's disdain of the " lore of nicely f^limla**^
less or more," was equally shared by all who were engaged in diis
great undertaking.

I purpose to give extracts from some original inventories still exist-
ing among our muniments ; the earliest almost coeval with tiie fooDda-
tion, the latest of the reign of Philip and Mary, which will show hov
exceedingly rich our Collegiate Church was in all that appertained t»
the Divine Service.

There are certain circumstances connected with the vestmentit bocte
and ornaments, which invest their history with more than oomaoB
interest ; and I have lately, throogfa the kindness of Mr. T. Dafai

in the Fifteenth Century. 806

Hardy of the Record Office, come into poBsessioa of a cnrioua docu-
ment, which may enable us to trace aome of them to their original
owners.

The first document here published, is a petition of the Provosts and
Fellows of the two Colleges Royal of Eton and Cambridge, addressed
to thdr Founder, praying him to sanction certain measures for fur-
nishing the Colleges, not only with books for the Divine Service, but
also with vestments and ornaments. Among other stringent measures
for the accomplishment of this purpose, they request in particular, that
they may have the preoption " of all maner bokes, omementes, and
other necessaries, as now late were perteynyng to the Duke of Glou-

The following is the petition, now in the volume of autographs in
the Record Office : —

From thb ''Royal Lbttbrs" latbly in tbb Towbb.

Memorandum quod ista billa liberata fuit Cancellario
Anglise apud Westmonasterium xxj. die Mareij Anno
H. vj** xxv*" ezequenda.
R.H.

Unto the kinge our Soveraigne Lorde.
Betechith mekely Eoure humble and trewe Orators The Provoates and Felowes
of youre Two Colages Roiall of Eton and Cambrigge That for as moche as
thei ben of zour Royall Fundacion nowe late fownded and newe growyng
And at yate not so sufficyauntely stored in suche thinges as in verre trouthe o7
necessete and honeste moste nedes he-had as bokes for divine service and . . .
for theire lybraryes and their Studyes ve8t3rmentes and other Onournementes ;
Whiche thinges'may not be had with owte great and diligente labour be loDge
proceste and right besy Inquisicion. Please it to youre moat noble grace to
yeve io speciall commaundement and charge to maister Richard Chestre oon
of youre chapellajrnet that he take to hym suche men as shall be seen to hym
expedient and profitable and in especiall John Pye youre Stacioner of London
and other suche as ben connyngand have undirstonding in suche matiers chan-
iog hem and everich of hem to he assistant and helping hym with alle here diu-
gence alte alle suche tymes as then shalle be required be the seid maister
Biefaard for to laboure effectually inquere and dihgently inserche in allplaee
that ben under voure obeysaunse to gete knowkche where suche ookes
Onourmentes and other necessaries for your seid Colages may be founden to
selle Grauntyng unto the forsaid maister Richard youre full noble lettres
paCentz to be made in due fourme undir zoure grete Seall for to make suche
Bdces and omementes where ever thei be founden to selle and make theym
to be lawfully and resonably be praysed be men of eode conscience And that
doon It be lefuH to hym to bye tsdke and receive aUe suche goods afore eny
other man For the expedicion and profite of youre seid Colaees Satisfying to
the owners of suche godes suche pris as thei may resonably accorde and
anee Soo that he may have the ferste choise of alle suche goodea afore eny
other man and in especiall of all maner Bokes omementes and other neces-
nries as nowe late were perteynyng to the Duke of Gloucestre And of your
habondannt ^race like it you to charge streitely the seid maister Richard that
he doo aUe his diligence and cesse not But alwey contvnewe his laboure unto
mdie tyne that lonre seid oolage* be sufficiently stuAd of snehe bokes and
Bfffisiaricii as is afore rehersid Taking the forseid maister Richard his services
ad theyai that bene assistannt and helpars to hym in this ocenpadon unto
VOL. xz. R B

806 Ecclesiastical Vestments^ ^c, in Kin^s College^ Cambridge^

xoure graciouse proteccion dariDg the tyme of hit labour for your aeid colaget
And we shall ever pray God for you.
To oure ChauDceller of Ingland.

It would appear from this, that the Protector Humphrey, the unde
of King Henry VI., had been a diligent collector, not only of books,
as is well known, but aldo of ecclesiastical furniture and Testments ;
and this theory is confirmed by the fact that " this Mecenas of hii
age ** had established in imitation, as it would seem, of the rojral ward-
robe^ and in its immediate neighbourhood, a private wardrobe of bb
own, which probably served as the library and museum of his valuable
collection of ecclesiological treasures. A point of so much antiquarian
interest will excuse a digression for its fuller investigation.

The date of the above-cited joint petition of the two Ck>llege8 is
not given, but the endorsement fixes it to some short time before the
20th of March, a.d. 1447. Before this, however, the spoils of the
good Duke had been disposed of, in part, immediately after his death,
and the King's College, at Cambridge, had obtained a share of them.
The dates assigned to his murder fluctuate between February S3 and
24. 1447, during the session of the Parliament of Bury S. Edmund's
(25 Henry VI.) ; but this event must have taken place at least a daj
or two before the 23rd, as there are letters patent by the king, of thit
very date, granting to the Provost and scholars " omnia ilia hospitiom,
mansionses, domos. edificia, terras et tenementa, cum gardinis, et
omnibus suis pertinentiis, que Humfridus dux Oloucestrie defimctas
habuit et tenuit in parochia Sancti Andree in Warda de Baynardes-
castell in civitate nostra Londonii,*' &c. : and this grant, with others,
was confirmed by Act of the same Parliament at Bury,^ and a royal
letter was forthwith addressed to the Sheriffs of London, commanding
them to give effect to the grant. I transcribe a copy preserved in oar
muniments.

By the Ring.
Trusty and welbeloved we grete you wel and for asmoch as we have yeren
and graunted unto oure College Koyal of oure Ladv and Saint Nichobi
withine oure Universitie of Cambrigge the place called the Due of Gloaeeitret
Wardrobe withine the Worde of Baynardescastel de London We wol aod

Ereye you that unto the Provost of the same oure College or to such as in
is name shall come to take possession of the same, ye wol at the reverence
of us and contemplacion of this oure writing shewe your good wil and aa-
sistence in caas env persons wold attempte ageinst oure sayd graunt whieb
we can not be thinke that eny man wold do.

'* Yeven at Bury the xxv* day of Fevrier
" To the Sbirefs of oure Cite of London."

This wardrobe of Duke Humphrey must not be confounded inA
the royal wardrobe in the same ward, from which the parish and chinch
derived the name of S. Andrew's by the Wardrobe, which they idD
retain, having been long since united with S. Anne's^ Blaeknck
That royal wardrobe occupied a plot of ground immediately contigaoai

^ Rot Pari. Vol. v. p. 132, where the letters patent are recited.

fit the Fifteenth Century, 807

to S. Andrew's church on the north, while the Duke's wardrobe was on
the river not far from Baynard*8 Castle.

This site, now one of the most valuable properties of the college,
still stands in the college books as ** Gardrobe Duke Humphrey."
Part of the site was formerly used as a lodging for the Provost of
King's, during his visits to London, or on his way to and from the
Eton election. This tenement is styled in our books " Oardrobe
College House," and a small annual payment is made to the Provost by
way of compensation for his interest in this property, under the head
^ loco Gardrobe."

Strangely enough, it had served a like purpose upwards of a cen-
tury before ; as deeds preserved in our archives enable me to identify
it with a tenement described in the Inquisition of the property of the
alien priories, a.o. 1324, as a certain hospice belonging to the prior of
Ogboum, " in Warda de Baynardes castell, ubi facit moram cum fuerit
in civitate predicta.*' This property, which had once belonged to
one Roger le Taylur, Purchaser of the Wardrobe to Eling Henry I.,
was afterwards bequeathed by John Mansel to his niece Amabilia de
Ripun, who granted it to Thomas de la Leye and William his brother,
in A.D. 1367, and subsequently released all her right and claim in it to
the Abbot of Bee Hellwyn, or Bekherlwyn, in Normandy, in a.d. 1286.
In these deeds it is described as " totum ilium tenementum cum domi-
bus superedificatis, Cayo, (Quay) et omnibus aliis suis pertinenciis.**^
The alien priory of Ogboum, Wilts, was a dependency of Bee, and
this accounts for the occupation of the tenement by the Prior of Og-
boum in 1 334 ; and it is a curious fieu^t that, while the valuable
manors and hereditaments of Ogboum Priory, — which, having been
granted to John, afterwrds Duke of Bedford, in a.o. 1413, on the
sappression of the alien priories by Henry V., had reverted to the
crown on the death of the Duke in 1435, — were granted by the founder
to the college as part of its original endowment, this London messuage
came to it, not as part of the Ogboum estates, but through an inde-
pendent channel, having been alienated from the priory in the in-
terim. The following outline of its history will serve to correct
several errors of Stowe, and may prove otherwise historically interest-
ing:—

In 1376 the Dominicans, who came to London in 1331» and first
settled in Holborn, received from Robert Kilwardby, Archbishop of
Canterbury, formerly for eleven years provincial of the Order, in
Bngland, and afterwards Cardinal, two lanes contiguous to his place
of Baynard's Castle, and the tower of Montfichet, granted by the
Mayor and Barons of London for the enlargement of his place afore-
said, which now became the property of the Dominicans^ within the
precinct of Blackfriars, on which they have indelibly stamped their
name. Baynard's Castle had been origmally built by a follower of the
Conqueror, epamymui of the fortress, and had passed to the ^mily of
FitEwmtenin 1108, of whom apparently the Archbishop purchased it.

* Colkai AidiivQt.

t Commn Ubsr Albas, p. 137, with Rot. Chart. 7 Edw. I. n. 36, & 9 Edw.
I. a« 86; nd 11 Rie. 11. n. 24.

808 Eccletiastical Vestments, Sfc, in King's CoUege, Cambnige,

In 1 352 Peter de Sancto Stephano, then Prior of Ogboom, genenl
and special proctor of the Abbot of Bee, in his name surrendered to
the King the messuage called Ogboum. situated between the man-
sion of the Dominicans and the Thames, which was forthwith granted
to them by the crown, for the purpose of enlarging their premises.^

Whether this property passed out of the hands of the Dominicans by
sale, or exchange, I cannot find, nor does Stowe help me, but according
to him Baynard's Castle was rebuilt in 14^8 by Duke Humphrey, after
it had been destroyed by fire,^ and on his attainder it was forfeit to tbe
crown, who retained possession of the castle, but granted the adjoining
messuage, called the Wardrobe, to the College, as was above stated;
and thus the London hospice of the Prior of Ogbourn once more owned
the same landlords as the bulk of the estates of that priory, after it bad
been divorced from them for nearly a century.

It would however appear, that the pertinences of the wardrobe,
granted as above, did not convey the books and ornaments coveted bj
the two colleges, or the joint petition above recited would have been
unnecessary. I must therefore advert to certain arrangements made
for the disposition of the Duke*s personal property, just a month after
the real estate had been granted by the founder to King's College. A
commission issued by the king, dated Canterbury, ^th of Marcb,
1447,' sets forth that the Archbishop of Canterbury had committed to
the king the administration and disposition of the goods and chatteli
which formerly belonged to Humphrey, late Duke of Gloucester, who
died intestate, and the king deputed certain commissioners to act in
his behalf, without rendering any account. The commissioners were
Sir James Fernys, Lord Say, Sir Thomas Stanley, Controller of the
Household, Mr. John Somerset, and Mr. Richard Chestre. Now John
Somerset had been one of the most active agents of the king in found-
ing his college at Cambridge, which he is said to have been the first to
suggest ; while Mr. Richard Chestre is the very person mentioned in
the joint petition of the two colleges as the fouader*s chaplain best
qualified to act as purveyor for the desired ornaments. Thus their
interests in the goods and chattels of the Duke were sufficiently secored
by the presence of these two friends in the commission.

I cannot doubt then that some of the costly church furniture, books
and vestments, which appear in these inventories, came from the col-
lection of the murdered Duke, and this may aid in the elucidatioa of
the devices and emblems which will be brought under notice in tbeie
papers. I shall hereafter trace the jewels still further back.

But in addition to the vestments of Duke Humphrey's wardrobe^
transferred to the Collegiate Churches of Eton and King's, we know
also of a magnificent suit of white, ordered expressly fur the two col-
leges, by John Langton, sometime Master of Pembroke College, Cam-
bndge (1428—1447) and Chancellor of the University (1436—1443)
promoted in 1447 to the See of S. David's, but died a fortnight after

1 College Ar€hi?e8, compared with Abbrev. Rotnl. 26 Edw. III. Ro. 14.

* Sunrey of London, book i. p. 61. But the Doke was not attahitsd.

* Rymor's Foedera. Vol. li. p. 160.

in the Fifteenth Century. 809

^nsecration. He seems to have enjoyed much of the confidence
ur royal Founder, and was commissioned by him, as we learn

extant documents, to defray all the building and other expenses,
ected with the college. Among other things, the costly vestments
hite. which occur first in the following inventory, were ordered
im, as Will appear by comparing the description of the articles
sined in the inventory, with the items of Robert Coksale*s bill,
h was furnished to the king after the death of Bishop Langton,
inting to no less n sum than £^1. 10«. 3d., an enormous amount
rding to the value of money in those days, when a Fellow could be

fed for eighteen pence a week, and respectably maintained on a
nd of £4 per annum.

lis petition and bill have been before published in the Archaologia
. xvi. pp. 6 — 8), but as this work is not generally accessible, and no
mt of the vestments of the Collegiate Church would be complete
>ut it, I shall here reprint it from a transcript of the original, for
h also 1 am indebted to the courtesy and kindness of Mr. T. Duf-
lardy. This is also in the volume of autographs.

From tub *' Royal Letters " lately in the Tower.

MemoraDdum quod ista peticio zxj die Augnsti hberata
fuit CaneellariG Aoglice ad exequendum.
To the kyng our Soverayn Lord.

beih mekely youre humble Oratoure Robert Coktale vettiment maker
ore Cite of London. That where as maister John Langton late Bisshop
int David did your seid .Oratoure to make certayn vettimentes of white
ik of diverges sortcs rycbely embrowedered aswell for your Colage
i of Our Lady of Eton as for your Colage Royall of our Lady and Saint
IS of Cambrygge for the which vestimentes there is due unto your said
or ocxlj. h' xixs. iij d. as it appereth more clerly by a scedule of parcelles
I bill annexed, of the which scedule the seid Bysshop hadde the double
re shewed it uoto your highneste for the payment of the seid some
f as yit he in no wise may have no payment. And in case the seid
leotes shuld been dehvered fro your seid Oratour, which as yit been in
pyng without payment for the same it shuld be to his utter aestruccion
ndoyng That it myght please you therfor of your most speciall grace to
re tliise premisses and also how that your seid Oratour is gretely endetted
srses persones for the grete part of the stuf for the seid vestimentes and
ant unto your seid Oratour for his more suertie by your lettres patentes
s his heirs executours or assignes may have and kepe the seid vestimentes
lie tyme that your seid Oratour hu heirs executours or assignes been
syed content or agreed for the seid vestimentes of the seid some of
* six a. iij.d. without any intemipcion lette or disturbaunce of you or
of your officers or ministres or eltes of any other persone whatsomever.
i aball pray God for you.

The king graunted this bills at Newbury the xix dav of
Aoust The yere of his regno xxv, present my lord
Bisshop of Sarum and my k>rd Say.

Blakeney,

810 Ecclesiasiical Vestments^ S^c, in King's College^ CambriJge,

id otbere staff of ^

wdnd with H. & I viij d.
rffirays rich prii J

First for the enbrovvdyng golde silke and othere staff of '
ij copis, chetibill & ij tonykel

For cambriee of white damaske embrowdrid
M. closed to gedvr and clothis with orffirayi

Item the lynyng of the same v. peces and iij yer Jis of 7 •• ?•• ^
bokeram, pris the pece iiij s. Summa, . . • j '

Item xxij yerdys of rede Tarteryn pris ye yerde ii s. yiij d. Iviij s. ?iij d.

Item xiiij unces hem lace and fryshice, pris the unce» 7 _ • .
xviij d. Summa, 3 ^ '

Item ▼. uncis and j quarter frenge pris the unoe xvi^ ^* ^ vi' i xi d.
Summa, jJ*^

Item iij fyne aubis, pris the pes vj s. Summa, . XTiij s.

Item for halovryn^ of the same, .... xviij d.

Item V yerdys of sirecloth, pris the yerde xij d. Sm* y s.

Item for makyng of the same sute with ij copis chesibill 7

and ij tonykelis^ pris total ^ xx .

Summa, iiij^ xj li. xij d.

Item for a sute of white cloth of gold of sipris for Cam-\
brige with vi copis chesibill and ij tonykelis» with ij I y i., •
auterclothis and the Frontell with stoles Fanuns and ) '^* V
parrores and vij peyre parrores for Children viij peces [ ^"^ '
cloth a golde of sipris with Feysaunts and doks pris J
the pece, ▼ li. iij s. iiij d. Sm* ....

Item for the orffrays to the same sute j pece and ij yerdjrs, 1 viij U. 1 1.
pris the pece, Ti li. Sm* i vij d. ob.

Item for Unyng to the same sute Ixvij yerdys bokeram^ 7 xxxix i.
pris the yerde vij d. Sm* . . . * . . . 3 j d.

Item xxiij unces and iij quarter hemlace and Fryslace 7 zxxv i.
prys the unce xviij d. Sm* . . . . i vij d. oh.

Item vij unces Frenge to the Frontell and the tonykelys, 7 - - -: j
pris the unce xviij d. Sm* . • • . . 3 * ^ '

Item iij aubis For men pris thepece iiij s. viij d. Sm* xiiij s.

Item vij aubis for children, pris the pece ij s. viij d. Sm* xvuj s. fii) (^

Item xiij yerdis of sireclotb, pris the yerd xij d. Sm* xiij s.

Item for r3'nges to the auterclothis, pris ... iij d.

Item for makyng of the same sute with vij copis chesi-
bill and ij tonykelis and ij auterclothis and the Fron-
tell and childre parrores, pris to . . .

Summa Iviij li. viij s. v d.

Item, fur the embrovvd^ng golde silke and stuffe of ij '\

copis chesibill and ij tonekelys ffor Eton of white I iuj** iij'' TJ *
damaske like to the sute of Cambrigge with riche orff- i viij d.
rays, prys, J

Item to the lynyng of the same sute v peces & iij yerdis 7 •• . j:: ^
of rede bokeram, pris the pece iiij s. Sm* . • J ^ ^

Item xxij yerdys of double tarteryn,pris the yerd iiij s. Sm* iiij li. viig t.

Item xiii unces hemlace and Fryshelace pris the unce ^ ^.i .
xviij d. Sm* i ^ '

Item V unces and j quarter Frenge, pris the unce xviij d. Sm* vij s. xj d.

Item iij ffjrne aubis pris the pece vj s. Sm% . . xviij s.

Item V yerdvs of Syrecloth^ pris the yerd xij d. Sm* ▼ s.

Item for halvv3mg of the same, pris • . xviij d.

Item for makyng of the same sute with ij copis chesibill 7 .. .

& ij tonykelys, pris to }

Sm* iiij** xij li. x s. iiij d.
Summa totalis ccxj li. xix s. iij d.
To onre Chancellor of Englonde*

esi-^
on- > xl s.

in the Fifteenth Century. 811

The following ia the earliest inventory, unfortunately without date,
it ascertained, by internal evidence, to hare been written in August,
.D. 1453. The second was taken on the 16th of July, ^Ist Henry
II., Aj). 1506. The third is dated 16th of July, ^Ist Henry VIII.,
1529] though the " octavi" being written over an erasure, leads me to
upect that this is only a corrected or fair copy of the preceding,
lie fourth, between 1528 and 1538. The fifth, in 1545. The sixth,
iogust 16, 2nd of Mary (a.d. 1554). These will be noticed in the
»cxt paper. ♦

Fvnt a seute of white Bamasq enbrowded with rotez and rouses in vestimwt
which is xiii coopes wherof tber beth vi orfreyes enbrowded with aitwtifiii
ymigery and ii oitreyez of ye same vi emperled and vii orfreyes of
tissue crimysn i chesible ii tunycles with orfreyz enbrowded ii auter-
dotbes i siloure for the high aalter of the same. Upon which siloure is
enbrowded this word Dini et mon droit, iii aubes iii amytes with
paroures stoles & phanons accordyin^ for the same, iii tunicles for
childre with orphrevz [enbrowded vi aubez, vi amytes for childre I?^^ -i
with paroures accordyng for the same.] "^

Item Aulter clothes of white cloth of gold course with fesauntes and dukkes
for the ii side aulters, i coope of white cloth of ^Id with squyrell
and lyons th*orfrey enbrowded with ymagery, and hi pair of curteyns
of white tartren.

Item i seute of white damasq richely enbrouded with cloudes, handes,
& daisees with ii coopes of the same.

Item i seute of white cloth of gold with fesauntes & duckes with vi
coopes of the same.

Item a seute of white cloth of gold course with fesauntes & duckes In
which is xii coopes th'orfrevs of reed cloth of gold i chesible ii tunycles
tb'or^yes of reed cloth of gold ii aulters clothes for the high aulter
of ye same white cloth of gold iii aubez iii amites for men with
parourez stoles and phanons accordjmg for the same. Item iii tuniclez
for childre tb'orfreyes of reed cloth of gold vii aubes vii amytes for
childre with parours accordyng for the same.

Item i coope enbrowded upon fustian with moch gold and ymagery
th'orfrey of gold enbrowded.

Item a seute of white & reed cloth of gold of cypres with rosez of sold
in which is vi coopes i chesible ii tuniclei, tb'orfreyez of blewe cloth
of gold with Fesauntes and duckes, vi aulter clothes i silour for the
high aulter of the same white & reed cloth of gold iii aubes iii
amytes with parours stolez and fanons according for the same seute.

Item a chesible of white bawdkyn, th'orfrey of blewe cloth of gold
with fesauntes and squyrell i aube i amyte with parours stole & phanon
aecording for the same.

Item iii chesibles of bustian th'orfrez of raied riban of threed iii aubes
iii amites with parours stoles & phanons accordyng for the same, viii
anlter cloths of lynen cloth with reed crossz iii pair curte;^ns &
i vail of the same i painted cloth to hange tofore the Crucifix ii
baners of the same with figures of the passion for Lenton.

Item i sndarie of white tartren raied.

Item zv tuaillez for th'attlters and vii wasshing tuaillez over ii tuaillez
that beth at London in the Provost logging and othir ii tuaillez that
beth in Seint Johnes chirch.

Item i vestimeDt and ii dalmatiqs of bustian with iii aubez with also ^J|^y^.^
paraan and orfreys of dim. soy and also a coope with an awbe for a
child of the Mane sute.

312 Ecclesiasiical Vestments, i^., in King's College, Cambridge,

[Lstar.]

VMtfnMota
Uodttoo.
lofia, fte.

[Additions.]

Item a Testiment off whyght damask with orfret of red velwet with flower

ymbroderd and ipankeld ex dono Magistri Aihwell.
Item a westment of whyght damaske with bokes and tcbalessii the orfrei

off purpull sarsnet ex dono Magistri Dooget prepositi.
Item li vestements off white satayne off Burggea with red orfwais off t&e

same stuffe with albis stoles and phanons to the same for the lowe

awtors off the gyfte of Magistri R Yowng.
Item a sndary of white sarcenett stroked with gold of the gift of Mr.

John Argenteio.

First a seute of blewe Telowet in which is ii coopes i chesible ii tunidei
ii aulter clothes & i silour for the high aulter enbrowded with
Antilopes and this word Dieu et mon droit & with brome brtnchi
h th*orfreyez of the said coopes chesible & tunicles richely enbrowded
with ymasery emperled the frontel of the high aulter enbrowded with
crownes brome coddes & this word Dieu et mon droit iii aubei iii
amites with paronrs stoles & phanons according for the same and i ptir
curteyns of blewe tartren.

Item iv coopes of blewe tyssue with orfreyes of ymagery emperled. fi
Aubes vi amites for childer with parours according for the same.

Item i seute of blewe damasq cloth of gold with facons. In which is
vi coopes i chesible ii tunicles i coope for a child with orphreres of
purple tissue ii aulter clothes ii quissions of the same blewe cloth of
gold iii aubes iii amites for men vi aubes vi amites for childre with
paroures stoles & phanons according for the same seute and ii pair of
curteyns of blewe tartren.

Item i seute of blewe cloth of gold with lyons in which is v coopei
i chesible ii tunicles with orphreys of reed cloth of gold with white
dogges & lyons of gold ii aulter clothes of the same blewe cloth of

gold iii tunicles for childre of blewe cloth of j^ld with duckes tnd
oures th'orfreyes of the said reed cloth of gold iii aubes iii amytei for

men with paroures stolez and phanons according for ye same.
Item a seute of blewe cloth of gold with squyrell. In which is iv coopei

i chesible ii tunicles th'orfreyes of reed cloth of gold with fscoos it

aulter clothes for the side aulters of the same blewe cloth of ftold i

coope of blewe cloth of gold with floures and [sic] of gold th'orfrey of

the same reed cloth of gold iii aubes iii amytez tor childre parourei

stoles & phanons according for the same.
Item i chesible of blewe & grene cloth of gold th'orfrey of reed cloth of

gold with lyons and dogges i aube i amyte with paronrs stole &

phanon accordyng for the same.
Item ii sudaries of blewe tartren.
Item i chesible off blewe sarsnet ymbroderd & spangyld th'oifreT of

red sarsnet i aube i amite with parours stole & phanon aoeordyng

for the same ex dono Mr Rokdyff.
Item iy autur olothys of blewe worsted ymbroderd ii chesibfis off

blew saten of brigis ii aubis ii amys with parours stolis& phanons sMX*-

dyng for the same ii curtens off blew sarsnet ii corprotcasii itofke ex

dono Mr. Benett.
Item \y copes of blew velwet with flowers and Angells with TestBKOt:

Decon and Subdecon of the same ex dono W. Regnold*

VetliBMnta
nMI ooimlR.

First a seute of reed cloth of gold with ftu^ons and briddet of cold In wbidi
is vi coopes j chesible ii tunicles w* orphreyea enbrowded w* jfifffXJ
ii aulterclothes for the high anlter of the same reed doCh of gold ^j tobcs
iij amites for men vi aubes vi amites for childre widi pnioon mts ft

m the Fifteenth Century. 818

phaBont aeoordyng for the tame. And iij pair of curteyna of reed

tartren.
Item j aettte of reed elooth of sold with fesaimtet and ducket In which it

▼j Goopet j cheiihle ij tuniclet thorfreyet of blewe cloth of gold with

lyont dogget & other briddis of gold Ti aulterclothet of the tame reed

cloth of gold iij aubez iij amitet for men iiij aubet iiij amitet for cbildre

with parourea itolet & pbanont accordyng for the tame and iij pair of

curteynt of reed tartren.
Item V coopet of reed Telowet doth of gold thorfireyet enbrowded with

ymagery.
Item f tudarie of reed tartren rayed.
Item J chetible of reed cloth of ^Id thorfrey of blewe cloth of gold with

leret of gold j aube j amyte with parouret ttole & pbanon accordying

for ye tame. -^ ^

Item iiij chetiblet of reed bawdkyn thorfreyi of blac velowet upon

tatyn iiij aabez iiij amitet with parouret ttolet & fanont accordyng

for the tame.
Item iij dalmatiquet of reed with aubet amytet ttolet & phanont and iiij

aaba for childre with paroort accordyng to the tame, for lenton.
Item ij tonidet for childre of reed & white cloth of ^Id with briddet of

gold thorfreyet of reed and grene cloth of gold iiij aubet iiij amytet

tor ehildre with parourt acco^yng for the tame.
Item a clothe of ettate to here over the tacrament of reed dooth of gold

with grehondet.

Fint j teute of blac Tclowet in which it iij coopet j chetible g tuniclet Vertimfln
with orfreyet of grene velowet enbrowded with tterret and buttrefleehet '^^sra*
ii aulterclothet of the tame blac velowed for the high aulter iiij aulter-
clothet of olde blac velowet for the tyde aultert iij aubet m amytet for
men iiij aubet iiij amitet for cbildre with parourt ttolez & fanont accor-
dyng for the tame and j pair corteynt of blac tartren for the high
anlter.

Item j chenble of blac cloth of gold with dogget & briddet thorfrey of
reed velowet enbrowded with ymagery and flouredelucet of gold j aube
j amvte parourt ttole & phanon accordyng for the tame the which
ebedble cam from Cartey, and nowe hit it at London in the provott

Item TJ ferial aulterclothet of grene tartren rayed & iij pair corte^^nt aua oma.

of grene tartren the wheche were dely?ered Botky for to be occupied menta fto

in teint Johnt chirch.
Item ther it in the Tcttiarie xri banert of tartren.
Item ther it vij corporattet whereof ther beth v in ve vettiarie and one

at k>ndon and an other in teint Johnet chirche. And alto t corporat-

catet wherof ther it iij in the vettiarie and j at london and an other in

aeint Johnet chirch.
Item ther it in the Tettiarie iij pylowet & ij qwyttiont of tarteyn doth.
Item iij chetiblet of dimtoy thorfreyet one of hem of reed cloth of gold

with dogffet & ij of theym of blewe & white iij aubet iij amytet pa-
rourea ttolet & phanont accordyng for the tame.
Item j aengyl vettment of dothe of gold of Inke with pocokket browght [Addi-

fro karaay. *»o°^l

Item n aulterdothez old embrowded with gold richely for the high aulter

of the Inmget yift the xzxvij yeer of hit Resne
Item ferial Tettimentet v of grene dymytoy witn orfreyei reed.
Item iiij pair anlterdothes ttejrned.
Item Bj tuperaltariez.
Ilm ni piulya of diverte tuttet ij pecit or remnaanttet and an old pall

inraajiit Johnya bedd.

TOL. zi. B 8

814 Ecclesiastical Vestments, ^c, in King's College, Cambridge,

The date of the seventh inventory is April 1 570, by Roger Goad^
Provost, and " at the time of his first coming to the provostship'*'
In this interval the doom of all the ecclesiastical vestments and fur*
niture had been fixed, and he was put in to execute it. The narrative
may be briefly given, and will serve to introduce another docomeDt
which was promised at the conclusion of the last number of the
Ecclesiologist,

In the year 1565, Nov. 27, certain accusations against the then
Provost of the college. Dr. Philip Baker, were presented to the Visitor
by certain of the college, among which the following is to my purpose.
*' Item, that by his permission, himself being witting and willioge
thereunto, ther is laid upp a numbre of copes, vestementes, crosse, can*
dellstickes, and such like baggage, and also masse bookes, with other
blasphemouse bookes used in the time of poperie, which ar buryed in
a comer above ground, against another day.'*^ These the Provost suc-
ceeded in preserving until the year 1569, when the charges against
him were renewed with better effect. The first specific count in this
indictment is as follows : '* Item, that as at the first he refused, so ever
since he hath contemptuously neglected my lords injunctions, and
contrarie to his order taken therein kepeth still to the great ofiienie &
greef of the godly, and the infamie of our college, a great heap of
popish pelfe, as masse bookes, legends, cowchers, pixes and paxes, and
the brazen roode itself ; neither will he be perswaded, either by prirate
intreatie or publick admonition to make them awaie. Item, thatwheras
by statute, one of the Fellows shoulde keepe the key of the veatrie,
where these reliques above mentioned are reserved, and yeld an ae-
compte yerely of his office to the provost and fellowes, he, to the ende
the said popish trashe male remaine safe and untowched to serve for a
daye, kepeth the key in his own hands, not suffiing anie of the com-
panie to be privie to ought that is done there.'*^ This complaint, ad-
dressed to Cecil, the Chief Secretary, took effect, Provost Baker was
deprived, and Dr. Roger Goad was appointed in his stead. He had
not presided long before he became the object of " contumelioiis and
slanderous speeches,*' to which he replied in several papers ; among
these is one, apparently of the year 1576> entitled, '* Myne aunswer to
the complaynaunts 25 new articles,** &c. of which the 14th and 15tli
are as follows : *' 14 K my lord of £lye*s flat comaundement openly
in our chappie . . . charging mee to make away the oi^;auie8 maye
stand for my reason, then I hope I have both reason and warraimtfor
my doing in that behalf. Wheruppon I willed the bursera to ad
them to the most benefit they could for the College. • . . They can-
not be ignoraunt that the copes I found at my coming to be pravoat
were sould awaye, and the monnye trulye convertyd to the coUedgeusei
being bestowed upon a new library and the furnishing therof wiCli
bookes, as appeareth at home by an accompt perused and examined hf
the seniours. Where they jest at my devocion in making away this
kynd of stuff, they manifestly show that either ther devocion is topo^

1 Lansdowne MSS. in British Museum. No. 8. Art. 53, dted by Ifr. IIsjpdW
in his edition of the King's and Eton Collegei Statatoa, p. Sia
s Harleisn MSS., No. 7031, p. 5, dted, as above, p. 14.

A Hreneh Report on Art. 815

, or ther eurping thm without any cause, proceedeth of evill will

W9 not been able to reeorer the memorandum referred to by
t Goad, nor to ascertain what sum was realised by this sale of the
nts, &c., as there is no notice of the transaction iu the yearly
t books of the College. It is only clear that a clean sweep was
t this time of all the curious works of ecclesiastical art belong-
iie College.

A FRENCH REPORT ON ART.

re received from M. Reichensperger a copy of an article which

bad printed in an Aix-la-ChapeUe newspaper. The article is
, «• A French Report on Art/* (Bin FranzOsischer Kunstberiehi,)

object is to show the inaccuracy with which M. Didron's An^
rchdologiques are edited, at least in some instances. It appears
St August, M. Didron made an artistic tour in the Rhenish pro-

and, among other churches, visited the cathedral at Aiz. M.
Qsperger naturally expected, as the fruit of this visit, some fur-
iigbtenment on certain difficult questions : for instance, whether
diseval cope preserved there is a coronation mantle ; whether it
a to the thirteenth century ; and whether it is contemporaneous
be royal sceptre also preserved there. But M. Didron had no
ir any such disquisitions, nor did he even trouble himself to make
of the objects which chiefly excited his admiration. He gives,
, a list of twenty-five of the most remarkable objects, but this
ms out to have been merely copied from an old guide-book, and
ises several articles which have been lost these seventy years,
it gives incorrect descriptions of others which are still in the ca-
1» and takes no notice of many very curious and valuable objects.
' is this the only slip which M. Didron has made of late. After
^ Aiz, he visited some other cities not very far distant, one of

was Munster. Here he found a compatriot of his, an eccle-
, apparently, whom he represents as residing there in order to
olate " the Germans with the taste of the thirteenth century,
achensperger thinks that the idea of performing such an opera-
it the cathedral city of fiishop Georg Muller is very much like
r carrying coals to Newcastle.^ However, with the help of this
I gentleman, M. Didron made what he considers a grand disco*
namely, that in the back of the high altar there was a long-
ten treasure of fifty-two artistic objects, in gold, silver, bronze,
fte« M. Reichensperger, on the other hand, brings forward a
Bqpectable witness to prove that this altar-shrine was regularly
lor the inspection of worshippers on Sundays and holidays.

r nsdsn may compare Mr. Street's acoount of his visit to Muniter, (in onr
iw 18&&,) which, as &r as it goes, certainly accords with M. Reichenaper-
itatiMi*

816 Notes on some Mural Drawings

We must, of course, give credit to local testimony such as diat of
M. Reichensperger. It is no wonder that M. Didron should hare fery
little time for editing the Jnntdes ; but he should not undertake more
than he can do well.

NOTES ON SOME MURAL DRAWINGS IN HARDWICK

CHURCH, CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

By J, W. Clabk, M.A., Trinity College.

The mural drawings, which are represented in outline on the acoon-
panying page, were discovered upon the south wall of Hardwick
church, in August, 1858. The village is situated at a distance of
about five miles west of Cambridge, on the edge of a rising ground, m
that the spire of its church is visible for many miles. Of its history
little of interest has come down to us. The manor of Hardwick wu
given to the monks of Ely by Duke Brithnoth, so far back as 991 i.d^
in return for the sumptuous hospitality with which they entertained
him and his army when marching into Essex against the Danes. In
A.n. 1600 it was alienated with other lands, and became the propertj
of the crown. Finally, Bishop Wren gave it after the Restoration to
Pembroke College, to enable them to keep in repair the new ditpd
which he had built at his own cost.^

The first mention of a church in the parish is in the xeiga of
Edward I.; but no particulars are given .^ In the Archdiaconal Viii-
tations made in the course of the 14th century, there b this entij
made referring to Hardwick Church.

Omamenta sunt hec. Duo Missalia sufficientia iii. Antiphonarii, iL
Ghradalia, ii Legende, Manuale, Troparium, Missale vetns, duo Psalteria,
iii paria vestimentorum cum pertinenciis [above in a later hand, nnooi
novum principale cum toto apparatu] ii Rochete, ii Superpellida, ii
Calices boni, Crismatorium, ii phiale, Turibulum,^ [Lucema, iiii Cmoes,
velum templi, vi vexilla, i Portiforium, i Ordinale, i Antiphonarinm de
dono magistri Thomse de Hales, pixis ebumea pro corpore Chiisti, nut
capa chori.]^

In the inventory of Church goods taken in the reign of Edward VU
it possessed at least one cross, with candlesticks, plate, and yestmenti.'

> 1 am indebted for these facts to Bentham's Ely, pp. 84, 196» 201 ; the libff
Eliensia, book iL, chap. 62 ; and Carter's Cambridgeshire, p. 206.

' Baker's MSS., zxviii., p. 196. Inquis. tempore Ed. I. Hardwick. Janftom
dicnnt qaod epus Eliefi. tenet in Dnico unnm mesoag., &c. Et est Patronni seeii
cjusdem Tille, &c. Item Rector Ecclie predict, tenet unnm MesnKg et 40 aenii tcfit
de dono Antecessor ejusdem EpL

' In a later hand.

^ From a MS. in the Library of Gonville and Cains Coll., No. 304. TheSsriM
entries are made in 1306, the latest probablj in 1360.

• Chambers' Strictures on Dr. Lnihington's Judgment. Lond., 1856. ip-
pendiz.

m Hariunck Churchy Cambridgeshire. 817

1644, Mr. Mapletoft, the parson thereof, was by Manchester's war-
t ejected, as a man devoted to many superstitious ceremonies. It
I not spared by Will Dowsing, in his raid upon the churches of
abridgeshire and Suffolk. He tells us in his Journal that " We
ointed ten superstitious pictures, and a cross on the church, to be
en down, and the steps to be levelled." Perhaps the words " super-
Lous pictures '* refer to these drawings ; or ** taken down '* may mean
ered with whitewash.

rhe church is dedicated to S. Mary, and is a very small and unpre-
ding edifice. It was built originally in the Decorated style, but
Y a few fragments now remain, built into the more modern Perpen-
liar building. It has a chancel, nave, west tower, spire, south
ch, and a modem north door. The chancel is Perpendicular, with
lecorated window on the south side : the other windows are Perpen-
alar. There is a plain piscina. The nave is also Perpendicular,
h a good plain open timber roof. The font is plain, octagonal, cup-
ped : the tower arch lofty Perpendicular, and the tower and spire
the same style.

i^arions indications of former richness are scattered about the church :
fragments of stained glass, and some good quarries, in the windows,
ioobean rood-screen, and a few open seats. The font also was found
be richly carved, when the rude masonry, by which its base was
icealed, had been removed.

Nearly all our Cambridgeshire churches could once boast of mural
ntings. It certainly gives us an exalted notion of the care our fore-
lers bestowed upon the places in which they worshipped, to find
t the poorest, shabbiest church was once rich with colour, and
^t with gold. That such was the case here became evident last
nmer, when, as the nave roof required substantial repairs, and a
w pulpit, and new open seats were to be erected, the walls were
imed to receive another coat of whitewash. As a preliminary step
J were scraped, and so the drawings were laid bare. Mr. Williams

0 heard of the discovery, and informed me of it. We paid several
its to the church, when I made tracings of the most interesting por-
u of the paintings, and he took notes. We also employed a person
take an accurate drawing of the whole south wall, in order to record

disposition of the pictures. From this the accompanying outline

1 been reduced. I regret to state that the Rector has since thought
right to obliterate them wholly, under an impression of their
Bgfatliness, so that the result of our work remains the sole record of
•e very curious drawings.

rhey occupy nearly the whole of the south waU, extending quite
9 the south-west angle, and possibly into the south-east also, but
Jung could there be discovered. There were traces of colour on the
Da north and south of the tower arch, but no figures were visible.
er the north door, extending down its western side, was the usual
■ntic figure of S. Christopher, but as it differed in no respect from
many representations of that saint already known, it was not
nght iieoeaaary to copy it. I may remark, by the way, that a very
bet S. Chriatq>her was found a few years ago in Milton church.

818 Notes on some Mural Drawings

and carefully preserved. Whether there were ever any frescoes in the
other portions of the north side or not, it was not possible to discover.

The great interest of the drawings is their entirely distinctive cha-
racter. They record no well-known history, but rather, I imagine,
illustrate some local legend. But I have really no suggestion to offer
respecting their subject that appears to me at all satufactory. and 1
must content myself with accurately describing them. This I hope to
do, thanks to Mr. Williams's very copious notes.

They are divided into four groups by the architectural arrangemesti,
as also by the figures mounted on animals. There seem, however, to
be six scenes, two being nearly obliterated above the door. In three
of them the same cripple, evidently a negro, occurs, ministered to
by the same female figure. It appears not unreasonable to oonclode
that he would appear in the others, and that it is his burial that ia
represented in the last of the series.

The figures riding I conjecture to be no more than messengers, iQcfa
as occur in the middle lights of all the windows in King's Cdk^
Chapel. Why they should be clad in such varied garments, and
mounted so strangely and so uncomfortably, I cannot say, unless it be
for variety^s sake. In the stained glass of King's the messengen are
most different : we find angels and men of various countenances and
in various attitudes. Unfortunately we could in no case make out etena
word of the writing inscribed upon the scrolls they bear. It seemed
provokingly distinct, but was in reality only provokingly illegible. I
cannot even be sure whether it is English or Latin. We once thought
we had detected the word " the,'* but we should be sorry to vooch for
the correctness of that supposition.

I will now describe the groups in order, beginning with the easternmost
The numbers of the paragraphs correspond with those on the pictorea.

I. Lower Compartment. — ^A king riding on a lion passant over conven-
tional grass. His hair and beard are slightly tinged with yellow : bii
crown of a reddish brown or black colour, which occurs very fre*
quently. It seems to be the remains of gold. His tunic, over which
falls a deep white collar, is of the same colour, bordered round the
bottom with white. His girdle, and the sword which he carries in hii
right hand, are of yellow. Over the forequarters of the lion is one of
the circular crosses which seem to have been originally in each con-
partment. Their colour was scarlet, bordered with gold, the outline of
the cross pat6 being picked out in black. They seem, from the waj
in which they obliterate a portion of each design, to have been added
afterwards ; but the reason of their position is only one of the nsny
mysteries about these drawings. Over the king's head is a scroQ in-
scribed with a legend, unfortunately illegible.

Upper Compartment. — Here the male and female figure make their
first appearance. He is evidently a negro, with yellow hair» and as yal
without a beard. He is clothed in a long pale yellow tunic, with \os%
sleeves fitting tightly round his wrists. Under his right arm he holds |Mft
of a crutch, painted yellow. Towards him is advancing a lady, dad xs s
full g^wn, coloured rather a deeper yellow than the man's tunic. Oi
her head she wears a kerchief, arranged like those of the Bc%iss

in Hariwick Church, Cambriigeihire. 819

§onin de Charity. In her left hand she carries a yellow box ; in her
ight somethiog in shape like a mermaid's looking-glass, of the same
x>lour, with a white disc in the centre.

II. Lower Compartment. — A similar plot of conventional grass, over
vhich two figures are riding, and meeting each other.^ That on the
ight of the spectator rides a pig. He is clad in a light-green tunic
^ with a brown girdle, which his right hand clasps. His left holds
I sword up to his head. The figure on the left, mounted on a nonde-
icript animal — passant, with snout in air — that may be a dog, but
vhose colour, a sort of reddish brown, would better suit a deer, wears
I yellow tunic, with a white girdle and border. On the skirt are two
-ows of writing on scrolls, quite illegible. He has his hands crossed.
Both figures have auburn ringlets, and wear head-dresses very much
ike a modem hat in shape. Over the head of each is a scroll.

Upper Compartment, — ^The male and female figure of the last picture
)ccur in rather different attitudes and dresses. He has a thick beard and
moustache ; wears peaked yellow shoes on his feet ; and having broken
bis right leg since we saw him last, supports it on the crutch, which,
irith wonderful foresight, he was then carrying. In addition he wears
I wooden leg, doubtless of the original type, shaped like a mushroom.
Ihe lady has on the same head-dress, but has changed her yellow
sown for a brown one. In her left hand she holds a pitcher, and with
ler right extends a cup to the cripple.

III., IV. These two small groups have suffiercd more than any of the
ithers. In fact it is difficult to make anything out of them. One can
aly see that they relate to the same persons as the former two. Above
tie door is the same male figure, naked save for a white cloth about his
lins, and supporting himself by both hands with his crutch, which he
as planted in the ground before him. He is kneeling before what
Kiks at first sight like a curtain falling over a pole, but which I take to
e in reality the same female figure as before, extending a robe to the
iked beggar.

* [1 ba:ve no doabt that this reprefents the legend of S .Cyriacas. Charlemagne,
lUing a tjnod of Biahopi at Paris, had a dream : — He thought he was hunting,
hflB a boar mshed out of the forest, and placed him in great danger. On this
ipf red, a naked child — some saj, youth — and said, " I will deliver jou on one
ndition." "What is it?" **That you clothe me." The Emperor threw his
iMttie (I have generally, in the churches of the Nivemois, seen this green) —
MUid the diild. He seised Charlemagne's sword, leaped on the boar'e back, and
Htroyed him. The Emperor asks the Synod, ** What does this mean ?*' Says
. Jerome, Bishop of Nerers, '' I will tell you. My cathedral is dedicated to S. Cy-
■eas : it is in rmos: he calls you to cover him by building it up." Which was
one. And the capitular arms to this day have a child riding on a boar, I take it,
MO that Lower Compartment 1 shows Charlemagne, going out to hunt : — Lower
!oMpartmeBt 2, this legend. As to Lower Compartment 6, it is very curious
hat in the second pier, south side, of the nave of Nevers, date drc. 1490 — ^is
Bodier child riding a goat, (the beard very prominent,) and met, not by a calf, but
f a hippogriff. Tliis, the meaning of which is unknown, can hardly be a mere
siwidiiiui with Hardwiek. It woidd be well to inquire, if any chapel or altar were
aiioifd in that church to S. Cyriac. It should be remembered, too, that one of
ha charches at Swaffham actui^y hoe this dedication.

The abote legend is related by Michel Cotignon. in his Catalogue hietorial dee
de Neoere, and by the Abb6 Crosnier in his Momognqthie, p. 19.—/. M, N,]

320 Notes on some Mural Drawings.

Rather higher up, to the right, are traces of a yellow coyedid, be-
side which, on the right, kneels the lady, dressed as in Group II.
With her right hand she seems to be smoothing the coyerlid, as doei a
second figure on the left, of whom nothing is visible save one hand,
and the top of a cap with the faint outline of a face beneath it.

V. Lower Compartment, — Conventional grass as before, with two
figures riding on nearly obliterated animals. They are similar in dress
and appearance to those in Group II. He on the right is drioldog
from a large glass goblet. Over their heads are the usual illegible
scrolls.

Upper Compartment, — ^A bed covered with a dark brown quilt, over
which a white sheet is folded. In the bed lies a man, who by his dark
and bearded countenance, the only part of him visible, seems to be tiie
negro of the former groups. He is tended by the lady, dressed exactly
as in Group I. In her left hand she carries a bowl, out of which ibe
is feeding the sick man by the help of a spoon.

VI. Lower Compartment, — Two men riding on animak. The one
on the left is mounted upon a goat, which is stopping suddenly, with
its forefeet thrust into the ground, and its head thrown up, so that its
horns almost touch its back — very spirited and well drawn. His rider
wears a yellow tunic, with a brown belt, and white collar, cuffs, and
border round the bottom ; dark brown hose, and a green Flemish cap,
complete his costume. His hands are outspread, as though to welcome
the cavalier who meets him, riding on a calf. His dress is the same ts
that of the other, differing only in the colour of his tunic, which is
green ; and of his cap, which is brown. His right hand is raised to
his ear. Over both are scrolls with illegible inscriptions, and betweea
them the traces of a crimson cross.

Upper Compartment, — A group of six figures, three males and three
females, one standing over a corpse, already laid in the cofiin. At tbe
head is a priest, with a book in his hand. He is " in pontificalibos," tbe
fringe of the stole dark, the rest of the dress white. His hair is
yellow, with the tonsure very distinct. On his right, next the corpse,
is a male figure, with yellow hair, clad in a light green dress. Hit
hands are outstretched in amazement. On the right of this figure is a
female, whom I take to be the lady of the preceding groups, at lesit
she is habited exactly in the same style, with hands joined in the atti-
tude of prayer. In the second row, on the priest's left, next tbe
church, is a female, of whom nothing but the face, and head-dresi of
similar character with the lady's, are seen. To her right is another
female, whose head comes between the priest and the figure in grecsi
and points to a cross on the breast of the corpse. To the right agiis
tands a man with yellow hair.

To the right of this group is the church. We see four rouad-
headed windows on the south side, and the west door. In the vest
gable hangs a bell. The tUing is well done in red.

With regard to the date of these drawings, I think that they may be
referred to the end of the fifteenth or beginning of the sizteentli en*
tury. The costume is like what we find in known examplea of tin art
of that period. I would here again refer to the windowa in Ki^'i

leven corporal works of mercy — the seventh picture having
»yed, or not recovered from beneath the whitewash. To
ibjects in the order in which they are above described, I
dfy them as follows : — 1 . Feeding the hungry. 2. Giving
3 thirsty. 3. Clothing the naked. 4. [Too much defaced
gible.] 5. Visiting the sick. 6. Burying the dead.
swer figures I have nothing to say, except that I am dis-
ibt whether they have any connection with the upper series,
fr. Clark^s parallel from the windows of our collegiate
certainly very hnppy, and the arrangement of figures and
the ** Biblia Pauperum," from which probably that of the
borrowed, is even more to the purpose.

G. W.
allege, Cambridge.

\

I'l

BW CHURCHES IN AND NEAR LONDON.

OT* as distinct from mere church building, is not only
own, bat actually advancing in that congeries of town and
eh in its largpest sense makes up London. Having already
il Saints*, Margaret Street, we wiU not again allude to it,
r atart in the suburb of Stoke Newington, In this quarter,
tarkable for Mr. Butterfield*8 church of S. Matthias, a still
las risen, from the designs of Mr. Scott, the church of S.
laciog the old parish church, which is still standing in imme-
pity. The building, which measures internally about 1 60
th, conaistB of a western (unfinished) steeple, nave, and aisles

ii

322 New Churches in and near London.

the chancel and apse being likewise of two lights. The nave (rHuI
are circular, with elaborate foliaged capitals. The lantern is destitate
of a western arch, the roof being tied by a somewhat heavy arrange-
ment of woodwork, while across each transept an arch is thrown in
continuation of the arcade, the superimposed wall terminating in t
horizontal line at the rising of the roof and bearing a somewhat mas*
sive wooden screen, which fills up the pedimental spac6. This ar-
rangement, as it will be observed, is borrowed from Italian examples,
although existing rudimentally in such churches as Tideswell, hot we
are unable to consider it successful as compared with the usual northern
way of dealing with the lantern space, tending as it does to minimise
the cruciform appearance of the interior. The pillars of the chancel
arcade on each side are double, being coupled transversely, with rich
capitals ; while the soffits of the arches are flat, and decorated with basts
of angels in relief enclosed in frames of that form which is described by
superimposing a lozenge on a quatrefoil. We need not say that the effect
of this treatment is very rich. As a building, this church, with theex«
ception of the lantern arrangement, deserves great credit. But the fit-
tings are not as yet on a par with the fabric. The apsidal sanctuary, with
its plain windows, and its homely table, devoid of reredos or sedilii, is
an inadequate termination to the long vista. We hear however of elabo-
rate decorations being in contemplation, and we hope that they will soon
become an accomplished fact. A needless prayer-desk stands at the
north-west angle of the chancel, which is of course seated stallwise,
the temporary pulpit being placed on the other side. The seats are of
uniform design, but we much regret to say that doors are not absent

The font of stone, but equipped with white marble angels, by Mr.
Westmacott, is not a successful composition. A commencement of
painted glass by Messrs. Clayton and Bell has been made in a few of
the windows. The vestry stands at the south side of the chaocd.
Externally the absence of a fleche at the lantern is felt. With fittingi
adequate to its structural claims, this church might become one of
the most noticeable which has been produced since the revival, while
even in its present aspect we can most sincerely congratulate Mr. Scott
on having carried such a work to its present architectural complete*
ness.

If we proceed to the south-east to Bow common we reach the chnrdi
of S. Paul, Limehouse, built by Mr. Rohde Hawkins, for Mr. Cotton,
which we described at length from the architect's drawing^ at the 373rd
page of our volume for 1856. We could not then dwell upon the
polychrome with which the interior has been liberally decorated. As
a whole the effect is rich and religious, although it needs painted gliii
to qualify the tone ; for as yet there is none except a grisaille west
window. The foliated decoration of the nave spandrils is more ioo-
cessful than the somewhat heavier painting of the sanctuary, caotMag
of powderings, some of them on a mulberry ground. The reredos is
the S. Dunstan pattern from Canterbury, in tiles coloured and gilt*
while over the altar projects an alabaster cross with four equal ams.
The credence is a large shelf projecting on the north ude supported
by angels as corbels. The pulpit is of ^abaster, covered with gmp*

New Churches in and near London, 823

not sufficiently careful in execution. The organ at the east end of the
north aisle is profusely coloured. To the west of it a chamber thrown
back opens into the aisle as a species of tribune, originally built, we
believe, for the instrument. We are sorry to observe that the iron
crown round the spire, which the drawings showed, has been omitted in
execution.

Taming to a western suburb we find the church of S. John the
Evamgeliit, Hammersmith, consecrated in the course of the last summer,
and erected by Mr. Butterfield. In this building we find the peculiar
stjle of the architect characteristically apparent. The plan is very
simple, consisting of a clerestoried nave and aisles of four bays, besides
a smaUer bay to the east, chancel, with aisles of one bay, and sanctuary.
There is, moreover, a species of western porch or narthex stretching
icroas the church, which is well contrived with two external doors, and
one internal west door placed centrically so as to exclude draughts from
the interior ; there is, moreover, a south door, but no porch. The ma-
terial is yellow brick, too thinly banded with red, and developing under the
east window into a species of lofty skeleton arcading of the latter mate-
rial which had better have been omitted. The interior honestly shows
its brick material. The nave pillars are circular with moulded capitals ;
the chancel arch being moulded with three rather acutely pointed bow-
tells. The east window of three lights has plate tracery ; so has the
west window of the same number of lights, of which the central one
only is trefoiled. The aisle windows of two lights are unfoliated. The
clerestory (which, as usual with Mr. Butterfield, is lofty and dignified,)
is composed of coupled windows, each of two lights. The nave roof trusses
are alternately foliated and filled up with solid wood panelling, a device
which we cannot praise. A cornice in the chancel composed of bricks
placed angle-wise, as in old-fashioned houses of the 17th century, is
happily introduced. There are two steps at the chancel arch ; two
More with a wide interval in the sanctuary and a footpace. The deco-
xatton of the reredos in its attempt to combine simplicity and effect
proves a failure. We are sorry to see in it mastic inlaying imitated by
mere painting. The sanctuary roof, which is boarded, is decorated with
a powdering of wheels and stars, on a cold and inefiective grey-blue
ground* The sedilia are of the type which is so favourite with Mr. But-
terfield, a single arch enclosing wooden seats. The chancel is seated stall-
wise* The pulpit, of wood, stands on a stone base at its north-west angle.
The organ is placed at the east end of the south chancel aisle. The
seats are all open. There is not even a bell gable ; but the bell, when
we saw the church, hung in a temporary framework so near the ground
against the vestry (which by the way stands to the north) as to be
liable to be struck by any passenger. We hardly think this a happy
position for the transmission of sound. The steeple will rise, we be-
lieve, whenever built, against the south aisle. We have criticised the
efanreh freely, and so we may more readily express our conviction that
it will fdllj maintain Mr. Butterfield*s well-earned reputation.

A ranvkable contrast to the grave severity of the church we have
jast desoribed is to be found in that of S. Simon, Upper Chelsea, just
sreeted kj Mr« Pocock. From the antecedent characteristics of the

324 New Churches in and near London.

Bchool under whose influence this church has heen built, nothing in the
shape of ecclesiological deyelopement might have been anticipated, and
yet the whole power of its architect seems to have been directed to
showing in how eccentric a manner the typal Gothic church could be
developed into newer forms of an ecclesiastical character. How far thiB
ambitioTis project has proved successful is another matter. Outside
the outline is startling enough, for in lieu of the usual double height
of nave and chancel, there are evident three heights, the third tod
lowest one serving as chancel, and the intermediate one, flanked by
large gabled chapel-like aisles, being merely a playful way of giving
variety to the nave. The material is mainly brick, aiming at poly-
chromatic effect. The west window is of two lights, and arose above it
is set externally in a square frame of close masonry, enriched with
diaper; and there is a buttress carrying a niche running up from the porch.
Upon the gable rises a lofty double bell-cot. The prtt-nave is of four
bays, with circular shafts, the clerestory being composed of wiodows
whose form can only be described as a trefoil with split cusps. Thea
comes the first arch borne on corbels, and the post-nave, which fbllowt,
and is destitute of clerestory, is of two bays, the intervening pillar being
of marble upon a stilted base, and the spandril pierced with a huge qoi-
trefoil, while the chapel-like aisles (containing galleries) are divided froa
the lean-to aisles of theprse-nave by heavy angular constructive screen-
work, of stone. The font in the prse-nave is of a quatrefoil section. The
pulpit, of stone (distinguished by the tenuity of its marble nook-shafti)
stands at the north angle of the chancel arch proper, being approached
by an artful arrangement of steps, and a moveable prayer-desk vn
placed, when we saw the church, at the opposite angle in a slant or til
media direction, looking north-west. The organ is placed on the south
of the sanctuary opening into the church. There is one step at the
chancel arch, and tMTo more at the sanctuary. The reredoe is arcMled,
and inlaid with tiles, and over it rises a Middle- Pointed east window
of five lights, but with blank tracery, the openings (with one ei-
ception,) which should have been glazed, being insteul filled with
carved foliage. What is glass in the window is painted by MeMTi.
Lavers and fiarraud. The aisle windows are mostly lancets. Thcfe
are numerous other eccentricities about the church, inside and ovt,
which we do not feel ourselves called upon to describe. We have said
enough to show how abnormal the structure is. It is at all events,
however, a sign of ecclesiological progress, when we see Low Church
influence developing in forms such as those to which we have called
attention.

On the Surrey side of the river, a hideous chapel of ease was buflt
years ago in Camber well, and called Camden Chapel, embodying
every conceivable architectural and ritual shortcoming. During tiie
ministry of Mr. Melvill chanceMess transepts were thrown oat st
the end, which increased the accommodation without enhancing the
beauty of the pile, which had then assumed the plan of a pcfftentous
T- In the time of his successor and the present incumbent, Mr. D.
Moore, a further enlargement became necessary on the oonsecratioB* s
few years sbce, of the building by the strange dedication of

New Churches in and near London. 325

'AMTck. A cbancel was accordingly projected, and Mr. Moore, with a
ourage for which we cannot too strongly praise him, determined that
ills portion of the church should he as perfect as his opportunities
Ho wed. Because the nave was frightful there was no reason that the
liancel should not be beautiful and decorous. There was every
active to make such a beginning of better things as might not impro-
ably lead to the rebuilding or the recasting of the old disgustful mass.
*he work was accordingly placed in Mr. Scott's hands, and he having

0 deal with so special a case, and to tie his chancel to a building
rhose only architectural fact was that it possessed round-headed win-
lows, boldly discarded the English tradition, and took up instead that
peculiar phase of the mediaeval art of Italy in which Romanesque was
pasting into Pointed. Churches such as S. Fermo at Verona gave him
the idea of producing the effect of length by successive semicircular
srches, spanning the structure and rising from circular pillars^ Three
of these arches accordingly recede behind each other in Camden Church,
with, it must be confessed, very small intervening space, but with a pic-
toresqueoess of effect which forbids our being critical. In the two most
veitem the pillars are plain, and the arches of two orders, with square
uiiies, are simply built of two hues of stone placed alternately. In
tbe most eastern, however, the pillars are adorned with a most graceful
twiaing pattern, and the arches are profusely embossed. In all, the abaci,
ve need hardly say, are square, and the capitals corinthianize. Be-
yond, a semicircular apse forms the sanctuary, with a semi-domical roof
<ielicately picked out with gold. The windows of the apse, five in
uunber, and each of two lights with trefoiled heads, are set in a bold
ucading, and they, as well as the windows of similar pattern in the re-
gaining chancel, are rendered peculiarly effective by being slightly
krsesboed. All the windows of the sanctuary are filled with painted
glass, mostly by Mr. Ward, the central one having been superintended
hj Mr. Ruskin. The sanctuary rises on four steps, the chancel proper
oa two. The prayer-desk, which has not been yet discarded, facing
north and west, stands at the south-east angle, the pulpit at the
XMth-east, carved in wood, and over-minutely reproducing forms of
strlj French Pointed, which are too heavy for the material. The
ihanoel is filled with longitudinal seats, which are unfortunately de-
oted to merely congregational uses. The font. too. stands in front

1 the chancel, llie galleried nave has not even a central passage,
nd although the formerly flat roof has been raised to correspond in
leight with the chancel (of which the roof is of proper pitch, and is,
re should have said, of open timber work between the arches) yet
he resultant effect is simply that of an inverted swimming bath. It
I a pity that the material adopted in the new work is Kentish rag,
01 brick. This may throw an obstacle in the way of what might
thcrwiae not be a difiicult work, recasting the nave and transepts
richotit polling down the walls, which are of the ordinary London mate-
lal. Their ^ry breadth would add to the facility of the operation, while
he diftmngf at which the church stands from the road would render a
pcatern otenaion an easy matter. When we say western, we speak
ccksidogically, for the church stands north and south, with the altar

326 8. Lawrence Church, Alkmaar.

to the former point. We take blame to ourselves for not haying soooe
noticed so able and interesting a work.

Not very far from Camden church stands the church of S. PosTj
Heme Hill, rebuilt after a fire, by Mr. Street, of which we gave a ful
description in our number for February in the present year. Persona
inspection confirms the good opinion we formed of this church from tb
designs. The marble reredos, with its bold projecting reliefs of th
Evangelists' heads, its arrangement of natural colours and the coront
of outstanding balls of Derbyshire spar round the central cross, is a trul
artistic conception. The capitals of the nave pillars, carved by Mi
Earp, are equally creditable to architect and carver. Among them, on
of the north side, composed of dogs boldly projecting with half bodia
carries ofi^ the palm for originality and spirit. Only we must ezce;
from our commendation the marble coursing of these pillars. They ar
composed of white stone, with one course of dark marble over the biM
and one immediately under the capital. A visitor compared these pO
lars to men with nothing on but boots and stocks. Green and duI
berry are used with admirable effect in the tiled chancel floor. Tli
old tower and steeple are preserved, but the new tower-arch with it
quaint responds, heals the discrepancy inside. No painted glass hi
yet been put up in this church. Those who are curious in ecclesiologict
antiquities may recollect that in the first of those articles in which w(
ever *' lumped" London churches, entitled "Transitional Churches in anii
about London," which appeared at the commencement of 1845, wegan
a description of the original S. Paul's church, built by Mr. Alexaoder:
a building profusely poly chromed, and highly creditable, oonsidensg
its time, to the incumbent, Mr. Anderson, to whom is likewise due tk
reconstructed church.

We reserve for another occasi(m the description of Mr. Scott'i
church for the use of Woolwich arsenal, in which he has boldly carrier
out an iron interior adapted to galleries. The Ecclesiological move
ment is still kept in progress by Mr. Butterfield's church of S. Albsi
Baldwin Gardens, erected for Mr. Hubbard, which the strike fovw
just rising from the ground, and by that proposed church due to Mi
Brandon in Windmill Street, of which we gave a short notice in os
last number.

S. LAWRENCE CHURCH, ALKMAAR.

Thb Dietsche Warande not long since contained a plan and descriptio
of the new (Roman Catholic) church of S. Lawrence which U
Cuypers is about to build in the picturesque city of Alkmaar, i
the province of the Netherlands, called North Holland.^ The kiiid
ness of M. Alberdingk Thijm enables us to reproduce the plan. A

' The word Holland, as applied to any bat the two provinces of North and 8Ml
Holland, is unknown in the Netherlands themselTea. There nefer wasa^Un
dom of Holland" except in the time of Loois Bonaparte.

828 The Restoration of the Lantern

our readers will perceive the church is of the German type, in which
the apse, pare and simple, occurs instead of the aisled " cheyet** (to
adopt Mr. Fergusson's nomenclature) of France. In following thif*
plan M. Cuypers of course consulted convenience, as the chevet veiy
frequently occurs in old Dutch churches, such as those of Amsterdam.
Haarlem, Lieyden, &c. The choir, we hear, will have a triforium, and
is to he groined as well as the aisles, the nave being covered with a
timber roof. The four pillars of the lantern are named in hoDoor
of the Evangelists, and the twelve remaining pillars commemorate the
apostles, but whether they are respectively to have their statues or
symbols is not quite clear. The baptistery, it will be observed, stands
at the west end of the north aisle, the corresponding bay of the 9oach
being the mortuary chapel ; the confessionals are placed right and left
of the transept doors. The altar had better be pushed forward, eo as
to occupy the chord of the apse. In other respects this plan explains
itself. The tower is to grow into an octagon, bearing a spire. This -
chyrch will evidently be a great improvement upon the one at Over- t
veen, near Haarlem, which we described in a former number. Another !
church, of a satisfactory description, is in progress of construction at |
Fogelensang, not far from the latter city, under the care of its eode-
Biological cut6. Dr. Borret.

THE RESTORATION OF THE LANTERN OF ELY

CATHEDRAL.

Bt the kindness of the Dean of Ely and the architect we preseat our
readers with an interesting view of Mr. Scott's proposed restoration of
the octagon and lantern of Ely, as a memorial of the late Dean Peacock.
The present sketch is of course tentative, and we are sure that the ao-
thorities will be glad to have the opinions of ecclesiologists on the
subject. It will be impossible to speak with much certainty as to the
original capping of Alan of Walsingham's lantern, until the present
miserable octagon has been stripped and examined. We are oundfes
strongly of opinion — and our views are shared (we believe) by some of
the Memorial Committee — that the proper capping would be in some
way a pyramidal one. We shall look with deep interest to the disco-
veries that may be made in the actual fabric, when the present modera
casing is cleared away. In the meanwhile, we invite the criticisiD of
oar readers on the first sketch of Mr. Scott's proposed reatoradcm, and
commend the work to their liberal support.

We subjoin the Circular, put forth by the Dean and Chapter :—

" In the Statement, drawn up by the late Dean, smd issued in the year 1^
respecting the works already completed in Ely Cathedral, and those which
then remained to be carried out, the following passage occurs :

" * Of all works which remain to be undertaken, the most considefaUe sad
the most important, is the restoration of the lantern, including the Jecwatioa
of the vault, the substitution of windows of an appropriate duncter for those

^^ Cat/uiral.

. _ ilj, uil tbe adiUtioa of the outer corona of

O^pnaUj dMigned by Alio de Wtlnngham.'

iMt HimDier the late Dean wai engaged io prrpariDK

a pnUi^ ginog an accouot of tbe work* executea

t appeua that the rcitantioii of the oct^n and

litm, the chief undertaking to be aecompUabad for

at work of improKment.

iwocda:

nUs work remaina to be undertaken, whenever the

HMJdtiaMe amount, can be collected for the puipoae.

lontioii of th« interior, and, to aome extent, of the

ol the npper octagon, which are now ezamplei of
of caipenltt'a Gothic, were reduced (probabljr b;
lo three, and ihortened more than three feet; tbe
lod jamb* of the windowi are itill in exittence, lO aa
bni mtnct rwtoration, though there ciiit no corre-
ing tba tracery. No ^fficulW, however, would pre-
OD ol tbe painting of the vault, a* tbe trace* of the
I OtdUoe and ccuonr, are too manifeit to be mi>-

hnnt with leapect to tbe ontaide of the octagon, the
n in a miiMva atate, and which haa undergone *u
'■pMted reatontioua, rendered ncceiaan by the decay
n little cakulated to reaiat the action of the weather,)
k to reprodnn ita original form. In tame ancient
Whedral, fljing huttreaaea appear, and forma of the
together different from the preaent t bnt inch repre-

peat architect, Alan Waliingtiam, bad been carried
. tbe anglea of tbe greater octagon, and four loftj
' ita four longer lidea, ctmnected by a double range
riehed ebataeter, would preaent a corona of iinguuir
MSlin^ altogether, or nearly lo, the imaller octuon
arehiteetnnl detaila comparativelj' unimportant.
m to indulge the hope, that the time will ever arrive
Mcomplitbed s if thii addition waa made to it, the
mil aa iniide, would be nirpataed, in grandeur of
Anl, by few prodnetiont of the architecture of the

tar Mt therefore that they coidd not propoie any
tioOB of the late Dean, m appropriate aa the leatora*
I of the Cathedral Church; which, after tbe great
ader bii luperintendeuee in tbe eaatem and weatem
onld form, aa it were, tbe key-atone of the whole

-1 tbercfore, at that firat aaaembling, ou December 30,
nolution :

X}neated to prepare a plan for the reatnration of tbe
1 an eatimate of the probable coat; and that thia
■« remaining object* contemplated by tbe late Dean,
poanble, a* tbe miHt fitting public memorial of tbe

d the prindple at the ooloniinf ."

330 Bristol Cathedral.

zeal, energy, and liberality displayed by bim in the renovation of oar Catbednl
Church.*

" This statement is now put forth, in the hope that the numerons friends
and admirers of the late Dean will gladly embrace this opportunity of showing
their respect and affection for his memory, by co-operating with the Dean and
Chapter in the proposed restoration.

'* According to the estimate of Mr. Scott, the expense of canying out the
contemplated improvements in the octagon and lantern will be about £5000."

BRISTOL CATHEDRAL.

It has been proposed by the Dean and Chapter to call in Mr. Scott and
Mr. T. S. Pope to prepare a plan for the re-arrangement of this cathe-
dral. The case is a very peculiar one, owing to the curtailment of the
nave and the present position of the screen in the constructional choir.
Mr. Scott, in a Report which has been partially published, argues for the
further retrenchment of the ritual choir, so as to throw open the west-
ern part of the constructional choir, together with the transept, for
congregational purposes. This proposition, involving, as it seems to
do, an excessive reduction of the space required for the chapter and the
singers, and especially of the sanctuary, besides lowering the whole ir-
rangement of the building to something more nearly resembling the
parochial, than the cathedral, type, has not met with unqualified ip-
probation. The case is by no means an easy one. But there ctn be
little doubt that the best plan for the Dean and Chapter to ponne
would be to appeal to the Diocese for funds to enable them at least to
begin the re-building of the nave. This would be the boldest, and (we
believe) most successful course. For the proposed plan is little better
than a pis alter and will excite little enthusiasm in its support. Mean-
while the Bishop has, with singular ill grace, fulminated against the
whole scheme, as a vain attempt to recommend an unprofitable cath^
dral service in preference to unadorned parochial worship. Agaimt
this extraordinary opposition our warmest sympathies are witib the
Dean and Chapter ; and we can only regret that the plan which their
architect has advised them to adopt is not one which we can uue-
servedly support. The whole difficulty runs into the large qneation of
the proper use and arrangement of cathedrals which formed the aahjeet
of discussion at our Anniversary Meeting. We subjoin Mr. Soott'i
Report, as it may be useful for future reference : —

" To the Very Reverend the Dean, and the Reoerend the Che^t^r ^Bristol.
" Reverend Sirs, —
" I have, at your request, carefully considered the questions propoacd IP 9t
in reference to the re-arranging of your cathedral, with a view to ii
accommodation.

*' The question as it applies to the majority of our cathedrala ia OM of

siderable difficulty. These vast edifices are evidently far beyond the db

• sions suited to a single congregation according to the services of Uie Ghveh

of England, which pre-suppose that every person attending tfaioB shoaU he

Brutol Cathedral. 381

;inetly to hear every part They were designed for a different senrice,
e alau, for the most part, intended especially for the uses of a great
Body sufficient to occupy a very large choir, and who screened tbem-
>und to sQch an extent as to be invisible from the nave,
the Reformation, when the Clerical Staff was usually reduced and the
rendered more congregational, the choir became the place for both
Jid congregation, — the remainder of the church remaimng wholly uu-
id thus involving the inconsistency of having vast temples, capable of
ing immense multitudes, but only a minute portion of which, about as
lerhaps, as a college chapel, made any use of, and the remainder
as a mere ambulatory, or a place to receive monuments.
: us for a moment consider what a cathedral suited to the uses of the
of England ought to be.
Off the great central and typical church both of the diocese and the

should, I think, be marked by the following characteristics:— it

in the first place, be emphatically the Diocesan Churchy — that at
be clergy of tne diocese are from time to time called together to meet
shop, and in which the people of the diocese may assemble in almost
id numbers, to join in these especially solemn and diocesan services.
Id be the church in which any other especial services of a diocesan cha-
ronld most naturally and most conveniently be held, and, consequently,
ich would contain the greatest congre^tion. In the same way of the
elf, — it is its great central church, distinct from its many parochial
■a, in not being intended for a fixed congregation, but being equally
» all the inhabitants. It is the church at which the services are cele-
n their highest form, and should therefore be well arranged for choral
s ;**it is that to which a greater than usual number of clergy are at-
and should, therefore, have arrangements suited to this peculiarity,
f for the smaller requirements of every day, but for the more extended
f special occasions. Again, as especially the Church of the People, its
ments for congregational uses, and particularly for preaching, should
le most ample and extended scale, — in short, it should be fitted to

the greatest possible and the most promiscuous congregations,
ig over a surface the very greatest which the human voice can pos-
L

IV, in your church, all this may be provided for in a considerable de-
Ihout being perplexed with that excess of space beyond what it is pos-

nse, which is involved in the opening out of our larger cathe-
From the fact of the non-completion of the nave, the dimensions of
reh are moderate ; while the fact of its being only one half of an entire
il removes that architectural necessity for a screen of a very marked
sr, which exists in more perfect cathedrals ; indeed the building will be
rithout any very pronounced division of choir and nave. On the other
le fact of the cathedral being placed amidst so vast a population, de-
mn more than usual consideration of its congregational requirements ;
, its primary demand is for a nave of the greatest possible capacity, —
ma, m which a great assembly may both attend the church services and
Bsaed from the pulpit.

iffeet these great objects, the arrangement which naturally suggests it-
limited choir at the eastern end, quite unobstnicted towards the nave,
vied from it only by a low metal rail or screen, and the whole of the
er of the church left open to the congregation, who may be provided
ly by light benches, and partly by chairs. The extent of the choir
m fluffieient to contain the Clerical Staff, both practically and theore-
peakiiig, — so that on great occasions the dignitaries of the diocese
ill find their allotted places. During their absence, their seats would
lly be occopied (in all probability) by others, but the mass of the con-

\

882 Architectural Notes m France. — No. V.

g^r^ation would view the nave at their portion, a small oongregatioii ocenpy-
ing its eastern portions, and filling up westward as the numbers becoine
greater ; until on some great occasions, to say the least, and, as I should hope,
more frequently, the entire nave would be filled, as ought to be the case with
the central church of the city and the diocese.

ID'

'* I may mention, though it is a secondary matter, that the design oSiht
terior of the cathedral is one which ill bears any marked division, and needi
good scope to see it to advantage ; but that with this, its effect will be both
beautiful and unique.

" I have the honour to be,

*' Reverend Grentlemen,

" Your very faithful aervant,

*'GbOROK GlLBKRT ScOTT.

*' London, June 2Sth, 1859."

ARCHITECTURAL NOTES IN FRANCE.— No. V.

Rhbims, Chalons auB Mabnb, Mbtz, Trbtbs, CoLoeNi.

Thb cathedral of Rheims must be so well known to most of the reiden
of the Ecclesiologist, that it would be almost an impertinence to enter
into any detailed account of its peculiarities. It is most unquestionablj
a very noble, I might almost say, a perfectly noble, piece of architecture,
and nevertheless it seems to feol in producing so great an effect on the
mind as many other French churches of smaller dimensions and Vm
architectural pretension. The truth is, that it is a work coneeiTed tad
executed at two periods and by two (if not more) architects; tad
though the ground plan, some portion of the walls, and a little of the
sculpture, of the first architect have been preserved, the general aspect
of the church at the present day savours more of the later artist tlunof
his predecessor. It was in the year 1219 that Robert de Coney (a fricad
of Wilars de Honecort) commenced the erection of the present catiiediil
and it was after his death and from circa a.d. 1250 to circa aj>. 1900
that the whole of the upper portion of the bmlding, the western poftioB
of the nave from the ground, and the elaborate western facade wete is
course of erection. There remains to us, therefore, little of genniae
First-Pointed work, for it has been clearly shown by M. Viollet Le Doc
that the lower stage only of the building was the work of Robert de
Coucy. He seems indeed to have contemplated a building of greater
height and grandeur than the present, since his woric is remarkable ftr
the great size of the buttresses and the thickness of the walb, whieh
were diminished at once, and abruptly, by the architect who followed
him. and whose work is nevertheless amply solid and masaife for the
existing edifice.

It will be seen from what I have said, that we must not go to Rfcciai
expecting to see a work of the best period of the thirteenth oeatary.
We shall find a small portion of sculpture in one of the dxKM* of Ike
north transept, and the plan and basement story of the bnildiiig thraqgfc*

ArcKteetural Notes in France.— No. V. 338

>f this early date, bat the bulk of the structure and almost the
e of the decorative features are purely Middle-Pointed work of the
tf the thirteenth and early part of the fourteenth century. There
luisite grace about most of this work, but an entire lack of that
character which makes Chartres the grandest of French churches ;
is prettiness where there should have been majesty ; and in parts
rrous dread of leaving a single foot of wall free from ornament,
1 reminds one much more of the work of an architect of the
eenth century than of one of the thirteenth. The west front on
b all the greatest efibrts of the later architects of the church were
led, can thoroughly please none but those who see in elaborate
hment of every inch of wall the evidence of art, whilst I need
J say that to those who have studied the best examples of arcbi-
re in whatever style, such elaborate ornamentation is in itself
idence of weakness. There is a kind of sacredness about the simple
1th of wall and buttress which must be reverenced by all who
d produce really grand work. But for this the later architects of
ms had not the slightest feeling, and their work seems therefore to

0 be more really allied to the debased art which followed it, than
be pure early work which had immediately preceded it. As at
I, so here, the original design was to have a grand group of towers
spires, six for the three grand fa9ades, and a seventh over the
ling. Some of these spires were, I believe, actually erected, and
ad ; and whether this was the first intention or not it is certain
the plumber's work was in great request in this church and city,
lere still remains a very fine fl^che on the point of the apse roof of
cathedral, some good detail of lead work on the roofs, and a

1 modernized leaded steeple in the church of S. Jacques ; whilst
le west front of the cathedral we see large gurgoyles of lead simu-
g enormous animals. The interior of the cathedral is very noble
s proportions, (though the triforium might well have been more
ified.) and is remarkable for the immense size of the capitals of
piers in the nave ; they are very closely copied from natural
^, and fail to satisfy me that such work is the best fitted for archi-
ml enrichment. The decoration of the west end is not confined
he exterior, the whole inside face of the wall being divided into
b and niches filled with foliage and single figures. The stone
ition of hangings in the lower part of this wall ought to be re-
m1, though hardly without a protest.

n the south side of the cathedral is the Archbishop*s palace which
retains its thirteenth-century chapel of two stages in height, and
, though simple, character. It is a parallelogram of five bays in
Ji with an apse of seven sides.
id now that I have ventured to say so much in the way of criti-

apon what I believe most Frenchmen consider their most glorious
A, and without any attempt at a detailed account either of its
ml architeotaral arrangements or its sculptures (the latter exceed-

rich and suggestive,) I must take my reader with me along the
y dirty road which leads to the squalid quarter of the city in which
ilaods M a rival to the more modern cathedral the enormous

834 Architectural Notes in France.-^No. F.

church of S. Remi. The exterior, with the exception of the apse, has
been much modernized, and presents accordingly but few features of
much interest. The south transept has been all re- modelled in Flam-
boyant, whilst the nave is simple Romanesque, and the west end-
recently almost entirely re-built — ^is a singular agglomeration of ano-
malous work, half classic or Pagan, and half Romanesque or Gothic
and Christian. In the apse we have flying buttresses supported on
fluted shafts, a clerestory of triple lancets, and a triforium also lighted
with three-light windows. The proportions of the buttresses, rood,
and walls are however heavy, and unskilful, and give evidence of the
early date of this nevertheless very grand attempt. It is on entering
by the transept, through a doorway covered with fine Flamboyant
sculpture, that we see how grand the attempt was, and how fine the
internal effect. I think I know no church whose whole interior girei
a greater idea of spaciousness and size, whilst the beauty of the design
of the apse and the aisle and chapels round it is extreme. And indeed
the appearance of size does not belie the facts, for the dimensions of the
building are singularly fine. It has a Romanesque nave and aislei
(groined with a Pointed vault) of thirteen bays, transepts, and a choir of
three bays with an apse of five. Round the apse is the procession-patli
aisle, and opening into this a series of chapels, whereof the five eastern
are very noticeable. The Lady chapel is of three bays in length, with
an apse of seven bays, whilst the other four are very nearly circular in
plan, and each of the chapels opens into the aisle with three arches tap-
ported on delicate detached shafts. The groining of each of the foor
smaller chapels forma a complete circle in plan, with eight groining
ribs, whereof two are supported on the columns opening into the aisle.
Each chapel is lighted by three windows, recessed so much as to allov
of openings being pierced in the groining piers so as to admit of a pas-
sage all round the interior. This arrangement (as well as the beantifol
planning of the chapels) is a distinct feature of the churches of Cham-
pagne. The chapels of Notre Dame Chalons sur Mame are simibiij
planned, and in those of the cathedral at Rheims it is clear that Robert
de Coucy had the same plan in his eye, though he gave up the tripk-
arched entrance from the aisle ; whilst at S. Quentin we see an alnoet
similar plan at a rather later date. The whole of the nave retains the
original very simple Romanesque arcades, and lofty groined trifoiia;
but its groining throughout is fine Early- Pointed work and of giand
dimensions, the width in clear of the vault being about forty-five feet
It is a curious fact that in this nave the triforium compartment is ab-
solutely more lofty than that below it which contains the arch opening
into the aisle. In the choir there is a sort of fourfold division in hei^t
such as I have described at Soissons and Laon, an arcade of Poiatcd
arches being introduced between the clerestory and the trifbriam ; bnt
as this arcade is in part a continuation of the lines of the demtniy
windows, and as there is no string-course to divide the stage in two,
the efiect is better than in other examples of the same arraogemnt

There is much matter for careful study in the interior ; among other
things may be noticed the remarkably fine and lai^ corbels suppoiting
the groining shafts in the eastern part of the nave, adorned with Igoiti

Arehiieeiural Notes in France. — No, V. 835

f the Prophets bearing scroll*, and still retaining traces of their old
olooring ; and again, the very beautiful sculpture of some of the early
apitals near the western end of the nave, and on either side of the
reat western doorway. In the windows of the apse are some small
nnains of fine early glass.

Among the other architectural remains in Rheims, is the church of
I. Maurice, consisting of a Romanesque nave and aisles, and a lofty
Toined Flamboyant choir : the west front of good character, having
mall buttresses supported on shafts on each side of the central door,
nd separating the western triplet of broad lancets above the doorway,
lie rest of the church is very uninteresting.

There is also the church of S. Jacques, whose west front has the
ansnal feature of a sham gable on either side of the real central gable. ^
liese gables are above the aisles, and completely conceal their roofs
nd the clerestory. The nave is of Early-Pointed date, but very much
Itered ; only the two eastern bays appearing to retain the original
rifbriom and clerestory, the latter a lancet with internal jamb-shafts,
rhich are continued into the triforium, and form a portion of the arcades
f four Pointed arches which occupy each bay, an arrangement very
inihir to that of the clerestory of S. Remi. These two bays are
roined with a sezpartite vault, which is slightly domical in its longt-
idinal section. The alternate piers in the nave consist of coupled
olomns of very solid character, and with very deep capitals. Some
f these columns are regularly fluted. The rest of the nave has been
lucb altered in the fourteenth century, whilst the choir is Flamboyant,
rith aisles of Renaissance style, but groined in stone. The crossing
I surmounted by a very large fl^che almost completely modernized, but
bowing still some large three-light windows of Middle-Pointed style,
nd of timber covered with lead.

The Maison des Musiciens, in the Rue de Tambour is a well-known
Tample of excessively good domestic architecture of the thirteenth
eDtoiy.

From Rheims I made my way by railway to Chalons sur Marne.
rfaere I was rewarded by the sight of one of the most interesting
hmches I have ever seen, that of N6tre Dame, and of a cathedral of
nferior interest. It was the more gratifjring to find such really fine
fork jnst on the extreme borders of the country to which French influ-
siee extended, and beyond which to the eastvrard the churches appear
o be entirely Gkrman in their style.

Tlie points of resemblance between N6tre Dame de Chalons and the
Inirch of S. Remi at Rheims, are too obvious to be overlooked. The
ifauming and the general design and detail of their chevets are pre-
iielj similar, though the scale of N6tre Dame is considerably smaller
bm that of 8. Remi. The former church has however the great ad-
vntBge of being of the same character throughout, wonderfully little
lumged by time, and singularly fortunate among French churches in
iriiig under the care of a priest, M. Champenois, whose zeal and en-
hisiasm for his beautiful church is equalled by the care and skill with

* Ths sfwimsiBnt of these gables recalls to mind the very similar arrsngement
t Sdirimry and lioerin.

336 Architectural Notes in France. — No. F.

which he has himself carried out its restoration. It is the most cod-
servative restoration I have as yet seen in France ; it could not be more
conservative, and hence it is impossible that it could be better. M.
Charapenois feels that every stone is a deposit entrusted to him, and I
would that we saw signs of such zeal as his rather oftener in the
French clergy. Unfortunately, it seems to be too generally the caae
that they ti^e no interest whatever in the churches which liiey senre.
They have been taught to look to the government as the owner and
restorer of all religious buildings, and they have ceased to concern them-
selves about either the security of their fabrics or the character of their
fittings and decorations. Fortunate indeed is it for us in England that
the State is not so careful for us as it is in France, for then we should
see here, just as we do there, a people utterly careless id the noble
buildings which surround them, in place of — as we do here — a people
whose love for their old monuments is enhanced and in part created bj
the fact that they are themselves perpetually invited to help in their
restoration and repair.

The church of Ndtre Dame consists of a nave and aisles of seres
bays in length, transepts, and a very short apsidal choir (an apse of seven
sides), with an aisle and chapels planned like those of S. Remi, bejood
it. There are four towers, two at the west ends of the aisles, and two
in the angles between the transepts and the choir. The triforian
throughout is large, lofty, and groined. As at S. Remi, the external
efi^ect of this church is much inferior to the internal effect. It is rather
too heavy and ungainly, and savours much of the character of Oermaa
Romanesque work. The four towers have the defect of being almoft
exactly alike, of four stages, richly adorned with round-arched arcsdei,
and rising hardly at all above the level of the ridges of the roof. Thft
south-west tower retains its fine leaded spire, with four taU pinnsdo
at its base, and a cluster of eight spire- lights about midway : it is ib
exquisite example of leadwork, and still more precious to us as affords
ing evidence of the extraordinary extent to which decoration was sane-
times carried in the Middle Ages. The pinnacles at the base still retus
distinct traces of decoration on the lead, each side having a laife
crocketed canopy, below which is a gigantic figure, in one case of in
archer with a bow. The whole is done in white and black only, die
ground being the dark lead on which the white lines seem to have bees
marked by a process of tinning or soldering. It is a kind of deooratios
which we may well attempt to revive. A spire very similar to the odier
has recently been erected on the north-west tower, and the western
front is now therefore quite in its old state, and singularly well does it
look. I almost doubt whether the addition of similar spires to the tvo
eastern towers, for which the Cur^ is now collecting funds, will nsUj
improve the look of the church. With four steeples, it is well that two
at least should be pre-eminent, which is the present state of the one:
whilst the completion of the others would reduce all to the ofaaneber of
mere turrets — a result not to be desired.

The variety of string-courses and cornices throughout the extnior of
this church, edl filled with sculpture of foliage, gives a Terj
racter to the external detail.

Architectural Notes in Prance, — No. V. 887

The priocipal entrance is by the south door of the nave. This
has been cruelly damaged, indeed, nearly destroyed, but what re*
mains is of great interest, owing to its very close resemblance to the
noble western doorways of Rouen Cathedral, of which I gave a descrip-
tion in a former paper ; the doorway is double, with eight shafts in
each jamb, the alternate shafts having figures in front of them, as in
the west doorways of Chartres ; whilst the tympanum is similar also,
having a figure of our Lord, surrounded by the emblems of the four
Evangelists. Portions of archivolt enrichments and other sculpture
have been dug up in the neighbourhood of this doorway and carefully
preserved, and they appear to me, by their vigour and grandeur of
character, to be undoubtedly the work of the same artist, and possibly
portions of this once magnificent, but now woefully mutilated entrance.

It is in the interior, however, of this church that the effect is finest
and the architecture, most noble. The whole is very uniform in character
throughout, marked by great solidity of construction and proportion^
and by the boldness and distinctness of all its architectural detail. The
triforium throughout opens with two arches enclosed within another,
the spandreb being unpierced, and throughout the church it is groined ;
nor must I forget to say, that at the present day the spacious area it
affords is turned to some account ; for, when I was there, on one side
they were making the org^n pipes, on the other constructing the org^n,
and in another part the carpenters were busy upon the organ case ; and
the Cur^ assured me that he not only had the satisfaction of seeing
everything executed in the best possible way, but at the same time
there was no inconvenience, and no want of reverence, on the part of
the workmen. The clerestory consists throughout of lancet windows,
the lower portions of which are filled in with an arcade in the manner
I have described in the Choir of S. Remi, at Kheims. The sculpture
throughout this church, though almost entirely confined to foliage, is
?ery instructive, and at the same time a little puzzling ; for we see
almost side by side work of the best Byzantine character — almost
rivalling the sculpture we see in Venice — and distinctly thirteenth
eentury French work, whilst the building itself shows no corresponding
diversity, and I can only suppose, either that the sculpture was in hand
much longer than the building of the church, or that two sets of
acolptora were at work, the one educated in a Byzantine school, the
other influenced by the more developed school of the lie de France.

I have said enough, I trust, to induce others to examine carefully
this very interesting church ; it is valuable as being a little in advance
of the most perfect period of the French Pointed style, and as being
Boch more instructive, therefore, than a building which, like the cathe*
dnd at Rheims, is in the main a little after the most perfect period^
and full, therefore, of symptoms of decline, instead of promise of ad-
duce.

From Notre Dame to the Cathedral it is a descent from the finest
early First-Pointed to common-place Middle-Pointed, full of Qerman
fhffi^f**r in ita detail. The west front and the whole of the apse have
been mnoh modernized, and the finest remaining portion of the exterior
it the north transept front. The windows are geometrical Middle-

TOL. zz. X X

838 Architectural Notes in Fi'anee. — No. V.

fbinted of four lights, and the flying bottresses on a large scale, double
and sarmounted by pinnacles. There is some good stained glass of
late date in some of the aisle windows.

Another charch, dedicated, I think, to S. Alpin, has a nave and
aisles of six bays groined, without a triforium, and of the same date as
Notre Dame. There are transepts and a central tower, and a choir m
Flamboyant style, and of a most unusual plan ; the two arches east of
die tower diverge from each other, so that the width of the choir fgt^'
dually increases up to the point at which it is finished with an apse of
three sides. An aisle surrounds the whole, the windows of which
retain some very rich stained glass. This choir is the most remaikaMe
example that I have met with of a very late revival of, perhaps, the
earliest t3rpe of chevet. There are a great many altars in this (jmrch,
pews throughout with doors, and no sign whatever of any improve-
ment In Notre Dame, where pews had disappeared and everything
was being restored, all the side altars had dbappeared, and there wai
only one altar left beside the principal altar in the choir.

And here I might well conclude these notes of French architecture.
From Chalons I went to Toul, and thence by Metz to Tr^es, and I
found, as might be expected, nothing but German work. At Tool
there are two churches, the cathedral and S. Gkngoult, both of some
interest, and with good cloisters ; but it is very remarkable how we
find here, not only German detail, but the favourite Oerman groaod-
plans also ; S. Gengoult is a cruciform church, with an apsidal chancel,
and a small apsidal chapel on each side opening into the transeptB;
whilst the cathedral has an apsidal choir without aisles, and a sqaare-
ended chapel on each side opening from the transepts. The window
tracery in S. Gkngoult is perhaps the ugliest ever devised even Ivy
Oerman ingenuity, and yet of early geometrical character (drca a.d.
1300), and still retaining much very beautiful glass of the same date.

The nave of the cathedral has been recently seated with very smut
flxed open seats, of the kind which might have been erected fifteen tf
twenty yean i|go in England.

Of Metz I can say but little more than of Toul. The cathedial ii
undoubtedly magnificent in its scale and general proportions ; hot iti
detail throughout is miserably thin and meagre, and the chorcb appetfi
to me to be utterly undeserving of the praise I have heard bestowed oa
it by some English authorities. Of course, however, the degree of id-
miration felt for such a building depends very much upon the atandud
of perfection whidi each man seta up for himself. If he eooies ta
Metz strongly possessed with a sense of the noble character of Genau
Gbthic, of course he will admire this extremely German edifice; X
however, he have the slightest feeling for early French art, I inagfltt
that he will turn away with disappointment and aorrow froaa tkii
church, 80 vast, and yet, as compared with fine French chiiiehe% ^
tame, poor, and weak.

The best of the other churches in Metz ia that of S. Tineeait
work of better style than the cathedral, and with a wefl jtamed fltf-
man east end, ahowing undoubtedly marka of the same hand aa (cr at
leaat of imxtation of) Sie famoua Liebfraukirche at T^^vea*

From Metz I made my wa^ \s% ^isick (whose amall dmek hn >

Arekiieciural N^tes in France. — No^ V. 889

groiQed roof forty feet in clewr width) to Saarburg ; here the church m
noticeable for a tower oblong in plan, and roofed with two thin octa^
gonal apires which unite together at the base ; and from Saarburg I
went to Treves.

Tr^et well deserves a long notice. Its churches are full of interest,
the cathedral for students of early art, and the Liebfraukirche, as being (I
think) the most beautifully planned thirteenth century church in Ger-
many. The close juxtaposition of these two churches is singularly
effectiTe in all points of view. Then there are the very fine Roman
remaioa, and finally a really enormous number of houses of the thir-
teenth and fourteenth century, all in very fair preservation. From
Treves, by the interesting abbey of lAach, I reached Cologne, and at
once made my way to the cathedral, anxious to see whether the
opinions which have grown on me more strongly the more often I
have visited it, would remain unfthaken now that so great progress has
been made in the new work. It is impossible to overrate the excel-
lence of all the new constructions ; nor are they obviously open to any
hostile criticiem in regard to their conformity with the general charac-
ter of the old work ; but it is at the same time useless to conceal the
fact, that the work is of a poor kind, and that it certainly does not im-
prove as one sees more of it. The only comfort ii that the interior
will be much finer than the exterior, and that it is worth while there-
fore, to put up with some shortcomings in the latter in order to obtain
what will, no doubt, be the sumptuous effect of space, height, and (I
hope) colour, which the former promises to afford. It is much more
difficult to spoil the interior than the exterior ; it must of necessity be
simple and uniform, and it admits of less attempt at enrichment with
such crockets and pinnacles as cover the exterior. The south tran-
sept front, which is the most conspicuous portion of the new work
finished, is, I think, thoroughly unsatisfactory. The crocketed gable
over the great window, repeated again just above up the roof gable, is
perhaps the most unhappy repetition of a leading line that could have
been hit upon. If a gable was necessary over the window, it should
have been different in its pitch from the other ; and then again, how-
ever much the old architect indulged in reedy mouldings, and endless
groups of crockets, it does seem to be a sad thing that a nineteenth cen-
tury artist should feel bound to emulate his enthusiasm for such worth-
less things. I grant at once, that he has done no more than follow pre-
cedents. In the old west front of the cathedral, there is scarcely a
mcwilding three inches in diameter, whilst the central doorway between
the stsepks is very small, and made up of a repetition usque ad funcMom
of orders of reedy mouldings and small flowers, and admits not for one
instant of comparison with any good examples of French doorways ; and
it is indeed very striking how, as one comes fresh from French churches,
aU this work looks thin, petty, and wanting in expression.

In the sculpture of foliage in the new works, the system seems to
be to take sprigs of two or three leaves and fasten them against a dr-
cabr bdl, vidi no evidence of any kind of natural growth, and no
proptr aichitseftnral function to perform. They seem to require a
piece of string or a strap round them to attach them to the bell. The
eopyiag sf t£i ioUags is perfectly naturalesque, eten to the tittiWw^

840 Architectural Notes in France. — No. V,

of the fibres on leaves, which are to be elevated to a great height in the
building. I have heard all this sculpture so often referred to in terms of
the highest praise, that unpleasant as it is to criticize work executed at
the present day. I feel that I am bound to express my dissent from
those who so speak of it. The whole work is so famous that all the
world is interested in it. English tourists, year after year, going io
great numbers on their travels, admire thoughtlessly everything that
they see, and architects even seem to me to follow in their wake, for*
getting that our true function is not simply to admire the work, be-
cause it is a vast and noble enterprise, but to weigh and compare it
with the most perfect work we can find, and to endeavour, if the fanlti
we see in it are great, to point them out by way of warning for oar-
selves and others. Indiscriminate admiration of such a building does
enormous mischief, just as a wild enthusiasm for the fourteenth cen-
tury work which we see throughout Germany, would be fatal to the
eye and taste of the enthusiast.

Undoubtedly the architect of Cologne has had an office of enormont
difficulty. The national enthusiasm, which has raised the fiinHf
hitherto expended, must have needed very cautious treatment. It
would probably indeed be indispensable that the steeples if ever com-
pleted, should be built exactly on the old plan so curiously preserved
and discovered, but the elevation of the transepts on which so fery
much of the external effect of the whole church depended, was jmt
one of those points on which the architect might have ventured (one
would have thought) to step out of the old path a little, and — jost u
the old architect when he wanted a perfect ground-plan went to Amiens
for his example — he might at this day have gone to Chartres, or
Amiens, Rouen, or Paris, and grafted something of their grace tod
grandeur on the otherwise merely German conception of facade whidi
he has given us. That this might have been done without detriment to
the old portions of the building is I am sure unquestionable ; and tiitk
if well done it must have resulted in great gain and increased beantyii
equally certain. If, (as we all with insignificant exceptions admit,) it is
well for us to study early French art as well as English, surely some
attention to it must be even more necessary in Germany, whose na-
tional art was inferior, in the 13th and 14th century, not only to that
of France, but almost as much to that of England.

And here I must conclude this series of papers. I am well aware
what injustice such hurried notes as I have been able to put together
may appear to do to the noble buildings they attempt to describe.
But I shall not be sorry to know that my descriptions are incomplete
and inadequate, if one consequence is that I am able to induce other
students who would not otherwise have done so, to tread in my foot-
steps, and to complete for themselves the impressions which I ban so
inadequately attempted to convey. In the part of France whiefa I
have been describing, we may all travel and learn without anyfeir
that we are looking at anything foreign to the traditions of oar
own country. The art is one and the same, grander it is true geaoiBf
there than here, but on the other hand less varied in atyle^ «nd flsvcr
more truthful or more really loveable and admirable.

O^aoaaa BDMVim Sntir.

341

THE ANSCHARIUSKAPELLE IN HAMBURG.

Ijr the fourth number of the Christliches Kunsthlatt we find a descrip-
tion, accompanied by a ground-plan, sections, and elevations, of the
new Pointed church of S. Anscharius, lately built for Lutheran wor-
ship in Hamburg. We wish we could give the design, which appears
to be the work of two young architects, Messrs. Gliier and Rem^,
more unqualified commendation.

The whole structure is raised upon a lower story, which forms not
only a school, but a schoolmaster's house — the latter at least incon-
'venient enough. In this lower stage, unfortunately, there is little or
ix> attempt at Pointed effect at all.

The plan of the church itself comprises a broad nave, with short aisles

of only two bays at its eastern end, a stunted square-ended chancel, or

rather sanctuary, and a west gallery. The total length is about 75 ft., by

about 35 ft. broad, exclusive of the aisles. The nave is entered under the

gallery at the west end, the door being approached by external staircases,

^hich have nothing Pointed about them but pierced parapets. To

•peak of the inside first. The nave area is closely filled M'ith benches,

ao arranged as to leave passages in the middle and against each wall.

The dwarf ables have benches placed longitudinally. A pulpit stands

mt the south side of the (narrow) chancel-arch ; and the sacramental

table, surmounted by a canopied and niched Pointed reredos, stands

forward in the small recess, so as to leave a passage behind the reredos.

The pulpit has a Pointed sounding-board. The chancel recess is

vaulted : and on its north side there is a door to a small vestry. The

nave has a low, and very heavy and inelegant, wooden roof, with collar

beams. The arcades to the aisles are of two arches, sustained by a

cylindrical shaft with flowered capital. The windows are of two tre-

foiled lights, with quatrefoils in the head ; except the east window,

which is of three lights with tracery, and seems to have a figure in

stained glass in the middle light. Above the organ there is a small

traceried round window.

Externally, the contrast of the nondescript style of the basement and
the Pointed upper part is very disagreeable ; and the general effect is
one of great beddness and poverty, with rich insertions of Pointed de-
tail in bad taste. There is a heavy cornice all round. The windows
are without hoods or mouldings. The buttresses are of a thin Third-
Pdinted type, llie roof is covered with patterned tiles. A cross- sur-
mounted single bell- cote crowns the west gable ; which gable, to-
gether with that of the bell-cote, is clumsily haunched. A purposeless
round-headed window and two cruciform apertures are inserted above
the roae window in the west fa9ade. The head of the west door is
square, under a traceried arch-head ; in which there is placed the effigy
of a saint.

The design does not exhibit any great skill or knowledge ; but we
suppose that the fact of its adoption shows that the Pointed style is
hddiog ita gnMmd. It is strange that Mr. Scott*s rich Pointed church
in Hamburg haa not set a better example.

342

THRONDHEIM CATHEDRAL.

(The Cathedral of Throndheim ; published by order of the

Government. Text by Professor P. A. Munch ; drawings by Archi-
tect H. E. Schirmer. Folio. Christiania : printed by W. C. Palm*
tiu8. 1859.)

A MORS superb monograph than this richly illustrated description of the
great Norwegian metropolitical church we do not remember to have sea.
It reflects great credit on the Norwegian Storthing that it has ordend
the preparation and publication of so accurate and elsborate a history of
this great national ecclesiastical monument. The long neglected oob-
didon of Throndheim cathedral has hitherto been a reproach to Norwsj.
But a better day has dawned. Nothing can be better than the spirit
in which the editor has seconded the wishes of the Qovemment ; asd
he informs us that, while there is little hope of raising the catfaednl
to its former splendour, " even as Norway itself cannot hope to regiia
the power and authority she once enjoyed/* yet the authorities hate
resolved not only to preserve what remains but to restore the buildioff
to at least a decent condition. This undertaking, however oommeim-
able, will be by no means an easy one,. and we hope that a destnicdff
restoration wiU not be lightly entered upon. It is, however, deeply
interesting and instructive to see the proofs of the growth of a tne
ecclesiological spirit in the Norwegian Church, and we cannot bat hope
that it may there, as elsewhere, be a note of a still more sacred religioii
revival. The eoclesiology of Norway may be regarded in some de^
as an offshoot of our own movement. Professor Munch, the leaned
editor of the present volume, is not unknown to our readers as la
earnest fellow-labourer in the same field. He seems to afiBiliate hionetf
to us by the adoption of our own Pointed nomenclature ; and the old
friendly connection of England and Norway seems renewed in the kd
that not only is the original text accompanied by an English venioa.
but that the illustrations of the present sumptuous Yolume on wood
and on copper bear the familiar names respectively of Jewitt and
Le Keux,

Throndheim cathedral is not unknown among English ecdenologiitSi
It has been described by an eyewitness in our own pages, and Mr. Fat-
gpisBon*s useful manual gives a ground plan with measurements sad
dates. But never before have we had an opportunity of i>g^tn^"i"g iti
architecture so thoroughly. The present work contains the iiiUHt
possible ground plans, elevations, and sections, besides many platct of
details.

Professor Munch begins his admirable description of the chorbh mlh
a brief historical summary of the early ages of Norwegian ChriatiaH^*
showing the causes that made the shrine of S. Olave in ThraaditiB
not only the centre of the national religion, but the aanotnaiy vd
palladiura of national freedom and independence.

8. OUve died in battle in 1030, and waa almoat inaiairtiifly

Thrandheim Cathedral. 843

ted by popular acckmatkm. Bat it was not till 1 150 that his country-
lea obtained from Pope Eugenius III. a promise of the enfraDchiaemeDt
f Norway from the spiritual supremacy of the metropolitan of Land.
t is interesting to know that the Papal Legate who oonstitnted the
forweg^an province was oor own countryman, Nicolas Breakspere, who
ideed sooeeeded to the Papacy before the final arrangement of the
oaiiiesa. The Orkneys, Shetland, and Man, were all comprised in
le new province ; and among other proofs of the then ecclesiastical
mon of Norway and England, it may be mentioned that Stavanger
idiedral is dedicated in honour of our S. Swithin, of Winchester,
ndeed Professor Munch asserts that most of the clergy of Norway, in
Iw eleventh and twelfth centuries, were either English bom or English
red ; and he delights to identify the derivation of Uie Norwegian archi-
BCtural styles from this country.

In 1161 Archbuhop Eystein Erlendsson (Augustine) began the re-
siding of the new metropolitical church. Professor Munch with much
comen, by a comparison of documentary evidence with the actual
Jienomena of the cathedral, determines that Eystein did not touch the
hen existing church of Olaf Kyrri, containing the saint's shrine.
joaving that as the choir of his new plan, he began a Romanesque
lansept at its west end. This transept might well, from its detail, be
m English building ; and the two eastward chapels, one to each tran-
lept, have the English peculiarity of a square east end. The transept
xmsists of three squares, each 31 ft. 7 in. internal measure, with walls
jf 6 ft. 4 in. Eystein was a fugitive from his see for some years in
Bngland. The choir does not seem to have been touched till about
1331 ; and then, instead of removing the old walls of the preceding
diorch. the builders appear to have added external aisles, (which are
consequently unusually narrow), and, above the solid stone choir walls,
to have erected a triforium and clerestory and vaulting of admirable
Pirst-Poioted. Accordingly these massive ancient choir walls still re-
laaiB, pierced irregularly with rude apertures, and wholly covered in
by the airy Csbric which soars above them. We may here digress so
Gir as to say that if, as we fear, the architect Schirmer contemplates in
tiM restoration of the church the removal of these ancient walls and
die substitation of a copy of the nave arcade, we shall deeply lament
it. A view of the interior, as theoretically restored, in this way, ap-
pears at the end of the volume ; and we note no disclaimer of the
iatentioB to carry it out. The sacrifice of the actual walls of Norway's
■ost ancient sanctuary would be a simple barbarism.

To eontiaue. Assuming the choir to have been constructed in this
■■aaer between 1251 and IMS, we find actual evidence that in the
latter year the nave was begun in excellent First-Pointed. The erown,
or oetagon, at the east end of the choir, (which is the great glory of
TlvcMidheim), was probably a somewhat later addition. Plrofessor
Month attribates it to ISll-iSSt, and not without great probability.
For the ardufeectaxe is a vtrj anoBual combination of the features of
FSnt and Middle-Pointed, such as might well be the work of an English
areiiiteet eaUed anon to design a church at so distant a spot. Professor
M«Kh li ef opiMon thai t& church was designed throughout by Eng-

344 Throndheim Cathedral.

liflhmen, and he thinks that the successive styles of Pointed were de*
veloped in Norway somewhat later than among ourselves. In particular,
we may observe, — what he has forgotten to mention, — that the peculiir
split quatrefoil, which is seen at Canterbury and many churches of
Kent, is found in the triforium of this Throndheim octagon. While
we are speaking of this octagon, we may add that it is a mistake to sop-
pose it was ever the shrine of S. Olave, any more than Becket's crown
at Canterbury was the shrine of S. Thomas ; or again that it was the
choir. The shrine was undoubtedly in the constructional choir of the
cathedral, and the octagon was probably a lady chapel. Profettor
Munch compares it not very happily with the " retrochorus" of oor
English cathedrals. It follows that the beautiful pierced stone screen
which divides the octagon from the choir is no rood-screen at ali,
though it has often been taken for one. It is nothing but a veiy ele*
gant and novel method of connecting the lofty chancel with the still
loftier octagon which is added — somewhat clumsily added, we most
own;— to its east end. The octagon itself is slightly irregular in plin
in order to contain S. Olave's well, which still remains, with an ex-
ternal as well as an internal method of approach. Northward of the
chancel, and at some little distance, though connected with the choich
by a short cloister, stands the apsidal Romanet^que chapel of S. Clenient,
called indifferently the lady chapel or chapter-house. This was pro-
bably built by the same Archbishop who began the transepts and oentnl
lantern. The nave was a fine design of eight bays, with two toweis
added on the outside of the westernmost bays. Thus the western
facade — of which only the lowest story, covered with imagery, remaios—
must have been very broad and dignified. Professor Munch comptrei
it with Lichfield, and Mr. Fergusson with Wells. Remains of a cloister
are still traceable on the south side.

Having thus recounted the history of the rise of the church. Professor
Munch proceeds to describe its fall. It suffered from conflagration in
1328, before the completion of the octagon; which may account for
the fact that the interior arcade is of a more advanced Pointed styk
than the outer walls. Fires again occurred in J 432 and 1531. The
last accident wholly destroyed the nave, which has never been reboilt,
only the lower walls remaining. After this date, the octagon appean
to have been used as the choir, and the actual choir as the nave. The
abominations of the pews and galleries, and fittings for the reformed
worship, are feelingly deplored by the editor. He speaks of the "in-
troduction of that wooden lumber, such as the boxes aforesaid and
other trash, which for so long a space was thought indispensable in
Protestant churches." We will not trace the downward progieM.
Professor Munch gives a very interesting account of the state of S.
Olave's body when the shrine was disturbed, in the troubles ef the
Reformation, in 1536. The shrine was stolen, but the bod j setoaUf
remained on the altar till the war between Sweden and Oemnark* finoi
1563 to 1570. The Swedes then carried away and buried the body.
But on July 8th, 1565, the inhabitants " translated " the rdios bade
to the cathedral. " This was done with great pomp ; the ahrioe wu
carried to the church in a procession of thie clergy* the preeeat boU^

Same Notes of a Tour in Germany. — No. III. 845

men, the military officers, and the citizens, and deposited in a brick-
laid grave or vault.'* . . . . " The exact place where the aforesaid brick-
laid grave is to be looked for, is not now known ; but very probably it
will be found when the repairs now contemplated are begun, that is to
say, if there are signs by which it may be identified. But whether
the body be found or not, it is yet a satisfaction to know that it con-
tinnea to rest at the same church which owes its origin to the saint,
and from which, during five centuries, he spread lustre over the whole
Idngdom."

We need only add tbe chief dimensions. The total length is 334 ft.
9 in., and the breadth of the transept is 166 ft. 6 in. The choir is
85 ft. 7 in. in length, and widens in its breadth from 35 ft. 5 in. at the
west end, to 37 ft. at the east. The narrow chancel aisles, following
tbe deflection of the original church, are 10 ft. 8 in. in width at the
west end. and 14 ft. 4 in. at the east. The nave had an external length
of 140 ft. 4 in., and the west fa9ade. including the towers, was 127 ft.
1 in. in breadth. The lantern arches are 59 ft. 6 in. high. The choir
clerestory is 21 ft. 6 in. higher, the ridge of the choir roof being 107 ft.
high.

In conclusion, we have greatly to commend Professor Munch's £ng«
lish version of his text. There are some natural, but very excusable,
misprinta to be credited to Mr. Fabrittus : but the author*s English is
neariy faultless, though he occasionally coins forms such as " per-
spectivic." Only one unintelligible word struck us, and that is " in-
terimistic." The drawings also are most creditably executed by the
architect associated in the task. We have only to renew the expres-
sion of our hope that the contemplated restoration of this noble church
will not be too sweeping and destructive.

SOME NOTES OF A TOUR IN GERMANY.--^No. III.

To the Editor of the Ecclesiologist.

Greenhithe, August, 1859.
Mt OBAR Mb. Editor, — ^The castle of Nuremberg contains an import-
ant collection of early German pictures, of which the greater portion are
■nsnged in a large hall, and are in keeping with its mediaeval decora-
ticma and design. They comprise sevend good examples of Wohlge-
math.i including a group of popes, bishops, and cardinals, kneeling ;
a Last Judgment ; a Deposition ; an Ascension ; an Agony in ^e
Gardent which is dark in colouring, and without nimbi round the
heads of our Loan and His disciples ; an Entombment, signed and
dated 1511, in the style of Altdorfer ; and a fine Crucifixion. Another
Cnieifizlon with SS. Mary and John, here ascribed to an unknown
artist, doaely resembles Wohlgemuth's authentic productions. The
fallowing are among the other more noteworthy pictures in this gallery.

' Or possibly of Hans Bnrgkmair, to whom, if I mistake not, some of them are
■SBriboif Bo diis, however, aa it may, they " strongly," says Kngler, *' recall the
of WoUcenath."

VOL. XZ. T T

346 Some Notes of a Tour in Germany. — No. IIL

(1 .) A very large paiDting in diBtemper, executed by Hans Schaiiffelein
in 1517. It is a dramatic composition of many figures, and represents
the Presentation of our Lord by Pilate to the mocking Jews, (i.)
An excellent triptych, erroneously marked with the name of Martin
Schon, whose genuine works, according to Waagen, are only to be
seen at Colmar. Its central compartment contains the Adoration of
the Magi ; and on its wings, in four divisions, are the Annundadoo,
the Nativity, the Flight into Egypt, and the Massacre of the Hdj
Innocents. (3.) A triptych, dated 1493, each wing of which is painted
with saints, and the centre with a subject which, upon a hasty view,
I took to be the very common one of the Mass of S. Gregory, bot
which Mr. Webb describes as *' S. John Evangelist, saying Mass, and
having a vision of our Loan. Just before him,*' proceeds Mr. Webb,
" a stone is seen uprooted from the pavement. The altar is vested with
an antependium of red damask with yellow border, and fringed at tbe
bottom in green, red, white, blue, and yellow. A narrow superfrootd
of blue, fringed in green, is seen under the linen cloth, which hangs
down the sides and is fringed at the ends. Two candlesticks ire
shown, and the chalice standing on an open corporal. There is t
carved triptych, and side curtains on projecting rods.'*^ (4.) The An-
nunciation ; by Lucas Cranach. (5.) A very gorgeous picture on t
gold ground, of all the Holy Family. Here, as in the painting of tbe
same subject in the Staedel Museum at Frankfort, the Blessed Viifiii
with the Child, and S. Anne, are hovered over by the Dove, wbkb
proceeds from the Eternal Father. Tapestry is held behind them bj
angels. Their relatives, twenty in number, are pourtrayed in ladiiat
colours ; and the name of each person is annexed. (6.) S. George
and the dragon ; an old and good copy of a painting by Albert Duier.

From the picture gallery is an ascent of a few steps to the Ottmirs-
kapelle, where, in the south aisle, is a triptych with carved centre,
and three paintings on each wing in the manner of Wohlgemuth ; in
the north aisle, a triptych with the Blessed Virgin and Child, and SS.
Henry and Cunegunde, sculptured in the middle compartment, ind
painted on the left door with S. Martin, and (on its reverse) S. Elin^
beth of Hungary ; and on the right, with S. Wenceslaus and (on its
back) S. Barbara. A relief of the Coronation of the "^^gin in tbis
chapel, ascribed to Veit Stoss, " has all the delicacy and grace of ■
missal painting by Julio Clovio ;*' and another, by the same aenlplori
of the Last Judgment, surrounded by small subjecta icipimLatiag
scenes of the Passion, is of great beauty.

The east end of the chancel is adorned with a curioua carving ef tbe
Last Supper, and paintings of the Ascension and Descent of the Holt
Ghost at Pentecost ; and on the south side is a picture of oor Lotv
standing in the sepulchre, between SS. Mary and John.

The apartments in the castle appropriated to royalty are oonmctti
with this chapel. They are ornamented and furnished with aimplicity
and good taste, in the style of the fifteenth century, but are neitber
spacious nor numerous.

Our first visit in the afternoon was paid to the Town*ba]L We

> *' Continents Eoclesiology/' p. 113.

Some Notes of a Tour in Germany. — No. III. 847

found its principal chamber, the Kaiser Saal, encumbered with large
specimen plants, &c., which were being arranged for an horticultural
exhibition. This room is adorned with wall paintings in oil, of which
those on the north wall (including a group of musicians, commended
by Mr. Webb), are by Albert Durer.

A short walk from the Rathhaus in an eastwardly direction, brought
us to the Landauer, or Lindau gallery, which comprises upwards of
three hundred pictures, but few of any great value in an ecclesiological
point of view. By Albert Diirer there are portraits (43 and 44) of
the Emperors Charlemagne and Sigismund, " two powerful and digni-
fied figures," says Dr. Kugler, " executed in Durer's forcible outline
and free painting.'* These were formerly, I believe, in the castle, and
stand in need of careful restoration. (176.) The Crucifixion ; by
Altdorfer, is an excellent and highly finished specimen of that master.
(165.) & John in a vessel of boiling oil ; (171,) the Virgin and Child
on a crescent, with (176.) its companion picture ; and (177), Cuuist
disputing with the doctors; are paintings of some interest : as is (184,)
a work by the elder Holbein, (signed " . . . S. Holbain I.,") in which
S. Mary and the Divine Infant are pictured beneath a canopy of gold
cloth sustained by three angels, two of whom also hold a crown over
the Blessed Virgin. Above all, traced in dark lines on the gilt back-
ground, are more angels in a semicircle, adoring. To the right of S.
Mary, on a wall which extends behind her, stands an hour-glass.

From the Lindau Gallery we went to the church of the Holy Ghost,
where in the sacristy we saw a wooden ark covered with silver plates,
and resembling in size and design the reliquary in the shrine of S.
Sebaldus. This ark, as may be seen in an engraving of the year 1696,
was formerly suspended over a large crucifix at the entrance of the choir.

After quitting the above church, and crossing two branches of the
river Pegnitz, which divides the city, we soon arrived at the glorious
church of S. Laurence. Unchanged by time, or by political or re-
ligions revolutions ; unpolluted by the abominations of the period of
the Piigan revival, or the meretricious fripperies of later days ; com-
plete in every detail of furniture and decoration ; peopled with the effi-
gies of countless saints ; a very treasury of Christian art ; this unique
and matchless relic and monument of mediaeval piety and skill, ex-
emplifies Victor Hugo's eloquent definition of a Pointed cathedral ; "a
vast symphony as it were of stone, one and yet complex, a kind of human
creation powerful and fruitful, seeming to have attained the double
character of Divine creation, variety and eternity." Referring my
readers, as in the case of S. Sebald*s church, to Mr. Webb's volume for
the architectural description of this majestic structure, which, in Mr.
Fnrgasscm's opinion, *' shows in itself all the beauties and defects of the
German Pointed style," I will endeavour to give them some faint idea
of its artistic embellishments. And first,

" In the drarch of samted Lsiuvnce stands a piz of sculpture rare,
like the foamy sheaf of foantaini, riaiog through the painted air.''

This pizy or Sacraments- hauslein (tabernacle of the reserved Sacra-
meat,) la laaiad against a pier in the choir to the north of the high

848 Some Notes of a Tour in Germany. — No. III.

altar. It is the work of Adam Kraft, and was begun in 1496, and
completed in 1500. Lord Lindsay's prose account of it closely agrees
with Longfellow's poetical comparison above quoted. " It rises," he
observes, " to the height of sixty-four feet, the lightest, airiest flight
of Gothic [or rather German] fancy ; springing from a platform sup-
ported by pillars and by the kneeling figures of Kraft and his tw)
assistants, and then soaring upward, tapering and narrowing, inter-
weaving and evolving itself like the vine, and covered with a profusioa
of statues of saints, bas-reliefs, &c., with foliage of almost unequalled
relief and detachment, elaborate to a degree, yet delicate as frostwork,
though of mere stone, not marble. . . . Altogether it looks like in
emanation — like a column of light vapour rising on a distant hill in
the early morning, as graceful and as unsubstantial."^ The sculptum
in this elaborate fabric represent the principal scenes of the Pasnon,
and the Resurrection. It bends over at the summit like the floriated
crook of a pastoral staflF. Notwithstanding its elegance and lightness,
and the great beauty of many of its features, this tabernacle, however,
cannot be ranked among examples of the highest and purest style of
art. It is, at best, a wonderful vagary, exciting astonishment chieflj
at the mastery it displays over the stubborn material in which it is
wrought ; a mastery, indeed, which has given rise to a baseless tn-
dition that Kraft was acquainted with some method of softening stone
so as to render it perfectly flexible. Unlike its rival masterpiece in
metal, by Peter Vischer, it has escaped the Renaissance iiifluence,
although the conceit of sustaining the whole structure on the shoulders
of the "kneeling figures," is hardly less absurd than that of making
snails perform the same oflice to the shrine of S. Sebald.

The task of describing all the carvings in wood and stone, of angels,
saints, reliefs, canopies, monumental efligies and escutcheons, &c., in
this church, might well exhaust the patience of the most persevering
antiquary, and unless when associated with paintings, will not be at-
tempted in these " notes.'* An exception, however, must be made in
favour of the singular and probably unique ornament which hangs from
the roof of the choir in front of the high altar. It is a large medallion,
carved in wood by Veit Stoss, in 1 518, by order of Anthony von Tucher,
and comprises figures of the Blessed Virgin and the Announcing Angel,
surrounded by a garland of roses and circular reliefs of the Nativity,
Adoration of the Magi, Transfiguration (?), Resurrection, Ascension,
and the Decease of the Virgin and her Glorification. An angel, with
outstretched arms and crossed stole, kneels beneath the two central
figures. Eight smaller angels, playing music, &c., float over them,
and two others respectively hold up their robes. Above the chaplet,
amid clouds and rays of glory, is a half-length representadon of the
Almighty FATHsa holding a globe and cross in His left, and UeisiBg
with His right hand ; and below it is aflixed the Serpent with an appk
in its mouth. I hope to continue my notes on S. Laurence's pktans
in another communication, and am,

My dear Mr. Editor, very sincerely yourt,

John Fullbs RowiLk
> '< Sketches of the History of Christian Art," Vol. III., pp. 261, 1

349

REPORTS OF THE ASSOCIATED ARCHITECTURAL

SOCIETIES FOR 1858.

Reports and Papers read at the Meetings of the Architectural Societies of
the County of York, Diocese of Lincoln, Archdeaconry of Northampton,
County of Bedford, Diocese of Worcester, and County of Leicester,
during the year 1858. London : Simpkin and Marshall.

Wi have not yet bad an opportunity of noticing the volume for 1858,
issued, after some considerable delay, by the Architectural Societies,
which are associated for the purpose of publishing, jointly, their reports
and transactions. We will take the contents in their order. The
Lioooln Diocesan Architectural Society leads off with its fifteenth Re-
port, headed by a new, but most archaic, sigillum, in which S.Remigius
Episoopus stands in a Romanesque niche, with a church in his right
band. This society, under the able guidance of its energetic secretary,
the Rev. £. Trollope, seems to be in a highly prosperous condition.
Mr. Trollope is the author of the first paper, entitled, " Horncastle
under the Romans." The Rev. W. B. Caparn contributes a useful
psper on *' Early Christian Burial Places and Epitaphs, with seme
modem contrasts." The following is asserted to be found at Pewsey>

Dorset : —

Here lies the body of

Lady O'L-r—,

Great Niece of Burke,

commonly called the Sublime.

She was

Bland, Passionate, and deeply Religious :

also she painted in water colours

and sent several pictures

to the exhibition.

She was first cousin

to Lady Jones;

and of such

it the Kingdom of Heaven.

The next paper — a very good one — by Mr. Trollope, on the •• Use
md abase of Red Bricks," is illustrated by a picture of the great brick
k>wer of Tattershall Castle. The '* Castle of Bolingbroke and the
WsLTU of the Roses in Lincolnshire *' is the title of a paper, exhibiting
much historical research, by the Rev. F. C. Massingberd.

Next follows the Yorkshire Architectural Society with its seventeenth
Report, a sigillum representing S. Wilfrid, and two papers. The first
one, by the Rev. £. Trollope (the Lincolnshire Secretary) positively
exhausts the carious subject of Mazes and Labyrinths, and is copiously
iQiistrated. The number of turf mazes still remaining in England is
tmprisiog; and M. Bonin, of Evreux, is said to have collected not less
than two hundred designs of mazes, of all ages and countries. The
asost probable supposition seems to be, that the turf, or pavement,
were connected with certain penitential exercises ; bat the more

350 Ecclesioloffical Society.

recent topiary mazes were merely intended for diversion. Mr. J. R.
Walbran, Mayor of Ripon, contributes a careful paper, on " Kirkham
Priory, Yorkshire.** The Bedfordshire Society, together with its
eleventh Report, furnishes the present volume with a paper, by the
Rev. W. Monkhouse, on " The Well at Biddeuham," which seems to
have been dug into a Roman sepulchre, and is full of curious remaina.
The Northamptonshire Society, usually the most active and prolific, is
represented merely by its thirteenth Report, and a paper, by the Rev.
Abner W. Brown, on the " Antiquities of Bells, and their connecdoo
with Mythology and Ethnology." The Worcester Society prints its
fifth Report, and no less than five papers. The first of these, by Mr.
J. S. Walker, on the " Churches of Worcester : their Architectunl
History, Antiquities, and Arrangement," has already appeared in an
abridged form in these pages. Five or six useful illustrations accom-
pany this essay. Mr. J. M. Outch contributes a paper, called, "Notes
upon Archaeology, in connection with Geology and Scripture.'* Next
we find, by Mr. W. J. Hopkins, a monograph of the Abbey Cboich
of Holy Cross, Pershore, with comparative groundplans of Gloucester
and Tewkesbury. The same gentleman describes Ripple Church in a
second paper; and Mr. J. S. Walker furnishes an account of the
curious church at Twyning. Finally, the Leicestershire Society prints
its fourth Report and two papers. Mr. J. Thompson gives ua loow
observations upon the Jewry Wall, at Leicester, and Mr. V. Wing,
some general remarks on " Gothic Architecture and English Chorcbea,"
introductory to the annual excursion of the Society.

The volume is, we think, equal in value and interest to any of its
predecessors, and we congratulate the respective authors on its success.

ECCLESIOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

A CoMMiTTBB Meeting was held at Arklow House on Thursday, Joly
21 St, 1859: present, the President in the chair; Mr. France, Ret. S.
S. Greatheed, Rev. T. Helmore, Mr. Luard, Rev. B. Webb, and Ber.
G. WilUams.

The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. Slater announced that the designs for an iron church, preptred
by Mr. Skidmore and himself, had been submitted to the looorpofited
Church-building Society.

The Bishops of Perth, Brisbane, and S. Helena, were elected patroni:
and Charles Turner, Esq. of Four Poets Hill, Southaunptoii ; J. L>
Pearson, Esq. of 22, Harley Street ; and E. R. Robsoo, Esq. of Dmiiaat
were elected ordinary members.

Letters were read from the Rev. T. Hill; Rev. G. H. Forbes; JaL
Pearson, Esq. ; R. J. Withers, Esq. ; J. Clarke, Esq.

A copy of the History and Architectural Drawings in Detafl of
Throndheim cathedral was received from the Norwegian OoTorniiWti
aoooDipanied by the foUowiog letter from the Consul- Gknenl;—

DOfanr
' of th(

ur society.

" I have the honour to be,
"Sir,
*' Your most obedient Serrant,

"W. ToTT»,
^ Bcoja Webbf M«A*f V. C*

f Secretary ^_

le Ecclesiological Society." ^| I

ftter consulted the committee as to a point of arrangement in
nd church, and the following resolution was adopted : —

ommittee of the Ecclesiological Society having considered the Rev.
bes's letter and the plan of Burntisland church, strongly recommend
*eeptaele should be placed at the extreme east end, being duly ele-
is to be seen above the altar. This position will best reconcile
and architectural symmetry. The committee are of opinion that the
:em bay ought to be reconsidered with a view to the design of the
Should there be a detached reredos, as appears in the plan, the
might form a portion of this."

. M. Hills consulted the committee as to the arrangement of the
11 and inconvenient church of Newenden, Kent. He was ad-
make a kind of chorus cantorum, and to work in the present
reading-pew as the priest's stall. Mr. Hills also exhibited
US for ^e re*arrangement of Twickenham church.
ev. G. Williams brought before the committee the designs by
. Rochead for Mr. Caird*s new church at Glasgow,
resident exhibited a photograph of the west end of Mr. Raphael
a proposed new church in Windmill Street, Haymarket.
leV. S. S. Greatheed announced that Mr. WiUis, the organ-
lad developed the idea of the Scudamore organ to a very per-

. ^4. ^t £. «. .11 ^.1 ^^ J U 1.^ ..«J I

352

ARCHITECTURAL SOCIETY OF THE ARCHDEACONRY OF

NORTHAMPTON.

A CoMMiTTBB Meeting was held June 6th, the Rev. D. Morton, R.D.,
in the chair. Plans for the reseating of Naseby church, by W. Slater,
Esq., were exhibited and approved. It has been determined to post-
pone the repair of the tower for the present, it being found to require
a greater outlay than the present funds would authorise. It is probt-
ble that the whole tower will have to be taken down and rebuilt, in
which case it is to be hoped that the spire will be carried up tud
finished, as from its high position it would be a landmark for manj
miles in every direction.^ Also plans for the restoration and re-ieating
of Easton Maudit church, by the same architect, which are about to be
commenced mainly at the expense of the Marquis of Northampton,
were discussed and highly approved. Enough of the old roofs remiin
(with the exception of the chancel's) to enable the restoration to be
most exact, and one bay is to be formed entirely of the old timben.
The old seating existing in the nave will be followed in the sislei
The chancel will be properly arranged for the choir. This church, firoffl
its beautiful spire, and from its connection with Bishop Perry, and hk
friends Johnson and Goldsmith, has a great claim on the regard of tbe
coimty. It is a happy circumstance that the restoration will beio
carefully and conservatively carried out. Plans for the new Freenin's
Schools, at Wellingborough, were exhibited by the Rev. J. Greeny.
They are by Mr. Warren, of London. The cost will be about £1,400,
the material vari-coloured brick, with stone dressings. The treatmeBt
of the coloured brick was deemed hardly sufficiently broad, bat the
proportions and style of the windows very good. The girls* school will
be above the boys', the extent of ground being limited ; but great cue
seems taken with the construction of the upper floor, and the ventili-
tion. Some designs for tombstones, and details of church fdnutme,
by Mr. Walker, Mr. Skidmore, and Mr. Minton, were exhilnted. A
letter was read from the Rev. J. F. Dimock, of Southwell, stating tint
he was prepared to print a curious and newly-discovered metrical life
of S. Hugh, of Lincoln, provided he could obtain one hundred sub-
scribers. The society agreed to take a copy. The secretary made t
statement respecting Catesby, which he had lately Tisited* prenoos to
its probable demolition this year. The estate has passed by pnidMie
into the hands of J. Attenborough, Esq., who is anxious to remofe the
present house to a higher situation, but is at the same time most ds-
sirous that every relic of historical or architectural interest should be
preserved. The secretary said that he had found but three xdics of old
abbey buildings — a window in the south wall, the remains of the sedi*
lia and priests' door of the original chapel, now partially conoetlad bj
out-buildings, and some tiles nearly efiaiced, but of very elegant dc^gBi

^ [Is it not a question whether (his recommendation ia expedienty
that the truncated spire most hare a special historical interest as hmriaf
Naseby iSght ?— Ed.]

Northampton Architectural Society. 858

«ck hall. All these three objects were of very fine work, of
iy part of the 14th century, and he recommended the society
e drawings made of them before fnrther destruction overtook
The present chapel is of two dates, Tudor and Jacobean, and
s some most excellent carving of the latter date. The commit-
reed to visit the place during the summer. It was resolved,
in the case of the contemplated restoration or destruction of any
, or other ancient building, it is desirable that accurate views of
ihotography or otherwise, be taken of it in its present condition,
at the secretary be requested, and is hereby empowered, to pro-
t the expense of the society, such views and details of the build-
he may deem desirable." A sub-committee was appointed, at
)uest of the rector, to visit Kingsthorpe church. The expected
mencement of the works at Higham church was announced, and
dertaking was strongly recommended to the public. The corn-
expressed a strong hope that the chapel of Sutton-by- Weston
be restored and not rebuilt, and regretted that their suggestions
:ing the new church of S. Mary's, Peterborough, had been too
r a due consideration of them. They repeated their objection to
treme narrowness of the seats, three feet from seat to seat being
laonable width required. The conditions for prizes for art work-
ine for wood carving, and one— given by the Ecclesiological So-
-for colour, had been received from the secretary of the Archi-
ll Museum at Kensington, and the paper was ordered to be
in the Architectural Society's room, in Gold-street, where any
lan desirous of entering into competition may see it. It was
id to present a complete set of the society's reports to the Archi-
ll Museum. The Rev. H. Eliot consulted the committee re-
ig a memorial screen in S. Giles', and Rev. W. Butlin made
ement respecting S. Sepulchre's. The secretary stated as to the
igs of this year, that the members were invited to join the
»8ter Society at Fladbury, on the 7th, the Suffolk Institute at
im. on the 30th June, and to hold a general meeting at Chester
^l, at Stamford in September, and at Rugby in June^ I860.

\ ordinary committee meeting was held at the society's rooms,
itreet, Northampton, on Monday, August 8th, H. O. Nethercote,
in the chair, l^e Earl of Westmoreland was elected a life mem-
The Earl Spencer, the Countess Spencer, and Captain Stock-
>f Mear's Ashby, were elected members. A new description of
I embossed tiles, suited for walls and reredos, were exhibited by
i* M in ton ; plans for new roofing and seating the chancel of S.
i» Aldwinkle, by Mr. Slater, were exhibited ; also plans for the
ition of Bradden church, by Mr. White, already executed ; de-
br an alabaster pulpit for Harborough church, intended as a
•offering, also by Mr. Slater ; also a plan for the chapel at Cates-
lich waa not considered suitable for the place. Several designs
nporary iron churches, by Mr. Slater, were examined and dii*-
. These are now coming so much into use for new districts,
r tlie cobnieSf that the style and arrangement become im[»ortant
. XX. z z

354 yew ChMTcies.

qaestioDs. Mr. Slater's designs showed giemt simplicity, eoooomy,
and adaptation of material. Two designs for a memorial window at
Upton were shown by the Rer. H. De Sansmarez. A letter from Sir
George Robinson spoke of the merits of Mr. Eversholt, an artist, who
had executed a painting of the interior of Cranford chorch. The secre-
tary stated that Haselbeech church was completed ; that Loddington,
Harrington, and Naseby, were in progress. An architectural meeting
of the Leicestershire Society had been held at Loughborough, to which
members of this society were invited. A paper on the parish church
was read by Mr. James, and its restoration has been since zealously
taken up ; £3,000 has been subscribed. Mr. Scott is architect. Tbe
proposed meeting at Catesby has been postponed, owing to the ab-
sence of the proprietor ; it is now intended to examine it earl j next
month, after the Stamford meeting. The old portion of the 14th cen-
tury chapel will probably be preserved, and the new building adapted
to it. A large architectural congress is announced at Rugby, probably
in Auguft. 1860. It was resolved that the recommendation of tbe
last meeting be confirmed, that the autumn meeting should be held
this year at Stamford, on the 6th and 7th of September, instead of
the October meeting at Northampton. A letter having been read
from the secretary of the Glasgow Architectural Society, with refeieDee
to the adoption of the Gothic style in tbe new Foreign Offices, it wis
resolved that this society agree to co-operate with the Glasgow ud
other societies in memorializing Government in favour of Gothic. A
sub- committee was desired to visit Kingsthorpe church on an early
day. The reports were announced as nearly ready for distribotkn.
Mr. Butlin stated that he had received a letter from Earl Spencer, ex-
pressing his interest in S. Sepulchre's church, and agreeing to have bii
name placed on the committee.

NEW CHURCHES.

S. , Sea View, Ryde, Isle of Wight, consists of a nave of three

bays, a starved sanctuary rising one step above tbe nave, the altar
being raised another step, a north aisle and north porch. The aisk it
separated from the nave by an arcade of short columns, with segmental
arches. A little constructional polychrome is attempted in the coloured
brick voussoirs of these arches. This, by the way, is the most com-
mend able feature in the church, the windows being vulgariy wide
lancets, the copings of the gables and many of tbe details being " ntt
in cement.*' A triplet of wide trefoiled lancets lights the sanctnuy*
Perched on the eastern gable of the aisle is a wooden bdl-eot, with t
short spire : this, however, having proved itself too weak, is aoppoited
by a stout iron stay- bar from the aisle- roof. Altogether, this chmch
shows a retrogression of twenty years.

S, Mary, Llanvarvechan, Caemarvofuhire, — ^This small choidi* octf
Penmaenmawr, built by Mr. Kennedy in 1849, carries out tbe WdA
type of an aisleless cross. The eastern limb is somewhat ahort^ indf
rimog on three steep steps, lonnA tlbkft Miictuary. The prayer deit

Church Restorations. 356

itands at the aonth angle, hcing diagonally, the pulpit being placed on
the opposite aide. The lantern-roof does not escape the usual awkward-
ness of such a feature, when there is no central tower. The windows
contain flowing tracery, and are glazed with quarries, Welsh texts, and
indiflTerent painted glass in the heads. The font stands inconveniently
at the extreme west end. The seats are all open, those in the transepts
facing north and south. A small bell-cot rises from the west gable.
The church, as a whole, is of rude design and workmanship ; but in
its peculiar position, in comparison with the churches of North Wales,
built as it was ten years since, it deserves commendation.

NEW PARSONAGES, ETC.

Moceas Rectory, Herefordshire, — A small parsonage-house by Mr.
Truefitt. We observe that the " study " is, as is too often the case,
hi too small in proportion to the other rooms of the house. By the
arrangement of the whole plan, with its offices, on two sides of a quad-
rangle, a great effect is produced in the perspective view of the outer
angle. The material is red brick with stone bands ; the style a general
Pointed ; and the cost £900.

Cottages, Toppesfield, Essex, — Mr. Truefitt has designed some good
cottages for this village, at the moderate cost of £200 the pair. They
are of red brick, and each cottage has a living-room, a kitchen or scul-
lery, and three bed- rooms. In order to economise space, one of the
bed-rooms in one of each pair of houses is on the ground-floor. To
this arrangement we see no valid objection.

CHURCH RESTORATIONS.

Carlisle Cathedral, — ^Tbe great Middle- Pointed window of the north
transept, which was designed by Mr. Christian, (as noticed by us in
our volume for 1856, p. 313,) has just been filled with stained glass,
by Hardman, aa a memorial to the children of the present Bishop of
London, who were cut off by fever while he was Dean of Carlisle.
The colouring strikes us as being too florid. It is surprising that
artists will not learn the expediency of using more white glass. The
dengn is of average merit. The subjects are large groups, each com-
prised in three lights (!), and chosen with reference to the subject
which the window commemorates. But we object, on iconographical
gmoods, to the combination, in one and the same design, of actual
leeiies oif our Lobd*b childhood, and the fact of His blessing little chil-
dren» with emblematic representations of Him as the Good Shepherd.
The spaee below the window is panelled in oak, with a broad brass
legend, and m panelled throne for the president of the consistory court
there held. The whole arrangement simnlates an altar ; and, in fact,
M took it tar mm. AVbogether, we regret to say, this txaniiept \» i&»t^

356 Church Restorations.

solemn and dignified than the actual altar and reredos, which are mean
and pitiful to u degree. This, indeed, is the great blot of Mr. Chris-
tian's restoration, llie presbytery, too, is filled with longitudioil
benches for a congregation : and — ridiculous to add — a prayer-deek is
used for saying the prayers on Sundays ! as \i the proper stalls, which
are used on weekdays, would not suffice for a' larger congregatioD.
The cast window, we are glad to hear, is to be filled with stained glass
by Hardman, in memory of the late Bishop. We understand that the
colours and harmonies of the ancient glass, which still remains in the
unrivalled traceried head of that noble window, are to be copied in the
new work. The subject is to be scenes from our Lord's life. We
^hall take much interest in this great undertaking, which is of supreme
importance to the architectural eifect of the choir.

iSiS. Mary and Nicolas, Nantwich, Cheshire. — ^'llie restoration of the
nave and transepts of this noble and cathedral-like church by Mr. Scott
is completed. Their loftiness (due to the height of the Middle- Pointed
arcade, ca])ped by the later clerestory) is well marked by the open
seats ; and when the chancel, with its rich groined roof of stone, its
tabernacled stalls of late woodwork, and its flowing sedilia, is thrown
again into the church, the effort will be most striking. At present the
chancel, which is being restored by Lord Crewe, is partitioned off from
the lantern. An original Third-Pointed pulpit, connected with a low
stone screen, is a peculiar feature ; so is a shallow chapel opening from
the north transept by an arch, of the span of that transept, of which it
seems a lengthening, being of the same height and breadth. This is
now utilized for the organ. The central space, bearing externally in
octagon lantern, is now groined in wood; and the south transept
window, of Perpendicular design, is filled with painted glass by Mr.
Wailes. llie east window is of the same date ; most of the other win-
dows are of flowing design. The new Middle-Pointed font, of a cylin-
drical form, is praiseworthy. The internal flying buttresses of the
aisles deserve notice. The west window and door seem restored in
somewhat too early a style. It is a great pity that the red sandstone
of which this church is constructed has proved, as usual, so friable.

iS. Alary, Mold, Flintshire, — Mold church, one of those late but noUe
churches which are found in the north-east angle of Wales, was bmlt.it
is said, in 1500, and consisted of a nave and aisles, with an unbroken
arcade of seven bays, the most eastern being raised, to serve as sanctuary.
The arches were four-centred ; but the rich work in the spandrels, and
ranging above in a line of tracery, contributed dignity, in spite of the poor-
ness of the clerestory. After passing through the pew and moDoment
stage, this church has been restored, at a cost of £5000, by Mr. Soott ;
and has in the process come out with an excess of grandeur over the ori-
ginal plan, in the addition of a spacious apsidal five-sided nanetuary.
We are able to praise without misgiving this deviation from mere tn-
tiquarianism. The apse, with its five windows, each of three tnuuoned
lights, completely filled with very meritorious glass by Mr. Wulei;ili
altar, raised on a foot-pace ; its elbowed sedilia, of stone ; its centnl
corona (though for gas), and its tiled floor, is a work deaerving high
jpraise. The whilome sanctuary bay, rising on three steps from the
Jiavej is seated stall- wise, the ^is.^«t-^ffiika Conning a westsm sisD oa

Church Restorations* 857

each Bide ; while the pulpit, of oak, is placed at the northern angle.
The organ is at the east end of the north aisle. The seats throughout
the church are open, of oak, with poppy-heads, and accommodate a con-
gregation of more than 1,000 persons. Numerous fragments of old
glass are still to be found in the aisle windows. A rich oaken roof to
the nave contributes to the perfectness of the restoration. It is to
be regretted that numerous tasteless monuments still perforce disfigure
the wall. The tower, rebuilt some thirty years since, with incorrect
detail, but a good external outline, does not unfortunately open by an
arch to the nave ; but we trust this shortcoming may be rectified. The
church is remarkable, both inside and outside, by a cornice of animals
standing in high relief within a cavetto, as if indicative of a chase.

5. , Cow Honeyboume, Worcestershire, -^It has long been known

to eccleaiologists that this church has been for many years in a state
of complete desecration. It has been considered as parish property,
and has been divided into five cottages, occupied by paupers : the tower
being used as a coal and potatoe store. At last it has been purchased
from the parish, with the intention of restoring it to its original sacred
purpose. A few hundred pounds are wanted for the works, and we
can assure our readers that their help will be well-bestowed, in aiding
this attempt to remove a happily almost unique example of church de-
secration. The renovation will be superintended by Mr. W. J. Hop-
kins, of Worcester. The task is not a difficult one. The restored
church, which has been drawn (in aid of the fund) by Mr. J. S.
Walker, shows chancel, nave, south porch, and western tower. The
style is Late Middle-Pointed, the east window having reticulated
tracery. Is it certain, we would ask, that the nave-roof was originally
higher than that of the chancel ? If not, it would be desirable to re-
tain the lower pitch. We heartily commend this work to our readers.
S. Botolph, Aspley Guise, Bedfordshire, — ^This is a common Third-
Pointed church, with chancel, clerestoried nave, two aisles and western
tower. The latter had none of the dignity of its neighbour of Hus-
band*8 Crawley, and has lost whatever it had by the addition of pin-
nacles and bedizenments quite out of keeping with its type. The
whole church in fact has suffered irreparably from well-meaning but
most destructive amateur restoration. Pretty but incongruous fea-
tures have been introduced without any principle, and the whole
structure has been falsified. There is indeed something to praise in
the outlay that has been made : and the whole is in excellent condi-
tion and well cared for. But it is much to be regretted that, for half
the cost, a really good work has not been produced. As it is, the
church is full of hideous stained glass and grisaille of every conceivable
kind ; and the whole interior is tricked out with coloured texts.
Meanwhile the chancel is not occupied, an organ and the singers
being banished to the west end of the north aisle ; and the area is
ecnrered with uncomfortable g^ned pews. There is an open prayer-
desk at the north-east of the nave ; and the pulpit, in which are
worked np tome ancient carvings of foreign workmanship, including the
Cmeilbdon, •tanda opposite. The exterior of the church is as much
bediifliied at the inside. But a word of praise must be given to the
boMtiial* tlioii£^ perhaps too artificial^ culture of the chuccYi'j^xA^,

358 Notices and Answers to Correspondents m

This 18 now closed, and a new churchyard, liberallj furnished wit
Chrbtian symbok, has been consecrated on the opposite side of tfa^
road.

iS. Jfory. Twiekenham, Middlesex. — Mr. Hills has a rather ni^romif-
ing task in re-arrangiog this nnch archlike church. In the plan for the
ground-floor we have only to regret that a chorus eamtormm is not more
decidedly obtained in the new disposition of the seats. A jeitrj ii
added at the north -east angle. The gallery is to be retained in abnoit
all its offensiveness ; but its front is to be lightened and piereed.
Upon the whole, we are surprised that, in this case, more is not to be
done, if only in an aesthetic point of view, to improve the arrangemeoti
of the church.

NOTICES AND ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

To the Editor of the Ecclesiologist.

Sir, — In the Ecclesiologist for this month I notice no less than nine
cases (one of a new church and eight of restored churches) where
" desks*' form part of the ritual arrangements. In no one case bis the
editor condemned this violation of principle and good taste : iadeed, in
one or two — e. g., Sidbury and Bradden. p. 29i — I cannot but read
the description of this ritual arrangement as if it met with your ap-
proval. May I take the liberty of asking whether, to pass a single
case of a prayer-desk without censure is not a departure from the prin-
ciples of the Ecclesiologist ? As one interested in the Camden Society
and your Ecclesiological Society from their begiunings, I cannot refrtio
from expressing the pain which I have felt in reading, in recent nam-
hers of the Ecclesiologist^ numerous instances of your acquiescence in
" prayer-desks ;" for I had alwa3r8 believed that condemnation of these
things was an important article of the Ritual faith.

H. F*

Exeter, August 6. 1859.

[Had our correspondent carefully followed the spirit of our critical
remarks, he would scarcely have supposed that the mention of the/ocf
of a prayer- desk ever involved an expression of approbation. Our con-
stant readers know well that, under no circumstances, do we cooudcr
that arrangement as any other than an expediency. But there tie
cases where a prayer-desk is a step in the right direction, and as such
to be dealt with geutly. But we never have, and never can, give an*
qualified commendation to an arrangement which is essentially inooa*
sistent with the true theory of choral worship.]

MUSIC FOa THE HOLT COMMUNION.

To the Editor of the Ecclesiologist.

SfB. — I think I have seen, some short time since, in the Sedssiek'
gist, a notice of the intention of the Ecclesiological Society to pabliib
a Gradual for the English Church.

It seems to me that such a work is much needed* and that it eonU
not be entrusted to abler or more faithful hands than thoae of the eoa-

Notieei and Answers to Correspondents. 859

pilere of the " Hymnal Noted," or the •• Psalter " and " Directory "
ulready iasued. Although, for my own part, I should never tire of
Merbecke's Communion Service, still a natural desire is felt by num-
bers of English Churchmen that we should not be confined to that alone
throughout the different seasons of the Christian year ; and this desire
has shown itself in various wajrs. For example, in many churches where
Merbecke*8 service is in use on ordinary days, for a change on festi-
vals recourse is had to modem compositions, of most unecclesiastical
and luxurious style, which can in no way claim the plea of fitness, like
the ancient music of the Church, for devotional worship. Other
churches use post- Reformation music upon ferials, and reserve Mer-
becke for festal days.

Merbecke — noble as his efforts undoubtedly were — did not touch
one tenth part of the rich treasure-houses of ancient Church song ; and
there seems to be nothing now to forbid well-skilled musicians devoting
their energies to the purpose of rendering more of it available for tlie
English Liturgy, carefully and religiously following the old melodies,
and affixing strictly ecclesiastical harmonies.

What we require, I think, is : —

A Euchahstic Service for great festivals, such as Christmas, Easter,
Whitsuntide, Ascension, and Holy Trinity.

Ditto, for festivals of the Blessed Virgin, S. John Baptist, Apostles,
E?Bngelists, &c.

Ditto, for Martyrs, Bishops, and Confessors.

Of course, in each of these lists are included the special Introits, and
the plain tune for the priest as distinguished from the ferial monotone.

Mr. Helmore has more than once expressed a wish to introduce more
of the ancient music into our greater offices, but his fear is, that we
•hall not find men skilled enough to sing it ; but there can be no doubt
that this plea will not stand good in many of our churches, where the
choirs are filled with well-trained voices, able to sing the elaborate
tDueic of Haydn or Mozart, and the grand but intricate choruses of
Handel or Beethoven.

Hoping that you will give this your consideration,

1 am.

Your obedient servant,

Sept. 15, 1850. EoMUMO Ssdoino.

A mural tablet, of the most hideous form, has lately been set up in
% most conspicuous place in the south transept of Durham cathedral,
to the memory of the officers of the 68th regiment who perished in the
Crimea. The symbolism consists of two sabres crossing each other
Within ft wreath of immortelles, surmounted by a mural crown. Taste-
lessness and incongruity could scarcely go further ; and we deeply re-
gret that the authorities of the cathedral tolerated this abomination.

The accoont of the building of the organ in King's College chapel in
1606 is unavoidably postponed, but will appear in our next number.

We are glad to hear that the interesting church of S. Andrew, Hag-
boufne* Berics, is about to be restored, under the professional care of
Mr. W. J. Hopkins, of Worcester.

360 Notices and Answers to Correspondents.

A successful joint meeting of the Lincoln Diocesan and Northamp-
tonshire Architectural Societies was held at Stamford on September
6th and 7th, papers being read by the Rev. T.^ames and the Rer.
G. A. Poole.

The Worcester Diocesan Architectural Society held its annual meet-
ing on Michaelmas day. Lord Lyttleton in the chair. A paper was
read by J. H. Chamberlain, Esq. An excursion to Hagley was ar-
ranged for the following day. At the conversazione a discussion took
place upon the relative merits of Gothic and Classic architecture for
secular purposes, with especial reference to the proposed new Govern-
ment Offices.

Two correspondents would be obliged to any one who could procore
them a copy of our History of Pues, which has been long out of print.

We wish to chronicle the appearance of the first half-yearly part of
an Art Journal which is intended to represent the Lutheran Church of
Germany. It is not a little interesting to observe that ecclesiologr is
gradually extending its field of action. The new magazine makes its
appearance under able superintendence. Its title is ChHstliches Kmut-
blatt, far Kirche, Schule und Hans, Herausgegcben unter Leiiung m
C. Gruneisen, K. Schnaase und J. Schnorr von Carolsfeld, durck G.
Bunz, Candidal des Predigtamts, Stuttgart. A sheet is published at
fortnightly intervals, and each number is illustrated. The drawings
comprise works in sculpture, painting, metal- work, and architecture.

We have received a valuable but anonymous tract, printed by W.
Lowe, \S% High Holborn, against the profane custom of evening cele-
brations. We recommend it for distribution.

We thank the Rev. G. Venables for his earnest pamphlet on Spin-
ttuU Destitution. He pleads, among other things, for the restoratioo
of the weekly offertory, and the extension of the operations of the
Tithe Redemption Fund. But we have no sympathy with hu argo-
ments in favour of pew-rents, nor with his plan for State aid in build-
ing churches. Why, by the way, does he use the vulgar AmericuiaB
of " church-edifices " instead of churches ?

We hope on a future occasion to notice the second edition of the
Rev. J. B. Pratt's Buchan, (Blackwood; Edinburgh,) and also Mr. &•
L. Taylor's volume, on '*The Stones of Etruria, and Marbles of Ancieat
Rome,*' (London : Longman.)

We observed, with deep regret, on a recent visit to Carlisle, thatt
new prebendal house is building, in a mean, nondescript Pointed ityk*
on the south side of the cathedral. But, what is far worse, the under-
croft of the former residence — a very interesting remnant ofantiqaitj
— was in process of demolition. Why, we may add, are visitors dHanA
access to the old refectory ?

Received : J. S. W.— A. H.— Rev. O. S.— Rev. J. B. £.— B. B.-
W. D. S.

The illustration which should have accompanied the article cm Mui*l
Drawings in Hard wick Church (p. 316) is unavoidably poitponcdtiU
oar next number.

THE

ECCLESIOLOGIST.

** 55itrg( fgitur ct fat : tt txit Sominiui Untm.*'

No. CXXXV.— DECEMBER, 1859.
(nbw series, no. xcix.)

SEQUENTLE INEDITiE.— No. XXL

^> two following are from the collection of William Lovel, in the
hihlle Lijirary at Amiens, of which I spoke in the last number :

XCVIII. In Fbsto Dbdicationis.

Templum eordis ezpiemus, Hi^us templi fundamentum,

Nos qui templi reeeosemui Murus est et complementam

Pnesentis encKiiia : Quo esse dat omoibus.

Laus vocalis extra sordet

Si eor voci non concordet. Vide Templum Salomonii,

Carens immunditiA. Plug virtutum clarens donii

Constans taberaamlum „.«"•'» J^n'^-PIf.^*'' ''

Siinis et lamdibna ^^ exaudit Dcui justos,

QJ^ ttSi mMtmm. ^^ ''«' domioJio.

Mentis reoeptseolmn _ r. « .

Oraemufl Tirtutibus ; ^««"' "°**«' Salutans,

Ut tit habitaculnm Temph Lapis angulans,

Dei evm humilibns. Discordes confedera ;

Qui das Templo sanctitatem.

Hoe est templum Dei carum ; Nos per vits puritatem

Quo dispensat gratiarum Perdacas ad supenu

Donadcposoentibtts; Amen.

XCDL In Festo 8S. Petri et Pauli, App.

Senatores nmimi RegiSf Sol et Luna com creantiir,

Veterit et novm Legu Tune isti prKfigurantur,

Ambo psritissim], Hajj na Inminaria 3

Felnis. Pisafais. aomiaati, Ab istis illnmiosntur

Hodie tiuit esaltati A anibos ezornabantur

Dei scefeti«ini. Ccelit tenras, maria.

▼OL. EX. AAA

862

Sequentim Inedita,

Cannen tantce brevitatis
Commendare nequit satis

Viroa tanti meriti :
Quos potentes huius mundi
Sapientesque promndi

Loquentes stmt veriti.

Iste craci alligator :
Alter capite truncatur :
Sicque per martyrium

Est uterque consammitai,
£t cum jubilo portatoi
Ad coeli consortium.

O concives Angelonim,
Priocipes Apostoloruniy

£t mturi judices ;
Nos immunes tormentomm
Faciatis, et SaDCtorum

GlorisB participes. Ameo.

C. In Festo CATHBORiB Sancti Petri.

The following is from a most magnificent Missal of S. Male, dow io
the Public Library at Nantes. It is in folio, and contains some of the
most glorious illuminations I ever saw : the date may be circ. 1300 or
1400. Some of the sequences, which are given together at the end.
have been destroyed.

Corde puro, mente mundft,
Lsto vultn, vox jucunda

Perrumpat in organum ;
Signis, voce, nutu, vota
Quam sit intus mens dcvota

Proferat in pnbhcum.

Petms, noster' advocatus
£t de navi est vocatus

Advocante Domino ;
Pisces, patrem, rete, ratem,
£t habendi voluntatem

Liquit sine termino.

Ita liauit Petrus totum,
Nam habendi liquit votum :

Omnis Uquit omnia :
Sic oportet Christum sequi
£t ut portet Cbristus te, qui

Christo quseris prtemia.

Petrus Christum est secutus,
Inde culmen assecutus

Sedis Apoitolicae ;
Quia liquit Petrus navem,
Dedit Cbristus Petro clavem

Civitatis coelice.

Et si negat Petnis Christum
Dicens — Nunquam novi Lstum-
Resipiscit protinus :*

Et egressus flet amare,
Et confessus ter amare
Pastor fit et Dominiis.

Sanat segros, planat cracem,
Morbos aufert, dat saluteo

Ejus umbne transitu :
O quam felix medidna
Ubi mundat nos doetriot

£t vox Sancti Spuritus !

Claudit coelum, et recln(liti
Hos objurgat, hos allndit;
Hos appel&t, hot exdudit;

Nee admittit fatoos.
Nauta nostra fit carina
De mundanis ad divina;
Mundus mundans medioBA

Mundi mundo mortnoi'

Jesu Via, Jesu Victor,
Jesn Vita, Dux, AdjutOTi
Sis misertus, noster Tntor,

In cfBlesti curift.
Tu nos munda, tu nos regCi
Tu nos porta, tu noife tM
Ut cum regnm omnes Reg0

Kegnemus in Patiift.

Ameo*

1 The Cathedral of Nantes was coniecrated nnder the invocation of S. ^^^^
Sept 30, about the year 530, by S. Felix ; S. Gregory of Toars, S. VensBtiii^
tanatns, and others, were present.

* Hie book, absurdly, pertiiur.

SequentuB Ineditn. 363

CI. In Fbsto SS. Donatiani bt RooatianIi

Martyrum Nannetensium. d. zziv. Mai.

>w]iig is from the Nantes Missal, printed at Venice in 1482.
a the very courteous and intelligent Librarian, that only two
8 are known to exist.

'M, sit jucunda. Cum sit ergo generalis

fulgeot duo munda Nostne tamen specialis

do luminaria : Urbis est hetitia.

^JT^^y • Urbe nostrft fratres uati.

Lw; !?A^^''"'^ Urbe nostril sunt renati
^^^^ ^^^^' Cbristo per supplida :

Felices fratres isti Alter' uecdum baptizatus ;

a ad bonorem Christi Sed uterque deeouatus
lus sollennia ; Pari fuiget muaere.

ec horror carceralis, q^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ,^^^

ri? ^Sf* C"*^' ^"^ ^^' ^''^"^

m saevitia ! ^^ ^^^^ constantia :

dda Tirtus mentisi Cm sacerdos defuit,

!C minis nee tormentis lUi non minus affuit

tristo fit devia 1 Divina prssentia.'

odo gravis poena* q^„^^ jubilemus,

'f ♦ ^T""** Jubilantes celebremus

fiunt moUia. p^^^^ nataUtia.

un caro flagellatur, Hos precantes oorde puro

*atres consolatur Ut sint nobis hi pro muro

talis gratia : Contra mundi yitia.^

Miro modo poena gravis
Rt amoena, fit suiiviB,
£t torments dulda ;

Ifestly merely an alternative reading.

ttes Breviary, Lect. ii., saya : '* D. et R. fratres, Nannetis in Aremo-
Chriati religionein in persecntione Diodetiani comprehensi snnt : hio
HTf et jam baptizatns : iUe junior, et Catedramenus tantnm."

Qnibua enim cor devotum
Hos nocere sacerdotnm
Non potest absentia.

is merely an alternative reading.

008 contrast to the above, a seqaence in the lower half of the second
I somewhat pretty hymn, from the modem Nantes Breviary of Bishop
iflie (1790), the rather that I have not seen it elsewhere; nor is it in
or in Neale's Gallican Collection.

Non hos vincla trahunt qui properant mori :
Illis solos amor, turba satelUtom :
Non sic victor ovans, ezuviis feroz,
Conscendit Capitolium.

Aptantnr gladii, verbera, compedes ;
Illi delicias supplicium putant :
Subdont se glamis : et simul ocddont,
Et coeio simul advolant.

O vos, qui superas ezoolitis domes 1
syderec pandtte limina ;

364 SeguentuB Inedita.

CII. In Fksto Apobtolorum SS. Pbtri et Pauu.

The reader's atteotion i« especially requested to the followixig se-
quence. There is a well-known sequence on this Festival, which com-
mences, Gaude, Roma, caput mundi. Mone, who reprints it (Vol. II.
Seq. 676), says that it is "dem Strophenbau nach von einem Franzo-
sischen Verfasser." If he had taken the trouble to consult Clichtovcoi
(fol. ^% vers.), he would have learnt that it was by Adam of S. ^ctor.
Now this poet was a Bretagne-man ; and it appears likely that in the fol-
lowing sequence we have his first cast of the sequence, (which, ai wiQ
be seen, was only suited to Nantes) ; and that afterwards he rs-wiote
it, so as to adapt it for more general use. The verses which are com-
mon to both versions are in plain type ; the small letters are the nnul
version only ; the italics, the Nantes version only.

Bex etenms rector mundi
Oaade, Romm, caput mundi :
Primus Pastor in secundi

Laudetur victoria :
Petrus pastor hie secundus ^ ^^^ hliMwort.

Mundi victor mundo mundus ^ Tirtatla wSmmuBtt

Ex calesti gratia. Bx Petri memorii.

Urbs Nannetis, urbs beata, Petnu tacri fax amoria,

Petro patre proidicata ^'?i;t^S^!SMS^

SpectaH munere ; Petnu font eat aalratoria,

Servi Petri speciales lignam frnctua et dMorli,

Servos Petro spiritales "»°"^ ****" **^-

Studeamus subdere.

Nota Petrum tarn benigm

Et quid Petro dida dljrnam ?

Qtioc^ ad vocis Christi signum

Nnllam Tidena

Solo sub admonitu

Primo

Liquit rete^ Uquit ratem,

Fogit ftigit

Christi sequens veritatem
Necdom plene

Sacro raptus Spiritu.
ContempWtaa

En Bese properant indigetss novi
Vestris adders coetibiis.

Sanctis militibas prodeat obTiam
Impelleni dtharaa Aligemm dioras :
Et pUosom geminana, peraonet inYioem
reatia MtlMim oantibiu.

Sit remm Domfaio jngia honor Patrl :
Sit ptr Unigena gloria Filio ;
Almo lana aimHia Sdiitni aonat
<iiii dat Tinoere llartrrea. Abmobu

Sefueniia InedUm. 805

Ikrigiwm ut »ieiUu9i

emieg Dei nmhu

^'emum proiequUur :

i dissoluiUS Pandjii dlatolatiu

I r€MiiitiiMa MnmM erifttur:

. T Petrom pneaeni Del notns

Of ertffUur. Ad plaiuim protequtlvr.

drent et argento
its arffumento
■cat miracolis :
w sohrii sub momento

runi

090 nocumetUo

trvorum TinculiB.
am solvit

Titam dat TabithsB^
mque reddit vits
Christi libeHL

remit fluctus maris,
mtem salutaris
"egit deztera.

m

r incareeratum Angelas a carcoe

^etrum viiiB datum ^***'°" ■°^'«* ^^^^

inatum gladio ;
egando ter peccavit
kmor ezpiavit

ina confessio.

r SappldrtBque
Jidem punit ague
is per eupplicmm.
Doctor veritatia
nsfraudempietatU
raudis fNciKMCtttm.

IkriaH sunt oves credits

regni caleMtii tradits

le

ioprwilegio:

tenet Petri sententia,

(ans et solTens omnia
9iti imperio.

mibra $anat gentei,

■aaft Ue lanfocntet,

aembra, sanat mentes :

I raddit impotentea

ci poteDtta:

^eira Ckristo HetuSt Pelram mmon Uagfu odit,

m Sbmm Magus viotui S*E1? ■^^••'^tS?"'

, m. Zp , Flebem moiMt et coHodlt

Hmvuit, qffhctus a Itogi TenutU.

Hie a Petri Pefcnis dictni

In oonitteta ttat UiTietiie

Uoek )asto itt eonilalae

Xtfiafls

366

The Style of the New Foreign Office.

Nero frcDdet iracundus,
Et pro Mago furibundus
Quain Magus impotentuSf
Et , , , conscientiaf

Et casum mortiferum :
Ergo Petro crux paratur
Et sic Petrus cruci datur,
Flagellatur, cruentcUur,
Tn qu& Cbristus se testatur

Crucifigi iterum.

0 Petre pastor orticiiiy
0 Paradisi claviger,
Sospes hospes fidelium
Aperi portas impiger :
Caleste pandens atrium
Et nuUi claudens ostium
Per hujus, Christi, meritum
Cum prece salutiferi^

Et

Culpse et pocDS debitum
Dimitte, dele scelera :
Prssta perenne pnemium
Et lana consdeiitiam. Amen.

Dam Tolare Mafiu qacrit,
Totas mens totas perit.
Quern dirina dignc ferit
Et condemnat ultio.

Nero plangit impium :
Nero, C4ja8 egje mnodas
Ferebac imperioin.

A miniatris aoelenmi :

Faatorifl noetii meritls

No« a peccato deViUB,
Eteroe Faator, libera. Amen.

THE STYLE OF THE NEW FOREIGN OFFICE.

The following letter, addressed to the Times, by one whose vcS-
known initials will command the highest respect among architectonl-
ists, so nearly exhausts the subject, and puts Uie matter bo plBinly>thit
we have no scruple in transferring it bodily to oar pages.

"Gothic or Classic?— A Plain Statbhrnt of thr QuRtriov*

" To the Editor of the Times.

" Sir, — There is a great controversy as to the proper style of aicSiileeM
for the new Foreign Office. Shall it be Gothic, or shall it be ClassieY b
this controversy many things are said which are very misleading; it mtj M^
be amiss to put together a few plain facts in a plain way.

" The question really involves two— a practical one, and one that is nte
artistic or historical than practical The two are constantly jumbled toptei
but they are really very different. If one style is really and neeessaifly mMv
for practical purposes than the other, that is (^uite enough. If the two sie
eijual in this respect, then the questions of artistic beauty and historiol iM^
eiation will step in to decide.

" We assume that some Foreign Office must be built, and tliat it m|¥^
be a handsome building. Some people may perhqw tlunk thai the

The Style of the New Foreign Office. 867

I be happier without any Foreign Office at all. That is not our question. .
ftlso possible — though by no means certain — that a plain brick, factory-
Dg Foreign Office would be cheaper and more conTcnient than either a
ic or a Classic one. That is not our question either. We assume that
uildiug is to be built, and to be built handsomely. Which, then, ought
be, — a handsome Gothic building, or a handsome Classic building ? Is a
some Gothic building necessarily either dearer or less convenient than a
dc building equally good in its own kind ?

B^. Scott, and others who ought to know^ deny that Gothic is either
it or less convenient ; and on many points our own eyes and our own
tell us that they are right. It seems at the first glance that Gothic ought
I cheaper for a very obvious reason. Gothic may be as rich as you please,
t plain as you please. Italian cannot. Mr. Scott designs a highly oma-
ted building. Of course such a highly ornamented building is best, but
may cut out eveir bit of ornament and still leave it perfectly good. In
bic you want nothing but a good outline, pointed arches, and chamfered
3S. Rich mouldings, capitals, foliage, crockets, pinnacles, &c., are all so
b the better if you can get them, but you can do perfectly well without them,
p Mr. Scott's outline, and strike out every inch of ornament, and you still
: a handsome Gothic building. You cannot do this with a Classic design,
re you must have pillars, capitals, friezes, cornices, door-cases, window-
s. Cut them out and you have no design, no architecture left at all. A
hie building may venture to be far plainer than an Italian one can, and
be quite pure and good Gothic. Therefore surely Gothic architecture is
cheaper of the two.

At for convenience, every good architect takes care that his building, what-
* its style may be, answers its purpose. Make as many rooms as are
ted, and make them of the size and shape that they are wanted, whether
r style be Gothic or Classic. Surely either style, in the hands of a good
litect admits of this. If any architect sacrifices the real object of his
ding to a display of detail of either style, he is so far not a good architect.
can be shown that Mr. Scott's design would in any respect not practi-
^ answer its purpose, Mr. Scott can doubtless alter it in that respect, and
i it as good Gothic as it was before. If it cannot, both he and Gothic
itecture have got a higher character than they deserve, and that among
i who know them best.

rhe only objection with the shadow of a reason in it is the common objec-

that Gothic buildings are dark. But this is really the merest fallacy.

9 Gothic buildings are dark. Some, on the other hand, are almost painfully

It is one of the many merits of Gothic that it allows windows of every

ind size. You may have mere loopholes, if you hke ; you may have more

than stone in your wall if you hke that better. Let Lord Palmerston

mention the exact quantity of light he wishes to have thrown upon

ign afiairs, and Mr. Scott will easily give him that exact quantity, neither

nor less.

jtt us assume, then, that Gothic and Classic are, in a purely practical
; of view, equally convenient, but that Gothic is the cheaper. This is
r the common-sense view, but it is obstructed by two or three fallacies.
^irtt of all, there are some Gothic buildings which are neither cheap nor
mient, and, chiefest of them all, the new Houses of Parliament. There-
it is inferred that all Gothic building must be dearer and less convenient
Clanic ones. This is really no logic at all. Some Gothic buildings are
and hiconvenient ; so are some Classic ones. Either style is liable to
accidents when worked by an architect who does not enter into its spirift
Honsea of Parliament were designed twenty years ago by an architect
O md bent was towanls Classic architecture. The Houses of Parliament
Ot • good Gothic buildmg, but it speaks very much for Sir Charles Barry's

368 7!&e Style of the New Foreign Office.

ability that at snch a time, and nnder such cireatnitances, they were not i
ereat deal worse. Probably, at that time, no better detifi;n ooald be had.
Now Gothic architecture is far better understood, and a class of architects
have arisen who are able to do it fiill jastice. At their head stands Mr. Scott.
Because Sir Charles Barry fi&iled it does not follow that Mr. Scott will fail.

" Secondly, though Gothic is essentially cheaper, it does not follow thit
every Gothic design as sent in by the architect will be cheaper than eroy
Classic design. The fact is, that Gothic architecture is wonderfiillv flexible.
A Godiic budding is very handsome when stark naked ; it is very handsome
when decked out in full dress. A Classic one — as we build Clauic in En^
land — cannot go stark naked ; on the other hand, it cannot bear qnite so fit*
borate a full dress, — that is to say, Gothic may be either plainer or richer than
Classic. Therefore a Gothic design might possibly be richer, and therefore
dearer than the Classic ones. But the Gothic ones may be made plainer, and
therefore cheaper, without hurting them, which the Italian ones caiiDOt.
Now, let us go a little further on from the practical and economical view to
the historical, and what people call the lesthetical view. What are Gothic and
Classic ? The names are deceptive. To people who have not atudied either
architecture or history very attentively they often give very false impressioiii.
People think the Classic is the style of those great and civilized people, the
old Greeks and Romans ; and the Gothic the style, perhaps, of those afsge
and barbarous people, the Goths and Vandals. Both these notions are hiito-
rical errors. What we call Classic is not the style of the old Greeks and Ro-
mans. The old Grecian style is absolutely perfect for its own purposes.
Gothic and Grecian are just equal, they sit side by side as pure and perfcrt
styles. But pure Grecian is utterly un<iuited to our climate and our pnrpoiei.
We must admire it without imitating it. The old Romans were aoout the
best builders in the world and about the worst architects. No people built
their bridges or their aqueducts half so well. But their ornamental architef-
ture was simply Grecian spoiled. What we call Classic is neither the one nor
the other. S. Paul's Cathedral has very little indeed in common with either
the Parthenon or the Coliseum. What we call ' Classic' architecture is not
the architecture of old Rome, still less of old Greece, but the architecture of
modem Italy. It began there in the 15th century, and first appeared herein
the 16th, though it was not fully developed till the 17th. It is a modern in-
tnider. Let us call it by its real name, not Classic, but modem Italian.

" What then is Gothic? It has nothing in the world to do with Gotbfor
Vandals. Not that it would be any great harm if it had. It is a great mis-
take to suppose that the Goths were destroyers. The Gothic kings in Italy
preserved the ancient buildings which the later Roman emperors bad let go to
decay. The real destroyers were the Italian popes, cardinals, and barons of
much later times. But never mind, Gothic architecture has nothing on earth
to do with Ostro^ths or Visigoths. The name was given in contempt aid
ignorance; but it is a thoroughly good name, if we understand ' Gothic 'in
the wider sense of 'Teutonic,' just as we often talk of 'Gothic laagoaga'
and ' Gothic mythology.' Gothic architecture is the national architectore of
England, France, and Germany in the only ages in which those countries bad
any national architecture at all. It arose m all three countries about tbe
aame time ; the atyle is essentially the same in all three, while each hai iti
own local peculiarities. It lasted ftom the 13th century to the 16ch. Up to
the Idth, English, French, and German architects still built more or less it
imitation of old Roman models ; after the 16th they began to build in inila-
tion of modem Itahan models. It is, therefore, emphatically the nttioBal
style of our own country, and of the countries most closely connected with it>
The Gothic architecture of our day is a revived and not an oiisnMl itjki
but the Italian of our day is just as little original, and it is fbragn inlo the
bargain.

The Style of the New Foreign Office. 869

^ Many P^opl® hxwe a Dolion that Gothic is in some special way an ecclesi-
astical style. This notion has been spread abroad both by friends ind enemies.
But it is simply a gross mistake as to facts, from which both friends and ene-
mies have made equally foolish deductions. In the days when Gothic archi-
tecture was preralenty it was universal. Men built their churches in it, just
tm they did their castles» houses, and town-halls. So when Gothic went out
of fitthion it went out of fashion for ever^hing— for diurehes no less than for
domestic and ciril buildings. William of Wykeham built Windsor Castle and
Winchester Cathedral in Uie same style. Sir Christopher Wren did just the
same. Neither thought of one style for a church, and another for a secular
building. Gothic is not ezdusively ecclesiastical ; it is not even exclusively
Chnslian. Jews in the Middle Ages built Gothic synagogues, much as some
modern Dissenters have had the sense to build Gothic chapels and the Free
Kirk in Scotland has followed their example. The notion that Gothic is spe-
cially ecclesiastical is grounded simply on the accident that Gothic churches
are much more common in England than other Gothic buildings, which again
arises simply from the fact that the other building have been much more ex-
tensively destroved. Hence people became familiar with Gothic as an eccle-
siaatical style, but not as a secular style ; hence, also, the revival of Gothic
naturally began in ecclesiastical buildings. In truth the same general prin-
ciples apply to both purposes alike, and a style which is good for the one is
good for the other. Not of course that, the purpose of a building does not
modify its style. Westminster Hall is very different from Westminster Abbey,
bat both are equally Gothic.

^ " The further notion that Gothic is the badge of some particular ecclesias-
tieal party is more ludicrous still. What can architectural forms have to do
with dogmas and ceremonies ? If Gothic architecture is ' Popish,' what,
tken, is the architecture of S. Peter's at Rome 7 Surely, if a style can be of
lay particular religion, modem Italian is ' Popish ' above all others. And it
ibould not be forgotten that the extreme Roman Catholic party have no more
love for Gothic than Lord Palmenton himself.

** Gothic architecture is pre-eminently national. It arose among us by
native growth, not by foreign importation. It never took firm root save in
ior own and kindred countries. In Italy it never flourished ; in Rome it is
mknown. It comes from that century which is the turning-point of our
listory. In the Idth century our national architecture took its definite
ihape, alongside of our laws, language, and political institutions. It comes
o OS from the age which gave to us the Great Charter, and founded the
loose of Commons. It is the native growth of that free Plantagenet Eng-
■nd which proiluced the germs of everything which we piise most dearly,
t reminds us of the heroes of our infant liberty, the Langtons, Grossetestes,
ad De Montforts, who bridled the tyranny of king and pope alike. Italian
vehitecture, instead of some of the greatest associations of our own land,
Hives us only some of the worst associations of another. Instead of English
raedooi, it tells of Italian slavery, of fallen commonwealths, of usurping
jrrmnta of the court and the Church of Rome at their vilest epoch. Instead
n the style of Langton and De Montfort, it is the style of a Borgia and a
IfetiicL Its introduction into our own land dates from the days of Tudor and
Stuart despotism. lu advocacy souods especially strange in the mouths of
itetcsmen, who can hardly help knowing that Gothic is our true national
English style, contemporary with those national English institutions which all
partiea wish to preserve in substance, and differ only as to the reformation of
putieiilar details,

** What style ia the more beautiful must always be to a great extent a mat-
tK id taste; hot no one can deny that Gothic is the more real, the more con-
iiraetivdj tme. Gothic and old Grecian enrich theb actual construction —
■odem Italian ecmatantly does not so.

TOL. XZ. BBS

870 Musical Examinatiant.

" The special argamentt or jetU of Lord Palmerttoo and othert lometimei
■bow great ignorance of the subject, sometimet are totally inoonsiiteot wiUi
one another. When a man calls Gothic 'monotonous' cme sees that be it
merely talking at random, without knowing what he is talking about Tbe
common objection to Gothic used to be the opposite one of irregular.

" Gothic, then, is national ; it is constructively real ; it is equally tdspted
to all sorts of buildings ; it is convenient ; it is cheap. In none of these re-
npects does Italian surpass it ; in most of them it is very inferior to'\L U, tbes,
Gothic is leu adapted to a Foreign Office than Italian, the fisult clearlj liei
with Foreign Offices, and not with Gothic architecture.

" I am. Sir, your obedient senrant,

« B. A. F."

MUSICAL EXAMINATIONS.

Notes, Queries, and Exercises in the Science and Practice of Music; »-
tended as Aids to the Clergy, Churchwardens, and others, in the JEr*
amination of Candidates for the Appointment of Organist in PsnA
and other Churches. By Hbnrt John Gauntlktt, Mub. Doc
Bell and Daldy. 1859.

The professed object of this pamphlet is certainly good : as to die
means employed for the attainment of that object, we will assist our
readers to form their own opinion, llie author says in his Introduc-
tory Note :

" The examination is of course preliminary to any performance on tbe
organ, and in those cases where the replies prove unsatisfactory the candidite
would not be required to play."

He kindly informs candidates that it is not expected that they ihonld
answer all these questions (seventy-one in number, besides four exer*
cises) in so short a time as one or two hours ; also " that the compo-
sition of a good tune, chant, and interlude is of all replies the most
important." Of the seventy-one questions, twelve may be described
as of a decidedly practical character : forty- four are more or less ten*
aible, though many of them are not well expressed : the remaining
fifteen are, in our opinion, either not sensible or not intelligible.
We subjoin a few specimens.

'*Na X. What is the best tune to nse for the Advent Hymn> 'Lo! Be
comes with clouds descending 7'

'* What is the best tune to the Christmas Hymn, *• Hark 1 the heiaki Aapk
«ng?'« [If you think that a tune of your own is the best, write a copy
of It.]

The words in brackets are added by ourselves, in order to meet •
Tery probable case.

" XII. What would be your metronome mark to the minim for an sikgo
tune like S. Mary's, CM., and to the minim for a bold, cheerfbl tnt ■»
London New, CM. ?"

'«XXX. Gusaidlobearatioof C What is ratio ? and wluH niiD a 6

of cr

Musical Examinatiana. 871

The question might be more clearly expressed thas : G is said to
hear a certain simple ratio to G. What is a ratio ? and what ratio
does O bear to C.

" LXIX. Is there such a thing as s dischord in music V*

We suppose that the extraordinary spelling is a printer's error. The
word does not occur elsewhere, but concord is spelt rightly.

*' LXX. As in music ' no forces sre to be auumed but such as are still
known to operate/ in what light are the old church modes to be considered,
and what is the field in which they mo?e V*

We hope that we understand the old Church modes pretty well, but
we certainly do not understand this question.

" LXXI. Every key-sound beine the mesn vibration of some other sound,
in what way does taking any sound as a key-sound operate with respect to its
aiBnities as a mean ? For instance, let C be the key-sound and F the root of
C ; how is C affected, and how F, by the fact that C is the key 7"

This is the last question, and is very properly placed ; because the
attempt to answer it would most probably render the candidate in-
capable of doing anything more. Of course a professional musician
must be employed to judge of the performances of the candidates on
the organ : and if that professional musician should happen to be Dr.
Gaontlett himself, he would be able to tell whether the answers to the
questions were such as he intended. We do not think that many other
professional musicians would like to examine from Dr. Gauntlett*8
book. Before the Clergy and Churchwardens of any place engage
Dr. Gauntlett, we would advise them to stipulate that all the questions
about musical roots be struck out, this being a subject to which the
warning in S. Paurs Epistle to Titus, iii. 9, may be well applied.
Dr. Gauntlett himself seems not to have decided which of two op-
posing theories he will adopt ; for, according to the assertion in Ques-
tion XIX., that "chromatics do not alter roots," the root of the
common minor chord of C is C itself; whereas, according to the
statement in Question LVI., that " the root of a chord is the unit to
the ratios involved," if we understand what that means, the root of the
same chord is A flat.

However, this pamphlet has the merit of suggesting some important
considerations. In the first place, it seems desirable that candidates
for the ofiice of organist should undergo some examination, for they
may be able to play skilfully, and to read some classes of music at first
sight, and yet be far from well qualified to superintend a choir, and
oompoae, arrange, or even select, the music to be used in Divine ser-
vice, duties one or more of which frequently fall to their lot. But by
whom should they be examined ? The supposition of a parallel case
Biay help us to answer this question. Fancy a number of candidates
for the curacy of Little Pedlington having to undergo a special ex-
amination in theology, ecclesiastical history, ritualism. &c., at the
hands of an examiner appointed for the nonce by the Incumbent,
ehnrchwardena, and other notables of the said parish ! Happily our
unirerntiea and bishops* chaplains render such a proceeding superfluous.

873 Musical Exummatums,

And whj should not candidates for the office of oiganist be ezamined
ODct for all, on the completion of their musical education ? Tbej mast
indeed, if they have been pupils of the Royal Academy of Music, uo-
dergo an examination on leaving it ; and if the result ia satisiaotory
they receive a certificate ; but this involves a long residence in LondoD,
and therefore few young men who have been choristers in the country
can avail themselves of the institution. As to the musical degreet
conferred by Oxford and Cambridge, it is a question whether they do
a tenth part of the good which might be done if they were put on •
better footing. A candidate for the degree of Mus. Bac. has at pn-
sent to compose an exercise in five vocal parts with orchestral aceooi-
paniments, and to get it performed at his own cost. No doubt this
serves to test a man*& knowledge of harmony and counterpoint, bat it
does besides a good deal that is not desirable. In the first place, the
art of writing well for an orchestra requires much study, and, in tbe
case of about four out of every five who now take the degree, ii
utterly useless in after life. Secondly, the requirement of having tbe
exercise performed inflicts a very great expense (in addition to tbe
fees) which cannot be well afforded by the generality of young oi-
sicians, nor is the performance generally worth the cost to the candi-
date or to any one else. If. on the other hand, the expense of a Mo.
Bac. degree were reduced within the average means of young organiiti,
and if the degpree were given on condition of passing an examinatioa
satisfactorily in those subjects with which an organist ought to be
acquainted, such as harmony, elementary counterpoint, the history of
music, especially the discrimination of its various styles, and tbe Do-
tations which have been extensively used in Western Burope doriiig
the last 300 years, the characteristics of the church modes, the mukil
properties of the human voice, — it is likely that there would be nuj
candidates for the degree, because it would be an evidence of the
possession of knowledge such as would qualify a young musician iw
the situation by which he would have to live. From a rough calculi-
tion upon the data furnished by the Musical Directory it seeaas tbit
almost half the male professional musicians residing out of Londoa
call themselves organists. A great part of the remainder profess the
pianoforte, and no doubt many of them also would take the degree of
Mus. Bac. if the requirements were only such as we have an^^eitcd.
As to the degree of Mus. Doc., we do not prcipose to alter the manner
of proceeding to it, because there is no reason that any men shooM
take it but those who have succeeded in their profession, and are con*
petent to write for an orchestra. But we think that the family likenca
between the exercises for the first and second degrees in music is !•-
ther too strong at present. The desire which both Oxford and Otfi-
bridge have lately shown to adapt their customs to the wants of the
■ge encourages us to hope that our suggestions will be duly i^qpi^
dated.

378

THE ELY CHOIR FESTIVAL,

Wb find, to our regret, that in our Music Report read at the Anni-
tenary Meeting in June, and since published, in speaking of the
Choral Festivals of Southwell, Ashbourne, and Ely. we did less than
justice to the exertions of the managers of the Ely Festival. We are
tttored, on the highest authority, that the improvement of congrega*
Uonal music in parish churches was and is the only aim of the choral
iBiociation of that diocese : whereas our Report appears to attribute
to Southwell a monopoly of right views on that important matter.
We tpoke without sufficient information, for which reason our language
vu by no means positive. From what we have since heard, we be-
Here the Ely festival to have been characterised by many features of un-
queitionable excellence. The great defect, which we sincerely hope may
be remedied next year, was the non-celebration of the Holy Eucharist.
The only point in the music of the day on which our criticism (as at
pretent informed) would be adverse, is the use of vocal harmony (of
the ordinary description) in those parts of the service in which the
^congregation is expected to take part. The Canticles were, we be-
Here, chanted in unison, with organ accompaniment, Mr. Helmore*s
unmgement being used. But for the Psalms " Anglican" chants,
of course harmonised, were employed. We have always considered
thii objectionable on account (among other reasons) of the over*
Uancing and confusion of the parts, which must be the result when
tke people do their duty by a hearty and audible participation in what
is emphatically their part of the service. To ask an unskilled congre-
gation to join in singing a regular four- part harmony, is to ask them
to do their best to mar its effect, or at any rate to destroy its essential
regularity.

That it ia possible for congregations of any size to unite in chanting
psalms and hymns without any such result, but rather with an increase
of grandeur in proportion to the number of voices, is shown by the
example of the Southwell Festival, as well as by the daily experience
of many a parish church where the Plain Song is used, and unison
congregational singing encouraged. We are much mistaken if their
own experience do not speedily convince the managers of the Ely
Choir Featiral of the inconsistency of having Gregorian Canticles and
"Anglican '' Psalms ; or rather, as we should prefer putting it. Can-
ticles for the congpregadon, and Psalms for the choir, in the same service.
We heartily wish the Ely Choral Association all the success that
the zeal and energy they have shown deserves.

374

THE ECCLESIOLOGY OF THE LANDS END.

Dbab Mb. Eoitob, — Having just returned from a moDth*8 tour in
the extreme west of Cornwall, I propose throwing together a few
ecclesiological and other notes, which I trust may not be altogether
unsuited to your pages, and prove somewhat interesting to yoor
readers. I must, however, premise that mine was not primarily an
ecclesiological tour, and, indeed, could hardly have been so ; the greit
interest of the wonderful natural scenery abounding in that locality of
necessity attracting attention to objects of greater extent and more
diversity than the churches, which are almost entirely of one type, one
material, and about the same ager.

Penzance, the westernmost town of England, was our head quarten;
and for a glowing, though rather too highly coloured, description of
its springs, its geranium, myrtle, and passion-flower covered hoasei. I
must refer your readers to the lately published life of Madame Schin-
melpenninck. Suffice it to say that the town has a gayer and mon
*' garden" look, than any I have elsewhere seen, the genial mildness of
the climate allowing these delicate plants to luxuriate in the open
air throughout the year.

Curiously enough, although a town of great antiquity, Penxuee
possesses no ancient church. Two modem buildings, both constmcted
of a reddish variety of granite, supply the church accommodation to
the inhabitants — S. Mary*s, built in 1836. on the site and in the
churchyard of the ancient S. Mary's chapel, and S. Paul's, in the upper
part of the town.

S. Mary*s, which forms the most conspicuous object of the town
when viewed from the sea. is. considering the date when it was boilt,
of greatly more ecclesiastical character than could have been expected.
The style approaches to early Third-Pointed rather than to toy
other, but the architect wanting the true freedom of the wondroiH
mediaeval builders, and not dreaming of copying the many spedneoi
of satisfactory treatment of Gothic tracery in granite abounding in the
neighbourhood, gave up the task altogether, and in ugly long and thin
windows, divided internally by galleries, has inserted tracery of the
most meagre description of either wood or cast-iron. The chuch
itself comprises nave, north and south aisles, a tower at the west ead
of the nave, a sanctuary of the shortest possible dimenaiont. and gnl-
leries choking up the aisles and west end ; the latter protmding frr
down the nave, so as to give the interior of the church a much smaller
appearance than it deserves. The pulpits, two in number, and of
dangerous height, tower aloft on either side of the church ; and the
reredos, of carved work, with the usual writings emblazoned on panebi
is flanked on each side by a pinnacle becrocketed all over» of gigao^
size, the cost of which would, I doubt not. have readily filled every
window of the church with stained glass. The roof interoiUy v ^
low pitch, divided into square panels coloured blue, and in the eeiti*

The Ecelemlogy of the Land's End. 375

tiie Bacred monogram gilt. The church was, I believe, undertaken at
the sole cost of one munificent clergyman : and in the completeness of
every portion, it is quite evident that no expense was spared ; and one
can only rejoice at meeting with so church-like a building erected at so
early a period of the revival of ecclesiastical architecture.

S. Paul's, completed so late as 1843, though also bearing evidence
>f liberality in its material and fittings, is in the worst style of modem
GFothic. llie plan is cruciform (an unfitting type for so small a church)
md the narrow nave, disproportioned transepts, and sadly stinted
saatem limb, are in no way redeemed by a row of badly-shaped lancets
m either side* a still more gaunt one of similar design being inserted
n the north and south walls of the transepts. The east and west win-
lows are triplets, filled with stained glass by Willement, good, though the
limwing of the figures (which are single in compartments) is rather too
intiquated. the rest of the windows being filled with circles of deep
crimson and yellow, and crimson and green, very glaring and trying to
the eyes. An organ-loft is constructed in a recess in the angle between
Ihe south transept and the chancel, open to the church by two small
^)ertares, within which the surpliced choir appear as if huddled toge-
Iher to be out of the way. The altar-rails and pulpit are of the grey
wiety of granite, the latter, though much too large, being carved out
of one block. There is a brass eagle of poor design ; the seats, of
stained deal, are throughout the church divided into etalls, the bench-
ends being carved into the form of exaggerated fleurs de lis, those in
the transepts facing north and south. The church itself is intended to
be early First- Pointed, but the interior fittings are only poor imitations
of late Third -Pointed. It is evident in the case of this church that am-
ple funds have been expended, sufiicient for the erection of a correct
■nd picturesque edifice with infinitely more accommodation, but, as is
too often the case, all has been ruined by the utter incompetence of the
architect.

Having criticized the two modern churches of Penzance, I now proceed
Id say a few words about the older buildings in the neighbourhood. One
peculiarity met with is the distinctive appellation of " Church-Toum" be-
itowed on villages possessing a separate church, e.g , Madron Church-
Town. Sancreed Church-Town and Sennen Church-Town, imme-
cfiately adjacent to the Land*s End. The churches in these villages,
■t well as those of S. Paul near Mousehole, S. Buryan, S. Just and
Onlval, are of very similar character, mostly consisting of nave and
north and south aisles of equal length, built about the reign of Henry
VII., all of granite, with a square tower at the west end of the
nave, low roof internally, without clerestory, and no structural differ*
aaee between chancel and nave. Most of them show signs of care,
and have been re-seated with low open benches, and the piers freed
from whitewash, but in Gulval church is to be found an almost un-
heard of monstrosity in the shape of a new high square pew, lux-
ttiooalj cushioned and lined with blue cloth, and fitted with every
eooTenienoe, not excepting even a stand for umbrellas with receptacles
to catch the water running from them ! — and this too in the midst of
open aeata, icitoied tracery, stained glass, and fair ritual arrangement.

876 Bccleadogy m Scotland,

I must not leave unmentioned the beautiful remains of the roodieracn
at S. Buryan, perfect alas ! so late as 1826. The top bar across the
nave and south aisle alone now exists in addition to the lower psod-
ling hidden amongst the seats. What still is left, however, foilj st-
tests its former glory, glowing with colour and radiant with the BMt
intricate and delicate carving.

Time and space will not serve to tell of the beauties of S. Micbsel'i
Mount, crowned with its seagirt church; S. Ives — its bay and chutb;
the ancient granite crosses found in the churchyards and by the wsy
sides of the district; or fairer than all, the Scilly Islands. Theie
must be reserved for a future occasion, if your readers are not alresdy
fatigued with my desultory reminiscences.

I remain, dear Mr. Editor,
Most sincerely yours,

Nov. 5, 1859. W. C.L.

ECCLESIOLOGY IN SCOTLAND.

The principal monuments of the ecclesiological revival in Scodaod
which have attained relative completeness are Trinity College, Glessl-
mond ; S. Ninian's Cathedral. Perth ; the College of the Holy Spint.
Cumbrae ; and S. Paul*s Church, Dundee. Of these, which we have
enumerated chronologically, the second and fourth have already bees
described in our pages ; and we will not therefore recapitulate the dctaili
then given. But as the two most important churches of modem erec-
tion in Scotland, and as works eminently characteristic of their archi-
tects, Mr. Butterfield and Mr. Scott, they deserve a passing tribute of
comparative notice.

^. Ninians being designated a cathedral, and S. Paul's only a psiiib
church, it might at first sight seem as if there were not materials for a
just comparison ; such, however, is not the case. Indeed, the completed
church (containing, by the way. the cathedra of the see of Brechiif)
is in its actual dimensions more spacious than the incomplete ca-
thedral ; and although the latter, when finished, will eiceed in length,
yet in all other respects S. Paul's need not shrink from the rivalry. la
fact, we may as well candidly confess that it has our preference : it it
a parish church, possessing somewhat of the grandeur with the uses of a
cathedral, while S. Ninian's, on the contrary, is a cathedral wearing
too much of the parochial character. Mr. Butterfield, no doubt, bid a
difiicult task to fulfil. His employers were instant with him to build a
cathedral, and nothing but a cathedral ; and it is imputing no blaao
to suppose that the indispensable materiel towards a cathedni was sot
superabundant. Besides, the commencement of the work dates btfk
into the " 40's," when experience was younger than it is at preacot
At the same time Mr. Butterfield seems to have been peculiariy afiiid
of committing either himself or his patrons, and the result it that S.
Ninian*s is neither so clever, so stately, nor yet so abnonnal» u vudiy
of hia other noticeable productions.

Eccle$iology in Scotland. 377

Outside, the four equal roofs of choir, oave, and transepts, meeting
at a simple yet effective fl^che, give a minster-like aspect to the whole
pile ; and the £act that the transepts do not in depth extend bejond
the width of Che aisles is no detriment to the building. The very
stopping short of the nave at its first bay imparts a comparative height*
which will disappear on the completion of the entire church. On
the outside the north aisle line (the street side) is further prolonged.
Temporary buildings being needed for the schools they were ingeniously
erected on the cathedral property so as to enable the wall of the north
aisle to be extended, and to form a portion of the structure. Thus a
standing declaration is maintained of the work still to be accomplished.
Inside, however, the cathedral-like plan disappears. A cross church,
particularly a cathedral, without a lantern or at least a four-arched
crossing can never be of the most perfect type of its order ; neverthe-
less, if the transepts, however shallow they may be, open into the
nave with oonapicuous arches, a dignified effect can seldom fail to re-
sult from their juxtaposition to the choir arch. At S. Ninian's, how*
ever, Mr. Butterfield's talent seems to have been exerted in concealing
the existence of the transepts to the utmost extent from the congregation
in the nave. Not only do the north and south arches correspond in all
dimensions with those of the one nave-bay, but the transverse ones be-
tween the aisles and the transept die away into the wall, instead of being
brought down upon responds. In fact, the transepts are shown by little
else than the interruption of the nave clerestory. There remains die
lengthened choir, with its high screen of stone and granite, to give the
feeling that the building is one of more than parochial dignity. Here we
Can Miiely praise the proportions, well-arranged levels and amplitude of
Sanctuary, points in which Mr. Butterfield excels, idthough he allows his
invention to be cramped by the pertinacious rejection of the apse. That
the fittings are many of them homely is of course no fault of any one.
If the day shall come when they are to be replaced by nobler apparatus,
the united diocese of which S. Ninian's is the cathedral will possess a
itioat satisfiutory presbyterium for the solemn services of its head church.
It will then be the duty of those into whose hands the completion of
the nave may devolve to import into the new construction a somewhat
tnore minster-like character than it now possesses. The whole of
the west end is still unbuilt, and can be dealt with as the architect
pleases. Why not reserve for that some special beauty ? We are not
generally fond of direct imitations, but in the cathedral for the dioceses
of 6. Andrew's, Dunkeld, and Dunblane, a case so peculiar exists, that
we are tempted to deviate from our general tone of feeling. In those
dioceses the desolate ruins of Dunblane cathedral still offer — somewhat
mutilated and ready to crumble — the remains of a west window in
Barly Middle-Pointed, so exquisite in its proportions and graceful in
its details, as to merit being reckoned in the small first class of
Suropean art. When we say that this gem consists of three long,
amrrow two-light windows, of equal height, with a double plane of
tracery separated by a mural gallery, having in the outer heads a central
cinqfcal, with quatrefoils in those of the flanking windows, and in the
inner pluM three cinqfoils, we shall have merely catalogued the mem*

VOL. XX. c c c

378 Eeelesiology tn Scotland.

ben of the composition. No descriptioii can give an idea of its tctoil
beauty. Such as it is, it stands in a ruinous pile, exposed to time
and weather ; but the cathedra of Dunblane is removed to the popolov
city of Perth. If, then, the proportions of S. Ninian*8 can be oiade to
fit the adaptation, we make bold to say, let this window be reprodoced
where man may see and love it, where it again may give light to solemn
worship and cathedral rites.

Before we quit S. Niniau's, we must enter our protest against one
external feature of the choir, which is sadly out of harmony with
the remaining structure* The church, as we have said, is not of veiy
large dimensions for a cathedral; therefore every expedient which
could legitimately add apparent size ought to have been adopted. In
contradiction, however, to this principle, Mr. fiutterfield has resnd
against the north wall of the choir, just where the church stands moit
conspicuous at the angle of two streets, a broad and lofty chimnej,
rising from the sacristy. Of course, it will be argued that die vestry
fire wants a flue, and therefore it is '* real" not to be ashamed of this ne-
cessity. That may be, but it is not '* real *' to make a chinBej,
which never can be a very sightly or very cathedral-like object, ai big
as possible, or to place it just where it is most detrimental to thst qn
parent magnitude of scale, which it should be the architect's ambitioQ
to compass. We cannot part with this church without an expressoa
of gratitude for the unwearied zeal with which the capitular body btve
maintained year after year the solemn services of a cathedral church—
under what difiiculties and discouragements Mr. Canon Homble's ^^
cently published pamphlet but too plainly shows.

No doubt S. PauTs, Dundee, gains much by its unequalled site, a steep
rock springing up in the midst of the old quarter of a populous town.
The skill of its designer is however shown in his having made the moit
of this opportunity. The western steeple, with its lofty arch, and iti
flight of steps rising from the street, and continuing inside the tower it-
self up to the very west door of the church itself, is a bold thought,
and most skilfully executed ; while the completeness — somewhat lare
in modern architecture — of the pile, enables the living generation to
judge by eye, and not by mind, of the desired effect. It is no doabta
noble thing to lay the foundation of solid works, with a lien on pos-
terity to complete them, a nobler thing than starving and catting down
to the scant measure of an imperfect but present completeness ; no-
bler than all however it is to plan, and to accomplish at once ; and in
this church the steeple, from the pavement to the vane, whidi cqs
the lofty spire of stone, is all constructed. In plan this churdi reestti
that, also by Mr. Scott, of S. Mary, Stoke Newington» which we
described in our last number — we believe it would be more correct 10
say that S. Mary's recalls this one as its prototype. In either cmo we
find the western steeple, the lofty nave, the gabled aisles, the lantaa
deficient in its western arch, the apsidal chancel. At Stoke NewiDgtsn»
the idea is treated in a more complex manner ; for there we AmI Ao
great Italianising arches that span the transept space, the ooopled pS*
lars, and flat carved soffits of the chancel arcade, aoutiieni
wholly absent at Dundee, in which the treatment ia purely

Ecclesioloffy in Scotland. 879

tod Teutonic, like the plan of the building itself. But still with its
simpler design, and smaller capacity, S. Paul's is the superior work of
art, the purer and more Tirginal idea. In it everything fits into its
own place, and is in harmony with the remaining structure, a praise
to which, with all its merits, S. Mary's cannot quite lay claim.

Such as it is S. Paul's completely embodies die idea dominant in its
eooception, of a head town church, used for, but not designated as, a
cathedral, and yet worthy of being, if necessary, co-optated to cathedral
rank. Its height considerable in comparison to its length ; the well-
proportioned arcade, the gabled aisles, the stately lantern clearly de-
fined, in spite of the lack of the fourth arch to the west, and the
stone-groined chancel with its apse — a feature never perfectly satis-
fiMtory without a groin — the spacious and well-raised sanctuary, are
the main elements which conduce to this most satisfactory result.
The really excellent glass, by Mr. Hardman, which fills all the win-
dows of the apse, is, of course, a great additional embellishment, which
is of the more value for the reserve which has been shown in all
the other appointments. At Perth there are a screen, varied frontals,
candlesticks, and a cross. Of these none is found at Dundee. At
Perth the nave is seated with chairs, and at Dundee with fixed benches.
With all this *' economy " S. Paul's stands high among the churches of
tiie revival, because general effect being the thing attainable, the Bishop
of Brechin and Mr. Scott wisely and successfully set general effect
before them as the end to be compassed. We mention the founder
with the architect: for his personal exertions and bis accomplished
taste had an important bearing on the result. Externally, indeed,
poverty led to the omission of buttresses, which would have soli-
dified the pile ; but, in despite of this omission, all concerned in the
undertaking have to congratulate themselves on a rare success. Fur-
ther on we shall have to describe the other monuments of the Bishop
of Brechin's untiring zeal in a town, where, out of a population of
100,000, he reckons a flock of 6,000, mainly composed of the des-
titate classes.

The college and collegiate church of the Holt SpiaiT in the island of
Grtaier (hmbrae, in the county of Bute and diocese of Argyll and
the Isles, is a work upon which Mr. Butterfield may safely rely for
the earnest of a permanent and solid fame. Every thing here con-
spired to ensure success. The scheme was grandiose^*a collegiate
diiirch, and in connection with it all the various buildings belonging
to a capitular and educational body. The date at which the de-
signs were supplied, about 1862, was one at which the architect's
manly talents had been matured by his labours at S. Augustine's and
AU Saints', not to mention S. Ninian's and other churches, and at
which he had not yet indulged himself in those eccentricities from
which we hope he may soon return. Finally, the site was one to in-
spire a hi less imaginative artist even than Mr. Butterfield to exert
fciffi«j>lf to his uttermost. The Greater Cumbrae is in the estuary of
Ihe Clyde, and although of small dimensions, is yet spacious enough to
boast of a town, and to be diversified with rock and moor and pasturage.
To the aontbt at no great distance, spreads the bold coast of Ayrshire,

380 Eeclesioloffy in Seotlant.

while in front of the spectator standing in Millport, the preeipitOYU idet
of Little Cumbrae fills the due west, and beyond trending northwird
the bold peaks of Arran rise over the tamer foreground <rf Bate.
In the near foreground is the little town of Millport, sloping st«ep
down to the quiet land-locked bay. Behind, that is, eastward, the
island loses itself at the high ground which caps the valley. Nttrij
at the summit of this high ground (of absolutely no great elefatios,
but extremely steep) and just out of the town, the college stands withia
its domain, founded and built, as we need hardly observe, by Mr. G.F.
Boyle, Lord Olasgow's brother, and therefore territorially connected
with Cumbrae.

Advantage has been taken of the steep bank, which overhangs the
town, to terrace up the college domain at various levels with gnen
slopes and stone steps, the church and college buildings occupying tlie
highest level, with a quiet grave assumption of possession not offen-
sive, but very decided. The west end of the former of course standi
displayed, while the buildings range themselves somewhat behind to
the north and south, the whole being visible from far to the steamen
working up and down the Clyde. The church itself is of the
simplest plan, a nave and chancel each without aisles (unless an oigu
chamber to the latter can be so denominated) and of about eqoil
length, each measuring about forty feet. The division between then
is made by a high constructional screen of stone, the aftergrowth of
the S. Ninian's idea, but infinitely superior to it in its arcbitee-
tural truth, combining as it does in one construction screen and chan-
cel arch. This screen is divided into three bays by two granite shifti,
which shoot up on each side of the chancel gates. These ramify into
bold and simple tracery, and between them they bear up a Dasuve
cross of stone, moulded and ball-flowered, which rises to the apex of
the arch, its struts resting on either capital : any weakness in the ap-
parent support of this cross being compensated for by the appro-
priateness with which it fills its position. From the nave much height
is gained for the solid basement of the screen by the elevation of the
chancel floor, while an open low brass rail (not so succeaafnl as the
stone work) caps that substructure. It is a pity that the responds are
not of granite as well as the central pillars, and that the pulpit which
stands in the north-east angle of the nave is not connected ambo-wive
with the screen. The presence of this most successful featore leads oa
the more to regret the main shortcoming of the building. Its bold
and vertical character, the massiveness of the screen, the elevatioD of
the windows, all proclaim it to be a church which pre-eminently above
all others (if there can be less or more in the case) ought to have had a
vaulted or a stone-barrel roof. But instead it is roofed with a polygonal
roof of rafters plastered between. The chancel ceiling is indeeid utilised
by vigorous pattern painting of dog-roses and ferns (the local flon)ibvt
nothing can absolutely make up for the deficiency. The weateni por-
tion of the choir is fitted with twelve stalls and subaellaa, the
being unfortunately broken by central gangways on each aide. Tlte i
tuary is spacious and well raised ; the sedilia are rather too siiaple,
being merely recessed niches. The altar is somewhat abort, a taj

Bederiology in Scotland. 881

Km fiiult with Mr. Butterfield. Hangings give colour to the east,
tide walla are enriched with constructional mosaic in lozenges
Bred tiles, eounterchanged with white slabs of the same form,
decoration we beg^n to see traces of that style which has sub-
ij acquired far too strong a hold of Mr. Butterfield's affections.
t window, of three lights, is thrown up with that good effect
irays followa such treatment. So is the south window (the
her one of the chancel) and all in the nave, a string-course
hem cleverly spacing the vertical height. The two windows
ihancel contain painted glass by Mr. Hardman, and the west
is glazed with grisaille ; there is no painted glass in the four
I of the nave. The nave is seated with chain, and does not
a font, the church being specially collegiate. We ought to
mtioned that the one entrance to the church is through the
hich stands against the south wall, its west wall lining with that
nilding itself. All the instrumenta are most sumptuous, com*
id correct, llie vestry is entered from the choir on the south
I apartment over it. used as an infirmary, opening with a win-
» the church. The lighting is by gas, the nave being illumi-
f a line of numerous small jets at the string-course line, and the
r a line of jets running round the arch so as to be concealed
le nave. This last expedient is also adopted at S. Ninian's,
re, owing to the construction of the screen, the lights run
ally. The effect is most successful ; the only drawback being
I smoke has considerably darkened the wall behind. The
services in the collegiate church terminate at night by a
kdditional Use of hymns, '* paraphrases." and collects, with a
very popular among the Presbyterians, at which the nave only
d up, and the effect though peculiar is very effective,
e have already stated, the organ stands upon the ground in a
to the north of the chancel. This instrument was built by a
land. The tower, which forms the porch, rises into a belfry-
above the ridge-crest, effectively lighted with long acutely
triplets of lancets. The spire, which crowns the composition,
itely pointed broach of stone, four-sided through all its height,
le rising 123 feet from the ground. We can most sincerely
ent Mr. Butterfield on this conception ; an octagonal spire
tidly fail to have been either too slight or too ambitious for its
position. The adoption of the elongated pyramid has pre-
t off the desired effect.

wgan-chamber opens into an oblong chapel, the chapter-house,
I for the private devotions of the clerical body, and in its double
r stalled and fenced at the west end with a low screen, devoid
but with an east window of five unequal lancets, set dose to-
j^laxed with grisaille.

le south-east again of the church, but with no direct com-
on, a very pretty and simple cloister has been planned and
d on its west and north sides, the latter opening into the hall
lie bat effective apartment. To the west of the church, and
ig a central position in the range of terrace gardens, somewhat

S82 Ecclemlogy in Scotland.

sunk below the highest level, is placed the graveyard, longer from east
to west than from north to south, and containing in the east centre
close to the bank a cross designed in remembrance of the early
Scottish crosses of Romanesque motif. We have recapitulated the
chapter-house, cloister, and graveyard in juxtaposition, in ordtf to
point out what seems to us the chief mistake which has been com-
mitted in planning the buildings, namely that they are disjcnned. In
designing the former, Mr. Butterfield, we believe, intended to convey
the impression of that apartment having a quasi-religious character,—
being an oratory no less than a room of assembly. At the same time he
honestly eschewed the erection of a mimetic altar, which would never be
used for the sacrifice. Such being the case, we think the adoption of
the oblong form was unfortunate, as that particular shape prodiimi
the deficiency in the most tantalising manner. On the contnry a
polygonal chapter-house would have completely accommodated the de-
sired use and the desired omission. Without pledging ourselves to the
doctrine, that the oblong was used for churches served by monks, tnd
the polygon by those appropriated to canons, — a theory which it
refilled by the case of Westminster, a Benedictine churdi, — ^weitiU
recognise the spirit of the distinction ; while in those chapter-boniei,
such as Canterbury, which are oblong, the seat of the head of the
capitular body, is placed at the east end. In fine, the peculiar precss-
tions and feelings which it was intended to imply and to unite in the
chapter-house of Cumbrae, would have been most eflfectively embodied
by giving it a polygonal form. Had it been so built it could hardly
have been attached to the east face of the actual organ chamber.
But it would best have stood where in old times the chapter- hoote
often did stand, viz., with an entrance, as at Westminster, Sarum, Can-
terbury, Lincoln, Dryburgh, &c., from the cloister. We need hardly ob-
serve that in old times the cloister was among the more, rather than
the less, sacred portions of the monastic or capitular buildings. It oaed
to open directly into the church ; it frequenUy, as we have said, formed
the access to the chapter-house, always, we believe, when that wu not,
as at Lichfield, and Wells, approached from the church itself. It wutfas
spot especially chosen for meditation, not to say study, — auaetowhidi,
under the progress of modem civilization, no cloister could now be coo-
veniently devoted. The cemetery was in immediate coanectioD with
it, often laid out in its central area. These considerations lead us to
regret that at Cumbrae the graveyard was not placed at the back of the
coUege, and in connection with the cloister rather than in front, in a
position which seems somewhat too dressy and laid out for eflect
for such an object. The remainder of the terracing is simply orna-
mental garden ground, and such, we think* should have been all the
space on that — the secular — side.

We have the more freely dwelt upon the points we consider open to
amendment, from the admiration which we entertain for the aidiiteo-
tural features of Cumbrae as a whole. The domestic internal anange*
ments seem to us very practical, and the division of the buildings into
two parts^that of the Provost, Canons and Divinity Students on the
south side, and that of the boys of the Choral Grammar School on the

Eeelesiology in Scotland. 883

north— is efficiently managed, while the warm white stone of which the
entire range is constructed tells out clear against the green back-
ground. The rooms are spacious and cheeiful, and Tentiladon is
itteoded to. We were particularly struck with two passages, one in
each portion, to which character was cleverly given by a series of boarded
principals, trefoiled in one instance and cinqfoiled in the other. The
library is a scholastic yet comfortable apartment ; and the model pa-
nelliog of walnut of one of the sitting rooms will we hope ere long be
carried through the suite.

Circumstances rendering it desirable that the collegiate church should
be exdosively constituted as the chapel of ita capitular body, a parish
chnrch has been provided for the members of the Scottish Church in
tbe lower part of Millport, out of some stables and a laundry, which
ba?e been lengthened and fitted up in a style of severe simplicity by
Mr. Batterfield. The result is, as ^ as it can be, successful. A west
vmdow with wooden tracery, and dormers unaffectedly introduced,
gi?e the required light. The services in this building are of a less
<)nttte character than those at the collegiate church, with which they
alternate ; and we understand that the exhibition of correct ritual, in
tbe two aspects of great simplicity and of considerable dignity, is found
to work well. The Scotch Office is of perpetual obligation in both
cfanrehes.

TaiiriTT College, Glenalmond, is of earlier date than any of the three
institutions which we have described. It is, indeed, of so early a date in
the ecclesiological revival, as almost to preclude us from a description, did
we not feel that to describe it is a debt we still owe to our readers. The
project of its institution — mainly due, as is well known, to Mr. Gladstone
— was approved by the Episcopal Synod in 1841, and the design of the
building was in due time entrusted to Mr. Henderson, who, as a Scotch-
man, and belonging to the Church, was employed at that time for
Bost of its ecclesiastical structures. The site selected was one of great
beauty, and withal very appropriate for a public school. The Almond,
a tributary of the Tay, rushing out of the Highlands down the stem
" Small Glen," expands at the northern verge of the Lowlands into a
broad well- wooded valley, fertile, and with easy eommunicatioos. The
foondera of the college being fortunate enough to obtain a property in
this district, Mr. Henderson drew a plan embodying the usual features
of a college grouped round a quadrangle, of which the west and north
aides were immediately erected, and the chapel was added a short time
after, occupying the south-east angle, and (somewhat contrary to col-
legiate precedent) presenting its west end to the quadrangle. The
bdldinga already erected do not include either the permanent hall
or library, but mainly consist of masters* rooms, dormitories, and class
looina, out of which the substitutes for those apartments are taken ;
ind of course the eoup-d^ieU suffers accordingly. The main feature is
a central gateway on the west side (of a character, perhaps, more
eaatellated than collegiate), with a groined portal into the quadrangle :
otherwise the line is but little broken. The rich red sandstone of
Which tbe pile ia built warms the landscape : otherwise there is little to
icmatk in the architecture, which is of a sort of conventional Gothic,

884 Ecclesiohgy in Scotland.

not exactly Middle or Third-Pointed, with heavy labeb, and other fei-
tures likely to occur in the building of a second-rate architect of that
epoch. Inside there is no attempt to give expression to the fittings.
The staircases are roomy, and the passages, dormitories, and dsai-
rooms airy, — no slight recommendation ; but the style in which thej
are carried out is one of the merest modem mediocrity. Still we tie
unwilling to be severe upon Mr. Henderson for this treatment; for
when he was designing, S. Augustine's was only being contemplsted,
and Hurstpierpoint not yet dreamed of ; and so the idea that a Oothie
expression could be given to the modem wants of a large edacatioul
establishment would have been a thought of boldness not to be looked
for in a provincial architect. The warden's house occupies the soath
corner of the west side, but is not very remarkable.

The chapel, which is, as it should be, the most prominent building
of the college, was, we believe, mainly built by the munificence of
Bishop Wordsworth while Warden. It is in plan a simple parallelogruD»
somewhat over broad for its lengthy and both inside and out having
about it much of the college-hall feeling. The style is Middle-Pointed,
with frequent windows amply traceried. Inside, with numerous ardii-
tectural shortcomings, there is an aspect of rude magnificence dne to
the spaciousness of the area. The windows, too, are well raised £roB
the ground, and are mostly filled with painted glass, which although of
very varying merit, and wholly devoid of unity of tone, does yet fiom
its abundance produce considerable effect. The roof is of the Peipen-
dicular college- hall type. The antechapel is spacious, and terminttei
in a first screen of wood of a solid design. Then comes the most ob-
jectionable feature in the whole chapel, a series of close boxed pewi
for the parochial congregation : to the east of them is a second open
screen of wood, and beyond is the chapel proper. The boys* seati
are arranged antiphonally, but the rows are too numerous to give
the effect of stalls. In the gangway stand the brass eagle and the
litany-stool. The sanctuary, which is well raised, is panelled witb
woodwork of a very poor design, unsatisfiEustorily relieved with gilding.
The altar is covered with a velvet carpet, somewhat richly embrddeied.
When the time arrives to complete the quadrangle we advise the an-
thorities of Trinity College to reject the already antedated design, and
entmst the work to one of the architects who have grown ap since
1841 in the study and practice of vigorous original Gothic. If they
do so, they may still leave behind them a monument worthy, in iti
artistic aspect, of admiration.

We have said that S. Paul's was not the only monument of Us
episcopate which Bishop Forbes has reared in Dundee, That chmch
has grown out of the original ^' English chapel," to the cure of which
he was called immediately after his consecration, but antecedently to
its construction he had created another congregation in a poor qvater
of the town, in which the Scotch ofiice was adopted. For thor wa
has been built the church of 8. Mary Magdalene, from the desfgis
of the Mr. Coe, who so accidentally won the first prize for the Foic^
Ofiice in the Italian style, and who was at the time in partncnhip
with a gentleman possessing local interest at Dundee. Thii tcij sin-

Eccksiohgy in Scotland. 885

pie and cheap church appears to us to be more richly deserviog of
praise for wbAt it aims at, than the gorgeous and overladen palazzo
which stood exhibited in Westminster Hall during the great competi-
tion. The church, in Middle- Pointed, is composed of a somewhat
broad nave, with a north aisle divided by octagonal pillars with
moulded capitals, and a narrower chancel with aisles of one bay, the
difference of width being managed by the chancel arch corbelling on piers
from which chamfered arches of a depressed form spring, opening into
the chancel aisles from the nave. The north chancel aisle is somewhat
broad, so as to accommodate the school children, while that to the
south holds the organ. The structure is all lined with ashlar. The
fittings are very simple, but the chancel is duly stalled, and the seats
are all open. The pulpit stands in the north-east angle of the nave.
The east window, of three lights, is filled with painted glass by Mr.
Hardman. There is an air of working-day readity about the whole
building which deserves great praise.

This church and S. Paul's being no longer sufficient for the increasing
congregations, the bishop procured a piece of ground in the upper part
of Dandee« sufficient for church and schools, of which the latter have
already been built by Mr. Bodley, and the upper room opened as a tem-
porary church, as S. Salvador, an old Scottish dedication. Although
only provisional, it is yet a very religious-looking and sufficient place of
worship for 300 persons. The ceiling, which is close boarded of three
sides, and stained of not too dark a colour, admirably suits the present
destination of the room while it is equally appropriate to its future use.
The same may be said of the simple eastern rose, with plate tracery,
which is to be filled with painted glass by Messrs. Clayton and Bell.
Indeed one finds nothing to criticise except the horizontal heads of the
two exterior lights of the west window, a needless and ungraceful ec-
centricity. The fittings comprise light open seats, a small raised chancel
plainly stalled and an altar well elevated, the font being the little marble
one which was used in the "chapel" that preceded S. Paul's. The build-
ing itself is externally a compact and sufficiently lofty mass : that simple
idaptation of plate tracery, of which both Mr. Bodley and Mr. Street
ire so fond, being used in the windows. In addition to these churches
the bishop built one a few years since at Broughty Ferry, a town which
itanda at the mouth of the Tay, and may almost be considered a suburb
li Dundee, from Mr. Scott's designs. A hasty glance from the rail-
road at the exterior does not enable us to say more than that it seems a
ample specimen of correct ecclesiology.

Mr. Slater's church of S, Andrew, at Dunkeld, in Perthshire, is com-
jileted and in use. The plan is of the simplest, a small nave without
uslesv and a chancel sufficiently raised, with a sanctuary spacious in
proportion to the size of the church, carried out in Middle-Pointed,
md the fittings are hardly more than provisional. The proportions,
Mwever, are pleasing, and the coup dceil of the building is unprctend-
iB^ good. The seats are partly those of the old chapel, and the only
hnutiure in the chancel proper is a prayer-desk, standing against the
mill jamb of the arch. On the north side of the chancel is an open
duuDber* destined for the organ. The principal feature in the church

▼OL. XX. n o D

886 EeeUmlogy in Scotland.

is the font, a special gift, of a circular form, standing admirably upon iti
base, of one large and six smaller circular shafts, and richly demited
with six groups of events in our Blessed Lord's history in bold relief,
within ogeed quatrefoils, the interveoing spaces being foliated. We
must congratulate Mr. Slater upon the conception of this graceM
work, and Mr. Forsyth upon its execution. Of the six groups, fbor
were entirely designed by him, one by Mr. Bell, and of one the fw
was taken from a photograph of a work of Mr. Clayton's. Mr. Slater's
church of S. Peter, at Edinburgh, which we have already described
from drawings, is roofed in. Unfortunately the aisles are for the pre-
sent postponed. The arches for them are so contrived that they can
at any time be added, and yet the church does not look incomplete in
its present condition. The windows will, of course, be shifted to tbe
aisles when built. The church it will be remembered is apsidal. We
were disappointed in not being able to visit the rising church at Burnt-
island.

We have years since described the churches of S. John, Jediwrgh,
and S. Columba, Edinburgh ; we need not therefore again recur to then,
except to say that in spite of all the advances which church architec-
ture has since made, these buildings, with their solemn and appropritte
fittings, are worthy and religious temples. The greater richness of tfait
at Jedburgh, of course, makes it the more remarkable. We weft,
unfortunately, not able to see S, Mary, Dalkeith, The church at
Stirling, by Mr. Henderson, with such shortcomings as no central
gangway, was, at the time it was built, (1845,) a proof of improfiog
taste. The style is First- Pointed, and the plan is a nave, with north
aisle and apsidal sanctuary.

It will not of course be supposed that the growth of ecclesiology in
our communion in Scotland is confined to the examples we have de-
scribed. Indeed, our pages have from time to time contained notices
of other churches in that country. It will be seen that considering the
numerical status of tbe Church the progress made has been very gn-
tifying. The Presbyterian bodies in Scotland have likewise participtted
in that revived taste for religious art and symbolism, which mayi «e
hope, have some other fruit than a merely aesthetic improvement. We
gave, not long since, a description of the church which is being erected
for Mr. Caird, at Olasgow, in connection with the establishment
Gothic, now carried out with very tolerable correctness, seems to have
quite made good its ground as the style for places of worship both to the
Established and Free kirks, but more actively in the latter. Hie we
of gable crosses in both communities is a matter of every-day occur-
rence, and projections imitating chancels are corutantly found. ITieR
is also considerable variety shown in the spires. Mr. Hay. of liver
pool is, we believe, the architect chiefly employed by tbe Free Sik«s8d
his works are found in every comer of Scotland, llie IndepeadeBtsloo
(a sect which has considerably increased of late years, much owing to tbe
influence of the Haldane fiunily) have caught the spirit of the tioWi
and we saw an Independent meeting-house with a really stately apdV
rising in Stirling. We are not aware that the United Picib/lflitf'
have become at all architectural.

Of " restoration'* tbete ia of course little, la Edinbivgli. hoveveri

EecUsiology in Scotland. 887

Dr. Robert Lee has succeeded in filling many of the windows of the
old Grejfriars church (now so mutilated that outside there is hardly a
vestige of ante-reformational date) with painted glass. We were, un-
fortunately, not able to obtain admission into the building. Dr. Lee,
it will be remembered, also introduced some liturgical forms and the
use of kneeling into his service, and on the case coming, not long since,
before the Presbytery of Edinburgh, was partially successful in ob-
t^uning the permissive saoction of that body. The principal Scotch
'^oration is at the cost of the Government, although the fact of the
<t&te being able to carry out such a work is a proof of the old fanatic
"pint being greatly mitigated. We mean that of Glasgow cathedral. It
^7 not be generally known that at the Reformation the property in
tbe cathedrals of Scotland passed to the crown, although the use of
them was given in most cases to the congregation where the build -
^ was not too ruined. They are now under the control of the First
Commissioner of Works, and for several years past vast sums have
been laid out from the revenue of the country in the restoration of
Glasgow cathedral. The careful way in which the fabric has been
Qtde good deserves all praise* with the one exception, that we re-
gret the removal of the north-western tower which was taken down
ia order to bring the building back to its original character — First,
meiging in the westward parts into Middle, Pointed. We have no
time to describe the architecture. It is sufficient for us to say that
while we gladly acknowledge the force of much of the detail, we can-
not place the building so high as some writers ; there is a heaviness,
and often a grotesqueness about it which to a southern eye is far from
agreeable. The nave is now cleared of its congregation, and in the con-
dition of unusedness not uncommon in that portion of our cathedrals.
The flamboyant jube still exists, and the choir is used for Presbyterian
worship. A shallow western gallery lining the jube's east face is the
only arckiiecturaUy offensive feature. The seats of oak face eastward
in Uie body of the choir, and are ranged 8tall-wise in the aisles. The
pulpit occupies the rightful place of the altar. The magnificent crypt
is now clear of incumbrances, and its windows are being successively
filled with memorial painted glass, some executed at Munich, some at
Dresden, and some by Messrs. Ballantyne, of unequal merit, but all in
the German style. It was pleasant to observe how much iconoclasm
Bust have died out, for in several of these windows Our Blessed Loan
ippears in various characters, historical and symbolical. Voluntary
monificence is about to complete the restoration by filling all the
windows with painted glass. After debates innumerable, the work has
been entroated to the Royal manufactory at Munich, which will, we trust,
prodooe windows recalling those at Kilndown rather than the later
^ledmens in Peterhouse Chapel. The nave is devoted to subjects
from the Old, and the choir to those from the New, Testament. The
fjimm for the large west window, the gift of the Messrs. Baird, depicting
ID the four bays as many different subjects, was not many days since
pat np, and publicly inaugurated by a species of musical service.

Adjacent to Glasgow cathedral, stands the "Necropolis" of the
dtjy and in it one of the most conspicuous monuments is that which
was raised a year or two since by his congregation to Dr. Black ^ d\v

388 The Ely Octagon.

tinguished minister of the establishment. The design is Gothic, the
motif a recumbent effigy under a stone canopy, which in itself is of a
cruciform plan, having herse-fashion transeptal gables. Each pedi-
ment is crowned with a gilt cross, while the tympana and the sides of
the monuments contain reliefs of incidents in Our Blessed Lord's life,
-—His infancy in S. Mary's arms, the Transfiguration, ResurrectioQ,
and Ascension. In each of these subjects gilt nimbi encircle the beads
of all the sacred personages, not only of Our Lord, but alao of the
Apostles. We simply leave on record the description of this tomb,
merely adding that the cemetery in which it stands is crowned by a
column in honour of John Knox.

THB ELY OCTAGON.

To the Editor of the Ecclenologist.

Dbar Sir, — Your notice of the proposed restoration of the central
octagon of Ely Cathedral, as a memorial to the late Dean, seems to
invite the criticism of ecclesiologists. You will allow me, therefoR*
perhaps to say, that I most fully agree with your own opinion that
some kind of pyramidal capping is required in place of the mere re-
tention, in a somewhat improved form, of the present upper stage of
the lantern. It seems to me most improbable that the existing lantem
is a genuine remnant of antiquity. It carries on its face the maxkB of
unintelligent modem adaptation. But this, as you point out, will pro-
bably be determined when the work comes to be stripped and exa-
mined. I am sure I only speak the sentiments of ecclesiologists in
general when I say that a great responsibility lies on the Peacod^
Memorial Committee lest they should, by unadvised prectpitucf.
spoil the exterior of one of our very finest English cathedrals. Let
the funds be raised, by all means, for doing honour to the memory of
Dean Peacock. I know no one who more deserves the regret and
esteem of all who knew him or his works. But it cannot be neca-
sary to decide prematurely on the method of finishing the octagon.
Let this be postponed till the original work is uncovered, and the ar-
chives of the church have been examined, for authentic traces — lnat^
rial or documentary — of the original design. Meanwhile I wookl aik
the accomplished architect, through your pages, whether his deaiga
is not too obviously a stone construction for what must of neceaaitj be
framed in wood ? Is not this indeed one of the chief vicea of the es-
isting lantern ? Then again the two new stages, as shown in Mr*
Scott's design, seem to me to be little more than copies in timber* MUk*
tie mutandis, of the two stone stages in the actual octagon below dNB*
Was there ever a good Pointed steeple or lantern in the whole worid
designed on this principle of reproduction ? Then again, did aay (*s
ever see a timber lantern or fleche terminating in anything bit t
pyramidal roof of some form or other 7 To m j own eyes, Mr. Seott'>
array of sharp pinnacles and crested parapets between tham ii onds

7^ New Church in the Parish of 8. Giles, Oxford. 889

epnlrive to the last degree. In short, I see in this design nothing
e delicacy and grace of real Mediaeval timher and lead work ; hut I
rte a most nnreasonahle superfluity of costly ornament. A too ornate
«1 lantern would be out of place in the grand austerity of the ex-
r of Ely. What is wanted is largeness of scale, simplicity of con-
ition, and dignity of form.

I am, &c.

£. E.
^e understand that the Dean of Ely has discovered in the Sacrist
M of his cathedral documents that prove that Alan of Walsingham
itracted " a campanile," for which a peal of bells was provided, over
octagon. This, we think, goes to show that the new capping
bt to a£Pect the type of a beU-turret, of course surmounted by a
B, instead of the type of a lantern. — Ed.]

I NEW CHURCH IN THE PARISH OF S. GILES, OXFORD.

or number for June last, at p. 206 of our present volume, we criti-
I Mr. Street's powerful design for a new church at Oxford, in the
ih of S. Giles. We gave it high commendation for originality
rigour, but we did not scruple to express our opinion that there
one or two points in it to be regretted. In particular we doubted
her the quasi-transepts, in lieu of aisles, added to the chancel,
ad of to the nave, were a desirable innovation. Again we ques-
d whether the type, though not the detail, of the large pinnacle-
ta to the low octagonal spire, was not too early : and finally, we
;ted to the arrangement by which the thrust of the nave arcades
rard is received by nothing more firm than the heading of a broad
which forms the west side of each transept. Upon a further ex-
Ation of the plans we are not disposed to modify these criticisms.
we are also bound in justice to say that we rise from them with a
er sense than ever of the skill and boldness displayed by their
;ner. And when we learn that the builder's tender for the whole
tore is only £6,576, we must admit that this is a very cheap
dip it being remembered that the walls are to be of stone without
writhin, and with a dado of tiles all round below the windows.
nother part of our present number will be found a very un-
nrmble critique of this proposed church, put forth by the high
ority of the Oxford Architectural Society as the report of its com-
ee* This difference is so much to be regretted, that it seems advis-
to examine the question more closely. The Oxford Committee
pfadn (1,) of " the introduction of a foreign element" in this design
the suppression of the English ;" (^J to "the preponderating
flnce of vertical" — an obvious mistake for " horizontal*' — " lines
m odkMired bands ;" (S,) to the small size of the spire in comparison
I tlie laige scale of the spire lights ; (4,) to the French character of
Koof ; (5t) to the disproportionate shortness of the pillars ; (6,) to

890 The New Church in the Parish of 8. Giles, Oxford.

the arrangement of the clerestory windows in connection with the
masses or voids of the arcade helow ; (7») to the " interruption of the
ascending line" by the irregular arrangement of the clerestory windows;
and (8.) the place of the sacristy.

The chief gravamen of these charges is evidently the assertion that
the design is more foreign than English in its character. The answer
to this is that the design is original and no mere copy. It is not a
French design, nor an Italian one, nor a German one ; nor is it. we
freely confess, such an English design as Alan of Walsingham or Wil-
liam of Wykeham ever imagined. But is this a fault ? We think not.
It is hard to be taunted with eternally copying, and then to be reproved
the moment one attempts anything novel in combination. Mr. Street
does not pretend to confine his design to the safe limits of the Glossary
of Architecture or Brandon's Parish Churches. There are still plenty
of architects who borrow their ideas and their details from the most
orthodox sources ; and it is well that they do so. But Mr. Butterfield,
in All Saints', Margaret Street ; Mr. Scott, in Exeter College chapel:
Mr. Burges in his Constantinople church; and Mr. Bodley in his
church of S. Michael, Brighton, have shown us that we have all gooe
long enough in leading-strings, and that some among us at least are
strong enough to walk alone. We claim the same privilege for Mr.
Street. The question is, whether his manner of design is bad — incon-
sifltent with the spirit and principles, not merely with the precedents,
of the style. If he is a pretender, who mistakes incongruities and
crudenesses for originality, let it be pointed out. But this is imposttble.
The more his designs are examined, the more it will appear that they
show a great freshness and power of architectural thought, and a most
healthy determination to enrich the national style by a bold adoption
into it of any features, wherever obtained, which may fairly be assimilited
to its essential genius. In this endeavour he may be more or less
successful ; but we cannot sympathize with the wish to disooora^
altogether the developement of our English Gothic, llie time has
come when our command of new materials, our enlarged acquaintance
with foreign varieties of the style, and the necessity of adapting the
Pointed of our ancestors to new climatic and social conditions, demand
— not merely justify — some progress. It is quite fair to critidze the
manner in which this progress is attempted ; but it is not sufficient to
condemn a design to say that it is not English. We reply then to the
Oxford criticisms that the great merit of Mr. Street's design is that he
has not restricted himself to the tame reproduction of English [»ece>
dents. It is not alleged that his design is corrupt or anomalous or pl^
posterous, or faulty in construction. The truth is, that assoffling our
premisses of the expediency of an eclectic developement of the style,
the present design will be considered a very remarkable instance of
success. In particular, the judicious, and — we must add — moderate
introduction of horizontal banding, the proportion of the piers to their
superincumbent arches — a matter in which there is the greatest licence
even in ancient work, — the treatment of the clerestory in relatioiito the
arcade below, and the introduction of an elegant moulded tie-beam and
Icing-post in the nave roof-nlo not exceed the just limitt of an aithi"

The New Chmreh in the Paruh of S. Giles, Oxford. 891

hoice. It i8, however, perhaps only those who have seen as
lesigns as we have for many years who can properly appreciate
rit of any variation from diUl mediocrity that is not in itself bad
Dgmous. We earnestly hope, therefore, that Mr. Street's de-
ll be carried out in its integrity. It will add a new feature of
ctural interest to Oxford itself.

subjoin, with the exception of a few paragraphs, a letter by Mr.
to the chairman of the committee for building the new church,
ima been forwarded to us : —

" 33, Montagu Place, W. C,

"Nopem^ 12, 1869.

OBAR Sir, — In the ' Building News' of to-day I see a report upon my
r the new church in S. Giles Parish said to have been read by Mr.
arker, at a meeting of the Oxford Architectural Society, on the 2nd
mber. This report appears to me to demand a few words of explana- -
OQ me. . . .
ill reply to the charges made in the report seriatim : — ^The first charfte

my design is foreign in its character, and the Committee say that
^ould specially point to the preponderating influences of vbrtical

coloured bands, which interfere with the peculiar character of the
ig line in medunal English architecture,' I presume the word ' ver-
a misprint for ' horizontal,' as I have introduced no ' vertical' lines ;
e introduced very sparingly, in the exterior of the na?e, coloured bands,
k the springing lines of the windows in the aisles and clerestory.
lines are introduced just where horizontal stringcourses might have
troduced in strict conformity with innumerable old examples: and
I infinitely less horizontal coursing in my design than there is in a
rmble number of ancient examples in this country, when stones of two
are used. It may be sufficient to mention, as an example of a class,
epic of Irchester church, Northants, built throughout in alternate

of red and white stone— an example emulatetl by Mr. G. G. Scott, in
*h-admired church at Leicester. In the interior of my design there is
ngle horizontal band of colour, the use of the red stone being confined
irdies whose ascending lines are thus strongly emphasized.
to the Foreign character of my design, I must say 1 dispute the fact. I
wnjt protested vigorously against the common practice of copying old
ga m the senrile manner so much encoumged oy many of those who
sen active in the rerival of mediaeval art. My aim has been to study old
es evenrwhere, and to throw myself, as much as possible, into the
>f mind and feeling about art which so nobly distinguished our old
eCs ; and as they never copied, so I refused to copy. If nyr design for
arch shows any trace of foreign study, it is the result of a study of

buildings, and distinctly not of German or Italian buildings. It is
town that I hold the French architecture of the thuteenth century to
noblest in Europe ; and in regard to much of it I fully concur in what
!o said by Mr. J. H. Parker himself, in the ' Builder,' of January 1st,

' The French architects kept pace with our own, and, although the

Gothic of the thirteenth century is dififerent from the English, it is
,ke it than any other, and therefore the best suited now to furnish us
eoM or forms suitable for our purpose.* I agree with him in thinkinir
dj at Preneh architecture a necessary complement to the study of
I ] and tbouffh I allow my design may snow traces of such studv, I d«rfy
nmittee of &e Architectural Society, aided as they are by Mr- l^arker's
1^ aequaintanoe with French buildings, to convict me of mere oopyism
re in my design.
' The spire is too short for the sprre-Ughts* This is, I think, a fiur

h
ij

,

392 The New Church in the Parish of S. Giles, Oxford.

expression of opinion. The proportion I have adopted ii not a usail or
common one (though I have examples of it), and I might perhaps be dii-
I)Osed in execution to modify it to some slight extent. But, speaking gene-
rally, I may say that I think it a fault on the right side to have large spire-
lights, with a view to having as much as possible of the sound of the belli;
and where, as in this case, there is not height for a succession of spire-ligbu
above each other, it is generally found in old examples that those which ire
introduced are very much larger than they would otherwise be.

*• III. * The roof is essentially of a French character J As I have ibown
by the quotation Arom the * Builder' this is no sin in the eye of the Pr«tuleot
of the Society. But I dispute the fact. The essence of the construction of
the roof is English ; and the Committee of the Oxford Architeetord So-
ciety must be strangely ignorant of the ^mmar of our art if they are igno-
rant of this. Tlie commonest form of thirteenth century roof is one in whidi
all the rafters are framed together, either with canted sides or curved. These
roofs are sometimes boarded on the under side ; and constantly held together
and strengthened with tie-beams and king posts — the latter treated exscdy
like mine, with moulded caps and bases. If the Members of the Committee
are unaware of these facts 1 should advise them to study on the spot a few
of the old roofs in Kent and Sussex, before they venture upon another criti-
cism. But supposing the case had been different, I protest against such criti-
cism altogether, and I deny that it would be possible to object to the roof
I propose OS being in any way whatever inconsistent or out of harmony with
the purest English architecture. Any architect, who has had as large an ex-
perience as I have of old buildings, will agree with me in believing that when
the height of the building will allow of a tie-beam being introduced withoat
cutting across the line of the chancel-arch, and when the span is as large u itii
in my design, it would be a mistake to dispense with it. And as to boarding the
roof on the under side of the cur\'ed rafters instead of showing them from be-
low, I can only say that, as far as the mere look of the building is ooDcemcd,
I do not very much care which plan is adopted ; but I am anxious that the
building should be as acoustically good as possible, and I believe for thii
purpose the ceiling I have devised would be by far the best.

" IV. ' The pillars are disproportionately short* I know not what rule of
proportion the Committee jud^ by. There are examples in old buildings of
almost every kind of proportion ; and I believe that m an arcade one coght
to think more of the shape of the arch than the height of the pier. I an
satisfied that in execution the proportions would be ^ood ; and every inchuf
additional height in the pier would entail large additional expense, u walU,
roofs, and steeple must all be raised at the same time.

" V. ' The clerestory is arranged with a disregard to the principle ofpladsg
masses over masses, and voids over voids.' I can only tay that this charge ii
one under which I labour in common with most of the architects of our oM
clerestories. Nothing is more common than to find two clerestory windom
to each bay of an arcade — two ' voids' in fact — one over a ' mass' (of oolimiB]»
and the other over a ' void' (of arch) ; and I can give a sufficient number of
examples of clerestory windows placed over the piers where there are none
over the arches, — a piece of construction which I believe to be the fCiT
strongest possible, though it is opposed to the new canon which the Gob*
mittce of the Architectural Society has discovered — a canon which it is hi-
doubtcdly most important to observe in our nineteenth century LoodoB
houses, where there are no real arches to any of the openingii but of which
our English architects in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries were ttnagelf
careless : witness numbers of their works ecclesiastical and domeitic 1

'* VI. ' The same interruption of the ascending line is visible on the orfenw
from the irregular arrangement of the clerestory windows.* I coafen thit I
do not understand this criticism, but I presume it ariaea from the CoiuuttK

Orgari'buildinjf at Cambridge in 1606. 898

>t undentandmg geometricsl drawingt : I fee no other poitible explanation
it The anansement of the clerestory windows happens to be exceedingly
gnlar, — so muen so as to allow of their inside arches being arranged in a
ry regnUur arcade, in conformity with a great number of ancient English
!RaU>riea.

** y II. ' TJUy ctmrider that tie vntry it ill^laeed.* I have no objection
all to this expression of opinion, though I do not share in it. The vestry
IS pkoed where it u in compliance with the wish of the gentlemen who en-
isted the work to my hands ; and I should have thought that the Com-
ittee of the Architectural Society would have noticed that if it had been
loed on the east side of the transept, as they propose, it would have pro-
!ted beyond the commencement of the circular part of the chancel, and
MiM have damaged its effect most seriously. Again, I fear the Committee
irdly understand the drawings, owing to their not being in perspective, or
ey would have seen that the vestr}' placed where they suggest would have
terfered very much more with the cruciform effect of the building than
doea where I have placed it Moreover, though the idea of placing the
itiy in its proposed position is not mine, it is impossible not to see that it
eminently convenient ; and I am one of those who believe that, after all, this
of much more importance than blind compliance with ordinary precedents.
** I hare now, I hope, satisfactorily disposed of all the criticisms contained
this report As an old member of the Oxford Architectural Society, and
one wno during my residence in Oxford aided it as far as lay in my power
a eonaiderable sacrifice of time, I might have claimed some consideration
the hands of its Committee. And this I have not received in this case,
ir I think I may venture to say that no real architectural authority would
▼e condemned so entirely the plans which I have prepared, without one
nrd of praise for any one feature in the whole building. The report, in short,
far from being, as the Committee say, ' friendly,' is eminently the contrary ;

d I trust, that I have proved also that it is eminently mistaken

** I am sorry to have occupied so much time and space in the answer which
save felt bound to make to this report ; but disagreeable as it has been to
5 to do so, I felt so strongly that it was due not only to myself, but to you
lo to give some answer to so sweeping an attack, that I could not delay
ting ao for a day after learning the nature of the charges.

" ]£lieve me to remain, yours very truly,
** To F. Morrell, Esq. George Edmund Street."

ORGAN.BUILDING AT CAMBRIDGE IN 1606.

aooompanying account of the erection of an organ in the Chapel
' King*fl College, Cambridge, in 1606, is curious as illustrative of the
•liner in which organ-building was carried on at that early period.
he original statotes of the college, given in 1443 by the fonnder, Henry
1., make provision for a full quire, consisting of ten chaplains, six lay-
erlu, sixteen choristers, and a master of the choristers. The organ

alto mentioned, but not in such a way as to imply that the instru-
lent was at that time of sufficient importance to require a person whose
Mcial and only buBinets it should be to play ; the statutes merely say-
ig that of the chaplains and lay-clerk, one at least must be competent
t do 10, "qoommnnus sciat jubilare in organis in ecclesia collegiata.'*

Aerofdingly the notices of the organ in the early account books of
be college show thit it waa on a small scale, of little cost either in

▼OL. ZZ« BEE

394 Organ-building at Cambridge m 1606.

construction or rq>air8, while the organist, when in the absence or
want of a qualified member of the quire a deputy was required, con-
tents himself with an insignificant remuneration for his services, e?en
after the standard of the times. So, in 1508, we find Thomas Browne
receiving zxxiii* iv**, " in partem solutionis viii. librarum pro fiutuii
mae^orum organorum :" while a few years previously, in 1501, oecon
the entry, " Sol. in regardis datis Dno. Roose jubilnnti in organii pro
sex Septimanis, ii'."

Such notices of the organ as are foun4 in the account booki for
many successive years are of a similar kind, and the duties of orgtniit
appear to have been always discharged by one of the quire, receiving t
higher salary for his services than his brethreu. being still one of tbe
chaplains or six statutable lay-clerks. What position the organ occn«
pied in the chapel is now unknown. Dr. Rimbault, in hb History of
the Organ, (p. 62), mentions i^ tradition that it was originally on tbe
floor towards the south side of the choir : he gives, however, no autho-
rity, and such tradition is now entirely lost.

In 1 606, John Tomkins^ was appointed organist to the college, the
first person since the foundation to whom the title of organist is dis-
tinctly given. His salary was about £14 a year; and he appean, in
additi6n, to have had rooms and commons in college ; he also instructed
the choristers in music.

It was on his appointment that the organ' was built, of which aminnte
description is given in the annexed account ; and we may fairly suppoie
that it was at his instigation the work was commenced, and undo: hb
superintendence carried out. The name of the builder is well known
in tbe history of organ-building. Dr. Rimbault (p. 52) mentions three
persons of the name of Dallam or Dalham ; Robert, bom in \M,
who built organs for York Minster, the Music School, and New Col*
lege, Oxford, in the cloisters of which he was buried in 1 665 ; Ralph,
who was employed at S. George's Chapel, Windsor, Rugby, Ljne
Regis, and Greenwich, and died in 1672 ; and George Dalham, wboii
mentioned in 1672 as *' that excellent organ-maker, dwelling in Pnrpk
Lane, next door to the Crooked Billet/' No Christian name is given
in the account of the builder employed at Cambridge, but he was evi-
dently older than the three mentioned above, who may have been, ii
we are at liberty to guess, his sons, following their father's proliession.

The whole of the materials used appear to have been bought in the
rough, and made up on the spot ; the metal purchased for the pipeii
presuming that all the lead was used for that purpose, would be in the
proportion of 16 to 6, or rather more than three-fourths tin. This wii
the composition of the original pipes of the Temple organ, boiit by

^ He continoed organist till 1622, and was afterwardi organist of As Cfci|ji|
Rojal and S. Paai*s, where was an inscription to his memorj, in which be was ttfU
** Organista sui temporis celeberrimos.*' A brother of his, Qilea TonUae, «■
organist of King's College from 1625 to 1627, afterwards boldh^ tfaa esai if-
pointment in Salisbury Cathedral.

' A previonsly eiistiog organ had been removed br order of Qaaan Bfiobrth^

Commtaaioners, the Bishop of Ely, Whitgift, and otben ; Proroat Goads la eis*

sequence *' willing the bursers to aeli them to the moat benefit Umj eoaU te fti

MUege." Goade, howerer, lived to aee and hear Dallam's new af|iavfe>i '■'h ■>*

tafaBg place till 1610.

Organ-buUding at Cambridge in 1606. 395

Father Smith in 1682. No specification is extant from which any infor-
mation may be obtained as to the compass and power of the instru-
ment ; the only stop mentioned in the account is the Shaking stop, for
which a special material was required ; it was the original of the modern
Tremolant, and occurs in a specification for an organ given by John
Loosemore, of Exeter, in 1665. It is not found in later specifications
and went out of use owing to the noise in action, occasioned by its
faulty construction.

The total cost of the organ and case was about £370 ; the outlay
upon the organ, so far as the items may now be divided, amounting
to £^\4, and that upon the case to £156.

Dallam's organ was as we have seen completed in 1606, occupying
more than a year in its construction, during which he and his men were
lodged in the town of Cambridge, but boarded in the College hall :
from one item for suppers on Fridays and fasting nights, it appears that
they were not satisfied with the meagre fare there provided, but required
extra dishes for their maintenance.

The name of Dallam still, however, recurs in the college accounts ;
in 1607 he is paid xxxv*. for tuning the organ, besides xxxv*. received
by the sale of the surplus tin, of which " a thousand six hundred** had
been purchased for the pipes; in 1617 £10., and in 1635 £32. are
paid to him for repairs. The name is found for the last time in 1641 ;
in no one case is a Christian name given.

It may not be uninteresting to follow the history of the college organ
to a later period ; many books have been written upon the subject in
general, but few attempts have been made to illustrate it, by giving a
record, a biography as it were, of an organ connected with some par-
ticular cathedral or college, where special provision exists for the main-
tenance of a full choral service, and by tracing its progress from the insig-
nificance and imperfections of early times to the present day when it
may be said to have attained complete developement. But such a task
would not be easy ; the entries concerning organs in early accounts
are few and convey little meaning ; the money expended may be known,
bat the actual bills are rarely found, which alone can throw any light
on the details of expenditure.

The Commissioners sent down to Cambridge by the Long Parlia-
ment, ordered the organ in the chapel to be removed ; and in compli-
ance with their edict, the pipes were taken put and sold. From an
item occurring in 1661, "Sol: Lanceloto Pease pro le Chaire organ
£200.'* the " chayre organ" erected by Dallam must also have been
demolished. The year after the Restoration the college set about re-
viving the choral service, which had been grievously interrupted^ by the
troablea of the times, and we find Mr. Henry Loosemore, the organist,
fending his chamber organ for use in the chapel, xxxv*. being charged
for ita removal thither from his room by Lancelot Pease. It did not,
bowerer, remain there long, and the College, not satisfied with the
effect of Lancelot Pease's Chaire organ, laid out in 1675 and the imme-

^ LooaenofCi the orgtnUt, and the laj'^derks were retained in the serrice of the
College dnring tiie whole period of the Commonwealth. The chorittera divappeared
mdmSij and entvelj, but the whole number was reappointed immediately after the

S96 Organ^building at Cambridge m 1606.

diately following year £l30. with Thomas Thamar, of Petoboioogh,
erga erectionem altioris organi in Sacello.

In 1686 — 7. Renatus Harris received £350. for a new organ, indin
1688 £70. for three stops ; in 1695 £30. for a Trumpet stop; ind in
1710 £60. for a Diapason.

David Loggan published an accurate engraving of the interior of the
chapel between 1675 and 1691 , which gives the west front of the oijgiB
as it then appeared. This is the original case erected by Chapman ud
Hartop, the joiners in 1 606, to contain Dallam's organ ; for though the
action and pipes of the organ appear to have been many times remofed
and renewed, there is every reason to believe that the existing caie
dates from 1606, and the choir organ from 1661. The "twofigons
or pictures that stand in the greate organ" mentioned in DtUam'i
account may be the two angels with trumpets standing erect oo the
two outer towers, as given in Loggan's engraving ; but their small eort,
xxx*. would rather prove that these figures or pictures were imilkr
panelled figures which still exist in the great organ.

The angels were removed in the first half of the eighteenth ceotaiy.
and replaced by Gothic pinnacles, which had nothing in common witk
the general style of the case.

Cole gives the following description of the organ as it appeared in kii
time : —

'* Over each side of the choir door towards the choir are the coats of inn
of this and Eton College, in shields neatly carved and blazoned, and directly
over it stand the organs. The small chair ormn hangs somewhat over tbe
door into the choir, and is elegant and carved about the mouldings and win-
scot part with beautiful gilt and painted pipes, adorned with the two sfoR-
said college arms, and other devices, as rortcullises, Fleurs-de-lis* loseib ^
crowned. Over the middle part of this organ, which is the lowMt, srs tbt
college arms again carved, and over the two side parts, where the pipes vt
much larger, are two large royal crowns. This chair organ was put up shoot
the year 1661, and cost about j^200, and is a mighty neat one : this stands jn^
before the great organ, the pipes of which on this side are neither giH Bcr
painted, but quite plain. Over the lower middle part of it are the royal btbIi
supported by a lion and unicorn, garter round them, and crowned. Ow
the middle part fronting the antechapel, is an image of King Dand pbyisg
on his harp, and on each side of him over the large pipes are two OiAat
carved pyramids. The pipes on this side are painted, gilt, and adorned ii
those of the chair organ. These organs were put up again, after tbej had
been demolished by the puritans in 1643 in 1661, and though they are sot
the best of the sort, yet they are not by any means the worst.'*

The organ remained as in Cole*8 time till 1804, when Aieiy wai
employed to reconstruct and enlarge the instrument, probably iooix^
porating with his own the earlier work, llie whole of the pipea wsR
then plain gilded. Avery's work was from time to time improicd sad
enlarged by the substitution of better for inferior stopt, and bj thi
addition of pedal pipes, the case remaining always nearly ontonehed.

At this present time, the whole organ b under reconatnotian fay

Messrs. Hill of London, and will be vastly enlarged by the adfitkn oif

many new stops. The case has been more than doaUed in dqith fiM

east to west, the fronts preserving their former appeannce. aid Ac

south side of the screen w\i\c\\\A YioWow.NirUl contain tbe pedal

OrganJndUmg at Cambridge m 1606. 807

BE Chabobb about thb Oeoans, &CB. AUOUSTI XIIU. 1606. A

JuNii 22, 606, AD August. 7* 606.

Impriinnp.7dtoMr Ddlmmforhis jooniayfrom Lon- i

don lo Cftmbridge before he tooke the woork io hand )

Item for hit mnd his menet charges of their journey \

eoming downe to work )

Item for a thowsand six hundred of tynn at 3" 12* le C Mj" zii'

Item for ebony for the kayes iij' iiij'

Item for boze xij**

Item for Tij doien of leather^ unde iij dozen ad 6* le doz* ) . •.

and 4 dozen ad Tij* le dozen )

Item for sodering coUer and cyse .... xzx*

Item for ▼" of white wyer ad W le" ... iiij* ij*

Item for fii** of yeollowe wyer ad 18* le" . x* v}*

Item for Ashe woodd xij*

Item for xxij" of tyn glasse {}) ad 3* le*' . iij" rf

Item for viij dozen of glewe at 4* 6** le doz • xxxvj*

Item for canves to put the glewe in . . . xviij*

Item for a hamper to carry things in and cord to bynd y t ij*
Item for more corde to bynd up other things x**

Item for packthred to bynd the pypes ... ij*

Item for nayles of dy? en kyndes . . . . x*
Item for carriage of the premisses being bought in divers^
places of the Citie togeather with Mr. Dallam his ( iiij*

Toolet 3

Item to Walston Cruis for his paynes in seeing the ) ....

i 1111*

things bought and packed to be sent to Camb. . ' ^
Item for flannell clothe to laye under the kayes • xij*

Item for fustian to cast the mettell uppon x*

Item for preston clothe for the same use vj*

Item for chalke to lay upon the fustian iiij*

Item for brasse for the shaking stoppe . iiij'

Item for a pan to make fyer in to remove . • . xi'
Item fbr flaxe to glewe in the Conditts ... tj*

Item for earriag of the tyn from London at 2' 6 le C xl*

Item for carriage of the hamper, Mr. Dallam's tooles, } ^^

and other things from London at dyvers tymes '
Item for xx lea? es of waynskott reddy sawne . »'

Item to a Jqyner for helping Mr. Dallam in his work iiij'
Item fbr planks for benches. Sec. .... ziiij*

Item fbf ▼ill double quarters for frames for the said \ ....^

Iftea for borda for boxes, &e ij'

Ilea for popler to make the Maldrells &ce (*) xiij

8m* pag. Ixxvj** xiiij* ij*

898 Organ-buMing at Cambridge m 1606.

Item for turning of the Maldrells .... fuj'
Item for planke about the sotmd horde ... ij' «)'

Item for a C of planks for the hellowes . xi^

Item for Quarters to lyfte up the beUowes and other uaes va^*
Item for studdi to make Claves (*). ... ^f

Item for Joystt to lay over the hellowes & other uses Tiij*
Item for ccxl foote of Inche hoard . . . • zxiij' it*
Item for xiiij sparres of 12 foote long . . xiiij'

Item for viij peeces tymher of 8 foote & ij of 10 foote z* vj'
Item for 4 planks of 16 foote long & 2 inches di. thicke ? ' iiij'
Item for three peeces of 1 1 foote long & 2 of 9 foote di. iiij' f '
Item for 83 foote of halfe ynche hoard to co? er the organ iij' iiij'

Item for studes Tiij'

Item for 44 foote of ynche board and a piller of 7 foote iiij' iiij'
Item for the carriage of this tymber at dyvers tymes iij'

Item for the mattes to sett the greate pypes on in the i ....

Ve.trie <"«

Item payd to the Carpenter for the frame of tymber > .„

whereon the organs ^

Item to Chapman the Joyner (') for 82 yards of wayn- ^ ^ ^

d XZ X

scott about the sayd frame at v' the yard. . '

Item for clxiii waynscotts bought unsawen for the case
& wooddon pypes of the organs, unde 60

38 ad 4' 6S 23 ad 6', 40 ad 6- 3*, and 2 ^ "" * ' ""'^

toto
Item payd for sawing the sayd waynscotts vi" ix"

Item for carriage of them , ? ij'

Item for vi C of Lead ad 10" le C . . iij"

Item for casting of yt z*

Item for sande & wood used about yt . . . iiij'

Item payd to the Smithe for Iron worke ut patet • Tij" fij* iij'
Item geven to one that went for the Joyner and bringing \ ...

ofhisTooles 1^'

Item for the Joyner and his menes supper at their coming zij'
Item payd for a grindlestone & hanging yt . . iij"
Item paper & oyle for the Joyners windowet . • iz'

Item for nayles &ce taken by Mr. Dallam & y« Joyner i ^^^

at the Chandlen, at patet ) ^

Sm* peg. c" ziiij* t'

Qrym-tetUlm^ at Cambridge in 1606. 899

«jd to Hartop the Joyner for wiget for him k ) jj^^^vl
leo for 10 monethet ad 18' le weeke . '

(▼en to him at hit departure in regards above hit >

wage. \^i'

I regards to his men ..... iij* iiij'

lyd for a horse to earrye back his tooles . ▼)■

tyd to Mr. Dallam the Organmaker, for his wages ^

is menes for Iviij weekes di. viz. from the 22"* of / i---«;:n •-•

), 1605, untill the 7th of August, 1606, ad 30- 1 ^

»ke J

tyd for the hyer of bedding for him and his men i ..^

irst quarter • t ^"^

>r the hyer of bedding for his men 3 qts di. more -% .^

le quarter i*^*

layd for Mr. Dallams owne lodging the sayd 3 ^ .
"s di. at Brownings, Sampsons, and Rnockells \
ayd for his washing and his mens all the 58 weeks |

s aboade S

lyd for his owne and his menes frydays and fast-*^

night suppers at 12^ a supper being in all 87 r iiij" vij*

ts ^

ayd for his horshier and charges of him & his >
at their departure up to London ... 5

r recarriage of his tooles &c. being iiii' wayght x*
ayd to the Carver for the King's Armes standing

the chayre organ

»hina of this CoUedire and Eton )

XXX '

jiij"

» him for the Scutchins of this CoUedge and Eton I

»

I him for 2 figures or pictures that stand in the > ^

e Organ i

lyd for ix« of leafe gould at 7' 6* le C . i^" vij* vi*

lyd to Knuckle the Limber for laying the sayd^
1 &ce upon the pypei, Armes it scutchins of the r iig"
re Organ ..••••. -^

lyd to him for imbossing and strawing with bice (•) m ^^^ ...^
I greater pypes of the chayre organ i ^ '

y him for imbossing & strawing with byce the ^
ler pypes of the sayd Organ . . . . ji

I him for gould and gilding the crownes of the i ^.^ ...^
organ ....... )

9 him for the pastboard and byce strawed under | ^
ntwoorke about the sayd organ & frame . '

ayd to him for the 2 lesser pypes in the great^
I ifflbotted & strawed with byce k for 12^v]"x'

^1 pypes gilded ^

Sm* pag. dviq" x^" ii'

400 Resioraiian of Lichfield Cathedral.

Item for iiij pypei paynting with Teiiice lake &oe . xlTi|j'

Item to him for gould & gilding 24 small pjpet in the }

layd Organ ........ '

Item to him for strawing with byce &ce & for gilding ) ., ...|

the imbosaea on the greate pype in the midle tower i ^ "
Item to him for strawing with byoe and gilding the im- i ....^

bosies on the 2 greate pypes of the owtter towers . I ^
Item payd for dyrers of the imbosaea used upon the \ ....^

pypes in the litle and greate Organs . • . ) ^^^^

Item for mowlds to cast the rest of the imbosses z*

Item payd more to Knockle for paynting &ce of the sixe %

fayre great pypes ad 50* a pype . . . $ ^

Item to him for gilding the round towars of the sd (...h

Organ l"J

Item to him for gilding the finishing or square towars of i :•••■

the same Organ )

Item to him for gilding the 2 starres ... ij*

Item for gilding and colloring the bracketts . . x'
Item for colloring the 2 picktures or figures in the sayd organ xiij' ir*
Item to him for pastbord & byce strawed under the cut- } -, -z^u

woorke on the sayd Organ '

Sm* pag. xxxt" xvj" iiij**
Sm' total ccdxxi" x?ij' j**
Item more Mr. Dallams mens dyett in the hall xiij" yj' viij'
Item bread & beer by Mr. Dallam the Joyner > i,

and their men for the whole tyme esteemyd at S
Item fyering in charcoale about 6 load with I ^.^

candells

jvr

KOTXS.

Srn glasse : probably the borax used as a flux with the solder.
aldreUs ; the wooden moulds upon which the metal pipes are shipei
Clares. Perhaps the claner or key-board is meant.
[*) It was by Andrew Chapman that the Great Hall of Trinity College vis was-
sooted in 1604.
(*) Bice or byce : colour for painting.

RESTORATION OF LICHFIELD CATHEDRAL.

Wi are enabled, thanka to the kindness of the Dean and Chapter of
Lichfield, to reproduce the lithographs whioh they have reoentiy pQ^
liahed, showing the restoration of the choir of their cathedral •• it >
being carried ont nnder Mr. Scott*s directions. The engiifiogi^
onerate ns from a lengthy description of those arrangements wUditf*
by them oeuiu subfeeta jUkUbiu, They cannot, however* imfioato ^
modi work — work cheerfnUy nndertaken by tbe Chapter at iH •**

I

Restoration of Lichfield Cathedral. 401

coat — ^wat needed before the choir could be brought into a state which
will enable it to receive its new fittings. Many of our readers no
doubt recollect with disgust the heavy organ-loft, the glazing above,
the walled-up arches, the cementitious canopies ; but only those who
had studied the church architecturally could appreciate how far the
mischief had gone. In the course of the deteriorations commenced by
Mr. Wyatt and completed in the time of Dean Wodehouse, the old
work was ruthlessly knocked away, and then made good in cement by
Bemasconi, with of course a bold contempt for the styles of Pointed.
All this has had to be removed, and to be renewed with a liberality
and fidelity above all praise. Accordingly the western bays of the
choir have now come out in their legitimate character of Early First-
Pointed. The rich canopies above the pillars, and the circular cusped
wall- panels in the spandrils, (similar to those in the nave,) are being
restored, both having perished ; and their renovation entails a vast
amount of careful masons* not less than of skilled carvers' work — fervet
opus at this moment with the happiest results.

Public spirit such as that which has been displayed on the part
of the authorities deserves an adequate response on the part of the
public. The appeal which has been made has already met with a
liberal response ; but further support is still requisite for the perfect
completion of the undertaking. We need hardly remind ecclesiologists
that the reredos is intended to display the marbles and alabaster which
the diocese so bountifully produces. The organ has been made a
special donation by Mr. Spode, who has entrusted it to Mr. Houlditch.
Its locale, we are glad to say, has been chosen at the north of the choir
to the west. In the course of the restoration numerous traces of the
original coloration of the roof have been discovered, and several bays
have been experimentally restored by Mr. O. Hudson, reaching west-
ward from the apse. The bosses are gilt, and the ribs are coloured for
a partial distance from the centre with crude bands of red, blue, and
white. The practical result is to show that, whatever may be the fate
of the architecture of the future, the coloration of the future may well
beat its mediaeval archetype. The attempt, we are glad to say, is uni-
versally condemned by the authorities, without the cause of colour
having suffered. There is, we believe, an equal consent in favour of
some coloration being adopted. It is not for us to forestall the opinion
of the experts who we hope may be consulted, but we may be allowed
to observe that, in any scheme of colour, we think that the prevalent
tones of the beautiful early sixteenth century glass which now fills the
apse, and the ruddy hue of the scraped stone, must be taken as the
basis. Accordingly, we much doubt whether any extensive use can be
made of the primitive colours. We are also far from certain whether
the spaces between the ribs ought to be coloured, or whether they
should not be left for their effect to the aforesaid ruddy hue.

The lighting (by gas) of the cathedral is in Mr. Skidmore's hands.
We hear that there is an idea of placing a chandelier in the lantern in
tiie form of a horizontal cross, a blaze of lights at the end of each arm
casting its radiance down each arm of the cross. We shall be curious
to see the effect of the experiment.

▼OL. XX. JT F F

403 fVorki in the City of Cologne.

During the progress of the works the naye has been boarded off at
the laDtem-arcb, a temporary choir fitted up in the eastern bays oat of
the old stalls, and the remainder of the nave filled with open seati.
The effect is excellent. The altar, erected in front of the leredos, of
red cloth, and capped as before with its seven-branched candlestick, is
really impressive. The font, we should have observed, which is the
special gift of Mrs. Howard, is to be executed from Mr. Slater^sde-
sign, and is to be of a square form, corbelled at the angles, with groups
in the four faces, and figures in the square bevila upon a clustered base.

The restoration will be a model one. Eminent as the diocese of
Lichfield is in the Church movement, and connected aa it is throogfa
some of our most active members with our society, we feel a peculiar in-
terest in the work. That which, in a mere architectural point of view,
is a shortcoming in this, as well as in Ely Cathedral, — the dead lerel
of the area, — makes the uncompromising introduction of correct ar-
rangements a more easy undertaking.

WORKS IN THE CITY OF COLOGNE.

{Communicated hy Herr Reicketuperger.)

On the whole, in spite of the political crisis, unhappily not yet ended,
the architectural movement has received no check. This is espedally
the case as regards our city of Cologne. The city museum, which we
owe to the munificence of a single citizen (M. Richars), is now
roofed. It is a building of considerable size, of freestone, and of the
style called English Gothic, somewhat richly ornamented, and with
good general effect. The peculiarity of the so-called English stjle
consists in the roof not being visible,^ so that, I regret to say, the
building wants height, and has the appearance of not being com[^tely
finished. It is consequently a heavy square, surmounted simply by t
Gothic balustrade, and lacking those pretty omament»--chiameytf
dormer windows, &c., which give so picturesque a character to the secnlar
architecture of the Middle Ages. Mr. Edward Steinle of Frankfort,
our greatest Christian painter, will adorn the staircaae with frescoes,
which are to represent in four large pictures the history of art geoe-
rally, with a special reference to its developement at Cologne, up to cor
time. His sketches lead us to expect a work of the highest diaracter.
By the side of this museum is the church of the Minorites, of the
simplest and purest Gothic. As it was ready to fall, the same M.
Richarz devoted the sum of 32,000 crowns to its restoration, which is
already nearly half completed. Another private citizen of Cologse,
M. Franck, who died last year, had given the sum of 8000 ccowoi for
the erection of a new parish church, dedicated to S. Maurice^ which
will shortly be begun after the plans of M. Statz. Aa the ailt ooa*
pelled him to confine the building within the narrowest pqirihlift HaHfK

' We need hardly point out to Englith readers what a tots!
Eogh'sh Pointed tkiis misaomcx >Nfct%3«.— ILn.

New Churchet at Aix-la-Chapelle and BerKn. 403

lie has followed the plan of the admirable church of our Lady (Lieb«
firanen Kirche) at Treves, which presents one of the finest specimens
of Early Gothic (1229 — 1236). Besides this we have also finished,
after the designs of M. Statz, a museum specially devoted to Christian
art, aituate opposite the cathedral. As there were old buildings which
it was necessary to respect, the principal part only bears the stamp of
the Middle Ages.

Aa I have no wuh to enumerate the numerous buildings and resto-
xations which beside these are being carried on in our city and its en-
▼irons, I pass to a work of an altogether different class, — the new
bridge over the Rhine, which was inaugurated on the 5th of October.
Oreat as is the credit which this colossal structure reflects on the skill
and energy of the engineer who has directed it, it is no less distressing
frooi an aesthetic point of view. It is not merely that the straight
lines of this enormous trellised cage have cut in two, and almost crushed,
the magnificent facade of our city, and that it kills the delicate out-
lines of the choir of the cathedral, upon which it looks directly, but
the structure is itself bare and monotonous ; in one word, it is ugly.
I am well aware that it is not the place there to display the richness or
ornamentation of any style whatever, but there is a beauty of archi-
tecture independent of this, developed as it is for example in the mi-
litary architecture of the Middle Ages, at once so simple and so
dignified ; a beauty the secret of which consists in just proportion, the
treatment and distribution of masses, in the boldness of the mouldings,
finally in the main outlines, which make up the physiognomy of the
whole. Without for a moment losing sight of the utilitarian principle,
it is always possible to give proof of genius and good taste. Not a
hint is there of this in our bridge ; it is simply a huge machine, which
does not afford the slightest trace of aesthetic requirements, and con-
sequently produces a really painful contrast to the monumental gran-
dear of our city taken as a whole. Is it then in our days impossible
to reconcile use with beauty, industry with art ? However, it appears
that our artistic bureaucracy is beginning to perceive that it has entered
upon a dangerous path. At least the " Ober-Bau-Deputation,'* a kind
of high court of architecture, which sits at Berlin, has just ordered the
pupils of the academies to practise for the future the drawing of Roman-
csqoe and Gothic forms. In my opinion, however, it is not enough to
know how to draw in the medieval style, as long as pseud o-classicalism
and eclectism continue dominant both in instruction and practice.

A. RsiCHSMSPSROBa.

NEW CHURCHES AT AIX-LA-CHAPELLE AND BERLIN.

Wi are indebted to M. Reichensperger for an engraving taken from
the north-west of the new *« Votive" church of the Immaculate Con-
ceptioD, at Aix-la-Chapelle, by M. StaU, which is at last, after con-
siderable bnreancratic difiicultiea, in the course of erection. The style
11 Oeman Middle-Pointed, and the engraving gives us % vas^ oi ^omx

404 New Churches at Aix-la-Chapelle and Berlin.

and transepts of two bays. What the designs of the choir may be
we cannot say. At the west end the buttresses are boldly massed out.
BO as to give the nave fagade the appearance of being recessed ; but
instead of its being spanned, as at Tewkesbury, with a single arch,
three successive hood-arches (so to call them) project above each otha,
each capped by a gable — that of the west door, that over the great
window, and the prolongation of the roof — all being apparently in the
same plane. We cannot think this a successful composition. The
buttresses are relieved with statues in niches. The west door is
divided into two square-headed portals, by a trumeau and horizontal
lintel, considerably below the springing of the arch, and the solid space
above is filled with sculpture. The recessing is made available for a
series of receded moulded shafts. The gable, the tympanum of which
is filled with a figure, is backed by a gallery with horizontal parapet
The west window, of four lights, is divided by a massive transom, and
has in the head a rose of seven lights trefoiled. The second gable
is also flanked by a horizontal parapet, and is, as well as the third,
filled with a traceried pattern. A square-headed door surmounted
with a two-light window stands at the west end of each aisle. The
aisle windows and those of the clerestory are of two lights, the end
one of the north transept of four. The former are well lifted, the fiU
of the ground eastward being made available for the constroction of a
crypt, while the length of the clerestory windows must, we shookl
think, make this feature efifective. The buttresses stand out boldlr,
but those of the aisles are carried up in an ungainly way to support
flying buttresses, which impinge upon the wall considerably below the
roof-line. A parapet caps the walls, and is in foreign fashion carried
round the transept gable. There is a similar parapet to the aislee.
The crossing is capped by an octagonal turret of stone or brick, (ve
do not know of which material the church is constructed,) supported
at the angles by very ugly, and we should imagine, unprecedented
haunches of a convex outline. Each face of this octagon is pierced
with a long light, and statues are placed at the angles. The whole i>
crowned by a small spire of pierced work, surmounted by a statue of the
Blessed Virgin looking westward. The gables are all surmoanted bj
crops, not crosses, indeed the design does not indicate a single croH
upon the structure. We have little doubt that the building when
completed will, from its elevation and general proportions occupy &
very satisfactory |)osition among modem churches.

The engraving indicates the church as standing in a place of pictD^
esque Gothic buildings, clearly of modern design, with tourelles, and
pointed arcades to the ground floor. We hope that this ia not a mere
decoration of the design.

From No. XI. of the ChristUches Kunsthlatt — the new art-joomal
which we introduced to our readers in our last number — we are able
to give the following particulars of the large Pointed church of 8. Bar-
tholomew, lately built at Berlin, for the Lutheran communion, fron the
designs of the Oherhaurath Stiller. This church, which is built of atOBe,
and is large enough to contain 2,400 churchgoers, with seats for l,450i
is of the advanced German Pointed style, in which however khdc are
jaumerouB importatiouft oi out English Perpendicular by the ads of the

New Ckureke$ at Aix-la-Chapelle and Berlin. 405

id Bindery details of the national variety. In the ground-
is first a broad nave, divided by arcades of six arches from
At the east end there is a very short apsidal (of three ^ides)
fiih the altar standing in advance of the chord. This chan-
i is considerably narrower than the nave, is also of a higher
ig reached by a flight of four steps projecting into the nave.
1 south of the chancel are low chapels with apsidal termi-
lorthward and southward, just projecting beyond the nave
hese chapels, which only communicate by doors with the
"e used for the sacristy and the baptistery ; and both of them,
s the chancel, have vaulted roofs. The nave and its aisles
al height, and are all under separate gabled roofs : the nave
5 westward in a square tower, surmounted by a spire, which
i between two open arches formed by the continuation west-
le aisles to the plane of the west front. These open arches,
i of great height — after the fashion of Peterborough — form
to the aisles and to stairs leading to galleries, which extend
isles, having stone low fronts carved in open panelling. The
of the tower also serves as a vestibule to the nave, to which
not by an arch but by a narrow door. A pulpit — octagonal,
;. with seated figures of Luther. Melancthon, Calvin, Origen,
.ugustine, in niches on its sides, a lofty shafted stem, and
itaircase winding round the pier — stands against the third
Q the north side. The altar — of ample dimensions — stands
>ace. It has a solid centre, and table-like extensions. Behind
olid constructional floriated cross, forming a kind of reredos.
stands a massive crucifix between two large metal candle-
It is vested with a fringed antependium, embroidered with a
^e quote the description of this altar : " In der Altarnische
;h der aus Portland-cement herrgestelte und mit einer Stuck*
Platte bedeckte Altar, auf welchem ein vergoldetes metallenes
lebst Leuchtem steht." The font is octagonal, of poor de-
made of terra-cotta. Colour is used abundantly in the inte-
le columns are octagonal: the nave roof, and those of the
wood. The windows, in couplets, with tracery, indicate the
Ktemally. In the west tower there is an immense traneomed
lighting nothing. The windows in the " altar-niche *' — as it
Appropriately called — have stained glass, depicting the patron
id the evangelists, l^e apostles occupy the nave windows.
ly the side walls are divided into equal bays by tall thin but-
f three stages, with pedimented heads. There are pinnacles at
imers, crosses on the gables, worked parapets along the west-
s' and a richly canopied west door under the before- mentioned
indow. The tower itself is square, ending in an open para-
many.staged buttresses. Above there is an octagonal lan-
badly designed, though very cumbrously connected with the
slow. The lantern sides are gabled, and the whole is sur-
by a crocketed octagonal spire. The design generally is by
■ withoat merit ; but the style is impure, and too much is
to mere effect. The spire is ^15 German feet in height ; the
(Cb of the church about 1 60 feet, and the breadth 70.

406

THE LADIES* EMBROIDERY SOCIETY.

Altar-cloths for the following places have been worked by, or m
connection with, the Society for the advancement of Ecclesiastiol
Embroidery in the course of the year 1859: — Poyntoo, Ghesbire;
S. Olave's, Exeter; Belmont, Durham; S. Gabriel, Pimlko; Fu"
field, Essex ; Blymhill, Staffordshire ; Feltwell, Norfolk ; Baldertofi,
Newark ; S. Mary's, Highgate : Cathedral, Auckland, New Zealiod;
Nelson, Temporary Cathedral Church, New Zealand. Asnstaue htf
been given to Poynton, Balderton ; and Nelson, New Zealand : tbe
entire cloths to Auckland and Belmont.

The following useful and practical paper has been prepared by the
energetic Secretary of this Society.

" Directions for hanging on the Frontals.

" The altar-cloth is in four parts — frontal, two ends, and snper-frootal oi
the top, hanging over about twelve inches. Three brass or iron rods are l^
quired about a quarter of an inch in diameter — one the exact length of tkc
altar-slab/and two the width of it : fasten in three hooks immediately UMkr
the altar-slabi just large enough to rest the rods upon— one in the middle,ioi
one rather near each end. Take a piece of brown holland the length of tkc
rod, double it and make a runner, into which shp the rod and lay it on the
hooks, cutting three lioles in the holland where the hooks come, to ensUe it
to be done easily. U{K)n this boUand, which should be sufiideatly deep fo
tbe purpose, fasten the frontal, first only with pins to be sure that it ii()>ite
straight, and about a quarter of an inch from the ground, and then isckitoa
permanently. The frontal can easily be removed at any time by withdrtwinf
the rod; it should not be unfastened from the holland when once mideto
hang correctly.

*' The ends should be treated in the same way, except that only two boob
are necessary to rest the rod upon, and these should be placed a little /bwer this
the front ones, as the rods are required to come under the front one a little;
merely up to it would not bring the rods sufficiently close to thefrontaL 'Hie
cloth should hang level with the altar behind, but turn round in firontiW
fasten on to the holland behind the frontal, to prevent any opening at tbe
corners.

" The super-frontal by hanging over covers the holland, fee"

THE DEAN OF MANCHESTER ON UNPEWED CHURCHES.

The Church a House of Prayer. A Sermon preached in S. Aibm*i Opt*
Church {temporary building^ Moulton Street, Shrttitgeway$f MmuMUer).
By G. H. BowBRs, D.D., Dean of Manchester. J. H.and J.Fute*
1859.

We desire to call attention to the important convictionsmTOwedbjAs
Dean of Manchester in the prefoce to this sermon, on tlie tabjiet of
tbe seating of town churches. The work which he idvocrtctiiB^

The Dean of Manchester on Unpewed Churches. 407

only highly worthy of encouragement, but it is also very remarkable
as an instance of what Churchmen may do, and are doing, wherever
tbej have the zeal and the courage to rely upon themselves. One of
the schools connected with the temporary church in Moulton Street
was thus raised, we are told :

" When Stnmgeways Hall was being taken down, for the purpose of pre-
pvisg the site for the New Assize Courts about to be erected in Manchester,
KNse young men who attend this church suggested that, if some of the bricks
nd timbers could be bought, they would themselves remove them ; and
mxild, with the assistance of a few of their friends, not unskilful in work of
thiikiDd, erect in their leisure hours, upon a spot of waste ground in Cheet-
vood, a school-house for poor children around it. The offer was accepted,
and the work entered upon immediately ; and now there is a school in that
place which receives two hundred poor children daily, and educates them with
good effect."

The building of the permanent church, however, which was begun
nore than three years ago, is, we are sorry to find, still delayed ; mainly
for want of funds, but very much also, it seems, on account of the op-
position with which the proposal has been met. We pass over the
^ ground of this opposition, which is nothing but the usual preju-
&e which meets active Churchmen on all sides ; merely remarking
^t, after both assisting in and attending the services at the temporary
iorch, the Dean of Manchester finds nothing in them foreign either

0 the spirit or the letter of the law of the Church of England. With
^;ard to the second objection, which seems to be that the church
ronld be an open one, we desire to place on record the Dean's answer

1 his own words :

" At the risk of being tedious, ... I now mention the reasons which have
liefly influenced me in the views I entertain upon this subject, and they are
eae two : —

" 1. Although many churches have been built in Manchester within the
It twenty years, and the districts assigned are now become separate parishes,
t in very few instances can it be said that such churches are entirely filled,
lich may arise from one or other of the following causes : either that the
rvices are unattractive, or that the people are ignorant and indifferent about
ligious offices ; or else that another obstacle exists which has not yet been
iu considered, and which many believe (myself among the number) may be
leed to the charge made for pews and sittings in the parish church, into
lich the people generally believe they have a right to enter without such
yments. And this view is to some extent confirmed by the fact that
peater number of worshippers are seen in churches wherein pew-rents are
It demanded, than in those wherein payment for sittings is the established
Mom.

** 2. It is well known that in churches wherein the pews are let, notwith-
aodiog many free-seats are set apart for the poor, the poor do not assemble
huge numbers, and the better sort of mechanics and working men not at
L but only the higher and the middle classes in society ; and to many of
em the system is unsatisfactory.

" The object of the proposed new church is to meet this difficulty, and to

eertain by experiment what is now resting upon opinion, — whether that part

the popoktion of Manchester who are now regardless about public Divine

■riup, will or will not attend when the whole of the church is open to them.

408 The Fabric Rolls of York Minster.

and the exchisivenest of pews is abolished. My own opinion is that the? will,
and that none of those inconveniences will arise which some persons eonfi«
dently expect ; that there will be in open churches as suitable occupation of
seats, and as respectful attention one towards another, as exists where pewi
are appropriated ; and that no more offensive or disagreeable intrusioni will
be found in exercise amongst the poor in churches than are now seen to pre-
vail in other places. The poor know their position in life just as well u the
rich ; and so far as I have seen, after long acquaintance with them and xerj
frequent intercourse, I will undertake to say that, if anything offensive or im-
proper takes place in open churches, it will not come from them, but fne
others.

" I have for some length of time been considering this subject ; and si I
liave no end to gain but that which is for the good of all, no fiarty connectioBi
to serve, nor ])arty views in Church matters to maintain, I trust that the con-
clusion I have arrived at will be fairly judged. I find no fault with othen for
entertaining different opinions. Each must decide for himself what is beit
and fittest to be done to satisfy his own mind ; but on my own part I nsit
declare that I believe that open churches, with adequate endowments vbcs
they can be obtained, aided by Offertory collections for such expenses ts a-
dowments and other gifts are insufiirient to meet, are the best fitted in tbne
times for the advancement of the Church's objects, and the spiritual edifics-
tiou of the people.**

It is not necessary for us to add a single word in commendttioD of
an opinion so thoroughly coinciding with views which we have adro*
cated for many years past, and, we w^ould hope and believe, not without
success.

THE FABRIC ROLLS OF YORK MINSTER.

Tlie Fabric Rolls of York Minster, with an Appendix of IllMsMfBt
Documents, Durham : printed for the Surteea Society, 1859. I^ob*
don, Whittaker.

Thb Surtees Society has published, under the judicious editorial cue
of its Secretary, the Rev. J. Raine, a volume of unusual Talue and
interest. It contains a series of the Fabric Rolls, or annual statements
of accounts, of the treasurers or custodes ecclesise of York Minster
from about 1360 to the time of the Reformation. This period em-
braces the entire rebuilding of the cathedral, with the exception of the
First- Pointed transepts : and it is not too much to say that we have
here the materials of a perfect history of the fabric with every detail
of its cost. Mr. Raine announces his hope of hereafter compiling the
history of the church from these data, and meanwhile refers his readeii
to Professor Willis' monograph, from which he borrows the adminbie
chronological ground-plans of the structure for the illustration of the
present documents. It is superfluous to call attention to the import*
ance of this publication, not only for the thorough illustntioa of the
famous Minster itself, but for the light it throws upon the dengOi ■•-
terials, ornamentation and cost of mediaeval architecture in ita priaSi

The Fidnie RoUs of York Minster. 409

aiglit be compiled from theae docameoto a complete conspeetue
lubject. It is impossible however for us to undertake this task.
St be satisfied with some few general observations,
am find no trace in these papers of an " architect" in our pre-
ieptation of the word. What we call the design seems to have
Brays provided by the master mason, answering to the foreman,
ban to the derk of the works, of the present day. For it does
ear that he had any authority over the other artizans, such as
I and plumbers. Of freemasonry — such as some writers have
1 of — there is not a sign. The chapter seems to have employed
IT staff of workmen and labourers, increasing or diminishing
Bg to the fluctuating income which they derived from briefo and

Rolls may be said to gain in interest, when the fabric being
&ed, the diapter turned their attention to the furniture, fittings,
orations. Thus in 1472 we find a most curious account of the
the painting of the roof of the great central lantern* We will
bit aa a specimen of the general character of these records.

ttts circa picturam msgni campaniUs. Divertit penonis pro necessariis
nun magoi csmpanilis» viz. pro xzxj. c*** lb. auri malliati» c. ad 6s. 8d. ;
tura ejtisdem, duobot cadis de temine lini (73t. Bd.), xij lib. vertgreu,
lew ynde, ij lib. vermeyoDy vj lib. plumbi rubei, freaed leder ' [i«e.
1 leather], " i^ lib. ocor, fatole " [i.e. fat oU^, '* duobui lapidibus pro
le colorum, j pixide empta pro inttnimentis pictoris custodiendit.
e plome '* [i.e. whitelndl, *' vermj^h, iiij lib. mastieote '* [i.e. gum-
" xzvj dos. vij lb. et di. ^umbi albi cum vectura eonimdem a London
bor. fit in feodo — operantit ibidem per zxvj sept, ij dies et di. capt.
as. cum regardo, 40s.— 231. 48. 6d."

a matter of touching interest that the late Dean of Ely, a near
;ion of the editor of the present volume, read the proofs just so
bis before his lamented decease. His last comment was — " This
srhat we want to do at Ely.*' It is therefore especially appro-
hat the restoration and colouring of the Ely octagon should
sen chosen as his memorial.

icher mine of technical building terms than is to be found in
4iDM has ever been explored. Mr. Raine adds an explanatory
ft supplemental to Du Cange, which however leaves still some
ita. Such are the words aulodium, damplade, putura, and tayse
others. Without an interpreter it would not be easy to under-
wagiap goose- gprease; hagUgagle, '^the recreatio of the vicars
aons of the minster after an obit ;" /tfiu», a mason's apron ; or
ilrMf an inn. Some of the Latinized forms of common English
ore curious ; such as pulles, a pulley ; riddacio^ a riddance. Mr.
Bakes a singular blunder in explahiing the very common word
IS if it meant " for festival days." The slightest acquuntance
aaUam would have taught him that it meant the exact contrary.
entries about music are not very numerous. We find in 1515
ent " Leonardo Mason, cantatori» ex mandato Domini Decani,
pro ij libris de iiij partibus cum Kyrreally " [i.e. Kyrie Eleison]
xz. Q o G

410 The Fabric Rolls of York Mimter.

" et missis 269. 8d. Johanni Gibbons pro lea prikking divtnonuD
ymnonim et Te Deum in diversis libris in choro* Ss. 4d."

In the Appendix also Mr. Raine has given an unique document, the
indenture with one Robert Brekeliog '* pro scripture et luminatioiiecniut-
dam libri/* in 1346. llie psalter with the ktdendar was to cost 5i. 6d.

" Et in eodem ptalterio, de eadem litera, unum Placebo et Dirige em
ympnario et collectario pro 4s. dd. Et idem Robertas luminabit omBCi
psalmos de grossis literis aureis positis in coloribus, et omnet grosiu fitoii
de ympnario et collectario lummabit de auro et vermilione prster gRMw
literas duplicium festorum, qua erunt sicut grossae liters aurcK sant in pal-
terio. Et omnes liters in principiis versunm eruot InminatB de anm cC
vermilione bonis, et omnes literse in inceptione noctumomm enmt gmM
litene unciales (?) continentes v lineas, sed Beatus vir et Dixit Domiaat eoa*
tinebunt vi vel vii lineas ; et pro luminatione predicta dabit 5s. 6d. d id
colores dabit pro auro 18d., et 2s. pro una cloca et furura. Item in uon
robam et unum chalonem, et unum lintbiamen, et unum auriculare (tk)7*

The Appendix quite rivals the text in value. First we have
extracts from the rolls of the Chamberlains of the Minster. TUi
officer had charge of the services and regular servants of the dinrdi.
paying the residentiaries and vicars, the pensions and eaaual expesNi.
and providing the wafers, wax candles, &c., that were required. IV
accounts are most curious, and minute. Thus in 1387, John M
Queldryk, clerk, is fined 2s.. '* quia traxit gladium infra ecclesiim:"
and the large sum of 20d. is paid to William de Gheatre, '* scribenle
unam billam gallice domino regi destinatam." In 1397, Eimu
Semster was paid 3s. 6d. for making seven albs for the choir, the Mid
albs having consumed 58 ells at 6d. an ell. Two years later Robot
Bukebinder receives 10s., " pro ligatura unius magni gradalis pn
choro/' The falling off in interest of the rolls of the chamberlun u
well as those of the guardian of the fabric as the Refonnatioo id*
vanced is very remarkable.

It is impossible to linger so long as we should wish ofer these re*
cords. Passing over a number of catalogues, briefis, and testaoNnti,
we come to an inquisition, " de defectibus fabricae et custodum ejuadett,"
in 1 344. llie result is the discovery of great decay in the stnictBR.
and of much negligence and peculation among the officials. Hies follovi
an ordinance as to what church furniture in parish churcfaea is to be
found by the prebendaries, and what by the vicars and pariahioaen.
The chapter provided all hooka except the missal, and all vMtmenta except
the festivalL The vicar found the pyx, chrismatory, cruets, inceaie-
boat, and bell and lantern. " Item formulae in cancello cam deichk"
The parishioners were responsible for much lesa. " Ad paroefaisMi
pertinet vestimentum festival! cum capa chori, tunica, dalmatica. Iten
missall. Item calix. Item fons baptismalis. Item campanae, et esn-*
panulse manuales, et crux ad mortuos deferenda. Item ferefenua pn
mortuis cum vase pro aqua benedicta, et factun et reparaeio toeioi
navis ecclesiae cum clausura cimiterii.*' This division may periv]*
account for the minimum of legal furniture and omameiita now neog'
uised by the law as obligatory upon the parish to proride.

The inventory of the treasures of the Church of Yorii, given ia Ap-

■
r

Tie FOne RoUt of York Mintter. 41 1 f

]i.t compQed about 1 500, is equal in value to anj document of !l

id yet made public. In particular, the account of the offerings i

ing to the tomb of Archbishop Richard Le Scrope, vho was I

rly canonized* gives quite a vivid picture of the shrine as it s

V

ne follow somie curious extracts from the Archiepiscopal Registers, Ij

tfie dates of consecrations, notices of the suffragan bishops of •;

e, &c. llius, in 1469, there is an indulgence for foupding a *

iCc church " in le batelfielde juxta Salopiam/' now the curacy of i

ield; and in 1486, after Towton fight, an indulgence " ad spe* A

capellam in villa de Toughton par. Saxton de novo k funda- *

sumptUQse et nobiliter erectam, super quodam solo seu fundo li

pora procenun et magnatum ac aliorum hominum multitudine j|

i in quodam bello in campis circumjacentibus inito interfec- «

aepeliuntur/* P

I more interesting is a selection of answers to Visitation articles, !^

cathedral and diooese, ranging from 1362 to after the Refor- *;

I. Here we have complaints of bad psalmody, '* fast *' vicars, t

sn, fighting, or immoral parsons, churches in disrepair, church- i

s absent or in bad condition, dturch-books wanting, services \

d through noa-residence« minor canons standing out for perqui- ;,

f wine, or using clogs and pattens (calapodla lignea) in church, J

x>ys dogs-earing the choir-books, noise and chattering and dogs .

e of divine service, shirking of service by the minster dignitaries ,^

ficialt, irreverence in the vestry, latrinae near the altar, and de-
nts of cemeteries. Again, " Johannes Mason, taylor, tractat
n suam atrociter, verberando et male tractando.'* And. " Dicunt
\licia Wythye, &c., qualibet die Dominica aperuerunt schopas '^

afira clausum." In 1472 we read of some early objectors to the
ypha : " Cum celebrata fuerit historia S. Raphaelis, multi vicarii,
wiores quam juniores, absentarunt se a choro et recusant de ilia
la dicere vel celebrare/* And then we have the very personal
ration, *' Fell, Gillow, et alii vicarii, non attente audiunt Bibliam
la communi, sed per ignem sedentes garmlant tempore lecture
im."

Wyghton we find the distinction recognised between parson and
; " Clerious parochialis non exercet ofiicium suum, ut deberet,
sum vicatius infirmum visitaverit, dericus se absentat, et puerum
ieario mittit." At Bysehop-Wylton there was a witdi : " Alicia
iborgh utitur sortilegiis et incantacionibus contra Catholicam
," At Hannesworth there was a wizard. We observe the words
fiM and Vkaria, for rectory and vicarage-houses. The people of
aid make their return in English : " And alleso yer is a womane
kh demeyd hir marvelously ; for sho hayth takyne ye coveryng
bere and layd it on hir kow ; do os it pies ye.*' The pansh-
of Masham, representing that the parish was five miles in extent,
for the hours of service to be assigned. This was in 1510.
rder was accordingly made that from the Annunciation of the
d Virgin to her Nativity the matins should begin at seven* the
nging at six. The rest of the year the bell was to ring at half-

\

412 Waring^i Arts ctmneeted with Arckiteeiure,

past seren, and matins begin at half^past eight. Vespers were to
begin at three in summer, and two in winter. At Alne, " monetator
laici ne de cetero sedeant infra cancellum."

Did our space permit it. we might make many more extracts of eqml
interest. The volume concludes with lists qf the chantries in the
minster, of the treasures of the church in the time of Bdwaid VI., in-
ventories (sadly diminished) of what remained after the Reformatioa, Ac.
We observe several copes, of gold and white satin, besides qnire-
hangings of different colours, in the years 1616 and 16S3. Theiltir
and choir-hangings remained, but all the copes save one in white MtiD
seem to have disappeared, in 1681 ; and these all mak^ their last sp-
pearance in 1691, — the date of the latest document given.

The contract for a new organ in 1632 with Robert DaUam is an ap*
pendiz of great value ; and, last of all, we have a list of the thing*
which were taken away from the minster during the Great Rebdfioo,
including candlesticks, plates (patens ?), organ-pipes, brass desk md
lectern from the choir, and all tiie monumental brasses* The chapter-
house appears to have had a very narrow escape, having been gtuted
by the Parliament to a native of York to make some stables ! It wh
Lord Fairfax who saved the stained glass during those trouUes. A
more interesting and instructive volume than the present has not eone
before us in our critical capacity for a long time.

WAKING'S ARTS CONNECTED WITH ARCHITECTURE.

The Arts connected with Architecture, illustrated by Examples, n Centrd
Italy, fnm the 13M to the \hth Century. By J. B. Wamxkb.
Lithographed and Published by Vincent Brooks, King Street, Covent
Garden. Ix)ndon : 1858.

Ma. Waring has done excellent service in publishing this most beu-
tiful volume. He remarks most truly that it has been an nnfortamte
mistake in our practice hitherto to dissociate from the regnlar come
of an architect's profession those subsidiary arts which are in TesUty
indissolubly connected with architecture, which cannot flooriih wm
in dependence upon architecture, and without which architeetve ea
never be said to be perfect. And with the hope of encotuaging aaoag
ourselves the study of these attendant arts, such as GlaM MvliB^i
Fresco Painting, Sculpture, and the various kinds of enameUmgi^
has issued a series of charming coloured drawings from some of the
best examples among the treasures of art preserved in the dtaichet of
Arezzo, Lucca, and Florence. Passing over the accompanying kfiter*
press, which is shallow and untrustworthy, we will brielly notice tke
invaluable illust^tive plates, which form the staple of the votane.

Plate I. is a most grandiose sitting figure of S. James, noder a
canopy, from a window in the transept of the Duomo at FkweDee. T^
combination of colours is most rich and harmoQioua ; and the dcap

hiufi Arti connected wiih Architecture. 418

of the figure and the drapery is in the highest degree artistic,
e is no ardiusm or exaggeration here. The whole effect is pro-
d fay hold massing of colours, entire absence of petty frippery, and
il use of bold lead*lines. We commend to our English artists the
: breadth and simplicity of the treatment throughout. There is no
laboured blending of tints here as we see attempted by our mo-
artists. Plate II. contains four bold and effective effigies of Sunts,
from the transept of Florence. These are without any relief by
5 or uncoloured glass. But then it must be remembered that in
, unlike England, the object of stained glass is to exclude the glare
;ht. With us light can scarcely be too abundant. What we re-
; in stained glass is to colour our light, not to diminish it. Plate
introduces us to some masterly figures and busts in medallions
Santa Croce. The force, and yet beauty, of these is most re-
:able. And the superiority of these varied borders and rich diapers
.e miserable canopy-work of English glass is most striking. In
\ IV. we have a fine, but less satisfactory, effigy from the Santa
e choir ; and two astonishingly pure and grand and spirited sub-
(though of Renaissance design) from Brunelleschi's gpreat church
into Spirito. In the next plate, Alessandro Fiorentino's figure of
ftul, from the apse of S. Maria NoveUa (anno 1401)» too much is
i of the architectural niche shown in perspective. But the entembie
iking. S. Mark and S. Matthew from the choir of Lucca, exe-
i by Pftndolfo di Ugolino di Pisa in 143S, occupy Plate VII. : and
follow some specimens, in a less remarkable style, from the
ches of Arezzo. This series deserves very caref^ study ; and
1 may be learnt from it to correct our own practice in this branch
t.

r. Waring devotes his next eight plates to examples of Fresco
dng. First we have a most curious specimen of the complete
shromatizing, by Giunta Pisano, of the Romanesque basilica of
Piero in Ghndo. This, though rather rude, would be invaluable, as
ide in colouring one of our own Norman churches. From Assisi
Waring gives us specimens of the exquisitely delicate patterns by
toy on the vaulting of the lower church ; and from Siena a similar
[men by Taddeo di Bartolo in 1407. It would be superfluous to call
ition to the exquisite drawings that follow from the Capella de*
^noli in Santa Maria Novella of Florence, from the de' Bardi Cha*
it Santa Croce, from the sacristy of San Miniato. and the Town-
and Baptistery of Siena. From these plates may be imagined, in
I faint degree, the pictorial glories of those famous buildings, and
le may leum what at least ought to be the standard at which our
charch-bnilders and decorators should aim. The study of these
idid frescoes convince us more than ever — as has been already re-
ced by our contemporary, the Saturday Remem — that had Mr. Dyce
Bred the whole of the interior of All Saints. Margaret Street, the
t would have been infinitely more successful than it is. It is dear
that eminent artist, from his Italian experience, knew the style of
chromatic ornament which it would be desirable to adopt.
arquetry. or wood-inlaying, is the next branch of art illustrated by

414 Sketch Book of WUars de Hanecowri.

our author. Tkia sit, almost unknown among us, is not the first we
fhould wish to revive. It must be confessed that the best Itslan
marquetry looks in practice dingy and unimpressive. However lome
of the examples given in the volume before us are surprisingly iDgeni-
OU8, and show the extraordinary fecundity and versatility of Italiaa srt
The half- figure of S. Francis, from the stalls of the upper cbordi of
Assisi, (Plate XX.) is marvellously beautiful. Marble inlayisg fonis
the subject of a numerous group of plates. We have pavemenii from
Pistoia, and Florence, and Siena ; foot-paces from Ksa, indsed graie-
stones from Santa Croce, and enamelled tiles of striking beauty froa
the famous Siena Library. Then from the shrine at Orsanmicfaele we
have Orcagna's incomparable enamellings of spiral shafts and msrfale
mouldings. Enamelling on silver is illustrated by the shrine of San Gio-
vanni at Florence and the altar at Pistoia. A picturesque group of a
baptism in the Sienese baptistery (Plate XXXVII.) gives us an cDiemUe
of colour, sculpture, and inlaying altogether. And, finally, there are
some plates of armorial sculpture, and of the sculptured sides of the
fountain built at Siena by Jacopo della Querela.

It is hard to imagine a greater treat for the lover of art thsD an
examination of these treasures. We hope that, in spite of its ooiUi&en,
this volume will be widely known: and we cannot but anticipate a
most healthy influence upon our own art movement from its diligent
study.

THE ENGLISH EDITION OF THE SKETCH-BOOK OF

WILARS DE HONECOURT.

Professor Willis, than whom no one more competent ooold be
found, has translated into English and corrected and enlarged, M.
Darccl's edition of the Sketch-Book of Wilars de Honeooit. ss he ii
bold enough to call him, which we introduced to our readers in ov
February number. It ib superfluous to say that the task has been eis-
cuted with commanding ability, and many of the machines and mecht-
nical puzzles, which were inexplicable to MM. Lassus and DarodLhsM
found a lucid interpreter in the Cambridge editor. Professor WiUit'i
notes and illustrations of the architectural sketches of the Picud sitiit,
will however be the most interesting part of his work to the ecdsBO-
logist. It is extremely instructive to compare with Wilan* mde diaw*
ings the exact modem elevations of the original buildings* and it i>
impossible to avoid making the remark, that it almost seems as if anU-
tectural design had declined in proportion as architectural dian^bu-
manship has improved.

Perhaps the most novel discussion in this English edition, is IMbi-
sor Willis' explanation of the technical terms " of the third poinU"
and " of the fifth point," as applied to Pointed arches. The cKpnt-
sions have descended to us, he says, from the ages whoa pointed ar*
chitecture was praotiMd. with no very clear definition of their

fVailak^s Ilkatrated Old nUameni History. 415

ttig. The temt were oaed, it appears, in French, Italian, and English.
Kona Fhilibert de Lomie'a Namfelies InveHtwns pwr bim basiir, Fem,
1578, Professor Willis gains a clue to the right interpretation. If
jou diTide the span of an arch into two, and strike the arches from the
eztreme points yon obtain an equilateral arch, or an arch " of the se-
cond point/' An arch " of the third point *' is described from centres,.
which will be fomnd by dividing the span into three parts. Again, if
^the span be divided into four points, and the circles struck accordingly,
the ardiea will be of the fourth point ; and, in like manner, an arch of
the fifth point results from dividing the span into five equal spaces.
Professor Willis remarks that he has often had occasion to observe, in
■Mssuxing Boglish arches, that the centre points correspond with a di-
vinoa of the diameter into equal parts. Thus the pier arches of the
nsTc of Jesus College, Cambridge, are of the third point, and the tower
arches of the fourdi point. In S. Michael's, Cambridge, the arches
are of the sixth point. In 8. Edward's, Cambridge, the centres of
the soffits of the pier arches, which are marvellously narrow, '* are
at a distance of exactly half the span beyond the springing points, so
that the span is two-thirds of the radius." *' These methods of de-
lining the proportions of Pointed arches," continues the Professor, " are
manifestly convenient for giving instructions to workmen, or writing
descriptions."

WESTLAKE'S ILLUSTRATED OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY.

Wk have to chronicle the appearance of Parts IV. and V. of this very
interesting series. The first plate, a double one, represents Joseph as
a beardless youth, cast into prison by a man in chain armour, who is
floarishing a club. Below, the chief baker is hanged to a tree, and the
diief bntler offers on his knees a covered cup to Pharaoh. In the next
plate the king, with an air of anxiety, consults his wise men. The
varied attitudes of the latter group are of great interest and originality.
Phite XXXII. shows Joseph receiving a wand of ofiSce from Pharaoh,
and below he is superintending a number of men who empty corn-sacks
into a laige bin. The draperies and postures of these labourers are
admiraMe. The next picture is ludicrously conventional. Joseph
scatters some com on the river, which is carried down to the " chas-
td '* of his father Jacob ; who thereupon despatches his sons, four men
momited on asses, to Egypt. The following plates describe, in seve-
ral scenes, some of them very spiritedly drawn, the lading of the asses,
and the finding of the cup ; and then we have the welcome given by
Joseph to *' sonn pere e sa mere '* — a very pretty group. Next in
•accession come the presentation to Pharaoh, the gift to Jacob of the
"fere de Rameses," and Joseph*s oath to Jacob. One more plate
completes the book of Genesis : and in that we have, first, the bene*
dictioD of Bphraira and Manasses, and, in the lower half, Joseph be-
tween his father and mother, all three on horseback, returning to €a*

416 Oxford Architectural Society.

naan. The legend b, " Coment Joseph ameoe soun pere e aa mere-
en Canaan." It is singular that so great a discrepancy as this from
the true narrative should have been permitted.

Exodus opens with Pharaoh's order to the midwives and the birth
of Moses, who is placed in something like an eel- basket, and put into
the river. Next he is saved by the king's daughter, and then follow-
two legendary scenes. In the first Moses strikes Pharaoh's son and
is condemned to death, but saved by the entreaties of the court. In
the other he gets again sentenced for throwing Pharaoh's crown into
the fire. Then he slays the Egyptian. It is curious how these two
legends mistake the whole bearing of the character of Moses. The fol-
lowing plates describe the parting of the two Israelites, the Flight of
Moses, and the Burning Bush, llie Plagues and the Exodus are re-
presented, with ridiculous inadequacy, in two half plates; and then
there is a highly conventional treatment of the Red Sea passage. The
artist has made the impossible attempt to give in one picture the
breaking of the Two Tables, the making and idolatrous worship of the
Gk>lden Calf, and the consequent penalties. And finally, the giving
of the Law and the view from Pisgah are thrown into one ; and the
present part concludes with Moses giving the Tables to the kneeling
people.

OXFORD ARCHITECTURAL SOCIETY.

At a meeting held in the Society's Rooms, Holywell, on Wednesday,
Nov. 2, at 8 P.M., the President, Mr. J. H. Parker, in the chair.

The following presents were accepted. Two volumes of Domestic Ar-
chitecture, by the President. A Brass from the Rev. R. Barnes.

A paper on the History and Antiquities of S. Michaers Mount,
Cornwall, was then read by the Secretary, Mr. Lowder. After sketch-
ing the general position and character of the Mount, and describing its
natural peculiarities, he proceeded to investigate the history of it from
its foundation. The parent abbey to which it was only a dependent
cell was the larger one of S. Michael, in Normandy, and both establish-
ments partook of the character of a military as well as of a religious
house. Its founder was Robert, Earl of Mortain, of the Diocese of
Avranches, who bore the banner of S. Michael, in the Norman army.
He confirmed to the abbey pf S. Michael, in his native diocese, the
Mount called after the name of the above Saint in Cornwall, with half
a hide of land and market there, and subsequently three acres of land.
William the Conqueror, his half-brother, with other of the royal family,
confirmed the grant, and Wm. Leofnc, Bishop of Exeter, exempted the
cell from Episcopal superintendence. The church was consecrated by
Bishop Warelwast, 1135. Bernard, the eleventh Abbot of S. Michael,
in Normandy, settled at this time with thirteen brethren at the Mount
in Cornwall. One of the number was appointed Prior, but obedience
was required to the parent Abbey. It appears that the Monks here had
established themselves into a corporate body, for in the reign of Henry

Oxford Architectural Society. 41 7

honae wm transferred to the new Monastery of Zioo. We find in
ns of Henry VII. and Vlf I. it was connected with that monastery,
reign of Richard T. the Mount had a garrison, and was called a
num. In 1478, William of Worcester gives the respective
ions of the Old and New Chapel, the old being 60 ft. by 24 ft.,
f 40 ft. by 20 ft. Bishop Lacy, in 1425, encouraged the build -
a causeway between Marazion and the Mount. In 1 309 the
ints of Markasyon obtained Bishop Stapleton's leave to have
on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays in the chapel of S.
I, in the parish of S. Hilary, and arrangements were made for
ommodation of persons to be buried at S. Hilary instead of at
>unt. Sir John Arundel, in 1433, left ISs. 4d. to the beacon
' S. Michael : what remains of this beacon is called S. Michael's

priors were as follows : — Radulphus de Carteret, 1266. Richard
1375. Peter de Cara Villa or Carville, 1316, in whose time a
was made by Bishop Grandison's official, the value of the Priory
MOO per annum ; the parishes of S. Hilary and Moresk belonged
?rior, and the parish of Udno (S. Perranuthnoe) paid him ten
innually. This survey was made 1336, an inventory of chattels

0 made, some of the details of which were very curious. The
ing Priors were Nicolas Isabel, and John Hardy, who was in-
fer favouring the King's enemies, 1349, but was acquitted,
e Volant, 1362, succeeded by Richard Auncell, who was pre-
by Richard II., 1385; his brass seal represents S. Michael
e Dragon. Wm. Lambert was the last Prior, 1412. It was
chaplaincy : one of the chaplains, Wm. Morton, obtained from
VI. assistance in the way of a tax on ships to build a harbour in
haeFs Mount. From a chaplaincy, it became an arch-presbytery,
1 537 the Rev. John Ascott was arch-priest ; the dissolution took

1 1539 ; the lands were leased by the Crown till 1611. James
ted it to Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury ; his brother William,
Salisbury, conveyed it to Francis Basset, of Tehidy, Esq., 1640,
ion, John Basset, sold it to John Aubyn, Esq., of Clowance. In
fohn de Vere, Eari of Oxford, fortified himself against Edward
d in the time of Charles I. it was reduced, after great resistance,
)nel Hammond.

Lowder then briefly noticed the present condition, specially
oing the ancient crosses of which many now remained ; the

Hall, a room of the 1 6th century, with elaborately carved roof
rioua basso relievos of hunting scenes ; the Chapel and the curi-
ngeon in the walls, the entrance to which was underneath the
m the south side, as well as the extremely fine chandelier in
which possesses beautifully worked figures of the Virgin and
■nd S. Michael and the Dragon, and of which he regretted he
fer seen any published drawings. He also mentioned a tradition
«flt which was said to have extended formerly to a great distance
direction of the Scilly Isles, and spoke of the magnificent com*
ig view from the tower of the chapel.

Pnmdokt thanked Mr. Lowder for hii paper, and said that be

. XZ. HBO

418 Oxford Architectural Society.

was able to confirm most of his description from his own penoDal
knowledge of the Mount ; it was an inferior building in most respects
to its parent in Normandy, which he said was one of the most remark-
able buildings he knew.

Mr. J. Parker disputed the tradition of the Forest, and quoted Dio-
donis SiculuB to prove that the condition of the Mount, as being most
of the day an isknd and during a portion of it a promontory, was the
same in his day as now.

Some drawings, sent for inspection by the Committee for buildiog t
new church in S. Giles' Parish, in this city, were laid on the table,
and the President read a report on them, which the Committee bid
previously agreed to.

The following is the substance of the report : —

The Committee of the Oxford Architectural Society, on being re-
quested to offer their opinion on the plans for the proposed new church
in S. Giles' parish, regret that they cannot, as they would aiocerely
wish to do, give their cordial approval to the manner in which this
good work is proposed to be carried out. They object chiefly to the
growing taste which is so exemplified in the present drawings, for the
introduction of a foreign element, to the suppression of the Bagliib,
believing, as they do, that the English styles of the same centuries are
quite as good as the Foreign, and much more consistent. As they be-
lieve that this general objection would be considered by many mere
prejudice to foreign details, they would specially point to the prepon-
derating influence of vertical lines in the coloured bands, which inter-
fere with the peculiar character of the ascending line in medicnl
English buildings. This horizontalism partakes more of Lombardic
than Gothic Architecture. Again, they consider the spire too short
for the very large spire lights which are set against it.

In the interior, the roof is essentially of a French character, the pil-
lars disproportionably short, and the clerestory arranged appsrentlf
with a disregard to the principle of placing masses over masses, and
voids over voids ; the same interruption of the ascending line is risible
on the exterior, from the irregular arrangement of the clerestory win-
dows. They consider that the vestry is ill-placed, as breaking oat b^
yond the cross line of the transepts, and would suggest that it might
well be placed in the east of the organ-chamber.

The above remarks the Committee offer in the most friendly msnoer,
feeling it their duty to state plainly the principles on which tiiey desire
their judgment to rest.

The meeting was adjourned to Wednesday, the 16th of Norember.

A Mbbtino was held on Wednesday evening in the socieCy's rooWf
Holywell, the President in the chair.

Mr. James Parker read a paper on the connection between the study
of architecture and geology. He began by referring to the nd state of
the buildings in the various parts of the country, and especielly in Oilbid,
arising from error in the choice of stones, and showed Ifaat horn etrij^
times it was part of the duty of the master of the woiki not eolj tods-

Oxford Arckitectnral Society. 419

cide upon the stone that was to be nsed, but even to arrange for its
conTeyance to the spot where it was wanted. He instanced Canter-
bury Cathedral as an example in the 12th century, where stone was
sent from Normandy, the district only yielding chalk and flint ; but he
sdso noticed the numerous churches built of those materials in the
neighbourhood. In the fen districts he considered that the fine churches
ivere owing to the facility with which stone was brought down the
livers from the west. He said we were perhaps apt to look too much
upon the choice of stone by the mediaeval architects as a matter of
chance ; but he thought that it might be shown that far more study
uras given to the nature of the stone they used than we generally sup-
pose, and that though, as a general rule, the material nearest the spot,
or most easily accessible, was used, it was not always so, and that they
had rules known to the craft by which they could judge of the value
of the stones they found. He then pointed out how, in the true spirit
of the Gothic style, the plan and design of the building was adapted
to the materials of which it was constructed, and he thought that the
marked diflFerence between the buildings before the Conquest, and
those of subsequent date was not so well described as that between the
work of the carpenter and the work of masons. It would be more to
the purpose to say that the latter work was that of men who knew how
to quarry, and the early work that of men dependent upon the chance
surface-stones ; and in this way he pointed out how many of the fea-
tures of a Saxon design seemed to be the result of the use of these
small slabs of stone. He referred but slightly to the influence which
the stone of Ireland had on the buildings there, as this had been re-
cently treated of in the Gentleman s Magazine and Archaologia. He
then read numerous extracts from rolls of expenses of quarries in the
Middle Ages, especially those of York Minster, which were very per-
fect. He explained several of the entries which threw light upon the
manner of working quarries in those times. He also quoted exten-
sively from the accounts of Merton and Magdalen Colleges, showing
whence the stone was derived for the several parts of the buildings,
and thought that an exact investigation of the various kinds of stones
nsed, and the way in which they have severally withstood the effects
of time, would not only be very interesting, but also profitable. He
tiien went on to show some points of coincidence simply in the study
of these two sciences. He laid great stress upon the principles of
construction which Dr. Buckland pointed out in the ammonite as being
identical with those adopted in Gothic architecture, and explained by
several specimens the argument made use of in the Bridgewater Trea-
tise, in which the Gothic style is more than once referred to, as afford-
ing illustrations of the mechanism of some of the extinct species of
animals. He said that, as in the geological specimens, it had been
shown that the features which might at first be regarded simply as or-
namentnl, and for the purpose of beauty, did in reality contain deep and
trae principles, which rendered them most applicable to the purpose
lor which they were intended ; so in Gothic architecture many of the
Icstores which we are apt to regard only from an architectural point
cf ntw, aoch •• the arch and vault, were in reality the natural results

420 Northampton Architectural Society,

of the true application of nature's first principles to obtain a certai
given result. And it is from Gothic architecture in these her princi
plet, and not only in her forms, approaching so much more nearly
nature than other styles, that he believed arose the charm, which t
the eyes of so many hangs round a true Gothic edifice. Before coo
eluding, he showed the connection in the very grammars of the tw
sciences, comparing the primary, secondary, and tertiary, preceded b
the igneous to the First, Second and Third-Pointed, preceded by th
Norman, on which the others rested, if indeed it could not be said fro
which they were developed. He concluded by saying, " In the ston
of the quarry marked by the impressions of living things, if we will
read faithfully and carefully, we can trace the history of the earth ; s<
in the stone of the building, marked by the chisel, if we will but ca
to open the book rightly, we can read the history of our country. Eng-
lish architecture does not present a series of men's fancies, any more
than the strata of the earth presents, as was thought some years
back, a series of ' Lusus naturae.' And so we should study architec-
ture as an historical truth, not as a mere matter of art. We should
bring to bear upon it the same research and the same labour as is be-
stowed on geology, and adopt the same care in arriving at conclusions.
Nor do I think we should despise the former, simply because its pages
but lay before us the history of scarcely a thousand years, while the lat-
ter science opens to our view millions ! Both histories deserve study,
and both, I think, may advantageously be studied together."

After a few remarks from the President, the meeting was adjourned.

ARCHITECTURAL SOCIETY OF THE ARCHDEACONRY OF

NORTHAMPTON.

Iir consequence of the public autumn meeting of the Architectural
Society of the Archdeaconry of Northampton having been held this
year at Stamford, a meeting of the members was held in the Society's
Rooms, in Gold Street, in Northampton, when the Report for the year
was read. There were present, the Rev. Lord Alwyne Compton (in
the chair). Rev. J. H. Bigge, Rev. Thomas James, Rev. David Morton,
Rev. N. P. Lightfoot, Rev. G. W. Paul, Rev. W. Butlin, and T. R.
Thornton, Esq.

The following Report was read by the Rev. Thomas James, one of
the secretaries : —

'* As our public autumn meeting has already been held at Stamford,
when it would have been inconvenient to read our annual report, I
have reserved it for this committee meeting, purposing to make it as
brief and business-like as possible, and dispensing with those flowers of
speech which, in our usual routine, you are guod enough to allow me
to interweave with it. Yet I have a great deal to say in a few words.
The past year has shown no slackening in our work, and the cones-

Ncrthampion Architectural Society. 421

pondence which has fallen on your secretary greatly exceeds that of
waxy former year.

'* Since our last report, Oakham and Finedon churches have been
opened, though they yet await some further internal decoration, which
is being gradually introduced. Plans have been laid before us and ap-
proved, for Hazlebeech and Loddington churches, the former by Mr.
Plater ; the second by Mr. Christian, jun. Both these churches have
also been opened for divine service. At Loddington, there has been a
most careful preservation of the old woodwork, both in seats and
screens, a parclose between the chancel and south chancel aisle being
xetained, and the base of the old wood screen under the chancel arch
atill marking the division between nave and chancel. Within, are two
stalls and prayer desks for the clergy, the remainder of the chancel
being properly reserved for the choir. This occupation of the chancel
for the only use for which it was intended or is fit, is now becoming
the rule, instead of the exception, in the restored churches of this arch-
deaconry ; nor do I conceive that any rearrangement of a church will
be found really and finally satisfactory where this reasonable plan is
not carried out. The plans for Naseby church, still in the hands of
Mr. Slater, were approved by your committee, though much additional
work has since been imposed upon the parish, by the unsafe condition
in which the tower was found. It was deemed necessary to take the
whole of it down, but it will be rebuilt, stone for stone, though whether
the spire will be completed, or left in its former truncated condition,
is yet an open question. It would be ungracious to mention the works
at Naseby church without acknowledging the zeal with which Captain
Ashby has devoted himself to the uncoveted duty of collecting sub-
scriptions for carrying them out. As a layman, he deserves double
thanks for having undertaken the office of almoner in this behalf. Mr.
Slater's plans for the Easton Maudit church, to be executed mainly at
the charge of the Marquis of Northampton, have embodied all the sug-
gestions of this committee, and the restoration, or, rather, conservative
repair, will prove, it is hoped, an example to this neighbourhood. The
monuments which defaced and blocked up the chancel have been care-
fully removed into a side chapel, and the chancel dedicated to its right-
ful use. The proposed low screen and properly arranged stalls and
desks will render it fit for the reception of the clergy and choir. The
main feature, however, of this church hereafter, already interesting
from its connection with Bishop Percy, will be the new pavement, in
- which Lord Alwyne Compton will have free scope for the display of
his uncommon knowledge in this branch of ecclesiastical art. Though
it is on a different system from that at Theddiugworth, there can be
little doubt but that it will prove equally successful. The design for
the new church of S. Mary's, Peterborough, by £. Christian, Esq.,
was laid before this cpmmittee, and they report that, with many com-
mendable features, they could not recommend it as suited for a town
church. They trust, however, that they have secured the width of
seats for which they contended. A new south aisle has been added to
the church of Tiffield, at the expense of Lord Southampton, aided by a
small grant from the reformatory committee of the educational society

422 Northampton Architectural Society,

of the county. The design is by Mr. E. F. Law ; the olject, to pro-
vide seats for the officers and boys of the reformatory school ; and die
architect has, simply but efiectively, carried out a wish long enter-
tained by the reformatory committee, of giving their institutioa the
advantage of convenient church accommodation, but which, without
the spontaneous liberality of one of their members, they coald not have
hoped to achieve. Improved plans for Gilmorton church, by Mr. W.
Smith, have been laid before the committee. Mr. Smith purposes yet
further alterations, and there is every hope that, before another year,
we may have to report on their execution. The plans for the chapel
of the lunatic asylum were referred to your secretary, and by him ex-
hibited to the committee, who greatly aided him in the suggesdona
embodied in his report to the asylum chapel committee. This matter
is one of great delicacy and care, but it is also one of such paramoant
importance, that there can be no doubt that the only obstacle which at
present hinders the commencement of the work — ^lack of money — caa-
not much longer stand in the way of so necessary and excellent a work.

'* Plans for the chancel of Aldwinckle S. Peter's, by Mr. Slater,
and for the restoration of Bradden church, by Mr. White, also ob-
tained the approbation of the committee.

" Higham church yet remains incomplete, though if the sum now in
hand were devoted to the restoration of the existing woodwork, to the
pavement of the whole church, except the alleys, carried out with
wooden blocks, chairs or moveable benches might be introduced, even
if only temporarily, and the church recovered at once to its sacred uses.
The grand effect of the interior, as it is at present, unencumbered with
fittings of any kind, must be seen to be appreciated. Some fine sepul-
chral crosses have been discovered and carefully preserved.

" A committee has been appointed to visit Kingsthorpe church, at
the request of the rector ; and a new local committee has been formed
to carry out, in conjunction with the old committee, the greatly-needed
enlargement and long-expected restoration of S. Sepulchre's, in thia
town.

*• The design for Freeman's school, at Wellingborough, by Mr. War-
ren, was approved by the committee, and is now complete.

" Of smaller works referred to us are the designs for a new east
window, of painted glass, for Market Harborough, by Mr. Hardmao ;
for an alabaster pulpit, by Mr. Slater, given as a thank-ofiering to the
same church ; for the reglazing of All Saints, Northampton, by Mr. B.
F. Law ; for a sun-dial for Wicken churchyard ; for tiles for the altar
steps, Theddingworth ; for the organ for S. Peter's ; a memorial screen
in S. Giles' ; and a memorial window at Upton ; besides serend draw-
ings for memorial crosses, and smaller details.

" The first plan, for a new chapel at Catesby, was disapproved, and
new designs are being now prepared by Mr. W. Gillett, who also ei-
hibits to-day a drawing for the new bell turret for Mowaley chordi,
the original one having been destroyed.

** The plans for the new Training College of Pteterboroogh have been
revised by Mr. Scott, and have been recommended for auioptioB by the
joint committee of the Educational and Architectund Sodeties.

Northampton Architectural Society, 423

" Of our meeting aad excursion at Stamford, the newspapers of the
week gave such ample details that it is not necessary to speak of it,
beyond recording its entire pleasantness and success, and to repeat our
thanks, given at a special meeting of our committee, to the £arl of
Westmoreland, for the great courtesy and hospitality with which he
received the members of the society on that occasion.

*' A more limited party was formed to visit Catesby Abbey, on the
invitation of the proprietor, Mr. Atten borough, previous to the con-
templated destruction of the building. Notwithstanding the extreme
wetness of the day, a most agreeable party was assembled, who sur-
veyed the relics of the abbey, under the able guidance of Mr. Bloxam.
A paper on its history was read on the spot by one of your secretaries,
and there is every reason to hope that the recommendations given re-
specting the preservation of the old fabric, and the rebuilding of the
new chapel, will not be unheeded by the present owner. Photographs
of the most interesting portions of the present building have been taken
by Mr. Jennings, at the expense of the society, and copies may be pur-
chased by members at a reduced rate.

" At Loughborough, where the society was invited to meet the
Leicestershire Architectural Society, a very interesting assemblage and
reunion took place, and within a fortnight from the day of meeting
£5,000 was promised to carry out the restoration of the fine parish
church.

" A memorial and petition in favour of the Gothic style for the new
public offices was signed by upwards of a hundred members of the so-
ciety ; and a subsequent meeting of the committee has authorized the
secretaries to take such further steps as they may deem necessary to
promote the adoption of our national architecture for our national
buildings.

" llie society have subscribed to the London society for the improve-
ment of labourers' cottages, and have also appointed a sub -committee
to carry out the like object in our own counties.

" Three most liberal offers have been made, through your committee,
of valuable collections, in case a county museum can be established in
this town. The matter is too large and important to be worthily
treated of in the limited space I have allotted myself in this report, but
it will demand the active attention of your committee, and is recom-
mended to your discussion to-day.

" The funds of the society have admitted of unusual important pur-
chases for the library. Among the most notable additions are the third
series of Parker's Domestic Architecture, the beautifully illustrated
works of Viollet le Due, and the curious fac-simile, edited by Professor
Willis, of the Sketch-Book of Wilars de Honecort, on French architec-
ture of the thirteenth century.

" Some important resolutions have been passed relating to the esta-
blishment of snb-committees for special departments of the society's
voric. The members of the several committees have not yet been
appointed, but it is proposed to invite by circular the members of the
society gcoeraUy to join that committee in which their knowledge and
interest in the rabject would make them most useful. The following

424 Leicestershire Architectural Society.

have been proposed : — 1. Church Music. 2. Bells and Belfries. 3.
Parochial History and General Antiquities. 4. Warming and Lighting.
5. Labourers* Cottages. 6. Pavements and Tiles.

" The following resolutions were passed :

" 1. That each sub-committee consist of not more than five, of
whom one to be secretary.

•• 2. The communications to the general secretaries for advice on any
of the special subjects be referred to the secretary of the sub- committee
to which the subject is assigned, who, after communication, by letter
or otherwise, with the members thereof, shall transmit their opiDJon
for the consideration of the next general committee meeting, except in
such cases as may require an immediate answer.

"3. That the several sub-committees be requested to transmit to
the general secretaries a list of such books on this special subject as
they would recommend to be added to the society's library, and that
the general committee order these from time to time as their fundi
will allow.

" With reference to the preservation of records of buildings aboatto
be destroyed or altered, the following resolution has been passed :—

'* *■ That in case of the contemplated destruction or restoration of
any church or other ancient building in the archdeaconry, it is desira-
ble that accurate views of it, by photographs or otherwise, be taken in
its present condition ; and that the secretaries be requested, and are
hereby empowered, to procure, at the expense of the society, such gene-
ral views and details as they may deem advisable.'

" The colouring of the choir roof of the cathedral is now complete,
and is, with justice, generally admired. The tentative meeting of
parish choirs at Peterborough proved most successful, and the Dean
and Chapter purpose to repeat the meeting next year, with gready
improved preparations and opportunities. Already kindred scicietiei
are inviting us for the coming year, and a large congress of the archi-
tectural societies of the kingdom is projected at Rugby, in the autumn
of 1860.

*' With this bare, but not barren, statement of facts, I may condnde
by congratulating the society on their progress during the present year,
and their promising prospects for the year to come."

LEICESTERSHIRE ARCHITECTURAL AND ARCHiEOLO-

GICAL SOCIETY.

A Mbbtinq of this Society was held at the Town Hall, on the Slsto^
October, the Rev. R. Burnaby in the chair.

Mr. Goddard exhibited a photograph of a sculptured memorial by
Phyffers to the deceased students of 8. Augustine's college. Ctoterboryt
which is shortly to be placed in the crypt underneath the chapd. I^
represents the preaching of S. Augustine on his fint Unding in E^if'
land, A.D. 696.

Leicestershire Architectural Society. 425

Mr. Wing exhibited a photograph of the three remaining steps of a
urchTard cross at Stockton, Salop, to the lowest of which on the
rth side a projecting stone is attached. It was conjectured that this
ight have served as a footing for a preacher, or as a place for penitents
id others to leave alms or money upon.

Mr. Neale read the following paper : — *' The medallions exhibited
lis morning are of the celebrated old Wedge wood pottery, blue and
hite. On their obverse sides are the likenesses probably of Voltaire
nd Franklin, and on the reverse the stamped name of Wedge wood.
Iu8 last £ftct is interesting to notice as he was the first who marked
lU goods with his name, borrowing the idea from the ancient Romans,
t would be out of place here to enter into a description of the manu-
actore itself to any lengthened extent, as the subject is familiar to all ;
)Qt the name of Josiah Wedgewood is too interesting, and his works
M important to be passed by unnoticed. He was born in Stafford-
shire m 1730, and died at his mansion, Etruria Hall, in 1795. Until
^is time the French stood unrivalled in the manufacture of pottery, and
^t in all the branches of ceramic art. With a considerable know-
ledge of chemistry he made great improvements in the various wares.
His celebrated production was the Queen's ware, called so because
Queen Charlotte admired its beauty and honoured it with her favour,
rhe far-famed Etruscan vases collected at Naples by Sir William
Hamilton were successfully imitated by him. The encaustic colours
^^ his own invention, and the lost art was once mure resuscitated,
^e town of Etruria, and the name of his seat, we may suppose, took
^cir origin from tins circumstance. We must not omit to name that
Wedgewood produced the beautiful imitation of the Barberini or Port-
end vase, broken some years since purposely in the British Museum.
Many copies of this were sold for fifty guineas each. In conclusion,
^e merely add, that his works are now much sought after, and fetch
^ high prices at public sales on account of their beauty and rarity."
Mr. Gresley exhibited a photograph, by the Rev. T. G. Peake, of an
^leg&Dt silver chalice, still in use at the church of Blaston S. Giles,
^e base which is flat is sexagon, with a foliated ornament projecting
^m each angle. The stem is square, with an enriched knop near the
^ of it. The cup is shallow and wide. The oldest representations
^chalices upon monumental brasses of ecclesiastics are hemispherical,
^^terwards they were made wider, like the present example, and subse-
l^tly, in the sixteenth century, assumed an elongated form. Also, a
Photograph of a very beautiful ivory tablet, of the fourteenth century,
'^ the private chapel of Neville Holt. It is divided into compartments
y tlender shafts, supporting trefoiled canopies or arcades, with pedi-
^ats above, enriched with crockets. The first compartment has our
^KD tied to a pillar and scourged ; in the second He is canying His
"^^ss, amid the taunts of the rabble, and followed by the holy women ;
I the third, la the Annunciation ; in the fourth, the Nativity.
Mr. Thompfloa read a paper upon the remains of the castle of Kirby
Qxloe.

rou XX. Ill

426

NEW CHURCHES.

Montreal Cathedral, — We hear most satisfactory reports of tbe pro-
gress of this cathedral, which is nearly completed. Messrs. Claytoo
and Bell's glass in the east, and the south transept, windows is f^ed,
and is greatly admired. The former contains our Blessed Lord and
the Evangelists ; the latter the Raising of Lazarus, and the Angels an-
nouncing the Resurrection to the Maries. That for the north tran-
sept will follow in the spring. Several painted windows, including
the choir clerestory, are executed by Mr. Spence, who has likewise
coloured the choir roof. The capitals of the nave arcade are carved in
imitation of Canadian foliage, and English foliage is introduced into
the choir stalls. The triple sedilia, which we understand stand in
the north wall of the sanctuary, are described as very rich. The north
transept is appropriated as the baptistery, and is carved by Mr. Williams
of Manchester. The organ is from Mr. HilPs manufactory.

All Saints, Garden'Street, Westminster. — In our number for June.
1859, we described at length Mr. Street's design for the new church
he is building in the parish of S. John the Evangelist, Westminster.
We are now able to offer our readers a perspective view of this re-
markable building, taken from the north-east. To our former notice
we may add the fact that, in order to suit the site, the sacristy is
moved from the north to the south side. The chamber in the tower.
over the porch, and under the ringing floor, is intended to be used as s
library. The walls are to be of red brick, externally and internally;
and the walls inside will be lined for about four feet from the floor with
a kind of dado of encaustic tiles. The shafts wiU be of granite, or
polished marble. Between 600 and 700 worshippers will be seated,
in chairs, exclusively of the ample accommodation for a choir in the
chancel. The contract has been taken by Mr. Myers for £5,634, in-
cluding the steeple. The strike in the building trade has delayed the
works considerably, but they are now resumed with vigour.

Messrs. Clayton and Bell have in hand the stained glass for the aprt
windows. The iconological scheme for the windows is as follows.

The flrst chancel-window will have the following paraUelixed
scenes : —

1. The Announcement of Samson's Birth to the Wife of Msnoah.
and the Annunciation of the Blessed Virg^ Mary.

2. The Burning Bush, and the Nativity.

3. The Queen of Sheba bringing presents to Solomon* and tbe Ado-
ration of the Wise Men.

The second, or central, window of the apse : —

1. The Murder of Abel, and the Betrayal.

2. The Brazen Serpent, and the Crucifixion.

3. The Lamentation of Naomi and her Daughters, and tbe Luseo-
tation of S. Mary Magdalene and the other holy women.

Church Restorations. 427

The third, or soathem, apse window ; —

1 . Joseph cast into the pit, and our Lord heing laid in His grave.

2. Jonah coming forth from the Whale, and the Resurrection.

3. Reuben going to the pit to seek Joseph, and the Visit of the
rhree Maries to the Sepulchre.

The eighteen lights of the clerestory windows will be filled with
'emale saints — a most appropriate arrangement in a church founded by
I family of sisters. The following have been selected : — S. Mary,
S. Anne, S. Lucy, S. Prisca, S. Mary Magdalene, S. Helena, S. Ag-
gies, S. Faith, S. Frideswide, S. Agatha, S. Etheldreda, 8. Ghrace, 8.
Perpetua, S. Cecilia, S. Edith, S. Margaret, S. Catherine, S. Martha.

The nave aisles have twenty lights, which will be filled with the
Four Evangelists, Four Epistolers — S. Jude, S. Peter, S. Paul, S.
•'ames ; and the Twelve greater Prophets, holding scrolls of their evan-
gelical ])rophecies.

The great west window is to have the Last Judgment ; and the win-
dows of the chancel- aisles scenes from the Miracles of our Lord.

CHURCH RESTORATIONS.

S. Paul's Cathedral, London. — We think that the gilding which has
been introduced into the lantern of S. PauVs is very successful, and
will we hope be followed by further decoration. The organ has been
taken down from the screen by Mr. Hill, for repair and enlargement,
and we hear with pleasure that the cathedral authorities are reported
as unfavourable to its re-erection in the same place. An excellent
place can be found under one of the arches on the north side of the
choir. We trust that an open screen will be substituted for the pre-
sent one of marble or metal ; in which case the altar will be visible from
all parts of the church, and the choir may be made available for the so-
called " special," no less than for the ordinary, services. The choir
ought to be enlarged westward, and the monuments of Nelson and
Comwallis re- erected in more fitting positions. In this case a second
organ, in one of the transepts, or at the west end, might be desirable
to guide and sustain the folk- chant. Without abating one jot of our
predilections for Pointed, we are now most anxious to see the refitting
and decoration of S. Paul's carried out in the most correct and most
lumptuous manner. The altar, we need not say, cries out for in-
creased dignity and enrichment.

S, Peter's, Derby, — We have already noticed the restoration of the
chancel of this church by Mr. Place. The nave and aisles have now
been most successfully taken in hand by Mr. Street. We especially
like in the later work the conservative way in which all the old features
bave been retained — even to the mutilated Romanesque capital at the
response of the northern arcade — a solitary relic of the earliest church.
Vbt piers, of early Pointed character, have been renewed, and most of

428 Church Restorations.

the windows. It remains to open and replace the east window of the
north aisle. The interior walls have been denuded of plaister, and
their very rough masonry has been pointed. We hope that some dajr
these may be properly frescoed : at present the only colour is given
by some rather coarse legends following the curves of the arches on
each side. The floor is paved simply with coloured tiles, and the
seats are all moveable and of convenient design. The level of the nave
is considerably below that of the adjacent churchyard ; and the whole
effect of the somewhat rude interior is curiously unlike that of a town-
church. It is much to be regretted that steps were not taken to warm
the church when the works were in progress. The old stoves ba^
been removed, and nothing better substituted. The organ stands be-
hind a screen in the western tower ; with a ringing-gallery above.
The pulpit — of stone and marble — rather deficient (we thought) in
richness and ornament, stands at the north-east angle of the nave.
The Litany-desk is but temporary ; and the screen is as yet merely
represented by the old altar-rails. The chancel, with its somewhat
stately fittings and its considerable area, is very satisfactory, in spite
of the hideous stained glass in the east window. The altar and rereios
seem however to demand a new treatment. We should like to see a
reredos of alabaster and marbles in the place of the present rather
crude colouring ; and greater height given to it, even at the risk of
obscuring the sill of the east window. And the coarse brackets that
sustain the candlesticks should be diminished in size and converted
into a constructional super-altar. These improvements, and the gra-
dual substitution of stained glass for the yellow- painted quarries that
now fill all the windows except the east one, will in course of time, we
hope, be carried out. A very fine old carved chest is preserved in this
church, which, standing on the north side of the sanctuary, serves as a
credence. An aumbry has lately been discovered on the north side.
We observed in the ritual arrangements of this chancel kneeling desks,
facing east, with embroidered hangings, for the use of the Gospeller
and Epistler.

S. Mary, Stone next Dartford, Kent, — This splendid and well-known
church is about to be thoroughly restored by Mr. Street. It is hoped
that funds will be procured for replacing the groined roof of the chancel
A fine three-light window, with cusped circles in the head, and marble
shafts to the menials and jambs, has been brought to light in the
north wall, and will form the t3rpe of the new windows, which most
replace the present very poor Third-Pointed windows. The old open
roof in the nave is already revealed by the removal of a ceiling ; and
a western gallery has been removed entirely.

429

NOTICES AND ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

To the Editor of the Ecclesiologist.

Hammersmith, Oct. 18, 1859.

Sir, — I observe that io your number for October, you notice the
new church of S. John the Evangelist in this parish. As a subscriber
to the Ecclesiologist from its commencement, I venture to ask you to
do me the favour to correct certain inaccuracies in details into which
your correspondent has fallen.

1st. The nave and aisles are of five bays, the smaller one being at
the west instead of at the east as stated. This bay is not benched, be-
ing left open for the use of chairs as required.

2nd. The western narthex has one external and two internal doors.
The approach to the south door is intended to be through the base-
ment of a tower and spire, which are included in the original design,
but the erection of which is delayed for want of funds. This, when
completed, will form a south porch.

3rd. The windows of the clerestory are not all couplets : those
towards the west are single only.

4th. When your correspondent saw the church the reredos was
not completed. It was not finished in time for the consecration ; and
in order to give some idea of the effect intended, paint was temporarily
used. No paint whatever now remains. The whole is inlaid with
coloured marbles, tiles, and mastic. The effect is, of course, a matter
of taste. For my own part I think the result quite successful ; and I
conceive that if your correspondent were now to see it he would be
better satisfied. The intention is to finish the north and south walls
of the sanctuary in the same manner, which will still heighten the
general effect. I should add that the portion finished is a private gift.

dth. The position of the bell is certainly open to all your corre-
8|X)ndent'8 objections, lliat position is, however, only temporary.
The bell awaits the erection of the tower and spire.

I have the honour to be, sir.

Your most obedient servant,

John Maclban,
Hon. Sec. to the Building Committee.

To the Editor of the Ecclesiologist.

Cologne, Nov. 4, 1859.
Sir, — Permit me to correct an error contained in the article en-
titled, " A French Report on Art," in the 134th number of your Jour-
nal. The anonymous criticism of the report of M. Didron on certain
objects of art in Germany, which is attributed to me, comes neither
directly nor indirectly from my hand. Much as 1 regret the inaccu-
naen, which undeniably have crept into the *« Annales Arch^logiques/*

430 Notices and Answers to Correspondents.

yet out of regard for the high merits of M. Didron, and for the friendly
relations between us of which I am justly proud, 1 should not have
criticised them publicly.

With profound respect,

A. Kbichsnspsroik.

CHESTER CATHEDRAL.

To the Editor of the Ecclesiologist.

Sib, — Are you aware that there yet remains one English cathedral,
that of Chester, at which the incongruous practice of reading the prajen
(instead of reciting them on a musical note) prevails ? The choir itielf
is an efficient one, and with the above exception, the choral service is
conducted with great decorum. On Sunday morning (the 6th after
Trinity) there was no celebration, and Matins concluded with the
Benediction from the pulpit. The want of intoning on the part of the
officiant was more than ever apparent in the Litany. Although the
choir was crowded, I regret to say that not a tithe of the wor8hq)pers
knelt during any part of the service. This is even the more inexcus-
able, since the chapter has provided hassocks in great numbers.

There is one other point I think should be known. I inquired if
there was any altar-stone lud down on the floor in any part? and 1
was told that about five years ago there had been some alteratioitf
made in the Ladye-chapel, and some part of the paving had to be taken
up : one of the stones thus taken up was broken by one of the masons,
and used in the alterations : — that had been the old altar-stone.

I remain, &c.

T. C. C. W. D. S.

As members of the architectural confraternity, we most record vitb
unfeigned sorrow the death of the Earl de Grey, president of the
Royal Institute of British Architects, and of the Architectural Mu-
seum, a man universally respected and beloved. Eodesiology owes t
special debt of gratitude to him for the excavations which he carried
out at Fountains Abbey, which happily came into his hands at Mrs.
Lawrance*s death.

The magnificent church of All Souls', Halifax, built at the sole coit
of Mr. Akroyd, late M.P. for Huddersfield, from the designs of Mr.
Scott, has been consecrated since our last publication. We have al-
ready noticed this building from the drawings, and we hope hereafter
to pay it a personal visit. We must also chronicle the consecration of
Exeter College Chapel, by the same architect. We noticed the boiki-
ing when in progress, and we trust soon to describe it in its con*
pleteness.

We are glad to see that a movement is at last on foot to lecore tbe
crumbling remains of Croyland Abbey. Mr. Scott has been oaUed A
and reports that there is still hope of saving them.

Notices and Answers to Correspondents. 481

Our readers will share the satisfaction with which we announce that
Ax. Surges has been called in to restore that noble architectural frag-
aent, Waltham Abbey church.

A rumour has reached us, with apparently some foundation, that
he grand old Romanesque abbey church of Lindisfame, is to be roofed
D and restored, and as the island belongs, we believe, to the Crown,
t is assumed that the Govemment undertakes the work. We should
)e glad to learn more particulars : none but a master- hand should be
Jlowed to touch such a building. The most curious feature in the
»8e is, that, adjacent to the abbey, is the old parish church sufficient
apparently for the actual population, which has been made available for
ise.

We understand that the restoration, by Mr. Slater, of the east end of
[imerick cathedral, in honour of Mr. Stafford, is completed, including
Messrs. Clayton and Bell*s glass. The chapter, we are glad to believe,
ire stirred up to continue the works.

An Introduction to Early Christian Symbolism, by William Palmer,
il. A., (Longmans : 1859,) does not answer to its title. It is rather
I description of some fourteen " compositions," arranged by Mr. Pal-
aer, from drawings or sculptures from the Roman catacombs, or an-
ient Christian sarcophagi — so disposed and selected, and interpreted,
s to illustrate some doctrinal truth. This of course wholly destroys
he artistic or antiquarian value of the work, and reduces it to a mere
ontroversial effort. We can scarcely think under these circumstances
lat the author is likely to obtain, or ought to obtain, enough sub-
bribers at five guineas apiece, to enable him to undertake the chromo-
thographic publication of his " compositions.*'

Mr. Taylor's Etruria and Rome, (Longmans : 1859,) is the substance
f a lecture delivered before the Royal Institute of British Architects,
t embodies the fruits of a recent visit to Italy ; and while it serves as

kind of supplement to the author's " Antiquities of Rome " — a work
ublished by him in conjunction with the late Mr. Cresy some forty
'ears ago— also announces the speedy publication of a new and en-
urged edition. The thin volume before us is illustrated by some
lews and plans of Roman buildings and sites, and some drawings of
Stniscan masonry. On the subject of the Christian Antiquities of
lome it does not treat.

We have pleasure in admitting the following prospectus : — " The
Monumental Brasses of Leicestershire: with Illustrations. A paper
lead at the general meeting of the Leicestershire Architectural and
Ibdueological Society, July 27th, 1859, by the Rev. John M. Gresley,
[>ver Seile, Ashby-de-la-Zouch. The names of subscribers for this
;mblication are requested by the writer, as a limited number of copies
will be printed for sale. Price 7s."

The Translations of the Primitive Liturgies, by the Rev. J. M. Neale,
[Hayes,) would have daimed a fuller notice at our hands, had we re-

4A2 Notices and Answers to Correspondents.

oeived the book earlier. We can only, on the present occasion, coi
gratulate all ritualists upon the publication of this important work, ao
express our earnest hope that it will meet with a wide sale and eame
study.

We call attention to a forthcoming work, which, if we may jadg
from the antecedents of the authors, is sure to be well done and to I
very useful. Messrs. F. T. Dollman and J. R. Jobbins, commence o
this day the publication of an Analysis of Ancient Domestic Archita
ture, exhibiting the best examples in Chreat Britain, (Masters.) Th
work is to be completed in forty parts. Mayfield, Penshurst, Htddo
Hall, Linlithgow, Dunfermline, and Stirling, will be copiously illustrate
in the course of the work. Two specimen plates which we have seen
containing a timber house at Chiddingstone, and the details of th
windows of the hall at Oakham leave nothing to be desired.

The Twentieth Annual Report of the Ecclesiological Society ia.QO^
published, and has been circulated among the members.

The second annual meeting of the society for the restoration (
churches to the people has been held in Manchester, under the pres
dency of the Hon. Colin Lindsay. It was stated that the experimei
of opening the temporary church of S. Alban's, Strangeways, entire
free, was most satisfactory, and hopes were expressed that some oth
churches in Manchester would throw themselves upon the offertory I
support.

•

We give in this number the drawing of the mural paintings di
covered in Hard wick church, near Cambridge, which ought to ha*
accompanied the descriptive paper in our last issue.

A gentleman who was present at there-opening of Meophamchurc
in Kent, the other day, informs us that the Archbishop of Canterbiu
on that occasion, in a speech after the luncheon, remarked, that t(
years ago it was a bold thing to exchange pews for open seats; bi
that now it would be difficult to find an architect who would ventoi
to put a door on a seat. This is a fact worth recording.

Mr. Jackson*s Letter, and No. II. of the " Ecclesiastical Vestmeoti
&c., of King*s College, Cambridge," are unavoidably postponed.

Received : C— W. B.— W. H.— J. S.

INDEX.

Polychrome, 9.

hapielle and Berlin, new

» at, 403.

S. Lawrence, 326*

I*, Margaret Street, 185.

s', Margaret Street, Organ at,

rallican Liturgies, 41.
iskapelle in Hamburg, 341.
ire at the Royal Academy and
ctoral Exhibition, 191.
oral Exhibition, 114, 191.
iral Notes in France, 18, 91,
12.
e Choir Meeting, 257.

ompetition, 41.

ind Aiz-la-Chapelle, new

s at, 403.

bey, 217.

ithedral, 330.

[Mr.) on ChalgroTC Church,

Ifr.) on Salisbury Chapter-
109, 147.

fr.) new church, 258.

B, Organ-building at, in 1606,

of Peterhouse Music, 163,

CathedraU, 274.
• Cathedral and Dean Chan-
9.

iting at Southwell, 189.
idng at Ashbourne, 257.
itiog at Ely, 373.
f r.) on Soluble Glass, 283.

Rbstokations : —

inkle, 88. Peter and Paul,

f Cknae, S. Botcdph, 357.
ex. K

Crukch Rbbtokations : —
Bicknor, 8. James, 76, 140.

Bookham, S. , 78.

Bossal, S. Botolph, 214.
Bradden, S. Michael, 292.
Bradworthy, S. John, 78.
Bristol Cathedral, 330.
Callington, 8. Mary, 291.
Camborne, S. Martin, 137.
Cambridge, Queen's College, 212.
Carlisle Cathedral, 355.
Chichester Cathedral, 239.
Coates. S. Matthew, 138.

Cow Honeyboume, S. , 357.

Derby, S. Peter, 427.
Durham Cathedral, 212.
Ehn, All Saints, 294.
Ely Cathedral, 328, 388.
Fiddington. S. Martin, 138.
Finedon, S. Mary, 293.
Glasgow Cathedral, 387.
Graffham, 295.
Great Warley, S. Mary, 76.
Hanley Castle, S. Marr, 74.
Hazelbeech, S. Michael, 293.
Huntingfield, 8. Mary, 13^.
Kettering, SS. Peter and Pkul,

293.
Kirk Heaton, 8. John, 76.
Kirmington, S. Helen, 295.
Lichfield Cathedral, 400.
Little Shelsl^, S. Andrew, 214.
Llanaber, S. Bodvan, 138.
Llangoedmore, S. Cynnllo, 294.
London, S. Paul's, 427.
Millbrook, S. Michael, 291.
Misterton, 8. Leonard, 77.
Mold, S. Marj^ 356.
Nantwich, SS. Mary and Nicholas,

356.
Narraghmore, 8. John, 294.
Naseby, All 8ainta', 292.
Netherfteld, S. , 77.

X X

434

Index,

Church Rbstorations : —

Newington Bagpath, S. Bartholo-
mew, 295.

Penkivel, S. Michael, 290.

Pitcombe, S. Leonard, 78.

Rockfield, S. Kenelm, 76.

Sandringham, S. Mary, 77.

Sidbury, S.Giles, 291.

Southwell Minster, 78.

Staplefield, S. , 77.

Stone, S. Mary, 428.

Sudbary, All Saints', 75.

Sutlbury, S. Peter, 75.

Thanet, S. Peter, 137.

Tremaen, S. Michael, 78.

Twickenham, S. Mary, 358.

Upper Sapey, S. Michael, 294.

Walton, SS. Mary and Andrew, 76.

Wavendon, S. Mary, 290.

Welton, S. Mary, 215.

Wickham Bonant, S. Margaret,
212.

Cistercian Abbeys in Ireland, 217.
Clark (Mr.) on Hardwick Church, 316.
Codd's Anglican Chants, 44.
Cologne Cathedral, 145.
Cologne, Works in the City of, 402.
Competition for the Tower of Bayenx,

41.
Cornwall, Eccletiology of Land's End,

374.
Cottage Improvement, 40.
Cambrae, College and Church, 379.

Didron (M.) Inaccuracy of, 315, 429.
Directorium Anglicanum, 31.

Early English Missal at Malta, 45.
Ecclesiastical Vestments in King's Col-

lege, 304.
Ecclesiological Notes on Hildesheim,

81.
Ecclesiology in Scotland, 376.
Ecciesiology of the Land's End, 374.
Ely Choir Festival, 373.
Ely, Restoration of the Lantern, 328,

388.
Embroidery Society, 406.
English Edition of Wilars de Honne-

cort, 414.

Fabric Rolls of York Minster, 408.
Forbes' Galilean Liturgies, 41.
Foreign Office, Style of, 366.
France, Architectoral Notes in, 18, 91,

178. 332.
French Report on Art, 315, 429.

Ganntlett'i Organist-Examinations, 370.
Germany, Notes of a Tour in, 1, 100,
345.

Glenalmond, Trinity College, 383.
Gresley (Mr.) on the Sealed Books, 61.
Gresley (Mr.) on English Spun, 134.
Growse (Mr.) on Suffolk Churches, 126.

Hamburg, Anschariuskapdle, 341.
Hardwick, Mural Drawings at, 316.
Hildesheim, Ecclesiologiol Notes on,

81.
Hills (Mr.) on Boyle Abbey. 217.
Housellmg Cloth, the, 17.
Hughes (Mr.) on Huntsham Chartfa,

60.

Iconography of Salisbury Chapter-houe.

109, 147.
Irish Cistercian Abbeys, 217.

Jebb's (Mr.) Index of PeterfcoMe
Church Music, 115. 163, 243.

Jeffcock (Mr.) on Yorinhiie Abbeys,
56.

King's CoUege Vestments, &c, 304.

Land's End, Ecdesiology of, 374.
Ladies' Embroidery Sodety, 406.
Lichfield Cathedral Restoration, 400.
Lightfoot's (Mr.) Visit to loos, 128.
Liturgical Notes and lUustratkni, ll^
London, New Churches in sod vot,

321
Lowder (Mr.) on Hereford Cstbedtil.

20L
Lowder (Mr.) on S. Michael's Mowt

Cornwall, 416.
Lowder (Mr.) on Tropical AichitecWt,

54.

I Malta, English MIsmI at, 45.

I Manchester, Dean of, on Unpe«w

I Churches, 406.

j Memorial of Dean Peacock, 257.

MiUington's Heraldry, 43.

Missal, English, at Malta, 45.

Musical Examinations, 370.

I Neale's Greek litoniet, 42.

, Neale (Mr.) on Wadgewood Pott«!'
425.
New Anglican Chanta, 44.
New Chnrch in S. Gilei', OslMi W-
New Church for the Seofeck Kirk, »*•
New Churches «t kui^k^Cbm^^

i Beriin, 403. ,

I New Churches in and netflflBdo^'^'

Nbw Churcbbs: —
Aix-la-Chapalk, 40S.
Barcombe, 8. MwTi ^^
Beauliea Abb^, 70.
Berlin. 8. Barlhnl—wr, 4M.

\

Index.

485

KG BBS : —

S. Peter, 207.
on, S. Michael, 67.
nvdl, Camden Charch, 324.

% S. , 208.

a, S. Simon, 323.

r, S. , 206.

rae, Holy Spirit^ 379.

e, S. Paul, 378.

e, S. Mary Magdalene, 384.

e, S. SalTador, 385.

Id, S. Andrew, 385.

^n, S. , 66.

•y, S. , 207.

w, Mr. Caird's Pretbyterian

cb, 258.

enmith, S. John, 323, 429.

itead, S. Paul, 69.

ga. Holy Trinity, 69.

iui»t, S. , 204.

HiU, S. Paul, 65, 326.
od. S. Lake, 136.

^n, S. , 287.

am, S. , 135.

Stanley, S. ■ , 68.
Miae, S. Paul, 322.
Cawtborpe, S. Helen, 287.
igo, S. Dochoe, 71.
iwem, S. David, 70.
rrechan, S. Mary, 354.
bangel-Penbedw, S. Michael,

a : S. Alban, Baldwin's Gar.

, 287.

a : All Saints*, Margaret

et, 184.

Q: S. , Windmill Street,

Q : All Saints, Garden Street,
426.

DTst, S. , 288.

>roi^ Cemetery chapel, 207.
sal Cathedral, 426.

•rt, S. , -208.

I. S. , 206, 389.

8. Ntnian's, 376.
leowt, S. Patrick, 70.
Bont, All Sainto, 286.

8. , 354.

ith, S. Nicholas. 207.

Jedworth, S. , 287.

Newington, S. Mary, 321.
idge School chapel, 208.
inater. All SainU*, 205, 426.
elU 8. , 66.

IONAOB8 : —

shnrst, 209.

209.

me Hatley, 7 J.

Iift,209.

mMgb, 73.

I

New pAjaaoNAGKS: —
Hentland, 73.
Misterton, 209.
Moccas, 355.
Netherfield, 209.
Newcastle, Miramichi, 74.

Nbw Schools : —
Aberpergwm, 210.
AndoTer, 210.
Brecon College, 209.
Colnbrook, 72.
Enfield, 136.
Great Coggeaball, 72.
Llandilo, 209.
Llsndoiigb, 210.
Leigh, 136.
Lomion, S. John ETangelist, S.

Paneras, 289.
Netherfield, 73.
Redcar, 210.
Ripon Female Training-college,

289.
Rye Harboor, 73,
Stoke, 73.

Wells, 8. Thomas, 72.
Wimbledon, Collegiate, 72.

Notes on Mural Drawings in Hardwick
Church, 316.

Notices and Answbes to Comibs.

pon dents : —
Arran, churches of, 80.
Bemerton, Herbert Memorial, 143.
Beresford-Hope (Mr.) on Common

Sense of Art, 79.
Bicknor, S. James, 140.
Cambridge, King's College Organ,

296.
Carlisle Cathedral, 360.
Chancel-screens, gates of, 80.
Chancel, congregational use of, 215.
Chetham Popery Tracts, 215.
Chester Cathedral, 430.
Christliches Kunstblatt, 360.
Church Work, S. Alban's Guild, 78.
Dollman's Domestic Architecture,

432.
Durham Cathedral, mural tablet,

359.
Foreign Office, the New, 141.
Gresley 'a Monumental Brasses, 43 1 .
Hale's GrsTes of our Fathers, 79.
Hammersmith, S. John's, 429.
HUl's (Mr.) Sketches in Arran, 80.
Inringite Meeting-house at Isling-
ton, 80.
Lindisfkme Abbey, 431.
Music for Holy Communion, 358.
Newburgh, New York, church at,

142.

436

Index,

NOTICBS AND ANaWBRS TO COR&KS-
PON DENTS : —

Neale*8 Primitive Liturgies, 431.

Northampton Society's Petition,
141.

Olveston, linen cloth for iltar, 216.

Organ of King's College, 296.

Palmer's Early Christian Symbol-
ism, 431.

Pearson's Visitation Articles, 79.

Pews. Archbishop of Canterbury ou .
432.

Prayer-desks, 35B.

Rambouz's Illustrations, 144.

Reichensperger (M.) and the An-
nales Arch^logiqaes, 429.

Sodding (Mr.) on Music for Holy
Communion, 358.

Sevenstoke, tomb at, 142.

Spurgeon's (Mr.) Tabernacle, 143.

Taylor's Etraria and Rome, 431.

Truefitt's (Mr.) Irvingite meeting-
house, 80.

Yenables' (Mr.) Spiritual Destitu-
tion, 360.

Watchfield Church, 144.

Wigley's Word from a Goth, 79.

York Walmgate, 143.

Organ-building at Cambridge in 1606,

393.
Organs for Village Churches, 11.
Organ of All Saints', Margaret Street,

301.
Oxford, New Church in.S. Giles', 389.

Parker (Mr.) on Domestic Architecture,
124.

Parker (Mr. James) on the Castles ]of
the Middle Ages, 277.

Parker (Mr. James) on Geology and Ar-
chitecture, 418.

Peacock's (Dean) Memorial, 257, 328.

Peterhouse Church Music, 115, 163,
242.

Pews, Dean of Manchester on, 406.

Polychrome, on the abuse of, 9.

Presbyterian Church at Glasgow, 258.

Purchas's Directorium Anglicanum, 31.

Reichensperger (M.) on the Annales

Arch^ologiques, 315, 429.
Reichensperger (M.) on Works in Co-

logne, 402.
Reports of Architectural Societies, 349.
Restoration of Ely Octagon, 328, 388.
Restoration of Lichfield Cathedral, 400.

Rbtisws :^-

Bowers' Church a House of Prayer,

406.
Codd'i AngUcto Chants, 44.

RkVIBWS S'^

Fabric Rolls of York Minster. 408.
Forbes' Gallican Litmgies, 41.
Gauntlett's Notes, Qneriei, ad

Exercises, 370.
Millington's Heraldry, 43.
Munch's Cathedral of Thnodheim,

342.
Neale's Greek Liturgies, 43. 431.
Palmer's Early Christian Sjmbol.

ism, 431.
Purchas's Directorium Anglicuui,

31.
Reports of Architectural Sodeda,

349.
Taylor's Etmria and Rome, 431.
VUlard de Honneooort*i Sketdi-

book, 34, 414.
Waring's Arts connected with Ar.

chitecture. 412.
Westlake's Illnstrated Old Toti.

ment History, 43, 241, 415.

Royal Academy and Architectural Eibi-

bition, 191.
Russell's (Mr.) Tour in Germany, 1.

100, 345.

Salisbury Chapter-honse, Iconosnpii!

of, 109, 147.
Scotland, Ecclesiology in, 376.
Second Choir FestiTal at Soatbvdl

Minster, 189.

Sbcular Pointbd Works :—
Durham Shop*front, 211.
Great Bedwin, 289.
Hastings, drinking-fountais, 21i>
Keblas, chateau, 74.
Rossington, butcher's shop, 74.
ShadweU Court, 211, 289.
Toppesfield, cottages, 355.
Truelores, house, 211.
W'imbledon, cottages, 211.

Seqoentise Ineditv, 26, 255, S97. 361.
Skidmore's (Mr.) Theory of Metal r»'

liage, 200.
S. Lawrence, Alkmaar, 336.

SocirriBS :~

Architectural Museum, 198.
Cambridge Architectiirsl Soocty.

129.
Eccle^ological Sodety, 51. 1^'

195, 259, 360. ^

Ecclesiological Motett Chair, d*.

Exeter DiocesMi Arddteetn" »^
ciety, 57, 132, 284. ^

Leicester ArabitectunlSoMt^*'
133, 424.

Index.

437

lampton Architectural So-
7, 131,203,352,420.
-d Architectaral Society, 54,
k, 199, 377. 416.

BS of a Tour in Germany, 1,

Choir FestiTal, 189.

Glass : —

luiin, S* , 78.

rorthy, S. John, 78.

igroTe, S. John, 139.

r Hill, All Souls, 139.

tl-Hempstead, S. Mary, 140.

lam. Holy Innocents, 140.

on: S. Mary Magdalene,

inster Square, 139.

on: S. Michael, Comhill,

).

Dgton, S. Mary, 139.

Qgton Bagpath, S. Bartholo-

w, 295.

•d, Exeter College, 139.

mbe, S. Leonard, 78.

orough, S. Leonard, 140.

iwell Minster, 78.

minster Abbey, 139.

Street (Mr.) and the New Church in S.

GUes', Oxford, 389.
Street's (Mr.) Architectural Notes in

France, 18, 91, 178, 332.
Style of the New Foreign Office, 366.

Throndheim Cathedral, 342.

Unpewed Churches, Dean Bowers on,
; 406.

I Villard de Honnecourt and his churches,
34, 414.

Waring's Arts connected with Architec-
ture, 412.
Westlake's Illustrated Old Testament

History, 43, 241,415.
Whitewash and Yellow- dab, 232.
j Williams' (Mr.) Notes on Hildesheim,
I 81.

! Williams (Mr.) on King's College Vest-
I ments, &c., 304.
! WiUU' Edition of Villard de Honnecourt,

414.
\ Works in the City of Cologne, 402.

I Yellow.dab and Whitewash, 232.
: York Minster, Fabric Rolls of, 408.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Adare Franciscan Abbey, 221.

Alkmaar, S. Lawrence, plan of, 326.

Boyle and Kilmallock Abbeys, Plan, 220.

Boyle Abbey, Details from, 220.

Chichester Cathedral, 239.

Ely, restoration of Octagon, 328.

Hardwick, Mural Drawings, 318.

Lichfield Cathedral Restoration, two plates, 400.

Little Cawthorpe, S. Helen, 288.

Salisbury Chapter-house Sculptures, 158.

KilmaUock, Viewof, 221.

Villard de Honneoourt's Plans, 37.

Westminster, All SainU% Garden Street, 426.

JOMFM MAsraaa and ro., psisiTsas, ALDsatoATS vrasBT, Loin>ox.

THE

CCLESIOLOGIST

(NEW SERIES VOLUME XVIII)

<« 2

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PUBLISHED UNDER THE SUPERINTENDENCE OF

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THE

CCLESIOLOGIST.

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Surge igitur ct fac : (t txit Bominiui tecum.'*

No. CXXXVL— FEBRUARY, 1860.

(new series, no. c.)

SIASTICAL VESTMENTS, ETC., OF KING'S COLLEGE,

CAMBRIDGE.

No. II. — Furniture and Ornaments.

{Continued from Vol. XX, p. 315.)

been in some doubt whether to proceed at once with the de-
1 of the Church Furniture and Service-books contained in the

inventory of the college, from which I extracted the list of
stical vestments in the first paper ; or to give from the later in-
!S all that relates to the vestments. Having decided upon the
:ourse, I must, in the first instance, redeem my pledge to trace
ory of some of the Church ornaments and jewels, which for-
elonged to Eton and King's Colleges, further back than Duke
rey, from whose collection we received them,
rast sums lavished by King Henry VI. on private and public
and the large revenues appropriated, e. g., to the endowment of
colleges, not unnaturally excited the alarm and suspicion of his
Commons, especially as the exchequer had been exhausted by
strous and ruinous wars in France, as well as by the civil com-

of the kingdom during his minority, and at no long intervals
out his unhappy reign.

rdingly, in the thirty-third year of his reign, a petition, which
>artook of the nature of a remonstrance, was addressed to him
'arliament, in which he was asked to resume all the royal grants
ven by Letters Patent and Acts of Parliament since the first

his reign, lliis petition of resumption, as it is called, sets
th blunt honesty the desperate state of affairs, and the loss of
. credit consequent upon the extravagant scale of the King*s
}nce, in language that reminds one of some recent revelations
nancial condition of the Ottoman Empire. E.g., the invidious

KXI. B

2 Ecclesiastical Vestments, ifc, of King's College, CmMige.

contrast between the palmy days of Henry V. and pietent times is
thus drawn :

" Prayen the Commons in this present Parlement aaaemUed : Tint m\am
the victorious Prince of most noble memoire your Fadir, whom Ck>D iciti nd
othir youre noble Progeniteurs, have kept as worshipfiilly noble and Imnmw*
able estate of tbeire Houshold in this lande» of the rerenoi therof, as M
done eny kyng or Prince in eny lond cristenned, to the eaae and rest of tk
people of the same, without agrugyng for lak of paiement tlierfore« waAn
caused all othir londes to have this your said lond in as wonhipfoU nDone.
and as grete drede, as eny othir lond cristenned. And xiotwithitoodjfV
the grete and large grauntes of godes, that by your true people of this m
hath ben often tymes yeven, of true love and feith, tendre zele and affeetioi
unto youre said Uighnesse, ye be indetted in such ontragiona aommei. ai be
not easy to be paied, which by Goddes lawe and eschewyng of his diipki-
sure owe to be paied and contentid • . . wherof youre people kmeiit aid
sorowe petously and hevyly, the amenus3n9g of the worship and prospoite
wheryn it hath joied and ben reputed in the days here tofore, nowe the refoe
of all othir landes reputed, agrugyng also right hevyly the ehazge that hiih
ben bom, and daily is borne among theym, of vitaill and othir chai^ fcr
your said Houshold, and ordinarie charges, whereof they be not pawd, ts
theire grete losse and hurt, which they mowe not of eny reason eny ksger
susteigne."

After this very significant hint to the King of the forgotten duty d
being just before he was generous, they pray him

'* for the conservation and supportation of your seid estate, whidi fint ^
Goddes pleasure, secundarie for your owne suerte, honour and wele, and for
the thrid to the universall wele, ease, rest and suerte of this lond, the wbieb
ye owe to preferre afore the favour of eny persone, or eny place, or ctv
thyng erthely : &c. ... to take, seise, have, retei^e, and resume into fKi
handes and possession, from the Fest of Seint MieheU th' Ardmgdl oeit
comyng, all honours &e. &c. Advowsons of Priories, Ghurehes &e. aad il
othir Revenues, with theire appurtenaunoes, passed from you sith Um fint d^
of youre reigne, and by you graunted by your Letters Patentes by aaetoolt
of Parlement, or in eny otherwyse ... to eny persone or peraones in Ei^
lond, &c. Ac."

a sufficiently stringent proposal, no doubt, and having ft retroapactiTe
operation of upwards of thirty years, which must hftve involved ■■■-
berless individuals and corporate bodies—our own among the niiiBbcr
— in ntter ruin : nor did the few exemptions fr'om the meaaiiie pio*
posed in the petition tend much to modify the hardship. The nyil
answer, however, while professedly granting the petition, virtoallj ni-
dered it nugatory by the large number and extent of exeeptions whick
it provided ; among which his two colleges were not fbrgottan :

" Provided also that this Act of Resumption extende not nor be |aijaJW
in eny wyse to the Provost and Seollers of our College Boiall of onr^Le^
and Seint Nicolas of Cambrigge, nor to their Sucoessours ; nor to the PMFte^
and College Roiall of our Lady of Eton beiyde Wyndesoiey nor to their 8a^
cessonrs nor to eny of theym.''

And so on through several clauses, secnring all dieir property m '
kinds.

EcderimHetU VettmeniMf ^c.^ of Xing' t College, Cambridge. 8

If ore to my poresent purpose, howerer, is a subsequent exception,
kh runs as follows :

' Pkoyjded altoo, that his present Act of Resumption be not hurte nor
juilidan to John, Abbot of tne Monasterie and Church of Seynt Albone, ne
soeoessoorst as touchynge the Cknurt of the Msrchalsie, nor the Clerk of
Market, nor tooehynse.zii^. IL to be deducte and contynuelly reteigned in
hondis of the said Jmin nowe Abbot, and his succeasours. . . . And alsoo
t the seid Aete hurte not ne be pr^udiciall to the seid nowe Abbot, ne his
eessors ... as touehynge the Confirmation made by us to John late
bot of the seid Monasterie, predeeessonr to the seid nowe Abbot, and his
gesionrs, of the Priorye of Pembroke in Southwales, the which priory they
I of the yifte end graunt of the noble Prince Humphrey late Duke of Glou-
tf'. And these premisses be for the content snd recompense for divers snd
taUe omamentes of holi Church, and Juels of a grete Talure of your said
ppliaontes, that were in the possession of that noble Prince Humphrey late
lkIb of Glouoestr*, on whos soule God have mercy; the which ^des it
Mid us for to yeve and dispose to oure Roiall Colleges of ouie blissid Lady
Blon, and Seint Nicolas or Cambrigge."^

From this then it appears that those coveted ornaments, which were
i subject of the joint petition of the two colleges to their founder in
D. 1447, cited before, (p. 305,) and with a view to which royal com-
ssioners were appointed in the same year, (p. 308,) had been the
>perty of the abbey of S. Alban's, transferred to the custody of Duke
imphrey — or perhaps pledged to him — ^by John of Wheathamstead,
lo was on terms of intimate friendship with the duke, to whom he
dicated his work entitled *' Granarium,'* and whom he admitted to
e brotherhood of the abbey. The jewels must have been of very
eat value, since £1,900 sterling, besides the priory of Pembroke,
IS bartered for them.

It would be a matter of some interest to compare an inventory of
e Church ornaments of S. Alban*s abbey during the first half of the
reenth century, with the following ; and I do not despair of disco-
ring such a document, which will enable me to identify some of the
nels, images, or jewels of that abbey with those which afterwards
ne into possession of our college, — very improperly, as will appear
the next document which I shall cite, of the same date as the Act
Resumption.

It seems that the king's uncle was in no better condition than him-
f, and, notwithstanding the large revenues he enjoyed during the
nority and subsequently, had died enormously in debt. And the
tition to parliament runs as follows :

" Soit bailie as Sfs. Please it unto the right wise and discrete comons &c
eonsidre houffh that many Lieges of the King &c. Creditours unto the
nous Prince m noble memorie, Humphrey late Duke of Gloucestre, whom
id assoile, because of nonpayment ot divers duetees bi the said Duke to
m due, ben gretly empovred, and some by misery therof imprisoned, and
terly destroi^ and no persone for doute of losse of his owne goodes, darre
at Administrasion of the goodes whiche were of the said Duke, for to make
isfaction or relief unto the said Creditours. And upon this to pray the King

> Ptoliament, 33 Hen. VI. (a.d. 1455) No. 47. Rotuli Parliamentonim, Vol. V.
^300—307.

4 Ecclesiastical Vestments, ^c, of King's College, Cmbriige*

our Sovereign Lord, to ordeyne, by Auctorite of this present Pariiament, thit
the Archebisshop of Cantirbury, that nowe is, or for the tyme shal be, and his
Commissioners [named, being seven in number] or other persones such u the
aaide Archebisshop shal seme most bchoful and expedient for the perfounnyDg
of the Wil of the said Prince, joyntly or any two of theym, hive powreto
tease, take, and administre all the goodes and catals, whiche were the nid
Duks the day of his discesse ; except all suche goodes and catals as Sir Jimei
Fenys late Lord Saye, Sir Thomas Stanley Knight, Maister John Somenet
late discesid, and Maister Richard Chester, or any of theym, aolde unto toy
persone, and therfore ben paide, and contendid to the said Duks use; . • . •
the saide goodes and catals to be emploied into payment of the said Duki
Detts, and fulfiUyng of his last Will. Alweys forseen, that the said Jtmci
Fenys, Sir Thomas Stanley, Maister John Somerset, and Maister Richtrd
Chester, theire heirs and executours, whiche have occupied and adminitticd
part of the said Duks goodes, ne any of theym, take hurt or derrogacton by
vertue and auctorite of this Acte, of or for any payment by theym or any of
theym afore the said Archebisshop or his Commissioners duely proved ni
admitted truly paide, for the discharge of the Soule of the said Dake,ind
contentyng of his Detts. And as for the residue of the saide Duks goodiiby
the saide James late Lord Say, Sir Thomas Stanley, Maister John Somerset,
and Maister Richard Chestre resceived, used and had, the effecte and strengthc
of this saide auctorite streche for the recovere therof, upon theym, thdr
heirs, and their executours.

" And forasmuche as the said goodes and catals, wil not suffise and extende
to the ful payments of the said Duks detts, and perfourmyng of his lart Will;
that it be leful to the said Archebisshop, his Commissioners and Adminiftra-
tours, or two of theym, to entre and seise into theire possessions, a plaee
sometyme callid the Duks Warderobe atte Baynardes Castel in LondoOi
otherwise called Watertons Aley, with th' appurtenaunces. . . .'*'

Now, although this petition is endorsed *' Le Roy s'advisera,** it is
not to be believed that the King's commissioners had to disgorge i^
they had by his orders conveyed to his two colleges, and it is certain that
King's College still retained possession of the wardrobe, though thrett-
ened with invasion by the duke*s creditors. It appears from tbii
petition, that Duke Humphrey had not died intestate, as was supposed
when the king granted the administration of his property, to the com-
missioners here mentioned, by the letters patent, which I have alieady
cited from Rymer's Foedera. (See above, p. 308.)

After this long, but not unimportant preface. I proceed to give the
description of the church furniture and ornaments from the inventory
which I have already described as the earliest in the college, and which
I now know, was written by John Combe, fellow of the college, in the
year 1432.

rioes. Id primis quedam ymago beate Marie cum puero et septra deanratat ibJ*^
tore ejusdem lapis preciosus et in pede garriyshid cum lapidlbus pndoMSi
pond. XX, lb.
Item alia ymago beate Marie cum puero deaurata, in eorona garayshid caa
lapidibus preciosis et in pede playn, pond. xvi. lb. iv. unc.

Quedam ymago Sancti Nicholai deaurata cum tribus homlnibns nndis ilvth

bus in vase pond. vi. lb.
Item alia ymago Sancti Nicholai deaurata cum pixide de Berell poad. iii' ^

> Petitiones in Parliamento a. r. Henrici VL 33 (a.d. 1455} No. 19. iMf-^

Eedniagiieal Vestments, ifc, of King's College, Cambridge. 5
m alim ymago Suicti NichoUd deaurata cum lapidibui in Mitra pond, xzziii.

uic.

tedam jonago Sancti Johannia Eyangeliste cum serpente deauratay pond.

rii. lb.

A ymago Sancti Lanrendi deaurata cum cratere pond. zx. unc & dim.

nun caput deauratum cum corona, in luperiori parte capitis cranium (brayn

fMuane) Sancte Ursule pond. six. lb. yi. unc.

!m una crux deaurata cum ymaginibus beate Marie et Sancti Johannia Cmees.
BTangeliste enamiled in pede ejusdem cum figuris de passione domini pond.
XT. lb. Ti. unc.

rm alia crux deaurata cum ymaginibui beate Marie et Sancti Johannia
ETaogelitte enamiled in pede ejusdem cum salutatione beate Marie pond.
Tiii lb. vL unc.

!m alia crux singula deaurata cum diademate in capite ymaginis. pond. iii.
lb. xi. unc.

nn aha crux singula deaurata pond. iii. lb. xi. unc.

;m alia crux de auro cum ymaginibus beate Marie et Sancti Johannia Evan-
gelitte in pede : cum comis albis et in diversis partibus posita cum lapidibus
predosis, pond. vi. lb. iii. unc. & dim.

!m alia crux de auro cum yma^ne beate Marie & j^maginibus Ade & Etc in
pede et cum aquila alba in capite ejusdem, pond. iii. lb. vi. unc.
tm alia crux de auro cum pecia sancte crucis staos in pede de argento & de-
aurata cum angelis et armis regis ex parte posteriori, et in parte anteiriori
cnm Salutacione beate Marie, pond, xxvii. unc.

em una parva crux de auro cum pecia sancte crucis ponder, iii. quarter unc
em crux deaurata et fracta et in parcella enamiled, pood. iii. lb. & x. unc.

na pixis pro Sacramento deaurata — et in capite una crux ac chased cum Pbddes.

liliu. ponder. ▼. lb. iii. unc. & dim.

sm alia pixis deaurata cum duodecim Apostolis et in base cum armis Regiis

pond. xxyi. unc. & dim.

em alia pixis de argento pro conserracione panis etc. pond. iii. unc. & I

quarter.

BUS calix deauratus cum ymagine Dei sedentis in judicio in patena pond. CaUcss.
xxfL unc.

em calix deauratus cum vemacido in patena, pond, xxiii. unc. & dim.
em calix de auro playn, pond. ii. lb.

em calix de auro cum Scriptura calicem salutaris accipiam, pond. xix. unc.
em calix deauratus cum xii*^ Apostolis in patena, pond. iii. lb. ix. unc.
em calix de argento & deauratus cum figura Trinitatis in superiori parte pa-
teoe ac cum armis Regis fundatoris nostri in parte inferiori ejusdem patene,
Etiam cum armis coUegii sub pede calicis impositis necnon cum signo cru-
eifixi in anteriori parte pedis, et cum tali signo + sculpto in utroque de dono
^osdem Regis fundatoris nostri predicti, pond. xx. unc. & i quarter,
ten calix de argento & deauratus cum figuris & armis praedictis similiter
imlptis et impositis in calice & in patena cum signo a, litere sculpto in
Qtroique, ex dono simili, pond. xx. unc. & i. quart.

fni calix de argento & deauratus cum figuris & armis predictis similiter
lenlptia & impositis ut supra cum signo b, litere similiter sculpto, ex dono
timili, pond. xix. unc. & dim. unc. ac iiii. d.

^m calix de argento & deauratus cum figuris & armis predictis sculptis &
impositis ac cum signo c. litere similiter sculpto ex dono simili, pond. xx.
One. & ij. d.

|in calix de argento & deauratus cum figuris & armis predictis sculptis &
>Qipositis ac cum signo d. litere similiter sculpto, ex dono simili. pond. xx.
Unc & z. d.
iQi ealiz de argento & deauratus cum figuris & armis predictis sculptis &

6 EedemsiicMl Vestments, ^c, of King's CoUeye, Cambridge,

impotitis ae cam signo e. litere similiter senlptOy ei dono wnii, pond. n.

UDC. & ii. d.
Item caliz de argento & deauratus cam figurit & armia predietit KobCii ir

impositis ac cum signo/. litere similiter sculpto ex dono ejusdem. pood, m-

unc. & dim. une.
Item calix de argento & deauratus cum figuris & armia predieCiB sealptii k

impositis ac cum signo ^. litere similiter sculpto ex dono ejusdem poM.xx.

unc. & iii. quart.
Item calix de argento & deauratus cum figuris & armis predictis scalptii &'

impositis ac cum signo A. litere similiter sculpto ex dono ejusdem* poiul.

xxii. unc. & dim. unc.

CaadeUbnu In primis ii. candelabra deaurata chasid pond. xL lb. xi. one.

Item duo candelabra deaurata the knoppis in partibus eornndem ensaikd
I pond. vii. lb. ii. unc.

Item duo candelabra deaurata, the tuellis enamiled pond. tL lb.

Thailbela. In primis unum par thuribulorum deauratum cum acriptura tiz. in prima put.
data est eis ete et in secunda, ascendit fwnus &c. pond. xiii. lb. x. one.
Item unum par thuribilorum deauratum plain, ponder, xii. lb. viu. ubc.
Item unum par thuribulorum in parcella deauratum pond. ▼. lb. L unc

r Acore Una acerra pro thure deaurata cum i. fome castell & i. hindre esstell posi

f Wwto)i« iiii. lb. xi. unc.

f Item una acerra pro thure de argento & in parcella deaurata pond. xiiL oe.

^ Fkfle. i par fiolarum in parcella deauratum pond. yiii. unc. i. quart, unc.

I Item par fiolarum in parcella deauratum cum Scriptura in medio illamm Mi-

I ria Sf Jesus pond. ix. unc.

i Item fMu* fiolarum deauratum, in corpore berell pond. xxii. unc dim.

Item par fiolarum deauratum in parcella, in mediis earum /. h.e,kM ^Un
pond. X. unc. dim.

Item par fiolarum deauratum gravyn cum foliis quercuum pond* ri. one.

PdTes. Unum par pelvium deauratum chased with pjmapplez cum armis Begii eii-

dem insertis pond. XTii. lb. & ri. unc
Item par pelvium deauratum chasid plain, cum armis Regis, pood. riiL lb.

iiii. unc
Item par peWium deauratum chasid cum sonnys cum regiis armis^ poad. fii'

lb. lii. unc
Item par pelrium in parcella deauratum cum M litera in mediis, pond, ii- ^

▼. unc
Item par pelrium deauratum cum Rons, pond. iii. lb.Yiii.Dnc& iii.qaBtsse>
Item par pelrium in parcella deauratum cum Rosis in mediia. pood, nil lb*
Item par pelrium cum armis ducis Eboraci, pond. xTii. lb. xL one.

CtimaaiBKlm. Unun| crismatorium deauratum cum Scriptura coi^fTna hoc deus qsoi open-

tus esm nobis, pond, xxiii. unc. dim.

Unum aliud crismatorium deauratum positum super iiiL tuiribna. pood, ii* I^

iy. unc.
ArapnUe
grocrto* Tres ampulle deaurate cum oleo & crismate pond. iii. lb.

Unum paciferum deauratum cum berell. In eodem ymago 8anete Tns^^

pond. X?. une.
Item aliud paciferum deauratum cum crucifixo & ymaginibus beate Mtf* *

Sancti Johannis ETanireliste pond. ▼. unc. i. quarter une.
Item paciferum in pareeUa deauratum pond. iii. unc & L qoart nna. .

Item textus erangeliorum cum crucifixo & ymaginibus beate lifria t S^

Johaonia Erangaliste de argento & deauratum, ponder in IdIb. m fl^ n*- *^

8omB Nate$ of a Tour m Germany. — No. IV. 7

am TAtpro aquabenedicta onm atpenorio de argento & in pamlla deaun- viapo
nm. pond. Ti. lb. dSS.

m Taa pro aqua benedicta cum asperBorio de argento & deaniatumt pond.
1. lb.

« Tirge argentiy ponder iv. one dim. ^^^ Ar.

m alia Tirga portiphera ad portandam eandelam tcneCam die Purificationii '^
neate Marie, pond. ix. une.

la tabula deanrata crum reliquiit, In pede duo leonea, pond. Tiii. lb. Tiii. nnc. TWbnle.
m tabula deanrata cum reliqniis pond. iiiL lb. Ti.unc
im tabula de auro cum ymagine Saocti Jaoobi potita cum lapidibnt preciona
pond. xiii. unc. iii. quart.

im tabula de aufo cum ymaginibua Marie Katerine & Sancte Margarete po-
tita cum lapidibna preeiosis pond. zvi. unc & iii. quart.

nonstraunce de auro garneshid com diademate & aliit lapidibna predoiit Mom.
pond. iii. lb. iL unc trauncat.

nonstraunce deanrata cum ymagine beate Marie in anumpdone & in le po-
meU enamelid & acripta, Ja cXpc, pond. iz. lb. yi. unc.
monttrannce magna deanrata cnm plnribui reliqniis in eodem. In pede
plain posita cnm uipidibus preeiosis pond. xzxv. lb. ix. une.

ocale deauratum, cum berello ae cum reliqniis de Saneto Johanne de Brjd- JocaiUu
lygton. pond. xx. unc

im joeale deanratum oum beiello ac cum reliqniis Sancti Blazi pond. n. one
&dim.

em jooale deauratum cum berello ac cum reliquiis vesture Sancti Nicbolai
pond. iy. unc.

em joeale deauratum cum armis Pape & armis Regis pond. ▼. unci, quart,
nn joeale deauratum cum oleo Sancti Nicbolai factura ad simiutudinem
ohbe, pond. iii. unc. dim. & j quart.

BB joeale deauratum eum parte digiti Ada pond. ; unc. iij. quart,
en joeale deauratum cum reliquiis Sancti ueorgii. pond, g unc
em joeale de auro cum parte columne eui ligatu. ent Xpe. in peauone
sua, pond. it. unc. j. quart

em una columpna deanrata cum berello in medio, et in summitate dens
Sancti Jobannis, pond. ij. unc. dim.

em unus agnns dei cum reliquiis Saudi Bemardi & Sancte Brigitte pond
dim. unc.

em eistnle de argento cum zonis. pond. xj. unc. dim.
«Bi j dphus de o?o gripon gamysbed cum argento & deanratum, pond. xvij.
anc iij. quarter.

tem lingua serpentis posita in argento pond. j. unc. iij. quartr.
tern ij vemacula quorum unum super corium & fixum mensule cum clavis &
alterum super pannum linen Tulgariter nuncupatum plesaunce ex dono
dieti Regis fundatoris nostri graciosissimi.

SOME NOTES OF A TOUR IN GERMANY.— No. IV.
To the Editor of the Ecclesiologist,

Obar Mr. Editor,

The church of S. Laurence is as rich in carved and painted triptjcha,

^ smaller pictorea, aa in other decorations. Of the German school

''painting dl the former part of the fifteenth century there are two in-

'^titing apedmena. The firat, which ia fixed by a door in a receaa at

8 Some Notes of a Tour in Germany. — No. IV.

the east end of the south aisle, pourtrays on a gold ground the Blened
Virgin, crowned, with her Divine ChUd, between S. Bartholomew oa
her left, and S. Barbara on her right hand. Drapery is held by angdi
behind S. Mary ; and devotees, in separate compartments, kneel below.
The second, which graces the south wall of the choir, representi tlw
Blessed Virgin and Child with four cherubs, and with devotees kneding
below, as in the other picture. In the second recess in the north aisle,
east of the north door, is a very fine Mass of S. Gregory, by Wohlge-
muth. This picture, I regret to say, greatly requires restoratioDiU
the paint is chipping off it in several places. Opposite to the above ii
a painting by Wohlgemuth of our Blessed Lord between S. Philip ud
S. Peter. Our Saviour points to the wound in His side, and an ecck-
siastic in a surplice kneels before S. Peter. On the west wall of the
next recess but one, in an easterly direction, is a painting by Wohlg^
muth of three bishops, mitred, and in gorgeous vestments. Angeb
hold tapestry behind, and devotees kneel beneath them. Fadng tbi^
picture, over a side altar, is a fine triptych, of which the central divi-
sion contains a carving of the Resurrection ; the left door, in painting»
S. Kumadus, drawn as a bishop wearing a mitre, and holding a pastonl
staff and book ; the right, S. Wolfgang, vested in a green cope, lod
grasping a hatchet. The predella or superaltar has, in the middk, i
sculptured entombment ; and pictures (on the left door) of the appear-
ance of our Saviour after His Resurrection, to S. Mary Magdalen;
and (on the right) of the Angel to the holy women at the Sepulchre.
These, and those on the upper shutters, are by, or of the achodot
Wohlgemuth. On a line with the triptych just described is a thiid,
above an altar, in the north pier of the chancel-arch. Its central divi-
sion is horizontally divided into two compartments, adorned with
canopy-work. In the upper are statues of the Blessed Virgin and us-
merous saints; and in the lower, of a bishop, seated, with aimiltr at-
tendants. The wings, when closed, form a sort of triple gable, sad
are painted on both sides. Their reverses, and the doors of the taber-
nacle or superaltar, are occupied, I believe, with scenes from the life of
S. Eucharius, who is portrayed in full pontificals* in a recumbent poa-
ture. along the back panel within the tabernacle. Over an altar igtfDst
the south pier of the chancel-arch is a fourth triptych, having two
bishops carved in the middle ; and S. Nicolas depicted on its left, and
a royal saint on its right wing. Level with it, against the east wall of
the south aisle, is a fifth, with a sculptured centre* repreaenting >&
angel and S. Roch ; and with four paintings on its doors, by Wohl-
gemuth. Just opposite is the early German painting of the crowoed
Virgin, &c., above described. In the next recess westward is a trip-
tych (the sixth), with central carvings of a bishop and two fauk
saints, one of whom holds a cross ; and wings, magnificently paiated
with legendary subjects on a gold ground. The seventh is placed lo j
the recess or bay adjoining, and to the west of the last. Its middk
compartment is modern. On the wings are SS. Wolfgang, Maty
Magdalen, Margaret, and a bishop. Below these are two small pr^
delk paintings, one of which represents an elderly woman (pcrfaip^ ^'
^nne) and a young girl, reading a book, which is held by a femak ifSf^

Soms Notes of a Thur in Germany. — No. IF. 9

Sodi is a very imperfect, but I believe not inaccurate^ account of the
[irindpal paintings in S. Laurence's. Several of them, according to
Hurray, were brought from the castle^ and replaced over the altars to
vbich they had originally belonged, by HeidelofF, when he repaired
die church some few years ago, and erected its stone pulpit, which
ries. perhaps not altogether unsuccessfully, in beauty and intricacy
vith Adam Kraft's fEunous Tabernacle.

The general effect of the pictorial and other artistic wealth of 8.
Laurence's is heightened by the windows of its choir, which glow with
colours of the greatest depth and brilliance, and seem really to " paint
the air" with their gorgeous hues. The most splendid of them, and in-
deed one of the finest specimens of stained glass in Germany, was the
offering of Peter Volkamer in the fifteenth century. Its subject " is a
tree of Jesse, with very many saints on each side. The figures are all
Boudl, and of the most bright and contrasted colours ; but the masterly
treatment of the work has made the result a most harmonious whole.*'^
I law a reduced copy of this window in glass for sale in the shop of Herr
Schrag, a book and print-seller in the town.

From S. Laurence's we walked to S. James's Church. This was re-
itQred and partly rebuilt by Heideloff, in 1825. Over the high altar
ne some modem sculptures, and full-length dignified figures of saints,
psinted on a gold ground, probably (in Dr. Waagen's opinion) in the
thirteenth century. I sought in vain for the chair-bisected altar used
u a confessional, so graphically described by Mr. Webb. Its absurd
•ppearance may have possibly led to its removal. The altars at the
csst end of the north and (I think) south aisles are miserably encroached
ipon by benches. Both are elaborately carved ; and the altar in the
north aisle has a head of our Loan, reputed to be the work of Albert
Diirer. A triptych in a south lateral chapel has been furnished with new
wings. Its carved centre contains the Blessed Virgin and Child, a
female saint and a bishop holding a barrel. In the north aisle is ano-
ther triptych, with sculptures of S. Mary with the Divine Infant, and
8. Anne, in the middle division ; and wings, painted with saints on a
gokl ground. There is a third triptych in a side chapel : it is fine,
csily, and adorned with four carved and four pictured saints. A faded
girland was appended to an image of S. James. In the veitry were
tvo tables, draped, and dressed with crucifixes and candlesticks, much
ia the same manner as those in the sacristies of Catholic churches.

8. James's has undergone great alterations since 1760, when, as
tppears from an engraving published at Nuremberg in that year, the
'Bive bad a fiat ceiling, covered with colossal wreaths, roses, and other
&e devices in plaster, and longitudinally divided into three parts by
■ssiive beams in the form of cornices, which were supported by slender
Ittagonal posts or pillars. At that time a gallery, having its front
wnamented with heraldic devices carved or painted, ran along the wall
^the south, and two or more similar erections, partly stalled, occupied
fc same position in the north aisle. At the eastern extremity of the
^^ on a foot-pace, stood an altar-table, furnished with an open book

> Webb's ** ContiiiexitBl Ecclesiology," p. 107.
▼ou XXI. c

10 Some Notes of a Tour in Germany. — No. IV.

between two candlesticks; and just behind it was a large and lofty
crucifix. Galleries (one of which contained an organ), with festooned
drapery and lattices, intruded even into the chancel. On the chord of
the apse stood another table, railed in, partly covered with a white
cloth edged with lace, decked with candlesticks, and backed by a sump-
tuous triptych, which was adorned with eight gables or pinnacles of
rich tabernacle work, and paintings of the Last Supper and other
sacred subjects. Above this reredos was a rood-beam, with images of
our Loan on the Cross between SS. Mary and John.

I regret that circumstances did not allow of our staying in Norem-
berg long enough to become thoroughly conversant with its churche*.
streets, and palatial residences. Many of the last are still inhabited by
the patrician descendants of the " brave and thrifty burghers," who

" boasted in their uncouth rhyme,
That their great imperial city stretched its hand through every dime ;"

and so little has the city changed, in some respects, since the days of
Albert Durer, that even the crafts and trades which were then pursued
are, in several instances, still carried on under the same roofs, and
by persons of the same name and family as at that period.^ The house
where, "when Art was still religion," Nuremberg's famous painter
lived and laboured, has been described. Allied to it in interest is the
dwelling of Peter Vischer, in the street which bears his name, and
rises suddenly by a sleep ascent from the Pegnitz in the southern din-
sion of the town. Its exterior has undergone some alterations, seem-
ingly about two centuries ago, and a portion of it is used as a baker's
shop.

I feel reluctant to conclude this letter and my " notes " on Nurem-
berg, without referring to one remarkable and beautiful feature of its
street architecture, namely, the Marianbilds, or statues of the Blessed
Virgin, which decorate many of its house comers, and before which
lights, continually burning, formerly served the twofold purpose of re-
ligion and convenience. Twelve wood engravings of the finest of them,
by Herr Wagner, an eminent German artist, illustrate an article on
" the Nuremberg Madonnas," by Mrs. Jameson, in the first number of
the •• Art Journal" for 1852. " In these Nuremberg figures," obserref
that graceful writer, " we must observe that we have the protectmg
Virgin in two different characters. Where she has the crown on her
head and the sceptre in her hand, and the Infant enthroned on oneinD,
she is the Regina Coeli, the Queen of Heaven ; and the Regma Jb^
lorum, the Queen of Angels. In the other figures, where there are bo
emblems of sovereignty, where she stands with her long hair flowii^
over her drapery, and sustains the Infant in both aims, or contemplttef
Him with an affectionate expression, she is the Aima MtAet Ru>lli^

1 << The house where Martin Behaim, four centaries ago, invented the sphen, ^
drew the first geographical chart, is atill the honae of a map-adler. In thafcos*
where cards were first manufEictured, cards are now aold. In the vary iktB^ *^
clocks and watches were first seen, you may still buy doeki and wsftdNS. 1^
same fiunilies have inhabited the same mansions from one gcpcratfam to r — '^^'^
four or five centuries."— i9it«/cAe« qfArt at Homt amd Akrmi, kg Mn.

A Miracle Play of the Twelfth Century. 11

T0KI8, the Mother of the Rbobbmbb." Mrs. Jameson specifies, as
deserving especial praise, a statue of the Virgin, of very early date,
supposed to be of the time of Schonhofer, on the corner of a house in
the Albert-Durers-Platz : another, " of singular beauty," on the angle of
a house in the Obst Markt, behind the Frauenkirche ; a third, as an-
cient probably as the close of the thirteenth or beginning of the four-
teenth century, at the corner of the Rothe Ross hotel ; a fourth, of
the date of about the end of the fifteenth century, at the comer of a
remarkable house in the Binder Oasse ; and a fifth, and " perhaps the
most beautiful of all,*' over a house in the Hirschel Gasse. This
statue, which is quite in the taste of the old Tuscan school, may not
improbably have come from Florence. " It is,*' says Mrs. Jameson,
" quite in a different style from the rest, — altogether Italian in the pose
of the figure, in the antique hair of the head, and the exceedingly grand
and graceful drapery which follows, ^without effort or exaggeration,
the lines of the form beneath."

Believe me, my dear Mr. Editor,

Very sincerely yours,

John Fuller Russbll.

A MIRACLE PLAY OF THE TWELFfH CENTURY.

To the Editor of the Eccleeiologist.

Sib, — One has heard of and seen instances of dramatic representa-
tions of sacred subjects in churches, such as the old miracle plays, but
I had not seen such placed in the regular service-books till I came
serosa a MS. of the twelfth century, containing hymns, antiphons.
&c., for the whole year. I am quite aware that such services may be
well known to many of your readers, but still it strikes me that some
would like to see the following extracts from the book in question. I
will just put in here and there such directions as would be printed in a
modem play.

In some part of the church, I should imagine. King Herod would be
fitting in his robes, surrounded perhaps by his court.

The Service " In Octava Epiphanise," thus begins : —

Ant, O admirabile est.
Pialm, Laudate pueri.
Hvnm. Hostis Herodev.
Vers. Reges Tharsis.
Ant. Pontes aquarum.
Ps, Magnificat.
(Enter tnree Magi.)

\st Magus. Stelk ^Igore nimio rutilat.
2iid Magus. Quk Regis Regum natum monstrat.
3rd Magus. Quern veaturum olim profetia significaverat.
(Intemnncias approaches King Herod, and says,)

Aitunt nobis domine rex viri ignoti ab oriente venientes noviter natum
^■eadam regis quseritantes.

12 A Miracle Play of the Twelfth Centvry.

Rex. Ad no8 vocentur ut eorum a nobis sermones audiantnr.

(Exit Internuncius, who says to the Magi,)

Rex vos Tocat ut quern quseratis regem et ipse agnoscat.

Neqtuiquam dicunt magi,

Armiger ad Regem. Vive Rex in sternum.

Rex. Quid rumoris habes ?

Armiger. En Magi veniunt et Regem regum natum stella duce reqairaot.

Rex, Ante venire jube quo possim singula scire,

Qui aint, cur veniant, quo nos rumore requirant.

(The Armiger goes to the Magi, and says,)

Regia vos mandata vocant, non segniter ite.

(The Magi are then brought, no doubt, in grand procession,)

Cum steterint ante regem dicat rex,

Quas sit causa vias, qui vos, vcl unde venitis ?
Dicite nobis.

Magi, Rex est causa viae, reges sumus ex Arabitis
Hue venientes.

Rex ad Simistas. Hue Simistas mei disertos paginae scribas Propbetics ui
me vocate.

(Exeunt Simistae and address the Scribes, who must have been at tome
distance,)

SymmistcB, O priucipes sacerdotum et 6 vos Scribse populorum, pertracUte
dicta Magorum et dicite nobis tanti pueri ortum ; si scripta ilium probaTerint
solus rcgnabit nostraque lex coram illo silebit.

(Scribes approach the King.)

Rex. O vos Scribae interrogati dicite si quid de hoc puero scriptum Tide-
retis in libris.

ScribfB. Vidimus domine in prophetarum lineis nasci Xpum in Bethleem
civitate, David propheta sic vaticinante.

Chorus. Bethlehem non es minima.

Rex ad Magos. Regem quem quaeritis natnm esse quo tigno dididatii?

Magi. Ilium natum esse didicimus in oriente stella monstranteb

Rex. Si ilium regnare creditis, dicite nobis.

Magi. Hunc regnare fatentes cum mysticis muneribut de terra kngitfioi
adorare venimus trinum Deum venerantes tribus in muneribuiy

Magus 1. Auro regem :

Magus 2. Thure sacerdotem :

Magus 3, Mirra mortalem.

Rex ad Magos, Ite et de puero diligenter investigate et inTento ledeiirtei
mihi renunciate, ut et ego veniens adorem.

(The Magi go out sinking,)

Eamus ergo et inqmramus eum, offerentes ei munera aumiDy thoi ^
mirram.

Magi. Ecce stella in oriente prasvisa iterum praecedet nos lucida.

(Enter Shepherds.)

Pastores loquebantur ad invicem.

Magi ad pastores. Pastores dicite quidnam vidistis.

Pastores. Infantem vidimus.

Obstetrices. Qui sunt hi quos stella ducit nos adeuntes inaodita femtei.

Magi, Nos sumus quos cernitis Reges Tharsis et Arabum et Saba, do**
offerentes Xpo Regi nato domino quem stella deducente adorare veniBma

Obstetrices, (Who evidently lead them to a scenic repretentatkm of theN**
tivity). Ecce puer adest quem quaeritisj jam preparate adorare qidaipM c^
redemptio mundi.

Tunc cantet unus Magorum, Salve princept saeculomm ; macipet

Secundus* Tolle thus, tu vere Deus.

Tertius, Mirram signum sepulturae.

Sequenti

18

(An tngel mppeara md Bays,)

Impleu sunt omnui que prophetice dicta tnnt, ite viam remeaDtes aliam.
Armiger (runa off to tell Herod). Delusus ea, domine, magi viam redierunt
iam.

(King Herod goes off in a rage, laying,)
Incendium meam mina eztinguam.

The whole of this has the musical notation written in cursiye clia-
icters oyer the words, without clefs or staves.

Yours truly,
J. C J.

SEQUENTI^ INEDITiE.— No. XXII.

cm. In Decollations S. Johannis BAPrisTiB.

(From the tame Mistal)

Celebretur dies ista

Qd& Praecursor et Baptista

Triumphat Martyrio :
Nobis via fit virtutis.
Via Titse, tpes salntis.

Ejus decollatio.

Hunc emissa vox de ccelis,
HuDC insigne Gabrielis

Cecinit prsconium ;
£t qui missus est Maris,
Sacerdoti Zaeharise

Tulit idem nuntium.

Patrcm sensit non sensatus,
Creatorem nondum natus

Et alludent puero ;
Qui sentire se nequibat
Solem clauium jam sentibat

Virginis in utero.

Natus puer, juris norma,
Legum sator, vit« forma,

Patri vocem reddidit :
Non promissa Dei crediderat ;
Unde Tocis usum perdiderat ;

Quia tarde credidit

Hie de Deo prophetavit,
Cui viam prsparavit
Naaoenti de Yirgine :

Cognitus in populis,
Floruit miraculit
Et virtutum genuine.

Jubar novum fulsit mundo
Cum de ventre non foccundo

Prodiit foecunditas :
Gratulatur gens remota,
Nee ejus vicinis nota/

Quam Christi Nativitas.

Mundi mundus fugit curam :
Vitam purus duxit puram,

Mundus omni carmine.
Mundo timens inquinari
Ne vel vita maculari^

Levi possit famine.

Hie desertum perelegit :
Ibi vitam solus egit,

Et se fecit minimum :
De quo constat esse varum
Inter natos mulierum

Hunc fuisse maximum.

Quia mundo se mundavit,
Regem mundi mundus lavit

In Jordanis flumine :
Nee pro Christo timuit
Tingere, quem meruit

Suo tingi sanguine.

' So in tlie book ; but there Is certainly some cormption.
' The poet is imitating Panlus Diaconos, in bis cdebrated hymn on S. John
W|itiit:

Ne levi saltern maculare famam
Famine possis.

14

Sequent\tB Inedita,

Sentis eum esse Deum :
Crediderunt quern viderunt

Esse mundo Lampadem.
Quern tyraonus ille magnus
CoDtenmebit ;* sed timebit

Propter Herodiadem.

Sanctitatis homo mirs
Regi nolens consentire,
Corrigebat ; quern redire

Vohiit a scelere :
Inde locus fuit irse
Regem fecit obssevire ;
Sanctum sprevit ; et punire

Maluit quam credere.

Qu&dam die auctor mafi
Suo gandet in intali :
Dum natale celebratur
PrsBcursoris caput datar

Saltatricis prsmiam.
Veritatis prseco bonus
Quern suscepit Dei Throoni,
Mortem subit pretiosam;
Decollatur : et in rotam

Commutatur lilium.
Preco bonus, prneo Chiiiti,
Quern secutum pneoessisti,
Tu pro nobis interoedas
£t venire nos concedas

Ad perenne gaudinm. Amen.

CIV.

The followiog singular hymn is to be found in a MS. apparently of
the date of 1 520, bound up with a magnificent — and much earlier—
missal once belonging to the great House of Corbie : now in the Pablie
Library at Amiens. It is, from the intercalated stanza as well u froa
the character of the writing, Italian ; and is headed

Officium proprium Sanctis Barbarjb.

It appears to have belonged to a guild under the invocation of this
saint, and to have been used at the funeral of its members. I most not
forget to mention that the music is in four parts.

Le grant pene que io sento
Me tormeuta node dia ;
Di morir jo zon conteuto
Por la vestra signoria.

Bone Jesu, dulcis cunctis,
Etemi Patris FiUus,
Te precamur pro defunctis,
Assii eis propitius.
Vulnera pande citius
Patri pro tuo famulo ;
Ut fruatur uberius
Tuo perenni titulo.

Quando call.

Maria fons dulcedinis,
Imperatrix seeulorum ;
Dei Mater et Hominis,
Consolatio ma»torum :
A carcere tormentorum
Hunc educas prece pi& :
Melodiis Angelorum
Jungens in coelo curift.

O tu Princeps Angeloram,
Michael victor draconis;
Ambassiator cGelorum
Gabriel praeditus donis :
Etherese regionis
Raphael quern coram Rqge
Hunc locetis coeli Throni^
Defunctum in coeli lege.

Johannes ardens locemat
Patriarcbaeque facundi,
Petre reserans supema,
Paule magne. Doctor maaStt
Apostolique incundi
Cum discipulis omnibm^
Innocentis came mondi
Hunc adjuvate predbns.

Stephane, qui meniisCi
Protomartyrem aflbre^ ^
Laurentiy Levita ChiM*
Magne gigat Chriitophon*

^ It is very aeldom that an otherwise well-written sequence preseats so M* ^
barism. It is probably a mistake of the transcriber.

SequentuB Inedita.

15

rtyretf com fenrore
n Jesnm tos rogttb
itftiD A corpore
im collocet Istit.

ri doctriiue tator,
pottolis Marline,
lice, stigmatum lator,
ni et Benedicte,
{loriam sine fine
retit toppliciter :
ccelonim culmine,
letis feliciter.

Dum veneris.

ria Macdalena,

, Martha, Katherina^

facie Serena,
•eth et Christina,
lum O TOS agmina
te Jesum pium
a defuncti crimina

post hoc exilium.

Quando ccdu

I Sanctorum Omnium^
ae cceli cnrin,
ctorum fidelium
■antur exequies :
xi Dominum glorise
is prece sedula
n Sanctis in requie
etur per secula.

Libera me.

I in purgatorio
itor ardore nimio
tor sed cura (?) medio
;oa compassio :
lex I miserere eis I

'.ens, qui culpas ablnis,
18 et nullum respuis,
tm extende miseris,
mis lugent oontinuis:
! era pro eis !

ispirant mortui
le poenis erui,
iio eonspectui,
lempitemis perfrui,
etra I ora pro eis 1

Quando Deus, Filius Virginis^
Judicare sseculum yenerit,
Dicat justis ad dextram positis,
' Aecedite, dilecti filii :
Vobis regnum dare disposui.'
0!0I

O felix vox I felix promissio !
Felix dator ! et felix datiol

Post hsec dicet ad Isevam positis :
' Neseio tos, cultores criminis :
Vos decepit gloria saeciili ;
Descendite ad ima barathn.
Cum Zabulon et suis Aneelis ?
O! 01 ^

0 proh dolor 1 quanta tristitia I
Quantus luctus 1 quanta suspiria !

Jam festinat Rex ad judicium :
Dies instat horrenda nimium :
Et quis nobis erit refugium,
Nisi Mater Virgo, spes omnium,
Qu« pro nobis exoret Filium ?

01 O!

O Jesu Rex ! exaudi, qusesimus,
Preces nostras, et salva, poscimus I

Libera me.

Creator omnium. Rex Deus, qui
Me de limo terreno formasti :
£t mirabiliter redemisti,
Proprio sanguine : corpus meum
Facias in die judicii
Licet putrescat, resuscitari.

Exaudi, exaudi, exaudi me, et animam
meam in sinu Abrahae Patriarchal
tui jubeas collocari.

O beata genitrix
Virgo atque Mater,
Advocata istius
Modo sis et semper :
O Virgo puerpera.
Hie te imploravit :
Hunc ceme mente tuft;
In hac die migravit.

Archangele Michael
Custos animarum ;
Paranymphe Gabriel
Videns lumen darum ;
Angeli, Archangeli,
Hunc omnes susdpite :
Ordines spirituum
Hunc Deo pnesentate 1

16

THE CHURCHES OF NORTH-WEST ESSEX.^

While the most noticeable churches in the southern and central dis-
tricts of the county have been illustrated by Hadfield, Suckling, ud
Buckler, little or nothing has been yet done for its more northern por-
tion. The surface of North-west Essex is undulating and pleannt, long
winding valleys lead up to the back bone of high ground which aeptr-
ates our county from the flats of Cambridgeshire. Many excellent
sites are thus gained for churches which in many cases have been
turned to the best account. Perched on high ground, or sheltering
themselves on sunny slopes, the churches form a marked feature in
most Essex landscapes. I need not say how the views in this imuM-
diate neighbourhood are graced by the elegant church of this town;
and amongst our villages no more pleasing views could be wished thin
the churches of Little Chishall, Arkesden, or Hadstock.

North Essex is included in the clunch district, in which materiil iD
the details in the late styles are executed. Previously to First-Pointed,
Barnack stone seems to have had the preference. The fabrics are in-
variably of rubble. There is no preponderance of one style onr
another, nor any marked local type, as in the Cambridgeshire district
which we adjoin. With the noble exceptions of Walden and Thaxted,
the churches are not noticeable either for size or richness of detuL
This is however easily accounted for by the small extent of most of oor
parishes, and the consequent increase in their number. Another
drawback is the extreme want of uniformity, for hardly ever do we lee
a nave with its north and south arcade corresponding in size, detafl. or
age. While however the ecclesiologist who has rambled the moic
favoured districts of Cambridgeshire, Hunts or Northants, will moil
certainly be disappointed in Essex, there are notwithstanding minj
features of interest both in grouping and detail which will well rewud
him for his pains.

To come to details ; —

1 . Ground-plans, The perfect cruciform plan with central tower ii
not now to be seen : Debden, its only example, having perished in
the last century, when the fall of the tower crushed choir and tnn-
septs. The nearest approach to this arrangement is Hadstock, whcfB
arc the bases of a central tower which was probably neter reind.
Newport, Manuden, and Berden may be quoted as examfdea of cnia-
form churches with western towers. Our ground-plans present litds
variety, lliey consist of chancel and nave, with or without aisles, and
invariably a western tower. The towers are now all square, but tka
foundations of round towers were laid bare during the recent restoiap
tions both at Arkesden and Wicken. Ancient aacristiet are icuoe;
there is one of early Third-Pointed date curiously built into the lugi

1 The substance of a paper by the Rev. J. H. Sperling, Rector of Vkfaa
Bonant, read at the Autumn Meeting of the Essex Arduedogical Sodetji \M ^
Saffron Walden, October, 1859.

7%€ Ckureke$ of North-west Esses. 17

srth bnttreM of the chancel at Wimbish, and another of somewhat
iter date in two stones at Littlebury. At Walden and Thaxtead they
named the form of crypts under the central chancels : — both have been
ppropriated for vaults.

IK. 8tyle$, We meet with Saxon in the tower at Wenden, which
rith the exception of the parapet and one or two windows, is entirely
i that date, the west doorway being mostly of Roman brick. The retired
kirch of Strethall is also of this early date : here the long-and- short
iork is plainly visible in the nave and tower. I am also inclined to
idd the fiibric of Chickney nave, which still retains a small and rude
vindow, closely resembling some examples at Caversfield, Oxon, en-
Snved in the Architectural Quide. Romanesque work has been much
BbKterated by the later styles. No church exists wholly of this date,
bot considerable remains may be found at Hadstock, Birchanger, and
tbe ruined chapel of S. Helen in the parish of Wicken. We find
pksty of Romanesque detail worked up into later buildings. Rich
ehtnoel arches remain at Elsenham and Strethall ; doorways at Little-
bsiy, Stanstead, and Elsenham ; fonts at Arkesden, Wicken, Stanstead
lod Ftmham. First'Pointed has also been much built out. The chancels
of Arkesden, Wicken, Stanstead and Broxted are of this age : to these
My be added a most exquisite window now blocked in the chancel at
Widdington, plentifully enriched with dogtooth. Middle- Pointed is more
pkotiful. Radwinter and Ghrishall churches are uniformly of this period.
n> this may be added the north aisles of Broxted and Wimbish, both
Kff good, also the nave arcades at Thaxtead, Hempstead, and Hen-
^: on a pier at the latter is a curious sculpture of the Blessed
l^igin and Child censed by angels. The chancel and south transept
It Great Sampford are our most beautiful examples, particularly the
iDnaer, which is arcaded all round internally. A very elegant font of
Ui period at Chickney, enriched with sculpture, must not be passed
iver. TMrd' Pointed work is abundant, but with the noticeable ex-
Kptions of Walden and Thaxtead not remarkable. Little Chishall is a
|ood village church early in the style. The south porch and chamber
fverat Newport are also worthy of a visit. Clavering is a large clere-
toiied church of somewhat later date and poor detail. The porches
t Littlebury arranged for groining are also well known.

We have some very good woodwork. Particularly I would mention

lenarkable picturesque timber porch at Radwinter, of Middle- Pointed
tte, also the screens at Rickling and Wimbish of the same period.
Ikh late screens remain at Wenden, Clavering, Manuden, and Hea-
ili ; plainer ones at Ugley, Newport, and Hadstock. Littlebury and
ITiddington could once boast of rich screen and stall work, but the
M century witnessed their destruction. We find wooden fu^its at
Tenden, Henham, and Rickling : the first, a very curious example,

engraved in Dollman*s Series. Three very elaborate font covers
Ming the whole font, and terminating in crocketed canopies, remain
: Imatead, Littlebury, and Takeley : at the latter place it has been
■fcrted into a surplice box. The best open seats are at daveriag.
SSsamed glass ^ owing to the peculiar troubles of this county in the
nteenth century, is scarce. The most extensive remains are at

WOh, ZZI. D

18 The Churches of North-west Essex.

Glavering, where are two or three windows filled with the disjointed
fragments of some fine fifteenth century glass. Of the same date is
an heraldic window at Widdington. Wimbieh can boast of earlier
glass, the east window of the north aisle having its tracery filled
with the arms of the four manors in the parish on a good grisaille
ground.

The remains of monumental art, though not extensiye, are in
some instances particularly good. Rickling contains the matrices of
two very magnificent brasses. The earliest remaining brass in tbe
district is the well known floriated cross with busts at Wimbish. Oor
best brass is that of Sir John De la Pole and his lady under canopies at
Chrishall, a,d, 1370, which forms the frontispiece to Bouteirs inter-
esting series. Good single figures of knights remain at Wenden and
Arkesden. At Stanstead is the cross-legged effigy in stone of Roger
de Lancaster : a nameless warrior also of early date lies behind a pev
in Glavering church. Chrishall affords a good canopied tomb with
female effigy of Middle-Pointed date. The south transept of Great
Sampford has another fine tomb of the same age. High tombs of
lliird- Pointed work occur at Strethall, to John Gardyner, Esq., Lord
of tbe Manor, and Patron, 1508; at Elmdon, to Sir Thomas Meade«
Knt., who died 1 585, (but the tomb is earlier ;) at Ashdon, to Richard
Tyrrell, Esq., 1566; at Stanstead, to Esther Salusburie, 1 604,— a rerf
interesting tomb with effigy in coloured alabaster. In the Renaissance
I may mention the sumptuous tombs of Sir John Cutts at Arkesden.
and Sir Hugh Myddleton at Stanstead, in 1631, both rich in effigies
and colour.

Considering that Essex was one of the Associated Counties, oor
church fabrics have suffered less than might have been expected.
Decorative features have for the most part been swept away, but I am
not aware of the destruction of any church during that unhappy period.
The earliest church destroyed was Thundersly, which parish was an-
nexed to Wimbish early in the 15th century. The little Romanesqae
chapel of S. Helen at Wicken was desecrated, and that of S. Leonard,
at Newport, pulled down, at the Reformation. Some fragments of the
clustered piers of the latter may yet be seen built into a wull by tbe
road side on the site. Little Wenden church was taken down by per-
mission of Bishop Compton towards the close of the seventeenth
century, and the parish annexed to Ghreat Wenden under the name of
Wendens-Ambo. It was a small church consisting of nave and
chancel only : a solitary memento remains, probably a piscina, in the
rectory garden. Early in the eighteenth century the round tower of
Wicken church either fell or was taken down. Later in the same
century came the crash at Debden already mentioned, and the fall of
the towers of Widdington and Wimbish. Great Cheaterford choich
waa miserably curtailed in 1790 by the removal of the tower lod
ahortening of the nave and aisles.

The present century has seen the dawn of brighter days, and North
Essex now stands honourably distinguished for the progress that bM
been made in restoring our once dilapidated churcbea. The tM^M
work was the rebuilding of Wenden-Lofta : this was followed by OM

'i

ESbion Oahedral. 19

ane extensive repain At Elmdon, Wenden,
a bjr Mr. Bur. And withiQ the lut three

have been very eaccesBfully rebuilt, to.,
itt; Famham by Mr. Joseph Clarke; and

Tlie noble tower of Newport baa been n-
btit anfortimHtely the graceful proportionH of
an adhered to. Smaller work) are goiDg on

amongst them may be mentioned Btretball
itter church the ancient altar slab has been
oent and piously restored to its sacred use.

removal of Lord Braybrook'a aerial parlour
lirown open the choir of that noble building,
or a general internal lestoradon. We maf
e one of the finest parochial inteiiora in oar
cl screen work.

MORE CATHEDRAL.

andeotly called lYibnim, the eeat of the

(i. e., Tir Briuin, the land of Bryan), on the
; is said to have been a village, but nothing
: rains of the very smalt and very ancient
aurrounding laud retaina the name of Umey,

lands of the Bishopric of Kilmore. tn the
tfae old church, the ancient seal of the clergy
ae years ago by a man digging a grave. It
on the figures of tbe Virgin and Child under
Bishop kneeling at her right hand, apparently
« inscription is, " S. Comnuue Cleri TVi-
"ed in the British Museum.
IB were sometimes called BreSnienses, horn
tory called Brefnia. In the year 1454, An-
f Tribuma, obtained permtssion from Pope
faurch of S, Pedlimid, called Kilmore (or the
ledral. Prom this period the Bishops took
Dstead of Tribuma.

mid is still standing, and remains the cathe-
more. It is 70 feet long by 24 feet wide in

are from 3 to 5 feet in thickness. The roof
^ pitch, covered with oaken shingles ; it was

the year 1690 by Bishop Maygne, who also
itone house," which, having undei^ne many
IditioDB, was finally pulled down in 1835.
ecrated Bishop of Kilmoie in 1S29, hewu
of his cathedral. He refera to it in a letter
ring date, Kilmore, 6th October, 1SS9, iMi

so KUmor^ Cathedral

than a month after his consecration. He aayi : ^" My cathedral dundi
is such another as Horningerth, (his former pariah in Suffolk.) bal
without steeple, hell, or font ; you may imagine the rest." And in •
letter to Archbishop Laud, written in the following April, he again refen
to the same subject : " The church here built, but without bell or steeple,
font or chalice." It remains without bell or steeple until this day, la
the rebellion of 1641, when so many churches were destroyed, itvti
preserved by the Roman Catholic Bishop taking posseasion of the ice
house when Bedell was imprisoned in the castle of Lough Outer*

'Vhh cathedral must have continued very much in the state in whidi
it was left by Bishop Andrew MacBrady until the episcopate of Biihop
Horte, which commenced in 1797. He is stated, in the large editka
of Sir James Ware's works, to have greatly " beautified his church."
He removed an old Nurman doorway from Trinity Abbey, in Loog^
Erne, and made it the south entrance of the church. This has bcci
made use of as the vestr}' doorway of the new cathedral now buildiDg,
with very good effect. The other alterations made were anything but
improvements. The heavy stone muUions and tracery were taken out
of all the windows. In the east the Pointed arch was destroyed, asd
a parallelogram, divided into six compartments, was introduced, snd is
the side windows common sashes. Before the end of the century the
ecclesiastical character of the building was entirely destroyed; the
shingles were stripped off the old roof ; the sheeting was covered with
a heavy coating of mortar, in which small slates were imbedded. Is
consequence of the additional weight, the old oaken roof became warped*
and was finally removed, and a slated roof of a low pitch substitnted.
There was also a gallery at this time erected, which covers one-thiid
of the interior space. In fact, of the ancient church there remains lo-
thing but the walla.

This church, considered so great in 1454 as to obtain the nam of
Kilmore, and give a title to a bishopric, has long been found too ohI
to accommodate the parishioners. A great desire for a more conai^
dious edifice has existed there for fifty years ; but the difficulties tM
presented themselves never could be overcome until the year 185&
when the foundation-stone of a new cathedral was laid.

The promoters of this work had other objects in view beside po-
viding accommodation for the parishioners. It was necessary thst tte
church should be both cathedral and parochial, and unite the chano-
ters of a parish church and diocesan cathedral. They were aln dh
sirous, so far as their means would permit them* to take adv|Lntige d
the revival of true architectural taste, to obtain the assiataAce of dn
best professional talent they could in the United Kingdom, and to hui
down to posterity a worthy specimen of the taste uad skill of the ip
in which we live. It was also determined that the chnrch ahould bs i
memorial testimony to the worth of William Bedell, Biahop of Hmnii»

1 Dr. Beaufort, speaking of Kilmore, saji, ^' There is no esllwdrsli Mid tti
parish church is very imall and andent. Bishop Msnt, in his History of the W
Churoh, has doubti upon the subject It is evidsBt neftthor of them snr Biddii
Istler to Dr. King, nor the proceediBas of Beddl*a8VBod, mktmht esDaii 'r "
siaa Cathedndam »^"— — ' "

Kilmore (kikeir»l. 21

l§tS^\fi4t% whose name » ttill menti(»ied with affectionite remem-
hnnce.^

BedcU had a European as well as British fame. He was chaplain to
Sir Henry Wotton when our ambassador in Venice ; the friend of Paul
Sarpi. who *' took him unto his very soul/' and of Antonio de Dominis,
the learned bat unfortunate Archbishop of Spalatro. He translated
the Prayer Book into Italian for the use of Paul Sarpi ; and from his
perfect knowledge of Greek, Hebrew, and Latin, was of great use to
both in their literary labours. When appointed to the Bishopric of
Kilmore, he applied himself with great diligence to learn the Irish lan-
guage ; and became such a master of it, as to effect the translation
of the Old Testament from the original Hebrew, and also the Book of
Common Prayer, into the Irish tongue.

An accomplished scholar, a diligent preacher, an ardent reformer^ he
laboured zealously and earnestly in his charge, extending the influence
of the Church, and amending the disordera he found in existence, ruling
over his diocese with kindness and vigilance, until his episcopate and
life were terminated by his sufferings during the Great Rebellion of
1641.

He was buried in the churchyard of his cathedral at midnight, and
the knowledge of his worth drew from a Roman Catholic Priest at hia
foneral the wish, '* Sit anima mca cum Bedello." The inscription on
the tjrmpanum over the west door of the new cathedral is taken from
hia tomb, with the change of a word. The epitaph, whidi was written
by himself, runs thus ; — " Gnlielmi Bedelli, quondam Kilmorensis Epis-
co|ii» depositum." The inscription on the tympanum is, *' Gulielmi
Beidelli, quondam Kilmorensis Episcopi, in memoriam."

The style of Mr. Slater's new cathedral is Middle- Pointed, the plan
being cruciform, having chancel, choir, north and south transepts, nave
and aisles, and vestry on the norUi side of chancel. The tower is central,
in which the choir is placed, llie stalls are of carved oak. The throne
ia at Che east end of the stalls on the south side. The east window of the
ehancel is of five li^ts ; there are two windows on each side, of three.
The jambs of the window on the south side are continued down, and
form the sedilia. The roof of the chancel is panelled, with curved ribs.
The choir is separated from the chancel by the eastern arch of the tower.
There are two two-light windows in the south and north gables of
the transeptSb . The nave is separated from the aisles by an arcade of
three arches, and has a clerestory of spherical windows. The roof ia
open, with arched moulded ribs, supported on corbels. The western
entrance has deqply-moulded jambs and arches, and is divided by a
pier aupporting the tympanum, which is carved. The aisle win<iowa
are of two lights, the tracery of which is varied. The pulpit is placed
in the nave against the north-west pier of the tower, the font by the
west entrance, the organ against the east wall of the north transept,

* Then are two muiuacript livet of Biihop Btdell among BUbop Tamier's manv-
•eripCs in the Bodleian Liorary (No. 278) : one beaded S^jftculum Epitcoporum
wiittai by his lon-iii-kw, Mr. Alerander Clogy, Vicar of Cavan ; the other ia aop-
~ Id babv hit ton. Another (probably a eopj of the firat) ii hi the Britialt
I, Mffi. HidlfliBn. No. 6400.

22 Acta and Agenda at Chichester.

The external effect will be best understood by the aocompsnjiog
view ; it is much enhanced by a commanding site.

The old cathedral is situated to the north-west of the present build-
ing and churchyard, on an eminence.

The local dark limestone has been used in the construction of the
walls, which contrasts very favourably with the Dungannon stone em-
ployed in the windows and doors.

Glxbicus Kilmokbhiu.

ACTA AND AGENDA AT CHICHESTER.

To the Editor of the Ecclesiologist.

Dbar Sib, — I believe that a short notice of the restoration now in
progress in this cathedral will not be without interest to your readen.
Of what has been already done, in adapting the nave for Divine seniee,
it is right to speak with unmingled praise; and a few words wil
suffice to show how simple and appropriate are the arrangements.

The seven western bays have been partitioned off by a plastered
framework reaching from pavement to vault, against which the iltir,
with its dossel and furniture, removed from the choir, is placed* Hie
throne, similarly transferred, flanks it on the south, lliree tien of
seats for the clergy, lay clerks, and choristers, on either side, are new.
shaped suitably for their purpose, but of inexpensive material, and per-
fectly unpretending. The chorus cantorum thus formed is fenced oi
the west by a low screen, made out of old pewing ; and within its en-
trance stands the modem, but not new, eagle lectern of oak. Tlie
organ is put in the aisle behind the north range of stalls ; and the
moveable oak pulpit, which has for some time been in occasionil see
in the nave, is placed on the north, just outside the screen. The re-
mainder of the nave and great part of the aisles are filled with chsiiik
interspersed with a few benches for those who may prefer them. Totke
several piers wooden shields are affixed, from the moulded umboof caA
of which proceeds a straight gas- branch. Double doors at the entnoeei
and matting on the floor are made to contribute their part to the g^
neral satisfaction and comfort,^-objects of no mean consequence where
a great change in the usages of a city population is in progress. The
whole of this temporary work is most creditable to Mr. Slater* froa te
plain, practical, serviceable character which marks it throughout. No
useless cost has been incurred in the transitional state of the cfaaich.
no showy effort is made ; but the paramount aim is evidently vttiSkj,
and that is fully attained ; while the subordinate, but still importiat
one, of habituating a mixed congregation to correct ritual annig^
ments, is not lost sight of.

Passing behind the great partition by a door in the aisle. I found die
choir dismantled. The altar, bishop's throne, and orgao» as I have Mid*
are gone ; the stalls and rood-loft yet remain, but some of the pew sod
gallery septa have been taken away, and here and there the OMSoaiy
of the piers is laid bare. We now see how rudely thia bM. in pelt

Acta and Agenda at Chichester, 28

time, been dealt with. Vaulting- shafts, origiDally continued from the
groined ceiling to the ground, have been cut through and terminated
with mock corbels, in order to make way for a skirting-board : here a
moulded base has been mutilated, there another shorn off level with
the pavement ; a third proving intractable, has actually been excavated
from the massive pier, leaving a large vacuity behind, as the readiest
mode of clearing away the stubborn Purbeck block.

I now turn to the question of re-fitting the choir. Your readers
are already aware, from the lithograph and observations published
in a former number, that it has been resolved to throw open the
choir to the nave, by the removal of the existing rood-loft, — a late
work, of little merit ; and to erect a substitute for the present wooden
altar- screen, which may be described in the same words. The stalls it
has happily been determined to replace in their present position beneath
the lantern ; the eastern member of the cross (exclusive of the pres-
bytery) comprising only three comparatively short Norman bays, which
are insufficient to receive the stalls and to afford adequate space for the
altar precinct besides. The presbytery, from difference of level and
of architectural character, and from its own intrinsic unity, could not,
without unmitigated injury to both, be absorbed even partially into the
dioir. It is matter of rejoicing, therefore, that the stalls are to be
xetained in their ancient and (in this cathedral) only suitable position.

Another point, of scarcely minor importance lesthetically, — that re-
specting the pavement levels, — has been determined in a most satisfac-
tory manner. I should mention, at the outset, that there are at present
five steps at the entrance of the choir from the nave, and three more in
front of the altar. The Dean and Chapter at first proposed, I under-
stand, to lower the pavement of the choir considerably, leaving only two
steps at the entrance, and canying on the others to its eastern end to
increase, pro tanto, the relative elevation of the altar. The attainment
of this desirable object, however, proved to be attended with unforeseen
difficulties. It was found that the purposed lowering of the floor involved
moch disturbance of the remains interred beneath ; and it also became
apparent that the pier-bases throughout corresponded with the existing,
not with the intended, level. These objections were felt to be so
setions, that the original idea was abandoned, and rightly.

A better course, however, has been determined on, possessing all the
advantages of that first contemplated, and free almost completely from its
inconveniences. It is this : to preserve intact the pavement of the sanc-
toary as far west as the stalls, — that is to say, for the three entire east-
cm bays, — a space comprising three- fifths of the whole choir. To this
extent, consequently, there will be no interference whatever with the
sobsoil, — none, directly or indirectly, with the bases of the piers. The
pavement of the westernmost part of the choir alone, will be lowered
sofi&ciently to permit two of the five steps (now at the threshold) to be
oanied on to the commencement of the sanctuary, at the eastern arch
of the lantern.

The levels of the choir therefore will stand thus : three steps at its
entimnoe ; two steps at the line of the eastern termination of the stalls,
.or oomnMnoenent of the sanctuary ; and the (hree, as now. at the

S4 The Restoration 0/ the Central Lantern of Ely Cathedral

immediate precinct of the altar. This gradnal rise is more satisfying
to the eye, and condncive in its degree to reverence, than an abropl
flight of many steps close to the altar itself. It is in fieust by far the
most desirable distribution of levels which could be selected, even were
the choice in every respect perfectly unfettered and open. The result
will be to give the altar becoming elevation at the summit of the gradoated
ascent ; while the intervening stalls, duly subordinated, will cease to
obstruct — as there would have been danger of their otherwise doing —
the view of it from the nave.

I am, dear Sir, yours faithfully.

THE RBSTORATION OF THE CENTRAL LANTERN OP

ELY CATHEDRAL.

Wb have to thank M. Reichensperger for an interesting note, contain-
ing the results of his examination, in company with M. Statz, the
architect, of the sketch for the external restoration of the central lan-
tern of Ely Cathedral, which appeared in our last number but one.

Regretting the absence of a ground plan, which might have cor-
rected their speculations, these eminent authorities — with many ex-
pressions of apology for their criticism, which they hope will be taken
as a proof of their high interest in this projet grendioBe — profess their
doubt whether the flying-buttresses, as shown in Mr. 6cott*8 sketch,
•re well arranged.

The fact is, that the octagon of the upper lantern is superimposed 0^
Kquefy upon the lower octagon. Had the upper and the lower octagons
coincided, of course there would have been no difficulty about the
flying-buttresses. But, as the case is, if the new flying-buttresses are
made to abut perpendicularly upon the angles of the upper lantern, their
pressure will exert its thrust — not upon the angles of the lower octa-
gon, but — upon the middle of each side. On the other hand, if it is
constructionally necessary that the pressure of the angles of the upper
lantern should be borne by the strongly buttressed angles of the lower
octagon, then each angle of the upper octagon ought to have a pair of
oblique flying buttresses, instead of a single perpendicular one.

Now Mr. Scott's sketch, as will be seen by any one who will ei-
amine it, is decidedly ambiguous in this respect. It is certain that he
only gives one buttress to each angle of the lantern ; but it is not clear
that he has made up his mind how its thrust shall be met. There is
one buttress shown in the sketch, as though it met the angU of the
lower octagon, — which is impossible : aod the two others, which appear
in the drawing, seem to have nothing to meet their thrust. As our
readers know, there are at present no buttresses, though — if we re-
member rightly — there are indications of the original plan. Perhaps, as
the whole upper octagon is of wood, the conetructional point is of less
importance than it has appeared to be to MM. Statz and ReicheQ-
aperger. Bat we thank them for drawing our attention to tlw maetter.

T%e Ruiaratim of the Central Lantern of Ely Cathedral. 25

rhich we shall certainly bring under the notice of the eminent archi-
ect, to whom this interesting work of restoration has been intruBted.

[Since the above was written, we have received the following letter
rom Mr. Scott, containing his reply to the letter of " E. E./' in our
iBt number, and also his remarks on M. Reichcnsperger's note, which
7t had sent to him for his inspection.]

To the Editor of the Ecclesiologist.

Dear Sir, — ^To enable you the better to judge of the questions raised by
our correspondent, " £. E.," I take the liberty of sendinj^ you a copy of tlie
eport whien tccompanied the sketch when submitted to the Committee.

You will see from it that, though the consideration of the subject was
nmature, and the sketch made rather to elucidate certain vexed questions,
ach as whether the second story of the octagon was original or modern, than
s a positive and final design, I had nevertheless not treated the subject in a
sreless or off-hand manner, but had cone to a great extent upon evidence
btained with considerable care and trouble.

The similarity of the leaded octagon to the stone octagon below it,— to
rhatever criticism it may be open, — is not attributable to my own taste or
nil, but to evidence which I am unable to resist, though it may in execution
e in my power to modify it by the adaptation of the details to the natural
iun;estion8 of lead-work.

The positions and form of the flying buttresses, and the form of the angle
arrets are given with certainty by the old views and are confirmed by the
lamination of the existing remains ; the patterns of the great windows are
I great measure given by the fragments found on removing the lead- work ;
tie division of the upper story is arrived at by joint reference to the old views
nd to ^he mortices still remaining for their reception ; — the parapet is arrived
t with less certainty, from the fact that Browne Willis shows the lead and
be atone parapets as alike^ though his drawings are anything but positively
orrect. The pinnacles were an after-thought, suggested by the fact that in
be Ely work oattlemented forms, like those given to the turrets by Browne
Willis, are generally terminated by pinnacles ; they are, however, unquestion-
bly shown too much Uke stonework, a fault which I shall have to take
peeial means of avoiding in the execution. I believe I was the firs^ to sug-
est a pyramidal termination, — indeed, I prepared a previous design, showing
t so finished. I have not, I see, mentioned it in my report, but it received
nidi personal discussion at the meeting to which that report was presented,
nd was left an open question. My examinations have not yet enabled me to
Kf with any certainty whether there ever was such a feature, but I think it will
et be ascertained. It is a question involving some doubt whether its addition
rill or vrill not involve the necessity for restoring the spire to the western
ower*

A question has been suggested by a gentleman for whom I have the highest
etpect, — M. Reichensperger of Cologne, — whether the position of the flying
nttresaes is not faulty, as being wanting in abutment ? It certainly is so,
beoretically, and had the whole been of stone it would be most faulty, but as
heRal abutment was upon the timbers of the roof, and the only use of the flying
(Ottresaes was as a stay a^inst the wind, I do not think it a serious fault,
nd we know that the position shown is as the original.

The question of the belfry has been quite settled since my report by extracts
RND the sacrist's rolls, kindly sent me by the Rev. D. J . Stewart, who has
^veo them long and careful examination.

Id early notices, (temp. Edw. III.) two belfries are mentioned, e.^., '* In 12
mih cmptis pro campanis in ntroque campanile/' In an entry of Richard Il.'s

▼OL. XZI. B

26 The Buioratum of the Central Lantern of Ely OiikedraL

tione these words occur : '' Campanis fiendendis super dsorum.'' Id the Wh
century Fuller mentions the bells as still hanging there ; in 1669 is the entry
for the cost of removing the bells from the lantern, and in 1756 Essex in hit
report recommends the removal of the bell-frame.

I remain, dear Sir,

Yours very faithfully,

Georob Qilbkrt Scott.

We have much pleasure in inserting Mr. Scott's original Report to
the Restoration Committee referred to in the above letter, by the per-
mission of the Dean.

" To the Committee for the Restoration of the Central Octagon and Lantern of
Ely Cathedral, as a Memorial to the late Dean,

" Gbntlemkn, — In submitting to you the accompanying deaign for the re-
storation of the central lantern of Ely Cathedral, I beg to offer a few remarks
in explanation of the same.

" As you are well aware, the great central octagon which renders this
church unique amongEn^lish cathedrals, was erected by the celebrated cleri-
cal architect Alan de Walsmgham, after the fall of the Norman oentnd tower
in 1322. It is a work displaying extraordinary originality of conceptioot snd
great skill both in design and construction. This noble work is terminated
by the lantern now under consideration ; and which, though there can be no
doubt that it originally harmonised in beauty with the rest of the stmctnrc,
has suffered so much as to its external design from the repairs it underwent
in the last century, added to what it may have already lost by decay and miaor
reparations, that it is at present very far from being in harmony with the
structure on which it stands.

** My great object has been to ascertain, as nearly as it is possible, how fsr
its original design differed from what now exists, and, generally, to recover,
as far as may be, its true character.

" The evidences we have to go upon in this inquiry are those offered by
the existing remains — those to be obtained from old prints and notices — and
such arguments as may be drawn from corre8|M)nding works.

" The lantern consists of two stages, the lower one, or lantern proper, be-
ing open to the church, surrounded by eight windows of three lights Mch,
and covered internally with timber vaulting ; and the upper one, being an attic
or loft of some ten feet high, between that vaulting ana the roof.

" From the structure itself we find that the windows of both stages have
been renewed ; that those of the lantern proper were originally of four instead
o{ three lights, and of rich tracery instead of plain intersecting mullions; that
the roof of the great octagon, out of which the lantern rises, has been raised
several feet against its sides, thus in all probability shortening the windows
in a corresponding degree ; that the minor filling in of the sides of the upper
story, including the upper windows, has all been renewed ; and finally, tnat
the lead-work and all external features have been renewed and entirely
altered.

" A question has been raised by a gentleman who has taken a great in-
terest in the subject, and is a great benefactor to the cathedral, and whose
views on these and every other ground claim every consideration, whether
the upper story is not enUrely an addition of a subsequent date ; and acting
upon tnat supposition, he has drawn out a very ingenious scheme of conjec-
tural restoration. After very careful investigation, however, I am quite con-
vinced that this view is untenable.

** In the first pkce, on a merely primd facie view of the case, as taken in
connection with the very numerous timber turrets in the centre of ehniches,

7Xe ResioraHon of the Central Lantern of Ely Cathedral. 27

vfaich we find to haTe been alwajrs erected for the reception of bells, one
voold natiumlljr be led to eipeet that thej would be provided for in this
natanoe.

** Secondly, in an early notice of the lantern, that of Fuller, we find that in
lia day it actually did contain bells. He says :

** ' The lantern therein, bnilt by Bishop Hotham, .... is a master-
lieee of aichitectore. MThen the hiells ring, the wood thereof shakf th and
;apeth, (no defect, but perfection of structure,) and exactly chocketh into the
qynts again,' &c.

** These bells were probably removed dtnring the civil war, for at the time
rf Essex's Survey in 1757 Uiey were not there, though the frame which had
ormerly received them still remained. He mentions this as follows :

^ ' It will be proper .... that the old bell-frames and other lumber be
akeii out of the umtem, and all the stonea and rubbish be cleared off the
eads over the lantern chamber.'

** It has been suggested that though this attic story existed as early as the
bne of Fuller ; it may, nevertheless, have been of a date subsequent to the
ffi|^nal erection of the lantern. I find, however, no evidence in favour of the
onjectnre, but much against it In the first place, the eight enormous trees
rhich form the angles of the lantern run up into the belfry story ; some of
hem to its extreme height, and others wfaidi were too short, were pieced in
. systematic manner (as if originally) to bring them up to the required length.
lecondly, these upright timlwrs are morticed systematically to receive the
Uling-iii timbers which formed the sides, and tenoned into the horizontal
»late which receives the roof, which b itself very systematically morticed for the
tUing-in timbers. Thirdly, the roof-timbers are distinguished by carpenters*
mrki, whidi tally with those on the main uprights, and are of the same kind
rith those found on the timbers of parts which are indisputably originaL

" From these evidences I am convinced that not only is the belfry story
art and parcel of the original design, but even that its roof is ori^nal ; in-
ecd that the alterations which the lantern has undergone, are limited to its
rindows and external details.

- Taking a general view of the design of the lantern, aided by the two
iews of it by Browne Willis, about 1730, and that given by Bentham, which
ras taken in 1 756, though not engraved until after the alterations made by
Saaex in 1757, or a little after, I have come to the conclusion that it was to
eertain extent an imitation of the general forms of the stone octagon below
;. £ach had large windows of four lights below, with circular panels in the
pandrils ; each had a distinct story over these windows, lighted by smaller
rindows consisting of several detached lights, and each had considerable tur-
etSy probably surmounted by pinnacles at the angles, and, in all probability,
jpen parapets between them. The chief distinction between the two de-
ipM would appear to have been the subdivision of the windows of the belfry-
toiy into two heights b^ a transom, as is shown in the old views, and con-
nned by the mortices still remaining in the angle-posts.

** This analogy is established eqn^ by the old prints, and by the existing
Bnains, ao that in my own mind Uiere does not remain a shade of doubt on
lie subject

** It ia true that the old views are carelessly drawn, and that discrepancies
nst in them, but they establish the general outline and aspect of the lantern
t tlie time they were taken, beyond all room for doubt ; and as the existing
nnains furnish evidences agreeing with what these views would suggest, and
I these evidences are further confirmed by the carpenters' marks, which
um them to be original, there seems to me to be no room for question that
le general aspect shown in the views is in the main that of the original
irvetarv, tboag^ ike details are leffc in a great degree uncertain.

" finn iiiHiHin iif iilnl T mean, I will mentioii the angle turreU of tbe

28 8. Paul's Cathedral.

lantern. These were entirely altered by Essex, so thaty if the old views hsd
not existed, we should have had some difficulty in conjecturing their form.
The old views, however, show them to have been on a square plan, whose dia-
gonals coincided in direction with those of the octagon.

*' In this, the views of 1730 {circa), and those of 1756, agree. Now on ex-
amining the existing work, we find mortices in a very peculiar glancing position
in the flanks of the great angle-posts to the lantern, and on comparing tbeie
with the views, we see at once that they are exactly suited to receive the
framing of the angle-turrets there shown.

'^ Again, in the views we find the lights to the belfry-story to reach up to
the cornice, and to be terminated in small arches, as those to the stone oeta-
gon below ; and on examining the underside of the upper plates, we find s
series of mortices which would exactly suit this, the mortices being alternately
single and double, just as would be necessary to receive the muUions and
arches of such window-work.

** I have in the accompanying sketch endeavoured to embody the results
of the evidence I have alluded to, filling in details as I judge most likely.
The old views show the turrets to be finished with battlementa, but 1 think
it probable that from these lofty pinnacles would have sprung ; that being sn
arrangement frequent at Ely, beginning in the work of De Lnda, and con-
tinuing through that of Walsingham. The parapet I have supposed to be
like that to the octagon below.

" It would render the whole far more perfect if the roof of the octagoD
were brought down to its proper level, so as to open out the whole height of
the windows ; but, if this cannot be, we must modify the design so far as is
necessary. It will be also a question, whether the small gallery which has
been added round the interior, for the purpose of getting at the windows for
reparation, should be retained or not.

** The internal decoration and the filling in of the windows with stained
glass, would, I presume, form a portion of the work, and in the designing of
the decorations I trust we might have the advantage of the advice and artistic
experience of Mr. L'Estrange. It will be a question in this how far the de-
sign of the old decoration should be adhered to.

*' I have the honour to be, Gentlemen,

'* Your very faithful servant,

'* Geo. Gilbert Scott.

" 20, Spnng Gardens, June lOth, 1859."

S. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL.

We have the great pleasure of being able to announce to our readers
that plans of a very satisfactory character have been prepared by Mr.
Penrose, under the direction of the authorities at S. Paul's, with the
consent of the committee which exists to advise upon the refitting of
the church. The choir it will be remembered now consists of the apse,
of a short bay filled with grills and serving as the eastern gangway to
the aisles, and of returned stalls and solid screen reaching to the centre
of the third bay from the cast. The half bay thus ungracefully cut off
by the screen which abuts against nothing, is filled up with grills, and
then come the liuge lantern piers. The solid screen, and the returns
are to be sacrificed. The future screen will stand where architecture

S. PauPs Cathedral. 29

emaads that it should he placed — ahutting against the lantern piers.
'or the present the existing grills, of very rich iron work and undouht-
dly designed hy Wren, are to he collected and gilt and to serve as the
smporary screen. But ultimately there is to be a permanent and stately
tructure of marble or of brass. The stalls will be so arranged as to fill
lie two most western bays on either side, the organ in its original
Vrennian case being placed over them in the second bay to the north.
lie tlurd bay, which is not to be stalled, will give access into the aisles.
^e trust, however, that it will be screened at the sides, and not converted
Qto a crowded auditorium to the detriment alike of appearance and of
orrect arrangement. When the permanent screen is erected the grills
an readily be adapted to the space, and in the interim some temporary
at sufficient barrier erected. The sanctuary which is now confined to
he actual apse, an insufficient space, will be enlarged by the addition
f the short bay, which will be no longer needed as a passage, and the
etam stalls will be re-erected within it on either side and serve as
edilia. This appears to us a very ingenious contrivance and will, we
ave no doubt, produce a dignified effect. The old screen, we believe,
rill be rebuilt in the south transept over the doorway with the view of
eing employed hereafter in case a larger organ should be required for
he special services.

We need not impress upon our readers the pleasure with which we
ecord a plan which is thoroughly satisfactory in its arrangements and
rhich promises so grandiose an architectural effect. It is not many
ears since a re-arrangement of the cathedral would have implied
ither the destruction of the choral fittings or some contrivance to cram
he choir with a still larger congregation. Now at S. Paul's, as in other
athedrals, the right use both of choir and of nave is recognized,
nd we may confidently venture to hope that in future special services,
lot less than at the ordinary cathedral worship, the choir will be
labitually used for the singers, and the whole congregation worship in
ace of the altar. Funds, we trust, will be forthcoming for the im-
provements. When they are accomplished the great work of the de-
oration of S. Paul's remains behind. Upon this we shall say no more
han that we earnestly trust the most careful study will be devoted and
he highest available opinions will be collected before the irretrievable
tep is taken of doing anything. The Dean and Chapter have shown
o much anxiety to act under eminent architectural advice in what they
low propose, that we have no doubt that the same course will be fol-
owed in the future decoration. On the other hand, the thanks of all
rho respect the dignity of art are due to those distinguished architects
rho come forward to assist in the deliberations of the committee, and
0 fortify Mr. Penrose with the results of their judgment. There is
ut one feature upon which we shall express an unfavourable opinion —
be spedmen glazing in the windows of the dome — which strikes us as
9eble and ineffective. Having this effect at present it would of course
e far more unsightly when the cathedral is decorated. We therefore
lead for the sabstitutioii of some richer and more elaborate treatment.

30

THE WESTERN TOWERS OF LLANDAFF CATHEDRAL.

To the Editor of the Ecclesiologist,

Sib, — I perceive that at a Committee Meeting of the Bcclesiolc^ical
Society, held during the month of May in the present year, a drawing
was exhibited by Mr. Seddon, showing an intended restoration of the
west front of Llandaff cathedral. By this it is proposed that the northern
tower should be completed with a rich open parapet after the type of
the Somersetshire churches ; the southern to have a lofty ociagammi gpire.

As no observations appear to have been made by the individoals
present on the latter unusual deviation from Anglican church architec-
ture, we cannot of course say with what favour or disapprobation it
may have been received. There must be, it is true, certain principles
of beauty common to the Gothic style in every country, but there are
at the same time national peculiarities which " separate" them. Every
one at all acquainted with the subject is aware that an English cathe-
dral is conspicuously distinguished from a French by a massive cemiral
tower or spire and by two western towers or spires of iimiktr heighi and
character. Whatever may be the superiority of our neighbours in the
increased elevation of their churches and the lofty semicircular termi-
nation of the choir so well adapted to display the Roman ritual to ad-
vantage, candour must allow that (our disproportionate doors excepted)
we maintain a manifest superiority over the French in our western
facades. In their cathedrals it may with truth be said that no two
west fronts are alike. In very few instances only have both towers
been finished, and in still fewer are they at all similar. Sometimes
one of the towers is surmounted with a spire and the other not, as pro-
posed at LlandaflT. Sometimes both have spires, but of very difiPeieot
form and height, such as those at Chartres. Surely no one can look
upon these deviations from our own types as anything but utterly op-
posed to symmetry and beauty. We may safely contrast this *« un-
pleasant peculiarity*' in some of the otherwise magnificent cathedrals of
our Gallic neighbours with the Anglican type which culminates in the
glorious west front of York unrivalled by any other in Europe.

But it may be said in defence of the solecism proposed to be carried
out at Uandaff, that from the traces left the details of the now existing
and that of the ruined southern tower, do not appear to have been pre-
cisely identical, but, as Mr. Freeman observes in his valuable remarks
on ^e architecture of that cathedral : "we should require some far-
ther evidence to make us beUeve that they violated the ordinary Eng-
lish rule of being perfectly similar in proportion and general design.**
Why then for the " mere love of variety '* destroy utterly the efieet of
a west fi-ont which exhibits the most perfect unity of design, and which
by the harmony existing between the architectural detail of the ejtierhr
and the interior "standi almost by itself among English cathedrals.'*

I remain, &c.

A MSMBBB OP THB OXVOBD AbCHITBCTURAL

July 14M, 1859. Socibty.

The Weitem Towers of Llandaff Cathedral 81

The foregoing letter was placed in the writer*8 hands several months
ago, and he can only regret that his numerous avocations should have
so long delayed its appearance in the Ecclenologist. In reference,
however, to the subject-matter of the letter, the writer feels compelled
at once to join issue with the member of the Oxford Architectural So-
ciety as to the basis of his criticism of the proposed restoration of the
west front of Llandaff Cathedral.

That basis he would state thus :

1 . The Restoration intends two dissimilar towers :

2. The special type of the English Cathedral west fronts is two
towers or spires of similar height and character : —

the consequence of these propositions being, in the Oxford Archi-
tectural member's mind, that no cathedral should be restored without
two similar western towers or spires. Now, in the first place, what is
the fact as to this " special type " to induce its undeviating adoption.
We find it at York, Lincoln, Exeter, Gloucester, Worcester, Ripon,
and Westminster by favour of Sir Christopher Wren ; but it will be
looked for in vain at Salisbury, Norwich, Peterborough, Chichester,
Wells, Bath, S. Albans, Oxford, and Ely. At Canterbury, too, the
south tower, until rebuilt by Mr. Austen, was of entirely distinct date
and character from the northern, and although uniformity may have
been obtained, which to some minds appears synonymous with sym-
metry, there is a want of that freedom and grace which is the greatest
charm of Gothic architecture.

Again, and as a stronger reason against any such assumption of an
undeviating rule as the Oxford Architectural member has laid down,
he has entirely lost sight of the fact that Llandaff Cathedral is of dif-
ferent type and character to most of the English cathedrals in not
being cruciform in plan. If therefore the Oxford member's rule were
correct, at least it should be consistently applied, and not, as in this
caae, endeavoured to be thrust ufion Llandaff as a consequence of its
obtaining frequently in the case of other cathedrals of a different cha-
racter.

In one further respect the Oxford member's views appear untenable.
In the writer's humble judgment the north tower of Llandaff Cathe-
dral is by no means a picturesque or well-proportioned structure, and
in addition is of much later date and character than the west gable
with its very perfect First- pointed triplet and arcading. To reproduce
such a tower, plain and gloomy as it is, on the southern side (and
where there is no evidence whatever of a similar structure having
existed) would tend much to mar the effect of the west front gene-
rally and destroy the airy lightness of the older work, in addition to
raising at great expense an architectural work not worth repeating, and
of an incongruous type.

The exterior of Llandaff Cathedral is far inferior in point of beauty
to many edifices of a smaller class, and one of its defects is a want of
variety of outline, not compensated by unusual beauty in its details.
Any additiooal variation consequently that can be obtained by a southern
tower at the west end with a lofty spire would add much to the general
character mod attractiveness of the whole mass, and this more especially
•0 if the dengn harmonize well with the western gable.

32 S. John's Churchy Hawarden,

The writer regrets that he was prevented attending the Committee
meeting in May last, when the design was exhibited by Mr. Seddon,
so that he is unable to express any opinion thereon ; but he is very
desirous that the principle laid down by the Oxford member should not
go forth without a protest against it as narrow-minded and miscbievoos,
in addition to its being logically untenable as applied to Llandaff.

% A Member op the Committbb op the

ECCLBSIOLOGICAL SoCIETT.

S. JOHN'S CHURCH, HAWARDEN.

Wb have often regretted that the inventive and executive mind among
our clergy has developed somewhat too exclusively in the line of
music. No doubt an invasion of amateur practitioners of architecture*
painting, and sculpture might be a somewhat formidable event ; but
there is moderation in all things ; and with all our full conviction of
the proverb, ** Cuique in arte sud credendum est,** we are equally sure
that the occasional and exceptional appearance of an amateur hand
is alike wholesome to the bold practitioner himself, as to those on
whose manor he may poach. For example, who will deny that the
late Mr. Moore's painted window at Ely served as a useful point of
comparison between modern mosaic glass and its ancient treatment, of
which Mr. Moore had caught the chique with such wonderful fidelity ?
To-day we are about to introduce our readers to a monument of clerical
art so remarkable, that we almost regret that its distance from
London (lying as it does just within Wales) must always be an ob-
stacle to the influence which its example might otherwise carry. S.
John Baptist's church, at Hawarden, is now of considerable age for a
" new church/' having been erected under the influence of our excellent
vice-president, Sir Stephen Glynne. and partly from the designs of
Mr. Buckle, in very early days of the movement : consequently, its
architecture is not to be tried by the present standard. It possesses,
however, a high roof ; a chancel, though not as deep as might be ; lancet
windows with an eastern triplet ; a western tower and spire (too slight) ;
and finally, a very costly though small vestry, polygonal, like a chapter-
house, with an elaborate groined roof, of stone. The resident curate of
this church, Mr. Troughton, has for many years made it his labour of
love to decorate it with his own hands. Every window is filled with
painted glass, designed and burnt by himself, comprising subjects on
grisaille grounds, of very creditable execution, resembling Mr. Wailes*
better productions. Only the east window is filled with glass of a
less satisfactory description, dating from the early days of the church,
and emanating from a manufactory. This, it is hoped, will before
long be replaced by Mr, Troughton's work. The walls of the nave
and chancel are covered with diaper patterns, surrounding large panels,
in which are painted various scenes of our Blessed Loan's life, copied
from known prints of the Overbeck school, and very well executed

BaS' Relief in S. Augustine^ s, Canterbury, 33

by the same clergymaD, though we fear that tiie vehicle, distemper,
will hardly prove as durable as their merit would lead us to desire.
Hie stone pulpit is likewise decorated with painted figures on its
panels ; and a reading-desk, which faces south, has been enriched
with carving. Finally, Mr. Troughton has himself carved and co-
loured a high screen, bearing a cross, although, as we have indi-
cated, the service is said in the nave. The seats are all open, and
the only gallery is a small constructional one to the west, bearing
the organ, and forming a baptistery. Here, too, the colourist's art haa
been exercised. We should advise no ecclesiologist who happens to be
in the neighbourhood to neglect visiting this remarkable little church.

THE BAS-REUEF IN S. AUGUSTINE'S, CANTERBURY.

Wb have the pleasure to present our readers with a photographic picture
of Mr. Barges' beautiful group of the Mission of S. Augustine, sculp-
tured by Mr. I^yffers. It will be remembered that this bas-relief is
placed in the crypt of the chapel of S. Augustine's College, Canter-
bury, in memory of the students who have already met their death in
their mianonary enterprises. Their names are to be inscribed below
the sculpture. It is superfluous to praise the pure and expressive
treatment of this group. Anxious as we are to revive Christian
sculpture, we cannot but urge our readers to note the fact, that we
have among ns artists and sculptors quite competent to undertake any
task that may be assigned to them. What Mr. Phyffers has done
here for Mr. Barges, that Mr. Earp has done for Mr. Street in the
tomb of Archdeacon Hodson at Lichfield, and in the various works
which have been entrusted to him Mr. Forsyth has great capacity.

CHURCH MUSIC IN GERMANY.

^«m degdaAwehtn Khrchengesangn, gum Gebraueh evangeliach-lutheriaeher
Gememden und Familien, herausgegeben von Dr. Fridrich Latriz.
(The substance \lUerdUyt Kernel] of German Church-song, for the
use of Lutheran Protestant^ Congregations and Families ; edited by
Dr. Fridrich Latriz.) Four parts, 1849 — 1855. Nordlingen:
C. H. Beck.

^aosE who are even moderately acquainted with the present state of
^otestant Germany, will not be surprised at hearing that a revival,

^ We are obliged to translate evangelUek by *' protestant," though the German
^^Td is not to purely negatiTe a term as the English one. If we had used the ety-
mological oorrdative of the Oerman word, it would have tended to convey the idea
^yt the German Latherans are etpedally connected with one of the theological
*^1koo1s now prevalent in this countiVf which it not the fiu^t.

"VOL. XXI. F

84 Church Music in Germany.

with respect to Church music, has heen going on there for several yean
past. In this revival the work before us seems to bear a very pro-
minent part. We proceed to explain concisely its nature. The first
three parts consist of metrical tunes or Chor&le. The first two have the
following addition to the title, after the first clause : *' Second Edition,
recast and much enlarged, as an attempt to produce a metrical tune-
book, rectified with respect to melody, rh3rthm, and harmony."

The German hymn-tunes have justly been admired by musicians for
their simple dignity and their suitableness for congregational use.
Some persons, therefore, may wonder in what respect they need re-
forming. But, like everything else, the manner of singing and accom-
panpng these tunes underwent a change during the 18th century, and
of course this was, generally, a change for the worse. A notion be-
came current among organists, that all chorals, as well as Oregorian
antiphons, &c., ought to be reduced to notes of uniform length, ex-
cepting only that a pretty long pause was to be made at the end of
each line, (giving opportunity for a bit of symphony ad libitum,) and
that the penultimate syllable, when accented, was to be twice as long
as its predecessors. The effect of this was that the fine old tunes
became rather heavy. The style of harmony, too, adopted by the
Oerman organists after Bach, was frequently a caricature from that
master, and very inferior to the simple but majestic style of the 16th
century. On the other hand, by way of an unhealthy reaction against
these corruptions, a lighter style of hymnody, too well known in Eng-
land, had insinuated itself in some places ; and, during the course of
the last century, a few German poets took very much to writing hymns
in various new measures, for several of which it was impossible to com-
pose decent tunes.

In opposition to all these degenerate practices, Dr. Layriz has set
himself to restore the character of the old German-protestant Church-
song, which he describes as consisting, " with respect to the melody,
in a most animated, variously developed, and popular rhythm ; with
respect to the harmony, in a strict adherence to the peculiarity of the
special Church style, in a decided preference for the solemnity and
vigour of the consonances, and lastly, in a most careful melodic treat-
ment, not only of the bass, but also of the inner parts.'* The result
is that Dr. Layriz has produced a work which we can recommend, in
preference to any other with which we are acquainted, to those of our
readers who desire to know what the Church music of the German
Lutherans is, or might be. This ought to be the case with all who
possess a taste for Church music ; because Germany is the country in
which congregational singing has been most successfully cultivated,
without by any means ignoring the function of choirs, as many English
Protestants would do.

We do not mean to say that the work before us is faultless, even in
the musical point of view ; for the editor has, in our judgment, some-
times sacrificed too much to the melodiousness of the alto and tenor
parts considered separately, so as to injure the effect of the combined
parts. See the choral. No. 108. In the third division of the work,
he has omitted the figures 4 and 6, which are used in the first and

Church Music in Germany, 85

second puts to mark the number of crotchets in a bar. It would have
been better, perhaps, to have omitted the bars also; for, when the
same rhythm is retained throughout the tune, they are of little use,
and when the rhythm is changed, they rather perplex the reader. We
prefer the minim to the crotchet, as the unit of time in Church music ;
but Dr. Layriz may well be excused for following a practice which is
thoroughly established in his country, and only afifects the look of
musical notation.

It may be doubted whether the old German musicians did not
sometimes too far indulge their love of variety in the length of the notes
allotted to different syllables. The tune of ** Herzlich lieb hab ich
dich, 0 Herr,** No. 51, beautiful as it is on the whole, is an extreme
instance of this tendency. However, the restoration of the old rhythm
is, generally, a great improvement ; and this is a point which should
be attended to, if we are some time to have a thoroughly good tune-
book for English use.

As to the selection of the hymn melodies, Dr. Layriz has followed
nearly the same plan as that adopted by the Musical Committee of our
Society in preparing their Hymnal Noted : that is, he has given in
his First Part 130 tunes, which are the most indispensable, and added
317 in a Second Part, in order to provide *' a good, or at least a tole-
rable tune, as far as possible,'* for all the hymns in the principal re-
cent collections. The Third Part was an afterthought, occasioned by
the then recent appearance of some valuable collections of hymns, con-
taining several hymns for which melodies were not easily accessible.

But the most interesting part of the work, to many among us, is the
Fourth ; which, like the rest, is to be had separately, and is devoted
entirely to proper ritual music (eigentlich liturgischen gestinge,) The
author says of it, " My object in this collection is no other than to
offer, out of the rich treasury of the liturgic matter of the Protestant
Church of the 16th century, an orderly selection of all that seemed
both possible and desirable to be re- edited for the use and profit of
Protestant Lutheran congregations.'* Sixty-one pages are devoted to
music for the Holy Communion, thirty-two to Matins, Vespers and
Litanies, after which follows some music for the Burial of the Dead,
and for Vespers on Good Friday. From the preface it seems that the
Lutheran pastors, in many parts of Germany, are very much at liberty
to order their services according to their own judgment, none of the
existing formularies being of absolute obligation. Dr. Layriz recom-
menda adherence to the old pre-reformational order, as far as circum-
stances seem to him to permit. The music, as is stated in the Quellen-
waekw€%8t or Table of Authorities, is taken chiefly from works pub-
lished in the 16th century, with the addition of a few belonging to
the 17th and 18th. As to nationality, these works are of course
diiefly G^man, but the Directorium chori of Guidetti appears ftre-
qnenUy^ and our own Marbeck and Lowe now and then. How much
of this music was in use up to the time when Dr. Layriz's work ap-
peared, we cannot say ; but we believe that the German Lutherans
have all along sorpassed us in keeping up the ritual music of the Holy
Coinmiuiion» about as much as we have surpassed them in keeping up

86 H^hitewask and Yellow Dab.— No. IV.

choral Matins and Bvensong. Dr. Layriz does us fall justice on the
latter point in his preface to the Fourth Part ; and indeed makes our
daily service the basis of that which he proposes.

We regret that we cannot now g^ve a more complete analysis of so
highly interesting a work ; but this need make little difierence to those
of oar musical readers who understand German; for they can and
ought to procure at least the First or Fourth Part for themseltes.
They will find a rather peculiar spelling used throughout the work,
with the view of representing the spoken language more exactly than
the usual orthography does ; and this may occasion some difficulty to
those who are not familiar with German ; those who are so can test
their pronunciation by the help of the new orthography.

WHITEWASH AND YELLOW DAB— No. IV.

*' COLOUR IN THB ARCHITBCTURB OF CHRISTIAN CHURCHES."

To the Editor of the Ecclesiologist.

Sir, — In writing on any fine art one must risk assertions ; for in
things artistic verbal analysis is often as impossible as logical proof. I
said in a former letter that "colour was the poetry of surface ;" bat
I must now go further and risk your sympathy or severity by the
assertion that *' colour is a part of architecture."

In writing to you, however, I am restricted to one small part of this
wide subject, viz., that which applies to the walls of so-called *« Gothic"
churches.

If the object of architecture, taken as a fine art alone, be, as I believe
it is, to influence those who do not think, and to satisfy those who do.
I apprehend that any such influence or satisfaction must be vastlj
diminished, where the means to these desirable ends are cramped bj
the want of heart in the artist to appreciate the powers for good or evil
which he wields in the arts he employs.

In the application of fine art within the sacred precincts of a church
I know no influence which it is desirable to exert, no satisfaction which
it is legitimate to afford, beside tiiose which have been the great objects
of every Christian Ritual to promote ; namely, to give order and dig-
nity to public worship, to aid the weak mortal in his weakness, to give
instruction to the ignorant, and expression to the devout. And under
the influence of these Rituals a system of architecture has been deve-
loped for the sole purpose of adding to the dignity of their celebration.
It is of that architecture I now write, and more particularly of that last
touch which art can give to it by the application of Colour. I have
said enough of its pros and cons in former letters. I will add no more,
but go on at once to the subject of its practice.

There are various modes of employing colour upon architecture.
'Vhe choice principally lies betweea pictorial and decorative art. Let

Whitewash and Yellow Dab,— No. IV. 87

me di8cu88 the latter firet — and not without the expression of great re-
gret that modem artists have consigned it to the tender mercies of the
tradesman, who has not, except in a few most honourable exceptions,
any idea of the powers and merits of the art he pretends to, or of the
study it requires.

In the use of colour on the architecture of Christian churches, it is
not enough to aim at perfect artistic Decoration. The alternative is the
adoption of a system, which, while it satisfies the artist, gives some-
thing to think about to the looker-on ; an alternative between what has
a meaning and what has none. From the days of wooden architecture
and red-ochred statuary to the more recent taste for whitewash, both
systems have been used, in pagan and Christian times, for pagan and
Christian purposes. But as one is a work of much less trouble,
needs less feeling, thought, and care than the other, and little or no
religious sympathy in the artist himself, it has of course been by for the
most commoi^y used : the object being to produce beauty of effect, ir-
respective of any further intention.

I grant that this is a perfectly legitimate object, and, so far as it
goes, right and good. Painted architecture may be very beautiful and
very luxurious. I only ask that it may be beautiful and Religious.
But while, in the production of what is beautiful alone, I am most
ready to admit what I feel myself most strongly, that Beauty is of itself
a quality so pure, and in its abstract character strongly witnessing for
itself so high an origin, that it is capable of inspiring thoughts, and
aroQsing emotions akin to those of Religion : I see that men do not
commonly read it thus. The ideal of the world is not a high one.
The mixed multitude which comes to church requires stuff of stronger
texture. And this is why I advocate, — and this is all I ask for, — the
adoption of an emblematic rather than an entirely arbitrary and con-
Tentional system of decoration ; that things, forms, colours, shall not
mUy be so beautiful as to arrest the eyes, but capable also of arousing
associations which will arrest the attention. A church- wall thus treated
need be wanting in no element of artistic beauty.

I know that the bare idea of Symbolism is enough to raise a host of
opponents : but I am confident that opposition so raised would be
nufied by misunderstanding alone. I know that symbolism is capable
(like much else) of perversion and abuse, of being exaggerated and de-
gnuied into mere sentimentalism. But it is equally capable of a high
and dignified employment, standing, as it does, on the strong founda-
tioa of Divine sanction and example. The system which is traceable
tiironghout all Revelation, is everywhere one of mingled fact and meta-
phor. What figure, analogy, metaphor, parable is to language, sym-
bolism, in the very broad sense in which 1 desire to apply it, is to the arts.
Let Art. in whatever form it is introduced into a church, be a method
of Church teaching. It can go far beyond the expression of that love
and care devoted to make a holy place beautiful. And it has authority
tad example enough through all ages for sign and symbol, from the
hlood-sprmkled doorposts of Egypt to the rent veil in the Temple at
Jerusalem. It can but follow in the universal practice of the Founder
of our Ftoith Who clothed His lessons, and even Himself, in symbol.

88 Whitewash and Yellow Dab,— No. IV.

Remember the figures of the Gx)od Shepherd, the living water, the
pearl, the olive tree, the cornfield, and, again, the whited sepulchre,
and the removed candlestick. If the most sacred mysteries of our
faith have been wrapt up by Divine ordinance in a system of symbolic
celebration, can we be in error if, by the means of art and embJem, by
every object suggestive of religious associations, we leave no way un-
tried to reach men's world- worn hearts and thoughts ?

But in writing thus of the use of symbolic forms in Decoration 1
must not be misunderstood. I advocate their use as the basis di a
sound system of architectural colouring for church purposes. The al-
ternative is the arbitrary adoption of forms and combinations founded ow
geometry or natural objects. This latter system is in perfect accord-
ance with architecture. Architectural forms originated as either the
necessary or artistic sequences of the mechanical contrivances to which
they were applied. For instance, in a massive arcade, an arch of many
orders follows almost necessarily from a pier of many shafts ; and these
were adopted from the artistic necessity of breaking up an otherwise
too heavy mass of masonry. The orders of these arches, in their na-
tural form rectangular and ugly, required mouldings for the simple ar-
tistic reason of lightening the upper members as compared with those
which bear them. If these shafts and capitals are light and ornamented,
so much more must be the arch mouldings ; and these again must be
subordinated on account of the natural prominence or recess of their
position, and for the artistic requirements of contrast and relief.

Thus throughout the whole system one thing follows almost unavoid'
ably upon another. Symbolism had nothing to do with the invention of
the great features of architecture. Their origin lay in the scientific and
artistic selection of particular ways of getting over particular difficulties.
A multitude demanded a place worthy of the grandeur and unanimity
of their faith — a cathedral was the result. Its three aisles were not
invented because a Tbinitt was the fundamental doctrine of that Faith.
Nor were upward- tending lines of shafts and arches, pinnacles, and
spires, invented because of the heavenward aspirations of Religion.
And thus, too, architectural colouring, which is in itself no more than
the last touch beyond which art can go no further, need have no other
basis for a perfect system of decorative effects, than to follow on the
identical principles of the architecture to which it is applied ; to add
power to severity, vigour to symmetry, refinement to beauty, and
beauty to everything.

All natural objects are beautiful on precisely the same principles.
Their beauties are simply necessary or artistic sequences of the nature
and circumstances of the objects they adorn.

But now turn to the other side of the question. Was there no reason
for the selection of these beauties ? — ^they might have been quite different
to what they are.

On the assumption, which I do not hesitate to make, that the world
was made for man and not man for the world, I trace in that connexion
which exists between the powers with which he is endowed, and
the objects with which he is surrounded, an intention on the part of
their common Creator : an intention that through those senses which

Whitewash and Yellow Dab.— No. IV. 39

mediate between material things and men's immaterial spirits, the
world should testify the relationship between the Creator and the
created.

The endowments of Reason and Imagination, which make one man
a philosopher an^ another a poet, are gifts of intelligence wherewith to
translate the language and apply the facts of nature. I argue that if thus
God teaches men, men should thus teach each other ; that the means
by which we address each other, the means to which we are driven to
have recourse to address those finer perceptions, to which art and poetry
i^ply their powers, and for which alone they were devised, should be
tach as strike not only the outward sense, but much more, the inward
appreciation. Nature teems with analogy. Let art follow. Nature's
analogies are not man*8 inventions ; but he traces through all around
him a pathway to the comprehension of what lies afar off: and he in-
vents the word analogy to express his idea. Thus let him work upon
his fellow-men. Let what he does be not barely but deeply good and
beautifhl. As his science expounds some glorious truths which force
him to humble adoration of the Deviser and Executor of this marvel-
lous universe ; as his poetic perceptions reveal the traces of the Divine
hand, the care, the love, the perfections which engage his heart's devo-
tion ; let him thus act where he is himself a teacher.

Those powers, which we call Art, were given him for high purposes.
Let him use them so — I write but of one form of art, the art applied
to the purposes of Religion. I grant that abstract Beauty is enough
to those gifted with its keenest perceptions to kindle the heart, and
lead the stream of its contemplation straight to the author of all per-
fection. I would that all could see and translate it thus. This is the
moral which points the last page of a book of Science ; I want it to
be the object which will illuminate for all eyes those fabrics which we
consecrate to the service of Religion. Do we make them beautiful ?
let them speak. What need we for the services of Religion but four
walls, a pavement, and a roof ; what needed we for life but means to
move and to have? But Ood has not treated mankind in such a
cold and barren way as this. He has thrown His holy image into
those means : we see power in one thing, love in another : we are our-
selves thus constituted : we trace a soul in nature, and Gon every-
where. And in our poor houses set apart to the especial realisation
of His presence, we have but His example to follow. Let what we do
there speak. Although our arts, our architecture, were not founded on
symbolism, they can adopt it ; nay, they have ever adopted it. Hence
their developement in Uie forms under which they have been trans-
mitted to us. The cruciform ground-plan of sacred buildings was
adopted, because its idea, once struck out, commanded universal sym-
pathy. The quatrefoil and trefoil originally mere incidents of scientific
and artistic judgment, became precious to the Christian Church be-
cause of their adaptability to Christian ideas, and the references ex-
pressible by them to the basis and aspirations of the Christian Faith.
Thus, too, the upward tending composition of architectural forms,
founded on scientific and artistic impulses, was seized upon to express
the idea they irresistibly conveyed, and thenceforward tended more

40 Ecclesiological Society,

upward stiU. The symbols of nature and of man*a inv^itioii were
worked into the same great purpose. The anchor, as an emblem of
Christian faith, because it holds fast where eyes cannot reach to see,
but where reason can reach to comprehend. The cross, which realised
to the imagination what the heart shrunk from representing ; the lily,
for its purity ; the rose, the palm-branch, the crown, the ear of wheat,
and the vine, and many more, because of those fissoeiations with them
which bound men's hearts in a most sacred fellowship.

And let me repeat once more, this is all I ask of symbolism. Forms
of beauty arbitrarily adopted have no excuse for falling short of the
perfection of ideal beauty. But those forms aad effects which arb
adopts because they can convey the ideas to which ks highest aq[Mra*
tions tend, bear on themselves their own apologia for imperfectioos.
I mean not, I wish not, that every form and tint should or ought to be
a symbol — far from it. I dread the fanciful exaggeration to which
such an employment of the arts might tend. Hie pith of what I ad-
vocate and desire is simply this, the adoption as the basis of archi*
tectaral beauty that which shall have a suggestive reference to the
purposes for which it is employed : that while arbitrary and conven-
tional forms are the legitimate deductions from the very nature of
architecture itself, and must be employed as expressions of ideal beauty,
still that Religious art must always assert its part in Religious teaching,
and use its powers to press the necessary abstract requirements of
material, scientific and artistic beauty, into tiie means of arousing those
associations, and conveying those ideas of Religion without which it
has no right to the dignified title it bears.

I am trespassing too much on your space. I must write of other
systems of decorative art another time, particularly of that which wouki
be called " pictorial" as distinguished from merely ornamental painting.

Yours, very truly,

T. G. P.

Highmim, January, 1860.

ECCLESIOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

A Committee Meeting was held at Arklow House, on Wednesday,
December 7, 1 859. Present ; Mr. Beresford-Hope (the President) in
the chair; Mr. Forbes, Rev. S. S. Greatheed, Rev. T. Helmore, Rev.
G. H. Hodson, Rev. H. L. Jenner, Mr. T. (jambier Parry, Rev. W.
Scott, and Rev. B. Webb.

The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved.

J. W. Hugall, Esq., of King William Street, W. C, and Francis G.
Lee, Esq.. of 3, Adam's Court, Old Broad Street, E. C, were elected
ordinary members.

It was mentioned that Mr. W. M. Fawcett, B.A., of Jesus College,
and one of the secretaries of the Cambridge Architectural Society, had
begun to practise as a professional architect in Cambridge.

Ecclesiological Society. '41

Letters were read from the Rev. H. Phillips, J. W. Clark, Esq.,
J. Clarke, Esq., W. Slater, Esq., the Rev. J. M. Neale, A. W. Franks,
Esq., W. Elliot, Esq., the Rev. J. C. Jackson, S. S. Teulon, Esq., and
the Editor of the " Gentleman's Magazine."

Thanks for the EcclesiolegUt were received from the Surrey Archse-
ological Society.

Mr. R. P. PoUan, of Wimborne, met the committee.

The restoration of Newenden church, Kent, by Mr. Hills, having been
Tisited by several members of the committee, was discussed, a letter
having been written to the architect by the President on the occasion.

Mr. Barges met the committee and consulted it upon the arrange-
ment of Brisbane cathedral, for which he is preparing a design, to be
built gradually. He also exhibited his drawings for the restoration of
the fragment remaining of Waltham Abbey, and for a new parsonage
at Bewholme, Yorkshire. He also consulted the committee on the
farther retrenchment of the design for the Memorial Church at Con-
stantinople.

Mr. J. L. Pearson met the committee, and exhibited the following
drawings : designs for a new church at Tltsey, Surrey ; for the new
diarch of S. Leonard, Scorboro, Yorkshire ; for the new church of
S. Peter, Daylesford, Worcestershire ; for the new church of S. Mary,
Gatherstone, Dorsetshire ; for the restoration of Nibley church, Glouces-
tershire ; for the restoration of S. Mary, Kirkbum, Yorkshire ; for the
restoration of S. Michael, Garton, Yorkshire ; and the plan of a pro-
posed new church and schools to be built on the site of Vauxhall
Gardens.

Tlie committee proceeded to examine some alternative sketches by
Mr. Street for a monument in Lichfield cathedral to the memory of
Major Hodson of Hodson*s Horse. It is proposed to place this tomb
next to the monument of his father. Archdeacon Hodson, in the south
Vale of the choir ; and a question has arisen as to the treatment of the
vcade. It was unanimously agreed that it would be desirable to give
t bas-relief of the capture of the king of Delhi, whose sword it is
Fit>posed to suspend as a trophy over the tomb.

The committee also examined Mr. Street's designs for a new church
^ the parish of S. Giles, Oxford; for the addition of a chancel to
%nbary church, Staffordshire ; for the enlargement of Upton Magna
5^iirch, Shropshire ; and for the restoration of S. Mary, Stone-next*
^Wtford, Kent.

The committee also inspected Mr. G. G. Scott's designs for the
^tar and other sanctuary fittings for the restored chancel of Tunbridge
^Urch, Kent.

Mr. Bodley's designs for a new bell-turret, to be added to the tem-
l^rary church of S. Salvador, Dundee, were examined.

Hie committee examined Mr. Clarke's designs for additions to S.
*^ary, Ashford, Kent : and Mr. S. S. Teulon's designs for large altera-
l^oni and additions to Elvetham Hall, Hants, the seat of Lord Calthorpe ;
^ a new parsonage at Netherfield, Sussex ; for a new parsonage at S.
^Honas. Wells; for a new school at S. Neot's, Hants; and for an
''iBui-caae for Shadwell Court, Norfolk.

TOL. zzi. o

42 Oxford ArchiUciutal Society.

Measrt. Prichard and Seddon*8 demgoB for a new ehardi at Chapel
Hill, Tlntern, Monmouthshire ; for the restorations of Coawil chiuch«
Caermarthenshire, Llampeter Velfry, Pembrokethire, Llantbewy Velfry*
Pembrokeshire ; for a new eh arch at Templeton, Pembrokeshire ; new
schools at HenUand, Herefordshire ; a new parsonage at Cwm Bran*
Monmouthshire ; and the restoration of Uandenny church. MonnMmlh-
shire, were next examined.

The committee also examined Mr. Withers' designs for a new school
at Llanarth, Cardiganshire, and for the enlargement and restocatioD of
Rathoonnell churdi, Co. Meath, and Tullyailen church, Co. Loath :
Mr. R. J. Jones* design for a new school at Milton-next- Ghmveeend,
Kent : and Mr. SlatePa designs for the new church of S. John, Mog-
gerhanger, Bedfordshire ; for the restoration of S. Peter, Eastoa MaadiU
Northamptonshire ; for a new church at Bray, near Dublin ; and aome
details of the restoration of the choir of Chichester cathedraL A de-
sign for 6. Miehaers church and parsonage, Germantown, Peoflflyl-
vania. United States, by Mr. F. C. Withers, of Newburgh, New York,
also submitted.

Mr. Keith has executed a chalioe, from a most beautiful and original
by Mr. Street, for the Bishop of Brechin, and a set of altar
plate for the Bishop of Brisbane. He also exhibited a chalice fioai
Mr. fiutterfield's design for Baliol College Chapel.

The committee also adjudicated the Colour Prize offered by them at
Um Architectural Museum. Eight competitors presented tbemaelfes.
The first prize, of £5. was adjudicated to J. Simkin, of % Palace Road,
West LAmbeth ; and Mr. Beresford- Hope's supplemental Prize of £S
was adjudged to A. O. P. Harrison, of 337, Euston Road, who gained
the SociefT's prize in 1858.

OXFORD ARCHITECTURAL SOCIETY.

At the meeting November 16, 1859, the following gentlt^men were
elected officers.

paasiDiNT.
The Re?, the Maiter of UniTertitj College.

▲UiMTOBS.

The Re?, the Rector of Exeter CoU^.
The Re?, the Principal, S. Edmuiid Hall.

MXMBBaS or OOMMXTTXB.

Re?. Dr. Bloxam, Magdalen Colkge.

Re?. Dr. Millanl, Magdalen College.

E. G. Bmton, Esq.

W. West, Esq., Christ Cfaimh.

C. Buokaridge, Eaq.

Be?. H. H. Blinchui, M.A., Wadham College.

J. H. Parker, Esq.

Re?. F. T. Colby, M.A., Exeter Collie.

Re?. L. Gilbertson, B.D., Jeans CoU^ge.

tkmbridffi ArckUedwial Society. 48

eeting wiii heM in the Soeie^r'a rooms, on WcdoMday, Nofttn*
» the IVesident, the Master or Uinvcnity, in the chair.
Noel, of Christ Church, was elected a member of this society.

Lowdcr and Mr. Lightfoot resigned the Secretaryship; Mr.
ange, of Christ Church, was elected in the room of Mr. Lowder.
Bruton, at the request of the President, read his Paper on " The
of Mediaeval Precedeolt in planning modem secular and domestic
tgs." The following is an abstract ; —

writer examined the arrangements of many of the various
ic edifices, of which examples remain, from the reign of Henry
that of Henry VII., and described the general features, and the
Bsive growth of plan ; and submitted that unity and balance of
ras the embodied idea in each of them. The buildings described
Mi the Manor House of Aston Bumell. Somerton, Wing^eld,
roke, and Dacres Castle, the houses of Woodcroft and Sutton
lay, and the keep of Warkworth Castle. The latter is a par-
ly fine example of careful planning and symmetrical arrangement.

President moved a vote of thanks to Mr. Bruton, which was
dously agreed to.
James Parker rose to make a few remarks on an observation of

a former occasion, to which Mr. Bruton had alluded. Mr.
I did not seem to agree with this observation, which was, that
w Houses of Parliament resembled a Gothic skin stretched over
adian skeleton. Mr. Parker begged to maintain his former
in, and was, moreover, able to support it by no less an authority
Ir. Freeman, who had said that the Houses of Parliament re-
d Oothic panels nailed to a Palladian frame. In Mr. Parker's
\y the Gothic architect planned his house as suited him best, and
exterior effect take care of itself.

Lowder hoped Mr. Parker would not think that he was con-
ing him by stating that he thought that the Gothic architect
;ard exterior effect and symmetry, as far as was compatible with
essary interior arrangements.

President remarked that it was the prevaQing opinion of the
: day, that the more fantastic a building was, the more it was hi
I with Gothic ideas ; irregularity was studied so far in some
Gothic edifices, as to destroy the symmetrical effect,
meeting was then adjourned till next term.

CAMBRIDGE ARCHITECTURAL SOCIETY.

rst meeting of the society for the Michaelmas term waa held
IT 97th, 1859, the Rev. G. Williams, King's College, hi the

Wilfiams ga;ve an address introdnctory to the series <m the
myiea of ardiitectnre which it is proposed to deliver. Aftertht

44 Cambridge Architectural Society.

address he read some notes on Soham church, in which aeveial pecn-
liarities were noticed and explained.

The second meeting was held November 10th, 1859, the Re?. H.
R. Luard, Trinity College, in the chair.

Mr. Norris Deck read a very interesting paper on the ecclesiokgy oi
Cambridgeshire. He gave a sketch of the history of architectnre,
illustrating his remarks by reference to the finest examples of each style
to be found in the county. He also alluded to various points of in-
terest to be noted in several of the Cambridgeshire churches, concluding
with some remarks on campanology, and also on some of the inn
signs which have their origin from ecclesiastical sources.

Mr. Cooper made some remarks on the title of Papworth Everard,
showing how its name was obtained, and how sometimes it ia «to-
neously called S. Papworth Everard.

Mr. Luard made some general remarks on the paper.

Mr. Fawcett mentioned that to coffin-lids of interest in the county
one found recently in Cherry Hinton church might be added. This
has the head and shoulders with the hands clasped in prayer carved in
relief.

The third meeting was held December 1, 1859, the Rev. H. R.
Luard, Trinity College, in the chair.

Mr. Luard read an interesting paper on Egyptian Temples, (the
first of the series on the styles of architecture). He classified the
various styles of columns, according to the method of Sir Ghurdner
Wilkinson, pointing out how they had been derived either from the
square block left in the quarry to support the roof, or from imitation
of the plants of the country. He also gave a sketch of the different
kinds of temples.

Mr. Fawcett returned thanks to Mr. Luard. and mentioned that he
had received a letter from the Rev. E. Moore, of Spalding, concerning
the efforts being made for the preservation of the abbey at Croyland.
He read the letter, and expressed a hope that some funds would be ob-
tained from the university, in order to keep the noble building from
complete demolition.

The fourth meeting was held December 10th, 1859, the Rev. H. R.
Luard, Trinity College, in the chair.

Mr. J. W. Clark, Trinity College, read a paper on Ghreek Temples,
illustrated by photographs and engravings. After a short discussion,
the meeting separated.

The following is the report of the society for the years 1858-9 :

*' We. the committee of this society, beg to lay before its members a^
report of our proceedings for the past two years.

" We feel, however, that we cannot proceed to our usual work of
notice and criticism before expressing our deep regret at the loss which
the society, in common with the university, has sustained during the
past year iu the deaths of the Dean of Ely and of Archdeacon Haid<»

Cambridge Architectural Society. 45

who both — ^the former as an honorary member, the latter as
▼ice-president— did all that was in their power to promote the objects
of the society. It were useless now to renew the sorrow which all
must have felt at the death of Dean Peacock. We would rather reflect
upon what it was permitted him to do. Other and distant cathedrals
are now vying with his, while at Ely the restoration of the central
octagon is being taken in hand, although, alas ! only as a memorial to
him who looked to its completion as the last and most important of the
works he hoped that he might be spared to finish.

" The loss of Archdeacon Hardwick can as yet scarcely be appre-
ciated in fulL The dreadful death by which it pleased God that he
should die has hitherto absorbed all our thoughts, and it will only be
in our daily labours, and our schemes of usefulness, that we shall miss
the helping hand of one who, unobtrusively but earnestly, lent his as«
sistance to every good work.

" In reviewing what the society has done during the last two years,
we find matter for congratulation in the greater number and higher
character of the papers which have been read before it. We would
especially commend Professor Willis's lecture on S. Edward's church ;
and the papers, read by Mr. Luard, on Egyptian Temples ; by Mr.
J. W. Clark, on some churches in Norway ; and fibove all, a most in-
teresting essay, by Mr. Norris Deck, on the Ecclesiology of Cambridge-
shire. While we cordially thank those among our members who have
given us elaborate descriptions of foreign churches, we would remind
them how much may be done for the village churches of this county,
especially when they are under repair ; as then the ancient construc-
tions, which had been concealed under modem work, are again brought
to light. For a specimen of papers of this character we may refer to a
recent paper on the Mural Drawings of Hardwick Church, read before
the society by Mr. Clark, and published in the Ecclesiologist. Short
notes on subjects of this kind are of the greatest value.

"Among the restorations lately completed in the university and
town, that of S. Edward's church undoubtedly holds the first place.
We would especially commend the western door, and the window to
the tower, designed by Mr. Brandon. The idea of an internal porch,
there being no room for an external one, is original, and fairly exe-
cuted. With regard to the interior, while no one can fail to admire
the great change for the better in every way, we are sorry that we
cannot give unreserved praise to the restoration on which so much care
lias been spent, and to carry out which so many difficulties and vexa-
tious annoyances have been overcome. It seems to us a great pity
that, in arranging the fittings, no attention should have been paid to
the limits of die chancel, so clearly defined by the architecture. Nor
%re we satisfied with the design adopted for the seats ; we think them
unnecessarily wide, and the standards by no means elegant. They
aeem to be imitated from a mutilated example of a stall end designed
for the support of a figure. Whether it is intended to restore those
Images we do not know, but, as at present left, they seem singularly
HaeleM and unsightly. The two windows at the east end are very
ipx>d of their kind.

46 Cmkbnig9 Arckiieetural Sotkty.

'* To mcAtioa hntBy woie other worki« the dmrcfa d S. Maijr the
LeM faaa reeaived • iMW roofi designed bj Mr. O. Gr. Scott, wkkb wt
trust is onlf die commeiieemeiit of the thorcmgh restoration of a ^aitk
irhich, firotn ha Iwauty and its hietorft has peeuMar daiiiiB upon the
tmirersity.

"We are glad to congratiilata the pariehioners of S. Michael'eoft
the removal of the imsigbtly gallery whkb to long prevented the aohk
proportions of this church, and the otherwise suocessfol restoiatiott ef
it by Mr. Scott, from being duly appreciated.

" Two more windows in the chapel of Peterhonse hare been filled
-with glass from Munich, which lovers of ^at style of art will probably
find the most beautifol of the series.

'* At Queen's College a thorough restoration of the hall, olis^, aad
odier buildings is in progress, under the care of Mr, Bodky ; aa ex-
ample which we hope other colleges may follow.

" These notices of architectural works in the town would be incom-
plete without a passing reference to the proposal to erect fiew public
buildings, which has lately occupied so much attention, owing to the
exhibition of the design in the Town Hall, Some months ago, year
committee felt it to be their duty to memorialise the Committee of the
Guildhall on the subject of the proposed competition, in order to urge
upon them the propriety of adopting Pointed architecture in prefereooe
to a necessarily debased and incongruous classical style, for a civie
building destined to adorn a town which is already so largrely indebted
to the national style for some of its noblest ecclesiastical and collegiate
buildings. They also earnestly deprecated an open oompetitioa, at
heing certain to exdade some of our most distinguished architects,
who, ft is well known, will never compete in the provinces ; and rs*
commended rather that one of several well-known architeots should be
selected by your committee to furnish designs. What attention wai
paid to the representations of your committee by the Guildhall oooi*
mittee they do not know, but they gather, from the exhibition in the
Town Hall, that the fears which we ventured to express, and ott as-
coont of which we deprecated a general competition, have been un*
happily realised.

" On turning to the county, Ely Cathedral claims to be noticed first
But little has been done since we last spoke of it : we would at present
draw the attention of all lovers of architecture, whether professional er
not, to the proposed completion of the central octagon. 80 important
a work we need scarcely say needs the utmost deliberation. TV> cone
nearer home, the works at Histon church have been satisfactorily eom-
pleted ; and we heartily congratulate Mr. Bodley on the success he
has achieved in the restoration of the nave and its roof.

" The chancel of Caldecot church has been rebuilt by Mr. Kett, of
this town, in a style suitable to the rest of the building ; and Melboome
church also has been restored, with open seats of a good design.

" In conclusion, we sincerely hope that the influence of the society
may be increased, and be the means of spreading a sound knowledge 6i
"architecture among those who may one day have the care of our
churches ; so that restorations may less frequentiy be a detriment kh
Btead of an improvement."

47

THE ARCHITECTURAL MUSIBUM.

Ojr Wednesday evening, Jan. 95tli, Mr. George Godwin, F.R.S., de-
Iirered a lecture in the Theatre of the Sonth Kensington Museam,
under the heading, " Memorials of Workmen: the Past to encourage
thePkeaent."

The lecture was addressed to those who, witJti abilities and aspira-
fions^ doubt their power of overcoming the difficulties that surround
Ihem, and treated of those who> in spite of the most adverse circum-
stances, have worthily developed themselves and bettered others. Ber-
nard PaHssy^ Quintin Matsys, the men of Nurei nberg, —

^'^liiiiBt old tovn of toil and trafie,
Qntint old town of art and aong -^
Memories hannt thj pointed gable i,
like the roolu that round Uiem throng ;''

die wearers. Margraves, Arkwright, and Crom pton ; Brindley, the en«
gineer ; Watt, and George Stephenson, were p( issed in review, and such
dedoctions were drawn as seemed valuable. James Tassie, the gem
engraver, Wedgwood, Flaxman, Hogarth, Turn .er. Sir John Soane, John
Britton, Chantrey. Thomas Cubitt, and many others followed ; and the
lectmei coneladed with suggesting that it w -as neither necessary nor
to be expected tfaset all should distinguish the mselves or take the top
place. To do one's woric, whatever that may be, so that others will bt
the better for it, is something, and he pointe d out to the workmen of
bit andienee where they might derive advan tage, and how easily hap-
pmeaa was to be obtained, irrespective of pos ition.

At the termination of the lecture Mr, Ber esford-Hope, President of
the Arehiteetoral Museum, moved a vote oJ ; thanks to Mr. Gt)dwin,
which was seconded by Mr. S. C. Hall, and carried amidst prolonged
qpfdanse.

The Theatre was crowded^ the audience consisting chiefly of work-
men.

NEW CHURCH] £8.

B. /ote. Moggtrhanger, BtdfordiMrt, — ' fhis is a new church by Mr.
SlaCer, built as a memorial. The plan c ontains a nave 40 ft. by ^%
tt cbaDoei 83fL by 16, ending in a three -aided apse« a central tower
ofcr the western part of the ehancel, tw o aisles, and a vestry on the
MTth of the ehancel. The arrangemenf » are quite correct, but the
«kar atanda against the eastern wall of the apse. There are western
muk nry^frfT" doors, and the chancel has a priest's door on the south,
wwwcriDg to the door into the sacrist; f on the opposite side. The
i^k ia a a»fl« Early-Pointed. The wii idows are trefoil-headed lighu,
mngle or in oooplets. The central towe r has a low belfry sta^. free oC

48 New Churches.

the roo£B, and is capped by a solid low quadrilateral fhingled spiie.
The result is very picturesque and effective. The belliy stage is
reached from the eztisrior by a spiral staircase in a turret at the nordi-
east angle. The arcades are of three arches, rising from cylindrical
shafts. There are g.'ood arches east and west of the tower, forming
respectively sanctuary and chancel arches. We do not much like the
triplet of equal lightti above the door in the west elevation, but the
design is one of great merit.

iS. Peter t Daylesfon I, Worcestershire, — There are some who will regret
the demolition of the cild church of this parish, which was built in a bid
Gk>thic by no less aiaan than Warren Hastings. Unfortunately the
architect, Mr. Pearson i found nothing that he could retain. The re-
builders of this little cl lurch insisted upon a cruciform plan. There is a
nave 27 ft. by 15, a central crossing about 17 ft. square, a chancel (or
sanctuary) 11 ft. by 13,, two short transepts, and a vestry in the north-
east angle of the cros. s, with a south-western porch. It is an incon-
venient plan. The sta Us are placed under the tower in the crossing,
with an interval at the west end to admit a passage into the two tran-
septs. The south trao sept has seats facing north : the north one is
used for the organ and I children. The pulpit, rather inconveniently,
stands at the north-e& st of the nave. There is, needlessly enough,
a north door opposite to the south porch. The style is early G^me-
trical, vigorously treati id. The tower is rich and massive, with
a well-developed belfry e ttage rising dear above the roofs, and a square
pyramidal capping, into > jrhich rises on each face the pedimental head of
the two-light belfry win idow. The tower has angle shafts, an over-
hanging cornice and a bi ind of incised patterns. A cylindrical belfry
turret, capped with a coni leal roof, stands in the north-west angle of the
cross. The north transej )t has a large octofoiled wheel window above
an arcade of five trefoiled . arches, two of which only are pierced. The
east window is of three 1< ofty lancets shafted externally and internally
in polished marble, with pedimental canopies to each, and horizontal
bands of moulding and cai rved panelling. The piers of the crossing are
massive, and shafted with banded marble columns. The nave roof is
of open timber ; that of the sanctuary is panelled in boarding ; and
the sanctuary walls are ric hly arcaded and diapered.

8. Leonard, Scorboro, 1 "orkshire. — ^This is a small but costly new
church by Mr. Pearson. 1 '.ts plan contains a nave about 35 ft. by 18, a
chancel ^4 ft. by 18, a vi restem tower, south-western porch, and a
▼estry (with organ chambei *) at the north-west of the chancel. The in-
terior arrangements are very good, the chancel being stalled with subsells.
The pulpit stands at the no. rth of the chancel arch, and a desk for the
lessons, facing west, on the south side. The style is very early
Geometrical Middle-Pointe( I. The tower is of great dimensions and
almost overwhelms the chui x:h. Occupying nearly the whole breadth
of the nave, it contains in it£ ( lowest stage a good west window of two
trefoil-headed lancets with a foliated circle under a common hood.
There is no belfry stage, pro) perly so called, but the spire lights of the
stone broach octagonal spire i ue so large as to become a belfry stage.
The spire rises from betweei i four lofty angle pinnacles cappied with

New Churches. 49

pynmidal spirelett. The whole composition, though unusual, is dig«
nified and effective. The tower is elaborately designed with angle
thafte, iaciaed bands of panelling, and generally rich ornament, and all
the walla have rich cornices. The nave and chancel being of equal
height and breadth, are under an uniform roof, a light metal cross being
the only external distinction of the two. The east window is of three
trefoil-headed lights under a traceried circle, with arcading and sunk
panels under the hood. The side windows are couplets, treated much
in the same way, and with coloured marbles. The roof is open, and si-
milar in the chancel and nave, but there is an enriched truss between the
nave and chancel supported by coupled marble shafts. The reredos is
well treated, with sunk panelling and incised diaper work. There is
a dwarf stone screen to the chancel, but no gates, llie pulpit is
octagonal, with angle shafts of marble : — the base seems hardly large
enough. This is a design of great merit and originality.

8, , TUsey, Surrey. — A new church by Mr. J. L. Pearson, in

place of an old one of no interest. The plan comprises a nave, 45 ft.
by 20, a chandel 26 ft. by 1 8. a tower attached to the east end of the
south side of the nave, and treated internally like a transept, a south-
western porch, and a mortuary chapel with vestry on the north side of the
choir. The style is very early Middle- Pointed, with plate tracery. The
chaneel arch is a good and ornate composition, and much effective cha-
racter is produced in the chancel by the felicitous combination of the open
traceried arch connecting it with the mortuary chapel, the arch for the
organ, and the sacristy door, which latter is trefoiled under a pedimented
head. The chancel roof is boarded, that of the nave open, while that
of the mortuary chapel and its western vestibule is vaulted in stone.
The tower is of two stages with a shingled octagonal broach spire, re-
calling the peculiar local type of that formerly woodland district. We
wiah the tower itself were loftier ; as it is, its two stories only reach
the height of the crest of the nave roof. A somewhat too ornate stair-
case turret is added to its north-east angle. The porch is a graceful
deaign. with a cinqfoliated archway. Coloured marble shafts are intro-
duced in the east window in the mortuary chapel ; and a good lichgate
^tbe reproduction of another local feature — spans the gateway of the
churchyard. We do not quite admire the treatment of the sacristy
door.

S, Mary, Gathernione, Dorset, — ^A very small church by Mr. Pearson.

.It haa a nave 27ft. by 14, and a chancel 16ft. by the same breadth,

with a vestry and an organ chamber north of the chancel. The ritual

arrangements are good. The only door, however, is at the west end.

The atyle is Middle-Pointed, of a rather ornate type. The roofs of

diancel and nave are similar, open, with pierced cornices at the wall

l^tea, and arched and foliated braces. A single bell-cote crowns the

western gable. The walls of the sanctuary are carved with incised

patterns, and a reredos — an arcade of three arches — surmounts the

altar.

8. • Che^l HiU, Tintem, Monmouthshire, — ^This church is in

ecmrae of rebuilding by Messrs. Prichard and Seddon, at a cost of
£1000. At present it is a mere mutilated shell of First-Pointed date,

VOL. ZZI, H

50 New Schools and Parsonages.

with a projecting north porch, above which is a small apartment
reached by internal stairs. The new chnrch scarcely retains enough of
the former building. It contains a long nave, with a narrower chancel
ending in a three-sided apse. Owing to the rapid descent of die
ground this eastern apse is battened out at the foot. A small vestry is
added on the south side ; and an octagonal wooden turret, surmounted
by an octagonal spirelet, stands over the point of junction of the natc
and chancel. The chancel has a boarded roof, coved over the apse.
There is much to commend in this little design.

S. , Templeton, Pembrokeshire. — A little new church, to cost

only £750, by Messrs. Prichard and Seddon. It is a very simple
design, with merely nave and chancel, a small vestry north of the
chancel, and a western bell-gable. The style is an Early-Pointed.

NEW SCHOOLS AND PARSONAGES.

8. Thomas, Wells, Somerset.— Designtd by Mr. S. S. Teulon. The
study and drawing-room communicate, and the general arrangement ia
well contrived. The style is a simple Pointed ; with enrichments over
the door.

iS. Neofs, Hunts, — Mr. S. S. Teulon is building a new school here,
with a class-room attached. The school is 48 ft. by 90 ft., and the
class-room 16 ft. by 10 ft. The material is brick externally and inter-
nally, treated with patterns. The windows have wooden monials,
which affect a needless eccentricity in the large middle gabled window.
The cost is moderate, only a little exceeding £600.

Netherfield, Sussex. — ^This house is designed by Mr. Teulon, and ii
exceedingly well arranged. We notice with great commendation the
fact that the study and drawing-room are en suite. The latter room
has a bold octagonal turret projecting at one angle, which, extemaDy,
has an octagonal spirelet. The style is Pointed. We doubt whether
it would not have been better to make the windows still larger. Hie
cost is £1 500.

Milton next Gravesend, Kent. — A simple but creditable school-room
has just been finished here, from the designs of Mr. K. J. Jones. The
xoom is 40 ft. by 18, divided by a curtain. There are separate entrasoes,
very well managed, but no class-room. The offices for the boys and giils
are somewhat too near together. It is better, even when the site is
cramped, as in this instance, to separate them by the coal-shed and
ash-pit. The style is of the most unpretending kind, the only charac-
ter being given by the alternation of the vonssoirs of the arch heads,
and by a low bell-turret in the ridge of the roof, capped by a dwarf
quadrilateral shingled spirelet. The material is brick, and the roof
is slated.

Hentland, Herefordshire. — Designed by Messrs. Prichard and Sed-
don. There is a mixed school-room with separate entrances, 39 ft. by
16, with two class-rooms. A teacher's house, of sufficient mxe, is

Church Restorations. 51

attached; and a kind of corridor, moDing round two sides of the
building, serves for porch, and cap and bonnet rooms, and lavatory.
The architectural detail is good. We do not however see much ad-
vantage in the unusual arrangement of the surrounding corridor. The
cost ia to be only £700.

Umutrtht Cardiganshire, — Mr. Withers is building an excellent
school and house at this place, at a total cost of £560. The material
is the local blue stone with bands of red brick. The detail is of the
plainest kind, but of good character. The windows have square heads
and wooden monials. The school-room is 60 ft. by 17, with separate
entrances for boys and girls, and separate offices. A good quadrilateral
belfry turret rises from the ridge. The master's house has hipped
gables and dormer windows.

Cwm Bran Parsonage^ Monmouthshire, — A small house, to cost £500,
by Messrs. Prichard and Seddon. The style is Pointed, with coloured
bands : and much more character is given than we should have supposed
possible for the sum named.

CHURCH RESTORATIONS.

S, Mary, Stone-next'Dartford, Kent, — ^I'his beautiful church is about
to undei^o a true restoration by Mr. Street. In the north wall of the mu-
tilated and defaced chancel the architect found an exquisite First- Pointed
window of three lights, which affords a clue to the entire reproduction of
the ancient design. In order to show this recovered window, and also
the east window of the north aisle, Mr. Street proposes to put a flat lead
roof over the late Third- Pointed aisle which has been added to the
diancel on its north side. The chancel will have its vaulted roof re-
newed ; two bays of quadripartite groining, and a sort of half- bay of
barrel-vaulting at its west end. A rich arcade surrounds the walls of
the cfaanoel, and shows that the altar could never have stood close
agBinet the east end. Accordingly Mr. Street brings it forward, and
backs it up by a small detached reredos. This is pierced in its middle
panel in order to show the arcade beyond. We doubt whether this ar-
tangement is very satisfactory. We especially admire the elaborate
tile pavements designed for the whole church. The ritual arrange*
■MOtB will be quite correct; and there is a low stone screen. The
oomposition of the east window on the motif of the recovered example
on file north strikes us as being most happy.

S. Liteia, Uptom Magna, Salop. — Mr. Street is enlarging this small
KfBt-Potntad church by the addition of a north aisle and vestry, and is
•applying a new chancel arch and new roofs, and a porch. The ritual
•mngements are quite correct : and an organ is placed eastward of the
stalla on the south side. The new aisle will be covered by an exten-
sion of the nave roof, and a three-light window, towards its eastern
end, will be gabled up. The east wall of the sanctuary will be diapered,
and a small reredos, with an inlaid cross, and insertions of coloured
wmMc, ia added. This, however, is of a plain and rather rude sort, and

52 Church Restorations.

is capped by a heavy battlement. There is a new pulpit, of marble,
and a new font : and the low chancel-screen is inkid with Derbyshire
spar.

iS. James, Hanbury, Staffordshire. — Mr. Street is building a new
chancel to this church in lieu of an existing one of no merit. This
being the parish from which almost all the alabaster now used is pro-
cured, a very extensive use of this material is made in the works. The
chancel is rather curiously treated. First, close to the low screen,
there are returned stalls. Then, on a higher levels there are some longi-
tudinal benches, and eastward of all the sanctuary. On the north side
there is a projection, under a shallow arch, which receives the organ,
and admits a skew-door from a modern vestry. We scarcely see the
advantage of this irregularity. The architecture is excellent, coloured
marbles being extensively introduced. There is a rich inlaid cross in
the reredos. The side wdls of the sanctuary are lozenged by red lines,
on rather too coarse a scale. The tracery is of a severe type : the roof
an open one of simple but solid construction. This is a small work,
but one of much character.

iSS. Peter and Paul, Easton Maudit, Northamptonshire. — A restoration
by Mr. Slater. The chancel is properly arranged, and some new open
seats introduced into the aisles. The constructional works are very
carefully treated in a most commendable spirit.

8, Mary, Ashford, Kent. — To this well-known Third-Pointed church
Mr. Clarke is about to make the addition of a new bay to the west end
of the nave and aisles. The original detail will of course be carefollj
copied. We could have wished that the gallery had not been con-
tinued in the prolonged aisles.

<S. Martin, Nibhy, Gloucestershire, — Mr. Pearson has restored the
chancel of this church in a good First- Pointed style. On its north side he
adds an aisle which forms a vestry at its east end, and westwards is treated
as an organ chamber with a transverse gable. The ritual arrangementi
are good, except that the subsellse are not continued to the western-
most stalls on each side, and that there is no screen. The windows are
all finished with shafted jambs in coloured marbles. The sedilia are
recessed under two lancets on the south side, and there is a credence
shelf.

8. Mary, Kirkbwm, Yorkshire. — ^A curious small Romanesque parish
church, restored by Mr. Pearson, who entirely rebuilds the chanc^. In
the east gable he has placed three equal round-headed windows under an
pctofoiled wheel. The vestry, which has a transverse gable, is the least
successful part of the design.

8. MichaeFs, Gorton, Yorkshire, —Mr. Pearson is rebuilding the
chancel of this little Romanesque church. Guided by existing reaainB
and the character of the nave, he restores the chancel in Romanesque.
We doubt whether enough remained to justify this course in preference
to the choice of Middle- Pointed for the additions.

iS. . Conwill, Carmarthenshire. — ^This church is to be restored,

at the cost of £700, by Messrs. Prichard and Seddon. The new ar«
rangement is good, except that there is no chancel-screen. A vestry is
screened off at the east end of the north chancel aisle. We caanot ad*

Church Restorations. 58

mire the western bell-cote. It is heavy and ugly : and the whole
church is yery uninteresting.

iS. Peier^ IJampeier Velfry, Petnbrokeshire, — A miserable church, con-
sisting of two parallel aisles, a kind of north transept and a south porch,
of no architectural character, and full of pews. Messrs. Prichard and
Seddon have undertaken to recast it in Middle-Pointed. This is inge-
niously managed. An arcade is inserted, a proper chancel fitted up, and
new windows inserted. We have only to object to a kind of two-faced
resding-desk at the west end of the south stalls.

8, David, LkuUhewy Velfry, Pembrokeshire. — Messrs. Prichard and
Seddon have in hand the restoration of this small church. It contains
chancel and north aisle, nave with a north aisle to its eastern half, and
a south poich. The work is generally well done, though the west door is
surely unnecessary. The belfry-cote is however extremely unsuccessful.

S. John^ Lkmdenny, Monmouthshire. — ^This church is to be enlarged
and restored, for £700, by Messrs. Prichard and Seddon. It consists
of a narrow nave, narrow chancel, and western tower. The addition
consists in a north aisle to the nave extending eastwards half the length
of the chancel, its eastern end being screened off for a vestry. The
works seem judicious and moderate, and the arrangement is good, ex-
cepting the prolongation of the southern stalls into a reading-desk,
which is so favourite a device of these architects.

8. , Rathconnell, Westmeath, Ireland. — This most hideous

specimen of a small Irish church of the close of the last century, is
tbont to be restored by Mr. Withers. At present it is a mere con-
venticle-like parallelogram, with a north vestry and an indescribable
western steeple. The altar stands between a reading-desk and a
pulpit against the east wall. Good open seats have already been
snbstitot^ for pews, and now it is intended to add a chancel, and to
trmnsfonn the windows and the steeple. We congratulate Mr. Withers
upon the skill with which he has effected this change. The new
Cancel opens by a well-proportioned cinqfoliated arch, and has a
three-sided apse. It is very plain, in early First-Pointed, two-light
wrindows of this style being aJiso substituted throughout the nave for the
l^esent openings. The chancel has the altar in the apse, and a longi-
tndinal bench on each side ; the pulpit and a reading-desk being placed
oo a kind of solea without the chancel arch at the east end of the nave.
The funds are limited, and Mr. Withers has done all that is possible
under the circumstances. We understand that every impediment is
thrown in the way of this restoration by the authorities, because the
official architect of. the Ecclesiastical Commissioners of Ireland has not
been employed. We hope that this arbitrary opposition will be stoutly
resisted and overcome.

S. • T^dlyallen, Co. Louth, Ireland. — Another example very like

tiiat at Rathconnell. At present it is a miserable sham Gothic struo-
tore with high walls and low roof. Open benches have been already
introdooed, and now» against the opposition of the authorities, the In-
eombent nishes to add a chancel and improve the general character of
the building. Mr. Withers has been called in and has designed a
niple Poiaisd ofaanotl 17 ft. 6 by 16 ft. 6, with a sacristy on its north

64 Noticei and Answers to Correspondents.

side. There is a good chancel arch, excellent windows of plate traeerf,
and a simple open roof of intersecting braces. Here also, as at Rath-
connell* Mr. Withers has placed a reading-desk and the pulpit on a
platform at the east end of the nave, forming a continuation of the
level of the chancel. It is high time that the monopoly of tiie ar-
chitect of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners for Ireland should be broken
through. We are delighted to see the movement for proper choxch
restoration extending even to Ireland.

NOTICES AND ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

To the Editor of the Ecclesiologist.

Rectory, Clyst S. George, Jan. \% 1860.

Dbab Sib, — I hope you will put on record, in the pages of the Bede-
siologist, Mr. Minton's many gifts of encaustic tiles towards the beaa-
tifying of Goo's house of prayer in divers places, at the same time
commending the introduction of such a memorial tile as I have laid
down here to record his gift. It is twelve inches square, and works in
well with the other tiles. It bears the inscription, *' M. S. Herberti
Minton, Cojus Beneficia Hoc testatur Pavimentum, apud Hartshill in
Agro Stafford, sepulti, vi. Non. April, mdccclviii."

The old floor of this church was covered with tombstones, many of
them broken and obliterated. It was my own idea to transfer the
names and dates to tiles twelve inches square. Mr. Minton fell in
with it, and at once offered to give the pavement for the nave ; and
these memorial tiles are worked in it from a beautiful design. We
have no right to destroy the records of the dead, as has been ruthleasly
done in many churches where tile pavements have been laid down.
By introducing these memorial tiles, a beautiful and imperishable record
may be substituted.

Besides Mr. Minton's gift, the floor of an aisle has been given, and
treated in the same way ; and now we have twenty-four of these me-
morials, besides the one to Mr. Minton's memory.

Yours very truly,

H. T. Ellagombb.

A Hymn Book for the use of the Churchy privately printed by Mr.
Novello for a coimtry parish, has some novel and peculiar featurea. It
contains, besides the Hymns, numerous devotional exercises and instroc-
tions. Thus the Hymns of the Greater Week are prefaced and inter-
calated (as it were) with brief lections of the Passion, and devout
prayers and meditations ; and the hymnary is supplemented with some
very careful and useful religious manuals* For example, there is an
explication of the Apostles' Creed and an enlargement of the Lord's
Prayer with Scripture references, followed by a Commentary on the
Ten Commandments, a series of devotional Acts, prayers at the time
of Communion, and meditations on the Four Last Things. The whole
is compiled with great judgment and reverence, and the book will pro-

N^ticn and Answers to Correspondents. 66

le iHeful, and highly valued* in the particular parish for which it
in prepared. The t3rpography is excellent, and the printer haa
Uowed to use the initial letters and the sacred scenes engraved,
mqient examples, for Mr. Chambers' Lauda Syon, The hymns
U selected, on rather a broad principle, from di£ferent sources ;
le editor has freely altered, and often improved, well-known
IS of the more ancient compositions. We think the idea of this
olume very felicitous* and very well carried out. One only prac-
smark must be added. It seems a pity that the hymns are not
red. *' Giving them out" by the page is never very desirable.

hear with pleasure, that Mr. F. C. Withers, of New York, has
finished a practical work on ecclesiastical architecture, with de-
md estimates, adapted to Transatlantic wants.

"Dietsche Warande/* for December, surprises us by a long
jue ballad, by the " Marquis of Carabas,'* in Dutch, charmingly
jCTBed with English, aimed at Lord Palmerston's devoted head.

Foreign Office policy. If " My good, my nice, my clever man,"
rvive the thunder of

*' Miaauw, miaauw, priwie bam-bam,
Klikerie, klikerie* miaauw,*'

St strike his flag before

*' Biembamberdebam, biembamberdebam ;*'

1 to be sure, a '* vieux premier," who uses such forcible phrase-
as "your damned Gothiek,'* may stand a great deal of elo-
i from his adversary. Only we must set the Marquis right as to
me of the first prize-man for the War- Office — ^this gentleman
ned •• Garling." and not " Garlick."

* Belgian contemporary, the Journal dee BeaxuC'Arts et de la
iture, edited by M. Ad. Siret, enters upon its secoud year with
felicitations upon the success it has already gained, and with
»e8 that English art shall be adequately treated of in future
es. This was needed : for the table of contents for 1850 shows
»r no notice of art progress on this side of the channel.

, Pearson is about to build a church and extensive schools on
F the site of the old Vauxhall Gardens, between Upper Kenning-
ine and S. Oswald*s Place. This name, we hope, will suggest the
tion of the new church. The church will have an apse. An
ig house will become the parsonage.

, S. S. Teolon has made large additions and alterations to Blve-
Hall, Hampshire, the seat of Lord Calthorpe. The existing
aga were in no particular style. The new work, of red and black
aflfecta a kind of chateau-like French style, with Mansard roofs,
inrets and cornices, and brickwork patterns. With much ingenuity
ieturesque effectiveness there is some eccentricity to be noticed in
engns : for instance, one decided Saracenic horseshoe arch in a
. We notice the happy introduction of some spirited bas-reliefs
ibua parts.

rery elaborate late Gothic oak organ-case, designed for Shadwell

56 Notices and Answers to Correspondents.

Court, Norfolk, by Mr. S. S. Teulobt is full of intricacy and ingeniiitj,
and is altogether most successful of its kind.

The Archbishop of Tours has issued a circular, inviting subscrip-
tions to complete the purchase (which some private persons hare
begun,) of the houses now standing on the site of S. Martin's Abbey,
in that city, with the view of erecting a chapel on the site of the saint^s
shrine. It will be remembered, that two towers are all that remains
of that famous abbey church. The Bishop of Frejus has also purchased
the island of S. Honoratus, containing the ruins of the abbey of Lerins,
with a view of restoring them to sacred uses. A hospital for decayed
priests, and a theologicsi college are talked of. It would be better and
wiser for the Roman Church if she would at present confine her ener*
gies to works like these.

In reference to Lindisfame Abbey a local paper states, that some
few years since Mr. Salvin, at the instance of the Govemmeat,
placed the ruins in a state of stability, and in so doing replaced many
of the stones, which had been carried off for any kind of base use.

A correspondent complains, and not (we think) without reason, of
the manner in which the chancel of Bemerton church, the church of
George Herbert, in whose memory the work has been undertaken, has
been restored. There is no reredos, and the sill of the eaat window
comes down nearly to the top of the altar. If there are not funds suf-
ficient for a proper treatment of the sanctuary, at least the east wall
might be so designed constructionally, that the addition of a reredos
hereafter would be an easy matter.

The renovations at Alnwick Castle, now nearly completed, will soon
allow of a decision of the question of taste and fitness involved in this
magnificent, but (as we believe) mistaken undertaking. The object
of the Duke of Northumberland has been to make the exterior of the
castle accurately Middle -Pointed, while the interior is wholly of the
most gorgeous Italian Renaissance. One curious thing is stated by
the eulogists of the latter style ; and that is, that the windows of the
Middle-Pointed age were found to admit quite light and air enough for
modem requirements. In the chapel, the Pointed vaulting appears to
have been retained or restored ; but the internal fittings are said to be
of mosaic work, like that of the older Roman basilicas. In this union
there need not necessarily be any of the incongruity which, we are per-
suaded, must exist between the outside and inside of the rest of this
princely structure.

The Worcestershire Diocesan Architectural Society has made arrange-
ments for several conversaziones during the present season. At the
first, fixed January 31st, the Rev. J. D. Collis undertook to deliver a
Lecture on the Characteristics of the Various Styles of Gk>thic Archi-
tecture.

We have great pleasure in announcing that Mr. Beresford-Hope bss
consented to succeed the late Earl de Grey as President of the Archi-
tectural Museum, on condition that his ofiice is not to be a mere no-
minal one, but that he is still, as before, to take a part in the business
of the Committee.

THE

ECCLESIOLOGIST.

** dttrge fgftvt ct (ac : et txit fiomfnuB icntm.*'

No. CXXXVII.— APRIL, 1860.

(nBW 8SRIBS, NO. CI.)

ANNALS OF ALL SAINTS' CHURCH. CAMBRIDGE.

4 Paper read before the Cambridge Architectural Society. March 8,
1860. By J. W. Claak, M.A., Fellow of Trinity College.

Mo apology seems necessary for bringing before you this evening the
bistory of the church of All Saints. It always appears to me desirable
to seize on any opportunity for investigating oneself, and bringing
before others, the antiquities of our University. But this seems espe-
cially to be our duty, when the building in question is about to be
destroyed. No exertion, I fear, can now save the church of All
Saints. "Wbat avails it that a church, bearing the same name, has
Stood in the same position for at least eight hundred years ? It has
beoome such a piece of inconvenient patchwork, and has been so
dianged and defaced by successive restorations and improvements,
tkat every one, its own natural protectors leading the way, has doomed
It to destruction. Its bells jangle, and disturb the service in the chapel
of Trinity College : it darkens the windows of the new hostel to the
sonth : it is generally ugly — every sort of argument, in short, is
brooght to bear upon it. Surely it would be better to pull down
honses to obtain a clear space for a new church on the old site, than
to poll down a church to make the houses more convenient. It is
Tery well to say, that ^ site is never to be built upon, but is to be
kept as " a sacred garden.'* In a very few years that proviso will
be forgotten ; or some new cogent reason discovered for secularising it.

Let us turn, however, to its past history.

I find the church variously designated in old documents, as -the
'* Ecclesia Omnium Sanctorum in Judaismo;" " in veteri Judaismo ;'*
** jozta Hosptale,*^ meaning, of course, the hospital of S. John the
Bvangelist ; as the church of Ail Saints of the Nuns of Greencroft ; and
onee in a gnnt by Edward the Third, in 1330, of certain lands, gar-
dens, &c., to King's HaU, it is styled, *' Ecclesia Omnium Sanctorum

TOL. XXX. I

58 Annals of All Saints' Church, Cambridge.

de Trumpenton Warde." In the 16th century the variation of ''All
Hallowes/* seems to have prevailed. I can find out nothing certain
about its foundation. On the authority of Matthew Paris,^ it is said
to have belonged to the Priory of S. Albans. He numbers among the
good deeds of Paul, fourteenth abbot, that he gave to his convent
" the church of All Saints at Cambridge, with its lands, tithes, and all
things thereto belonging."

That this is a mistake is, however, I think, evident from the words of
the deed, in which the advowson was given to the nuns of S. Rhade-
gund, in 1180, shortly after their foundation. In that document^ the
donor says, " Be it known to all men, that I Sturmi, of Cambridge,
have granted and given ... in alms to God and the Church of the
Blessed Mary the Mother of God, and Saint Khadegund of Green-
croft, and the Nunns serving God there, the Advowson of the Church
of All Saints, within the Borough of Cambridge. ... I will that the
aforesaid Nunns may have and hold the aforesaid Advowson, as freely
and quietly as I or any of my ancestors have better or more freely held
the same.'*

The expression, '• or any of my ancestors/' would hardly have been
used, if the family had not held the advowson for many generations.
It is true that one hundred and seventy-three years have elapsed since
the period when Abbot Paul is said to have acquired it for his owa
priory — and it might have once belonged to S. Albans, and been again
alienated. It seems impossible to obtain absolute certainty on the point.

The donation of Sturmi was confirmed to the nuns by the Bishop
of Ely. The then prelate was Geoffrey Ridel, who, as Archdeacon of
Canterbury when the future S. Thomas held the see, had come to be
spoken of by him, not as *' Archidiaconus/' but " Archidiabolus nos-
ter." His consistency to serve the king instead of the archbishop
gained him the see of Ely, to which he was promoted in 1173, some
years after Becket's murder. He confirmed the previous gift of Stur-
mi, making it known, '* that we have instituted the nuns of Green-
croft, and to them have granted the right of patronage in our church
of All Saints of Cambridge, to be had for ever in perpetual fee and
quiet alms, with all its appurtenances and liberties, in the presence
and by the consent of Sturmi, who formerly had the rights of ad?ow-
son in the same church.*'

He then proceeded to appoint Richard the chaplain — who appears
to have been incumbent when the donation was made — vicar, *' until
his receding or decease," on condition of his paying to the nuns twenty
shillings yearly. Afterwards the nuns are "to possess the church
fully and wholly, and dispose of the same at their will, saving always
the episcopal customs." This confirmation was made on the 15th of
November, 1180.

Finally, between 1215 and 1229, during the priorship of Roger
de Bingham, this "institution and induction" of the bishop was

1 Mat. Paris. Ed. Watt, p. 49 of the Additions.

3 This and the two following docaments are given in full in the Appendix. Not.
i.iiiii.

AwMbof All SainUf Chwch, Cambridge, 59

" strengthened " by the affixing of the seal of Ely monastery to a deed
confirming the church to the nuns, " to be had to their proper use in
the name of Parson for ever.*'

This seems to be the place for discussing the question of the con-
nection of the church of All Saints with Jesus College, and of the parish
of All Saints with that of S. Rhadegund.

We have seen how the church was originally given to the nuns.
They would have of course to maintain a vicar in the usual way.
What sum they paid him I have not been able to ascertain. But now
comes the difficulty. When in 1291 the parish church of S. Rhade-
gund was appropriated to the nuns, it is stated to have been so appro-
priated **' with the reservation of a pension of forty shillings, to be
paid yearly by the nuns to the vicar of All Saints."^ What was the
object of this payment ? Was the vicar of All Saints to be regarded
in some way as the chaplain of the monastery ? At all events the
payment then began to be made, and still continues to be made every
year.

We now come to the qaestion of the two parishes. It is stated in
all the books, from Sherman's " History of Jesus College," downwards,
that when the rectory of S. Rhadegund was appropriated to the mo-
nastery, the parish of S. Rhadegund was joined to that of All Saints.
But tlus is nothing more than a wide-spread error. The parish-service
continued to be said in the nave of the conventual church, and the
two parishes remained distinct : their separate existence was allowed
in 1857, and they were only united by the award in that year.

At the period which we are now considering. All Saints' church
would be a small Norman building, standing in its churchyard. As
far as I can judge, no fragment of this structure remains. It was pro-
bably small, so mach of the parish being waste land. It stood near
the southern boundary of the parish, and in its most populous part.
To the west, across the High-street, were sundry messuages, which
however did not run far back, as between them and the river lay the
eoro-hythe, and Dame Nicolas' Hythe ; a little to the north was the
newly-founded hospital of S. John with the Round church, then also
new. To the east the parish was soon bounded by the King's Ditch,
which crossed Jesus^-lane, then the Nuns'-lane, much where Park-
street is now. The site of Sidney College, part of which is in the
parish^ was then an open field, into which the Grey Friars moved about
1^75. The land belonging to the parish south of Allhallowes-lane,
consisted chiefly of fields and gardens, with but few houses in them.

When the hospital of S. John was founded the brethren used part of
die parish church as their chapel, and buried their dead in its cemetery.
There is extant a deed^ of Eustace, Bishop of Ely about 1208, requiring
everyone who should be chosen master of the hospital of S. John the
Evangelist to make oath before the Bishop of Ely, or his official, to re-
ceive no parishioner of the church of All Saints, belonging to the nuns

^ The words are " reienratft pensione 40 ih. vicario Omnium Sanctomm, per
moniales qBotanniB lolvendA." Sherooan's Hist. ColL Jesa. ed. HalliweU, p. 12.
The pajmenti vary a little. In the retoms made bj the commimriimers of Henry
Till., the sum to xzziitf . iiikl.

60 JnnMk of All Saints' Chwrch, CamHrU^^.

of Ghreener&fU to the eccletiwtical sacraments, or to any obktions» to
the detninent or pre^udke of the aforesaid chnroh» and to keep the
aforesaid church free from harm or damag^e, as far aa cooceriM the
hoepitaL The nuns on the other hand, grant to the brethren of the
hospital *' free and full chantry in the said hospital for eTer* and free
sepulture where they will or choose.'* And in recompense ol the hm
vbich might befal the church, three persons engage to give to the
nuna anniMtlly three rents of 1^. each.

When the hospital of S. John waa turned into a oolkget tke vicar
of AU Saints complained of the lose he had auetained by the alteration,
and a pension of five marks was ordered to be paid to him and hie soo-
cesson.

Edward III. founded his " Cdilege of Kmg's Hall " in 1337» «* to the
honour of Goo, Saint Mary His Virgin Mother, and All Saints,"
placing hia scholars in a messuage to the south of S. John'a Hoapital,
which he bought for tke purpose from one Robert of Croyland. I do
not find any certain evidence that they used part of our church aa their
chapel, as the scholars of Michael House used one of the aisles of S.
Michaers church, but I should think it probable, at any rate at first*
I had hoped to have gained some certainty on this point by iaspeetiBg
the records of King's Hall, preserved in the Treasury of Trinity
College. But they are so voluminous* and so difficult to deeiphez»
that I have not as yet found anything m them pertinent to this asatter*
The first and only direct connection between the scholars and the
church occurs eighty-eight years after their foundation^ in a deed re*
quiring mass to be said for the soul of Richard Holme, their master.
It runs as foUows, and from ita quaintness I thiiyc it worth while to
give a translation of the whole of it.

" To all the sons of holy Mother Church who shall inspect the tenonr of
what follows, we, Robert FitzHugh, Master, and the Schoisrs of the College
of our Lord the Ring in Cambridgev send greeting, and enjoin to give entire
credence to what foUrnvs. The Creator and most just Governor of tke fiMe
of the world, after all the works of His goodneBS, whidi He appointed m
number, weight, and measure, created man, a rational creature, marked with
the stamp of the divine Image. In his hands He left the decision, of ehoosing
either death, or a life that should last for ever. But man ahu ! thon^ en-
dowed with such freedom of will, deceived by the persuasion of his ancient
enemy, lost fife, and chose death, bv which he wounded with the wouiut of
an inevitable death, not only himself but the remote children of his posSuitjf.
Whence it is ordained, as though b^ a general law of our tainted nature, mt
no one shall be blessed with &t h^t of life on earth, whom, tke shadsaol
death shaU not sttrvoaad at the limit of his journey. As we deseendi how-
ever, along the line of the generation of men, we meet with one> a man of
venerable age, ripe worth, and of noble rank according to the pride of the
age. Master Richard de Holme, a Licenciste in Canon and Civil Law, and
lately Guardian and Master of the aforesaid College ; who adorned the perioi
of his Mastership, honoun^ly prolonged to him, by the daims of his virtues
and the prestige of his honours. For among other proofr of his generosi^
he liberally gave and bestowed certain presents on the aforesaid College; not
only books of great value, but also a large sum of money, no moderate assist*
ance 9nd help to the College and the Fellows of the same. Wher^hre lest

1 Printed in Le Keox, from Cole's MSS. iii. p. 67.

Jmab ofAU Saiant^ Ckurch, Cambridge. 61

■0 goieroiu a liberality should be buried in forgetfulnets and lost, and recol-
keting the apostolic command * to do good, and to communicate forget not,'
being desirous of eiTing spiritual things for bodily, eternal for temporal, we ap-
point, will, and oroaio, that every year, on the twenty-second day of April, that is
to say, on the Vigil of Saint Georee the Martyr, all the scholars of the aforesaid
College then present in town shall come together to the Chureh of All Saints
in the Old Jewry, and there solemnly eelebnte a funeral service, with a mast
on the morrow, for the soul of the aforesaid Master Richard de Holme ; and
that none of the aforesaid scholars shall presume to absent himself from the
aforesaid service and mass, unless he be excused by a reasonable cause, ap-
provetl by the master or his deputy* If however, the feast of S. George fall
on the Thursday, Friday, or Saturday next before Easter, or on Easter Day,
or on the morrow of Easter Day, then shall the service aforesaid be celebrated
as before ordered, on some following week-day, with as little delay as pos-
sible, according to the anpointment of the master or his deputy, before the
lapse of fifteen days at tne utmost. And that the validity ot this statute or
obligation be preserved with greater security, and the memory of it remain
more recent, we grant and ordain, that every scholar, to be admitted on other
grounds into the aforesaid College, shall on his first admission be specially
sworn to obey the aforesaid statute, as far as he is himself concerned. In
ratification and witness of all which, we have caused our common seal to be
appended to this deed. Given at Cambridge, on the twentieth day of May,
'm the year of our Lord, one thousand Ibur hundred and twenty-five."^

Richard Holme waa canon of York, and apparently high in the favour
of the king, for he was employed on several missions to negotiate
treaties or exchange of prisoners with the Scotch. By his will^ he
directs as follows : " if I die south of the county of York, I desire to
be buried in the church of All Saints at Cambridge, in the entrance
of the choir ; and that a gravestone be placed over me inscribed with
my portrait, and the year, day and month of my death."

Another proof of connection betwe^i King's Hall and the church
oceura in the returns of the commissioners of Henry VIII. A sum of
twenty shillings and twopence was paid yearly by the college for the
oblatioDS of ^e master and scholars in the church of All Saints, to-
gether >rith six and fourpence ^ven to the sacristan, and the guardians
of the holy water.'

The existing tower may I think possibly be referred to the middle
of the 1 5th century or thereabouts. And one of the bells bears the
date 1406, with the inscription, '* non sono animabus mortuorum, sed
morihus viventium.*' Its style is plain Early Perpendicular, and the
iDolding of the great arch opening into the nave, now blocked by the
organ gallery, is extremely bold and good. Certainly it is a great
deal earlier than the nave eastward of it : whose arcade of three flattened
ogee arches, with the plain roll mouldings between them, bespeak a very
late and debased style, not earlier I should think than the middle or
end of the 16th century. The double hammer-beam roof is good, and

> The originsl is in the Appendix. No. iv.

' Testameota Eboraoensls, pub. by the Surtees Society. PC. I. p. 405. It is
dated Aprfl 18, 1434.

s Expense in dUseionibns magistri et sodomm in ecclesia omnium sanctoram
e«B vi*- 1^ dMs sfBS bijniis et sscrkte iMea per saann xx*> ii^ Doeamento,
L p. 153.

62 Annals of All Saints^ Ckurch, Cambridge.

has the excellent effect peculiar to all open roofs. But if it be ezi-
mined for a few moments its late character betrays itself. There is
nothing Gothic about it. but still there is no absolute Renaissance
feature. It is rather the last effort of a decaying style than the intro*
duction of a new one. A similar style of roof occurs in the aisles also.
Their roofs are divided into square compartments by moulded beams, so
exactly resembling the roof of the nave that they were evidently built
at the same time. The windows are more modem, and the whole ex-
terior of this part of the church, as well as the dormer windows in the
clerestory, are considerably later than the nave piers and roof.

Dowsing came here in Jan. 1, 1643, and makes the following entry
in his diary : " We brake down divers superstitious pictures and eight
cherubims.'* And in the parish accounts for the same year, I find —
"For taking downe y* crosse at y* chansell end 1«. 6(/."

I continually find in the accounts that a shilling a year was paid to
the clerk " for gathering the names of the communicants ;*' or '" for
going about y* parish to y* communicants." This payment was made
so late as 1678.

The chancel was rebuilt in 1726. being then in a very ruinous con-
dition. Previous to this it would seem to have been thatched, for in
the account book of Jesus College, among the " Reparaciones extra
Dominia Collegii," in 1562, occurs "Item for xliii. hundreth thacke
for Alhallowes xliii'.'* The rebuilding in 1726. cost £181. bs. lOrf.,
of which £125. 145. 8(f. was paid by Jesus College, and the rest con-
tributed by private subscriptions among the master and fellows.
£1. \\s, 6d. was made by selling wainscot out of the old chancel. Pro-
bably there were stalls or a screen of similar character to the wood-
work in the nave.

The organ, of a most elegant form, almost Gothic in its character,
was given by Jesus College in 1790.^

I find a few notices of church furniture in the parish books, which
may be interesting, as they are dated, and therefore show at what
times certain things were in use.
In 1611, they had:
A challishe weighing xvi. ounses beinge of sillver and gillte.
A pewter fiagin for the fechin of wine.
ii. carpi ts for the communion table.
In 1616. a list of the books is given : —
Two psalters in 4to.
Item a great bible in folio.
Item a service book embossed in folio.
Item Erasmus* paraphrase on y* gosspell.
In 1 628 : a cushion for the pulpit. I mention this as apparently an

early instance of the use of pulpit cushions.
In 1684 : a green carpet with a silk fringe for the communion table.
There are no tombs of an early date in the church ; though, seeing
that it was used as the burial place of members of Jesus and S. John's

1 " Jan. 15, 1790. Agreed to make a present of the remaina of onr organ to the
parish church of All Sainti, in Cambridge." Jesos Coll. Condnsion Book.

Afmab of All Saints* Church, Cambridge. 63

Colleges, and Kiog's Hall, there must at one time have been several in
existence.

I fear that these annals will be thought to have dealt with triviali«
ties, and have been found somewhat uninteresting ; but I hope that I
have shown that this much-despised church has some claims, histori-
cally* on our regard. I cannot sympathise at all with those who
would pull it down rather than restore it. If this phase of the restora-
tion mania be not checked and obstructed wherever it occurs, there
will be an end to all history, as far as history has to do with buildings.

If, however, the church is to go, and a new one to be built, perhaps
I may be allowed to say a few words about it. The suggestions which
we as a society have from time to time made, have always been kindly
received : and the building of a new church in this town, seems a
fitting occasion for our interference. I wish to urge the claims of
brick. It was a principle with the old builders to use the materials
wbidk Nature had placed ready to their hand. To this we owe some
the most interesting differences of style. Take for instance, the
churches of North Italy, and North Germany. In the latter especially,
m the case of the town of Liibeck, the brick architecture is wonderfully
fine. They deliberately chose to build in this, because the materials
fer it could be dug out of their own fields, at a time when their com-
merce was at its height, and they could well have afforded to fetch
itone from a distance. It seems to me that we here, with our brick
•nd clunch, are in a similar state, except that we can ill afford to im-
port materials. Why fetch stone and marble from a distance ? With
moulded brick and stone quoins a wonderfully fine effect might be pro-
duced, with the additional advantage of being originally natural to this
part of England.

APPENDIX.

I.

Be it known to all men, that I, Sturmi of Cambridge, have granted and
nven, and by this my deed confirmed, in alms to God and the Church of the
Slessed Mary the Mother of God, and Saint Rhadegund of Greencroft, and
the Nunns serving God there, the Ad?owson of the Church of All Saints, within
the Borough of Cambridge. And this Donation I have made with the will
mnd consent of my wife and my heira for the salvation of the Lord King
JGIeniy and his heira, and for the salvation of the faithful departed. Where-
Ibre I will that the aforesaid Nunns may have and hold the aforesaid Advow-
%on as freelv and quiedy as I, or any of my ancestors have better or more
fineely held the same. These being witnesses : Roger the Dean, Robert de
8. Clement, Absalom the Priest, Peter Fitz-Geoffry the Priest, Simon the
driest, Eodo the Priest, Gilbert de Screnton, Robert de Gurnar, Fulk Croche-
IIUUI9 Silide Macherrer, Robert Fitzordmare of Haverhill, Azo, the son-in-
law of Sturmi, Hugh Pil, Aclard Fitzorgar, John Crocheman, Richard Fitz-
Hicholas, Gaimar, Peter the Physician. [Seal.]

II.

To all the sons of HolyMother Church, Geoffry, by the grace of Goo,
Bishop of Bijp^ greeting ; We will it to be made known to ye all, that we have

> Geoflfrey Ridel : Bishop of Ely, 1173—1189.

64 Aimab of AU Sands' Chwreh, Cambridge.

instituted the Noiuw of Greencrafty and to tbem have granted tbe ligkt of
patronage in the Church of All Saints of Cambridge, to be had for efcf in
perpetual fee and quiet alma, with all its appurtenances and liberties in the
presence and by the consent of Sturmi, who formerly had the right of Adrow-
son in the same church: which he granted, and by his deecT confirmed to
them. Appointing to them by the common consent of the chapter a ptr-
petual Vicar in the before-named church, to wit Richard the CbaplaiD, be
paying to them yearly in the name of tbe said church, 20a. at two ternt,
that is to say, lOs. at Easter, and lOs. at the Feast of Saint Midiael, tad
moreover doing all episcopal customs ; and for the aforesaid pension the
before-named Richard the Chaplain shall have the church aforesaid per-
petuaDv, freely, and quietly, with all its appurtenances and liberties ; sad
after the receding or decease of the aforesaid Richard the Chaplain, the
aforesaid Nunns snaU possess the church aforesaid fully and whc^lj, and tbe
same dispose of at their will, saving always the episcopal customs. And tiiii
institution and grant of the Tiearase is made from the Incarnation oi Goo,
1180, on the fifth Feast-day withm the octave of Saint Martin.* And the
first term of payment next to come is Easter. Witnesses: Robert the Prior,'
and William the Canon of Bamewdl, Edmund, Chaplain of the Bishop of
Ely, Masters Godfrey L'Isle, Godfirey de Wisbech, Adam del Edmund, Bs^
tholomew. Clerk of Brandon, Alan the Almoner, Roger the Dean, Master
Robert Christian, Jonathan the Priest, Nicholas de St. Botolph, Robert de
St. John and Hugh his brother, Simon and Walter, Chaplains, Riehaid de
Beck,' Walter Fitz-Hugh Sheriff, John de Daventry, Peter de Bcch, John
de Caisneto, Amand Clerk.

III.

To all the sons of Holy Church, to whom this present writing shall eome,'
Roger Prior and the convent of the Church of Ely, greeting in the Loao.
Whereas Geoffrey, formerly Bishop of Ely, instituted the Nunns of Green-
croft, in the church of All Saints or Cambridge, to be had to their proper use
in the name of Parson for ever, so that the aforesaid Nunns mignt <iispose
of the same church at their will, saving the episcopal customs, we the in-
stitution and induction of our same Bishop to their proper use, holding valid
the same, by the a£Szing of the Seal of our Church do strengthen. Wit-
nesses: Thomas de Heydon, Vincent the official of the Archdeacon of Ely,
Bartholomew the Dean, Walter Corlle, Maurice Rufus, Geoffry Poceker,
John Fitz-Reginald, William de Porta, and many others. [SeaL]

IV.

Universis Sancte matris Eoclesie filiis tenorem qui sequitur inspecturis,
Robertus Fitz-Hugh, Custos, et Scholares CoUegii Domini Regis Cantebrig-
gie Salutem, et sequentibus fidem indubiam adhibere. Mundialis Fabriee
rector equissimus et creator, post cuncta sue bonitatis opera que numero pon*
dere statuit et mesora, racionabilem condidit creatnram hominem divine ym-
aginis caractere insignitam. In cujns reliquit arbitrio mortem captare vel
vitam perpetuo duraturam. Tanta set, prob dolor, animi libertate foltas
homo, antiqui hostis persuasione deoeptus, vitam perdidit, et mortem iaveait,
qua oon se solum set semotos sue posteritatis filios, letali quodam neceasarie
mortis vulnere sausiavit. Unde generali velut viciate nature sancitur edicto,
neminem mundialis vite luce perfmdi, quem non mortis tenebre itineris tui ter-
mino comprehendent. In lima autem generacionis humane descendentibns oe-

> i.e. November 15th. 2 Elected 1 135.

* Of Landbesdi, or Waterbeach, villages near Cambridge. An Edward ds Boche
assisted Prior Robert to rebuild the Conventual Church of Barnwell.

* Roger de Brigham : Prior from 1215—1229.

3%e Ecclesiology of Cambridgeshire. 65

iUs canieiei matureque (cravitatis, et juxta aeculi fattum pro-
■pie nobalu w, Maeitter Ricardos de Holme, in utroaue jure licenciatos, et
Baper Collegii tupraSicti Gustos et Masister ; qui incotatus sui tempus bono-
rifice proIoDgatom Tirtutum mentis et honorum decoravit auspiciis. Nam et
inter eetera tne largitatis insignia qnedam Collegio antedicto magnifice contnlit
Bt donavit, nedum magni valoris hbros, set et auri summam copiosam, in iu-
Doa Ccdlegii eC Soeiorum ejusdem subsidinm non modicum et juvamen. Unae
et ne tante mnnificentie liberalitas oblivione sepulta periret, illudque Apos-
Mrikum reeoleotet beseficentie et eommunionis nolite obli?i8ci, volentes pro
MMrporalibua tpiritualia, pro temporalibus eterna tribuere, Statuimus, toIu-
iniav et ordinamns, quod singulis annis» yieesimo secundo die mensis Aprilis,
idlioet in vigilia Sancti Georgii Martiris, conveniant omnes Scolares .Collegii
mpradicti tune in villa presentes ad Ecclesiam Omnium Sanctorum in veteri
Fudatsmo, ibidem execjuias solempniter celebraturi, cum missa in crastino,
pro anima prebti Magistri Ricardi de Holme, nee ab eisdem exequiis vel
■ina aliquis predictorum Scolarium abesse presumat, nisi quem racionabilia
muuLf per diBtodem vel ejus locum teoentem approbata, reddiderit excusa-
tem. Si vero festum Sancti Georgii feria quinta, sexta, vel Sabbato proxi-
BO ante Pascbam, aut in die Pascbe vel in crastino contigerit, tunc exequie
piedicte in aliqua alia feria sequenti, ad assignacionem custodis seu ejus lo-
mm tenentia quam cito comode poterit, sic tamen quod infra quindecim dies
id ultimum, ut permittitur, celebrentur. £t ut bujus Statuti seu obligacionia
vimr firmius et memoria recentior babeantur, concedimus et ordinamns,
pod quilibet Scolaris, in supradictum Collegium de cetero admittendus, in
vimi sui [sic] admissione ad predictorum observacionem, quantum ad ipsam
lertinet, specialiter sit juratus. In c^uorum omnium fidem et testimonium,
igillum nostrum commune fecimus biis apponi. Dat. Cantebr. vicesimo die
nenaia Maii anno Dni millesimo quadriogentesimo vicesimo quinto.

THE ECCLESIOLOGY OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

f Paper read before the Cambridge Architectvral Society, November

lOM, 1850. By Mr. Norais Deck,

r is generally acknowledged tbat there ia no county within the limits
if the three kingdoms which is so entirely destitute of the picturesque
• that in which we are now asaembled ; no county so little likely to
ttimct the attention of the admirer of natural scenery, or to arrest the
oatsteps of the wandering artist in search of aubjects for hia sketch
lodk ; uid yet to my mind there is something in this absence of the
MCtaretqne and beautiful in the general aspect of Cambridgeshire,
od etpeeiaDy in the Fen districts, which is by no means devoid of in-
•vest, and excites an attention far above the " beauties so tame and
kMiett&c'* of our more highly cultivated pastoral counties. Its widely
xtended flats of black peaty soil, separated by dark sullen dykea, and
nteraected by mighty drains, the long rows of willows and poplars,
iid the nnenltivated acres of swamp, have about them an air of deso-
ite gnmdflur and gloomy vastness very striking in its general effect
uBd by no meant devoid of a poetry of its own.

TOL. XXI. K

66 Thi Ecckriology of Cambridgeshire.

Now tbe churches in this district are amoog some of the finest in Bof^
land, and are most of them built on elevated sites to preserve thai
from tbe inundations to which tbe Fens up to a recent period were
constantly liable ; and this added to the level nature of the country, and
the absence for the most part of intervening foliage, causes them to
loom out in tbe distance, so that they look hke miniature catbednis
and form landmarks for miles around. This peculiar topographical fea-
ture may have induced rather exaggerated notioas of their size and
grandeur ; stiU excepting perhaps the Fen districts df liocolnsbiie and
Northamptonshire, we may fairly clum for that portion of the county
which lies to the north of Cambridge a position unsurpassed in the
Ecclesiological topography of England.

I do not intend to weary you with a mere architectural deacriptiaa
of any churches in particular, as very fair accounts of them all are ia
print. The object of my paper is to lay before you a rather discursife
and suggestive summary of the general ecclesiology of the county, «f
which the architecture of its churches is a single and perhaps most
familiar item, and therefore, though I cannot omit this branch of the
subject, I propose also to direct your notice to other branches of eccle-
siology, which I conceive to be equally interesting, though they have
not generally occupied so large a share of attention.

Now the first thing that strikes one in a general survey of Cam*
bridgesbire ecclesiology, is tbe remarkable fact which all church touristi
have noticed, that here, as in the other marshy districts of England,
the churches are in general so spacious in proportion, so rich in orna-
mentation, and 80 excellent in workmanship ; and be it remembered
that these were erected at a time when the county was much poorer
than it is now. Two sources of expense deserve especial mention. As
there are no stone quarries in Cambridgeshire this important material
had all to be brought from a distance, and though Bamack and Ketton
stone is used very generally, yet Caen stone, which of course had to
be brought all the way from Normandy, is very frequently met with ;
then too the mouldings and internal carvings are generally very rioh
and elaborate, and would seem to faave been very costly. We may in
some measure account for these facts ; for no doubt tbe Fens were at
that period intersected by navigable streams in all directions, many >of
which may be still traced close up to the present ehurehes, so that the
cheapness and convenience of water carriage was readily available right
up to the building ; and a few years ago a vessel was found in the Isle
of Ely buried many feet below the surface, and kden with building
stone which had evidently sunk in a navigable waterooune, while con-
veying materials to some church then erecting. And with reganl to l3ie
richness of the ornamental work of tbe interior, the material emplofed
is for the most part the elunch or Burwell stone of the disarict, easily
procured, very easily and effectively carved, and durable in intamal
work, but very perishable externally. But allowing for theae two oir-
cumstances, as lessening the cost of the carriage of stone and fscililal-
ing the means for internal decorations, very large sums must still have
been expended from the 12th to the 15th centuries for church hqildfaig
in Cambridgeshire. The question still arises, where did the oncaiey

Tke Ecclesioloffy cf CambridgeBhire. 67

•

oomeii-Qni? for tiJdag into account every advantage, the expense of
boilding such churchea as BottUham, and Soham, and Isleham, and
BurwelU Sutton, Haddenham, and many others, mu»t have been enor-
BoiM, and lar above the means of any of the monastic institutions in
the county. The problem is a hard one. and has never been satisfac-
torily aoived.

Church building in the country districts of Cambridgeshire, judging
from the existing remains, does not seem to have made much progress
daring the hundred jrears which followed the Norman Conquest. With
the excepticm of the two great abbeys of Ely and Thomey, the Round
Church and Stourbridge chapel in Cambridge, we have scarcely any
remains of the Romanesque period worthy of note. This, in some slight
degree, may be owing to the unsettled state of the district during the
time the Camp of Refuge in the Isle of Ely was the gathering place of
the Saxons in their last struggle against the Norman Invader : or we
Bay account for it from the great impetus given to church building by
the powerful Bishops and priors of Ely during the 13th and 14th cen-
toriea ; and as work of the previous period was always ruthlessly de-
stroyed to make way for the current style, this may have involved the
destruction of much Norman architecture. However this may be, we
find «Mit of the 190 churches in the county only 23 have portions, some
of them very fragmentary, of the style prevailing during the first 75
years of the 12tb century. Two out of the three round towers in the
eounty, Snailwell and Westley Waterless,^ were of this date. In the
%b years that followed, during which the struggle was going on be-
tween the Romanesque and the First- Pointed style, we have almost as
ttiany remains as we have of the previous century. The nave and cen-
tral tower arches of the noble church of Soham are remarkably fine
apecimena of this period, but the central tower has since been de-
molished and. one of Perpendicular date erected at the west end.
Bourn, another fine church, is also of this date ; the tower was always
the last portion built, and here it is pure Early English, and must have
immediately followed the completion of the nave ; the style as usual
being changed to that which had come in vogue during the progress of
the building. A very pretty little church of this period, with a circular
apae, remains at Isleham : it is now used as a barn, and all other traces
of the priory to which it belonged have quite disappeared.

To the new and glorious era in church architecture commencing
with the 1 3th century, and known as the Early English or First-Pointed
atyle, Cambridgeshire bears abundant witness. An age of church- building
aoal and devotion seems to have revelled and expatiated in the luxury
of the newly-developed Pointed system, for now the whole contour and
compoaition of buildings is changed from heavy to light, from low to
lofty, Irom horizontal to vertical, we might almost say from earthly to
hesrenly.' Two munificent Bishops, Eustachius and Hugh de North-
wold, now presided over the mother church of the diocese. To the
loraier we owe the splendid galilee porch, to the latter the unsurpass-

1 The tower of Weitley Waterless fell down a few yean tince, and no remaini of
H now exist. (1059.)
< nJsy.

68 The Ecdesiology of Cambridgeshire.

able east end of the cathedral of Ely ; and nowhere is the marrelloot
grace and versatility of this beautiful style so exquisitely developed^
This, of course, was not without its effect throughout the county, and
accordingly we find portions of this period in betweea 60* and 70
churches out of the 190, for the most part of a very high character, and
exhibiting excellent workmanship. In proof of this I need only refer
you to Jesus College chapel, to the exquisite work in the chancel of
Cherry Hinton, the chancel and transepts of Histon, the greater part
of the fine churches at Elm and Leverington, the tower at Bourn* large
portions of Foxton, Barrington, and Cheveley, and very many others,
too numerous to mention, affording good examples of the development
of this style in all its varieties, from the period when it had aounoely
emancipated itself from the trammels of the Romanesque, until it be-
comes finally lost in the Early Decorated or geometrical Middle-Pointed
style which succeeded it.

All authorities upon Church Architecture in Cambridgeshire, Rickman
and Boissier, Pugin and Paley, Parker and Willis, agree that in pore
examples of that beautiful period of art which was developed out of
the First-Pointed style this county holds a foremost position. The
most accomphshed church architect England has ever seen, Alan de
Walsingham, was now carrying on his marvellous work at Ely ifi the
octagon and lady chapel, and Prior Crauden, John of Wisbeach, Bishops
Hotham and Montacute, all zealous church builders, flourished daring
the prevalence of this style. And no doubt their influence vibrated
throughout the whole of the diocese in which at this period church
building like church architecture seems to have attained its culminating
point; for of the 190 churches in the county something like 120 have
portions of this style ; and of these 120, 17 are entirely of this period,
with no other admixture, 31 chancels and 33 towers were also built or
rebuilt, and a very large number of aisles, chapels, porches, and other
additions, which testify to the extraordinary zeal, energy, and taste
animating the ecclesiastical architects in this diocese, during the time
the Decorated or Middle-Pointed style prevailed, coinciding pretty well
with the 105 years occupied by the reigns of the first three Edwards.

In selecting a few of the choicest examples of this glorious style what
exquisite creations of art seem to rise up before me ! The skUful ele-
gance of the Octagon at Ely, which Rickman terms the best piece of
Decorated composition in the kingdom ; the elaborate lightness of the
three western choir arches ; the gorgeously minute enrichment of the
Lady chapel, throw a fascinating spell over the lover of Christian act
and make him feel how inglorious the best creations of our own day
appear in comparison. And if leaving the mother church we wander
among some of her more humble daughters we shall still have to ac»
knowledge how very far off we are in these vaunted days from attain-
ing the artistic excellence of this Edwardian period. What modem
erection can equal Bottisham with its pure bold suites of mouldings,
its exquisite proportions, and highly finished details ; JVumpinffton with
its lofty arches, rich mouldings, and interesting side chapels ; Hailing'
field with its clustered piers, elegant stringcourses, and handsome
Middle-Pointed wooden roof ; Eleworth with its spacious chancel and

The EeeUsiology of Cambridgeshire. 68

ch aedilia ; Over with its beautiful south porch ; WUlingham with its
fmarkable sacristy and fine tower arches, and HaddenhaM with its
3ble tower having circular windows enriched with alternate rows of
jg tooth and ball flower ? I must pass over many others, but ccmnot
nit to mention Prior Crauden's chapel at Ely, a curious and valuable
em of this period, which I remember divided horizontally into bed-
x>in8« but which, thanks to the late eminent Dean, is now '* restored
> life, and use, and name, and fame."

The number of churches erected or added to during the Third-
ointed or Perpendicular period falls very little short of those in the
:yle we have just been considering. But as we may reckon that it lasted
early a century longer, the church-building activity in this diocese had
onsiderably declined. About IH churches give us examples of this
eiiod, 13 of them being of pure Perpendicular character throughout.
lere, as in other parts of England, it was quite the age of towers, for I
iid that somewhere about 40 were erected iu Cambridgeshire during the
vevalence of this style, mortuary chapels also frequently occur, and
enumerable windows were inserted into earlier walls. Turning first
o the mother church we must feel thankful that during this period the
aain fabric of the building was scarcely touched, perhaps less so than
loy cathedral in the kingdom. Bishop Arundel indeed spoiled the true
iroportion of the tower by his addition of the upper stage ; but, though
leedless, it gives great effect to the elevation when viewed from a dis-
tance ; and the mortuary chapels of Bishops Alcock and West are cu-
rioas proofs of how much elaborate work may be crowded together
with very little effect, being, as Rickman remarks, two of the most gor-
geous erections in the kingdom. However much we may lament the
many evidences of debasement and of departure from the spirit and
eharacteristic genius of true Gothic which crept in with the low arches.
flat gables, battlemented parapets, and overloaded ornaments of this
style, still it cannot with common taste or reason meet with other than
very high admiration for its own peculiar and manifold beauties,^ beau-
ties well represented in this county by several large churches of entire
Perpendicular character throughout. Sutton and Burwell, Islehani
and Harston, are fine specimens of complete Third-Pointed buildings,
while excellent portions remain in the noble towers at Soham, Hasling-
field. Sutton, Emneth, and Wisbeach S. Peter; in the tower and spire
of Whittlesea S. Peter, one of the finest and most elaborate Perpen-
dicular compositions in the kingdom ; in the nave arches of Swavesey,
Bmneth, Wisbeach, and numerous others ; in the handsome and highly
toriched font at Leverington ; and here in Cambridge forget we not our
own S. Mary the Great, one of the best examples I know of late Per-
pendicular, and, though the mother church of our ** ancient and religious
University," the most glaring example in existence of what the internal
arrangement of a church ought not to be; lastly, we come to King's
college chapel, that " immense and glorious work of fine intelligence"
that cantio cygni, with its exquisite fan tracery, "self- poised and
scooped into ten thousand cells "^ — sad it is that while gazing at such a
grand example of Christian art, we naturally liken it to the varied and

> Phlej.

70 Tke Eederioloffy of CambridgeMrek

^den hues of autumml foliage, of surpasfting beauty and aolemiiity,
yet eontaining the incipient elements of decay, and the tore fore-
runners of the leafless boughs of winter !

Cambridgeshire is singularly destitute of monastic remmns-— perhaps
no county in England more so— *for we have scarcely a vestige of any
of the secular baildings always attached to conventual institutions, and
of which so many examples are scattered about in other parta of the
kingdom ; for the most part the churches of these institutions alone
remain in this county as witnesses of their departed grandeur. Of
the priory of Ely, the richest of these establishments, Uiere are soaie
very fine remains of the arcade of the conventual church with rich
Norman mouldings now built up into the prebendal houses* also the
large west gate-house to the monastery, early and good Perpendicular,
now used as the king's school. Of the once magnificent mitred abbej
of Thomey only the central division of the nave of the Norman church
remains, the aisles having been destroyed and the archee walled up.
Of the priory of Barnwell, the third in point of wealth in the county, be-
sides the church — now, thanks to the Cambridge Architectural Society,
once more used as the church of S. Andrew the Less after many years
of desecration — we have only a small mutilated vaulted building of Eaily
English character now used as a stable. Of the hospital at Whittlesfoid
bridge, a small religious house, the chapel, now used as a barn, is i
simple but beautiful Decorated building, very well worth a viait, but
very little known, although within eight miles of Cambridge ; in dis
public house adjoining are some remains of the domestic offices. The
church of the alien priory of Isleham is tolerably perfect, and is alas
used as a bam. Of Denny abbey the refectory may still be traced,
though much altered, and there are a great many fragments worked up
into old farm buildings ; what seems to haye been the chancel-arch oif
the church, of massive Norman character, forms the entrance to the
staircase. Anglesea abbey has a large Early English vaulted room,
two good doorways, and an elegant graduated corbel table, part of the
staircase to the refectory. Of Barham priory, in the parish of Linton,
and the alien priory of Swavesey, there is nothing but a few fragments^
and the remains of the convent of S. Rhadegund, at Jesus College, are
too well known to require mention here. But though the monastie
institutions in Cambridgeshire have left behind them only a few frag-
mentary traces in mortar and stone, here perhaps more than elaewhers
the effects which their inmates wrought survive in the land which they
cultivated, and reclaimed from the waste places around with ao much
agricultural skill. To thii day the farms carved out of the old monastie
estates have a higher reputation for fertility than any others in Uie
county ; I may mention as examples, the land which formerly apper-
tained to Denny abbey, in the parish of Waterbeach ; Anglesea abbey,
in Bottisham ; and Spinney abbey, in Wickcn. all of which in mediwal
times must have been quite oases in the desert of the surrounding Fens,
and which even in these times of high farming and scientific agriculture
are considered superior to all around them ; and many similar inatanoes
have doubtless passed away from amongst us by the lapse of years and
the change in the seasons. The Chronicle of Ely» written in the

On ike Ecelmohgy of Ryde and its neighbourhood. 71

middle of the 14th century, meations the abundant productiveneas of
the vineyards there ; and William of Malmesbury, who lived in the
leign of Henry II., speaks with great enthusiasm of the beautiful situa-
tion of Thomey and the extreme fertility of the soil, and describes it
as abounding in orchards and vineyards.

(To he continued.)

ON THE BCCLESIOLOGY OF RYDE AND ITS

NEIGHBOURHOOD.

To the Editor of the Ecclesiologiet.

DxasMb. EniTOB, — ^The Isle of Wight, although well-known to most
of us, is, I think, as far as its ecolesiology is concerned, a district com-
paratively unknown. I, therefore, feel no compunction in sendii^g
jma mn account of the present state of omr art in its principal towta.
Ryde ia a comparatively modem watering-place. The parish ohwch,
Newchurch, is four miles away. The town does not, therefore, possess
MMMf old church, and until within the last thirty years could boast but of
«ae church of any description. More have sprung up lately ; and <all,
cturionsly enough, in one style. Indeed First-Pointed seems here to
be held in especial favour, there being no instance in the neighbour-
hood of the use of either of the other styles. The churches at Bem*
hridge, Binslead, and Haven-street, .although not within Ryde itself,
wme still near enough to be considered with it. 1 have, therefore, ln«
eluded them. The oldest church, that of

S. ThomoM-^w only a hideous square room, with an ugly tower and
9fige joined on to its west end, built some fifty years ago in the Gothic
of the period. It is 'Sufficient to say, that it is filled with high pews,
hmm no central passage, two opposition pulpits, and.galleriesround three

Hofy 3HMKy.-*-A large First-Pointed church, by Mr. Hellyex. We
hftve here a nave of seven bays, but no clerestory, divided from .a north
mad «oiith aisle by aicades €>f very faicly>moulded arches, carried on dus-
tttred shafts. ; a -south transept opening into the aisle by a very flat
•egmcDtal «rah, north porch, lofly western tower and spire, and a little
at ithe cast end of the nave lighted by three lancets filled with
ible modem glass. The 3windows throughout the church are
couplets of vulgar-looking lancets. The roo£B are all of good j)itch,
and open. The seats are all low ; but those in the aisles aie fitted
with doors, .and up the midst of the central passage is a row of " free
wmtM.** The prayer-deak, facing south-east, stands on the north side
•of the nave. against the first pillar from the east end ; the pulpi^ fitted
widi candle iamps vof a most domestic pattern, stands opposite on the
.aoath :aide. lAt the west end of each aisle is a gallery for .children
•oonneeted by fnnny little bridges with one across the tower-arch» con-

72 On the Ecclesiology of Ryde gnd its neighbourhood.

tainiDg the organ. Two windows in the transept are filled widi
tolerable stained glass, one by Wailes, and the other by Hardman.
The font, which is rather elaborate, stands in the middle of the nave at
the west end. The church is lighted with brass gas standards, but of
inferior design. Under the transept is a school-room. The tower rises
very commendably above the church, and is finished with a lofty spire,
with a row of spire-lights at its base. It ought to be noted that this
church is being shockiogly disfigured by ugly tablets, hatchments, tnd
the like ; which is somewhat singular, coupled with the fact that it
enjoys a daily service and weekly communion.

iS. James. — ^This church, the head-quarters of ultra-proteatantiam in
Ryde, built in the year 1 827, hardly merits a description. A short
notice of it was given in the Eeelesiologist, vol. ii., O. S., p. 31. It is,
however, perhaps, remarkable for its badness, even considering when
it was built. In the very worst style of '* Batty Langley Gkithic,''
carried out in compo, it comprises a nave of five bays with aisles,
which latter extend along what is constructionally the chancel. In
the centre of this chancel, immediately in front of the altar, stands a
towering pulpit, flanked on one side by a reading-desk, and on the
other by the clerk's desk. The east window, looking into a room he-
hind the church, is ingeniously made to open, so that in the case of a
crowded meeting in the aforesaid room, part of the audience may be
accommodated in the church. [Qy. Is this a tradition of the lychno-
scope ?] AU the seats have doors, there is no central passage, and
there are galleries round three sides.

8. John the Evangelist. — A cruciform church, but without aisles;
with north porch, a sacristy opening out of the end of the south tran-
sept, and a double bell-gable at t^e west end. The style ia Pint-
Pointed. The east and west windows are triplets of lancets, the east
end having also a wheel-window in the gable. The chancel is of verj
insufficient length, being in fact merely the sanctuary. There is no
chancel-arch, nor indeed any arch at the intersection ; a fact which
has afforded scope for a singular display of carpentry, in the meeting
of four hammer-beam roofs. Under the east window is an arcaded
reredos with the usual writings, the central panel containing a large
gilt cross. The prayer-desk stands at the entrance to the chancel on
the north side ; the pulpit is opposite to it. The seats throughout the
church are tolerably low, but about half have doors. The font stands
at the west-end of the nave, in front of the organ ; it is much disfigured
by a frightful cover. The eastern triplet and wheel-window ^ the
chancel are filled with poor grisaille glass ; and a lancet in the south
transept contains some glass of an inferior character representing our
Lord with S8. Mary and Martha.

S. Mary, R. C. — by Mr. C. P. Hansom, also in Pirst-Pointed. Tlie
west-tont, in High-street, although somewhat pretentious, is essen-
tially that of a town church. It possesses a west doorway, with
dustered shafts and rich mouldings ; over this an arcade of four, two
pierced for lights ; over this again is a large vesica-shaped window.
At the west end of the south aisle is also an arcade of three, the cea*
tral space pierced, with a triangularly-shaped light in the gable ; all

On the Eceleriohgy of Ryde and its neighbourhood. ' 78

elaborately moulded and enriched with dogtooth. At the north-
coraer of the nave rises a somewhat affected, but picturesque,
et. Internally we have a nave of four bays, with north and south
. and an ample chancel. The north aisle stops short of the west
>y one bay ; the corresponding bay of the south aisle is screened

form a baptistery, and the easternmost bay of the south aisle is

ited by parcloses forming a side chapel. The nave arcade is

singular than beautiful: short thick pillars, with heavy caps,

well-proportioned arches; these, however, are filled up solid,
ig very flat segmental arches, with pierced quatrefoils in the solid
ina above. The clerestory is formed of coupled trefoil-headed
. The chancel, separated from the nave by a low wooden screen,

vaulted roof, the bosses, and the corbels of the vaulting shafts

slightly polychromed. The- roofs over the rest of the church
* wood, open, and of good pitch. The high altar is of stone,
a rather elaborate stone reredos ; but there is no east window,
t a small rose with wiry tracery high up in the gable. There arc
ise no windows in the north aisle, it abutting on other buildings,
e south wall of the chancel are three graduated sedilia, and a
e piscina. All the windows are filled with grisaille, except the
window of the south aisle, which has some bad painted glass in it.
lave and aisles are filled with chairs, the pulpit standing against
astemmost pillar of the north arcade. Altogether this church,
iigh it is not without serious faults, presents a very striking and
ouB interior.

)ly Cross, Binstead — has been rebuilt, in First- Pointed, by Mr.
er ; some few fragments of the original church being buUt into
present edifice. It consists of a nave and chancel, a sacristy
1 of the chancel, and a south porch. On the north side of the

and opening into it by a segmental arch, is a kind of transept.
is no other than a large family pew, duly fitted up with fireplace,
t, and all the accessories. A tradition connected with this
gement is as follows : That when the chancel was about to be
It. it was proposed to put *' stalls " in the chancel ; this how-
was only agreed to on condition of there being a " loose box "
iOrd D. This pseudo- transept is the result, and it still goes
he name of Lord D.'s loose- box. The church is divided from
nave by an arch of two orders carried on corbels. The arrange-
; of this chancel is very bad. The nave seats, which are uniformly
and open, are continued for some distance eastward of the
eel-arch, and on the same level as the nave. Then on the north
18 a prayer- desk and lectern, facing respectively south and west,
chancel then rises one step, and is divided by a low screen ; the
:iiary rises two more. The altar is formed of some apparently old
ish carved work ; but its shape unpleasantly reminds one of a
sm sideboard. In the east window, an early geometrical one, and
rently part of the old church, of three uncusped lights with tre-
1 circle* in the head, is some poor modem glass ; the north light
lining the Crucifixion, the centre the Resurrection, and the south
' the Ascension. The pulpit, of stone, is corbelled out from the

Im ZXf . L

74 Oil the Eccleiiology of Ri/de and Us neighbomrhtwL

east wall of the nave, and is approached by an arch and atairs from
the sacristy. Two lancets at the west end contain some poor grisaille
glass. There is a western gallery ; and the west gable is sarmounted
by a small octagonal stone bell- turret. The font is at the west end
of the nave, close to the south door. At one end of the churchyard,
pat up as a gateway, is the old Romanesque north door of the originil
church ; and over it a very curious old figure, much mutilated* known
to local antiquaries as '* the idol." It may be mentioned, that the
offertory at this church is collected by the pewopener, an old woman !

8, '9 Bembridge — consists of a fairly-proportioned chancel ; and a
nave of five bays, with south aisle, which is also continued along one
bay of the chancel, into which it opens by a segmental arch. East-
ward of this is the sacristy. North and south porches, and western
tower complete the plan. The style is as usual Fint-Pointed. The
chancel rises one step above the nave, and the sanctuary two more ;
and both have rather elaborate pavements of encaustic tiles. The
chancel is entirely free from seats, except four stalls with bookboard
on metal standards on the north side. Prayers are not, however, said
from here, but from a desk in the nave, facing south-west. A wooden
pulpit, on a stone base, stands on the opposite side of the chancel-arch.
The east window is a triplet of cusped lights under a hoodmould ; and
the north and south windows of the sanctuary are each of two lights,
with a quatrefoil in the head. All the other windows throughout the
church are single lancets. The nave is divided from the aisle by a
fioirly-proportioned arcade, with circular shafts. The seats throughout
are low and open ; the pew system, however, has not entirely given
way here, for in the aisle two of these seats have been formed into one
more commodious pew. The font stands just to the west of the south
door. The roofs throughout are of good pitch and open. The tower
opens into the nave by a lofty arch; externally, however, it sadly
wants height, as the belfry* stage does not clear the nave«roof. It ii
capped by a very ugly broach spire. The church is lighted by several
coronse. but of very heavy character.

S. Peter, Haven^Street, — A little First-Pointed church, also by Mr.
Hellyer, consisting of a nave and chancel, with sacristy on the north
side, and a south porch. The chancel rises one step above the nave, the
sanctuary is raised on two more, and the altar properly vested stands
on a footpace. The chancel is seated stallwise, the prayers being said
from the north side. Unfortunately, the south is occupied by the
incumbent's family. Three lancets in the east wall are filled with
very fair glass, the centre containing the patron saint, and the two
side ones angels. A window on the south side of the chancel contains
a figure of S. Thomas. The nave is seated with low, open seats, and —
the most commendable feature — all are alike free. A low pulpit stands
on the north side of the chancel-arch. The organ, with its ]»pes
diapered, stands on the floor at the west end. The font is just to the
west of the south door. Two lancets at the west end are filled with
grisaille glass, with medallions ; one with the Charge to S, Peter, and
the other the Miraculous Draught of Fishes. Two small laaoeta in
the north have some — quite Renaissance — glass in them, repiesemiBg

The Ely Octagon. 75

the Resurrection and the Ascension. The roofs over hoth nave and
rhancel are open; that over the nave having every rafter trussed,
ike S. Matthias, Stoke-Newington. A small bell-gable crowns the
meat end. In the churchyard are several crosses and headstones of
^ood design. It is worthy of remaric, that this is about the only
•hureh in the Isb of Wight where anything like a correct ritual ch-
ains ; and therefore the fact of the chancel-seats being occujned by
roung ladies is the more to be regretted.

8. ■■» iSra-vttfto — also close to the town, was noticed in the EeeU''
riohgist, vol. zvii., N. S. p. 354.

I hope to describe to you another batch of churches in a future
ommunicatioD ; end am, my dear Mr. Editor,

Very sincerely yours,

A MkMBSR Of THI ECCLBSIOLOOICAL SoCISTY.

THE ELY OCTAGON.
To the Editor of the EccleeiologUt.

Sia,— In Mr. Scott's letter, printed in your February number, it is
Ktated that the question of the belfry of the Ely Lantern has been
'* quite settled by extracts from the sacrist rolls." I believe this to be
entirely true, nevertheless your readers may possibly find the following
aotea on the subject interesting.

I would remark in the first place, that Bentbam appears to have
Eallen into an error concerning the bells, and that if he had not done
lo the difficulty about the originality of the bell-chamber in the lantern
x>uld hardly have arisen. He says, " In his (Alan de Walsingham's)
tione bells were first put up in the great western tower. Four of the
largest were cast by Master John & Olocester, founder, in the year
1346; the names and weight of which were these, Mary, weighing
21 80 lbs., John 2704 lbs., Jeeua 370ti lbs., Waieingham 6380 lbs." Now
[ have before me the sacrist roll from which Bentbam must have ob-
sained the information upon which he founded this statement. It is a
nil of Robeit de Aylsham, 19 Edward III., and contains a full account
>f the proceedings of Master John of Gloucester. We find that he
xmght large quantities of tin and copper, with clay for the moulds,
md all thii^ necessary for bell-founding, and that he cast four bells,
f lioae names are as given by Bentbam ; but the roll does not state that
le cast them for the great western tower, but rather implies the con-
nry ; for immediately after the bills for the various expenses of cast-
ng^tbe four new bells, come a number of items for expenses incurred
a repairing sis bells in the great tower. It seems to me, therefore,
hnt Master John of Gloucester was sent for in order that he might
■St belJs for the new belfry, {mnmm campanile, as it is continually
sUed,} md that when he had cast them be was further directed to ex-

76 The Ely Octagon,

amine the bells already existing in the western tower, (ma^iitiai can-
panile,) and repair them as he might find necessary.

The size of the bell Walsingham is certainly surprising, when we
consider the structure in which (according to this view) it was intended
to be placed. Nevertheless, not only does the name given to the bell
point distinctly to its destination, but the history of it is, I think, as
clear as that of any defunct bell can be expected to be. For we find
in Browne Willis' Survey of the Cathedral of £ly, this note concemiog
the bells: "Here are now (1730) remaining only five small beUs,
which hang in the west steeple. They were cast since the ReformatioD,
in Dean Wilford*8 time, (1662-7), who is reported to have melted
down two very large bells, the biggest whereof was by tradition
7,000 lbs. weight, and to have removed them from the lantern steeple,
where (as Fuller tells us) they hung in his time." Was not this
large bell Walsingham, which, weighing (as we know it did) 6^0 lbs.,
might very moderately be spoken of by tradition as weighing 7.000 ?

I may add, with reference to the apparently fearful magnitude of the
bells, that the lantern in its original construction was so wonderful and
skilful a piece of carpentry, that it may easily have been deemed by the
builders capable of supporting any weight and withstanding any
amount of vibration. If, however, it be said that it was not wise to
put such bells in such a belfry, experience has sufiiciently shown the
folly of the proceeding.

Mr. Scott has (I believe) satisfied himself by an examination of the
actual structure, and chiefly by the evidence of the carpenters* marks,
that the lantern-chamber as at present existing is substantiaUy the
original structure, even to the rafters which carry the lead, and that it
never had a spire upon it. I have found no documentary evidence
either for or against a spire, but am not sufiiciently familiar with the
sacrist rolls to assert positively that nothing can be found ; with re-
ference, however, to the simple question of the lantern having been
originally a belfry, the documentary evidence is complete : —

1 . New bells were cast, just when the lantern was finished, and one
of them, weighing between 6,000 and 7,000 lbs., was called by the name
of the architect.

2. The lantern is described in the sacrists' rolls, and elsewhere, as
novum campanile, in opposition to magnum campanile. For example, in
one of the histories contained in the Anglia Sacra^ Alan de Walsing-
ham's work is thus recorded : — " Statim illo anno ilia artificiosa
structura lignea novi campanilis, summo ac mirabili mentis ingenio im-
aginata, super prsedictum opus lapideum sedificanda fuit incoepta.'*

3. In the seventeenth century we know that the lantern contained
bells ; we know further, that they were removed in the same century,
and one of the bells removed may be safely identified with Walsingham.

4. The final fact is the removal of the bell frames in the last century
by Essex, as recommended in his report.

I have taken some little pains to inquire whether any ancient bells
exist at the present day in Ely. I find that all in the Cathedral are
modern, and likewise all those in S. Mary*s church. In the tower
used as a belfry by Trinity parish, to whose inhabitants the Lady

The Ely Octagon. 77

bapel has been gpranted to be used as a parish church, there are two
flls, one andent, and one modern. The ancient bell may possibly be
tat which was sold to the parish by the dean and chapter in the time
f Queen Elizabeth, when the Lady Chapel was made over to their
le. This bell, as I find from the deed by which the use of the Lady
hapel was given to the parish, was taken not from the lantern, but
om the western tower.

Your readers will be glad to know what progress has been made in
le plan for restoring the octagon and lantern as a memorial to the late
^ean. The drawing, which was presented to the committee by Mr.
cott, and which was subsequently published in the Ecclenologist, was
IS you are aware) not intended to be of necessity final ; accordingly
le committee have lately requested Mr. Scott to reconsider the design,
rith a view to the introduction of some kind of pyramidal capping or
pire. It is hoped that in the course of a few months the design may
e finally settled ; I need hardly say that in a matter of such delicacy
be greatest caution is required.

Will you allow me, in concluding this letter, to correct a statement
rhich has gained currency through the newspapers, to the effect that
be fund subscribed was, some months ago, over £4,000 ? llie fact, I
m sorry to say, is otherwise ; up to the present time our list does not
bow much more than £3,500.

I remain.

Yours faithfully.

Deanery, Ely, H. Goodwin.

March, 1860.

To the Editor of the Eeclenologist.

Dear Sib, — In my letter which appeared in your last Number I men-
oned that I had not yet ascertained with certainty whether or not
lere was ever a spire to Walsingham^s lantern ; but that I expected.
Iter further examination, to be able to settle that point. I have now
irried on my examination so far as to be able to give a very decided
nnion upon it.

You will recollect that, over the groining, there is a low chamber
bich is known to have contained bells. This is covered by a very
w roof, converging to the centre and carried partly by the enormous
MtB which run up the angles of the entire structure (60 feet in
agth,) and partly by a central post standing on the crown of the
tnniDg. If this roof had co-existed with a spire (which is obviously
iprobable) the principal rafters would show mortices on their upper
ies to receive its timbers ; I have examined them, and find that no
A mortices exist. This, however, is insufiicient evidence, for the
jpfing roof might have been added after the removal of the spire ; in
Inch case the latter might have been framed into the horizontal beams
iam the priodpal rafters. These, however, cannot be examined ; but

it is ascertained that the principal rafter» are a part of the original
metore, the eTidttice is complete. I have, therefore, examined with

78 Whitewash and Yellow Dab.— No. V.

great care the framing of the roof, and more especially the carpenters'
marks by which the place of each timber is pointed out, and find that
the same system of marks which pervades the whole of Walsingfaam's
work is continued throughout the roof in the most perfect and sys-
tematic manner, extending to even the smaller rafters. Eight separate
marks are used in this story of the octagon ; one being in the first
instance made on each of the great posts, and the same being carried
through the eighth part of the roof which is connected with that post,
and those being marks of the same description which are found in the
lower stages of the work where no doubt exists as to its age. It hu
been objected that these may have been imitated by carpenters engaged
in altering the roof. This is, on the face of it, most unlikely ; but
any carpenter would know that it never would have been done» aa the
use of carpenters* marks arises from the work being, according to
Solomon's direction, " prepared in the field." The marks are there
made before it is taken apart, to identify the pieces when they are to be
put together in situ. They would not be needed in making an altera-
tion ; besides which there does not exist any symptom of such altera-
tion, and the roof is very much like others of the same or earlier age,
particularly two octagonal roofs of the thirteenth century at Salisbury,
both covering stories over vaulting ; both having a central pillar, and
both of low pitch.

As it is of great importance to obtain all possible evidence as to the
original design of so important a work, and one by so eminent an
architect (one of the very few English mediaeval architects whose names
we know,) I have been somewhat careful in my investigation of this
point. It does not follow either that Walsingham may not have once
intended a spire, or that the addition of one may not improve his work;
but I am anxious that it should be clearly understood that he finished
his work systematically without one ; and that, if we add this im-
portant feature, we shall be acting entirely on our own judgment sod
preference.

I remain, dear Sir, yours very faithfully,

Gio. GiLBBar bcorr.

March I9th, 1860.

WHITEWASH AND YELLOW DAB.— No. V.

PICTORIAL ART AND GOTHIC ARCHITSCTURI.

To the Editor of the Ecclesioiogist.

DsAR Sir,— My last was of Decorative art, and of that feeling of
religion thrown into it which could alone make it worthy of chnrdi
walls. I go on to the higher branches of Art, which for want of a
better name we must call Pictorial. Art terms beat even Law terms in
their power of confounding meanings.

Of Pictorial art there are three distinct grades. The first, which

Whitewash and Yellow Dab,— No. V. 79

imitates with a purpose little short of an intention to deceive. The

•ecoDd, which imitates with an intention to convey the impression,

which the objects and effects would themselves convey in nature. The

tbifd, which imitates, but so far only as rather to suggest thoughts than

to delight the eyes. The first of these systems makes no attempt or

iffectatioo of thought. The second is the prose of art; often most

poetic prose, with all the thought a painter is capable of. The third

is the higher order of its poetry, — the artist's utmost reach in his

attempt (always vain and always to be vain) to express the fulness of

his heart. And so too the objects of these three grades of art may be.

though inadequately, described as the first conveying things, the

second feelings, the third ideas.

There is a difference, too, not less important in pictures themselves.
A painting framed and to be moved about anywhere, is one thing : a
^fell- painting is another. In the former case it is in some sense fur-
nitore, in the latter architecture. And if it be not painted in that sense
it will only put the architect's work out of gear. I feel in the strongest
manner the necessity of one spirit reigning paramount through one
ivork. A church, a cathedral, is one work, or in so far as it is not on^
^pork, each part completed at one period is so : a nave, a choir, an
«iale» and so on ; and all that is done to such one work should be to
keep it one.

If a painter works there he must archiiecturalize his work. He

nnst work in the spirit of the architecture he adorns. The greatest

vaen of all ages have done so. The northern artists of Gothic days

«Dii]d hardly help doing so. They were adepts in all sorts of arts.

The same hand designed a shrine, a fresco, or an enamel. One spirit.

amd only one» prevailed throughout the arts. So too in the sunnier

Soath, Italian Gothic in architecture and painting went hand in hand.

The real difficulty of harmonizing painting and architecture arises

fiom this, that a painter's object is to produce the effect of space and

"Variety on a given flat surface. An architect, on the contrary, wants a

'&t surface for the very reason of its flatness and repose. A painter

meed exercise much self-restraint to meet so great a difficulty. The

characteristics of his art are the very opposite of that with which

lie has to combine them. The light and shade of interior stonework

Is gentle in the extreme. The highest light and deepest shade are but

'Varieties of grey. It is the sublime effect of this simplicity which so

ainch affects our imagination. The highest charm of architecture is in

the tranquil awe we feel at the great thought which is realized in it.

fainting, on the contrary, has to deal with materials of which the

natural effects are strong and exciting, brilliancy or depth, blending

softness, or vivid contrast. Hence it is that Fresco painting is so well

adapted to architectural effect, because its colours are few, and those

mostly of sober tone.

But there are other qualities more necessary for a painter's success
than that of quiet colouring. If the rest of the building be coloured.
Us work may be wrought up to any key of which the decorative paint-
ing has stmck the first chords. And in such a case the most powerful
iolottrs cleverly worked together will so combine and modify each other.

80 Whitewash and Yellow Dab.— No. V.

as to produce the utmost mellowness of effect. Colours are awkward
tools to handle without study and experience. The weakest may be
the most gaudy, the strongest the most mellow. But be they what
they may, nothing can compensate for want of breadth of effect in
architectural wall-painting. Heart and hand must be laid under re-
straint. Dash, picturesqaeness, and strong dramatic action must yield
to the architectural ideal of statuesque quietude and dignity. The
charms of atmospheric perspective and powerful relief must submit to
the far higher aim of bringing pictorial art into harmony widi the
broad grandeur of architectural effects.

But beyond all other aims and effects of art there is one quality, at
once the highest and the rarest, which in church wall painting is indis-
pensable,— Religion. In art as in ourselves the elements of spirit and
material, as opposite as they are necessary to each other, it is the office
of religion to reconcile and subordinate. In art as in common life,
they are everywhere the same. The self-imposed rule, self-restraint,
self-sacrifice and oblivion, which mark religious life, mark also reli-
gious art. It would be hard to give a lesson in religious art otherwise
than by a lesson in religion.

There are many pictures called religious which have not a particle of
religion about them except the subject. I described at the beginning
of this letter three styles of picture-making. It is the last of these
which is alone fit for church walls. Religion must be its object and
its subject. But religion in a painting must first be in the artist ; for it
is the especial sphere of art to embody the artist's conceptions and
convey them to other people. Artists have not always thought of that
when they have dared religious pictures. English artists now-a-dajs
need it above all others : for ordinary Protestantism takes religion so
quietly, that there is little in its outside to excite them. In former
days hearts were warmed by seasons, festivals, celebrations, in which
religious enthusiasm was general. But now men think most how they
may " subdue and replenish the earth,*' and forget the God Who gave
the commandment.

The religion of a picture is the religion it conveys. Other qualities
are often mistaken for it. The Magdalene of Correggio is a perfect
gem of art, but there is very little religion in it. It is the conception
of a consummate artist, and represents a beautiful young woman, in
very good case, with the most lovely hair, reclining in the mellow light
of a rich landscape, reading — possibly the best uf books. Correggio
meant it so. But where is the Magdalene ? Where is contrition, where
is the worn expression of deep self-abasement, self-horror ? With fu
inferior art, but ten times more religion, earlier artists placed her with
her face hidden, buried in her hands and hair, and her body bent at the
foot of the cross. There was religion. You feel it, you acknowledge
that grief so deep may well be hidden from mortal eyes. Your heart
is touched, your sympathy is engaged, not by the beauty and interest
of the woman, but by the overwhelming weight of her religious
emotions.

The study and revival of Gothic art in painting has been the subject
of much contention. Few things have been more misunderstood or

WkUewash and Yellow Dab.— No. V. 81

plied. The best lessoDs we learn from it are the adaptability of
ethods to religious expressions, and to the purposes of painting
ge surfaces to be seen at any distance. Its faults and imperfec-
are too erident to need description. They are simply the errors
>erfect technicality. Its principles were few and admirable ; but
execution the heart went too fast for the hand. The resources
undeveloped art were strained to express the strongest emotions ;
attitude, feature, all were strained, often from mere mannerism,
lite as often purposely. The characteristic fault of modem art
icisely the contrary, — a too perfect technicality : the hand now

00 fast for the heart. Modern art is often mere handy work and
lity. In the resuscitation of Middle Age architecture, and the
|uent study of coeval painting, artists have been unhappily pre-
d against it by its admirers copying its peculiarities instead of re-
!ng, as they might have done with all the advantage of modern re-
»• the fine feeling which those peculiarities too often disfigured,
lut a small reproach on the artists of the middle ag^s that their

1 was so great and their art so inadequate to express it. The
ibility of its style to architectural painting arises from the same
which made the earlier Greek styles so good for the same pur^

the extremely clear definition of forms, and the unbroken masses
our. A black or brown outline individualizes every object ; large
8 of shadow are avoided ; and broken tints and reflections are
allowed to interfere with the broad simplicity of general effect.
ry principles are architectural. Its system is that of an art. the
; of which is to make everything clear at any distance. Its capa-
of refinement and power make it of little consequence whether it
in in your hand, or at the elevation of a vaulted roof. Gothic
ng again has in it the elements of the greatest sublimity. A
of art can produce no greater effect than when both it and its
r are lost or forgotten in the thoughts and associations which they
excited. Obtrusive detail and powerful relief would attract rather
merits than its meaning ; — engross your admiration rather than
s you with its idea. Gothic art is essentially suggestive. Re-
an was, happily for architecture, not attained. Had it been so,
lid have destroyed the equilibrium of the two arts. It attained,
^er. what it is the very art of arts to attain, minutely careful
without injury to breadth

nre are few remaining examples of northern Gothic wall-painting
ite ; bat all these principles are to be found in the best MS. illu-
ions of the best part of each period. Of course I am not referring
countless bad ones, through which Gothic art is only known to
ablic, and so far justly, though most mistakenly, disregarded.
baa more happily preserved its art, though it has lost its artists ;
lere can be traced all that I have contended for from the days of
!0 Gkddi, of Giotto his master and Beato Angelico his successor,
tnntless others ; until all principle applicable to architectural paint*
IS lost* no less than all sense of religion in art among the sen-
atyles and obtrusive technicality of the Renaissance artists. '
\ greatest difference must be allowed between buildings more or

^ XZI. M

82 Artificial Flowers and Evergreen

leas architectnFol. I am writiog only of buildings where architectnre
is predominant. In a building of the nature of a room, no matter how
large or small, hall or cabinet, where architecture is subordinate to ex-
pause of wall, the liberty of art must be granted accordingly. Bat
even then, let the painter do what he likes, the spectator will nerer
forget it is a wall ; and however great the beauty of the work or the
pleasure it gives, both would have been greater if the external con-
ditions under which it had been produced had not been ignored. Wall-
painting and picture-painting must not be confounded.

I insist on the variation of style according to the variation of place,
subject, and intention. By style I mean not mannerism, with which
it has been commonly confounded. Style is rather that combination
of thought and art-method, which an artist, worthy of the name, adopts
to meet the exigencies of his work ; and that style must vary as the
conditions do, under which he works. But for church painting, where
religion must be the predominant element, let not the modern artist
disdain the works of former days : there is yet plenty to learn from
them. Nor let him despise the recipe of earlier brethren of the brash
that purity of life and a holy intention in his work is the surest path
to success. Nor let him be angry with me if I dissuade him alto-
gether from such an undertaking unless his whole heart is in it ; for
painting well can only follow upon feeling deeply.

Yours very truly,

Highnam, March, 1860. T. G. P.

ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS AND EVERGREEN DECORATIONS.

To the Editor of the Ecclesiologiet.

DxAB Sib, — Will you allow me a few lines to protest against the de-
fence of that wretched false taste which would use artificial flowers in
church decorations ? In more than one place, among those who ooght
to know better, this custom has been justified. The thing itself is not
of much consequence, but the ground on which it is excused is so
specious, and does, as I happen to know in many cases, deceive some
who wish to do what is right, that I think you will allow me through
your pages to protest against the use of all such lying vanities, snd
the argument which defends it. We are told that the use of artifidtl
flowers is precisely the same in principle with embroidered altar cloths,
and gothic carvings, and not at all like sham jewellery, sanded sogsr,
or chicory christened coffee. We are told that sham flowers are the
same as paintings of flowers or any representation of them. One per-
son goes so far as to say that they are better than real. Now if any
one, using such an argument as this, would consider for a moment, he
would see that the two things are just as different as light from dark-
ness. In act-lying and ordinary lying there is this in common that
there are cases in which it is rather difficult to see whether the crime has
been committed or not. But in this case there can be no manner of

jbUfieial Flowers and Evergreen Decorations. 83

doubt. *' We cannot afford (for that is the usual excuse) flowers at

Christmas* which are rather dear" — and so, by the by, one would think,

unnatural and not wanted, more fitted for the artificial atmosphere of a

too advanced civilization than for the decoration of a church. Be that

M it may, " We cannot afford the enormous price,'* and so what do we

do ? Why get some sham ones, which cost next to nothing, look just

as well as real flowers, and in fact, are taken for them by the majority

of spectators. The great art being to imitate the originals as closely as

possible. Now in carving, embroidery, and painting, we do not imitate

at all. but represent. We don't say these are real roses, but this is what

a rose is like. Not this is a man, but this is the likeness of one.

IXrectly the similitude is so close as to deceive, as we sometimes see in

imitative statues and carvings painted on church roofs, and the like,

•vt ceases, and falsehood accompanied by the most miserable want of

S'ood taste takes its place.

The Y^rj same argument as that against which I beg you to protest,
lias been used these hundred years to excuse every description of
abomination, such as stucco divided into good substantial blocks ! be-
cause we can't afford stone ; graining because we can't have real oak
Or maple ; Birmingham and French brooches and bracelets with real
dibies, diamonds, pearls set in solid gold at from two shillings to seven
killings and sixpence each, because if the young lady had not these,
^be would have to go without jewellery altogether ! No honest, right-
Miinking girl would hesitate which to choose. No honest, right-think-
>^ man unless biassed by some plausible fallacy would doubt which to
choose, sham flowers or none.. A lie is just as bad in small things as in
great, llie quality of the action is the same. If admitted in trifles it
^ill grow upon us. From sham flowers we shaU see (as we may see
tivery where abroad) sham marbles, sham silver candlesticks, sham every-
thing. Let ua have no counterfeits of any kind.

Before laying down my pen, I cannot help congratulating you upon
the great improvement which is taking place in floral and evergreen
decorations. I am most glad to see them at last used as an ornamental
iadjnnct of architecture, and not a part of architecture itself. The
^bole improvement is due to a stricter regard to Truth. We do not
iKiw so often see vegetable arcades appearing to support stone work, or
iny anch instances of untruth and fedse taste as was the case some years
ago. We still want some improvement in the same direction, but this
b certain to come if we all keep firmly to the truth even in trifles.

Yours very truly,
Jan. 97, 18(50. J. C. J.

[It ia only fair to observe — which haa escaped our correspondent,
with whose general argument we quite agree — that " artificial flowers"
mnj either imply the cheapest and coarsest productions in muslin or
(■per, or elaborate imitations of real flowers in moulded wax. Whether
Ifce last named artificial flowers be legitimate decorations or not, they
owtainly cannot be placed on the same low level as the other class.
Their mangfacture, especially by such a hand as that of Mrs. Penny,
9t Brixton, if a work of great time and care, and of accurate observa-
tion of natont while their cost is greater than that of even real hot-
lioaae flowen.— Ed.]

84

ALL SOULS\ HALEY HILL. HAUFAX.

Thakks to Mr. Scott*8 courtesy, we present our readers with an in-
ternal view of the church of All Souls, Haley Hill, Halifax, which as
they are probably aware, has just been completed by Mr. Soott at the
cost of Mr. Akroyd, and which from its richness and the correctness
of its arrangements, deserves to be reckoned among the most remark-
able churches of the revival. We regret that we are unable to offer a
personal criticism, and the engraving itself, due to Mr. Drayton Wyatt*8
skill, is so explanatory as to exonerate us from much detailed deecriptioa,
which we should otherwise have to offer ; nevertheless we shall (some-
what contrary though it be to our general rule) avaU ourselves of the
pamphlet which has been published descriptive of the oharch» to make
sundry extracts in illustration of its features.

On Friday, the 25th of April, 1856, the foundation stone of the nev
church, dedicated to All Souls, was laid by the founder, Edward Ak-
royd, Esq., of Bank Field, Halifax, for the use of a parish of 7000
souls, which till 1854 contained no place of worship except a Baptist
meeting-house.

*' The church is cruciform : it comprises nave with aisles terminated
eastward by transepts, and chancel with chapels on the north and
south sides. The tower and spire are at the north-west angle, and
there is a vestry or sacristry at the north-east comer. The l«igth of
the nave is 87 ft. 6 in., the width 54 ft. ; the length of the transepts
is 22 ft. 6 in., the width 18 ft. 0 in. ; the length of the chapels is 15ft.,
the width 17 ft. ; the length of the chancel is 37 ft 6 in., the width
24 ft. 3 in. ; the height from the floor of the nave to the ridge of the
roof is 65 ft. The nave is divided from its aisles and from the tran-
septs by a bold arcade of five bays on either side, supported by piers,
quadruple on plan, with moulded bases and carved capitals."

*' Above the nave is a noble clerestory of fifteen lights, which has a
continuous arcade internally, supported on shafts of DNerbyshire marble.
The nave is separated from the chancel by a richly sculptured plinth
or low wall of alabaster, surmounted by a dwarf screen of ornamental
iron- work."

'* The chancel is approached from the nave through a bold monlded
archway springing from the same level as that of the transept arches,
but extending higher. It is supported on a pier of clustered shafts,
having richly carved capitals and moulded bases. On the north side
of the chancel arch is the pulpit On the north and south sides of
the chancel are chapels extending half its length and opening into
it through double archways, each supported by a circular granite
pier. The capitals of these piers are richly carved, and support arches
contained under a comprising arch. In the spandrels are medallions
containing sculpture. The double archways are filled with highly orna-
mental screens of wrought iron surmounted by gas-lights. The chapels
have also each an arch opening westward into the transepts."

AU Sauls', Haky Hill, Halifax. 85

I each side of the sanctuary is a rich wall-arcade supported on
marble shafts, with highly enriched capitals which carry foil-
rches. The spandrels of these arches are elaborately carved,
of the panels on the south side are deeply recessed, and form
lilia. A marble credence table is built into the wall.'*
le church is entered from the west of the nave, through a deeply
d doorway, the tympanum being filled with sculpture. The
Qmost bay of the south aisle is occupied by a noble porch, having
illy an arcade of three arches. The height of the tower and
rom the pavement line to the highest point, is ^36 feet. The
, as at present arranged, will accommodate about 800 persons,
tats are of wainscot, they are open, with moulded and carved
The fronts of the seats facing the chancel have elaborate carv-
rich geometrical tracery. The chancel stalls and clergy seats

0 very richly ornamented with carved decoration." The whole

1 is laid in tiling, increasing in richness as it approaches the altar,
mating we learn is on a principle invented by Mr. Akroyd him-

2tween the chancel and the nave is a rich alabaster plinth, on
is erected a screen of hammered iron, designed after the examples
y French metal work, llie gates are composed of rich scrolls of
bt iron, of the same conventional type as the screens, but for con-
ce of passage are worked flat. The screens dividing the chancel
le chancel aisles are elaborately wrought and banded to the marble
; from the centre of each are groups of gas-lights rising out of
)f crystals. Within the sanctuary are two massive standards of
?ith numerous lights, which diffuse a rich light over the eastern
the chancel. Along the nave are brass standards for gas, en-
with early conventional foliage.*' This department of the work
•n executed with the utmost taste and finish by Messrs. Skidmore
'entry.

le carved stone- work in the church is very elaborate, and it may
sidered a fine specimen of the best continental types. The fine
colour of the Steetley stone, assists in bringing out the minute
of the carving. The whole work has been carried out under
lerintendence of Mr. J. Bimie Philip, of London. The chancel
ome very beautiful specimens of carving. Throughout the work
I ornament of a natural character has been adhered to, and the
ivy, thorn, columbine, marsh mallow, and other leaves peculiar
climate are severally represented. The chancel-arch has some
id effective diapering on the soffit, with an ornamental cornice
g under the wall-plate of the roof. The sacrarium is richly
ttorately carved. The lower part of the window on the north
the sacrarium being blocked up by the vestry, has been filled
I panels, into which the rose, lily, and the olive are introduced,
redos is of alabaster, and is in two stages ; the lower stage,
: which the altar- table is placed, has a geometrical diapering of
sd marbles, surmounted by a richly- carved cornice, supported by
lal sbafts with carved caps. The upper part is formed of re-
panda, in the centre one of which is ah inlaid cross in colouved

86 AU Souls', Haley Hill, Halifax.

marbles. On each side are three recesses filled with alabaster figures
of the three Maries, S. John, Nicodemus, and Joseph of Arimathea.
Each of these recesses have gables and shafts of varied coloured mar-
bles, surmounted by a richly decorated cornice. The capitals to the
piers are treated by an intermixture of the conventional and natural
types. Between the nave-arches are also medallions of sculpture;
those on the north side containing representations of the early Fathers
of the Latin Church, beginning at the east end with SS. Gregory,
Augustine, Ambrose, and Jerome ; and on the south side» the early
Bishops and Martyrs, beginning at the east end with SS. Polycarp.
Ignatius, Cyprian, and Clement. The capitals of the baptistery are
carved from an earlier type than the rest of the church ; bosses of na-
tural foliage, elaborately carved, intersect the groined ribs of the arches.
The west doorway being square-headed, the tympanum is filled up solid,
and has internally a medallion, containing a carved representation of
the pelican feeding her young, illustrative of the care and watchfulness
of the Church over her children. Below are the sacred monograms in
small medallions. The tympanum externally has, enclosed in a vesica
piscis, a sitting figure of our Blessed Lord surrounded by cherubs in
the spandrils.*'

In various portions of the church externally are disposed statues and
medallions of the Blessed Virgin, S. Peter, and S. Paul, and other
Apostles and saints of the New Testament, also Melchisedec, David,
the Prophets, S. Wilfred, and S. Blaize. The statues of the Apostles
are five feet high.

The pulpit is of Caen stone and coloured marbles. The font, which
is circular, is of ser|)entine, and was an offering from friends of Mr.
Akroyd. We should have explained that the ground story of the tower
is used as the baptistery.

'* The painted decorations have been carried out on an extensive scale
under the superintendence of Messrs. Clayton and Bell. The roofs
throughout the church are richly decorated. Between the rafters of
the nave roof which are of pitch pine and varnished, the colouring is
light blue, upon which a geometrical and running pattern is stencilled.
The faces of the common rafters are picked out with white start, re-
lieved by a black margin. The roofs of the aisles, transepts, and
chapels or chancel aisles, are treated in very nearly the same manner
as liiat of the nave. The chancel ceiling is panelled with quatrefoil
tracery* in the panels ; it is divided into two bays. The bay over the
choir has a rich blue ground with gold stars in the centre of the quatre-
foils. That over the sacrarium contains a representation of the Angelic
Choir, there being two rows of minstrel Angels and two of six-winged
Cherubim. The back of the chancel arcading is richly diapered. To
carry down the general effect of the colouring the walls of the chancel
are treated with designs in medallions. Over the chancel arch is a
large composition representing the Adoration of the Lamb as described
in the Apocalypse. The ' Agnus Dei ' stands in the upper part of
the wall, surrounded by a rainbow and glorified by a flood of rays, upon
a blue field. He bears the banner of the Resurrection and Victoiy
over Death. On each side of the Lamb is an Angel holding a tcrolL

Aa S(mk\ HaUy Hill, Halifax. 87

on which is the inscription, ' Holy. Holy, Holy/ and immediately he-
low is a row of Angels, geometrically arranged in line, with outspread
wing«, and holding scrolls with the words of adoration : ' Glory,
Honour, Praise, Blessing, Power, and Riches/ Below these again
are the four and twenty Elders, twelve on either side, occupying the
spandrila left hy the chancel arch, kneeling and casting their crowns
before the Lamb. The nimbi of all the figures are in gold. Round
the label of the arch is this inscription ; * Holy, Holy, Holy, Lord
God Almighty, Alleluia. Blessing and Honour and Glory be unto the
Lamb/ In the spandrils of the nave arches opening into the transept,
are painted in medallions the emblems of the four Evangelists/' The
motif of the painting over the chancel arch, of which we have seen a
coloured sketch, is manifestly founded upon Fra Angelico, and its com-
position does Messrs. Clayton and Bell the greatest credit. Mr.
Marks was we understand their executive in the actual painting.
Numerous texts are painted about the church.

The painted windows are by different artists. Mr. Hardman's pro-
ductions are in the chancel and chancel chapels, and include the east
window, of five Ughts, containing the history of our Blessed Lord,
terminating in the Ascension, with Patriarchs and Prophets introduced
(the description is not very clear as to its arrangement) ; and the two
side chancel windows of three lights each, representing respectively the
Baptism and the Last Supper. The glass in the " chapels " is also
taken from the New Testament. The north chapel bay we may ob-
serve, is devoted to the organ. The baptistery likewise contains Mr.
Hardman's works, who has also painted the west window, containing
the Doom. The west window of the south aisle is by Mr. Wailes, and
an offering horn Mr. Akroyd's employes. We take this opportunity
of explaining that most of the windows are memorial and special offer-
ings. Messrs. Clayton and Bell have painted the clerestory windows,
fifteen in number, and comprising as many figures, one to each light,
of the Apostles and Evangelists. The north window in the transept,
is illustrative of the life of S. John the Baptist : the south transept
window, giving the history of S. Peter; and a three- light window in
the north aisle of the nave, giving the life of S. Paul. The remaining
windows in the church, which are in grisaille and pattern, were like-
wise produced by these artists.

" The organ, which stands in the north chapel, has two manuals, com-
pass of each C C to F in alt., and a pedal board, compass C C C to D.
The external appearance of the instrument is so arranged as not to
obscure the painted windows. The case or screen consists of oak
panelling up to the impost, above which are four standards connected
together by scroll wrought-iron work, holding the ornamental pipes in
their places. These pipes are placed at either side, as well as at the
front of the organ, and are richly decorated on a gold ground. This
organ differs from all others in possessing a new composition movement,
the patent property of the builders, whereby one pedal is made to do
the duty of twelve or more, in addition to six composition pedals of
the usnal description. The instrument is from the manufactory of
Messrs* Foister and Andrews, of Hull."

88 S. Dionis Backchurch, London.

The bells, eight in number, were cast by Messrs. Mears. The tenor
weighs 25 cwt. 1 qr. I lb., and the treble 7 cwt.

The altar is "of oak, with slightly moulded legs, and is the gift of
the Beaumont family. The altar cloth, which is of crimson Telvet, has
been very beautifully embroidered by two ladies, friends of the founder.
The antependium is diapered with stars of various designs ; in the
centre is the sacred monogram surrounded by conventional foliage, all
in rich embroidery of gold-coloured silk. On the altar stand two
candlesticks of ornamental design, and on the north aide is a brass
GK)spel desk, llie sacred vessels of the Holy Eucharist are very beau-
tiful in design : they are in silver-gilt, and are copied from the earliest
types of silver work. The lectern is of brass, and represents an eagle
standing on a globe ; it has a circular- moulded pedestal with lions for
feet."

The pamphlet likewise describes the burial-ground of the parish
which is detached, and which contains a chapel, likewise due to Mr.
Akroyd's munificence, and built by Messrs. Mallinson and Healey,
with the same attention to religious splendour and decency as the
church itself. A mortuary chapel of the Akroyd family is attached
to it.

It is hardly necessary for us to — but it would be most ungenerous if
we did not — repeat that satisfaction which has in so many quarters
been expressed since the completion of this church, as a specimen of
the triumph of ecclesiology, at once so magnificent and so inde-
pendent, as that which has been afforded by the noble-hearted founder
of All Souls' church.

S. DIONIS BACKCHURCH, LONDON.

Thb work of church restoration seems to be at last fairly inaugu-
rated in the city of London. Foremost in importance as well as in
time must be reckoned S. Michael's, Cornhill, the marvellous transfor-
mation of which under the hands of Mr. Scott, aided by Messrs.
Clayton and Bell in stained glass, and by Mr. Rogers in wood-carving,
must soon receive from us a special notice. There is also another
interesting restoration just completed of the Gothic church of S. Alban,
Wood Street ; and S. Sepulchre's, Snow Hill, besides other improve-
ments, has just received a stained glass east window from the atelier of
Messrs. Lavers and Barraud. Nor, of course, are we forgetful of the
works, in progress or in contemplation, in the metropolitan cathedral.
It is almost certain that other churches will soon follow these good
examples. In particular, the drawing which we now give of Mr.
Street's proposed rebuilding of S. Dionis Backchurch in Fenchurch
Street shows another very hopeful form of the movement. In S. Mi-
chael's, Cornhill, Mr. Scott set himself the task of completing a Re-
naissance interior in a not incongruous style of decoration ; bat a

— '1

Il

r

S. Dionis Backckurch, London. 89

•t34e» we must add, which is in truth a purification and glorification
of Renaissance. Mr. Street, on the other hand, finding the material
ihell of S. Dionis Backchurch less patient of any such treatment, has
resolved to metamorphose it into the peculiar style of Brick Pointed
which he has made his own. Retaining the walls as far as possible of
the existing fabric, he proposes to rebuild the church according to the
Accompanying ground-plan and view. It will be observed how very
nrell the existing tower lends itself to this process, from its proportions
md the absence of buttresses. Mr. Street has obtained a very digni-
fied belfry-stage, and a most picturesque and effective capping, which
^11 form a good contrast with the other city spires. The machicolated
overhanging cornice is a bold but not unsuccessful expedient. Our
readers will note that the chancel is to be vaulted in two bays, the
pressure of the groined roof being supported by the flying buttresses
nrhich span the aisle on the south side. The long covered porch and
the enclosure of the churchyard strike us as being very felicitous. We
can but express our most earnest hope that all difficulties may be soon
removed, and this excellent scheme carried into execution.

While noticing this church we may borrow, from the pages of our
contemporary The Builder, (July 24, 1858.) the following letter from
the architect, announcing his discovery of a mediaeval crypt under the
existing chancel : —

" The mediaeval remains in the City of London are so very inconsiderable,
that I am sure I need make no excuse for informing you of a discovery which
I have just made in the church of S. Dionis Backchurch, Fenchurch Street.

*'I was requested last week by the parochial authorities to meet Dr.
Letheby, in order to examine the state of the vaults under the church ; and,
to my great surprise, on descending into the rector's vault, under the chance],
I found myself m an unaltered crypt of fifteenth century date. This crypt is
t parallelogram 9 feet 6 inches from north to south, and 13 feet from east to
irest, internally. It is covered in with a quadripartite vault : the vault has
diagonal ribs, but neither wall nor ridge ribs. The ribs are of the simplest
kind, but spring from good corbels in the angles of the crypt, and at their
intersections there is carved a bold and effective rose. The height from the
loor to the springing of the vault is only 4 feet, and the vault rises a similar
leight, its arches being everywhere four* centred.

** The filling-in of the vault is chalk, whilst the ribs are, I think, executed in
yalverley stone. There is no mark of a window, unless an opening on the
outh side, now walled up, was one ; but I am inclined to think it more pro-
Able that this was the door, as the present entrance to the crypt, through an
ipening close to the south-west angle, has no trace of being ancient. Close
» the modem entrance to the crypt, which is through a vault in the south
isle, there still remain some traces of the ancient entrance. This seems to
Kve been a staircase, entered at the west, and descending to the east, roofed
ith a succession of segmental pointed arches. Both tne crypt and the an-
tent staircase are now full of a decaying mass of coffins and bones ; and as
; IS possible that no architect or archKologist will a^ain have an opportunity
r seeing it, I have given you this particular description of what remains, for
vo reasons ; first, that some record of its existence may be preserved ; and,
seondly, with a view to calling attention to the possibility of making similar
iseoveries in others of the city churches. S. Dionis was destroyed in the
\ttmt Fire: and I believe that in many other churches, as in it, if any under-
romid erections existed, they would not have been destroyed in the rebuild-

90 Ecclesiological Society.

ing. The walh of S. Dianit are built chiefly with Kentiifa ng, Bftd 1 tn
inclined to toipect that this was the material of the medivnd church used
again.

'^Georgb Edmund Stkbbt."

The pariah of S. Dionis Backchurch enjoys, under the will of Giles
de Kelseye, dated 18th February, 1377, an estate of which the income
is to be devoted to *' the amending and sustentation of the books, vest-
ments, and ornaments of the aforesaid church." This fiind has been
hitherto misappropriated ; but it is hoped that hereafter it may be
agreed to devote it to the purposes contemplated by the original
trust. It is ample enough to supply, by mortgage on the annual
revenue, a sum sufficient for the entire recasting of the charch, which,
according to the architect's report, will not cost more than £4.000 ;
and ultimately it is expected that it may be made available for building
a rectory-house, with which the parish is not at present provided. Be-
sides which, the yearly income of this fund, exceeding £500 a year,
will, if properly applied, extinguish church-rates in the parish for
ever.

ECCLESIOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

A Ck)MMrrTKK Meeting was held at Arklow House on Thursday, Maidi
1st, 1860 : present, A. J. B. Beresford-Hope, Esq., the President, in
the chair; F. H. Dickinson, Esq., J. F. France, Esq., Rev. S. S.
Greatheed, Rev. T. Helmore, Rev. G. H. Hodson, Hon. F. Lygon.
M.P., Rev. W. Scott, R. E. E. Warburton. Esq., Rev. B. Webb, and
Rev. G. Williams.

The Rev. John C. Jackson, M.A., of 5, Chatham Place, East Hackney.
N.E., and Charles J. Phipps, Esq., architect, of 5, Paragon Buildings,
Bath, were elected ordinary members.

A letter was read from the Rev. Lambert B. Larking, inviting an
union and interchange of publications with the Kent Archsological
Society. This offer it was agreed to accept. A letter of thanks was
received from the Surrey Archeeological Society. A letter of admow-
ledgment was read from M . Christ. Hoist, secretary of the Bxjjnl Uni-
versity of Christiania, who also forwarded to the Ecclesiological Sodety
some further Scripta Academica, including a large engraving of die
curious wooden structure* the Borgunds-kyrka.

A letter was read from W. M. Fawoett, Esq., hon. secretary of the
Cambridge Architectural Society, inviting the Society to atteml a con-
gress of Architectural Societies at Cambridge in Whitsun wedc. It
was agreed to reply that a deputation of the Ecclesiological Sodety
would accept the invitation.

Letters were read from R. Brandon, Esq. ; G. F. Bodley, Baq. ; C.
Buckeridge, Esq. ; W. Burges, Esq. ; J. W. Clark, Esq. ; Joseph
Clarke, Esq. ; Mr. Earp ; G. M. Hills, Esq. ; J. W. HugaU. Baq. ;
Messrs. Lavers and Barraud ; J. Norton, Esq. ; J. L. Peanon, Baq.;
C. J. Pbipps, Esq. ; E. Robson, Esq. ; J. P. St. Aubyn, Baq. ; S. S.

Ecclesiologieal Society. 91

TeoloBt Saq« ; W. M. TeuloQ, Bsq. ; Mr. Walmsley, and Ru J. Withers,
Esq.

R. P. Pullan, Esq., met the committee, and exhibited his ori^nal
sketch for the polychromatic decoration of the interior of S. John's,
Hawardeo, the design of which, as well as the execution, had been by
mistake attributed in the last Eeclenologisi to the Rev. J. Troughton,
Mr. PuUan also exhibited the drawings of the new church of S. Thomas*
East Orchard, Dorsetshire, designed by himself in conjunction with Mr.
Evans. He submitted also the photographs of his design for Idlle
cathedral, which he proposes to publish with illustrative letter-press.
He offered a photograph of the west facade for the EceUaiologUt ; and
exhibited his competition drawings for the Cambridge Town Hall, and
for the Wallace monument.

Hie Rev. G. Williams spoke of the unsatisfactory decision of the

judges in the competition for the new Town Hall, at Cambridge ; and

the oommittee agreed to publish the protest of the Cambridge Archi-

tectnral Society on the subject. He also laid on the table two papers

by Mr. N. Deck on the Ecclesiology of Cambridgeshire.

W. Slater, Esq., met the committee and exhibited an internal perspec-
tive of the church of S. Kitt*s, as now finished. It was agreed to give
this view in the Ecclesiologist. He also showed the designs for a new
church at Bray, near Dublin, and spoke of the hardship of the inter*
ference of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners in all architectural works
in Ireland. His drawings for the stall-work of Chichester cathedral
were also considered.

Joseph Clarke, Esq., met the committee and exhibited his drawings
of a new memorial chapel-school at Orford, Lancashire. He also dis-
cussed with the committee the subject for the society's colour-prize
lor 1861, to be given in connection with the Architectural Museum.

J. W. Hugall, Esq., met the committee and exhibited his designs for
the restoration of Alvington church, Gloucestershire; Woolaston
church, Gloucestershire ; Lullington church, Staffordshire; and Bampton
ehurch, Oxfordshire ; also his designs for new churches at Femham,
liongcot, Berkshire ; and Bourton, Shrivenham, Berkshire.

The Hon. F. Lygon proposed the arrangement of a festival or a union
of choirs in connection with the Motett choir. A sub- committee, oon-
sistiog of the Rev. S. S. Greatheed, Sir John E. Harington, Bart.,
Rev. T. Helmore, Rev. H. L. Jenner, Hon. F. Lygon, M.P., and the
Rev. B. Webb, was nominated to consider the subject.

F. G. Lee, Esq., met the committee, aud mentioned his proposed re-
storation of the remains of the Archbishop's palace, at Meopham, Kent,
a building of the time of Henry III.

The committee examined a photograph of a marble reredos designed
by G. E. Street, Esq., and carved by Mr. Earp.

The Rev. G. H. Hodson mentioned the present state of the subject
of the Hodson Memorial Tomb in Lichfield cathedral. It was unani-
mously agreed that the new site, now proposed, viz., under the west-
emmoet arch of the south side of the choir — immediately behind the
Italia, waa a very good one, and better than the original scheme of
Iklacing the monument behind the arcade of the south wall of the choir
aiale.

92 Ecclesiolagical Society.

W. White, Esq., met the committee and exhibited his designs for a
new Ticarage at Great Maplestead, Essex, for additions to the chorcfa of
North Keh^y, Lincolnshire, and for new schools at Monkton DeyeriU,
Wilts.

G. P. Bodlej, Esq., met the committee and exhibited hb designs for
a new tower to Christ Church, Pendlebury, near Manchester* and for t
new church in the diocese of Ghraham's Town.

The committee also examined photographs of the proposed nev
fagade for Trinity chapel, Knightsbridge, and of the new diuidi in
Windmill Street, both by R. Brandon, Esq. ; designs for a new psr-
sonage at S. Nicolas, at Wade, Thanet, and for the restoration of Hsm-
bledon church, Hants, both by W. M. Teul(m, Esq. ; the designs for
the restoration of Merthyr Cynog church, Brecon, and for the reboildiog
of Uanlleonfil church, Brecon, both by C. Buckeridge, Esq.; the
designs for a chapel to be added to the Poorhouse of Long Ashton,
Somersetshire, alternative designs for a new church at Ebbw Vale,
Monmouthshire ; for the new church of S. Luke, Bedminster, Bristol;
for the restoration of Chew Magna church, Somersetshire ; for a new
vicarage for the same parish ; and for new schools at Middlesborougb,
Yorkshire, all by J. Norton, Esq. ; and the designs for Secular-Pointed
houses at Folkestone and Durham, and for shopfittings in the same
style at Durham, by Messrs. Walton and Robson.

Subsequently a sub- committee met in the Architectural Museum and
selected as the subject for the Colour Prize for 1861, a cast of two
figures from the hollow moulding of the Porte Rouge of Notre Dame,
Paris.

The first public meeting for the season of the Ecdesiological Motett
Choir was held, at S. Martin's Hall, on Tuesday, the 21st of February,
the Hon. F. Lygon in the chair.

A new feature in the performance was the employment of two dis-
tinct sets of singers, one for the Canto Figurato, the other for the Phin
Song examples. These latter were sung by members of various paro-
chial choirs in London. The programme we subjoin : —

Anthbm— " If ye love Me " TsiKf.

Antiphon — ** VeDi SponsaChristi" . - MechUm Vespenie.

MissA— *'YeDiSpon8aChri8ti,"Kyrie£]eison . PalestrmB,

Hymn— " Vexilla Regis prodeuDt^ . Hynaud Noied^ 22^.

MissA— "Gloria in Excelsis" Palestrimu

Canticlb— ^" JubiUte Deo " {Canticles Noted) Stk Tone, 2nd Ending.

MissA—** Credo *' PaUstrvuu

Holy Communion — ** Kyric " ) Brief Directory of Plain Song and Ac.

„ •* Creed " ) Har. I. Marbeck.

Miss A—-*' Sanctus," *' Pleni sunt cceli," and " Osanna " . Paleatrima.
Holy Communion — " Sanetus" B. D. and Ac. Har. I.

" Gloria in Ezcelsis '* . B. D. and Ac. Har. U.
MisSA^*' Benedictus," " Osanna,'* and *' Agnus Dei " Paleflnsa.

Canticlb— "Magnificat" . . from Marbeck, Stk Tone, MS.
Anthem — *' Almighty and merciful God " Send-Chorus, Gon.
Canticlb— *' Nunc Dimittis "... Marbeck, 5tk Tone, M8.
MoTBTT--" Break forth into joy " PflMrws.

93

THE ARCHITECTURAL MUSEUM.

Ok Wednesday evening. February the 8th, a lecture was delivered in
the Theatre of the South Kensington Museum, by William White,
Esq., FJ.B.A., on " Architectural Uniformity and its Claims."

After asserting these claims, and repudiating the popular notion of
uniformity being distinctive of the so-called classic styles as opposed
to the Gothic, the lecturer went on to explain some of the various
kinds of uniformity, and its great value as an exponent of " motif" in
design on the one hand, and on the other the rise of picturesqueness
oat of structural irregularities if suggested by external circumstances,
the effect of slight deviations from uniformity, chiefly in the ductile
arts, by following the principle rather than the exact expression of
Mtare ; and, in the highest classes of art, the use of sesthetical devia-
tsons in geometrical uniformity as a means of " expression." He ex-
phuned, further, the application of the principle of uniformity to deco-
imdve forms taken from nature, and even to subject-painting when
employed architecturally, illustrating the whole by diagrams, and by
examples from the Architectural Department, as well as by reference
to well-known precedents.

The lecture was numerously attended.

Prizes to Art-Students and Artist- fFcrktnen^ 1860.

Prizbs por Modelling in Clay.— The Council of the Architectural
Museum offers three Prizes of Jt5. 5s., j£3, 3s., and Jt2. 2s. , as First, Second,
and Third Prizes, (the Second Prize being given by Mr. S. C. Hall, F.S.A.)
ibr the competitors who shall show themselves most successful in designine
wad executing a model for a circular or a vesica-shaped medallion, fitted
Ibr execution m stone, of the head of the late Duke of Wellington, enclosed
in a border of foliage or mouldings of the First or Middle-Pointed style.
The medallion, including the border, to be not more than 1 ft. 6 in., nor
less than 1 ft. 3 in. in its largest diameter, and to be executed in high relief.

Prizes for Metal-Work. — The Council of the Architectural Museum
offers two Prizes of £5. 5s and £3. 3s., as First and Second Prizes, for the best
specimens of a Key, either Medisval or Renaissance in style, hammered,
piercedy or punched, not filed, and not more than 12 nor less than 8 in. in
lengtb, with an ornamental handle. Each specimen must be designed by the
Competitor.

Prizes por Wood-Carving. — The Council of the Architectural Mu-
seum ofkn two Prizes of £3. 3s. and £2. 25., as First and Second Prizes,
(the Second Prize being given by Mr. S. C. Hall, F.S.A.) for the best specimens
of a carved oak panel, for one side of the binding of a Church Bible. Each
panel most be designed by the Competitor, and be 1 ft. by 8 in. in size.

Prize for Cartoon for Painted Glass. — The Council of the Ar-
diitectttral Museum offers a Prize of £3. 3s, for the most meritorious cartoon
of a canopy-head for painted glass, supposed to surmount a figure. The car-
toon to be original in desisn. First or Middle-Pointed in style, in chalk with-
out colour, and on paper, 2 ft. 6 in. by 1 ft. 8 in. in size.

Prizes for Coloured Decoration. — The Committee of the Ecdesio-
iMieal Sociciy {ci London) offers through the Conndl of the Architectural
iCmtum a Prise of £5. fis.i for the competitor who shall show himself most

94 Oxford Architectural Society.

succetaful in colouring, according to his own judgment, a <tet of • groap of
figures from the great hollow moulding in the arch of the Parte Rouge, Node
Dame, Paris.

Mr. Beresford-Hope will give £3, d«. in one or more extrm Prizet» if any
works appear deserving of such reward.

This being specially a coUmr prize^ the same cast for competitive eokira-
tion is propcMcd to all the competitors. The candidate may adopt that me-
dium for applying his colours which he prefers, but he is expected to treat the
panel as formmg a portion of an architectural composition, and not aa • eabi-
net piece. The original is in stone.

Casta from this panel will be supplied, on application to the HoBoniy
Secretary of the AKhitectural Museum, at bs, each, at the Moaennit or 1^
payment of 2$. extra for packing and case. Duplicate Casta will be aUowed.
The Committee of the Ecciesiological Society will itself adjudicaate.

General Conditions op all the Competitions. — All Specuness
sent in competition for the Prizes must be deposited in the Ardutectoral Mu-
seum, free of cost, by the 1st of December, 1860, with the oompetitor*a nams
and address, and those of his employer (if any,) attached. Tfae^ will lemaia
the property of the competitor or his employer, and will be exhibited in dw
Architectural Museum for one month before the prizes are awarded, and also
until after the day of presentation. The Specimens must be removed at the
expense of the respective competitors. The Prizes will not be awarded
unless there appear sufficient merit in any of the Specimens to entiUe than
to such distinction ; but certificates of merit, in addition to the prizes, will be
given in such cases as the Judges may consider deserving.

A. J. B. BERESFORD-HOPE, P&bsidsvt.
GEO. GILBERT SCOTT, Treasurer.
JOSEPH CLARKE, Hon. Sec,
(13, Stratford Placet W., where communicatums shotdd be addreited,)

March, I860.

*«* Copies of this prospectus may be had of the Attendant in the Gallaiy
of the Architectural Museum ; by letter to the Honorary Secretary ; or at the
offices of the " Builder," York Street, Covent Garden, and *' Building News,"
Old Boswell Court, Strand.

OXFORD ARCHITECTURAL SOCIETY.

The first meeting in Lent Term, 1 860, was held on Wednesday evening.
February let, in the rooms, Holywell, the Rev. the Master of Univer-
sity in the chair.

Earl Brownlow, of Christ Church, was elected an ordinary member
of the society.

The Hon. A. Hay, of Christ Church, was elected a member of the
committee.

The President, in introducing thie subject proposed for discusuon,
" The Use of Coloured Materials in the construction of BuildiDga," ex-
pressed his regret at the absence of the gentleman who had proposed
the subject, as the subject was in danger of not being so fully dis-
cussed as might be expected. He said that the introduction of cdoured
materials was now beginning to attract considerable notice. There were
in Oxford two instances in which coloured materials had been employed,
▼ii., the chapel of Balliol College and the University Muaeam. There

Oxford Architectural Society. 96

were not wanting examples of ita use in fonner days ; but it was a matter
of doubt whether coloured materials were employed in the exterior as
well as in the interior of many old buildings. After calling attention
to the existence of alternate courses of stone in the vaulting of the
doiaters of Westminster Abbey, he proceeded to remark on the good
effect produced by a variety of colour in constructional materials,
whether brick or stone, provided there was not too great a display
attempted. The use of colour in constructional materials had not, he
thought, been sufficiently studied, as yet, to justify any very decided
statements as to what rules should be observed in its employment ;
but he considered it important not to make too strong a contrast, nor
to attempt too much brilliancy. He also called attention to the fact
that great care should be taken that the materials should not be of so
ponHU a nature as lose their colour easily.

Mr. Parker advocated the use of coloured materials of construction,
as being likely to improve greatly the effect of buildings, observing,
lit tiie same time, that red stone was much more liable to lose its colour
tfian others, and hence that its effect was much sooner lost. He
thcNight that there existed a great distinction between the coloured
iNifldings of Italy and those of Gothic architecture. In the former the
eoloored marble (which was the material almost always employed,) was
used to conceal the construction, whereas, in Grothic architecture, the
object was always to bring out as prominently as possible the construc-
tion. He cited S. George's church as an additional instance of the use
of oolonred materials in Oxford, mentioning also the vaulting of Exeter
Chapel, in which courses of coloured stone had been introduced. He
thov^t it important that the horizontal lines should not be too strong,
and expressed his disapprobation of the effect of the windows of the
New Museum ; concluding by saying that he thought it a mistake to
incur expense in bringing coloured materials from a distance, instead
of following the example of former times, and using the material of the
coontry.

The Rev. L. GKlbertson, of Jesus College, coincided in Mr. Parker's
remarks about the object of colour in Gothic buildings, and cited
cases which had come under his observation, where the materials
afforded by the vicinity had been alone employed, and where the juxta-
position of polished and unpolished courses of the same marble had
produced the best possible effect.

Mr. Buckeridge objected to the manner in which Mr. Parker wished
to restrict architects in their choice of materials. He thought that the
hKareaaed means of communication with the Continent which were now
afforded to travellers, and the greater facilities for transmitting mate-
rials firom abroad, ought to be sufficient warrant for drawing upon
Fkance, Germany, and even Italy for models. He observed that
coloured materials most be used in courses, and hence that they must
fireqaently be employed to form horizontal lines, which he maintained
were not inconsistent with the principles of Gothic architecture.

The PlRsident, in concluaion, called the attention of the meeting to
a dureh now building at Highbridge, near Bristol, and stated that,
in fall opuiiaii, we had yet to feel our way in reference to this subject.

96 Oxford Architectural Society,

and that experience would eventually decide much that was now im-
certain aa to the most advantageous manner of employing coloared
materials.
The meeting was then adjourned.

A meeting was held on Wednesday, February S, the Rev. the Mis-
ter of University College. President, in the chair. The following gen-
tlemen were elected members of the society : — A. H. Stanton, Eiq.,
Trinity College ; H. Wagner, Esq., Merton College ; C. J. Edwards,
Esq., Brazenose College.

Mr. Parker delivered the first of his series of lectures, on ''The
History of Architecture in England." He began by observing thst
the history of architecture is so closely connected with the progreti
of civilization and the general history of the country, that it is impm-
sible to understand the one properly without some knowledge of the
others. And he used the word architecture in its most comprehensife
sense, as including human habitations and constructions of all kinds.
He considered some of the Cromlechs or Dolmens as probably the ear-
liest structures remaining. Next to these, the pillar stones or Men-
hirs, and the Druidical circles, which he considered as temples placed
in cemeteries, and also serving as places of assembly for the people.
In all these respects they correspond with the Oilgals of the ancient
Israelites, and the ancient Briton name for them is Galgals. He then
gave a concise account of the principal earthworks remaining in
England, the British towns on the hills, the Roman camps on the
plains, the Roman walls of towns, their hypocausts and teaaelated
pavements, the remains at Aldborough, and the recent discoveries at
Uriconium, and the Picts' Wall, or rather the six successive walls of
defence across the north of England, to keep out the Picts and Scots.
He considered the latest to have been the only continuous stone wall,
that the earlier structures were earthworks only, excepting the castles
at intervals, which were built of stone by Severus, the works of Agri-
cola and Hadrian having been entirely earthworks. He confirmed all
he stated of this early period by passages from Csssar, Tacitus, Strabo,
and Bede. He then passed on to the Anglo-Saxon, and gave nearly
all the passages relating to buildings in Bede and the Saxon Chronicle,
showing by the accounts of the devastation of the Danes in the ninth
and tenth centuries the extreme improbability of our having many
buildings remaining of a date anterior to that period. He considered
the cr3^ts of Hexham and Ripon, however, to be really the work of
S. Wilfred, and that a small portion of the walls of S. Martin's church
at Canterbury belongs to the Roman British period, and that probably
the oratory of S. Piran, in Cornwall, and part of the walls of the
church at Brixworth, and possibly some few others, may belong to
the period between the departure of the Romans and the year 1000 ;
but that the remains of the period are few and unimportant. He men-
tioned the well-known skill of the Anglo-Saxons in working precious
metals, and the recorded instances of the walls of their wooden cborcbes
being covered with plates of metal — first of lead, then of gold and

Mr. Parker on Architecture in England* 07

the probability that their capitals were formed of thin plates of metal
beaten out into the usual conventional foliage, and thought thertf
might be «ome truth in Mr. Skidmore's theory » that these metal capi«
tals afterwards served as patterns for the conventional foliage of stone
in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. He brought this introduc-
tory lecture to a close at the year 1000, as he considers the eleventh
century, which is to form the subject of the second lecture, as the
real beginning of mediaeval architecture. His lecture was illustrated
throughout with a number of drawings and engravings, some hung up
and others handed round, and which seemed to include a representa-
tion of every object mentioned, so that the lecture consisted almost as
much of a series of pictures arranged in chronological order, with a
short account of each, as of a regular lecture. Mr. Parker's principle
appears to be, that architecture must be taught by the eye and not by
the ear. The lecture was attended by a numerous and attentive
audience, and appeared to be very well received.

The resident, in thanking Mr. Parker for his paper, called attention
to the superiority of the Roman tiles as to material over those usually
made at the present time. He also referred to the existence of fret-
Work ornaments as a feature of sculpture from Caerleon, which was
attributed to the Roman period.

Mr. Westwood considered the example in question not to be Roman,
and pointed out the irregularity of the design, which was not con-
•istent with Roman ornament.

Mr. Parker cited some instances, as Ravenna, of the fifth century, in
which the ornament referred to appeared.

A meeting of this society was held on the evening of Wednesday,
Feb. 15, the Rev. the Master of University in the chair.

The following gentlemen were elected memhers of the society: —
B. W. Urquhart, Esq., Balliol ; £. Chambers, Esq., Pembroke College ;
J. Howard, Esq., Magdalen College; and A. R. Blundell, Esq.^
Queen's College,

The President then called on Mr. Parker for the continuation of his
aeries of lectures on the history of Gothic Architecture.

Mr. Parker gave his second lecture on " The History of Architecture
in England," comprising the eleventh century. He considered this as
the period when mediaeval architecture properly begins, and it was a very
important building era which has been commonly overlooked. He
laid the great building movement began early in the century, and that
the earliest efforts were very rude, but a gradual, steady progress was
made. Nearly all the remains of churches in what is called the Anglo-
Saxon style belonged to this century, and that the date of 1056 given
by the inscription on Deerhurst church (now preserved among the
Amndel marbles at Oxford) might be taken as a key to the history df
the whole, as the characteristic features of the style were nearly all
foond in that church. Of the hundred churches which possessed the
aama features in a greater or less degree, some he considered rather
%arlier and others rather later. He reaoarked that the long-and- short

TCI.. XXI. o

98 Oxford Architectural Society.

work and balusters in the windows marked the hand of carpenten
rather than of masons ; that these buildings were copied from those
which they had before their eyes, as they had no others to copy from,
and that they were peculiar to England, because on the continent the
people had Roman buildings remaining which served them for models.
The Normans, he said, were better masons than the Saxons, and the
art of building improved rapidly from a closer intercourse with Nor-
mandy. But the Norman mode of building was introduced before the
Conquest, and we had considerable remains of the abbey of Edward
the Confessor at Westminster (of which Mr. Scott's drawings were
exhibited by his kind permission.) The architecture was very masnve
and simple, and afforded an excellent starting point for the history of
the Norman style in England. During the reign of the Conqueror
few buildings were completed, though many were began ; forty-eight
castles were building, besides several abbeys, and these probably fur-
nished work enough for the Norman masons. But he thought that
the parish churches still continued to be built by the Saxons after
their own fashion, though with better masonry. The principal Anglo-
Saxon churches mentioned as probably built before the conquest were
Bradford-on-Avon, Wilts; EarFs Barton, Deerhurst, Gloucestershire;
the transepts of Stow, Lincolnshire ; and Barnack, Northamptonshire.
Engravings of these and several others of the same character were shown,
after the conquest, but of the time of the Conqueror. S. MichaeFi
tower, Oxford (which he compared with the keep of Oxford Castle,
and showed that there was not much difference between them), be
cited as one of the best examples. Sompting in Sussex, S. Benet's at
Cambridge, Wootton Wawen in Warwickshire, he assigpied also to
the time of the Conqueror. Jarrow and Monk*s Wearmouth were r^
corded by Simeon of Durham to have been rebuilt at this period. S.
Alban's Abbey was almost of Saxon character, at least the early parts,
which were built at this time. Several foreign churches were meo-
tioned, and a caution given that the dates given in foreign guide books
were usually those of the foundation only without any reference to the
rebuilding. S. Stephen*s, or the " Abbaie aux Hommes," and the
*' Abbaie aux Dames," at Caen, in Normandy, he showed to have been
both almost entirely rebuilt, the only parts of the time of William
being the transepts and the lower part of the west front of S. Stephen's,
and this work he showed to be very little in advance of that of the
Confessor's at Westminster. The original parts of Westminster, the
crypt, and the transepts, were of much the same character, and the
Royal Chapel in the W^hite Tower of London is not more advanced.
Whatever sculpture they found there had evidently been done after-
wards, the original work having been quite plain, and the capitals of
the cushion shape, a cube with the comers rounded off. As the great
advance in the Norman style belongs to the time of William Brofiis,
he thought it better to defer it to his next lecture.

The President thanked Mr. Parker in the name of the society for
the interesting manner in which he had explained his subject, both
verbally and by means of illustrations ; at the same time he begged to
call the attention of members of the society to some nnmistakeabie

Mr. Parker on Architecture in England. 99

).Saxon features in the tower of S. Michael's church, in this citj,
lac to some churches near the town wall of York, but above all to
ibbey at S. Alban's, which he stated to be well worth a careful

e meeting was then adjourned till Tuesday, 2l8t inst.

meeting was held at the society*s rooms, Holywell, on Tuesday,
21, the Rev. the Vice-Chancellor in the chair.
r.Pkrker read his third lecture on *'The History of Architecture in
lod," comprising the 12th century, or rather the Norman style, be-
Qg with the reign of William Rufus and ending it with Henry II.
^nsidered the last ten years of the 11th century as belonging in
bectural character to the twelfth ; and he observed that the same
ipplies in each of the following centuries. The change of style was
isactly coincident with the century, but the last quarter of each
txy was a period of change or transition in style. He then ex-
ed the gradual change of style during the Norman period itself"
the heavy massive plain work of about the year 1 100, such as the
te Tower and the Transepts of Winchester, to the comparatively
and elegant work of the time of Henry II., or about 1180 ; such
e Hall at Oakham, and the Galilee at Durham — and exemplified
l>y examining all the different parts of a building, and showing
gradual change which took place in each, the better workmanship,
the development of ornament ; he included castles, houses, and
2fae8, and showed the same progress in each. (1) Arches, show-
ij a model the mode of constructing a recessed arch, or an arch of
or more orders ; at first, square-edged, then chamfered, then orna-
»d in various ways, and gradually developing into the succeeding
• (2) The pillars, at first of the same diameter as they are high,
Westminster, and in the crypt of Gloucester ; these gradually in-
ling in lightness as much in crypts as in other parts^ until in the
t Norman work they are six and even eight diameters in height,
I the crypt under Becket's crown at Canterbury, the Galilee at
lam, and the Hall at Oakham. The fashion of ornamenting the
m and shafts was introduced in the time of Henry I., but became
t usual in later work. (3) The capitals became gradually more
!hed, and with deeper and better carving. Those of the early
d are very plain and clumsy, and those of the eleventh century
generally be distinguished by a plain piece of stone projecting
the centre of each face, in the place of the canticoli of the clas-
capital, but never carved until the 12th century. Late in the
, a close imitation of the Corinthian capital is used, and then
!• the change, (4) Doorways follow the same order ; the deep
doorways are always late, very often inserted in earlier work. (5)
iows are very much the same as diminutive doors in the later
d : in the early work they are small and plain. Round windows
ot so common in England as on the continent. Domestic win-
are generally of two lights, while those of churches are of one
only, excepting in towers. (6) Early masonry is distinguished

100 ' Oxford Architectural Society.

from late by the wide joints of mortar between the stoaea : m late
work the joints are so fine aa acarcely to be seen at a]l» as mentioned
by William of Malmesbury, in describing the works of Bishop Rc^er,
of Salisbury, about 1110. At Winchester, the work erected after the
fall of the central tower in 1107 can be distinguished from the old
work by the jointing of the masonry. (7) Surface ornament 'ia used io
the later Norman work, ornamental arcades included. (8) Sedilia are
peculiar to England, and not found on the continent ; a few examples
of this period were shown. (9) Mouldings and other details were taken
in succession, and the gradual change illustrated by a great namber of
examples. (10) Norman keeps were the usual habitations ol the
nobility and gentry of the 12th century in England, on aoeouat of
their security, and houses were built in imitation of them in Scotlasd
and Ireland, and in many parts of the continent, in disturbed districts,
down to a very late period, sometimes as late as the 17tk century.
The peel-towers of the border countries are diminutive Norman keeps.
(11) Fireplaces and chimneys owe their origin to the necessities of the
Norman keeps of the 12th century. (12) The practice of TauitiDg
was also partly introduced in them, and the staircases and passages
were made in the thickness of the walls, as a security againat fires,
where there were no vaults. (13) In churches the aisles only were
iniulted, until about the middle of the 12th century. Barrel-shaped
vaults and groined vaults were used simultaneously, and equally eaiiy.
Iliba were a subsequent invention after 1100. (14) Houses of this
period, as distinct from castles, are only found in fortified towna, and
are rare ; but the few examples we have are very interesting, and it is
in these that the tall round chimney shafts were first developed. (15)
The great number of buildings of this period still remaining, made it
impossible to enumerate them. The number of monasteries of the
Benedictine, Gluniac, and Cistercian orders, founded about this time*
enable us to fix dates with accuracy, as there can be no buildings be-
fore the foundation, and these serve as a test to compare with other
buildings of the older foundations, which have been rebuilt.

The Vice-Chancellor, in thanking Mr. Parker for the lectore, re-
marked that it would be impossible to add anything to the details to
which those present had listened with so much attention.

The meeting was then adjourned. *

A meeting of this society was held on the evening of Toesday,
Feb. 28, the Master of University, President, in the chair.

Sir Rowland Blennerhassett, Bart., of Christ Church* was dectcd a
member of the society.

The President mentioned the fact that the society's lease expires on
the 25th of March, and that, as the society were not intending to con-
tinue it, they had accepted the offer of the University to provide a
temporary place for their casts^ &c., in the Clarendon Building; he
also gave notice that all books must for the same reason be returned on
or before the 15th.
. Mr. Parker read hia fourth lecture on " Th« History of AraUleetart

Mr. Parker on Architecture in England. 101

in England/' relating to the period of transition, from the Norman to
the Gothic style. He began by recapitulating the chief points in the
history of the 12th century, and showing the gradual progress which
prepared the way for the great change of style, which was only a
natural development from what had gone before. It was not the in-
vention of any one mind, nor an importation from any foreign country,
but the gradual work of many minds, and of more than one generation,
assisted by hints and ideas, taken from many different sources and dif-
ferent countries, with which the people had the opportunity of friendly
intercourse. The history of the change is more clearly traced at Can-
terbury than in any other building, with the help of the contemporary
records of Edmer and Gervase, translated and applied by Professor
Willis. The Corona, or Eastern Chapel, the work of William the
Englishman, is so much in advance of the work of William of Sens,
that the chief merit belongs to the pupil, who had greatly improved
upon his master. The Cathedral of Sens closely resembles the choir
of Canterbury, but not the Corona. He showed by drawings of the
two (kindly lent by Mr. Scott for the occasion) that Sens is later than
Canterbury, and believed that it was rebuilt, or greatly altered, after
the fire in 1184, the year that Canterbury was finished. Other build-
ings in France were in advance of Sens, such as the south transept of
Soissons, probably building at the same time, and especially the Hall
and Chapel of Angers, built by Henry II., who frequently held his
court there, while this work was going on ; and to these meetings of
the leading men of the north and south in friendly intercourse he was
disposed to attribute considerable influence on the rapid progress of
architecture. In the southern provinces they had pointed arches and
domical vaults over large spaces, and an excellent school of sculptors,
half a century before they had these in the north. On the other hand,
the northern people had attained to much greater elevation in their
buildings, and greater length in their ground plans, so that each bud
what the others wanted. The Byzantine domes of Perigord, and the
transitional vaults of Anjou and Poitou, bad considerable influence on
the development of the style.

The churches built by the Crusaders in Palestine have pointed
arches, but no Gothic details, and are almost exactly like the churches
of the West of France at the same period.

The present Church of the Holy Sepulchre, at Jerusalem, was
founded by Fulke, Count of Anjou, in 1140.

But all these influences were indirect, and subordinate to the natural
development which took place at home. The change of style had
begun at an ear her i>enod, and although the general use of the pointed
arch was a matter of fashion, its introduction was primarily owing to
the necessities of vaulting. It is recorded that three Greek noblemen
from Byzantium were present at the foundation of 8. Bartholomew's,
Smithfield, and they were probably consulted by the founder as to the
plan of the church. The vaulting of the aisles is peculiar, and the
Tanking of the central space seems to have been part of the original
dengn, though not carried out by the founder ; if so, it is the earliest
in England of this idea being formed. The round churches

102 Oxford Architectural Society.

of the Templars had prohably some influence in giving new ideas.
Buildwas and S. Cross have pointed arches before i 1 50. Considerable
stress was laid on the use of the chisel not being applied to stone carv-
ing before 1120, according to Gervase, verified by an examination of
the work at Canterbury, and in all the early Norman churches in Eng-
land, compared with tliose of later date. After the completion of
Canterbury, in 1184, the progress of the new style was very rapid.
The Hall at Oakham and the Gtdilee at Durham, are good examples of
late transition about the same date. Before 1200 the Early English
Gothic was fully established. In most parts of the continent it was
later, but the stamp of each century, and especially of the thirteenth,
is distinctly visible everywhere, even where the round arch was con-
tinued. A number of drawings and engravings, photographs, casts,
and models were employed to illustrate the subject.

The President thanked Mr. Parker for his lecture, and also for the
series of drawings with which he had illustrated it ; he said that the
solidity and imposing effect of all buildings of the Norman style must
strike every one ; perhaps no building shows this more than Durham
Cathedral ; the great variety in the carved capitals was also to be re-
marked. Mr. Parker had mentioned round churches ; one had lately
been discovered at Dover, of which, however, little remained but the
foundations, but which was well worth a visit. He also called the
attention of the members to some of the photographs which Mr. Pkrker
had exhibited, which he had just received from the Architectural Pho-
tographic Society, and strongly recommended that society to be tup-
ported.

Mr. James Parker called attention to a model, showing the necessity
of using pointed arches in a vault where the four pillars did not
form a square. Mr. Parker explained the drawings hung round the
room.

The meeting was then adjourned till the following Tuesday.

A meeting of this society was held at the rooms, Holywell Street,
on Tuesday, March 6 : the Rev. the Master of University, President,
in the chair.

Mr. Parker read his fifth lecture on '* The History of Architecture
in England," comprising the Early English style of the 13th century.
He gave an account of the principal buildings of the time of King
John and Henry III., both ecclesiastical and secular, beginning with
the choir of Lincoln, the work of S. Hugh, of Burgundy, to whom he
also attributed the north aisle of S. GOes's and the Chapter-house, Ox-
ford, showing the similarity of the mouldings and other details. The
Presbytery at Winchester^ the work of Bishop Godfrey de Lucy, and
the Galilee Porch, at Ely, of Bishop Eustace, at the same period, agree
also in their architectural details. Salisbury cathedral, the type of the
style, was more fully described, and its exact history given by extracts
from tlie account left by the cotemporary Dean Wanda, which also
showed the customs of the time, and the manner in which the money

Mr. Parker on Architecture in England. 103

¥as collected, which was, in fact, hy puhlic subscriptioa, and amounted
o about half a million of our money. Each of the members of the
Chapter gave a fourth part of his income for seven years, and many
loblemen and others pledged themselves to annual gifts for the same
time. It was begun in l^^O, and the choir completed in five years,
the nave not until 1^58. Nearly all the persons who were assembled
it the opening of the choir were kindred spirits, each of them being en-
gaged in building elsewhere, at the same time, or shortly after ; Bishop
Joceline at Wells, the finest work of the day, the sculptures of it being
tinrivalled in Europe at that period. Professor Cockerell's work upon
them was here referred to.

Ralph Neville, at Chichester, built the vault and clerestory. William
3f York, Provost of Beverley, was most probably the builder of that
magnificent church.

Westminster Abbey was chiefly built at the expense of King Henry
[II., as appears from the fabric rolls lately found in the Record Office.
This church was only briefly mentioned, and Mr. Scott*s recent lecture
ipon it referred to. The Italian workmen employed there on the shrine
>f Edward the Confessor were considered to have had little influence ;
the style of their work is exactly the same as Roman work of the 1 3th
sentury, and the English people did not like it, and did not follow it.

The transepts of York he considered as the work of Archbishop
Walter Gray, who was buried there. Skelton church, Yorkshire, is
laid bj tradition to be built of the stone that was left, and an entry on
that Archbishop's roll for 1247 seems to confirm this.

The Presbytery of Lincoln, built between 1256 and 1282, is the
latest and richest specimen of pure Early English. Of secular buildings
mentioned were — the Hall of the King's Palace, at Winchester ; two
of the round towers of Windsor Castle, with a vaulted chamber, hav-
ing a central pillar ; similar towers and chamber at Somerton Castle,
Lincolnshire ; the Bishop's Palace at Wells, with its vaulted substruc-
ture, and very beautiful hall windows, with detached shafts ; and S.
Briavel's Castle, Gloucestershire.

The characteristic features of the style were described, and illustrated
by a number of drawings, engravings, and photographs, a fine model of
Salisbury Cathedral, and plaster casts of mouldings and capitals, which
were shown to be the most satisfactory mode of enabling a student to
understand the progress of art. «

The President thanked Mr. Parker for his interesting lectures, and
remarked that, from the very great variety in the mouldings of this
period, we might be sure that the artists of those days were not mere
copyists. He recommended to the society the study of casts, as a
knowledge of the skill required in the construction of the component
parta would enable them to form a higher idea of the beauty of the
whole. He also observed that marble shafts seemed to have been first
introduced at this period.

Mr. James Parker drew the attention of the meeting to a cast which
^waa near him of some foliage, and pointed out that it illustrated the
theory of Mr. Skidmore with reference to the connection between
foliage and metal-work, viz., that the former was copied from the

104 Oaford Architectural Society.

latter, since the foliage which they usually found in moalding9, &e.,'
bore no resemblance to any plant with which we were acqaainted.
The meeting then adjourned.

A meeting of the Society was held in the Society's Rooms* Holywell,
on Tuesday, March 13; the Rev. the Master of UniveiBity College,
President, in the chair.

Mr. Parker gave his sixth and concluding lecture on '* The History
of Architecture in England,*' comprising the fourteenth and fifteenth
centuries. He enumerated the dated examples of each reign, briefly
described their architectural character, and exhibited engravings or
photographs, both of general views and of details, such as windows,
doors, and mouldings, showing the gradual change of style, and the
decline of the art. He considered the reign of Edward I. as the period
of the highest perfection, but that for a century afterwards there wis
hardly any falling off. The characteristic of the Decorated style of
the Edwardian period is window tracery : geometrical under Edward I. ;
reticulated or net-like under Edward II. ; flowing under Edward III. ;
gradually changing into the perpendicular or vertical lines under
Richard II. ; many examples of the transition from the Decorated to
the Perpendicular were shown. He also mentioned that in the time f
Edward III. the earlier forms of tracery were used along with the
later.

The characteristic ornaments of the Edwardian period are the ball-
flower, the four- leaved flower, and the scroll moulding. The ball-
flower was introduced into England in the reign of Edward I., and
used more abundantly under Edward II., but it had been used long be-
fore in the English provinces of France, and came to us from them ;
its origin he was inclined to attribute to the small round bells used on
the fringe of the vestments, similar to those now commonly used on
the continent on horse-collars.

The Edwardian castles and the houses of the period were referred
to almost as often as the churches, and it was shown that the same
change in the style of architecture took place simultaneously in all.
The chief features of the fourteenth century were compared with those
of the thirteenth and of the fifteenth, and the buildings in Oxford and
the neighbourhood were especially used to illustrate all the points
mentioned. The distinction between ecclesiastical and domestic win-
dows was pointed out ; the windows of halls are frequently mistaken
for those of chapels or churches ; on the exterior there is no distinc-
tion, but inside of all domestic windows, whether of halls or other
chambers, there are always two seats facing each other, formed in the
sill of the window, sideways to the light.

The Perpendicular style began in the latter part of the reign of Ed-
ward III., but was chiefly introduced under Richard IL The earliest ex-
ample known of this transition is Edington church, in Wiltshire, where
William of Wykeham was clerk of the works to Bishop Edington, the
founder of that church. The new style was then introduced la Wm^

Mr, Parker on Architecture in England. 105

lester Cathedral, first under Bishop Edington, afterwards carried on
f Wykeham himself, who also adopted it in his colleges at Winches-
T and Oxford. The roof of Westminaler Hall is of the same period,
hese fine open timber roofs are peculiar to England, and a very re-
larkable feature. The fan-tracery vaulting of the fifteenth century is
so peculiar to England. The most celebrated examples of it were
entiooed : such as King's College Chapel, Cambridge ; Henry the
sventh's Chapel, Westminster ; S. George's Chapel, Windsor ; the
loisters of Gloucester ; and in Oxford the Divinity School and Wol-
y's vaults over the choir of the cathedral, and over the bay windows
' Christ Church Hall.

Gk>thic architecture had greatly declined, but still was grand even
its last stage. Bath Abbey church is still a very fine building.
After this time the science of architecture retrograded three or four
mdred years, and tlie Roman buildings, which had been badly copied
the eleventh and twelfth centuries, were again badly copied in the
:teenth and seventeenth. This revival had made no progress, even in

own style ; the finest buildings of the revived Roman style are still
ose of Italy in the fifteenth century.

A comparison of the buildings of the three last centuries, or the six-
enth, seventeenth, and eighteenth, with those of the three previous,
e thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth, will show which style has the
[>8t real life in it. The Gothic style had obtained so firm a hold in
agland on the affections of the people that it was very difficult to
ipersede it ; the mixed buildings of the Elizabethan and Jacobean
sriods have more of the Gothic elements of flexibility and reality than

the stiffness and formality and regularity of the Classical. The
ime is not properly a Classical feature — it is Byzantine, and belongs
» the Gothic quite as much as to the Classical. The Gothic dome of
lenna is one of the grandest buildings in the world. The Classical
j^ades of S. Peter's at Rome, and S. Paul's in London, are only masks
» conceal the real construction. The Gothic is the only style in
hich the real construction is displayed and made ornamental, and
lis must always give it a superiority in principle over every other style.

The President said he felt sure that he might convey the thanks of
le Society to Mr. P^ker, not only for this lecture, but for the whole
sries of which this was the last. They had enjoyed unusual advan-
iges throughout the series, from the large collection of drawings and
agpTBTings by which they had been illustrated. In reference to the
eriod treated of in the lecture, he called especial attention to the suc-
ess which had attended the application of the style of architecture of
ite jears to aU kinds of buildings, both ecclesiastical and civil.

Before the meeting separated, the President informed the Society
liat this was probably the last meeting which they should have an
pportunity of holding in the splendid room in which they were, cer-
Bmkj no longer with their collection of casts, books, &c., round
hem, as these were about to be removed. This was necessitated by
h0 committee of the Society not having thought it advisable to renew
he lease of the building. For the present, this collection would be
aoioTed to an upper room in the Clarendon building ; but this must

▼Ol*. XXI. p

106 Cambridge Architectural Society.

be considered at only temporary, and he hoped before long a proper
room would be provided, in which the fine collection of casta could
again be exhibited as they had been hitherto. In reviewing the past
history of the Society, he felt peculiar pleasure in being able to address
them, having been one of its earliest members, and having seen the
great good of which it had been, indirectly perhaps in some instances,
the cause. He could not, however, consider tliat yet the work wis
accomplished ; it was ever growing, and they must keep pace with it.
Their giving up so fine a room might, in one sense, appear as if they
were retrograding, but their present ai;^Dgpements, it must he remefli-
bered, were temporary, and he hoped that this change would not injare
the efilciency and prosperity of the Society.

CAMBRIDGE ARCHITECTURAL SOCIETY.

On Thursday evening, Feb. 9th, 1860, the first meeting of the Societf
for the Lent term was held, in the Cambridge Philosophical Society*i
rooms. The Very Rev. the Dean of Ely in the chair.

Mr. T. T. Falkener, S. John's College, R. Hanson, Trinity College,
H. B. Beedham, Clare College, T. Miller, Trinity College, were elected
members.

Dr. Goodwin then made a communication concerning the Lantern st
Ely ; he showed by a model the original construction by Alan de Wsl-
singham, carefully pointing out the alterations which it has undergone,
so far as can be ascertained. He showed that it was originally a Cam-
panile, for there exist documents giving a detailed account of the bdb.
He carefully explained the several questions which are being discussed
concerning the present restoration. In conclusion, he stated that they
are still in want of funds for carrying this out. He mentioned thst
the Times had made a clerical error of £1000 in its statement of ac-
counts. They have really under £S,500, whereas the Timet made it
appear that they had under £4,500.

They intend to commence work in the spring, but earnestly hope
that friends to the undertaking will come forward and assist.

After some discussion the meeting adjourned.

On Thursday evening, Feb. 23rd, the second meeting of the Sodefy
for the Lent term was held in the Philosophical Society's rooms, the
Rev. H. R. Luard, in the chair.

Mr. R. F. Woodward, Trinity College, was elected a member.

The chairman then called on the Rev. G. Williams, of King*s Col-
lege, for his promised lecture on Roman Basilicas.

Mr. Williams traced back the history of the Roman Basilioa to the
original Stoa Basileios at Athens, which derived its name from the
Archon Basileios, as being the court where he administered justice.
The first was introduced to Rome by the celebrated Marcus Pofdus

Mr, fFUliams on Roman Batilicat. 107

Cato (B.C. ^10) from whom the Basilica then erected was named Porcia.
This was shortly followed by the Basilica Sempronia, built by 'Htus
Sempronius in 171 b.c, from which time the wealthy citizens of Rome
vied with one another in erecting these public monuments of their
wealth until the city numbered no fewer than twenty ; Paulus Emilius,
Julius Cesar, Pompey, and Augustus being among the founders. The
lecturer traced the modifications which they underwent in their form
and in their use, being originally mere open cloisters designed for judi-
cial purposes, therefore situated near the agora or forum, but afterwards
developed into magnificent buildings and used not only as law courts,
but also for mercantile and commercial purposes, as the Exchange in
London and our large manufacturing cities. He then described the
ground plan and arrangements of the Basilicas, which all followed one
general type, being large rectangular buildings, with side aisles, single
or double, generally with galleries, having at the extreme end, opposite
the principal entrance, a semicircular recess, in the centre of which was
the curole-chair of the presiding judge with his assessors on either side.
Ele mentioned the cancelli or screens of lattice- work by which portions
>f the area were set apart for particular purposes, from which we derive
:he words chancel and chancellor, and illustrated the exedne, or cham-
bers attached to the Basilica, from the Senate -house, at Cambridge, and
:he Public Halls of Birmingham, Leeds, and Liverpool. He particularly
lescribed from Pollio Vitruvius the Basilica erected by that renowned
irchitect at Fanum, and considered it not improbable that he might also
bare designed those of Pompey and Caesar in Rome, as he was military
engineer and architect to the latter in Africa, B.C. 46, and dedicated his
veil-known Treatise on Architecture to Augustus in extreme old age.
The lecturer then showed what features the Christian churches, espe-
cially those of the Romanesque {leriod, had borrowed from the Roman
Bamlica, and illustrated his remarks by the curious discovery made by
PioleMor Willis, in Norwich Cathedral, of the remains of the old epis-
copal throne in the centre of the apse, occupying the very position of
tbe presiding judge in the Roman Basilica, lliese analogies Mr. Wil-
liams accounted for, not only by the fact that many Roman Basilicas
were converted into churches under Constantine, for which he adduced
luatorical evidence, but also by the further observation that the earliest
charches were built on the plan of the Basilicas — ^that being found the
form best adapted to the Christian worship and ritual. This remark
he proceeded to illustrate by two of the earliest Christian Basilicas,
with which he was most familiar, viz., those erected under the Emperor
Constantine at Bethlehem and Jerusalem, the arrangement of which he
described, referring^ for further illustration to the description given by
Bnsebius of the Basilica of Paulinus at Tyre, in which the dedication
sermon was preached by the historian, and to the description given by
S. Paulinus of Nola, in his letter to Severus, of the Basilicas erected by
himself both at Nola and Funda. He alluded, in conclusion, to the
•even Cardinal Basilicas of Rome, which he had not himself seen, and
which did not properly belong to his subject, which was the Basilicas,
not of Chriatian, but of Pagan Rome, in their bearing on the history
ol SockaiMtieal Architecture.

108 Ncfthampton Architectural Society.

The lecture was illustrated throughout hy the g^und plans and
drawings in the magnificent work of Canina on Christian Arcbiteetore.

llie chairman, on thanlcing Mr. Williams for his lecture, drew atten-
tion to several points which had been alluded to by the lecturer, amongst
others the peculiar arrangement for the bishop and his clergy in the
early Christian Basilicas. Some discussion was also raised as to the
orientation of these churches, after which the meeting separated.

On Thursday evening, the 8th March, a meeting of the Society was
held in the Philosophical Society's rooms; Mr. C. H. Cooper in the
chair.

Mr. Fawcett.read a few notes on the churches of Basfngbouroe,
Abington Pigotts, and Guilden Morden, explaining some curious parts
about them.

Mr. J. W. Clark then read a paper on the history of All Saints'
church, Cambridge, which we publish in another part of thia number.

After some discussion, the meeting adjourned to Thursday. March VL

On Thursday evening, March *i% the fourth meeting of the Society
for the Lent term was held in the Philosophical Society's rooms, the
Rev. the President in the Chair.

Mr. J. R. Lee, Caius Coll., was then elected a member.

The Rev. H. R. Luard, Trinity College, made some remarks concerning
the Congress which it is proposed to hold in Cambridge at the dose of
the Easter term. He announced that Whitsun week had been decided
upon as the most convenient time, and that prospectuses of the pro-
ceedings will be issued nearer the time.

Mr. J. W. Clark, Trinity College, then read a paper upon Roman
Catacombs. He discussed the derivation of the word catacomb, and
thoroughly explained the nature and construction of these curious sub-
terranean caverns. The several theories of their origin were fully dis-
cussed, and several narratives of authenticated Christian martyrdoms
were related. Illustrations were exhibited of the curious chapels found
in them, but the description of the decoration and colouring of them
was left for a future lecture, which Mr. Clark hopes to give next term.
After some discussion the meeting separated.

ARCHITECTURAL SOCIETY OF THE ARCHDEACONRY OF

NORTHAMPTON.

At a Committee Meeting, December 19th, 1859, He v. Lord A. Comp-
ton in the chair — present, Revds. C. Smith, W. Butlin, M. Gregory,
H. I. Bigge, T. James, H. L. Elliott. &c. — the minutes of the laat meet-
ing were read, and the Rev. J. C. Jenkins, Roade, was elected a
member. There were presented the Report of the Ecclesiological

Northampton Architectural Society. 109

Society, and the Royal Dublin Society, from the respective Societies.
Plans for a new chapel at Catesby, by Mr. W. Gillet, were examined
and discussed, and several suggestions made respecting them. A letter
was read from the Rev. Canon Argles, relating to some very interest-
ing discoveries jus{ made in the old Saxon tower of Bamack church.
He stated that on removing the soil of the floor for repavement, it was
discovered that the triangular- headed niche in the west side of the
tower, which has been a great puzzle to antiquaries, was found to be
the canopy of a sedile or throne, the stone seat and the step before it
haring been heretofore covered up since the time the floor of the tower
was raised, probably when the additions were made to it in the four-
teenth century. The riser of a stone bench was also discovered to the
north of the chair of state, continuing round the north side of the
tower. It was suggested that in Saxon times the base of the tower
w^as used as a place of judicature of the ecclesiastical convocation of
some sort or other, and Mr. Bloxam supposed it might be for monastic
chapters, with reference to the early connection of Barnack with the
cell of S. Pega, at Peakirk. The discovery is interesting as affording
certainly the oldest example in England of a chamber for public meet-
ing with its original arrangements preserved. The very large size of
the tower arch, large even for later times, but extraordinarily so for
its Saxon date, implies the connected use of the tower with the nave,
and that the ground-chamber of the tower bore a much more important
office in Saxon than in after times. It was strongly advised that the
original level should be regained, and nothing done in the way of
restoration, except what was necessary for the safety of the structure.
The sub-committee who had visited Finedon and Raunds churches, re-
ported severally upon them. Designs for a bell turret, by Mr. G. £.
Street, for Ide Hill, Kent, and for the reseating of Edenbridge church,
in the same county, were exhibited. Also the ground plan for Owston
ehnrch, Leicestershire, by Mr. Goddard, in which several alterations
were proposed. A sub-committee was appointed to arrange a badge
and seal for the society, of which the Eleanor cros5t of Northampton
was suggested as the chief feature.

At a committee meeting, held on Tuesday, February 14th, Edward
Thornton, Esq., in the chair, the minutes of the last meeting were
read. A letter from the Rev. E. Trollope was read respecting the
illosfrations of the paper on the Roman remains at Apethorpe. The
reports of various Cottage Improvement Societies were presented by
the secretary. A portfolio of plans for new churches, sepulchral
brasses, &c., from Mr. Slater, was exhibited ; it contained designs for a
new church at Tedworth, in memory of the late Assheton Smith, also
of a church at Moggerhanger, near Bedford, and one of granite for
Bray, near Dublin. Lord A. Compton exhibited the designs for the
chancel seats at Easton M audit. A design for a badge, or book plate,
for the society was approved. That of a seal was referred to sub-
eommittee. £2. ^. were voted towards procuring impressions of an
aneieDt seal relating to this archdeaconry, of which Mr. Ready, of

110 New Churches.

Lowstoffe, haa more than a hundred and sixty. The formatioo of a
Parochial Choral Association, under the patronage of the Bishop sod
Dean, was announced ; also an invitation from the Liooohi Architec*
tural Society, to join their meeting at Worksop, in the first week in
June. The secretary informed the committee, that the long hoped-for
work of the restoration of S. Sepulchre*s, was at length to be com-
menced in earnest The committee last week had reaoWed to com-
mence the first portion, which includes all the enlargement but the
second north aisle, the funds in hand justifying this first instalment.
A large sum will still be required to carry the work on to completion,
but when once the works are begun, it is proposed to call a public
meeting of the town and county, to raise funds for the whole worL
The committee promised all the aid in their power.

NEW CHURCHES.

Holy Trinity Chapel, Knight$bridge, — ^The old chapel of ease. Knights-
bridge, (the oldest proprietary chapel, we believe, built in Bngland,
and the only remaining fragment of an ancient lazar-honae,) so on*
gracefully conspicuous from Hyde Park, has just been pulled down,
to be replaced by a more ecclesiastical building, by Mr. R. Brandoo.
The design for the west end, which is all that we have seen, seems
a clever adaptation of a church facade to a street line. Depth is ob-
tained by setting off the elevation in three receding stories. In the
lowest story effect is given by pattern work in different colours, like
the flint decoration of the Eastern counties. The next stage is ar*
caded, a lofty double doorway, with a carved tympanum, and a pedi-
ment above, rising to the height of both stories. The chief feature of
the uppermost story is a large four-light window, of two subfenestra-
tions, with a large circle in the head. The gable line on the (ecclesio-
logically) north side breaks out into a square projection, balancing sa
octagonal turret and low spire (with semi-hipped lights) which springs
from the opposite angle. We shall describe the church at greater
length when built ; in the meanwhile we congratulate Mr. Brandon on
the thought and ingenuity which he has shown.

Christ Church, Pendlebury, Manchester. — ^To this poor modem church
Mr. Bodley has lately added one of the most successful towers that we
have seen. The type adopted is that of the Campanile, translated into
the details of Northern Pointed, with a strong admixture of the fea-
tures peculiar to the Romanesque belfries of Normandy. The roof ti
gabled, and there are tall double belfry- windows, with granite shafts
between them. The proportion is very good, and the mouldings and
stringcourses, &c., are carefully designed. It is a curious contrast in
many respects to the severe gabled tower designed by Mr. Butterfield,
at S. Matthias, Stoke Newington.

S. Luke, Bedminster, Somersetshire. — This new church is building, at
the cost of £5,000, from the designs of Mr. Norton. The style is ad-
vanced Geometrical Pointed ; and the material is the local Pennaot stDiie»

New Churches. Ill

with ashlar dressings of the Combe Down stone, and relieving arches
constructed of Bath stone and old red sandstone combined. The plan
contains chancel, nave, and aisles, the chancel ending in a three-»ided
apoe. The aisles are gabled transversely to the nave. The interior
arcades have tall clustered shafts ; and the 0])en roofs are of timber.
As for the arrangements, we are sorry to observe a small western gal-
lery, as well as a prayer-desk at the east end of the nave on the south
side. The tower is engaged at the west end of the north aisle. It
has a tall octagonal belfry-stage (with a lofty octagonal turret, ending
in a spirelet, at each angle of the square), from the top of which springs
a slender octagonal spire, with spire- lights on each face. There is
something rather displeasing to the eye in the junction of the lantern
and its spire. The tracery of the windows throughout is of an ornate
type ; and the west door, as well as the foliated portal which occupies
a bay of the north aisle, are enriched with pedimented canopies, borne
of shafts, of a rather Italianising kind. There is much merit in this
design ; but we confess that we do not much like the transversely
gabled aisles, in spite of the richness of their effect, and the enlarge-
ment of the windows which this arrangement allows.

It is with great pleasure that we announce that a properly designed
ehapel is being added to the Union House of Long Ashton, Somersetshire,
from the drawings of Mr. Norton. The whole expense, amounting to
£1,356, is to be borne by a local magistrate, who wishes to be anony-
moos. The chapel is cruciform, which is not an inconvenient plan for
a congregation which must be classified, like that of a Poor-house. It
is connected by a covered cloister, simply but well treated, with the
House. The style is Early Pointed, with plate tracery. The effect of
the exterior would have been better, we think, had the roofs been of
the same height. As it is, the chancel is lower than the nave, and the
transept-ridges are lower still. There is a sacristy at the north-east
of the chancel, and a bellcote crowns the west gable. The arrange-
ment of the interior is fair, with the exception of a two-faced reading-
pew. The material is Dundry stone. We are especially glad to be
able to record the erection of a proper chapel for the use of the inmates
of a workhouse.

£^. Thomas, East Orchard, Wilts. — A small new churchy designed by
Messrs. Evans and Pnllan. There is a chancel 16 ft. long by 13 ft. 6 in.
broad ; a nave 49 ft. 6 in. long by 91 ft. 6 in. wide, with a sacristy at
the north-west and a porch at the south-west. The ritual arrange-
ments are very good; the style is the simplest First- Pointed. The
lights throogbout are small lancets. The east window is an unequal
trqilet, and the west wall is pierced with an unequal quintuplet. The
design is generally satisfactory : but the bell cote, which was intended
to be placed over the division between nave and chancel, but was
aetnally built on the west gable, is far from good.

8. ■, FernhoM, Longcott, Berks. — A new church by Mr. J. W.
HogalL There is a chancel, 18 ft. by 14 ft., a nave 40 ft. by 20 ft., and
a sooth-west porch. The chancel here is decidedly too narrow. The
style is Middk-Pointed ; and the detail is fairly carried out, without
caggeration. In hct, some of it strikes us as being oommonplace.
There is a bellcote on the west gable, bracketed on a buttress which

112 New Churches.

divides two tall lancets with circles in their heads. The gables are
coped. The internal arrangements are satisfactory, to aome extent.
The nave has low open seats ; the chancel has, on the south side, a
prayer-desk with subsellse for three choristers, balanced by an harmoniam
and three subsellse on the opposite side. There is a low stone pulpit,
the design of which is not pleasing ; that of the font is much better.

S. , Bourton, Shrivenham, Berkshire. — A small new church firom

the designs of Mr. Hugall. It contains a chancel 24 ft. by 16 ft., a
nave 47 ft. by 22 ft., and a south-west porch. The style is Middle-
Pointed, with tracery affecting the plate kind. The arrangements aie
good. The reredos. we are glad to see, is arranged for ba8-relieiii» with
an interlaced carved cross in the middle.

Cemetery, Durham, — A simple lichgate, of good design, has been
added to the churchyard of the parishes of S. Mary-le-Bow and S.
Mary the Less by Messrs. Walton and Robson. A metal cross-pat^,
in the middle of the ridge of the roof, is a feature never found, we
believe, in ancient examples.

S. , Uanlleonfil, Brecknockshire, is to be rebuilt by Mr. Buds-

eridge. The chancel and nave — according to the local type — form
together a parallelogram 54ft. in length by 19 in width; and there is
a sacristy on the north side. The arrangements are very good.
There is a simple square wooden bell-cote on the west gable. The
architect has splayed the buttresses at the foot, to give character to the
design. Mr. Buckeridge has retained the old foundations, and the
single trefoil-headed window of the original building which has snr*
vived forms the pattern of the new ones. The church is to be buflt of
native stone with dressings, and to be roofed with the stone slates of
the district : the floor being laid with unglazed black and red tiles.

«9. , Burbage, Buxton, Derbyshire, — We cannot congratulate

Mr. H. Currey on his design for this new church. The style is Pteudo*
Romanesque. There is a low square central tower, surmounted by a
very low square pyramidal capping, an apsidal chancel, two transepts,
a nave and two aisles — under separate gables, a vestry between the
chancel and south transept — with a transverse gable and a south-
western porch. It is absurd to make a parody on so small a scale of
so grandiose a plan. Rude buttresses, cumbrously splayed outwards at
their footing, and heavy copings to the gables, are intended, we sup-
pose, to produce an effect of rugged simplicity. There are large
round-headed windows throughout the church ; and in the south
transept facade a pair of these lights is surmounted by a large multi-
foiled circle. We cannot think that this design has solved the problem
of the fitting church for the climate and scenery of the Derbyshire
High Peak.

a. , Bray, near DubUn. — Mr. Slater has prepared the deugns

for a church of considerable dimensions, to be erected at Bray, — a
populous suburban watering-place near Dublin. The plan oonnsU of
a derestoried nave and aisles of five bays, chancel and aisle, sanctuary,
vestry to the south, and tower and spire to be hereafter attached to
the western bay of the north aisle. The style is transitional between
First and Middle-Pointed, suited to the local granite of which the

New Ckurches. 113

dmrch is to be built, and to the not very large funds in hand. The
roof is of wood, coved, and as there is no chancel-arch the distinction
between the chancel and nave is made by piers, and by a broad rib in the
roof. The pillars are alternately quatrefoil and circular, with foliaged
capitals. The west window is a triplet of three equal windows, each
of two lights trefoiled in the head, and with a cinqfoil pierced in the
solid tympanum. It seems an effective composition. The end windows
of the aisles are single lights trefoiled ; the aisle windows are of two
lights, trefoiled in the heads with a circle pierced in the tympanum.
The clerestory consists of trefoiled couplets. The east window, in full
Middle-Pointed, of five lights, seems rather too late for the remaining
church, but we believe the design is to be modified. The chancel rises
two steps above the nave, and the sanctuary on two more; the reading-
desk being placed against the south pier (unfortunately looking west),
and the pulpit opposite. The sanctuary is ample. The font stands in
tiie north aisle, just within what will be the door from the tower : there
ia also a west door. The organ is to be placed in the south aisle,
agunst the wall, just behind the chancel pier. The seats are open
and fiice eastward, those in the chancel being arranged longitudinally.
The tower is boldly buttressed of three stages, the £r8t blank, the
second only pierced with a small light in each face, and the third with
lon^ belfry couplets, from which springs on haunches an octagon spire
rimng out of a coronal of gabled lights. This composition is original
mad good : only we wish that the belfry spire could be pushed rather
higher, as at present it begins below the roof line. In Ireland, where,
as we need not say, church building is at a much lower ebb than in
England, a church so dignified and correct cannot fail to produce an
excellent effect. The dimensions are : nave, 89 ft, by 32 ft. 9 in. to
the centre of the columns ; aisles, 14 ft. 10 in. each in width ; chancel,
36 It. long.

New ckwrch/or the Diocese of Grahanutown. — We coogpratulste Mr«
Bodley on his design — in the simplest possible Pointed, scarcely more
tiian mere chamfered work — ^fbr a new church in South Africa. The
plan contains a chancel, with round- ended apse, a vestry on iu north
side and an aisle on its south ; a clerestpried nave with two aisles, and
a western porch — ingeniously contrived so ss to exclude the wind,
which reqtures in thst climate to be especially guarded against. The
internal arrangements are strictly correct ; snd the chancel is fenced
by a low stone screen. The chsncel proper stands below the tower,
which is of massive and dignified proportions, and has a low square
pyFamidal capping. The aisles are very low, but the clerestory fully
developed. The windows sre plsin, tall, chamfered lancets, but at the
weat end there are chamfered circles over couplets of trefoiled Isncets.
The arcades are of four arches rising from low cylindrical shsfts. The
spandrel spaces are relieved by large sezfoiled circles. Gkeat cha-
racter and a most excellent effect resnlt from the good proportion of
these simple detsils. The tower forms sn open lantern over the choir.
The apse roof is boarded. The west porch is a lean-to, with doorways
north and south, so that one or other may be closed, according to the
Erection of the wind. This design is one of great vigour and promise.

VOL. xxx, Q

114

NSW SCHOOLS.

Chmstert' school, ifc., Sfy.—Mr. W. M. Fawcett, B^., hat in
hand a Tery interesting work of restoration and improTement in the
college at Ely. Many of our readers will recall the nmtilated build-
ings on the north side, and the ruined gateway commnnicating with
High Street. The Dean and Chapter intend to restore and renew
these remains ; making a muniment room over the gateway, a dwelling-
house for a porter, and a clerical room and library on the east side,
and on the west side a small house for the master of the choristen,
and an upper and lower schoolroom for the boys. This work is de-
Terly enough managed ; and we are truly glad that it is to be under-
taken. But we are not quite sure that Mr. Fawcett would not do
better to eschew too much uniformity. Let the attics of the two
dwelling-houses rise above the other roofs ; and the gateway and mu-
niment room might surely — if the groining is to be altogether new —
be very advantageously raised. For our own parts we should like to
see the old collegiate type so far innovated upon as to gain larger, and
leas monotonous windows. However, the parts of the design most re-
quiring alteration are the elevations of the gateway. Such screens as
are shown are very far from true Pointed feeling. It would be better
to make the fire-proof roof of the muniment room transversely gabled,
and so at once to break the horizontal ridge of the roof, and to avoid
the necessity of these castellated screens. The window, moreover, ia
the muniment room seems to call for some more distinctive treatment

Mr. Norton has lately completed, at the cost of £^.000. some rather
important schools at Middleshorough, Yorkshire. The material is red
brick, diapered with blue bricks, the windows and dressings beiiigof the
local sandstone. The style is Pointed, judiciously carried out. Wt
think the planning and arrangements very convenient. The plan is
cruciform, as it were ; the boys* schoolroom being in the nave, the
girls' in the transept, while the other arm of the cross is used for the
' gallery * and sewing-room. There is a dwelling-house at each eod«
The general effect, however, of the group is low and straggling.
Would it not have been possible in this ease to have gained height and
economised area }

A memorial school, intended to be temporarily used also as a chapelt
has been built, from Mr. Clarke's designs, at Orford, iMocmMn,
The schoolroom is 61 ft. long by 24 ft. broad, and has a clasa-ropm»
with separate porches and lobbies for the boys and girls. The cbaraotar
of the desigrn is good Pointed ; the windows are traceried in timber.

Mr. White baa designed for the parish of Momkion DeverUi, WUU^
e new school, very small, but unusually good, cfmndering its great
simplicity. .

115

NEW PARSONAQBS.

A new Ticange it Chew Magna, S$mer$et$hire, has been designed
hj Mr. Norton. The style is Pointed ; but a greenhouse, which forms
part of the plan, scarcely recalls the style in its detail.

Great Mapleslead Vicarage, Eitejt. — ^This house is designed by Mr.
White, with his usual extraordinary cheapness, and his usual pic-
tureaqueness, arising from the natural irregularity of the ground-plan.
The style is plain Pointed, Tery carefully and modestly worked out.

Mr. W. M. Teulon has built a new parsonage, in Late Pointed
•tyle, at S. Nieolaa ai « Wade, in the Isle of Thanet. The design is
father formal ; but the arrangements seem to be convenient, and an
entrance-hall, of unusual sise» forms a feature seldom met with in
cheap houses oi this kind.

CHURCH RESTORATIONS.

Dmrham Cathedral, — The restoration of the central tower has pro-
ceeded successfully since our last notice. It became necessary to renew
the whole of the south buttress on the east side, which was found to
be very defective, and patched up with Roman cement. Three statues,
displaced some fifty years ago, have been restored ; and the Dean and
Chapter, we are glad to hear, have ordered the replacement of all the
old statuary of the lowest stage. These are preserved in a crypt, and
only need slight repairs. Before being refixed they are to be saturated
with shellac.

8. Mary, Chickney, Eaex, — a small and very early fiabric, with later
insertions, consisting of nave and chancel only, with small western
tower, hss just been set in order, mainly at the cost of the rector.
The east window, a large Middle-Pointed insertion, of three lights,
has been restored, in accordance with some fragments of tracery which
were supposed to have belonged to it. The chancel* arch has been
rebuilt, and a very curious hagioscope on its north side restored. The
cbaacel has been stalled, and the nave cleared of pews and substan-
tially benched in oak. The chief feature of interest, howeveri is the
restoration to its sacred use of the ancient altar-slab, which had for
centuries been imbedded in the pavement.

8. Mary, Broome, Svfolk, — The chancel of this church has just been
•omptuoosly fitted, at the expense of the rector. The chief feature is
a very elaborate and costly reredos of stone, in seven compartments.
The centre one contains the Crucifixion, and four others as many
■cenes from the Psssion of our filessed Loan. The east window, a
Third* Pointed one, of four lights, is filled with some very moderate
grisaille ; but this is an earlier work. The same remark, however.

116 Church Restorations.

applies to the side windows, which contain figures. The roof is da-
bora tely poly chromed, and all the altar- fittings of the best description.
The chancel proper is elegantly stalled. A north chapel, separated
from the chancel by two curious circular arches, of Middle- Pointed
date, is also fitted with elaborate open seats ; the greater part of it is,
however, occupied by the well-known tombs of the Comwallis family,
with recnrobent effigies ; these have been restored, and now perfectly
blaze with heraldry. It is proposed shortly to carry on the work into
the nave, and to rebuild its north aisle and porch.

8» Mary, Rickinghall Inferior, Suffolk. — ^This very interestiDg church
has just been refitted by Mr. Wyatt. The church ia noticeable for its
round tower of early date, which has an elegant octagonal belfry-stage,
of lliird-Pointed work, but chiefly for its very large tuid beautiful
south aisle, of very rich and pure Middle- Pointed. Mr. Wyatt has
simply re- arranged the interior, — not, however, in a very aatisfiictoiy
manner, — and made good the stone work. Unfortunately, he lua
missed the opportunity of restoring the very beautiful five-light east
window of the aisle. This was filled with Late lliird-Pointed tracery,
which has just been reproduced ; whereas the neighbouring church of
Thelnetham contains an exactly similar aisle, together with the original
east window, of great beauty, and enriched with ball -flower. A% it is, we
see a most beautiful arch of several orders, with richly -moulded jamb-
shafts and cornice underneath, filled with the very poorest tracery, jost
one remove from debased. The font is without a cover, and a large
reading-desk occupies the nave; while the chancel-stalla aeem &r
more suited for the purpose. For this latter arrangement Mr. Wyatt
alone is responsible.

iS. , North Kelsey, Lincolnshire. — In this church Mr. Wlute

has made some very successful additions and restorations. The nave
is new, and a north ai^le is added : and a new vestry is built on the
north side of the unusually long chancel. The new arcade is of four
arches, sustained by slender and graceful cylindrical piers. The traceiy
is simple and good, and without eccentricity ; and the fittings are
appropriate. There are quasi stalls in the chancel ; and an organ is
placed north of the chancel. Marble is judiciously introduced through-
out the work.

iS. Peter, Hambledon, Hants, — ^This interesting church is about to be
re-seated and re-arranged by Mr. W. M. Teulon. The plan is curioos,
being two aisles — so to call them, divided by an arcade. The chancel
is not (we think) properly fitted, the children being crowded into it in
longitudinal sittings. A Scudamore organ is introduced.

<S. Cynog, Merthyr^Cynog, Brecknockshire. — Mr. Buckeridge has re-
stored and re-seated this little church. It is a long paridlelogram,
86 ft. long by 22 broad, the chancel reckoning 33 ft. of the entire
length. And there is a rude low embattled square west tower. New
windows, very well managed, are introduced into the nave, and there
is a new east window of three trefoiled lancets, of unequal height.
The chancel receives appropriate new sittings. Under the modem
ceiling has been found the original 14th century roof, in good preser-
vation. The arched principals of this roof are only 6 feet apart. The

Notices and Answers to Correspondents. 117

^ cliancel*8creen, dating from the 14th century, with remains of ita
iginal colouring, will be restored and re-fixed.
S. Andrew, Ahington, Gloucestershire. — ^This little church, defiled
pews and galleries and the like, is being restored and re-arranged
Mr. Hugall. A new porch is added which contains a statue of the
tron saint in a niche. What we least like in this work is the in-
"nal arrangement of the east end, which has nothing but two tall
•foiled arcades on each side of the altar. This is not a satisfiactory
id of reredos. The ritual arrangements are transitional : for example
ere is a two-faced reading-desk.

jS. Andrew, WoUastone, Gloucestershire, — This is a rather curious
uwch, very long for its breadth, and with a tower north of the nave.
has been miserably treated. Mr. Hugall partly rebuilds it, and re-
>re8 it. The re- arrangements, though a great improvement, are not
ite satisfactory. And, architecturally, we cannot approve of the
upled marble shafts used instead of piers in the nave arcades : and
e chancel- arch, for no reason that we can see, is supported in the
me way, on slender coupled shsfts, which stand detached a foot or
ro from the walls. This is an eccentricity to be regretted. The idea
18 borrowed, but not felicitously, from the cloisters of Tongres in
slgium. The chancel-roof is somewhat heavy in effect. The lower
ige of the tower is made use of as a vestry.

S. Mary, Bampton, Oxfordshire, — This fine ancient cruciform church
restored and re- arranged by Mr. Hugall. It was full of pews and
tUeries, and had a prayer- desk in the middle of the nave. No task
more difficult than the adaptation of such a ground-plan as this to
e requirements of a modern town congregation. Mr. Hugall has suc-
eded very creditably in the attempt. He retains the old returned
alls in the choir : and in the lantern under the central tower he places
light prayer-desk. We cannot commend the coarse arcading in-
ead of a reredos at the east end. The fabric seems to be judiciously
stored where necessary.

8. Andrew^ Chew Magna, Somersetshire. — Mr. Norton has in hand
le restoration and re-arrangement of this fine specimen of the Somer-
ilahire type of churches. The new seating is good, all the pews
ring open : but it is doubtful whether it is advisable to pack away
le children at the west end of the south aisle. A splendid high-screen,
inning across the aisles as well as the nave, is of course preserved.

NOTICES AND ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

To the Editor of the Ecclesiologist.

March 1, 1860.

Mt nsAB Sut, — In reply to an inquiry in your ' Notices to Corres-
ndenta' in a number or two bade of the Ecclesiologist, I have been for
NDC time intending to say that I.have got a copy of the " History of

118 AiBtficM fnil Antwen to CarmpmUUm^

Piiet" in my potMBsUm, tot it is boimd up with other eeclgriologictl
pamphlets, and I do not wish to part with it.

I would of course lend the volume to any tmstw^vthy petaon who
would undertake to return it to me within a feasooable time in the
same condition.

I am, dear Sir.

Yours faithfully,

W. H. Ltall.

Tb the Editor of the Ecclesiotogist.

Merck n.
Sir, — I should feel obliged for any information you or any oorret-
pondent to the Ecclesiologiet could give me as to the whereabouts of
any of Fra Angelico*s pictures in England and elsewhere ; also where
notices of his life might be found.

Truly youra.

PiCTOB.

Mr. N. H. J. We9t\9kt*9 Illustrated Old Teetmiumt HUtmy (Masfeeis)
has reached its seventh part. The sixth part has not reached us. The
pictures from Queen Mary's Psalter given in thb fasdculua include the
story of Sisera, — drawn with great spirit, — and the story of Oideoa.
In the latter there is a very curious representation of the altar of BaaL
It is drawn like a shrine, upon steps, under a trefoiled-arohed halda-
chin, from which hangs a lamp. The image is that of an ox ran*
pant, on a dwarf column — of course a confusion of Baal and the
idolatrous " calf.*' The miracle of the fleece and the reduction of the
army by the test of lapping the water are graphically drawn i and still
more so the spying of the camp of the Midianites, the stratagem of
the trumpets and lamps in pitchers, the interviews with the inhabitanti
of Succoth and Penuel, and the rout of Zebah and Zalmunoa. The
history of Gideon ends with his making the ephod, and his death.
Then comes the address of Abimelech, his murder of his brethreo, and
the conspiracy of Gaal. The illustrations from the book of Judges
strike us as being better, and more spirited than any that have goae
before. The issue of the letter-press of this interesting aeries halts
very fax behind that of the illustrations.

Eucharistic Litanies from Ancient Sources (Masters), by the Rev.
Orby Shipley, have a liturgical as well as a devotional value. Tbe
author is preparing a companion volume, which is to contain Penitential
Litanies.

Under the title of Memorials of Workers (London : Hardwicke),
Mr. Godwin has published the excellent lecture, which he d^vered
before the Architectural Museum during the present season. It is
exactly the thing to distribute in workshops and schools, in order to
encourage those who are working, or who wish to work, to perse-
verance in labour. The lecture contains brief, but pleasantly written,
notices of Palissy, Quentin Matsys, Arkwright, Crompton, Jaequard,
Brindley, Watt, Stephenson, Wedgwood, j^axman, Britton« OohiCt,
and others. We wish it a wide circulation.

Noiieei mul Anawers to CmrupondenU* 119

Mr. Burges has issued a very interesting report of the present con-
lition of the abbey church of Waltham Holy Crou, Essex^ together
rith a sketch of its history and present state, with a view to its con-
ervation and repair.

The Rev. H. T. Ellacombe, Rector of Clyst S. George, Devonshire,
as published Practical Remarks on Belfries and Ringers, with an Ap*
endix on Chiming, (Bell and Daldy.) These are exceedingly sensible
nd judicious ; and we should be glad to hear that they were circulated
xtensively. The author holds it to be essential for the proper ma-
lagement of a belfry that the ringers should be paid out of an endow-
tient fund. He adds a set of rules which have been proved by expe-
ieoce to be suitable for a large peal ; and the appendix is illustrated
y some useful descriptive plates of the method of hanging bells and of
ontriving chimes.

An English translation of the Liber Jlbus of the City of London,
om piled in 1419 by John Carpenter, Common Clerk, is about to be
>ublished by subscription by Mr. H. T. Riley, M.A., of Clare Hall,
^mbridge, the editor of the Latin and Anglo-Norman original. Names
dPi received by Messrs. Griffin and Co.

Sir Erasmus Williams, the Chancellor of S. David*s, writes an in*
tignant letter to Lord Derby (Longmans) on the injustice done to the
PV'elsh Cathedral Clergy by the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. We do
lot approve of his style, or of all his sentiments ; but we rejoice at
rvery fresh expression of opinion against the ill-advised legislation of
which the Ecclesiastical Commission is the result.

Thm Dean and Chapter of Canterbury have commissioned Mr. G. G.
3oott to proceed with the restoration and completion of "Becket^s
^rown." It is a work of the greatest importance, but of no small
lificalty. We shall watch it with the deepest interest.

We have, through M. Statz's courtesy, been placed in possession of
I moat valuable collection of his works built or designed, most of which
Im has recently published in a folio volume ; among the remainder, the
Boat importuit are the designs which he submitted for the Votive
di«rch at Vienna, and a photographed plan and elevations of the
cathedral which he is building at Linz. We trust in our next number
to bestow upon the collection the attention which it deserves, and to
|lve an illustration of the church at Line, which has been designed on
a aeftk equal to that of the catbedrals of the Middle Ages. We learn
bom another quarter that the number of the works upon which M.
SttAz is at present engaged is surprising.

A valued correspondent informs us that "the parish church of
Romney, Monmoutiishire, has just been the scene of a piece of
barbarism which one would have thought was almost impossible
in the year I860. The old roof, one of the characteristic cradle-
rools of the diatriot, had long been in a wretched state, no kind of
repair having been done to it for years. At last the great storm
towards the end of last year put the finishing-stroke, by uncovering
s large portion of the church. What ought to have been done

120 Notices and Answers to Correspondents.

was very clear. A competent architect ought to have examined the
roof ; if any part could have been preserved, it should have been pre-
served, and whatever new work was needed, should have strictly fol-
lowed the pattern of the old. Instead of this, no architect was called
in. The work was handed over to some common builder or carpenter,
who has made a job of it indeed. The old roof is entirely gone, and i
new one has sprung up. of lower pitch, with tie-beams and queen-posts
— about as hideous a thing as can well be imagined. Even the eastern
gable of the nave has been lowered, to suit it. The badness of this
roof must be almost without a parallel for the last ten or twenty yean :
it is not even ' carpenter's Gothic ;' there is not the faintest approach
to the character of Gothic, or of any other architectural style. And
the barbarism is the more inexcusable, as the people of Rumney might
have learned from their neighbours of S. Mellon's how an ancient roof
may be dealt with. There may, however, come this incidental good :
a set of wretched tumble-down pews have been taken out of the church
whilst the repair has been going on, and there can be no possible ex-
cuse for putting them back again."

A correspondent writes from abroad to suggest that the " wheel-like
marks" described in Mr. Clark's paper on the Mural Paintings in
Hardwick church, Cambridgeshire, were probably the consecratioa
crosses on the spots touched by the Bishop with chrism at the dedica-
tion of the church. This is, we think, a very probable hypothecs.

8, John Baptistt Hawarden, — We take the earliest opportunity of
mentioning, what we were not aware of when we described this church,
that Mr. Pullan acted as Mr. Troughton's friend and adviser through-
out the work. The decorations were from his designs.

A correspondent, adverting to our commendation of Mr. Troiig]itoa*s
work at Hawarden, remarks that many other clergymen hare laboured
with their own hands in church restoration or decoration. He, for one,
has laid every tile in his church with his own hands ; and a neighbour
has done the same, besides much carving and colouring. Another oC
his acquaintance has carved all his capitals; and a third has added
constructional repairs in the roof to mere ornamental laboors. This
opens out a very pleasant line of thought.

Our readers will hear with great satisfaction that the ancient church
in Dover Castle is about to be restored for use as the garrison diapd
of the fortress. The work has been intrusted to Mr. Scott. We sinll
be very anxious to learn how far the restoration is to be carried. We
hope earnestly that the tower will be repaired and pyramidally rooled
so as to prevent further decay. It is intended, we believe, that tb»
nave — after the manner of garrison chapels — should be used on wedt-
days as a schoolroom.

Received : — An Ecclesiologist ; W. L. ; A. B. ; O. S.

THE

ECCLESIOLOGIST.

«

SnrQe igttur ct fee : et ait Somfntis tecum.*'

No. CXXXVIIL— JUNE, 1860,

(new series^ no. cii.)

THE MUSIC OF THE BURIAL SERVICE.

Wb here present to our readers, what some among us have long desired*
A carefully edited arrangement of Marbeck*8 Burial Service, adapted to
oar present Office, and clothed with a four- part harmony, which may
«ther be sung or played on an instrument. Of previous adaptations
tbe most correct is Mr. Dyce*s, but that gives only the plain song. We
mTite those who have the opportunity to compare the present arrange-
ment with the best reprints of Marbeck, namely, Pickering's, and that
bj the Rer. John Jebb, in his " Choral Responses," Vol. II.

We have retained Marbeck's treatment of several of the sentences
M Responsories. There is a degree of ancient precedent for this, since
in the Vigilise Mortuorum in the Sarum Antiphonal, the " Credo quod
tUdemtptor mmt" is divided in this manner. It is remarkable, however.
that this sentence is one which Marbeck has not divided ; while the.
** Bgo mtm remrrectio" which Marbeck has divided, is not a Respon-
•ory in the Vigiliae. The other sentences divided by Marbeck do not
occur in the Latin Office abovementioned. Each precentor can judge
lor himself whether it is best to folk>w Marbeck in these particulars^

ne response, " Deliver us not " has been shortened in aocordanoe

#ith the present form of the Office.

The pMhns are pointed^ so that they may be sung to any of the Tones,
tBoept those with long endings, such as the lat, 3rd, and 5th ending^
of the First Tone.

r

* rrbis pohitfaif is onhr oflbred, as an ezperiment, for the critiinm of our rqaden*
MUff"*** poiotliigi on diffnoot priDciplos, wfll be i^veiiy for ooBuparison, in oinr next
■mber.—En.]

TOito zzi. m

122

The Music of the Burial Senriee.

THE BURIAL OF THE DEAD.

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I am the Re-sar-rec*tion and the Life, aaith the Lord : he that be>liev-eth

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in Me shall ne-?er die. I am, &c. I know that my He-dees-

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The Murie of the Burial Serviee.

128

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124

ne JTimm; o/M« Burial Sertitf.

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For the Psalms.

II

Dixit custodiam. Ptalm xxxix.

1 I SAID, I will take he"ed to my w6yt : that I offe"Dd not in my ton^e.

2 I will keep my mouth as it were wi"th a bridle : while the ungo^dly it in
my sight.

3 I held my tongue, and spa"ke — ^n6thing : I kept silence, yem, even from
good wonls; but it was pa"in and grief to me.

4 Mv heart was hot within me, and while I was thus musing, the ft'ie—
kindled : and at the last I spalce — with my tongue ;

5 Lord, let me know mine end, and the number o"f my diys : that I may
be certified bow lo^'ng I hive to live.

6 Behold, Thou hast maile my days as it were a 8pa"n*'16og : and mine
age is even as nothing in respect of Thee ; and venly every maa living is
altoge^ther vanity.

7 For man walketh in a vain shadow, and disquieteth himse'if in vain : be
heapeth up riches, and ctnnot tell who" shall gather them.

8 And now. Lord, wha"t is my b6pe : truly my ho"pe is ^en in Thee.

9 Deliver me from a"il mine offences : and make me not a rebuke iK*at»
the fo61ish.

10 1 became dumb, and opened no''t my modth : for it wa^s Thy Mag*

1 1 Take Thy plague awa'j — fr6m me : I am even consumed by nEmuu cHf
Thy h^avy hand.

12 When Thou with rebukes dost chasten man for sin, Thou makest hit
beauty to consume away, like as it were a moth f^'tting a g^meat : evoj
man therefore i"s but vanity.

Id Hear my prayer, O Lord, and with Thine ears consi^'dv aqr eilKiif :
hold not Thy p^ce — 4t my tears. .

The Mwtic of the Burial Service. 125

14 For I am a stra^Dger with Thee : and a sojourner, aa a'll my £ithers

15 O spare me a little, that I may reco''?er my strength : before I go henee,
mod be" no m6re seen.

Glory be to the Father, a"nd to the S6n : and to" the H6ly Ghost;
Aa it was in the beginning, is now, and e'Ver sh&ll be : world without
e"nd — . 'Amen.

DomiMf refugium. Psalm zc.

1 Lord, Thou hast bee"n our refuge : from one generation to'' an6ther.

2 Before the mountains were brought forth, or ever the earth and the wo"rld
were mdde : Thou art God from everlasting, and wo"rld with6ut end.

3 Thou tumest ma^n to destrdction : again Thou sayest. Come agai"n, ye
dilldreD of men.

4 For a thousand years in Thy sight are bu'^t as yesterday : seeing that is
past as a wa'Vh -in the night.

5 As soon as Thou scatterest them, they are even a^s a sl^p : and fade
away su'^ddeoly like the grass.

6 In tbe morning it is green, and gro'^weth tip : but in the evening it is
ent down, dried n"p and withered.

7 For we consume away in Thy" disple&sure : and are afraid at Thy wrath-
fiil i'^ndignition.

8 Thou bast set our misdeeds befdre Thee : and our secret sins in tbe
light o^f Thy cotintenance.

9 For when Thou art angry, all our da''ys are g6ne : we bring our years to
as end, aa it were a ta'le — thix is told.

10 The days of our age are threescore years and ten ; and though men be
so strong that they come to fo^'urscore years : yet is their strength then but

, labour and sorrow ; so soon passetb it awa"y, and w^ are gone.

1 1 But who regardeth the po"wer of Thy wrdth : for even thereafter as a
man fieareth, so is Thy'' disple^ure.

12 O teach us to nu"mber our diys : that we may apply our hearts un"to
wisdom.

13 Tom Thiee again, O Lord, a^t the l&st : and be gracious u"nto Thy
aerranta.

14 O satisfy us with Thy mercy, a"nd that s6on : so shall we rejoice and
be glad all the da"ys of odr life.

16 Comfort us again now after the time that Thou'' hast pl&gued us : and
for tbe years wherein we have su"ffered adversity.

16 Shew Thy servanU Thy"— w6rk : and their children Thy"— gl6ry.

17 And the glorious Majesty of the Lord our God be" up6n us : nrosper
Tbon tbe work of our hands upon us, O prosper Thou" our hdndy-work.

Glory be to the Fathbr, a"nd to the S6n : and to" the H6ly Ghost ;
Aa it was in the beginning, is now, and e"ver sh411 be : world without
c^Dd — . 'Amen. .

Second Mode, irantpoeed on F.

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that ia bom of a wo-man, hath bat a short time to Hve, and is full

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126

7%« Mutie of the Burial Service.

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of mi-ie-ry.

e com-etb up, and it cut down, like a flower ; be

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fle-eth as it were a iha-dow, and ne-ver con-tin- u-efh in one ilaj.

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but of Thee, O Lord, who for onr tins art juit-ly dis-pleaa-ed?

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J%« Mutie of the Btarial Service.

9

127

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shut not Thy mer-ci-jfiil ears to oar prayer; but spare us. Lord most

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no-ly, O God most migh-ty, O ho-lyand mer-ci-ful Sa-viour*

no-ly, 6 God most miffh-ty, O ho-lyand mer-ci-ful Sa-viour*

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Thou most wor-thy Judge e - ter- nal.

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suf-fer us not, at our last hour.

128

The Music of the Burial Sermee.

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for a-ny paing of death to fall from Thee. De-li-ver as, &e.

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Christ, have mer-cy up*on us.

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Lord, have mer-cy up-on us.

LOBD»

SequentuB InedtUe.

129

Priest and Clbrkb.

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Our Pa-thbr, . . . from e-vil. A -men.

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have mer-cy up-on us.
The Amen to be lung in like manner after the remaining Prayers.

SEQUENTLE INEDITiE.— No. XXIII.

Thb following six Sequences are taken from a very elegant folio missal
[133]. now in the Public Library at Metz. It formerly belonged to
the religious house of S. Amulfus, in that city, where it was " finished
by Brother John, on the Vi^ of All Saints, 1321." Most of the
Sequences are Notkerian.

CV. Db S. Stbphano.

The following Notkerian ends each line, as so many Christmas ones
do, in A.

1. Gloriota diet adest qn& processit Omnipotens ex Vir^is aul4.

2. Idem Deut, conditor hominum, factus est homo die ist&.

3. Nam gloriam in excelsis canunt sancta agmina

4. Regi nato : hoc quod personet simul vox nostra.

6. Ipse namque, ut curaret nostra peocata et facinora, non linquens coelestia,

6. Prsesepio poni non distulit : ut qui Panis Vifus erat, nobis daret pabula.

7. Jam nunc igitur alacres Uudum feramus praeconia.

8. Nostra cantando ut sit mens pnra atque conscientia.

9. O beate Protomartyr Stephane, cujus instat gloriosa soUemnitas,

10. Te petimus et poscimiu tuo obtentu vitce sumere summa pascua.

11. QniBus satiati veniaraus digni ad Angelorum consortia.

12. Atque laeti fideamus Regem natum ex Virgine cast& Mari&

13. Re^antem eum Patre suo in sede eetherelL

14. Cm est honor, potestas, in etema secula.

15. Amen dicant omnia.

Hie three following, from the same Missal as the last, are unique,
so far as my researches have hitherto gone, in being appointed for
Sundays after Trinity.

CVI. Dominica IV. Post Trinitatbm.

1. Omniom Domino ac pio Uberatori votis ac voce cordis jubilemus;

2. LgfaMUUf et ezultemnr in laude ejus nunc et semper

3. TimeBtes et amaates eom.

4. Est quia Judex Justus, patiens, fortis, pins, miserator, et multnm mise-

TOIi. XXI.

130 Sequeniia Inedita.

5. Impios suia conflictoi sceleribug soWens, Justus, clemens^ et jostifictiis.

6. Omnes enim peccamus ei, et parcit nobis,

7. Nostra spectans lameuta digna pro peccatis multis.

8. Nee quserit nos damnare, sed salvare et liberare.

9. Nam venit in hunc muudum uasci dignatus per Yurgineni,

10. Peccatores vocare intra penitentiam.

11. Grati& cuius stat Justus : peccator lapsus resurgit.

12. Veniam, bens, nostris tu dare digneris peccatis,

13. Et cceli gaudia cum Sanctis Omnibus ;

14. Tuis et facias dignos conspectibus.

15. Ut laudemus fulgidi nomen tuum gloriosum per sseculomm accola.

CVII. Dominica IX. Post Trinitatbm.

1. Quanta gaudia piis sunt in coelis, hoc pnefinivit totius mundame mt-
ehinee solus regulus inclytus

2. Cum ex Egypti partibus reduci sanxerat alimoniam populo,

3. Cujus manus dextera Etbyopum straverat populum.

4. Et se mirabiliter mirabilem celebrat Dominum
6. Qui dum acriter tribum banc sibi junxerat libere

6. Ipsi contra se garrulo semper ore tumuere.

7. Ergo nunc, Christe, corda tu regens

8. Monstrando illis iter tuis mandatis,

9. Adauge tibi gre^m Israhelis populi

10. Quern foveras m sinu loco cari filii.

11. Lapsis more solito porrige auxilium, manum placidam de coelia:

12. Hoc te rogat concio haec, serumnis et doloribus affecta ;

13. Nunc ut in terris aninue nostras jocundse, a sordibus mundatVf iple&-
didiores appareant ;

14. Atque nil secum portantes nigri livoris ex Egypti partibua ccelum earn
Sanctis possideant.

15. Hoc tu, Christe, cum pio Patre Paraclito at<}ue una

16. Praeata nobia perpetu& pace cum quiete poaaidere.

CVIII. In Dominica X. Post Trinitatbm.

1. O qui coelorum contines thronum,

2. Dofentium consolatio qui compellebaris unica,

3. Umbrose qui fles Israhelis ruitura mcenia,

4. Nosmet a ruin& ver^ Christe, libera ;

5. Pervenire ad te nostra tribue lamenta

6. Qui diem tuam transitoriam hie celebras deflendam,
7* Malis absconsis time Centura tempora:

8. In die poenas ne perferas aliena ;

9. Ne vallo circumdata, ne pressa angusti^ requiras latibula,

10. Ne terrae consternata, lapidibus vacua, ipsis gemas misera,

11. Visitationis quia prsesentis inscia

12. Delectationes tuas sequeris avida.

13. Exclama, — Peccavimus, — reatum gessimus,— detur gratis Tenia.

14. Ad te jam confugimus : a malis eruamur : refugium Domine te da, demoi
ut gratias per cuncta secula.

[There is a Sequence for the Eleventh Sunday, 8ian$ a longe, which
has already been given in the Ecclesiologitt.']

CIX. De S. Clements [primo Episcopo Mbtbnsi].

F)r(nn the same.
Re^ summo exultando dicamus Alleluia :
Qui beatum coUocavit Clementem in glorii.

SequentuB Inediia. 181

In hae die omnit nottra gaudeat Ecclesia
Recolendo gratulanter praesulis solemnia.
Hie iDsignit et prsclarut io Cbritti familii
Pnesulatum gessit juste wiue manens gaudia
Felix confesaor, cni dedit princept Petrui hce lacra offieia,
Quod illustraret Meteosium 6de donaog tpirituatia.
PoDtifez doctut, humilii, immuais malittH, plenus Deo» effugafit draconit*

imperia,
Edificavit firmiter sapieni altaria : atque plebem reparavit in Baptismi gratis.
Unde nostra eohora laeta^ poli petens celsa, divinitus acceosa, psallat dulci

symphoni&.
Melos chorus sonet, ita celebrando festa, humiliter plangendo, Inpsa tremens,

dicat eya
Pastor digne, tu benigne,
Ut non Tolvamur in igne,

Orans, pelle Titia.
Ad te mens nostra cbimat gemena ;
Posce nobis, Prsesul Clemens,

Divina prsesidia.
Sic Tivamus Christo pie ;
Gratulando omni die

In ejus prKsentift,
Qu& leetantur coeli cives,
Quos regit in se Rex dives

Claritate nimi&.
In r^no istius dulcis semper est pax socia :
Honor laus atque potestas, eunctaque fulgentia
niie et rosarum flores
Adstant : cunctioue odores

Qui fragrant dementia.
In his Rex regum quiescit.
Qui maculam ullam neacit

Pascens inter lilia.
Ibi ergo collocati
Sempitemse Majestati

Demus pia ;
In etemum exultantet
Et cum Sanctis jubilantea

AUelnya.

ex. De B. V. M.

From the same.

Mater Dei, salus rei Indefessa,

Nos regendo, nos tuendo, Nunauam cessa.

Mater casta, semper asta, Supplicando :

Ccetum istum apud Christum Commendando

Mater bona et matrona Roga prolem

Ut nostrorum peccatorum Levet molera.

Mater justa et onusta Novo flore,

Per levamen et solamen Tuo more.

Mater mitia, vera vitis, Ora Natum

Ut solfatur quod ligatur Per peccatum.

Mater cara, iter para Nobis tutum ;

Te pettmua quamvis simus Merum lutum.

Mater alma, velut palma Petens alta,

> The dragon csUed Ormti^, that ravaged MeCa.

132 The Notts Choral Union.

In profundo menos fundo Due ad alta.
Mater prolem, Stella solem Intenella,
Ut interna et externa Premat beUa.
Mater serva cum catenr& Locum iitum ;
Cooptamus et oramus Propter Chriitum.
Mater orbii, confer morbis Medicinam ;
Spet cunctorum miserorum Post ruinam.
Mater munda, sic emunda Nos a fieece
Ne damnemur, sed salvemur Tu& prece.
Mater pia, O Maria, Te rogaraus
Ut ablatis jam peccatis Gaudeamus.
Mater ave. Mater salve.
Mater, nostri miserere. Amen.

THE NOTTS CHORAL UNION.

It is with much satisfaction that we report another of the meetiDgs of
Parochial Choirs, for which the venerable minster of Soathwell is be-
coming famous.

llie festival this year was held on the 3rd May, and was in every
respect as successful as those which we have already chronicled. In
vigour and heartiness, as well as musical proficiency, the Notts asaociaf
tion still maintains a conspicuous and increasing excellence.

The exertions of the travelling choir-master, and of the indefatigable
president of the society, have, as might have been expected, produced
gratifying results. In particular we may be allowed to congratulate
the associated choirs on their manifest appreciation of the ancient
ritual music, which they have quite made the specialty of their gather-
ings.

The arrangements this year were much the same as on the former
occasions. A processional psalm, the twenty-fourth, was sung before
each service. The number of surpliced singers and clergy amoonted
to nearly three hundred, almost too large a number to be conveniently
marshalled even in Southwell minster. Indeed it was found necessary
to reduce the length of the procession by placing four instead of two
abreast. There was a considerable " flattening '* on the part of the
boys* voices, in singing the psalm. The first Tone, which was the one
used, is always found difficult to sing in tune without a good deal of
support ; and the Southwell organ, admirably played as it is, is, un-
fortunately, not powerful enough for so large a body of voices.

The morning service was mostly chanted to Helmore's Brief Diree*
tory — English single chants being used for the psalms and Benedictns.
With the exception of a little unsteadiness at the beginning, and again
during the Te Deum — which was sung in unison to Merbecke's setting,
with fine effect — all went well and evenly. Child's simple and re-
ligious anthem, «' Praise the Lord, O my soul," was given with great
precision. As an introit a hymn, beginning " Glory to Thee, Incar-
nate Word," was sung in unison, the music being that of a choral,
harmonised by Sebastian Bach.

lie Ecclesiastical Colours in the Ancient English Church. 133

In the Communion Office (which was marred as usual by the his-
trionic declamation of Don-intoning dignitaries,) the Kyrie was from
Tallis, the Creed, Sanctus, and Gloria in Excelsis, from Merbecke.
These sung in unison, and accompanied by the organ, were all that
could be desired. The sermon was preached by Bishop Spencer, late of
Madras.

The service at evensong was entirely in unisonous plain song, with
organ harmony, with the exception of the anthem, which was Pales-
trina's, adapted to the words of the 47th psalm, " Sing we merrily unto
God our strength." This, although by no means easy of execution,
was well and steadily sung. The time, however, was taken too fast.
The psalms and canticles, as well as the responses, were as effective
as usual. We could not however, altogether approve of the pointing
of many of the verses of the 18th psalm, for which the Tonus Pere-
grin us was used.

After evensong, a very admirable and out-spoken sermon was
preached in the nave of the church, by the Rev. J. M. Wilkins, Rector
of Southwell, whose persevering zeal in the cause of church music,
gives him a right to speak with some authority on the subject of choral
aervices. We believe that his discourse will shortly be published, we
trust in a cheap form, for extensive circulation.

Before the sermon, the hymn '* Jssu dulcis memoria'' was sung to
the proper music, but with less effect than might have been expected.
The peculiar rhythm of that sweetest of melodies was imperfectly ex-
hibited, and some liberties were taken with the accentuation in the
printed copies, which were, in our opinion, the reverse of improve-
ments. After the sermon, Keble*s hymn, " Sun of my soul," was
•nng to the second melody of " Condi tor Alme Siderum," in the
Hymnal Noted ; and so, with the benediction of the Bishop, ended the
third Southwell choir festival.

THE ECCLESIASTICAL COLOURS IN THE ANCIENT ENG-

LISH CHURCH.

To the Editor of the Ecclesiologist.

Deam. Sib, — The time has come, as I think, for a more careful investi-
gation of the use of colours in the ancient English Church. I think
we may say with perfect certainty that the three so-called Ecclesiastical
coloura, viz., green, white, and red, were never strictly adhered to in
this country. There seems to have been no very strict rule. In early
times richness of material seems to have been the chief point aimed at ;
a good deal being left to the fancy and taste of the donors ; most of all
to the bishops, sacristans, and clergy. This will be clear as we go on.
I shall not refer to rubrics so much as to the actual practice as seen
in the lists of vestments and in illuminations in the various MSS.

Of coorae, in a letter of this description, one can hardly expect to do
more than direct attention to the subject. If I am wrong in my con-

184 The Ecclesiastical Colours in the Ancient Enffkek ChmrdL

elusion I shall only be too glad to be set right by a more able and better
informed correspondent : my chief object in writing being to get. if
possible, the subject sifted.

First of all then, it is quite clear that the English did not bind them-
selves down to the so-called Ecclesiastical colours. By this I do not
mean to say that they never had pcuticular colours for particular days,
but that they allowed themselves much more liberty than modem Rome
allows to her members.

First, I will give a list of a number of the colours which occur in
Dugdale's Monasticon : —

1. Pannus Aureus of which there were several kinds, e.g.
Green apud Lombardos, Imperial.

Capa rubea de panno aurato.
Pannus aureus de Rubeo Tysshue.

2. Red.

Rubea Sarcenet pallida.

Red satin with green Orphrey.

Red albs (at Peterborough.)

Red cloth of gold in which the Princess was married.

3. Blue (very common), sometimes called Colour de Blod. Blodioi,
Purpre blodii coloris. Dugdale, vol. ii. 284.

Blue albs. At Peterborough. Dugdale, vol. i. 365.
Levis blod colour.

4. White (frequent.)

White with blue orphreys White with black stars.

„ red orphreys. „ red crosses.

6. Green.

Green with black orphreys, which would rather show that blade ii
not a certain sign of mourning.
Green with blue orphreys.

6. Purple (not blue.)
Purple cloth of silver.

„ with black orphreys.

7. Yellow.

Yellow vestments and copes.
Yellow and red (hangings.)

8. Black.

Black silk and gold (towel for high altar.)
with green orphreys.

velvet altar cloth, at Lincoln, with fringe, embroidered with
flowers of silk and gold, having in the midst a pane of green satin, and
in the same a picture of CnaisT on the Cross and Mary and John.
Black and silver.

9. Dove Colour. Vestment at Peterborough.

10. Tawney.

1 1 . Changeable (perhaps the same as our shot colour.)^

12. Casula glauca. (grey ?) Ely.
Besides those there are several mixtures of colours.

^ ** The tailor make thy doublet of changeable taffeta, for thy mind is voy opiL"
—iSAoAQMorf Tw€lfiM Night.

T%e Ecclesiastical Colours in the Ancient English Ckwrch. 185

An altar cloth of red and blue.

HaDgings of yellow and red.

», of yellow, white, and tawney.

Altar cloth red and blue velvet on a yellow ground.

Cope of green and red.

Red pallyd with green and blue.

Chasuble of red, white, black, and divers colours.

Half red and half white. Winchester. Dugdale, vol. i. 202.

Vestments with unecclesiastical emblems.

Vestments, with the arms of England and France quarterly.

Embroidered with ficdcons.
n »• dogs.

„ „ garters, &c.

Here we have more than the so-called ecclesiastical colours. And
though they occur themselves, yet they are so used, and in such com-
binations as to make it highly probable that they were used simply
aesthetically, except on some particular occasions. Thus we have parti-
coloured vestments half red, half white ; vestments pallyd with panes
of various -colours, I suppose rather in harlequin fashion like the 15th
century illuminated borders : even such a colour as black treated
nsthetically as a back ground for very rich coloured ornaments. At any
rate we can give an answer to your correspondent R. R. L. in the Ec'
desiologist. No. 119, April, 1857. The colour blue was especially a
favourite, in vestments as well as illuminations, and there were probably
more hangings, vestments, &c., of this colour than of any other, except
red. Blue, however, or purpure de blod, as we find it called, must
not, I think, be confounded with purple or violet, with a red shade in
it. I do not imagine that there was necessarily any idea of mourning
in the case of blue, though I have no doubt it was sometimes used as
well as other colours at funerals. The true purple, with the shade of
red in it, on the other hand does seem almost equivalent to black.
Thus we have purple cloth of silver, and with black orphreys, either of
which would have a sombre dark effect.

I shall next examine some of the full sets to see if we can get any-
thing out of them.

WiNCHisTBa. Dugdale, vol. i. 202.

28 of divers colours. 29 blue silk.

42 of tissue, half fed and half white. 30 of divers colours.

28 white and gold.

PxraaBoaovGH. We have here sets of —

Crimson velvet. Green silk called the Martyrs,

Red velvet. Yellow silk.

Blue damask. Changeable silk.

Cloth of gold. Black velvet,

writb chasuble, so that they sometimes used black in the Eucharistic
Service, though I think unfrejuently.

Of copes we have —

35 red. 3 green silk.

40 Uoe. 3 green velvet.

4 bkck. 13 white silk. Com multis

186 The Ecclesiastical Colours in the Ancient EnffSek Qkifftk

An entire suit of black and silver for Qaeen Catherine's tomb.
Here green is certainly not ferial ; red and blue being by far the moit
numerous.

Dugdale, vol. ii. 76. An apparent set.

1. pair of vestments for great altar of blue embroidered with gold.

2. green velvet embroidered with gold stags' heads.

3. Tantum pro sacerdote, of cloth of gold de luc — whole set am
frontello.

4. Aliud vestimentum de panno Cypreo.

The fact of the cloth of gold to be worn by the priest alone would
rather point to the probability of these several pairs being all used at
one time as we certainly see in the illuminations.

Cbotland— (An early set, a.d. 992.) Dugdale. toI. ii. 95.

6 white 1

6 green I Even here the exact equality of numbers seems to show

6 red f that the ecclesiastical colours were not used as now.

6 black j

5. Albans. An apparent set. a.d. 1146. Dugdale* vol. ii. 181.
Oodfrey of Oorham gave 7 copes.

1 . g^ld and precious stones.
% Ditto.

3, 4, 5, 6, Of best cloth of gold.
7. Purple.

Here it would seem that costliness, quite irrespective of colour, wis
the only point aimed at.

At Yo&K. The copes were The vestments

Red. Green. White. Green.

Blue. White. Red. Observe the entire

Pnrple. Black. Blue. omission of blad.

At Lincoln. Dug. vol. vi. 1287.

Red (very splendid and numerous).

White.

Pnrple (rich).

Blue.

Ghreen.

Black.

Paned with red, white, and black.

Altar-cloths.

Cloth of gold. Partly red, partly white.

Red cloth of gold. Purple.

White. Green.

Blue.

At WiNDSOB. Copes. Dug. vol. vi. 1363.
White and gold. Black silk and gold.

Gold. Blue velvet.

Red velvet and silver. 22 copes, red and black.

A small set at Kilburn. Dug. vol. iil. 425.
1 cope, red velvet.

1%$ BeekiUitkal Coloun in ih^ Ait€lM ElvIM C»^^ 187

1, yellow silk.

1, white* with red rotes.

This would seem to be a minianim set, and if so, would account for
the universality of red altar-cloths in modem ffnglish churches. Tiie
Post- Reformation customs frequently imply an old tradition.

At S. AuousTiKB*s, Cantbbburt, 1544. Dug. vol. i. 125.

Copes.

Red, crimson. Purple.

White. Orange*

Qreen.

Altar-cloiht,

Red, crimson. Purple.

Green. Blue.

White. Orange.

Tapestry.

I now turn to eolours mentioned as appropriated fdt particiukt pur^
poses and seasons.

I. Lent,

At KiLBURN we have 1 cope, white and red roses foi^ Lfcnt.

At Pbtbbbobougk Infirmary Chapel, Dug. yoL i. 366, 1 viDStneol of
white fustian, with red crosses for Lent.

Tbwkbsburt, hangings for the high altar.

White sarcenet, with red crosses, called the Cloth iot Leak.

At WiKosoB, Velum Quadragesimale, palleum blodiun et albi cdons^
powdered with eagles and garters.^

YoBK High Altar, duo peoies de albo panno, linen* with red cross
&r Lent.

Wjndsob, 1 white vestment for Lent.

In choir at York, unus pannus de Buckram colons de Blod, pro
eoopertorio 8ci. Petri in quadrages.

Ditto, pro eoopertorio Beatse Virginia in Quadragesima.

LmcoLN, a chasuble of yellow silk, with a small orphrey, with a gold
crucifix on red at the back.

Two copes, &c., of the same colour, for Lent.

A double cloth of white and red, for Lent.

11. Advent.
VoBX, one set of blue bawdekin, for Advent and Septuagesittu^.

Ill, ProftincipaWmifeHk.

LairooLir, altar-cloth for the high altar.
One costly, of cloth of gold, for principal leasts.
Ditto, in Queen Mary's time.

S. Obor6b*s, Windsor, duo costers paani magni de velvett6* -ptt
liriAcipnlibas Aebus rubri et viridis colons.

1 Note how much licence wu allowed in the choice of inlijecU, ai above. We
iQio have nnmeroaa personal monomms, &c., e. g. at Lincoln, &c. At Peter-
Wnmgh ws iMtve dMss mA poppiigayes; hi other pUloSr, dogs, fUtioni, the artnS

138 The Ecekiiaitieal Colown in the Ancient EngUeh Cfaroi.

IV. Pro sepulchre Domimi.
W1KD8OB, pannut de blodio Serico, radiato, ponderato cum vnbm et
floribus pro celatura sepulchri Domini.

Pannut palliatus rubro et blodio coloribus pro sepultura DominL
Lincoln, white 8atin doth of damask silk for the sepulchre.

V. Saints' days.

YoBK, one green catula for the Feast of Reliques.
Lincoln, one cope for S. Mark's day, paned with white and black.
S. Gborob's, Windsob, white for the principal feasts of S. Mary.
Ditto, white camoca cope for commemoration of S. Mary.

VI. Passion-tide.
Pbtbbbobough, red albs for Passion week.

I must here add from a little history of Durham, circa 1680 :
" The ornaments for the principal feast, which was the Assumption
of our Lady, were all white damask, all beset with pearls and pmioiis
stones, which made the ornaments more glorious to behold*"

VII. Pro/erialibus.

DuBHAx, ibidem.

From the same book we have the following, which is interesdiig,
and gives authority to my opinion, that the ordinary colour for Englirii
churches, where they had not a large collection, was red, as it is to the
present day. Such a universal custom as that which has hitherto pre-
vailed since the Reformation is probably derived from ancient exampkt,
as we find in many other cases, as the retaining the black scarf (stole),
turning to the altar at the creed, use of the dozology, &c. We sie
told that at either end of the said (high) altar was a wand of iron
fastened in the wall, whereon did hang curtains or hangings of white
silk daily. The daily ornaments that were hung both before the ahar
and above were of red velvet, with great flowers of gold in embnndered
work, &c.

Pbtbbbobouoh, eight albs, called /mo/ white.

Seven ditto, called /erta/ black.

S. Obobob's, Windsob, white camoca cope and chasuble* pre /e-
rialibus.

VIII. Funerals and Vigils of the Dead.

S. Gbobgb*s Chafbl, a black vestment for the Vigil of the dead.

Burials. Laurence Chateris, cook, (Dug. vol. ii. 103) gave a vest-
ment of black for the funerals in the fifteenth century.

At Islip's funeral the abbot of S. Edmondsbury was in PantifieeHkes,
the assistants in goodly rich copes.

At Elt, we find a casula glauca (grey or blue) used in the diapel
where I. de Cobham wa[s buried. ^

We find vestments of the same colour in other places, as at S.
G^eorge's, Windsor.

In the next place, let us consider the rubrics bearing on the subject.
Rrst, we have the rubric quoted by Mr. Chambers (in EecUeieiegist,
No. 109, p. 226) as occurring just before the Ordinarium Miss» in the
Servaa Nfissal. This gives—

Tke Bedeiiaitical Colaun in the Ancient EngUih Ckur^ 189

Easter, i.e. Tempore Paacha White.

Feasts and commemorations of S. Mary . . ditto.

», ,, S. Michael • ditto.

o M S. John Apost. ditto.

Dedication of the church •..;••• ditto.

All Sundays Red.

Ash- Wednesday ditto.

Coena Domini ditto.

Holy Gross (both Feasts) ditto.

Martyrs ditto.

Apostles ditto.

Evangelists ditto.

Confessors Yellow.

rhe only doubtful point in the rubrics quoted here is as touching
<»lour black. That black vestments were used at some times is
te certain, from the foregoing lists ; but that they were always
rd at vigils and masses for the dead I very much doubt. We are
dnctly told that black was ordered for Lent and Advent, and still we
1 in practice that they used white, with red crosses, or yellow for
it, and in one case blue for Advent and Septuagesima. Blue cover-
:« also for the images in Lent, as at York. Those who are so cer-
n about the universal custom of having black vestments and hangings
funerals mostly misunderstand two or three rubrics, the right mean-
; of which it ^mil be well to set down here. We find (as in Eecle^
!ogist, vol. xiii. p. 225) at " masses of the fast, the deacon and sub-
icon robed in albs, with amices, without tunics or chasubles, at that
a»» i.e. of the fast; but the clerks in the choir shall use black

»9

Again, in the Burial Service, Sarum Use : '* Si vero fuerit corpus
iituum cum processione sepeliendum tunc eodem modo ordinetur
icessio sicut simplicibus dominicis prseter quod in hac processione
«rdos et ministri ejus in albis cum amictibus induti incedant.
lOrus autem nigris eappis quotidianis, &c."

Again, in Sabbato 4 temporum, we have-—" Duo clerici de secund&
tna in nigris suis cappia ad gradum chori simul dicant."
At first sight these would seem to imply black copes, though, upon
asideration, it does not seem obvious what " quotidiania " can mean,
tlinary black copes, in daily use. Then there is " suis ** in the other
brics — what does that mean ? their oum black copes — it can hardly
ian that they must not steal their neighbour's. The fact is that in
these cases " eappis " or " capis " does not mean copes at all, but
e outer dress ; so that the rubric will mean *' two monks dressed in
eir usual habits." This will be made abundantly clear by reference
the difierent monastic rules. Dug. vol. vi. p. 1259.
LicHFXBLD. Sciendum est quod omnes clerici indifferenter nigris
antnr capis per annum totum cum almiciis et superpelliciis in choro*
u» i.e., ill without distinction are to use black habits with amice and
rplice in the choir.

Page 1878. AarLiT, Warwick. Ad mitsas mortuorum, the priest
d deacon to be '' decenter omati.**

IM> n$ JBtdm^i^kal Colauri in the Aneiifd Bngluk

" DeoattM et canpniqi," io the efaoir, " Miperpelliciis et aniciis de
griseo et hamerg a feato 8. Michaelis uaque ad Feat. Pbacbs eapit
nigris cun> capucjis de aiadone et taffeta linatis utantur."

Page 408* Tqifea, S4J:.or. From Feaat of S. Michael to Gloria in
Vigilia Paacbae. Ut autem tam custos quam e«teri laipcllani ^osdem
desuper nijffif capis cum superpelliciis et almiciia nigria more ▼icariomm
in profata eoclesi^ Sarum.

But festia illis duplicibua quae ex suA aoUemnitate proeeaaionem
habent adjiiqotam et uti possunt eapis MricU. (Here is the dbtinctioa
between capte the gowns, and capse sericae the copes.)

Stoke by Clabb, Suffolk. P. 1419. Statutum et ordinetom quod
canonici utantur alroiciis griseis et vicarii nigria et utiique ca^
nigris senco duplicatis sive omatis et superpelliciia albia, matutinU.
missis, et aliis horis canonicis, &c., &c.

Canonici utantur almiciis griseis et superpelliciia albia aive ctpt
mgrii, niai in miasU et estequUs defiinctoram et procesaionibua in quiboi
per ordinale aliter requiritur et per idem tempus utantur aupeqiellidis
iJbia et ainiciis honestia et consuetis serico it^lioaiU et furrads.^
JXigdale. Vol. V. 253.

So with the nuns.

1566. BausTABD, Suffolk. Minoresaes. In capella dam difias
celebrant superpelliciis et ce/iia nigrit, et amiciia de nigro et fonntia
ad modum oanonioorum aiecularium indui Tolumus.

Again in Dugdale, Vol. I. xlviii., we have it atill plainer.

Cappae monachoram nigrtt 8int,*^whieh can have no other meaniag
than the monks* gowns.

This interpretation* the only one that will make aenae of "nigria
llttis cappis*' and ** nigris cappis quotidianis'* is well illustrated hj sn
illumination in one of the Douce MSS.. quoted by Mr. Blozam and by
Shaw in his book of Ornaments. Where the altar-cloth is red, and
4be priest has a fine blue cope and green dalmatic,-^|he moumers are
ifk black, and the monks, of wl|om Uiere are aeFersl, are •• nigris sail
fappia." i.e. in their ordinary black dresses.

I will next refer you to a most important direction about colonia in
gfcatuta Heariei PaUhul Eju. Lichfield.**-Dugdale, Vol. VI. 1^60.

Tk^ae directiopa are us follows ; for

Christmas . . . ( Pwcioos Vast.

( ments.
Easter and Pentecost White.
AiinuDciation . .*
Cireomcision . .
All feasts of 6. Mary,

octaFes, and eom-

meHMrratioDa • . ^Red.
Decollation of 9«

4obn Baptist .
8. Michael . , ,
All Virgins . . .^

Apostles and Mar*'
tyrs. but S. John
fioly Cross— both
feasts ....
Epiphany . • •
Passion Sunday . .
Palm Sunday . • i
AllSamts. . . r"
Confessors . • •
S. Peter's Chair . .
Nativity of S. John
Baptist . • . .^

Rectors diori
to wear Bed.

Cappis fteii

^^muA'^a^^u^f ^'°* ""' •'°*°" "^•^ *^ •***

U Be$leBiaHi6al Cokmrs in the Aneieni EngUsh Ckurah. 141

y Magdalen
ft from octave
*piph^ to Lent
the octave of
:h, to Advent

Pro Toluntate
SacristsB.

Advent . .

Lent yBlack Copes.

Vigiliie Mortuorum J

•]

99

>9

is list 1 think most important* not as showing the rule of all
les, but as e;iving us a hint of the considerable freedom allowed to
shops and even sacristans in fixing the colours of the vestments,
these statutes there will be no difficulty in understanding the
istt of colours used in England. In fact it seems dear that on
vrj occasions much was left to the taste of the donors and ctergj.
conclusion, I should like to see how far the illuminated MSS.
lirow light upon the subject. Of course it would take too much
to go through the whole question, and so I will take one point
--the Burial of the Dead. As far as my experience goes, I
dy know of any instances of a black altar-cloth for burial. — none
y early date. In yerj few instances do I remember even the
being dressed in black. From this I gather that, except in par-
r cases, the practice in all countries was rather against the use of
; and now for examples :

19416 : pall, bine, gold cross.

cepes, red, blue, green.

altar-cloth, red.

mourners, black.
16968 : English, very good.

gold pall, powdered.
Arundel 302: English.

pall, black.

priests, red and blue.
Harleian 5102 : 14th centniy English.

The Burial of Becket.

There is no black at all m this very
interesting miniature. The eope and
chasuble are of a sort of reddish
violet.
Royal, 2, A, 1 8. Enf^lish, C, 1420 :

pall, blue, with white cross.

copes, various colours.

altar, red frontal ; blue pall, green
curtains.
18193. Late Spanish, 15 cent. Missa
S. Gregoni.

The altar frontal if black, with
green pall.
17280. In Missa pro defimctis.

mourners are black.

the altar*cLoth is Une ; eope, red.

)m this it may be gathered bow seldom the ancients used black
for funerals ; for though of course some allowance is to be made
e old iUominators' love of colour, yet the fact of their always repre-
ig the mourners in black shows that if the priest and altars had
wen always or generally vested in black, they would have repre-
d them so as well. I must plainly confess that I have chosen

ian 5762 :

ist in a blue cope.

2908:

miniature, pall blue.

cope, blue.

burial cope, blue.

mourners, in black.
5780 : cope, red.
imers, black.
16997 :
miniature, pall, red.

two altars, bine.

pall, blue, red cross.

altar blue.
„ cope, gold, red crosa.

: p«ll, blue.

nters, one red, one blue.
: copes, one blue, one red.
, black,
imert, black,
isession of J. C. J. : altar, blue,

red pall.
i, blue.

imers, black.

!Sts, two yellow and gold, one
in red.

»»

142 S. George's Church, Basseterre, S. Kitfa, West Indies.

this point to illustrate from the MSS. because I am very aorry to lee a
growing tendency to increase the horror and gloom of our Chriatita
funerals by vesting even the altar itself in this miserable colour.
Surely blue or violet would express the hope of a ChriBtian better tbaa
the hopelessness of night. Why the altar is to be affected by our
private mourning, I cannot conceive ; unless we are bound to swaDow
without hesitation the mere ipse dixit of any superficial writer who
chooses to make a book upon the subject. The only possible ezeoie
that I can see would be a belief in Roman purgatory ; and even in
this case one would think that the altar at any rate should bear signs
of joy upon it rather than of grief, because of the benefits supposed to
accrue horn it to those in purgatory.

Here, then, is all that I have at present been able to collect upon
this interesting subject. I think I have shown at any rate, 1st, thit
the English Church did not follow the rule of Durandus and the
Church of Rome ; 2ndly, that much licence was allowed on ordinary
occasions to the tastes of the clergy, &c. ; Srdly, that there was no
general rule applying to all England.

If this letter should induce anyone else to work at the same subject,
and throw more light upon it. I shall only be too glad. Anything
concerning the rites, ceremonies, architecture, &c., of the ancient
English Church must be deeply interesting to Englishmen— eren if the
research should overthrow one's favourite theories.

I remain.

Yours tmly,

J. C. J.

March 6, 1860.

Note. — What a grievous pity it is that such a book as Dugdale'i
should have so imperfect an index. Upon referring to it for Vestmenti,
I find three references. Now, with some trouble, I have found no laf
than forty-seven places bearing upon the subject, — viz. : Vol. II. page
6, 7 (two places), 55, 95, 96, 103 (two places), 166, 167, 181, 183,
196, 236, 284; Vol. VI., 1207, 1281, 1287, 1363, 1259, 1339, 1373,
1387, 1389. 1391, 1408, 1419, 1555; Vol. III., 109, 425; Vol. I.p
XXXV., xlviii.. 23, 125, 202, 234, 278, 358, 365, 463. 477. 575;
Vol. VI., 2 ; Vol. v., 253, 440, 484; Vol. IV., 500, 541.

S. GEORGE'S CHURCH, BASSETERRE, S. KITTS, WEST

INDIES.

In designing and arranging this church, the principal objects kept in
view by its architect, Mr. Slater, were :

1st, To accommodate a large number of persons, (1500.) without
galleries. 2nd, To admit a very small quantity of light. 3rd, To
admit an unlimited quantity of air.

The church in plan consists of nave without clerestory, aisles, tran-
septs, and apse. The tower, which is almost detached, stands at the

/

/-' /'■fe V; V 'i«»\'

*-nfri

rK

Pi.

H

111

& Oeorge'B Church, Basseterre, S. Kitfs, West Indies. 148

oth-west end of the south aisle. The church is entered by large
est doors, through the tower, and in the north aisle, and the south
uisept. The clear width of the nave is Mft., of the aisles 16 ft.
in., and the total length inside is 135 ft. 6 in. In order to gain the
Bcessary accommodation the aisles are prolonged to the east end, the
pse alone projecting beyond them.

The walling generally is built of a volcanic stone called firestone,
rocored on the island from a quarry about a mile from the church ;

18 of a brittle nature, and highly porous, but not difficult to work,
id is of a dim chocolate colour. To give relief to the general tone,
bite lime- stone, also from the island, has been introduced in parts of
e atructure.

It was necessary to give very considerable strength to the roofs, in
Qftequence of the frequent hurricanes and earthquakes experienced

the island, they are therefore of a low pitch, well-secured to the
Ua, with ample and powerful braces extending down the nave and
le walls, so as to bring the chief weight within 1 3 ft. of the ground.
^ the plates and all portions of the work touching the walls a hard
od has been used, termed greenheart, brought from Demerara ; for

- roofing generally, the seating, &c., pitch pine was imported from

- United States. The roofs externally are covered with cypress shin-
^» also from the States.

I^o protect the windows as much as possible from the glare of the
KK» the mullions are placed close to the internal face of the walls,
^ctly reversing the ordinary system ; in fact, the windows are turned
aide out. The lights are filled with jalousies instead of glass, thus
deluding as much light and admitting as much air as possible.

Simple iron screens fixed in the two eastern bays of the arcades on
ither side, and a low septum wall thrown across the church, form a
itual chancel, raised two steps above the nave level. The stalls,
'hich are of simple design, were sent out from England. The com-
aonion-rail is fixed at the springing of the apse, and is of oak. The
pse, which is raised one step above the chancel, is decorated inter*
Ally in colour, the roof being painted in cream and vermillion ; the
rails are tinted green with a stencilled pattern in a lighter shade ; and
eneath the string at the sill of the windows, is a wall lining of ala*
ister, various patterns in coloured marbles being introduced. The
pse windows are filled with stained glass by Mr. Clayton, and this
eing deep in tone is found nearly as effective as the jalousies in keep-
ig out the sun. The pavement of this portion of the church is of
ocaustic tiles, that of the nave and aisles of white marble. Imme*
lately outside the septum stands a very beautiful brazen eagle, exc-
ited from the architect's designs by Mr. Potter ; and on the north
de of this is placed the pulpit, richly carved in oak, the central panel
sing filled with a carved subject, representing Christ's charge to the
postles, " Go ye into all the world." This has been executed by Mr.
orsyth. The font is placed near the south door ; this, together with
le pulpit, stalls, communion-rail and table, was executed in England,
he area of the church is arranged with open, backed, benches. The
iper atage of the tower will eventually be occupied by a peal of eight

144 8. Qeorge?$ Ckuteh, Bamterre, 8. KUfs, Weti InMet.

bells by Mesm* Mean : only one of these, howerer. the tenor, is fiied
at present.

The completion of this church is a noticeable erent, not only on
account of the peculiar features of the building itself, but also from the
circumstances under which it has been erected. When the propossl
for building the church was brought forward early in the year 1855,
the treasury of the island (S. Christopher's or S. Kitt's) had just been
exhausted, in consequence of a fearful Tisitation of cholera, which
swept off one-sixth of the whole population, and caused a very large
outlay of public money ; the old church, however, was in such a ruinooi
and unsafe condition, that ft was felt there was no possibility of puttiag
off the evil day, but that the work must be set about at once. Mr.
Slater, therefore, was applied to for plans, which he suppHed in the
kindest and most generous manner. Upon the receipt of the drawings
they were laid before the Legislature ; and, being approved, a bill wss
passed authorising the Lieutenant-Governor to appoint a commissioo
for carrying them out, at a cost of £3,600. Five commissioners were
appointed, viz., Mr. Davoren, the Chief Justice ; Mr. Burt, the At>
tomey- General and Speaker of the House of Assembly ; Mr. Berridge,
a member of the Board of Council; Mr. Hart, the Colonial Treasurer;
and Archdeacon Jermyn, the Rector of the parish. The archdeacoa
was made chairman of the commission, and in that capacity soon began
to feel the difficulty of the undertaking. No contractor or large builder
was to be had to undertake the work, no architect to superintend it oa
the spot, and no workpeople who had ever seen an arched window or
a carved mxxilding. It was found necessary, therefore, to apply to
Mr. Slater, who sent out an invaluable superintendent, in the person
of Mr. Edward Mathew, who carried the work on till it was all but
finished ; and then, to the very great sorrow of all concerned, wai
struck down by yellow fever.

As the work proceeded, it was found very much more expensive
than had been anticipated ; and consequently, before a year was over,
the commissioners had to apply to the Legislature for a further grant
of £3,400. This was voted, and, it may be added, was followed
afterwards by other grants, raising the whole sum to between £10,000
and £11,000; in addition to which some considerable private sob-
scriptiona were raised for various embellishments. This was a large
sum for so small a colony, with a revenue of only some £1 5,000 or
£10,000 a year, to provide in the course of three years ; and when we
state that upwards of £5,000 had been wasted some years before in a
vain attempt to build this same parish church, it seems still more re-
markable. When the work was commenced, there were many who
thought it too great an undertaking ; but as it advanced, and they saw
what a noble work of art was being produced, all parties felt themselves
honoured in having a hand in it, and agreed unanimously to a tax of
one-eighth per cent, added to the import duties, for the purpose ef
meeting the expense ; and they are now sending home money from
time to time for fittings and embellishments, clock, bells, &c.. without
soUcitatioa of any kind. In this we say nothing of the higher joy of
those whose religious feelings were more deeply involved*

ALL souls' CHTIRCM, HALEY KILL. HALIFAX.

Halifax and Doncaster. 145

The foundation-stone was laid by Archdeacon Jermyn on the 23rd
of October, 1856, without much ceremony or parade, it being felt that
^e former attempt, to which allusion has been made, having so sig-
nally failed, all public demonstrations had better be reserved till the
1)uilding was completed.

No checks or accidents were met with in carr3ring on the works, but
yet the task proved a most arduous one : the workmen (negroes) had
not one of them even seen any architectural building in their lives, and
^rprked upon windows and mouldings at first like children playing with
new toys. When the first window was completed, and was put toge-
tiier, to see how the several stones fitted, those who had done it danced
about and shouted for joy. with all the glee of small schoolboys over
mn unusually successful snow man. They, however, took to the work
^rith great readiness, and showed a wonderful aptitude for simple
canring. The ground, again, was very unfavourable, being undermined
in all directions by large vaults, so that an entire foundation of con-
crete had to be laid in three feet deep and five feet wide. Materials,
also, — lime, wood, firestone, limestone, — were very difficult to procure
in the unusually large quantities required. Yet, in spite of these diffi-
culties, the buUding was completed so far as to be offered for conse-
cration to the late deeply-lamented Bishop, Dr. Rigaud, on the S5th
of March, 1850 ; it being the only church consecrated by him during
Ilia short but eventful episcopate. Dr. Rigaud pronounced the church
to be incomparably the finest building he had seen in the West Indies,
mnd especially admired the success of Mr. Slater's endeavours to render
it si8 cool as possible ; the thickness of the walls keeping out the sun-
■hine, while the large and numerous windows admitted the full current
of the refireshing trade wind. But the strongest evidence, perhaps,
that ean be brought forward in its favour is the entire approval and
^fh admiration of it expressed by the excellent lieutenant- Governor,
ffit Herooles Robinson, now Qovemor of Hong Kong, who watched
the work from its commencement to its completion.
cffer our readers a photographic view of the interior of this in-
ehnich.

I

HALIFAX AND DONCASTER.

*Wb take some shame to ourselves for not having sooner described,
ftom personal inspection, Mr. Scott's great works at Halifax and Don-
ceater, the former of which may be taken, we think, as his ckef'd^amre
mt present. We wish for him health and opportunity to achieve a yet
more signal success hereafter.

The church at Doncaster shall be noticed first, both because it is an
earlier work in point of time, and because it is far less original and cha-
xmcteristic than the more recent design of All Souls', Haley Hill. In re-
Viilding the noble cruciform church of S. George, Doncaster, Mr. Scott
'was finuted by the condition that the new structure should reproduce, in
ila eaaential features, the outline and ground-plan of the original build-

TOIi. XXI. V

146 Halifax and Doncaster.

iDg. This tafik he has fulfilled with great ability ; not slavishly copying
the detail and style of the former church, but transmuting the whole
conception, with much subtle felicity, into the characteristics of an
earlier and purer architectural period. The result is a vast cruciform
Middle-Pointed church, with magnificent open central lantern, noble
area, and great height. It is like nothing that we have ever seen
before. The type of it is not simply that of a late Third-Pointed
minster designed in the preceding style, but rather of such a church —
first simplified and adapted for modern congregational worship, and
then designed in the middle Gothic. And herein, while we recogniae
the extraordinary architectural skill which has solved this hard pro-
blem, we perceive the ecclesiological defect of the church. If Mr.
Scott had been called upon, untrammelled by any antecedent condi-
tions, to design a parish church of this size, we very -much doubt
whether he would have produced S. George's, Doncaster. This expe-
riment shows us, more plainly than all our speculations on the subject,
that the cruciform plan on a large scale is not the type best suited for
congregational worship. In adapting an ancient cruciform building
to the requirements of our present ritual, we may tolerate anomalies
and defects, which find no such excuse in a brand-new design. Mr.
Scott might have re-arranged the ancient church, and have made it
availi^ble for Anglican services; and we should not have been very
severe upon a congregational use of the choir and crossing, or even upon
a marble reading-desk in the nave, facing west by north, against the
south-west pier of the central lantern — supposing the population of
Doncaster required so much church accommodation, and that another
church could not be built in the town. But when we see this stately
new structure so improperly and so inconveniently arranged, we are
struck by the incongruity of the plan and type of the building with the
object to which it is devoted. The length of the chancel, the inter-
ruption of the central crossing, the projection of the transepts, are aU
so many hindrances to the convenient disposition of the worship-
pers for a modem service. But for this it may be said that Mr. Scoct,
under the peculiar circumstances of this case, was not responuUe.
We admit the plea, but at the same time we note the circumstance, as
detracting very much from the merit and interest of this fine work.
Architecturally we have no fault to find, except that we cannot accept
the wooden roofs, however good of their kind, as the proper com-
pletion of even an English Pointed church of this scale and dignity.
Mr. Scott has shown his usual mastery of the style in the stately pro-
portions of the organic structure of this church, the noble tracery of its
windows, and the admirable purity and richness of its detaUs and
mouldings. The open lantern, with its vaulted roof and fretted and
panelled sides, is a grand architectural conception. It would not be
fair to complain that the whole interior is too light ; for of course it is
hoped that the windows will ultimately receive stained glaaa. A few
coloured windows, indeed, are already inserted ; but still, the general
effect is chilly. The walls are ashlared internally; and there is no
attempt at polychrome, constructional or applied. The spandrels of the
arcades both in the chancel and nave are enriched with panela contain-

Halifax and Doncasier, 147

g heads in low relief, excellently carved by Mr. J. B. Philip ; and
lere is the same profusion of almost exaggerated carred foliage, copied
om natural examples, in capitals and corbels, which is found in almost
1 Mr. Scott's later churches. But the eye certainly wants more
»lour. It is unfortunate also that the whole area of the nave and
ales — with an exception to be noted presently — is flagged with white
one. The general result of the whole is, as we said, ftigid and
latere : an eflfect which is heightened by the total absence of screens
' parcloaes. The building has none of the mystery which is so im-
"eaaive in most ancient churches of the same size. You take it all in

m glance. It ia only one common area, very perplezingly and need-
laly aubdivided by the cruciform ground-plan. It is the misfortune

all churches of uniform date and design, from Cologne cathedral
iwnwards, that they lack interest ; but we have seldom felt this so
ntely in a modem church as in S. GFeorge's, Doncaster. It is almost
i effort, inside the building, to give due credit to the scientific
cellence of the architectural construction ; and yet better archi-
stnre of its kind than is displayed in this building it would be difficult
find. The general height of the interior, the real grandeur of the
len lantern and its vast sustaining piers, and the noble tracery of the
^ht-light east window in particular, are exceedingly fine features.
e leas like the corbel-shafts which sustain the principals of the timber
ofa of the chancel, nave, and transepta. They seem to us ugly and
avy, and do not in any way reconcile us to the absence of a groined
lilt. On the other hand, the stone arches 'Spanning the aisle-roofs
ainat each pier, with a pierced cinqfoiled circle in the spandrel, very
nch relieve the perspective of the aisle.

It is the arrangement of this fine church which (as we have already
id) ia the most disappointing thing about it. The levels are not very
tialactorily managed, and the altar lacks height and dignity. It is
e east window, and not the sanctuary, upon which the eye rests as
a central object in the building. Beneath its cill there is a rather
Ban arcading, in which we observe a strong Third-Pointed element,
d an insignificant reredos, with six small sculptured heads in relief in
e spandrels of the niches, and coloured marble shafts. These heads
B aelected on no intelligible principle ; and indeed their juxtaposition
an iconological mistake. The altar itself is low and poor. There is
credence- shelf on the north side, but no sedilia : and a weak altar-
A marks off an insufficient sanctuary. The choir has three longi-
dinal benches on each aide : the transepts and crossing are seated
th benches facing north and south ; and in the nave, a cumbrous
iding-deak for two pereona, elaborated with marbles, stands against
I north-western face of the south-western lantern pier, balanced —
posite to it — by a temporary pulpit. The seats throughout are of
^, and open, but are placed on platforms of deal. There are gas
adarda; of rather inelegant design, throughout the church. The
rtli chancel is as yet unpaved, and occupied by a temporary organ,
large organ of (German manufacture is expected. The south chancel
le» on the other hand, ia the gem of the church. It ia called the
rman chapel, and was a private benefaction from the repreaentative

148 Halifax and Doncaster.

of that family. It is groined throughout, and filled with very carefullj
designed and coloured windows by Mr. Wailes. It is also paved with
encaustic tiles ; and presents a very pleasing ensemble of colour. Un-
fortunately it is used as a baptistery ; and in the middle there stands a
noble font, of serpentine, though without a cover. This is the g^ft of
Professor Selwyn. The only other stained glass as jet in the church
are a fair window by Mr. Hardman, and two miserably opaque memo-
rial wmdows, of the poorest design* at the west end of the aisles, by s
Bristol artist.

The exterior, which recalls the outline of the former church, is a very
fine and dignified composition ; but the central tower seema, perhaps
unavoidably, to be in its details earlier than in its motif,

A far greater work, in our judgment, than the new S. George's,
Doncaster, is Mr. Scott's design for All Souls', Halej Hill, Halifu —
the munificent gift to his fellow townsmen of Mr. Edward Akroyd.
Of the interior of this church we gave an illustration in our last number,
from the able pencil of Mr. J. D. Wyatt ; and, by Mr. Akroyd's kiod
permission, we now offer our readers a perspective view of the exte-
rior, borrowed from that excellent official description of the building,
which supplied us with so many facts and details in our former notice.

Unlike Doncaster church. All Souls', Halifax is, and pretends to be
nothing more than, a parish church. It is a building indeed of ^e
most ornate type, the most stately conception, and most costly detail ;
but it does not affect a higher character. We shall not be wrong pro-
bably in regarding it as Mr. Scott's ideal of what a parish church
ought to be. And here, as might be expected, the architect's well-
known purism and conservatism in art come out strongly. In plsn
and style this building is the legitimate descendant of the old Engliih
Pointed parish churches. There are others of our most distinguished
living architects who would have made quite another use of this signsl
opportunity. What novelties and developments of plan and style and
material should we not have seen had this great work been entrusted
to Mr. Butterfield, Mr. Street, or Mr. Surges ! We are not complaiii-
ing of the result. On the contrary, while we have never been back-
ward in supporting a certain boldness of eclecticism in design, in
competent hands, we most highly value Mr. Scott's judicious adher-
ence to the stricter and narrower precedents of our own insular style.
There is room for both methods of design ; and each will react ad-
vantageously on the other.

We need not repeat here the details and measurements of this
church, which we gave in our last number. It will be enough if we
describe its general effect, and venture upon a few friendly criticisms.

The interior of this building conveys a strong impression of com-
pleteness and unity of design. There is nothing crude or imperfect.
The idea is thoroughly mastered and carried' out. And we are happy
to say that the idea, in this case, is the best and highest embodiment
of the principles of our ritual which we have yet seen in any church
of Mr. Scott's design. Here there is no compromise ; no subordina-
tion of ecclesiology to architecture ; no sacrifice of the kernel to the
shell. The choir and the altar form the proper climax of the deiign ;

Halifax and Doncaster. 149

y are the cynosure by which the artist has steered his course. The
ae harmony is to be observed in the decoration considered as a whole,
d it is a most curious proof of the degree to which this unity of
»ught and design has subdued individual caprice and eccentricity,
it the stone carvings of foliage, &c., throughout the church are more
derate and unexaggerated than we have seen for many a year in
r. Scott's churches, and that Mr. Skidmore in his screens and par*
•es has restrained the exuberance of his vigorous fancy.
Prom the less pretension of the design, the want of a vaulted roof
fiar less felt here than in the Doncaster church ; but we cannot help
•ndering how the architect could have resisted the temptation of in-
ducing groining in a case like this, where unlimited funds were at
\ disposal. However the roofs, both to chancel and nave» are good

their sort, and are very skilfully coloured. In the chancel the roof
boarded, and painted in low colours ; and the nave roof, which ex-
ids across the arches of the quasi-transepts, is divided into bays by
shed principals, with most excellent effect. The transepts are very
ftllow : they give scope for fine elevations north and south, and they
oamunicate with the nave by lofty arches, almost equalling in height
B chancel arch. It is perhaps almost hypercritical to say that we
ould have liked a little more solidity in the piers which divide these
LOsept-archQS from the lower range of the nave-arcades. There
to the eye the slightest possible effect of weakness of construction
the lateral thrust of the clerestory on each side against the haunch

the transept- arch. The clerestory itself is one of the best features

the design : a stately continuous arcade, in the interior, of marble-
afted arches.

The tower, which is engaged at the west end of the north aisle,
rma a baptistery in its basement stage. Here there is exemplified in
€ highest degree the peculiar excellence of the architectural detail of
la design. We may safely say that we have never seen greater
^th and richness of mouldings, greater breadth and solidity of con-
raction, or more lavish architectural detail, than are employed through-
it this church externally and internally. In the baptistery especially
[r. Scott seems to have revelled in profusion — never however degene-
k6og into the vulgarity of excess — of ornamental constructional de-
ils. And in the use of his details and mouldings generally he seems
i US to have shown in this example a most unusual power and inven-
on. If there be still a certain reserve in the polychrome of this fine
iterior, very characteristic of its author, at any rate we may remark
I it a more decided attempt at constructional colouring than any of
is former works have exhibited. Both externally and internally the
ihlar is very ably contrasted of two-coloured stones ; the Steetley
lagnesian limestone for quoins, dressings, &c., and Ringby stone
IT the internal walling. Granite also and coloured marbles are used,
loagh sparingly. The floor is laid in coloured tiles ; the font is of
grpentine ; and the pulpit — an ambon-like design, almost too large —
I a rich composition of Caen stone, marbles, and mosaic.

The ritual arrangements are, as we have already sdd, thoroughly
ood. W0 should ourselves have preferred a thoroughly open area

150 Halifax and Doncaster.

seated with chairs ; but here the nave and aisles are furnished with
open benches. The transept space however is left free, chairs being
used when wanted. This open space, which is invaluable for cate-
chizing or occasional uses, gives very great dignity to the interior. The
chancel screen is a low plinth or podium of alabaster, with a cornice
of scale -ornament ; above which is a rich metal screen, by Mr. Skid-
more. The design of the latter, though able, is slightly archaic. The
parclose screens on each side of the chancel, separating it from its
aisles, are more successful. The stalls and subsellse are of excellent
design. The sanctuary is spacious and beautifully fitted. The reredos,
standing some few feet in advance of the east wall, is a compoaitioD of
very excellent sculpture, in alabaster. Its lower stage is geometrically
diapered with coloured marbles under a rich cornice. The altar, either
from wanting a super-altar or from being a few inches lower than the
architect intended, does not quite fill the space marked out for it on
the reredos. Its height is certainly insufficient ; and it has no candle-
sticks ; though it is very richly and properly vested. In the upper stage
of the reredos there are three niches with statues on each side of a central
one, containing a richly coloured inlaid cross. The statuettea represent
the three Marys, S. John the Evangelist, Nicodemus, and S. Joseph of
Arimatbaea. Above the central arch is a most beautiful head of our Loan,
in a pierced circle. The sculpture so extensively used in this church may
be said to be its specialty. It has been executed by Mr. J. B. Philip,
and does the very highest credit to his artistic skill. On each side of the
chancel, above the stalls, in the spandrel-space between the two arehet
communicating with the aisles, there is a very large circular medallion
of bas-relief, representing groups of Angels singing and playing on mu-
sical instruments. These are most beautifully designed and executed.
And in the spandrel-space of the nave arcades there are large medal-
lions carrying heads, in high relief, of the Western' doctors, on the
north side, and of SS. Polycarp, Ignatius, Cyprian, and Clement, on
the south side. It is impossible to praise too highly the spirit and
variety of this sculpture.

Messrs. Clayton and BeU are responsible for all the colouring and
for much of the stained glass. It is all most effective. The roofs are
stencilled with great judgment ; and the arcading of the aanctuary is
richly diapered. We are thoroughly satisfied with the polychromatic
treatment of the chancel as a whole. It is remarkable especially for
its moderation. Over the chancel arch there is a large composition
representing the Adoration of the Lamb. The Agnus Dei is in a circle,
adored by Angels. Below is a row of cherubim ; and in the span-
drels, on each side, the twenty-four elders casting their crowns upon
the ground. It is not very easy to see this picture ; but the drawing
seems very fine. The treatment of the Lamb, and the whole upper
part, is scarcely so good however as that of the elders ; and a ventila-
tion hole comes most awkwardly in the very centre of the composition.
I'his hole, in itself (we should think) insufficient for the church, should
be stopped up, and the ventilation managed in the roof. Legends,
generally well selected, appear on all sides of the church.

The whole of the windows are filled with stained glass ; of which

Halifax and Dancaster. 151

U but two or three grisaille vindows are treated in subjects. Messrs.
lardman put in among others the east and west windows ; the former
n average design in medallions separated by foliage ; the latter a very
loe and bold composition representing the Doom. Here the colours
jne vivid and forcible, and the drawing effective ; but the general effect
rants blending and unity. We like better Messrs. Clayton and Bell's
;lass. The clerestory lights in particular, containing large single
inures of Apostles and Evangelists on white quarry backgrounds, are
'eiy striking. And the transept windows, that of the north contain-
ng the history of S. John Baptist, that of the south that of S. Peter,
ore particularly good. In the former the arms of Halifax commemo-
ate the " Holy Face '* of S. John, whence the town derives its name.
K window in the north aisle, commemorating S. Paul, by the same
urtists, is remarkable for some grotesque foreshortening in the design.
Nit for a very beautiful treatment of the colouring of the upper part.

Mr. Wailes is represented in the west window of the south aisle
inder favourable and interesting circumstances. The managers and
HPorkpeople in the employment of the founder, having requested leave
to offer a window, chose the subject of the Good Samaritan, as express-
ing^ their sense of the example which their benefactor had followed.
Prom a limited competition they themselves selected Mr. Wailes's car-
toon : on the grounds — we were informed — that his groups " told their
own story*' distinctly and unmistakeably. The artist has done his best,
■nd has produced a very good window, of rather low, but not displeasing,
ooloration. We quitie agree with the donors of this window, that in-
triligibility is of primary importance in design ; and we are glad to ob-
tain thus a glimpse of the principles on which the classes, represented
by the subscribers to this window, regard works of art of this kind.

The subsidiary fittings of this splendid church are on the same scale
of sumptuous magnificence. We may enumerate a peal of eight bells
bj Messrs. Mears, an organ by Messrs. Forster and Andrews, of Hull,
very beautiful bindings, with enamellings, of the service books, and
also a complete set of altar plate by Messrs. Hardman. In short, a
minute care has been exercised over every part of the work, and no de-
tail has been forgotten or neglected. This building must take rank
among the very first class of the noble churches which the present age
has seen, as well for its architectural and artistic importance as for the
completeness and costliness of its ritual appointments. That the voice
of praise and prayer is not, as yet at least, heard daily in this most
beautiful shrine is surely a matter for deep regret.

In the lighting of the church Mr. Scott has not advanced beyond
the gas-standards, to which we are now so much accustomed. The
time has surely come, we think, for some improvement in this matter.
The system of bunching the gas-lights is scarcely, we think, satisfac-
tory ; and however well the standards may diffuse the light on the
ground-level, they fail — as in this case — in fully lighting the upper
part of the building.

The exterior of this church is as nobly designed as the interior ; and
the tower and spire may be reckoned as one of Mr. Scott's most suc-
cessful efforts. Their outline is stately, and not hackneyed. We ob-

152 S. MichaeVs, Comkill.

serve a strong ItalianiziDg influence in the treatment of the cornice and
npper stage of the tower. From the outside, the sesthetic error ol
placing the tower out of its normal situation is apparent : and the out*
line of this church looks from most points of view somewhat too short
The situation — on a hill side, overhanging Halifax on the north — k
very striking. But from the position of the ground the utility of tiie
south porch — a good design in itself — is more than questionahle. The
niches of the tower and the exterior are filled with statues, by Mr.
Philip, of various saints, of a very high excellence ; S. Blaise, the patron
of wool- combers, very appropriately presides at the west end.

In conclusion, we may warmly congratulate Mr. Scott on the grest
success which he has achieved in this memorable church. He has shown
once more that he has no superior in vigorous handling of the pure na-
tional ecclesiastical style. And in his extensive introduction of figure
sculpture, externally and internally, he has opened a new era of church
art. It is this which distinguishes All Souls', Halifax, from any other
modem work ; and if All Saints', Margaret Street, was the first example
of the highest pictorial art being introduced into church decoration, the
church at Haley Hill will mark the epoch when the sculptor first msde
good his claim to admission within the sanctuary. Of the munificent
founder of this church we will say nothing more than that he has con-
ferred benefits upon English art which must not be forgotten when oiea
remember what he has done, from a higher motive, for the spiritual
good of his neighbours and dependants. It is not for us to presume
to praise him for the latter.

We notice the Cemetery Chapel for All Souls', Halifiax* and Mr.
Scott's new church of S. James, Doncaster, under their proper head«
ing in this number.

S. MICHAEL'S, CORNHILL.

Wb have frequently had to regret the deficiency of some term to
describe the recasting of an ancient church into a new superior shape,
a process which we are perforce compelled to describe by the ambigooof
term restoration. We never felt this want more than in the instance
of Mr. Scott's noble manipulation of Wren's church of S. Michael,
Comhill, which has just been brought to completion. None of oar
readers we suppose are ignorant of the stately Pointed tower which
Wren reared to this church. By some freak of taste he appended an
unworthy body to this fine steeple, in somewhat commonplace Italiao,
possessing, however, the merits of a Roman-groined roof, of a circular
clerestory, and of aisles, the bays being four in number, with semi*
circular arches springing from an Italianized edition of Tuscan piQars.
with a sanctuary projected beyond. The east window, as well as those
of the south aisle, were large circles ; the north aisle which abnts
against the houses of Comhill being blank. The first impiovenieiit
which Mr. Scott carried out was that sumptuous porch lo the tower.

8. MiehaeVs, CamhiU. 168

which now opem upon the street, in FVanco-Italian Gothic. Wfe need
not ttgain oflFer a description of it. At a later date the restoratiofn of the
interior had to be considered, and the problem to be solved of creating
for the purpose an eclectic style, which should by converting the Italian
forms of Wren into something of an ecclesiological and inediseval cha-
imcter, both produce harmony between the church and its steeple, and
Mtisfy the purer religious sentiment of this age, which has learned the
more excellent way of Church architecture. The superficial criticism
paned upon the general aspect of the interior will be that it is quite
baailican, but this would be a very superficial one ; for in resdity,
u we have said, there is nothing peculiarly basilican about it, except
the circular arches of the arcades.

It IS best not to beat about for imperfect comparisons, but at once to
lay that restored S. Michael's must stand or fkll on its own merits,
ti an experiment in eclecticism, the necessity of which justifies its
originality. Mr. Scott's noblest constructional experiment was the
junction of the tower (serving as the baptistery) and church, which had
been formerly cut off from each other by a gallery. The means he has
adopted are admirably simple, llie round-headed west window being
retained. Pointed unchamfered arches are recessed in the walls over the
north and south doors. Similar arches of two orders, also unchamfered,
open into the church itself, but these are roond-headed. Out of these
aimple elements a perfect sutura has been effected. The other strictly
architectural changes in the interior are limited to the substitution in
the aisle of two-light round-headed windows, with a small circle in
the head (an Early- Pointed notion Italianized), for Wren*s big rounds,
— ^that at the east end being left ; — to the insertion of simple wheel**
shaped tracery in the clerestory ; and to the introduction of angel-corbels
to support the groining. Fittings and decoration had to do the re-
maining work.

We shall first call attention to the reredos of precious marbles, as k
stroke of exceeding talent. The general conception of this elaborate
construction, which is returned round the sanctuary, is Italian, though
Italian of the days before — rather than those after — Pointed had
sprung up, the chief form being a series of oblong panels bearing the
lozenge. But the cornice recalls with its bold stiff leafage the fine
French work of the thirteenth century, and the central, slightly pro-
jecting portion (the reredos proper), with its three trefoiled-headed
panels, each cusp terminating in a bold fiower, secures the prevalence
of the mediaeval feeling. The remaining arrangements of the chancel
and sanctuary are dignified, but do not call fur particular remark. The
chancel, which is formed out of the fourth bay of the nave, rises on
two steps, the prayer- desk, just outside, facing south and west, and
being placed against the north pillar, with the pulpit (of which more
hereafter) opposite it. It is seated stall wise with two rows of richly
canred benches ; a broad step rises at the east of these stalls ; and the
sanctnary, which is constructional, is approached by three risers of
Uack marble. The open sanctuary rails, of metal parcel gilt, is a
pretty specimen of the prevailing type.

Tba leats form one of the characteristic features of the interior.

TOL. XXX. X

154 S. MichaePs, Comhill.

Their execution is due to Mr. Rogers's talent, and mainly consists of
a series of most elaborate bench ends full of symbolical representation.
We shall not. of course, be suspected of any particular favour to the
selection of church seats as a peculiarly recommendable art-vehicle
in ecclesiology when we praise their design and execution. They stand
in two blocks, with a broad central passage. But we must in so dobg
express our disapprobation at that which is the main blot upon this
otherwise excellent restoration — the existence of pew-doors. We un-
derstand that these abominations were not erected without the strong
protest of influential parishioners, and we are in hopes that it will not
be long before the screwdriver makes acquaintance with their hinges.
The pulpit, which is octagonal, standing on a circular marble shaft, is
perhaps, the least satisfactory portion of Mr. Rogers's work ; not firom
any want of gracefulness or fancy in its treatment, but because it is too
slight and delicate for its place. The general aspect of the whole
interior and the proximity of the reredos called for a marble poly-
chromatic ambon. Instead we have a wooden pulpit of ao almost Ja-
cobean design.

The coloration, by Mr. Trollope, is decidedly the weakest feature of
the church. It is graceful, no doubt, but not sufficiently pronounced.
The coved sanctuary roof is of a deep blue, the nave groining of a light
grey blue, angels in circles being introduced in the bay over the
chancel. Round the arches are texts on a gold fillet, and the spandreb
have rather feeble ornamentation introduced. The capitals are gilt,
and some colour in the west arch completes the decoration of the nare.
The north aisle is more successfully treated, by being uniformly tinted
above the dado of a warm salmon tint, the monuments being ranged
symmetrically upon this space, and a new one of Italian- Pointed clevnlj
made the centraJ and most conspicuous.

But if we cannot highly praise the decoration, we can apeak in
terms of the very greatest commendation of the painted glass by Messrs.
Clayton and Bell, which we have no hesitation in saying is, to our
taste, the best which any English glass-painters have yet produced
since the revival of the art. The circumstances of the case emancipated
the artists from conventionalism, and they have accordingly combined
fine vigorous drawing with hieratic feeling. Their tinctures, which are
full, are yet harmonious, and for once we do not desiderate white glass.
The subjects are the history of our Blessed Loan, from the Annunciatioa
to the Crucifixion in the west window, and the Session in Migesty, in
the eastern circle. The subjects are arranged in the windows of the
south aisle, (including the east one) partly as large groups and partly
in medallions, as a predella — the only drawback to the merit of the
arrangement. The Annunciation, for example, which is of the latter
class, does not receive its proper theological value, llie group of the
three kings proceeding with their gifts to Bethlehem, struck us parti-
cularly for the easy dignity of its drawing. The west window, though
a very striking production, is perhaps in some respects the least suc-
cessful production. The large scale of the figures somewhat dwarft
the remaining design, and the whole effect reminds us more of six-
teenth century glass than any other window. But the eastern Majesty

The Bishop of London and the City Churches. 155

lesenres all praise. It is treated conventionally and mystically : our
blessed Lord's arms are extended in the form of a cross to bless the
irorld ; He is surrounded with a circular aureole of seraphim, and
idoiing angels complete the composition. The whole effect seen
lown the entire church is most impressive. We propose in our next
lumber to give a catalogue of the subjects composing this series. The
tide windows on each side of the sanctuary, of the same design as
Jiose in the aisle, are filled with grisaille, and the clerestory is glazed
n coloured patterns. The organ, we should have noticed, fills the
iaatern bay of the north aisle, and though rather large, backs cleverly
lie stalls on that side. We trust that the report which we have heard
this church is to be used for daily service may be true.

THE BISHOP OF LONDON AND THE CITY CHURCHES.

It was scarcely to be expected that the present Bishop of London
ibould not follow the precedent set by his predecessor, in attempting
BOfne rearrangement of the City benefices. We will admit, not that
there is a great amount of evil attached to the present system, but
that it has its defects. Further, we may allow, that what is taking
place in London, though not exactly a new thing, involves a problem
not very easy of solution. The parallel cases which have been ad-
duced do not, however, apply. Old Sarum migrated bodily, and its
oaihedral was simply transferred; while in modern London city, at
least in its heart, there are, it has been calculated, 700,000 persons
who daily walk its streets and pass its churches. To say that the City
has no population is untrue. There is not a parish in which there are
not some hundreds : office-keepers, porters, house-matrons, and the like.
These people have souls, and do actually attend church ; so that there
is not in fact that calm and complete solitude which is pretended. Even
the extreme ecclesioclasts admit that many churches ought to be pre-
■erred. Still, we may admit that some churches might be removed
or le-appropriated. But the conditions under which a church in the
city is removed should be these : that for every church pulled down,
another should be erected ; that no church of any architectural cha-
racter should be destroyed; and that in aU cases the spires, as the
well-known Sion College Report suggested, should be retained. And
farther, which is the throat of the whole matter, that the sites should
be reserved from all secular and profane use. Not one of these con-
ditioos has been observed in the biU which the Bishop of London, ap-
parently with a high hand, is carrying through the Lords. He says,
nd with some truth, that if this last condition is maintained, the mea-
nre will, like its predecessor, be practically a dead letter, — a condition
to which we could make up our minds, after a proper struggle of
nbmission ; for, after all, the proper way is the old one. When a
aMe of absolute uselessness is proved, let it be dealt with as what it
s j an exceptional matter, to be dealt with exceptionally.

XJop 2^ Bishop of London and the City Cbmrehe^.

One: objQction to the proposed measure is» that it is sweeping sn^
dest^uotiye in Qhfiracter ; that it applies to towns and cities whose ipi*
i^tual qiccumjitaiipes di0;ei: widely and are nevcor the same as those of

tpndoa.

A second fault in the present bill is, that i^ proposes to sell the sites.
U ui reniarkable tbs^t the destruction of the city churches was iMvcr
thought of tiU scbQmes of what is called Chuix;h Extension have fiulsd.
Aflter the Ija^ Bishop of London set himself against the Church
iTOOvementf church building in his diocese immediately languished.
The present Qishop of London is not likely to evoke this lost spirit of
cburoh building ; his dealing with S. George's in the East and his
general leanings have chilled the old spirit ; and to say that in Londoa
church building is in a languishing and unpopular state, is to describe
the aspect of church builders to their diocesan in very euphemistic lan-
guage. It has therefore become a matter of necessity to get money ; and
if it cannot be got by appealing to the religious sentiment, it must be
got by what qani scarc^y be distinguished from sacrilege. If the city
churches are to be pulled down, it will be only for their market value.
The principle to be sure is an old one. The Times told us that Wol^ey
puUed down abbeys and churches to found Christ Church, Oxford. The
preqed.ent, and the wholesale destruction of the houses of God, and the
hpuse of religion which followed Wolsey's church reforms, haa not been
so e>ncpuraging as to invite us to repeat the process. The result of the
^ixl^entb century "re -arrangement" of the old churches was, that
scarcely a new. church was built in two centuries ; the conaeqnenee of
pigling down city churches will be that church building will cease.

Another vice in the present bill is, that it hands over the whole
business to the Eccleaiastical Commissioners. A church is to be putted
down, after every variety of cumbrous legal proceeding, and its site is
tp.be sold. In the transit of the proceeds througH Whitehall Place,
aq^ its officials, perhaps ten per cent. wilL some day be available for
ap^le church i^obody knows where : in other words, we are asked to
puU down our churches to pay Government clerks.

These blots in the measure ace not absolute novelties; Kshop
91pmfiield went asi far wrong as this : but Bishop Tait's bill presents
onfr {efiture entirely its own. It proposes to give some, perhaps alL of
tl)e cthorches to the foreign Protestants, who, as they did in the
GAse of the Threadneedle Street church, will probably sell their unex-
pected piece, of property, and build elsewhere. But really to g^ve op
i| qgnsecrated church to religious bodies who need not have any creed,
who certainly have no Apostolic succession, and who are only known
by their hatred of Apostolic order, is a very strange proceeding horn,
a Bishop :. stranger still, if it is true, that Uie hint for this precioos
clause was furnished from a high Churchman, who wanted to retain a
Danish church, in the East of London on the easy terras of generously
taking it in exchange for what was not his to give. Of course the
suggestion, wa^ eagerly caught up by Lord Shaftesbury, who wishes to
n^ake religious capital out of it. But if the precedent is oqoe set, the
Spglish Protestants, that is, the Dissenters, whose views on doctrine
and discipline are precisely the same as those of the Foreign Pkotealanu

Church of S. Edward the Confessor, Cambridge. 157

to whom it is proposed to be so generous, will at once, and not unreason-
ably, say. if churches are to go a begging, English Protestants have quite
9M good a claim, if not a superior one to their co-religionists of Geneva.
However, it must be remembered that though the late Bishop of
London carried his bill through the House of Lords, it came to grief
im the Commons. Unless we misunderstand the temper of the Gom-
Hona, they are not prepared to arm either Bishops or Ecclesiastical
Commissioners with such powers as this measure confers upon them.
We would have submitted to a decent and religious compromise on the
iMtJfeer ; but as things are, though we may not agree with the grounds
upon which the Bill is sure to be resisted in the Commons, we shall
ifjoice if, on whatever opposition, it fedls to the ground,, as it is our
earnest prayer that this discreditable measure will do.

CHURCH OF S. EDWARD THE CONFESSOR, CAMBRIDGE.

Tbb restoration of this church has now advanced so far as to demand a
notice from us. The main features of the building and its former state
•re soon described. Its general style is late *' Decorated," with " Per-
pendicnlar*' additions and alterations, while the west tower is " Early
Bngliah.*' The nave, which is very spacious and light, though without
a clerestory, has four pier-arches on each side, with unusually lofty piers
and acute arches. There are north and south aisles. The chancel,
which is entered by a lofty arch, equal in width to the nave, has also
aiiles, or rather chantries ; of which that to the north was erected by
Trinity Hall, and that to the south by Clare College. They formerly
■Cffved as chapels to the members of those foundations. There is thus
a very dignified chancel, clearly defined by constructional limits, and
ilanked with aisles, which, being of greater width than those of the
nave, offer abundance of room for numerous sittings. The neglect of
these natural limits in the new fittings is what we have most to object
to in the restoration. Before its commencement the tower*arch was
Uocked by a heavy, widely-projecting gallery, in which was placed the
ergan : the naves, aisles, and chancel were filled with tumbledown, baize-
eovered pews : the windows were destitute of all tracery save- of that
•traight kind in which the last century delighted ; and the east end of
the chancel was covered with a classical reredos, erected in 1716. which
Uocked up a considerable portion of the east window. When the pre-
•ent Dean of Ely became Incumbent of the church in 1 848, his first
aim waa to restore it ; but here he was so long baffled by certain influ-
ential members of his congregation, that it was not till 1 858 that he
waa enabled to begin. Even then he saw little hope of doing much ;
and tlierefbre no regular plan was adopted for the entire work, and no
arahitect employed to begin with — an omission rendered excusable by
Ihe extgenoies of the case, but which has been of fatal effect in marring
Ibe naolta of the Dean*s perseverance. When the restorations had
been in progress for a few months, several members of the University,

168 Church of S. Edward the Confessor, Cambridge.

anxious to show the respect which they felt towards him (then newly-
elected Dean of Ely) undertook the restoration of the east window and
reredos. This was confided to Mr. G. G. Scott, and the result is a Terr
good Middle- Pointed window, (though perhaps the architecture of the
church has not heen followed with sufficient closeness in its general
character,) with a reredos of five foliated canopies, the centre one sur-
mounted hy a cross. It is intended to place frescoes beneath tbe
canopies, and to extend the colouring to the cusping and foliations.

On removing a modern ceiling, there was discovered a very good
Perpendicular waggon roof, with pointed arches, formed by the inter-
section of the spars. The timbers have been painted brown, and
sadly want some brighter colour to relieve their sombre effect. Hie
same remark applies likewise to other portions of the church. The
white surfaces, bright and clear as they are, might well be rendered
less glaring by diaper-work.

For the rest of the work the architect employed was Mr. firandon.
Continuing our remarks from the east end, we come to the Clare Hall
chantry on the south. On its eastern face was a blocked Decorated
window of two lights, which was unfortunately believed to be original,
and taken as the model for the tracery of the windows in the north
and south aisles of the nave. The consequence is that they have now
each two broad lights, instead of four, as they evidently once had : and
those more pointed than is warranted by the flowing style of the period
when the walls in which they were inserted were built. On the window
being opened it was found that the tracery in question was modern,
and that there had originally been four lights.

Mr. Brandon thought the width too narrow to reproduce these, and
constructed instead a very pretty three-light window : though it most
be a subject of regret that he was not able to follow more closely the
indications of the style of the old window furnished by some frag-
ments of its tracery discovered in the wall.

It was found necessary almost to rebuild the north and south walls.
This has been done in extremely effective random-work.

The nave- arches have been scraped and cleaned throughout, and tbe
columns repaired by inserting stone wherever it was needed. But the
great improvement to the western portion of the church is the removal
of the gallery. A handsome arch is thus laid bare, opening into the
tower. It being necessary to introduce more light, the lowest flooring
in the tower was raised several feet, and its westernmost face pierced
with a large window, the idea of which was derived we believe from a
French original. It looks as though composed of two separate two-
light windows, with a sept-foiled circle above, inclosed in an arch.
The central mullion, so to speak, has three shafts with foliated capitals,
divided by chamfers. The whole is very stately, but rather heavy, and
wanting in enrichment. A plentiful use of the dogtooth ornament
would have corrected both these faults. Beneath, instead of the old
Grecian porch, we have a most excellent doorway, of Early English
character, recessed in two orders, with foliated capitals, whence spring
suits of deeply-cut mouldings. We have rarely seen anything better in
modem work.

Church of S. Edward the Confessor y Cambridge, 159

The roof has heen tiled throughout, and the tower, we are sorry to
say, whitewashed. Perhaps this is a little better than the old yellow
hue ; but if there was not money enough to remove the stucco, which
was laid on in 1735» among other *' beautifications," would it not have
been better to have left it as it was for a time ?

80 much for the alterations made to the fabric. We now proceed to
the fittings. And first we must congratulate Mr. Brandon on his very
simple but good internal porch, through which, as there was no room for
ftD external one, you now enter the church at the west end. We wish we
could say anything in favour of the seats which were designed and exe-
cuted by Mr. Bell, builder, Cambridge. It is painful to find fault with
a restoration in which we so heartily sympathize as this, but we cannot do
otherwise than express our strong opinion against the worst woodwork
perhaps ever introduced into a restored church. The seats are heavy,
clumsy, and poor in design, and larger than necessary, seeing that they
measure 3 ft. 6 in. in height, by 3 ft. 3 in. in width from back to back.
They have doors, which fasten inside with a button. The pulpit is of
fair design, but we think the old Jacobean one was better. It is placed
against the south side of the chancel-arch, and on the northern is a
reading-desk. We noticed that no seat was provided for the clergy-
man : if he sits at all, it must be upon the projecting mouldings, in the
angle between the chancel and nave arches. In front of this is — strange
feature in a restored church — an Amen Desk, of most portentous form.
It consists of a square frame, supported on uprights at each end of its
four comers ; and in one of its sides a hole of sufficient length has been
made to admit the Clerk ! There is absolutely nothing to mark the
separation of nave or chancel. Though so clearly defined by the archi-
tecture, no attempt has been made to carry on this definition in the fit-
tings, by screen, or step, or any other of the recognized modes. The
same system of '* pewing*' obtains in the chancel as elsewhere ; and
after passing through the narrow passage between the opposing fronts
of the pews, you come suddenly on the altar. One other feature of
these unfortunate seats remains to be noticed. It chanced that, among
the old pews, there was found a fragment of a standard : it consisted
of a polygonal shaft, which broadened outwards at the top, presenting
a flat surface, bordered with foliage, evidently intended to receive an
image. For some reason, best known to himself, the designer of the
woodwork has repeated this relic in various places, with an effect which
is strange, not to say ludicrous. A handsome corona has been sus-
pended from the roof of the chancel ; and the font restored to its proper
place under the west tower. The organ stands at the east end of the
north aisle.

Altogether, those who remember the church in its old state have
good cause to be glad at the improvements made : we only wish that
more care bad been taken to avoid blunders, as we hope will be the
case in any future work that may be undertaken. The windows in the
aisles, and the exterior of the tower need restoration much ; and when
the houses which now abut on the north-east aisle are removed, a good
deal will have to be done there also.

160

GREAT S. MARY'S, CAMBRIDGE.

Thb following paper by the Rev. H. R. LuarcU tbe new incambenl ol
Great S. Mary's, Cambridge, is important enough for us to reprint it,
with every hope that it may lead to the thorongih reiftoratioB of IIm
church : —

" Benutrks on the preMent condiium and proposed Restoration ^ the Cimrek ^

Great S, Mary***

*' In tbe year 1493, when S. Mary'« church was stifl unfinished, ' the weA
of the goTeming body of the Univertily led them to hire three horses si s
charge of twenty shilJines, and send foriii the proctors with letters writtea
expressly by the Vicar of Trumpington, who received Ss. Sd. for his labotf,
to G«>Uect for the church ; yet when they returned after three weeks' abseafSi
galled and jaded with their long excursion, they must have had the mortifksa*
tion of reporting their journey a complete failure ; for unoe five pounds, two
shillings, and two pence farthing was all that was furnished by the University
this year from every source, small indeed must have been the sum they suc-
ceeded in gathering." The committee that has now existed for some three or
four years for the restoration of the church has not been ooite so unfortnnsts
as the proctors of 1493 ; they, however, have not as yet been able to coUeel
the sum required to carry out the proposed plans ; what thev have obtsined
still falling very far short of that amount. For liberally as the call has beea
responded to in many quarters, this is by no means the case in all : and the
appeal has not met with that general support which at first every one expected
would be the case.

" It is felt that the present halting state of the snbscri{^ion is not credittK
ble to the University, nor satisfsctory in any point of view ; and the eosi*
mittee are again exerting themselves to obtain a promise of the som reqnirsd
to carry out Mr. Scott's plan. In tbe mean time, I venture to put forward
the following remarks, with the hope that they nwy have some effect on sll
into whose hands they come.

*' I propose to consider the present condition of S. Mary's, first, as a parish,
and, secondly, as the University church.

** I. Without insisting too strongly on ecclesiastical propriety, it ia not to*
much to assume that a material church must satisfy the requisites wfaieh ths
XlXth Article speaks of as belonging to the visible church ; namely, thst it
is a building where in the presence of the congregation the Word of God
can be preaoied, and the Sacraments duly administered. Of these the former
can certainly be done in S. Mary*s church — the second is impossible. Ths
font has been driven out of the church, and now stands in a comer under tbe
staircase leading to the doctors' gallery, where baptisms are administered ia
tbe presence of the three or four persons immediately concerned, instead of
in the presence of the congregation, which is thus absolutely impossible. St
also with the Holy Communion : if there be only a small number of coumu-
nicants, there is room for them in the chancel ; but if there are many, or if
any remain in their seats, they cannot hear the service, unless the officiatiag
clergyman read in a voice so loud as to be very unsuitable for that solemn
ordinance, besides very distressing to himself. I have learnt that till very
recentlv the first nart of the Communion Service was almost alwa]^ read
from the reading-desk ; that this should be posrible in Cambrid^ seams a
state of things, odling loudly for a remedy. And» indeed, though it

* Yenables.

Great 8, Mary^s, Cambridge. 161

aly care in the managemeDt of the voice for the clergyman to make himielf
card from the Communion Table, it vet would be very trying for a persod
\ weak lungs ; and the sight presented to one officiating there of the back of
le doctors* gallery in all its hideous deformity, while he catches faint glimpses
f the congregation through the arches, is as dismal and disheartening a^ can
ell be imagined.

*' We have heard of some persons objecting to rood-screens, as in a flight
ctent depriving the congregation of a full view of the chancel and the scr-
ees performed there ; what then must we not think of the whole being
ocked up by a gallery, which, as far as the congregation is concerned, is ab-
dutely useless, and which must convey to a careless observer the ideas of
Ifishness and luxury ?

** II. The University church ought to be as perfect a church as the country
ji show, a model in its arrangements, to which its members might refer
ith pride, from which every one might gain ideas of what ecclesiastical ar-
Bgement ought to be, which would bear fruit in future, when he comes to
ive a church of his own. What the case is I will describe in the words of
te late Archdeacon Hare : ' Unfortunately a Cambridge man may deem him-
\t sanctioned in any licence he may choose to indulge in, by the strangely
lomalous arrangement in S. Mary's ; where the chancel is concealed from
ew by the seat m which the heads of houses and professors turn their backs
1 the Lord's Table.' What the effect must be, and has been, on many of
ir undergraduates is but too obvious. S. Mary's is in some respects scarcely
igarded as a church at all ; and could a stronger fact be brought forward
lan the name which this gallery has acquired — a name I am sorry to say I
ive heard used by persons high in authority in the University, by which
aoagh a profane wapoyofiatrla, this great blot of our University church
la been associated with that of the place where the most stupendous event
1 the world's history, the object of all our reverence, was consummated ?
.** But I have been told that some persons say, as regards the University, S.
r«ry*8 is not a church, but only a preaching-house. I would tell such per-
ns that they cannot degrade God's house into a mere preaching-house —
hat it a church must always remain so. If the preaching of sermons were
s only use, it would be better for us to have them in the senate-house, where
e should have the building entirely to ourselves, and in no way be troubled
xnit room. But there are other University services. The attendance at
ir Litanies, so poor at present, would surely be improved, were the church
; all approximating to what it should be : and I cannot but think that were
B to follow the example of Oxford in be^nniog each Term, or at least each
isdeoiical year, in all of us as a University receiving the Holy Communion
igether ^which, I believe, was formerly the case also at Cambridge), we
Kwld gam strength for our annual work in a way which would have a
•rked effect on the whole year's course.

" Now of course the great sin of the present arrangement lies at the door
r the University — this gallery was put up solely for their fancied convenience,
id even at the time in defiance of considerable remonstrance. Formerly
le Vioe-ChanceUor sat ' in the first stall on the south side under the screen,
id the heads of colleges according to their seniority in the University, by
im on the same side. The noblemen, bishops, and other doctors and pro-
tsaors in the stalls on the north side, according to their dignity and crea-
on.'* It is now only a century since the present gallery was erected (1757*)
; is then surely incumbent on the colleges as corporate bodies to do their
at in remedying the evil. If each college would subscribe but £100, the
Olds the committee would then have would be ample for the restoration,
one eoUeges I am glad to see already in the list ot subscribers. I should
s indeed rejoiced if &ese words were the means of inducing the rest to come

> Cole's MSS. from Vensbles.

TOL. ZXI. T

162 Memorial Church at CanBtaniinople.

forward. From the ample inoomet so many of our foandationa enjov and the
liberal way in which all achemet for good are uaoally promoted by them, it is
surely not too much to look for aid in a matter like thia, eioae at home, lir
more cr3ring out for remedy than most of thoae at a diatanoe, and for whidi
the University is itself responsible.

" But while I hope for the support of the corporate bodiea, it ia not tiie
less necessary to appeal to individual members of the Univerahr ; it is a mat-
ter surely concerning every one, and to which no one ought to consider
himself excused from the duty of subscribing to the best of hia meana.

" And let me say a few words to the parii£ionerB of Great S* Marjr^s. It is
surely your duty in an especial way to promote by all meana in your power
the restoration of your church. All-important as it is to the University, it is
an absolute necessity to the parish, in order that our aervieea may be per-
formed with decency. And the parish cannot be said to be free frooi bfaune
in the matter; had the churehwardens and parishionera done their dntyia
1757, we never could have had our ehaneel blocked up. I believe noduag
would so strengthen the hands of the restoration committee as a liberal cqb-
tribution from the parishioners.

" Many other points might be urged— the noble ehnrch it ia in oar power
to have, the amount of additional room gained, &e. Bat these vrHl anggest
themselves to all. I cannot but think Uiat if it were generally known how
much the parish has been suffering for the last century in eonsequeoee of
what the University has done to the church, that there would be s strosger
feeling among members of the University to remedy the evil. How moA
the University has suffered is obvious to all. I do truat that tbia sesdemieal
year will not be suffered to draw to its elose without the proposed restoratios
being actually begun ; and that Cambridge may be cleared from the divraee
of having for its University and principal town church, one whiefa haalMca
well described as ' a model of everything a church ought not to be.' ^

MEMORIAL CHURCH AT CONSTANTINOPLE.

Wb have the satisfaction of announcing that this national enterprise it
at length to be really commenced. The long ddaya which have oc«
curred have been the result of circumstances, political and otherwise,
over which the committee had no control. We are also glad to report,
that although Mr. Surges* design has been necessarily reduced from
the one which carried off the prize in the competition, yet that its
main characteristic features have been preserved. The cruciform ground-
plan, and the open apse with the ambulatory around it, are to fbro
features of the completed building. The nave will be of three bays.
The clerestory is dispensed with, but the triforium retained ; which,
with the barrel vault, will give the church that speluncar appearance,
which we have so often and so strongly urged as the desirable system
for a hot, bright climate.

The contractor, we hear, will undertake to finish the church bj
May 1. 1863.

163

M. STATZ AND GERMAN ECCLESIOLOGY.

OuB readers are well acquainted with the name of M. Statz of Cologne
as one of the leading architects who have contributed by their works
and their teaching to the Ecclesiological moTement in Germany, and
we have already had the opportunity of noticing two of his churches
from engravings. Thanks to his kindness we are now enabled to intro-
duce a large collection of his works to England contained in a hand-
tome folio volume, entitled " Recueil d'Eglises et de Constructions re-
ligieuaes dans le styl Gothique. par Vincent Statz." M. Statz has
also sent to as photographs and engravings of some other of his works,
with tome of which we shall commence. As M. Statz*s competitive
design for the votive church at Vienna (a building of cathedral cha-
racter) is a work of some years' date, and was unsuccessful in the com-
petition* we shall not discuss it at length. But from our recollection
of the successful and second designs (which we noticed at the time)
we should say that this tender — in German Middle- Pointed, like the
others — ^is fully equal to them. We pass to the new cathedral at Linz,
IB Western Austria, which is in the course of actual construction,
(with what speed and resources we cannot tell,) and here we recognize
a atnicture which in plan, size, and arrangements, resembles the
diorches of the Middle Ages. The style is Middle-Pointed. A sub-
vaolted west steeple is flanked with apsidal chapels, north and south
(according to modem Roman use,) for font and catechizing. The
nave is of six bays, with single aisles, returned at the transepts with
another bay, the transepts themselves projecting laterally with a second
bay. The choir proper is of three bays, with double aisles and sacris-
ties beyond. The apse comprises five bays in the internal periphery,
bnt it so arranged that the procession -path is fringed by seven apsidal
chapels ; the two most western on each side being of three bays, and
the two next angular, while the lady-chapel projects from a square
pronaos.

There is a single western steeple, rising from a tower, square up to
a little above the level of the roof-ridge, when it becomes octagonal,
with angle flying buttresses at each bay, converging on pinnacles at
the Honr angles of the tower. By this arrangement the vertical con-
tinuity is well preserved. Each face of the octagon has a long two-
light window. The octagonal spire grows out of an arcading and a
ooional of low gablets and has a crown-like gallery near the top. It is
of aolid work, crocketed up the angles, and surmounted, according
to the nncommendable national custom, with a crop in lieu of a
croee. Upon the whole it is an able composition, and reproduces
German characteristics with great sobriety. The west door is double,
with tmmeau and square lintels, the tympanum being filled with
groups. There are also small doors into the west chapels, llie aisle-
windows are of four lights, as well as those of the clerestory, except in
the apsCt where they are of three, the choir chapel- windows being of
two lights, except in the square part of the lady-chapel, to which ^ree

164 M. Statz and German EccUnology.

bays are given. Large windows, in which the rose is prominent, £11 the
transept facades, and there is also a western rose. Internally the pil-
laers all through are circular, with sparsely foliaged capitals. The ardi-
mouldings have an English look. A gallery, like the one in the choir
of Lichfield, supplies the place of the triforium. The vaulting-shafti
spring from the summits of the capitals, and are csmried up the pieit
which divide the bays of the gallery. The vaulting is simple sezpartite
all through ; the lantern, (surmounted with a tourelle,) being vanlted tt
the height of the main building. The main longitudinal vaulting-line ii.
we need hardly say, curvilinear. A crypt extends under the choir. The
roof-parapet is extended round the transept-gable and lady-chapel. The
nave aisle-roofs are leans-to; those of the choir-aisles are hipped
gables. The fittings are of course ecclesiologicaU Altogether tiib
design, making allowance for certain specific Oermanisms, has a very
po96 English look about it, and claims our praise for its proportiofuand
general dignity. Had we seen it without the author's name we sboald
have thought it the work of some Englif^ architect of the Pugin-Car-
penter school before the rise of the early French fashion, designing for
German use, rather than the production of a native artist.

The new parish church at Ostrog, near Ratisbon, is a large cruci-
form structure, with a western steeple, rising into an octagonal spire,
and a central fleche possesses flying buttresses indicating vaulting. We
have already described the exterior of the new church at Kevelear, nesr
Munster. We do not think a design for Dessau, which shows a short
broad nave, with a span roof, so successful.

M. Statz's volume, which is a publication de luxe, gives in sixty-fire
plates with accompanying letterpress the designs of eighteen churches
and chapels, some of them built, or to be built, a few of them only in
design. The majority of these buildings are parish churches, of abont
the same mark and capacity mutatis mutandis as those parish churches
which mostly occupy the attention of our ecclesiological architects.
The plans, except where some local obstacle intervenes, are constructed
upon too uniform a model, arising, perhaps, from the necessity of
groining in every case. A western steeple, placed centrally, seems de
rigueur, and almost every church presents a short apsidal chanceL
The style throughout is Middle- Pointed, with an eclectic adaptatioB
of Romanesque frequently apparent on the steeples. Aisles are geee-
rally given and occasionsJly a clerestory. • The material is sometiiDes
brick and at other times stone.

The two designs which pleased us most are precisely the two in
which M. Statz has had to deal with local obstacles, and so has been
driven to an original handling of his ground-plan. At Nieder Mem£g,
an ancient Romanesque church, of architectural and historical valoe,
had to be preserved. This little building, noticeable for its square east
end, lies to the south-east, abutting against the choir and lantern, so
as to fill up the space which would have been occupied by the soodi
transept and south choir-aisle ; and in M. Statz's own words, '* as the
ancient tower is still in good preservation, it was useless to append one
to the new building. In compensation (en revanche) a spacious porch ,
has been made in fi-ont of the church." No English architect woold

Af. Statz and German Ecclesiology, 165

:en in so apologetic a tone of the retention of an ancient
rbia old tower, surmounted by a Susses -like broach, and the
lurch have been cleverly dove-tailed on to the eastern bay
th nave-aisle, which touches at its east end the west end of
nave-aisle of the old building. The west end shows a large
vindow over a double portal, with two pedimented heads,
niliarity of the conditions of the church to be built at Com-
e existence of an old Romanesque west tower, which, with a
:he east, circumscribed the length of the building. Accor-
: building is laid out with a very broad plan. M. Statz, we
ve, is most creditably distinguished through this series of
>r having steered clear of the later German exaggerations of
sry, thin pillars, over-complicated groining, &c., in which '
loff and his school are so fond of indulging. Indeed, the
pirit which we noticed in his cathedral of Linz occasionally

in his smaller works. We should say that his style would
r improved by a study of our English country churches, from

would learn so many lessons of that free hand which our
architects brought to bear upon their lesser designs.
ro chapels at Neustadt Eberswald and Coblenti should be
s being both built upon the same plan, a nave of two bays,
Iripartite vaulting, and a small square chancel, with octo-
alting, and square-ended. To judge by the west elevations,
i alone given, one is carried out in First, and the other in
>inted. In each case there is a west beU- gable. They bear a
ambiance to our cemetery chapels, and are, we suppose, in-
' a similar use. The chapel for a noble family (site not in-
composed of a nave and apse, would be improved if it were
^'irst- Pointed. As it is, the broad trefoiled windows, without
to the first, cannot lay claim to appertain to the second style.
:h to be built " in the province of Prussia " strikes us as one
Bt pleasing of the minor designs. The plan is cruciform, with-
, broad and apsidal, groined, of course; and the peculiarity
n the bold simplicity in which the entire building is carried
iJc, windows included. The windows of the apse are lancets,
he transepts and nave triplets and couplets are inserted, with
iles in the head, all plainly chamfered.

\ designs of painted glass, grisaille of a pleasing though not
character, are given. The new hospital at Eschweiler, in a
engraving, is the weakest work of M. Statz which has come
r notice. The modern windows of the main block do not
th the pure Gothic chapel ; and the palpable modernisms of
ts of the house are so salient, as to overbear its medieval

anot part with this most interesting collection, and its able
ithout expressing the wish that we may often have the oppor-
noticing other works of his design. Parallel, yet distinct,
oglish, French, and German ecclesiological movements are,
it to compare notes more frequently than they have been in
of doing.

166

THE LATE SIR CHARLES BARRY.

Wb borrow a notice of our late diatingoished honoraiy member. Sir
G. Barry, from the Saturday Review. We should, as ecdesiologists, call
further attention to his church at Hurstpierpoint, as well as to those
early ones at Islington, which display a dignity of outline often wantiag
in the later more correct works of other architects. We underrtssd
that Sir Charles Barry was the strenuous upholder of correct arrai^-
ment in the restoration of S. Paul's.

" The death of Sir Charles Barry, at a moment when he appeared in tbe
full enjoyment of life and intellect, is a severe public, no less than an artistie
loss. We are glad to learn that his claims as one of the worthies of the age
are to be recognised by a public funeral and a resting-place beneath tbe viidt
of Westminster Abbey. Full records of the life of this distinguished aidiiteet
will, we doubt not, soon be ready ; but, in the meanwhile, we desire to offer
our estimate of his character and performances in the heyd^ of his profes-
sional success. As the newspapers have told us, Sir Charles Barry died in his
sixty-fifth year. In his early hfe — those being the literary days of

The travelled Thane, Athenian Aberdeen —

he visited Greece and Egypt, and in due time found fiune and emplojiBeBt st
a somewhat interesting crisis of our architectural history. The paie Giesk
school of the early days of our century — a school fostered by tiie politicd in*
pediments of the first French Empire, which drove our wealthy traTellers to
make their grand tour in the Levant — had begun insensibly to unbend into a
hardly yet acknowledged eclecticism, the nurse of the Gothic Renaissaoce.
Savage's mediaeval church at Chelsea not undeservedly attracted mndi atten-
tion and favour. John Britton was in the full ehullition of his manifold pub-
lications. Mr. Tite, then a young man, assured his position by the twin towcn
of his Scotch Church in Regent's Square. Thomas Hope, the oar exeeOmoe
Grecian of some years before, had been quietly working out in his study that
brilliant sketch of the origin of Romanesque and Gothic architecture whidi
has been, since its posthumous publication, a text-book for twenty-five yeark
Professor Wilkins was actually employed in adding Gothic courts to the old
Colleges of Cambridge, while slowly raising the fragmentary peristyles of
Downing. All this while, the compact phalanx of the rigid ckssioal mk
ItaUaoizing architects looked solemnly askance at these manifestatkms of a
ntew spirit, so rebellious against academic precedent. What wonder that
Barry, who honestly avowed himself an eclectic down to the last hour of hit
life, should have, on the one side, powerfully aided that Gothic moTemeat
which had not yet put out its full strength^ and, on the other, have given to
Italian (for he was too practical to attempt to acclimatise Grecian) some ^ its
most graceful modern successes. The church at Brighton and the sebool si
Birmingham proved how much of digni^ there was in the old arehiteetnre of
England, even as practised in what we should now term days of infaney aad
darkness ; while tne Travellers' Club will always be quoted as a triumph of
simple elegance, arising neither from size nor ornament, but from a just and
beautiful proportion. An accident then placed such an opportunity in Sir
Charles Barry's hands as no architect ever had since a similar disaster gave to
Wren the rebuilding of S. Pauls, and of the whole city. The Exehcxpier td-
lies being over-heated destroyed the Houses of Pariiament, and thb led to tbe
great competition in which Barry was triumphant. Thenceforward, his paUie

The hie Sir Charles Barry. 167

s identified with the slow upreariDg of that gigantic pile on the hanks
Thames.

is luideniahle that Sir Charles Barry has not heen for many years popu-
h officials ; bat we are not inclined to think the worse of him on that
It. He was through life a man of large and expansive ideas, and of re-
determination to carry out those ideas ; and, as might be supposed, he
•ntinually in collision alike with the red-tape victims and the economic

of supply-nights. Season after season, accordingly, a raid at Sir
m Barry was a sure card for a little cheap popularity in the House of
tons. The cost had run up from hundreds of thousands in 1835, to
IS in about a quarter of a century; and the accommodation in the
! of Commons was not sufficient for the members. There was, unfor^
ly, too much foundation for the second of these charges. Sir Charles
•mmitted errors of calculation, of which his enemies were not slow to
the most. But the whole framework of vituperation built upon the ez-
r the expenditure over the estimate was one for which, in fairness, the
!ct could not be personally blamed, and which came most ungenerously
he mouths of that assembly which had been all along participators in
tlinr, and in the means of its being contracted. When the competition
; Houses of Parliament was started, in 1834, the course courageously
^d by Sir Robert Peel — then, happily, for a short time Minister — was
very much in the dark. Our architects, just weaned from their classic
riasm, were called upon at very short notice to furnish designs, not in
ic,' as is commonly supposed, but in ' Tudor or Elizabethan' — that is,
in the most costly and least satisfactory form of Gothic, or in the style
iional between Gothic and Renaissance. Out of these competitors
was, in the opinion alike of judges and of the public, facile princeps ;
et his prize design, in its first conception, embodied a great mistake —
laptation of Tudor forms to an Italian mass. Time rolled on, and the
Gothic Renaissance came into existence, owing in a great degree to this
ompetition. Barry was not the man to cling to an inferior and anti-
1 design from false shame or blindness to the movement of the age.
txrld was learning its lesson, and he conned over that lesson with the

The original characteristics of the Tudor variety of Gothic, as under-
in 1834, could not be eliminated. The critic is still pained by the su-
ity of labour expended in the vast repetition of costly, but shallow,
e ornamentation, and the long sweep of monotonous internal groining,
le flat, tame sky-line has disappeared — the lofty steeples, steep roof, and
netaUic cresting, mark and vary the outline. In the meanwhile, too, a
general and a purer taste for painting had possessed the public mmd,
iie International Competitive Exhibition of Cartoons in Westminster
faa evoked to furnish men and subjects for the decoration of the ' Palace
atminster.' This development of bis idea stimulated the architect to re-
: exertions ; while, to add to the calls upon the national purse, the varied
^oet of Gothic art in its subsidiary branches — wood-carving, ^lass-paint-
oetal-work, enamelled tiles, and so forth — fostered by Pugm's genius
itfausiasm, became successively known and fashionable, and for the dis-
f cieh of them on the grandest scale the Legislative Pfdace presented of
t the appropriate field. Then came the ventilation episode, when Sir
» Barry, with so much spirit, refused to act as whipping boy to an au-
s empiric. Over the miserable dispute as to the nationfu remuneration
» the man who had given the best vears of his life to the perfection of
>ble and gigantic pile, we draw a veil. Now that Barry is removed from
ollieC, the world may cheaply afford to be just, and to own that, with all
orteomingt which just critical taste or captious antagonism can find in
tails or t£e mass of the work — in sjute or the diaadvantag^e of the pri-
des of die style in which it was bnilt having been revolutionized in the

168 Archaologia Cambrenria.

course of its progrets— yet the Palace of Weatmintter atanda alone and match-
less in Europe among the architectural monuments of thia busy age. From
the border of the Thames, from S. James's Park, or Waterloo Place, from
Piccadilly, or the bridge across the Serpentine, the spectacle of that large
square tower, of the central needle, and nur away of the more fantastic Befrm
— all grouping at every step in some different combination — stamp the whole
building as the massive conception of a master mind.

*' We shall not lengthen this notice by recapitulating the other works which
Sir Charles Barry has created in later years. We will simply commemorate
the fact that it was he who recast the Treasury, and that the Royal Academy
was looking to him to design its new abode. He will live to posterity identr-
iied with the Palace of Westminster, and in the aspect of its creator we prefer
to regard him. MuUis iUe bonis flehHis occidit — his kindnesa of heart, hii
hearty humour, his strong good sense, his ready resources, conciliated to bioi
the regard and respect of honest and impartial men. His help and hia advice
were always ready when lesser men would have screened their refoaal voder
the plea of professional etiquette ; and, up to the very moment of hia dooeafc,
his active mind was deeply engaged in a generous and gratuitous lidxiar of
love— advising in that most important undertaking, the restoration of the ia-
terior of S. Paul's Cathedral. Indeed, his death at this time, when he was
gradually retiring from the more active pursuit of his profession, was, in one
respect, as great a loss as if he had been carried off in the height of his more
youthful labours. At a moment when the battle of the styles is mnning the
risk of creating an odium architectonicum — and when the pemicions heresy is
blossoming in influential quarters, that the dignity, the ornament, and the con-
venience of a metropolis are no concern of a great nation and an Impeiisl
Legislature — we cannot well afford to miss the man who, from his positioB,
talents, and age, could speak upon architectural questions with aomewhat of
the authority of a Nestor."

ARCHiEOLOGIA CAMBRENSIS.

Thb April number of this work contains, as usual, several articles of ooo-
siderable archseological interest, and fiilly maintains the high reputadoo
which this journal has acquired as the exponent of Welsh archaeology.
It contains a continuation of Mr. O. T. Clark's elaborate history of the
Earls, Earldom, and Castle of Pembroke ; a survey of the Camps of
Cam Goch, Carmarthenshire ; an excellent paper on some of the euriy-
inscribed stones of Wales, read at the Cardigan meeting in August,
1 859 ; and a notice of some curious Celtic arms and ornaments found
in the cognate region of Brittany in 1846.

Nor is there an entire deficiency of articles bearing upon ecdesio-
^^SY * ^^^ ^^ have a very interesting one on the parish of Yspytty I£ui,
with notice of its church, formerly connected with the Hospitallers of
Wales, now rebuilt after much mutilation, and illustrated by engravings
of some ancient sepulchral effigies.

There is ako notice of a curious round tower in Brittany* in the
neighbourhood of a ruined chapel.

We find also much, both in the correspondence and in the reviewi^
that will repay reading; amongst the latter especially one on dM
ancient Cornish drama.

1C9

THE ECCLESIOLOGY OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

(Continued from page 7 1 ,J

But this is perhaps digressing, so I will proceed to my next subject,
sepulchral memorials, and in these also we rank very high in Cam-
bridgeshire, whether as regards their number, interest, or workmanship.
Indeed Ely cathedral alone contains a most interesting and elaborate
series of every age, from the unique and beautiful Saxon example re-
presenting S. Michael bearing a soul to heaven, down to that in the course
of erection to the memory of that " true son of our dear mother/' whose
pfmise is in the Churches, our late learned and beloved president. Dr.
Mill. But as an account of these would alone exceed the limits of a
paper, and as they are, moreover, well known and easily accessible, I
shsU confine myself to a brief glimpse of a few of the more noteworthy
remaining in our country churches. If I am addressing any who have
never visited Little Shelford church, I advise them to take it in their
next " constitutional." if only to see and admire the exquisite Christian
monament of Sir John Freville. who died in 1313. He lies under a
beaotiful canopy, on the north side of the chancel, with his hands
joined in prayer, his legs crossed, and a lion at his feet ; the inscription
in Lombardic characters, to which I shall hereafter refer, is carved on
a slab of granite at the back of the arch ; had it been in brass, probably
it would long ere this have been rifled from its socket. Spme where
about the same date is another fine, though sadly mutilated, monument
in the same position, in the secluded church of Rampton, to a knight
of the De lisle family ; he is clad in mail with a surcoat, his sword
half drawn, and a lion at his feet. Stothard has engraved this inter-
esting tomb in his Series of Monumental EflSgies. Isleham church
contains an interesting succession of monuments, chiefly to members
of the Peyton family, from a cross-legged effigy, dating early in the
14th century down to a late brass towards the end of the 1 6th. At
Borough Green, against the north wall of the chancel are three beau-
tifol high tombs, richly canopied, supporting recumbent figures of the
14th century, to knights of the De Burgh family ; and Hildersham
possesses two curious and rare effigies, carved in wood, about the time
of Edward II., beautifully executed, representing a cross-legged knight
drawing his sword, and his lady. At Tadlow there is a slab of white
marble with an incised figure of a lady upon it, and an inscription
round the edge; date 1493; and at Lolworth is a similar one. with
two ladies incised upon it. of rather earlier date — the inscription gone ;
these are the only examples of this style of monument in Cambridge-
shire ; they are not often found away from the marble districts, where
they are common. There is no lack of the monuments known as coped
coffin lids, with crosses of various characters carved upon them in relief;
a very ancient one supposed to be of Saxon date was dug up a few
years ago on the site of Cambridge castle — one, well known for its in-
teresting inscription to one of the nuns of S. Rhadegund, is in Jesus

TOL. XXI. z

170 The Ecelemhgy. of Cambridgeihire.

College chapel. There are four at the east end of Balsham choidi ;
three very beautiful ones sacrilegiously removed from the church, are
used so as to form part of the coping of the wall of Chestertoti church-
yard. There are numerous other examples as at Orwell, Ramptoo,
lAudbeach, Homiogsea, Sawston» and Gherryhlnton, dating from the
12th to the 14th century, and often exhibiting much grace and beauty in
the variety of foliated crosses which adorn ti^em. llie stody of moon-
mental brasses is so popular, and the finest examples to wdl Imown, that
I need scarcely dwell upon this part of my subject. It is admitted that
few counties are richer than our own in these very interesting memo-
rials ; few can boast of finer examples than those at TrumptDgloo and
Fulboum ; the Sleaford and Blodwell brasses at Balsham ; the Braiift-
atoB brass at Wisbeach, and others at Westley Waterleaa, Wood
Ditton, and Isleham. I just mention a small one at Swaffham BulbadL,
on account of the inscription, which commences with "Orate pro
mortuis quia pium est," a form which I have never met with elsewhere.
One memorial I cannot pass over, though it can hardly be called a
sepulchral memorial, as die person commemorated was probably living
when it was erected : but if only for the good example that it sets, and
the spirit of extended charity which it breathes, it deserves a record
in our Cambridgeshire Ecdesiology. This is an inscription carved in
relief, and running all round the cornice of the beautiful timber roof of
Isleham church to this effect —

" Pray for the good prosperitie of Crystofer Peyton and Elis^. his wyfc^
and for the sowle of Thomas Pevton tqwyer, and Maigaret hvs wyf. Fader
and Moder of the sayde Crystofer Pejrton, and for the sowles of aU the
ancestrie of the seyde Crystofer Peyton, qwych dyd mak tfays rofis in the
yere of our Lord, 1495, beyinge the X yere of kynge Heny the VII.''

Among the many signs of improvement in church matters for whieh
we have now to be thankful, none are more cheering than the revival
amongst us of these forms of commemoration in lien of the paganiaa
of past generations. 1 can scarcely avoid mentioning that we bavt
several very fine examples of those Post-Reformation table monaments,
, for the most part carved in alabaster, costly and elaborate, ogly and
incongruous. Thus at Long Stanton, All Saints, is a very fine one, la
better taste than could have been expected, to Sir Thomas Hatton, and
lady. In Teversham church, one very similar, to Sir Edward Steward.
Others, all of the 17th century, are at Longstowe, Fulboome, and Land-
wade ; while of the 18th century we have huge examples at BottishsM
and Babraham, with the usual display of skulls and cherubs, tordMS
and urns : the principal figures standing, sitting, or lounging, gentie-
men costumed as Roman warriors, ladies in a state of semi-nudity.

Before I leave the subject of monuments I most digress a little to
call attention to the inscription in old French on the ^ville tomb at
Little Shelford ; it is simple and humble, worthy of the brave and pms
knight who had borne arms against the Paynim ; it merely says, —

'' Here lies Sir John Freville, Loid of this vjlbge, ye who pass by, of
charity pray for his souL"

Thi BeeUtiology of Cambridjieihire* 171

Pour bundred yean later the descendaat of a bishop of Ely was in-
terred in the adjoining church of Oreat Shelford ; hear her epitaph : —

** To the loved memory of my dear sister, Mary Redman, a young genteal
woman, enriched above her age with all maidenly virtues, whom too hasty
death in the prime of her youth pluckt at a fair flower from the face of the
earthy to stick in the bosom of heaven."

I need not remark upon the contrast Only be it remembered, the
fonner ahowa the taste and feeling of the Dark Ages ; the latter of the
crm of '* Ghneat George onr King." Pardon me for adding here one
more epitaph, copied by myself from the secluded churchyard of Wood
Ditton, a« a specimen of something still more modem ; it is on a
eoBunon headstone, into the top of which is let an oblong tin pan.
Tbea oome the name and dates, foUowed by this effusion : —

" Here lies my corpse who was the man
That loved a sop in the dripping pan.
But now beUeve me I am dead,
And here the pan stands at my head.

** Still to the last for sop I cried,
But could not eat and therefore died ;
How my neighbours all will laugh,
When they read my epitaph."

La^crous as this may be, it is sad to think of the Ux state of clerical
•upenrision which could allow such an inscription to be erected within
tlie walla of a Christian graveyard.

But to return. No one who has studied our Cambridgeshire Eccle-
■iology can avoid being struck with the paucity of the original stained
glass now remaining ; with the glorious exception of King's College
ehap^ there is not enough in the whole county to fill a dozen windows.
Brai Bly cathedral, which no doubt was once, as it will be again, filled
with storied windows richly dight, has not a square foot of medinval
glass left. But when one reads the journal of that sacrilegious scoundrel.
Will Dowsing, the wonder is, that even the few fragments now in ex-
istence have come down to us, so thoroughly does that worthy seem to
baye done his work, which he evidently gloats over as a labour of love.
Leferington, perhaps owing to its out of-the-way position, has more
mnains than any other church in the county. At the east end of the
aorth aide is a fine Jesse window nearly perfect, of Early Perpendicular
glass ; the divisions between the figures as usual being formed of vine
bnnehes. In a south chancel window there is also a very fine figure of
Oor Lady of Pity, with the Dead Chbist in her lap ; a knight and his
lady kneel on eiUier side of her ; over one is a scroll with the legend,

** Jesa ficom sin make us firee, for John's love that baptized Thee ;"
and over Che other,

" Lady lead us all from harm, to Him that lay dead in thy barm" —
that is» in thy lap. At Tmmpington church the interesting Decorated

172 J^e EccUsiology of Cambridge$hir^.

glass with the carious arms of Edmund Crouchback is well knowiL
Haslingfield has some rich borders and heraldic glass ; and Foztoa tome
fragmentary pattern glass of the same date. Of 1 5th century glass
there are remains of a fine series of Apostles and Saints at Landwade.
especially an exquisite figure of S. Margaret. Thriplow and Land*
beach also contain good fragments of this period.

Of course the emblem of our redemption and common Christiimty
could not fail to excite the ire of a wretch like Dowsing, and so to him
we are indebted for the wholesale destruction of our churchyard crosses.
I am not aware that a perfect one remains in the county, but numerooi
steps and broken shafts testify how preyalent the custom onoe was, far
the faithful dead to sleep beneath the shadow of the cross. In our own
neighbourhood there may be found mutilated crosses in the churchyards
of Granchester, Little Wilbraham, Cherry Hinton, IJttle Sbelfotd,
Landwade, and many others. Of village and wayside crosses I have
notes of four, tolerably perfect, and there are probably more : the best
in the county is at Streatham, near Ely. There is also a good one at
March, and others at Coton and Sawston. At the west end of the
north aisle of Ely cathedral there is preserved what is apparently part
of the shaft of a cross with an inscription commemorating Ovinus, the
steward of S. Etheldreda : — this was removed from Haddenham.

There are ample materials for a most interesting paper on the wood-
work remaining in our Cambridgeshire churches. It is so very abundaot,
and of such excellent design and workmanship, that 1 have no doubt
from the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries a most flourishing school
of wood- carving existed in this district, as there are very few churches
entirely destitute of examples. At Haslingfield are three very fine esrly
Decorated roofs : there is one of the same date at Over, and a very beau-
tiful pulpit at Fulboume, dating about 1330. Of course we cannot
compete, either in number or enrichment, with Norfolk and Suffolk, in
those glorious productions of East- Anglian skill, the foliated hammer-
beam Perpendicular roofs, perhaps, the very perfection of wood-carving.
We have, covering the nave at March, one of the richest and most
elaborate of this class of roof, and very handsome ones also remain at
Elm, Emneth, and Isleham. Many good examples of other varieties of
Perpendicular roofs exist, as at Toft, Landbeach, Willingham, Wilburtoo,
Burwell, and Fordham ; while good pulpits of the same date are to be
found at Hauxton, Fen Ditton, and Landbeach. A remarkable double
roodscreen, perfect in all respects — one of the finest 1 have ever sMt
with, — exists at Guilden Morden : the details are of beautiful Decorated
character ; the original painting and gilding are in good preservation ; in
the panels are figures of saints and bishops, and a long Latin inscription
is carried along the top. There is no perfect roodloft in the county. Of
parcloses and screens without lofts there is an abundance ; — several of
Decorated workmanship, as at Haslingfield, Thriplow, Chippenham,
Wentworth, Bottisbam, and Cheveley ; and excellent Third-Pointed ex-
amples are at Gamlingay. Hauxton, Bourne, Teversham, Willln^am,
and Soham. Of open seats the remains are so plentiful that it is al-
most an exception to find a country church without some traces of
these witnesses to a better and more religions state of church arrange-

The Towers of Llandaff Cathedral 178

tnent than our system has developed. There are too many examples even
for me to make a selection ; but of those within a walking distance, I
would just name Comberton as having a nave filled with some of the
best and richest designs I have ever met with ; Fulboume and Cherry
Hinton, also close at hand, have some very good examples. Stalls re-
main in the chancels of many of those churches which retain their
(^n seats, and several have richly carved misereres ; I have notes of
Upwards of thirty churches in which they are to be found — those of
Balsham, Burwell, Soham, and Isleham, being amongst the finest.
Alas ! that with such good examples before us, we will not go and do
Likewise. Alas ! that here, from whence the celebrated canon against
the pew system was launched, from the very spot from which 1 am now
addressing you, just nineteen years ago, that here less progress has
been made than in any other part of England in sweeping away these
evidences of the mammon of unrighteousness ; and alas ! that with aU
the many advantages of this place, it should remain for Cambridge
in the year of grace 1859, to perpetuate many of the evils of this
objectionable system in the enclosed pews and pewed up chancel which
now disfigure the church of S.Edward the Confessor! Mr. Disraeli
has stated that we shall never get a really good building in London
until we have hanged an architect ; and though I am not disposed to
rapport the extreme measures of the ex-Chancellor of the Exchequer,
I nevertheless think if we had the power of occasionally putting a
churchwarden in the pillory, we should soon see a marked improve-
ment in church restoration and arrangement !

(To he continued.)

THE TOWERS OF LLANDAFF CATHEDRAL.

To the Editor of the Ecclesiologist,

Sir, — In your No. CXXXVI., Feb. 1860, are two letters, containing
remarks upon my design for the new south tower of Llandaff Cathedral,
which was laid before the committee meeting of the Ecclesiological
Society, in May, 1859, by my partner, Mr. Seddon.

The one is from the pen of a member of the Oxford Architectural
Society^— the other is a reply from a member of the committee of the
Bcclesiological Society. The latter is so complete an answer to the
lonner, that it leaves me but little to say, but I will avail myself of
this opportunity to remove the erroneous impressions which have ap-
peared elsewhere, by proving I hope, that 1 have adopted the only
oonrse that was left open to me.

The facts are simply these. Originally the beautiful Early-Pointed
western gable was flanked by a north and a south tower of a type. and
character similar to itself, but of inferior treatment, — in general ex-
preaeion, probably not unlike Ripon.

The north tower was replaced in the 15th century by a stately,
tiioogb not very elegant, Third-Pointed structure. It has been de-
prifed of ite original pierced parapets, which I propose to restore.

174 Arekiiectural ExhUntums, 1860.

The Barly south tower, with the exception of a fragment of
has totally disappeared, which I attribute to the eotire absence of a
foundatioii, and the meagre support it received irom a low aogakr
buttress, of but slight projection at its south-west angle.

If we can rely upon the evidence of such a work aa Brown WiUis*%
this tower must have been very inferior to every other part of the
cathedral ; and this, coupled with the fact that a modiJieQiion of treit-
ment was involved by the employment of modem bottresaes aguMt
the wall of the south aisle, which were found necessary to inama tiie
stability of the whole structure, has fully justified me. I believe, in ay
humble attempt to design a tower which should be worthy of the ad*
joining gable.

I feel with all its weight the heavy responsibility of this bold mm^
sure, and I shall be grateful to the member of the Eodesiologioal
Society, or any other of your correspondents, (whose eyes may oiteh
my design, now being exhibited at the Royal Academy,) for their
friendly criticisms, which shall receive my best consideratioa.

I am confident that if the extreme beauty, purity, simplicity, sad
elegance of this cathedral were better known, for the sake oi architee*
ture if from no higher motive, its restoration would have been pro-
moted by extraneous ud to a much greater extent than it has yet
been; and I hope that the attention recently drawn to it by the
Bishop of Llandaffs work, will tend to a result so desirable.

I am, &c.,

John PucHAan. .

6, Whitehall, May, 1860.

ARCHITECTURAL EXHIBITIONS, 1860.

Tub two Architectural Exhibitions— or rather, the Conduit Street «•
hibition and the Trafalgar Square selected specimens — are agam open.
In spite of what some of the journals have stated, we venture to say that
the display is above the average in the Pointed department, while te
Classical is absolutely " nowhere."

Our ecclesiological criticisms on the two exhibitions are conaidenUf
shortened, as so many of the principal churches of our oommooioa
which are shown have been separately, or are to •be, described or illos-
trated in our pages. When we say that the Architectural Bxhibkioa
g^ves the set of designs for Mr. Burges* cathedral at Brisbane ; the in-
terior of Mr. Slater's church at S. Kitt's ; and the interior and exterior
of Mr. Street's, at Oxford ; with a perspective of the new steeple which
he is about to add to Boyne Hill — (which, by the way, is most inade-
quately represented in Trafalgar Square by a washy water-cokMT
sketch, by a lady, of its interior) ; while in the Academy Mr. Street i^
pears with the interior and exterior of the church at Cowley, and with
Major Hodson*s tomb ; we shall have given some idea of the eede-
siological value of this year*s exhibition. The Boyne Hill ateepk

Architectural Exhibitions, 1860. 175

stands jadiciontly detached from the church to the north-west, and ia
simple and massive in design, surmounted by a broach with two rows
of spire-lights. Mr. Slater, likewise, gives, in Conduit Street, a series
of tike steeples of the churches which he has restored in Northampton-
shire, and exhibits drawings of Sompting church by Mr. Carpenter's
■on. Mr. Burges* fanciful drinking fountains are, to our taste, more
derer and much better than any of the numerous specimens in Italian
which are exhibited.

Roman Catholic ecclesiology is strong this year at the exhibitions ;
Mr. Pugin being the most frequent exhibitor, both by drawing and
photograph, with his churches at Cork, Northampton, Dublin, S.
Boniface London, Nenagh, and Liverpool. A certain stately propor-
tioo characterises them all, but they are equally apparent for manner-
UHBOM, of which the most apparent are the acquisition of a broad internal
alFcct by the omission of any chancel-arch, and a certain external pic-
turesqaeness by the adoption of the expedient of up«gabling windows
to an nnaisled apse growing out of an aisled and clerestoried nave, of
the usual type. This expedient is actually repeated in three of the
churches which he exhibits in Conduit Street ; and in the instanee of
the interior of the church at Cork and the exterior of that at North-
ampton, which hangs just over the former, it was only on a second re-
ference to the catalogue, to which we were induced to have recourse by
a difference in the clerestory, that we discovered that they were not
two views of the same church. Mr. Pugin, while omitting the chancel-
■ich. adopts coved roofs to his chancels and open to his nave ; and
by plastering the east nave principal, finds an area for the g^eat nave
east picture.

The cathedral at Nenagh differs from the remaining series in having
a sqaare east end, with low chapels beyond, like Salisbury. Mr. Pugin
asems to us successful in his steeples, though the spires of Northampton
and S. Boniface are too much designed on the same type. In one of
the designs for Nenagh, and more completely at S. Angus tine*s»
l)ahlin» (R. A.,) he adopts a German edition of the western masking-
sereen. In the latter case, the facade rises sqoare, with a central
tower* against which the steep transverse roofs of the wings rest,
hqpped north and south. The tower itself is longer from north to
■ooth than from east to west, and, in lieu of a spire proper, has a very
steep roof ridged north and south. The whole composition evinces
caze» and is, we think, the best thing which Mr. Pugin exhibits.

Messrs. Hadfield and Goldie (or, we should imagine, Mr. Goldie)
are also copious exhibitors, chiefly at the Architectural Exhibition.
It seems that they were the first prizemen at that Cork competition.
which adds another chapter to the many that exist of the unfairness
which threatens to overwhelm the system, in the work having after sll
been given to Mr. Pugin. As exhibited, their church (of the same
gsnend type as Mr. Pugin's) is certainly not equal to it. The open
tool, for inatance, is needlessly complicated. But it might, we doubt
ao^ have been worked up to a sufficient excellence, if its authors had
csixitd off tiie inriie.

The other principal work of theirs which is shown is the completed

176 Architectural Exhibitions, 1860.

new church at Lanark. Of its general plan and design we cannot
•peak very highly : it wears too much the character of a large church
on a small scale ; and the eclecticism of the style, combining two periods
of Pointed, is not happy. But the east end, of which a drawing appears in
the Academy, is very stately. The end wall is flat. A flowing rose win-
dow tops the composition. Beneath this, a large fresco of the FassioD,
with groups of saints, covers the mid space of the wall ; and helov
this is the teredos, which reaches to the dado, divided into five pands
by pilasters bearing a horizontal cornice ; and in each panel stands a
large angel, in very bold relief, with outstretched wings, on a mosaie
ground. The altar, on four steps, carries a massive tabernacle for the
exposition.

A frame at Conduit Street contains some minor works of these artists,
which are not successful, from a sort of general squatneas which cha-
racterises them. One of these, a small conventnal church, is in a sort
of early Romanesque, and in a church at Ipswich, in which an apse aod
procession path are carried out on a small scale, the arches are aetnaUj
of an indescribable stilted moresque form.

Their church at Phisborough, near Dublin, in developed Middle-
Pointed, of which the Academy gives the exterior east end, is of a higher
degree of merit, although we should fear, as no scale is given* that it
presents cathedral features on too small a scale. A five-sided ^Me ii
shown, with what appears externally to be a low ambulatory, but we
have our suspicions that this may mask the vestries. The centnl
steeple is a saddle-back, gabling east and west, the sloping sides being
studded with dormers.

Mr. Wigley and Mr. NichoU exhibit (A. £.) independently their re-
spective tenders for Cork. Mr. Wigley's church is a well-studied compo-
sition in Italian -Pointed, of a *' transverse triapsal '' plan. The western
facade is a masking screen, square at the aisle, but gabled at the nave
and crowned with a pretty open gallery, the windows being boldly set
back. The octagonal steeple to Uie north is its weakest point. Inside,
the roof of a low pitch is boarded ; the pillars which sustain the areade
are short and coupled. An apse and a baldachin give the whole interior a
somewhat Basilican effect. As a specimen of its peculiar style, this de-
sign possesses considerable merit, but we can well see that it woqU
not have had the least prospect of success in a miscellaneous competi-
tion. Mr. NichoU's design starts from the same general idea as Mr.
Wigley's, but it incorporates features of Northern-Pointed, — a west
window with flowing tracery and central image in a solid niche, for
example, — which mar the unity of the composition. The design of the
principals of the nave roof — a foliated semicircle, with rafters crossiDg
like a S. Andrew's cross, is eccentric and ungraceful : the pillars are
circular and of a somewhat French design.

As far as we can judge by the specimens shown, Pointed appears
to be in the ascendant among the Anglo-Hibernian Romanists, bat
high screens have quite vanished, and with them the peculiarly Enghsh
ecdesiology of Welby Pugin.

Mr. Digby Wyatfs miUtary chapel at Warley DepAt. Brentwood,
(R. A.) of which an interior appears, is an unsuccessfbl attempt to

Architectural Exhibitions, 1860. 177

dasaicize Romaneaque, e.g., the capitals are surmoanted by that most
indefensible of all the corruptions of Spalatro — the broken lump of
oomice simulating a second capital, of which Gibbs has left a speci-
men at S. Martin*8»in-the-Fields ; and the details of the two-light
Dave windows are modem Italian, llxe plan of the chapel is nave,
aialea, and apse, and the material brick.

Mr. T. H. Wyatt's church for Lord Ailesbury, at Tottenham, of
which the Academy exhibits the interior, is pretty rather than vigorous ;
nevertheless, it contains features which raise it out of the common run
of small churches. There are chancel aisles of a single bay, and these, as
well as the most eastern bay of the nave, are filled with tracery, in imi*
tmtion of the chancel aisles of All Saints', Margaret Street : in this
case it rises from a dwarf wall, with metal gates in the central divi-
sion. Why this expedient should have been adopted in the nave we
know not. The pulpit of the Beaulieu pattern (which has almost be-
come original again) stands at the east of the nave projecting from the
atrip of wall to the north of the chancel arch. The levels are well
managed in the chancel, which is apsidal, with a barrel roof of wood.
ll&ere are stalls and a prayer-desk to the south under the chancel arch.
Mr. Peck's new church at Maidstone, (R. A.) is of the ordinary run of
nave, aisles, and chancel.

Mr. Mumford's London church in Belsize park (A. £.) is below the
average. The competition for Heigham church, Norwich, affords
several designs to Conduit Street. Of semi-ecclesiastical structures we
may notice a very picturesque Roman Catholic parsonage for the neigh-
bourhood of Bruges, by Mr. Norman Shaw (A. £.), which is both in
design and in the handling of the drawing a wonderfully close imitation
of Mr. Street, and a large quadrangular almshouse for a place in Cork
(R. A.), by Mr. Pope, which as closely follows Welby Pugin.

Mr. Scott, we should observe, only appears at the Exhibition in pho-
tographs of the Foreign Office as last settled, and in prints from
periodicals of numerous works, while he is totally absent from the
Academy. Mr. Ashpitel restores the exterior of S. Margaret's, West-
minster, at the Royal Academy, into late rich Perpendicular. We do
not think his open-work spire accords with the pure English character
of the remaining work. Mr. Gompertz's imaginary Middle-Pointed
cnthedral (R. A.) with its seven spires was clearly modelled on M.
VioUet Leiduc's drawing of Reims cathedral, as he conceived that
Robert De Coucy intended it to have been completed. We are sorry
not to be able to say anything in praise of the very Praeraffaellite bird's-
eye picture of Brinkbourn F^ory, Northumberland, " as supposed to
have been decorated in olden tiroes" (A. E.) It is neither pretty nor is
It correct ecclesiology. Mr. Wilson can do particularly well, as this
exhibition shows, in his own line of gothicising no-style houses : so to
that we advise him to adhere. We note by the way in the Builder that
this mined priory church is in the course of restoration for worship.

In many respects the most important ecclesiological contribution of
the year is the large coloured section of S. Paul's, with the proposed
rcatorationBand decorations, which Mr. Penrose has sent to the Academy.
We have already described the rearrangements contemplated, and we

TOL. XXI. A A

178 Architectural ExhUntums, 1860.

need only add that we are glad to learn that the erection of ^ old
organ screen at the south transept as here shown has nnce been aban-
doned. Sir Charles Barry, during the last week of his life, had pro-
nounced strongly against it. Mr. Penrose proposes to fill the cupola, the
lunettes of the lantern, and other spaces with subjects executed accord-
ing to the Roman system of Mosaic. We have not space to discnfs
the details of his design, but we are glad to say that the drawing is
exhibited with the full approbation and by the desire of the Dean and
Chapter. It is creditable to the dignity of art that it aaaomet the
shape of a measured section, and not of a picturesque "interior."
We shall only say that we should have preferred a little more pro-
fuseness in the introduction of painted glass, which all experience shows
to be no way detrimental to mural coloration.

Secular Gothic in both Exhibitions lords it over Italian and Cla»-
sical. Hie Manchester Assize- courts were a fair battle-field of stylet,
and in it Gothic was triumphant, rightfully as well as technically, 'i we
can trust the Architectural Exhibition. Whether the right Gothic
man was chosen for the first and second prizes is another questioa.
Mr. Waterhouse's building, which won, and is being built, b not, pro-
perly speaking, exhibited, but a woodcut of it lies on the table, and
shows a.aomewhat commonplace reproduction of the now estmblished
New Secular Gothic, partly French, partly Italian, partly English.
Anyhow it is a creditable building, and will, we doubt not, be an orna-
ment to Manchester. But what are we to say to the second prize —
Mr. AUom's preposterous tender, made to a plan, which was equally to
suit an Italian elevation, and is accordingly perfectly antagonistic to
Gothic in its every feature, comprising a huge central cupola of sn
octagonal form, overlaid with frippery meant for Pointed, long cmcifona
wings, and facades made just to match each other — ^the style a btd
combination of Flamboyant, Tudor, and Elizabethan : the whole con-
ception a deteriorated imitation of Barry*s original Houses of Parlis-
ment of 1 835 ? This strange nightmare comes recommended in a showy
perspective, and so the wise men of Manchester placed it second.
Yet this very Exhibition contains four designs, with none of which it
can bear comparison for an instant ; while that by Messrs. Kendall.
Jun., and Mew, in Trafalgar Square, though based on the same mis-
take of offering a Gothic and a Classical design reared upon the same
ground-plan, is also its superior. Of the Gothic phase of the last-
named design we will say nothing more than that it is an elaborate
failure ; but the Classical design, a purely Greek sort of developement
of the propylsea of Athens, though stem and forbidding, is yet much
superior to the tame run of the porticoed Italian fa9ades with which
the anti-Pointed party mostly sought to win.

But to return to the non< successful Gothic designs in the Architec-
tural Exhibtion. Mr. Pownall's building recalls the later aspect of the
Palace of Westminster with its high roof^, with the additional feature of
banded colour externally ; while Mr. Crossland, and Mr. Norman Shaw
joined with Mr. W. E. Nesfield, respectively offer rich specimens of the
newly fashionable Italianizing Gothic. Both of these designs must,
we think, have broken down firom the expense, but both

Architectural Exhibitions, 1860. 179

for the great care shown in their elaboration. Of the two we think
that of Messrs. Shaw and Nesfield the superior. The light and shade
given by their groined arcades on the ground story is very artistically
treated. In Mr. Crossland's design there are some weak flying but-
tresses which detract from its general merit. We reserve the best of
all the designs for the last, and we are happy to be able to give Mr.
Truefitt the. highest praise. In this design, which is in Italian Pointed,
we trace none of that wilfulness which so often obscures Mr. True-
fitt's talent. The whole conception is eminently artistical and prac-
tical, one simple block of building de^iending for its effect upon its pro-
portion, and the decoration, which is applied with great moderation,
being chiefly confined to the arcaded range of windows. The only
weak feature is the upper portion of the steeple, which might be easily
altered or omitted. This design seems to be one which might have
been executed at a comparatively moderate cost, and its undistin-
guished position beside Mr. Allom*s preposterous mpnstrosity is the
severest satire on the capacity of the judges. If the gallery in Conduit
Street holds the pick of the competition, then we have no hesita-
tion in saying that the first premium ought to have fallen to Mr.
Truefitt.

Two Pointed designs for the strangely adjudged Town Hall of Cam-
bridge, are also shown : — that by Messrs. De Ville and Green, in
praise of which we can say but little ; and Mr. Jones's, a correct
bat not remarkable study of German Gothic. Mr. George's Gothic
hotel, which won the Royal Academy*s medal, is divided between the
two Exhibitions, and seems both in plan and elevation to be a very
meritorious study. The style of course foreignizes. The central
mass, which rises above the remaining roof line, breaking out to the
ri^t into a low tower with a pyramidal roof, is well conceived, and
the whole design is valuable as a practical answer to the Palmer-
stonian theories of the gloominess of Pointed windows. Mr. Knowles's
Oroavenor hotel, in the course of erection, near the Victoria station,
Pimlico (R. A.), in Italian, may be compared with Mr. George's medi-
serai hostelry to the advantage of the latter.

We have no time to touch upon the numerous country houses, schools,
he., in Pointed and Tudor, which are so copiously distributed over the
two Exhibitions.

Among miscellaneous designs, the " restoration of the central panel
of the ancient retabulum of the High Altar of Westminster Abbey,"
(A. E.) the figures by Mr. Marks, and the architecture and decora-
tion by Mr. Edgar, produced under Mr. Scott's directions, is a won-
derful specimen of elaborate repetition, every defect being reproduced.
We are assured that the central figure properly belongs to one of the
■ide panels, the representation of our Blessed Lord, which ought to
itand there, not having been yet copied.

At the Academy, Mr. Philip produces, full-sized and bronzed, a cast
of his remarkable effigy of Dr. MiU, for Ely cathedral, of which we shall
have more to say hereafter. Four of the panels of the acts of mercy
being esieeQted by Mr. Theed, for Mr. Scott's tomb of the Duchess of
OhracesteTf at S. Gkorge's Chapel, are also shown, and among the

180 Eccksiologieal Society.

drawings we obecrve one of the grand group of cmr Bletaed Loa
Majesty with the Apostlee, which Mr. Armitage ia about to freicc
the apse of Mr. Oakeley's Romanesque church at IsUngton.
Apostlee are grouped in twos, with a drapery shown * * * *

ECCLESIOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

A GoificiTTBB Meeting was held at Arklow House on Wednea
May 2, 1860; present. A. J. B. Beresford-Hope, Esq.. the Presk
In the chair , J. S. Forbes, Esq., J. F. France. Esq.. Sir John S.
rington. Bart., Rev. T. Helmore, Rev. G. H. Hodson, Rev. B. W
and Rev. G. Williams.

The Bishop of I^buan was admitted a Patron of the Society,
the following gentlemen were elected ordinary members ;

J. W. Clark, Esq., M.A., Fellow of Trinity College, Cambiidgs.
ReT. A. D. Robinson, 13. Richmond New Road, Shepherd's Walk.
Rey. L. H. Rumsey, Ipswich, Qaeensland, N. S. Wales.
J. G. Talbot, Esq., Falconhurst, Edenbridge.
R. E. E. Wilmot, Esq., Chaddesdea Hall, Derby.

J. W. Clark. Esq., and J. G. Talhot. Esq.. were added to the <
mittee.

Letters were received from the Rev. J. E. Troughton. T. G. P
Esq., Rev. W. Scott, J. Clarke, Esq., S.S. Teulon. Esq.. J. P. St. An
Esq.. E. R. Rohson, Esq., G. E. Street. Esq.. W. Slater. Esq.,
S. S. Greatheed, F. H. Dickinson, Esq., R. P. Pullan, Esq.. &c.

llianks for the EccUsiologiat were received from the Surrey Ard
logical Society. In reply to a request from the Council of the A
tectural Museum, it was agreed to contribute a guinea towardj
expense of the casts for the Colour PHze for next year.

The chairman laid before the committee a collection of arehitec
works and engravings from the designs of Herr Statz. an hom
member, and presented by him to the society. He announced thi
had already returned the thanks of the society.

A discussion took place on the theory of the consecration of chui
and churchyards enunciated in a speech by the Bishop of Oxfoi
the House of Lords on the Bishop of London's motion for deatrc
some of the city churches and selling their sites ; and it was af
that a paper on the subject should appear in the next number ol
Ecclesiolggist,

The Rev. George Williams announced the detailed arrangement
the ensuing Architectural Congress at Cambridge.

G. M. Hills, Esq., met the committee, and. after some convem
on the restoration of Twickenham church, exhibited his designs fa
restoration of S. Mary. Wiston. Sussex.

W. Burgcs, Esq. met the committee, and showed his designs I
new church at Bewholme. Yorkshire, for Brisbane catfaednl ■»

Eccksiological Society, 181

the memorial church at Gonttantinople, still further reduced in size and
cost by the retrenchment of the clerestory. Some discussion took
^Aace on the treatment of the east end of Waltham Abbey church, and
on the design of the Harold window which it is proposed to place in the
restored church. Mr. Burges promised a paper on the works at Walt-
ham for the June Ecclenologist, and a paper on Brisbane cathedral for
the Aug^ust number.

Sir John Harington again consulted the committee on the designs by
Mr. Douglas for the new church of S. John, Over, Cheshire, bvdlding
by Lord Delamere. Some former recommendations of the committee
had been carried out.

The new design, by Mr. Street, for a detached high- tomb in Lich-
field cathedral to the memory of Major Hodson of Hodson's Horse
was considered and much admired, with the exception that the cross on
the top was thought to be on rather too large a scale.

The drawing of a high tomb erected in the churchyard of S. James
the Less, Schuylkill, near Philadelphia, to the memory of Bishop
H. U. Onderdonk, sent by the designer, Mr. Charles Marquedant
Bums, was next considered.

The committee gladly accepted an offer from the Rey. T. James*
Honorary Secretary of the Northamptonshire Architectural Society, of
a paper on the proper arrangement of the chapel for a lunatic asylum,
to be illustrated by a ground-plan.

A series of cartoons for stained glass, and some specimens, were
forwarded for inspection by Messrs. Lavers and Barraud. Amongst
them were a set of drawings by Mr. Westlake, under the supervision of
Mr. Burges, for Waltham Abbey : a five-light window for Modbury
church, Devonshire, of which the subjects were drawn by Mr. West-
lake, under Mr. White's supervision ; a window for Preston church,
Kent, designed by Mr. Barraud ; the cartoons of a memorial window
to the late Lord Lorton for Ardean church, Ireland, designed by Mr.
Allen, and representing the four Evangelists ; and the cartoons of some
medallions lately placed in the chancel windows of S. Giles, Camber-
welL The specimens were a window for Newport church. Isle of
Wight, and a window presented by Mr. Lavers to the new church of
8. Matthias, Richmond.

The committee also inspected the designs for a small new church
bfoOdingiat Chalvey, Bucks, by Mr. Street, at the cost of £1,500. Mr.
Street also sent some designs for embroidered altar-frontals, including
•ome tracings of ancient embroidery in his possession.

Mr. Slater submitted his first designs for an important mortuary
ehapel, to be built at Sherborne, for Mr. Wingfield Digby ; also, the
drawings for a new stone lych-gate at Kilndown, Kent ; for the reredos
of Limerick cathedral ; for a reredos at Smeeton Westoby, Leicester-
shire ; and for a pulpit at Market Harborough.

From Mr. S. S. Teulon the committee received the drawings of a
new church and parsonage about to be built at Victoria Dock, London ;
also the plans for the restoration of Horsham church, for the restora-
tion of South Carlton church, Lincolnshire ; the designs for ten new
eottagea to be built in Windsor Great Park and Forest, for the

182 Ecclesioloffical Society.

Crown ; and the plans for reseating the Lady-chapel, or Holy lYinitj
church, Ely.

The committee examined Mr. Clarke's designs for the restoratioa of
Crayford church, Kent, and for extensive school-buildings at lingfieM.

Mr. St. Aubyn sent the designs for a large Pointed mansion, Dels-
more House, Ivybridge, and for the restorations of Constantine church
and Duloe church, Cornwall. Messrs. Walton and Robson, of Dur-
ham, exhibited their designs for the chapel, lych-gate and boundary
walls of the cemetery for S. Nicolas, Durham ; also their designs for
the Depository of Wills, Durham, and other works in secular Pointed.
Mr. F. O. liCe communicated the discovery of some further ancient re-
mains at Meopham Court, Kent, which modify his intended treatment
of the restoration of this structure.

The committee examined with great interest a large photograph
sent by one of their number, T. Grambier Parry, Esq., representing
one- half of the Doom, as he is about to paint that subject, from his own
designs, over the chancel-arch of his church at Highnam, Gloucester-
shire. The subject embraces a standing figure of Mosea, six of the
Apostles, seated in stalls, and an angel of the Judgment, all drawn m
the highest style of pictorial art.

It was agreed to send a deputation to examine the new churdi of
All Souls, Halifax, and also the churches by the same architect, Mr.
Scott, at Doncaster.

The committee decided that the anniversary meeting should be held
on June 11, at 8 p.m., in the galleries of the Architectural Union Com-
pany, 9, Conduit Street, Regent Street, by the kind permission of the
Council of the Architectural Exhibition, signified in a letter to the
president from Mr. Edmestou, the honorary secretary.

The following circular has been issued : —

" 78, New Bond Street, Londtm. W.

" May 2nd. 1860.
" Sir, — ^The Tweo^-first Anniversary Meeting of the £cclesiological So-
ciety will be held on Monday, June 11th, at 8 p.m., in the ealleries of the
Architectural Union Conipany, now occupied by the Architeetiual Exhi-
bition, 9, Conduit Street, Regent Street.

'* We have the honour to be. Sir,
" Your obedient servants,

'* (Rev.) Bknj". Wbbb, (Sheen, Aabbonrae,)

" Honorary Secretary.
** (Rev.) H. L. Jbnnbr, (Preston, Wingbam,)
" Hon. Sec. for Musical Matters.

*' Subicriptions and donations may be paid, by Post-Office Order, to the
Treasurer, the Rev. Samuel Stephenson Greatheed, of Tunbridge; or to
Mr. Masters, the SocieQ^'s Publisher, 78, New Bond Street, W., and 33, Al-
ders^te Street, E.C., London; or to the Society's account with MesMi.
Ooshng and Sharpe, 19, Fleet Street, E.C., in the name of the Treasurer.

" Communications to be addressed to the Seoretaries : the Rev. B. Webb,
Sheen, Ashbourne ; and the Rev. H. L. Jenner, Preston, Wingbam."

183

WW I

»f

ARCHITECTURAL SOCIETY OF THE ARCHDEACONRY OF

NORTHAMPTON.

At a committee-meeting held on Monday, April 1 6, instead of Easter
Monday, the Rev. Lord Alwyne Compton in the chair, the minutes of
the last meeting were read.

There were received, the *' Journal of the Chester Architectural So-
ciety ;" the " Proceedings of the Historic Society of Lancashire."

Wright's Rutlandshire " was purchased ; also " Ellacombe on Bel-
aud " Boutell*s Manual of Archaeology."

Drawings of Goadby and Freeby churches, the latter exhibiting a
singular arrangement of old benches, were exhibited by Mr. Oillett.

Plant for the enlargement and reseating of Uppingham church, by
Mr. Parsons, of London, were exhibited. It is proposed to enlarge the
church eastward, as far as the churchyard will allow ; and to entirely
remove the mass of existing galleries and anomalous pues. The nave
will be carried into one bay of the present chancel. This plan of en-
largement was considered the only one practicable in this case, and was
commended by the committee. The north aisle, which is in a bad
ctate of repair, will also be rebuilt and widened. The arrangement of
Beats in the nave and chancel is most convenient and correct. Several
suggestions were made as to the architectural details, which will pro-
bably be carried out.

Designs for a new church at Leicester, to be built entirely of brick,
by Mr. G. G. Scott, were much admired and approved ; and should
this plan be carried out in its integrity, it will constitute an era in
brick ecclesiastical architecture ; showing that neither beauty nor good
arrangement need be sacrificed in the use of an economical material,
when used by a master hand.

Revised plans for Gilmorton church, by Mr. W. Smith, of London,
which had in an earlier stage been exhibited to the committee, were
examined and approved, and some slight alterations suggested.

The ground-plan for the reseating of Ketton church, by Mr. G. G.
Scott, was likewise approved of by the committee, who recommended
the pattern of the fine old bench ends to be followed in the restoration.

A plan for additions to the school at Holywell was advised upon
and agreed to.

The secretary exhibited a plan of a pair of cottages, which he sub-
mitted as the best out of many hundred examples.

The committee voted a conditional grant of ^5 towards a prize for
the best desigpi of a cottage for the Midland Counties, provided other
architectural societies would join in the scheme.

Designs were exhibited by Mr. W. Gillett, of Leicester, and approved
of, for wooden seats for the clergy, and a credence-table, for Sibbertoft
church. Also the plans for lightning conductors about to be erected
on Kettering and Theddingworth churches.

The Chester Architectural and Archaeological Society was taken into

184 Leicestershire Archiiectural Society •

union. The Church Union committee reported that the meeting of
parochial choirs would be held in the caUiedral of Peterborough, on
the 24th of May.

Invitations were accepted to the Cambridge Ardiitectiiral coOgreti»
commencing on the Tuesday in Whitsun week ; and to the meeting of
the Lincolnshire Society, at Worksop, in the week following, com-
mencing June 6th.

The Rev. Abner Brown mentioned that he knew of two very fiae
collections, one of precious marbles, the other of Britiah birds, which
would be given to the county, provided a public muaeam could be
found.

The purchase of certain books was authorised.

LEICESTERSHIRE ARCHITECTURAL AND ARCIL£OLO.

GICAL SOCIETY.

Thb February meeting of this Society was held at the Town Hall oo
the 27th February, T. Nevinson, Esq., in the chair.

A letter was received from J. G. Nichols, Esq., informing the secre-
tary that the memoir on the Neville glass at Woodhonse, read by Mr.
Nichols at the General Meeting of the Society in July last, is now
ready for the press.

After other business, Mr. Hill exhibited tracings of portions of the
stained glass remaining in Stockerstone church. A figure of S. Clement
fills one compartment. S. Christopher occupies another compartment ;
upon his shoulders he carries our Lord as a child with a globe in his hand,
and wades through water supported by a staff, as recorded in his legend.
There is also a good head of our Loan with uplifted hands. A female
kneeling before a book on a fald- stool, has on her mantle the arms of
Boyville and Murdac, impaling Southill: scrolls near her are in*
scribed, " Goo be gude." In another compartment kneel Thomas
Restwold, Esq., and Margaret his wife. The head-dress of these ladies,
known as the butterfly head-dress^ consisting of a caul, from which
large gauze or linen veils project behind, held out by means of wire,
shows them to be of the latter part of the fifteenth century.

The chairman exhibited a marble tablet of the Adoration of tiie
Magi, of good design and execution. Portions of it had been gilded.

Mr. Gresley exhibited a rubbing of the monumental brass at Castle
I)onington, of Robert Staunton, Esq., and Agnes his wife.

The secretaries were instructed to provide certain printed forms of
application for the annual subscriptions of members, many of which
are now due.

It was resolved that the next annual general meeting of the Society
should be held at Lutterworth, and that the Rev. R. Bumaby, T. Ne-
vinson and J. Thompson, Esqrs., and the secretaries, be appointed a
sub-committee for making the requisite arrangements for it.

A vote of thanks to the chairman for his kindness concluded the pro-
ceedings of the meeting.

Mr. Wing on Churchyard Crosses, 186

The Society met on April 30th, the Rev. W. B. Moore in the chair.
Mr. Wing read a paper upon Churchyard crosses, from which these are
extracts :

*' Ih England the cross existed in every churchyard before the ico-
noclastic havoc of the Interregnum ; and public crosses, here and else-
where, have been so numerous as to have furnished, in a manner, the
livery or outward distinction of a Christian country. We are all
familiar with the street or village cross, the market cross, and the way-
side cross. Those exquisite artistic productions, the Eleanor crosses,
were built, we know, as monuments of conjugal affection ; others have
been erected to commemorate auspicious events ; and, in instances not
a few, places of public concourse have been marked conspicuously by
these influential and instructive monitors. At ' Paul's Cross,' in London
in the olden time, the folk mote assembled, and the king, when about
to visit his foreign dominions, would take leave of his subjects there,
lliis county, like many others, is studded over with remains of crosses.
Some are worth scrutiny to ascertain their original beauty of design,
as those at Frisby and Asfordby. The cross at Willoughby, near the
border of the county, we may remark by the way, is memorable for its
singular luck in escaping destruction. The abolitionist parliamentary
soldiers had fixed their ropes to pull it down, but were converted to
conservatism by a timely supply of beer from the rectory. However,
in later time, from want of archseological protection, and probably in
ignorance of the interesting escape mentioned, the greater part of it
has been permitted to be destroyed. Various are the reminiscences
and associations connected with public crosses, and of such structures
not the least interesting are those found within the sacred precincts of
the churchyard inclosure, whose forms and uses we have now to
glance at.

" Very many relics of antiquity of this class, fortunately, are still
in existence, and owe their preservation possibly to the consecrated
ground protecting them from the ruthless destruction of works of art,
which has for centuries been the idiotic delight of the English clown.
Some claim our attention as rude examples of the earliest mediaeval
attempts at pictorial device ; making a divided appeal to us from the
venerable and the ludicrous. One of the most ancient in this district
is to be seen at Rothley ; it has been ascribed to the Saxon period,
but its date is probably soon after the Conquest. Not a few have
evidently possessed great beauty, though the construction of these has
usually beien of so fragile a character, that only fragments remain to
tell their pristine merit. Some have been rich in sculpture. The shaft
at Higham Ferrers is an exquisite piece of work. The crucifixion was
not unfrequently portrayed on the front, and on the back the patron
saint. In the remains of the churchyard cross at Sherburne, in York-
shire, we have a fine example. Sometimes the foot of the cross was
carved with figures and devices. The shaft was not uncommonly sur-
mounted with tabernacle work ; in some instances, containing a figure
of the Savxoub on one side, and the Virgin Mary on the other, but
more frequently having four sides, with the four Evangelists, or the
eraogelistic symbols. Others again were built for a preacher to stand

VOL. XXX. B B

186 Leicestershire Architectural Society.

in, Bfl the one at Iron Acton, in Gloucestershire, and another it BU-
ley. in the same county ; that in S. Paul's churchyard, London, msy
be more especially named, as for ages before its destruction, whidi
took place in the seirenteenth century, we know that the most kamed
divines preached in it, the congregation even adjourning to it after
worship in the cathedral.

" There is one form which demands our more special consideratiaii.
as it is found to be more or less a type of many in varioua and distant
parts of the country. It may be described thus : — There is the ealrary
or base divided into three or more stages ; this is surmounted by t
shaft ; at the top of the shaft is a sculptured piece of stonework, having
four sideSj with canopies and figures of the four Evangelists ; and from
the centre of the tabernacle rises the cross. This tracing of the cross
at Stevington, Bedfordshire, will exemplify : in it the head is ehieiy
a restoration ; the lower part of the niches, with all below, is ancient.
The feet of the figures remain, but the figures themselves have not
been restored. In many places where this elegant structure has been
destroyed, a remnant of the tabernacle part is still in existence, lying
about in ^e churchyard, puzzling every one, it may be, to tell what it
has pertained to. The head is often much larger in proportion tbu
the head of that at Stevington; and when the block only remains
which has been the base of such a cross, its previous existence in that
form may, with some probability, be inferred from a hole in the north
Bnd south sides, about two inches square, and sometimes on eaeh of
the four sides : this, it may be presumed, would receive a hoklfast for
the iron rod, which would be necessary to support the npper part
Where the shaft is complete, as at Kirby Bellars, for example, there
is to be seen on each side, near the top of it, the place where the iron-
work connected with the rod was fastened. There has been a very
handsome one at Thorpe Arnold, near Melton. At Kirby. the head of
the cross has been equally elaborate, and has been carried up to audi
a height as to require much external support. The remains of it are
now in the churchjrard wall, and they show that the in>n has been
attached in many places, and even above the canopies. The ivon*
work, we must conclude, was light and ornamental ; and if carried
out, as it probably was. with leaves and branches gilt, this beantifol
structure thus irradiated, would be strikingly gorgeous and effective.

** It is impossible to dismiss the subject without the question fbrdng
itself upon some of us. Is it desirable in this Protestant country to
erect anew, even in an orthodox form, or to restore, if dxlapidsied,
these striking emblems of our faith ? To advocate either side would
introduce controversy inconsistent with the liberal constitution of oar
society, but it may be convenient, nevertheless, to state a few things
which have a legal, an archaeological, or an artistic bearing, with a
remark also on the score of expediency. Churchyard crosses were not
objected to for a century after the Reformation. There is no lawful
authority for the removal of them. And we are not without examples
erected in Protestant times. In the church3rard of Irgoldinell. in Lin-
colnshire, one dated 1600, has this very appropriate inscription: —

' Christos ioliu mihi tshii.' '*

New Churches. 187

It appeared from the correspondence read, that it would be found
impracticable to carry out the resolution passed by the committee at
th^ February meeting to hold the general annual meeting this year at
Lutterworth, and that it was desirable instead to join some other socie-
tiea later in the year at Rugby.

A letter was read horn the secretary of the Northamptonshire Archi-
tectural Society, inviting members to join their meeting at Worksop on
the 7th and 8th of June.

NEW CHURCHES.

S, . Victoria Docks, London. — ^This new church is by Mr. S. S.

Teulon. The plan comprises a nave with two aisles, not quite so long
at itself, a chancel (under a central tower) ending in a semicircular apse,
and two chancel aisles. These chancel aisles open to the choir by a
couplet of arches, borne on slender marble shafts, on each side ; while
the organ is placed in a projection to the east of the north aisle, and a
■imilar projection to the south is used for the vestry. The style is
Middle-Pointed, and the material brick-— of two colours, inside and
out. Three gabled dormers on each side admit of large traceried
three-light quasi-clerestory windows. The effect of these is more satis-
factory from the exterior than inside. The arcades are of five arches,
of two orders, supported by clustered piers. The chancel arch, and
the sanctuary arch, under the central tower, are corbelled ; and a quasi-
derestory, of two spherical triangles filled with tracery, surmounts on
each side the couplets of lateral narrow arches under the tower. The
tower roof is flat internally ; those of the nave and the apsidal sanctuary
are open, with hammer-beams, queen-posts, collars, and foliated braces.
There is much ingenuity and facility in this design, although it recals
too strongly other works of the same architect. Externally, the aisles
appear to be prolonged along the sides of tne tower; which rises*
without buttresses, flush with the plane of the clerestory wall. It is
low and square, roofed with a bold square pyramidal capping, on each
aide of which there projects a larger pedimented dormer, containing the
hettd of a large two-light belfry window. The tower and the sanctuary
have a cornice of moulded brick. The aisle windows are low and
inelegant. The west facade shows a pedimented doorway, between
two two-light windows, with a traceried circle in the gable.

Cemetery Chapel, S. Nicolas, Durham. — A simple First-Pointed de-
ngn by Messrs. Walton and Robson. The plan is a parallelogram,
with a porchleas door at the north-west end, and a vestry at the south-
east. The area is left free at the west end. In the middle of the
chapel there are three benches on each side placed longitudinally. At
the eaat end there is — unfortunately — no altar, but a reading-desk
facing west ! A more miserable arrangement than this we have not seen,
but for this the designers are not responsible. The architecture ia
better. The windows are small foliated lancets, with deep splays. In
the eaat wall there is an unequal triplet. At the west end there is a

188 New Churches.

couplet, divided (externally) by a buttress, with a foliated circle above;
and the gable is crowned by a simple double bell-cote. Some coloured
bricks are introduced in the archmoulds of the lancets inside. The
walls and gates of this cemetery are well treated ; and it is plessant
to see a Christian graveyard without the offensive juxtaposition of two
rival chapels of the same plan, one on each side of the gateway.

Cemetery Chapel, All Souls', Halifax, — In extreme contrast to the ar«
rangements of the above cemetery chapel, we may mention the beantifol
little chapel built by Messrs. Mallinson and Healey, for the churchysrd
appropriated to the parish of All Souls*, Haley Hill, Halifax, by iti
munificent founder, Mr. Akroyd. The building is a |>arallelognuii io
plan with a mortuary chapel, entered by an arch on the north side, and
a spacious porch on the south side, llie style is First-Pointed : the
material good local stone, very carefully worked. This chapel has an
altar, a short stall- wise bench on each side of the quasi-choir, then a
large open space, and at the west end some benches facing east. We
regret the absence of some kind of screen. There is a small sacriity
on the north-east. The architectural detail is very fEur ; the windovs
being small, weU-placed, and well-proportioned, and the chapel roof
an open cradle one. with crossed nifters, that of the mortuary chapel
being groined octopartitely, and that of the porch being vaulted with
parallel ribs. The altar, somewhat too small, of stone, on an open
arcade, is elaborately carved by Earp. There is a good tile reredos,
and the floor is also laid with coloured tiles. All the windows have
stained glass, chiefly executed by Mr. Hedgeland. lliere are appro-
priate groups, and some armorial bearings. The general effect of
light is very solemn, though the windows are somewhat too purple in
tone. Messrs. Clayton and Bell have inserted too better windows in
the lancets of the south side. There are suitable texts round the
building. The mortuary aisle contains a semi-recumbent effigy, by
Oott, of the father of the founder ; which is an expressive work, though
less satisfactory, in our opinion, than the more ancient style of repre-
senting the deceased person as dead rather than as in the act of dying.
But in the present instance it is intended, we believe, to commemorate
a sudden death ; and there is much thought and fancy successfully
applied in working out the idea. The effigy, we should add, is in
modern costume, the drapery of a cloak being added. Hie statue lies
on a high tomb of First-Pointed design, arcaded on the sides, and
with a cornice of dog 'tooth moulding. The founder of this chapel and
family mausoleum is not to be buried here himself ; but has obtained
a faculty for the interment of himself and his wife in the magnificent
church with which this cemetery is connected. It deserves mention
that the churchyard itself — which is beautifully situated — is properly
laid out in parallelograms. Adjacent to it is a large piece of allot-
ment-land, assigned to Mr. Akroyd *s workpeople ; and the entrance is
through a well-designed arch, flanked by a sexton's house on one side,
and on the other by some rooms and open-covered sheds, intended for
the recreation of the allottees.

S. James, Doncaeter. — This church, built by Mr. Scott for the Qrest
Northern Railway Company, is the one to which Mr. £. B. Denison

New Churches. 189

has 8o often referred as the best exemplification of his own idea of
what a modem church ought to be. The plan comprises a chancel and
nave with north aisle to both, a t^outh-west porch, and a small turret,
engaged at the west end between the nave and its aisle ; the vestry
being a space at the west end of the aisle, enclosed between the turret
and the north wall. The style is a very vigorous type of early Middle-
Pointed, the mouldings being unusually bold and massive. The two
parallel aisles are divided by an arcade of six, the two easternmost
bays forming the chancel. The arches are of two plain unchamfered
orders with hoods ; the piers cylindrical with square abaci and foliaged
capitals. The roofs are continuously cradled throughout ; the truss
orer the second pier-from the east forming a kind of chancel arch,
being borne by a slender attached corbel- shaft, with a square moulded
abacus and a bell capital. The windows are heavily but effectively
traceried. In the gable, at the east end of the north aisle, is a large
circle full of sexfoils. An organ is hereafter to be placed under it ;
bat at present the space is occupied by a raised gallery platform for
children facing west. There are no screens in the church : a pulpit and
reading-pew stand at " half-cock," facing north-west on the south of the
chancel-arch. The arrangement is very unsatisfactory. Three benches
are placed longitudinally on each side of the chancel ; and the north
chancel aisle is benched in the same way. The seats in the nave
and aisle face east. There is a credence niche on the north side.
There are some coarse gas-standards ; and the most hideous coronas
for gas that we ever saw. The burners are in shape like half-
wbeels, with jets along the outer circumference. The want of colour
ia very much felt. The floors are paved with rough red and black
tiles. The inside of the walls is plaster. On the exterior the bold
bnttresses and deeply moulded and recessed windows have a very good
effect ; and the roofs are made of reddish-coloured tiles with ridge
crests. The bell is hung in a low hexagonal turret, with hexagonal
capping. The porch is a good feature. The building has great merits
av a cheap church of good architecture and some novel combinations,
bat the interior is very far from successful. A notice in the porch
announced evening meetings for prayer, not in the church, but in the
neighbouring schoolroom.

8. • Bewholme, Yorkshire, — Mr. Burges shows much graceful

originality in this little church. The plan is of the very simplest — a
nave without aisles and a chancel. The tower stands to the south-west
of the church, nearly detached, and without internal communication ;
but a pretty penthoused open porch of wood runs along the west end,
lining with the western side of the tower, and protecting the west door.
The tower itself is boldly buttressed and splayed, a large two-light
window with a foliated rose in the head being inserted in its ground-
story, rather, we think, to the detriment of the general simplicity.
Abore ia a long narrow light in each face, while the belfry windows are
a rery broad single light (we cannot call it a lancet,) effective and
foreign-looking, with its long luffer boards, surmounted by a well- shaped
fonr* aided apire. We should have preferred the proposed alternative
treatmeot of an open wooden bell- house, with a steep quadrilateral

■ I

190 New Churches.

roof ridged transversely, and dormered on each ^ce. from its origu
and its correspondence with the porch. Access to the belfry it
tained by a newell stair in the north-east angle of the tower,
west window is an early plate-tracery wheel*ro8e of eight rays,
pilaster mullions. Breadth being the characteristic of the building
nave gable is below the equilateral pitch. The nave is composed o
bays, a three-light window with a circle in the head, unfoliated, 1
ing the more western and an early couplet the eastern, on each
Ths east window is of four lights. The pulpit stands in the a
west angle of the nave. The chancel is st^ed with single retnnu
the sanctuary rises on two broad steps, the altar being placed on a
pace. The font stands to the west of the entrance. The seato
open benches. The vestry, of ample size, stands to the south o
chancel, its east wall being in a line with that of the church.

SiS. Philip and James, Il/racombe, Devonshire, is a new church,
secrated 18d7, and built from the designs of Mr. Hayward, of £i
The style is early or geometrical Middle-Pointed, and the plan comi
nave with aisles of five bays, the tower occupying the most eastern hi
the north side, and a large chancel with vestry and organ chamb
the south. There is a north porch, and a kind of narthex at the
end under the west window, of rather original character* with tm
trances from without, yet not very satisfactory. The exterior hai
the whole, a good effect ; the material, a dark native stone with i
of a finer kind for the ornamental portions. The roofs of nave
chancel high-pitched, and covered with slates. The tower is p
strongly built with buttresses, not at the angles, and surmounted
four-sided spire of no great height, covered with slates laid in variej
courses. A stone spire had been intended, but was abandone
account of some insecurity in the foundation. The slated spire hi
no means a bad effect. The tower has a good three -light windo
its east side, and large two-light belfry windows with deep monl
and shafts. The west window of the nave is a good one of four li
those west of the aisles are of three, the others in the aisles of
lights. Those of the clerestory are spherical triangles, cinqf
aiud opening to the interior by pointed arches upon shafts. The int
has a very satisfactory effect from its loftiness. The arches d
nave are lofty, with pillars alternately circular and octagonal,
having capitals of good foliage. The tower bay is, of course* <
rently treated, and has a smeiler arch and a greater amount of '
The chancel arch is unusually lofty, springing from clustered th
with boldly executed foliage in the capitals. The chancel is of «
height with the nave, the roofs of both being open and of good
stroction. The east window is a fine one of five lights : those od
north of two lights, all the windows having both within and wit
good mouldings and shafts, but those in the chancel of a richer 1
The chancel is stalled: there are two sedilia on the south,
crocketed canopies and diapered. The reredos is rather oomi
place, being a range of canopied compartments. The organ
lUuminated pipes, facing both the chancel and the aisle. The
u entirely fitted with low open seats of stained deal. The pulp

New Churches. 191

of the same material and of rather ordinary description. The wood-
work of this church is generally by no means equal to the stonework.
The stained glass is not of a high order. The font is of a dark red
marble, finely polished, supported on a central stem and four shafts of
black marble. This is certainly the finest new church in the north of
Devon, and forms a somewhat strong contrast to the monotonous
Tbird*Pointed old churches which abound throughout the county.

S, Peter, Wolvercot, Oxfordshire. — ^This is a new church, with the
exception of the tower, which has been retained from the previoos
■tmcture. a poor low building of Third-Pointed date, llie plan con-
siatB of a nave 54 feet 4 in. by 18 ft. 10 in., a north aisle of the same
length by 1 5 ft. 6 in. wide, south porch and small mortuary chapel in
which a handsome Elizabethan monument, with three recumbent
effigies, has been re-erected ; the chancel is 26 ft. in length by 17 ft. in
width. The style is Early Middle-Pointed. All the roofs are covered
with Stonesfield slate, and are of good pitch ; the walls are built of
GKbraltar stone quarried in the neighbouring parish of Kirtlington, with
fiath-atone dressings. The nave has four bays, the windows being all
of two lights with geometrical tracery, except the easternmost on the
■oath side, near the pulpit, which is a foliated lancet. This window
oontains the only stained glass in the church, a very exquisite work by
Meaara. Clayton and Bell, representing the triple charge to S. Peter.
TUa window, we understand, was given by the architect. All the
cither windows are filled with thick green glass. The tracery is good,
especially that of the two end windows of the aisle. The east window
u of five lights, with a large circle in the head. The sill is kept well
ap above the footpace, which is a great merit. The east wall is lined
with alabaster up to the stringcourse ; over the altar is a vesica contain-
ing a plain cross of white marble. The nave seats are all low, open,
and umply constructed, as little wood as possible being used ; yet they
are thoroughly comfortable. The pulpit is of stone, a slightly but
•nffieiently elevated platform, circular, and surrounded by a low arcade
pierced. The old font, a rude affair, has been cleaned and set upon a
new base and step. It stands in the tower, which has, of course, been
thrown open to the church. The general effect of the church is very
good, and the manner in which the various details have been treated by
the architect quite satisfactory, showing much thought and careful
labonr. The nave arcade is particularly effective. Externally the
general effect is equally pleasing, if we except the old tower, which is
ferj pofir and low ; indeed, it only rises by its parapet above the ridge
of the new nave. It was judiciously retained, as it is a curious speci-
men of a fourteenth century tower rebuilt in the fifteenth century with
the old materials. It is, however, quite necessary to devise some way
of restoring its sadly diminished dignity : this might be effected, we
think, by adding a low wooden spire, slated — a square spire would be
the best. The gable crosses are varied and good, but a little too tall in
oor judgment — a very common fault. The architect was Mr. Charles
Bockeridge, of Oxford.

^. ■> Chahey, Bucks, — A new churoh by Mr. Street, comprising

'■av«9 north aisle, and north porch, with chancel and vestry at its north-

192 New Churches.

west side. The arcade is of four arches. The arrangement is thonragUy
good; and the accommodation — including the chancel — is for ^6
persons. The total cost will be £l 500. The material is stone, banded
and groined with red brick, and there is a line of brick round the arches
of the arcade. The piers are cylindrical with flowered capitals and
rather quaint bases. The chancel -arch is corbelled. The east window
is an early traceried cinqfoiled circle, set in a Pointed arch, thus leaT*
ing a good reredos space within. The west window is a large compo-
sition of five trefoiled lights with foliated circles over the outer pain
of lights, and a large sex-foiled circle above all. Over the west gate
is a two-light belfry*cote. Mr. Street succeeds here as well as usual in
the good sense and moderation with which he treats the side windows.
l*he fittings are good, but the woodwork is not very elegant. The
stone pulpit we like far better than the font. The reredos is a large
inlaid cross in the middle of an inlaid pattern of stones, coloured til^
and marbles.

S, , Ebbw Vale, Monmouthshire. — Mr. Norton is now building

this new church for the Ebbw Vale Iron Company. The site is re-
markable, the level shelving almost precipitously fi-om west to east
Accordingly, a Sunday school and class-room have been contrived
under the chancel, the Bishop of Llandaff having expressed his appro-
bation of the arrangement. The chancel ends apsidally in three faces ;
the nave has two aisles ; there is a vestry at the north-west, a tower
at the south-west, and a western porch. There is a clerestory of largt
cinqfoiled circles. The tower is lofty, but rather gaunt in its effect.
with a broached octagonal spire and turrets at the angles. The interior
arcades have tall cylindrical shafts. The roofs are not remarkable.
There is a considerable dignity of effect produced by the double range
of windows in the chancel and the schoolroom beneath it. The western
fa9ade strikes us as being rather overdone. It has two two-light win-
dows with a rose window above, and the portal — which Italianizes — of
the western entrance underneath. The material used externally is the
old red sandstone for the general facing, and blue Pennant sandstone
for quoins and dressings. Bath stone is used for internal work and
the heads of windows. The roofs, as well as the spire, are to be co-
vered with green and copper-coloured slates. The architect had
originally proposed, in compliment (we presume) to the company at
whose cost this church is built, to construct the floors, roofs, and spire
entirely of iron. The design for this, however, seems to us rather ar-
tificial, and too much like what is suitable for stonework ; and we are
glad that the actual church is being built in stone. We understand
that it is intended in this church to make a large baptistery, sank in
the floor, for adult immersion ; it being found that many persons in the
Welsh iron country insist upon this manner of receiving baptism. The
experiment is worth trying.

We welcome from across the Atlantic the tracings of a design for a
coped tomb by Mr. C. M. Burns — (if we read our correspondent's
name rightly.) It is in memory of Bishop H. U. Onderdonk, and is to
be placed in the churchyard of the church — so well known to our
readers — of S. James the Less, near Philadelphia. The tomb, which is

New Schools. 193

to be of PictoQ itoae, is of the usual coped form, with a richly floriated
eroM in high relief along the ridges of the intersecting copings. But
OTer this there is superimposed a pastoral staff, in bronze, disposed ob-
liquely from dexter to sinister ; and a mitre, also in bronze, stands at the
crouing. This is a novelty, and is very well treated. Our only ob-
jection it that the mitre stands upright, instead of being laid down flat
like the staff. This is not only very far from pleasing in actual per-
■pective, but it seems to forget that the mitre is not a stiff, solid, metal
head* covering, but a folding cap. Both aesthetically and archaeolo-
gieally it would have been better, we think, to have represented the
mitre here as lying, folded, on its side. But we greatly commend the
deugn, and we are glad to see so much power and ability shown in the
aouldinge and proportions.

NEW SCHOOLS, &c.

Mr. Clarke has built, at Lindfield, Sussex, a very picturesque group
of ▼illage-schools. already noticed in these pages, to which some indus-
trial schools are now to be added. The buildings when completed will
fona a quadrangle ; and as the style is an ornate Pointed, without de-
generating into frippery, the effect of the whole range is very satis-
fwtory.

"Proposed Parsonage, Victoria Docks. — Mr. S. S. Teulon has de-
igned a g^ood house for this place; with the special features of a
** kitchen court," and the offices ranged round a quadrangle. The
lervantB* stairs are treated as a spiral staircase in one comer of the
court. The style is a simple Pointed, with an ingenious treatment,
ander a stepped gable, of the entrance porch.

SECULAR AND DOMESTIC WORKS.

Mr. S. S. Teulon has designed some very good cottages and lodges
far fFtndsor Green Park, at Sawyer's Gate, Fern Hill Corner, and
fiber places. They have all of them sufficient accommodation, and
tro conveniently arranged. The style is slightly Pointed, with good
looft* timber framing, and much picturesqueness of effect. The chim-
Mje in particular form a good feature.

We have been much interested by the drawings, by Messrs. Walton
and Robson, for a range of shops and houses in Harbour Street, Folkes*
ff9#« They are of Pointed character, built of red and white brick.
%Bth cast-iron shafts to the windows, and stone sills. The doors and
•hop* windows form a continuous arcade ; and the upper ranges of
^risdows are groops of Pointed lights, with sashes.

Wa have once before noticed an addition to a shop in Durham, by

▼OL. XZZ. C C

194 Secular and Domestic Works.

these same architects, in the Pointed style. The work, we under-
stand, has since heen extended, adorned with polychrome, and fitted
with elaborate details in the same style. The drawings of the Utter,
which have been forwarded to us. comprise an elaborate screen of open
tracery, executed in American ash, counters of simply chamfered desl
woodwork, with tops of Spanish mahogany, tables and shelves, and
cashier*s desk, &c., of very fair design, and in excellent keeping. Be-
udes which we are told of an ornate metal column in the middle of the
shop, on a stone base, and highly coloured ; and of chandelien to
match, and carpets and papering designed specially for this use. The
whole is done with much skill, and an attempt has been made to atoid
a too ecclesiastical effect. We like best the spirited treatment of the
deal framework ; and the filling in of the arcuated panels with red silk
gives a rich and pleasing effect. This is a very interesting experiment,
and we should be glad to be able to speak of its success from ocular
observation. In the meanwhile the person for whom the work hsi
been done gives his testimony that the cost has been no greater, and
perhaps less, than would have been spent in the ordinary way.

The same architects have made use of an excellent opportonity of t
street improvement in Durham. The corporation is rebuilding a comer
house at the bifurcation of two streets which have a most precipitoin
descent. The new design is certainly very effective. The plan of the
house is circular towards the angle ; and its lowest stage is an arcade
of dignified trefoil-headed windows, with shafted jambs and coloured
voussoirs — forming a shop. Another shop, for a barber, of simpler
character, is formed in the basement, and entered from the lower level
of one of the side streets. The upper parts of the house are of red
brick ; and the windows, with the exception of a good bracketed pro-
jecting stone oriel, are square -headed, with a shaft as a moniaL We
are not sure that we should not have put the oriel at the angle, instesd
of one side ; but it is less commonplace as it is. The chimneys* groups
of cylindrical shafts, are very well managed.

Messrs. Walton and Robson have also designed some characteristie
buildings in Domestic Pointed for the Depository of Wills, Dmrhsm.
The structure consists of two vaulted fire-proof rooms, opening into each
other, between the Exchequer Buildings and some Almshouses. These
rooms face one of the steep streets of the ancient city, but they are
approached by a long covered passage firom behind opening into
another street. The style is a very bold form of Early-Pointed. The
windows are of two unfoliated lights of plate tracery under a very
massive hood, the head being pierced with a quatrefoil, while on each
side there is a head in a circle carved in high relief. The basement
moulding, the buttress, and the corbel table are all well treated. The
head of the stack- pipe would perhaps have been better had it been less
like a stone capital.

Mr. St. Aubyn has designed a very handsome Pointed mansion,
Delamore House, Ivybridge, Devonshire. The windows are mostly
square- headed with monies and transoms ; but the hall and an oriel
have arched heads. The dormer gables are well treated ; and tiie
architect has had the good sense to abstain from needless inregidaritj
and from superfluous turrets. There is no porch over the main door.

Church Restorations. 195

Mr. Burges has made Dnmerous additions to Gayhurst (the seat of
Lord Carington) in a sort of free Gothicizing renaissaDce, which dis-
plajB much playful fancy. We were particularly struck with the idea
of a figure of Cerherus surmounting an outbuilding, and equipped with
laige eyes of red glass.

CHURCH RESTORATIONS.

Manchester Cathedral, — ^The works here are advancing with painful
■lowness. The tower remains half-destroyed, and there are as yet no
signs of rebuilding it. The organ has been removed from the choir-
screen, and deposited temporarily in the north choir aisle ; and the
Jube itself has been removed with the exception of the eastern screen.
The state of dirt and neglect in which the choir is allowed to remain,
IS a disgrace to all concerned.

Holy Trinity, Ely. — Mr. S. S. Teulon has in hand the re-seating of
the beautiful Lady chapel of Ely Cathedral, now used as the parish
church of the Holy Trinity. The present condition of the pews and
arrangements of this dishonoured building is too well known to our
leaders. Mr. Teulon intends to arrange his open seats uniformly with
a central alley, and passages along the side walls. The pulpit he
places against the north wall a little nearer the east than the west ends.
He also obtains a kind of chorus cantorum, with stalls and subseUae,
divided by a low screen, which encircles its north, west, and south sides
from the surrounding area. This chorus is about half the breadth of
the chapel, and there are longitudinal seats north and south of it, out-
aide of the septum. The sanctuary, on the other hand, which is
raised on two steps, is of the whole breadth of the building. The
general improvement is very great; but we are not sure that the pulpit
is well placed. A kind of low ambon, connected with the septum*
would perhaps have been more suitable for this unusual ground-plan.
Tlie new seats are open and unpretending, and the re-arrangement
much increases the accommodation. The screen and stalls will be very
elaborately carved, with figures of the Prophets and much natural
foliage : and there will be rich metal gates. The sanctuary will re*
eeive a pavement of coloured tiles.

8. John Baptist, Halifax, Yorkshire. —This fine old Third-Pointed
ehnrch — most stately in its proportions — has received a few improve-
ments and some stained glass windows. The whole area is filled with
handsome Jacobean pews carved in oak. The roodscreens, parclosea
and stalls, of earlier date, are all preserved : the screen has had the royal
arms removed from the top, but its cornice has been modernized. A
new reredos has been added, of mediaeval design ; and the east window
hmn been filled with glass by Hedgeland. We noticed a poor window
hf Warrington, and one infinitely worse by Bell. There are some new
keftvy oak benches in the Water house chapel. The vestry is in a crypt
voder the chancel, where there is also an ancient library that has just
reeeiTed aome additions.

196 Church Restorations.

S, Mary, Newport, Essex, — a large cruciform church, with uslei to
nave and stately western tower, chiefly of Third- Pointed work, hu
been undergoing gradual restoration. The works began in 1856 with
the rebuilding of the tower, the upper part of which waa much shat-
tered by lightning a century ago. This was entrusted to a local ar-
chitect, who, while professing to reproduce the old work, very unne-
cessarily thickened the central walls, by which means the noble comer
turrets are totally damaged, and the old proportions destroyed. It is
fully believed that, had one of our leading architects been employed, the
lower stages of the tower would not have been removed. In the fol-
lowing year the clerestory of the nave was rebuilt ; thia was done
under the superintendence of the clerk of the works, and waa aumply
a reproduction of the old work. Here, however, a fine fresco of tht
Great Doom over the chancel-arch was destroyed, and the old leaded
roof exchanged for one of slate. During the past year the whole
fabric, with the exception of the chancel, has been made good, the
nave cleared of pews and seated with chairs ; these, howeTer, arc «■•
fortunately lashed together in rows. The aialea and transepts art
filled with plain open benches, of oak. The fabric of the chancel still
calls loudly upon the lay impropriator for restoration ; but within, the
stalls, which had been converted into pews, have been re-arranged,
and the screen restored. The lower panels have been pierced, the
effect of which is far from pleasing. In the nave a very elaborate
atone pulpit, from a design by Mr. Teulon, has been erected, and the
font restored and adorned with serpentine pillars. Amidat mach that
might have been better in thia restoration, particularly in the litoil
arrangements, it will be a lasting monument of the zeal and energy of
a worthy layman, who haa carried it forward amidat much oppoaitioa
and many obstacles.

S. Mary, Wiston, Sussex, — Mr. O. M. Hills is about to restore this
little church. The plan is remarkable as having a aouth aisle aad
pastern chantry, larger than the nave and chancel to which they are
attached. It is proposed to treat the chantry as a mortuary chapel,
and to seat the remainder of the church in the ordinary way. We ahould
recommend the placing of some seats in the chantry in preference to
using the tower for part of the congregation ; and we cannot approve,
even with such a ground-plan, the reading-desk, adjoining the palpitt
at the north-east angle of the nave. The children are aeated at tlie
west eud, which is an arrangement not much to be recommended.
The more purely architectural part of the reatoration ia well managed,
the chantry and aouth aisle being rebuilt in severe First- Pointed, whik
the nave and chancel are in the succeeding style.

S. Mary, Horsham, — A curioua church, with an inconveniently
straggling plan. Mr. S. S. Teulon is about to restore and enlarge it.
He removes square pewa and other like encunbrances, and works io
the excrescences and chapels into the common area. We do not
know whether this treatment is very satisfactory. The chancel, re-
stored to its original large limita, is fitted with four or five longitudinal
seats — a rather unhappy expedient for enlarging the oungregatioDal
accommodation. A new second aisle is added, in which the architect
has adopted the plan of a series of transverse gablea.

Cimrch Restorations, 197

S. Constantine, Cornwall, — This church, comprising western tower,
naTe, two aisles, chancel, short south chancel -aisle, north chancel-
aisle reaching nearly to the east end, and a second aisle, called the
Bosarne aisle, attached to the latter on the north side, is about to be
restored by Mr. St. Aubyn. The pews which encumber the chancel
and eastern parts of the nave and aisles are to be removed, and open
seats introduced, and a vestry will be screened off at the east end
of the Bosarne aisle. The new woodwork is simple, but good in
detail.

S. Cuby, Duloe, Cornwall. — Mr. St. Aubyn has in hand the restora-
tion of this church, the plan of which comprises nave and north aisle,
chancel, and a chapel, called the Bewes aisle, on its north side, two
transepts and a tower attached to the south side of the south transept.
At present the area is full of pews, and there are galleries at the west
end. The new arrangement will be an immense improvement. It is
proposed to use the south transept as a vestry, and to place in the
north transept and in the Bewes chantry some benches facing south.
The new walls will be Third- Pointed, though not of so ornate a kind
iM the style of the Bewes aisle, 'i'he tower will be raised and capped
with a low square pyramidal roof. The tower will be restored to its
First-Pointed original. The woodwork of the new open seats and
chancel-fittings is very satisfactory.

8, Johns, Yeovil, Somersetshire. — This fine specimen of the Somerset-
shire Third-Pointed church has lately undergone a complete restoration
within. The whole of the pews and galleries have disappeared, except
one raised pew occupying the north chapel, and' the nave is now entirely
occupied by low open seats of oak. The chancel is stalled, and laid
with encaustic tiles ; the roof, of the cradle kind, has had the ribs and
hoeses coloured and gilt. The organ now is placed on the ground at
the west end of the nave, and the choir has its place in front of it !
Where so much has been well done and at no small expense, it is a pity
that we should have to notice any imperfections, but we must protest
also against the prayer-desk facing west, and we regret that the curious
ancient brass lectern standing in the chancel should not be used. The
windows being very numerous as well as large, there is need of
more stained glass, yet the interior, though too light, has a beautiful
Meet, and the original character now cleared of unsightly obstacles is
well brought out. The nave is of six bays, the chancel of one but
extending beyond the aisles. The arcades are lofty, and the pews re-
maricably light. There is no clerestory; the roof of the nave and
chancel is coved — in the aisles flat. The tower arch is very fine, with
excellent mouldings, and there is a chancel arch reaching almost to the
roof; and, as in other instances where the chancel arch occurs in
Somersetshire and Devonshire, springing across from pier to pier with-
out any marked interval between the nave and chancel. There are two
chapels on the north and south, opening to the aisles transept- wise.
The windows are not only large, but remarkably uniform, being all of
five tights and similar in tracery, except those which are at the extremi-
ties of the chancel, aisles, and chapels, and these are similar to each
•kber. Few eharches, perhaps, are more remarkably uniform than this,
hoth iu airaDgement and in architectural features. The tower is mas-

198 Notices and Answers to Correspondents.

eive and lofty, not remarkably rich, and strengthened by Tery large
buttresses. 'I'here is a panelled parapet on the south side of the
church, but not on the north. Beneath the altar there seems to be
something of the nature of a cr3rpt.

NOTICES AND ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

7b the Editor of the Ecclesiologist.

DsAa Sib, — A correspondent of yours makes inquiries respecting
the works of the Blessed Angelico (Guido.) There are some good
accounts of him and his works by — Marchese, in his lives of " Painten
of the Dominican order;'* Ubaldini (R.) Vita, date, 1505; Romohr;
Lanzi ; Vasari; G. de Tolosani, 1516; Leonard Alberti. 1517.

The best example in England is a very fine " Last Judgmeot " in
Lord Ward*s collection. There is a small one of much leas importance
in our own National Gallery. Another one of importance is in the
Louvre, " The Coronation of the Blessed Virgin.'' For further refer-
ence see Waagen's Picture- Galleries, and Kugler's (H. B.) Italisn
Schools. (English Edition, Murray.) In Rossini's " Storia deOa
Pittura," are some engravings from his principal works. But let joor
correspondent by all means see Lord Ward's, as i)t is the finest I hate
ever seen.

Your obedient servant,

N. H. J. W.

P.S. — Enghelman and Graff have published the Coronation in litlia
colours, and there are many beautiful engravings from this painter for
sale at most good religious picture shops.

[To these authorities let us add Mr. G. A. Bezzi's Life of Vn
Angelico, published by the Arundel Society, and a paper in the CkriS'
tian Remembrancer for 1848, Volume XVI. — Ed.]

To the Editor of the Eeclesiologist.

S. John's Parsonage, Hawarden, April 27, 1860.
Dbab Sir, — But for domestic affliction I should have asked yon
before now to allow me to say what I hope may not seem ungracious
to him who has so favourably noticed the works in the church here ;
that the pictorial part of the decoration, which is in oil (there is only
one picture in tempera) is intended to represent the leading fiacts in
the history of our Redemption, from the Fall to the Last Doom.

I wish also to acknowledge here, how much I feel indebted for
assistance in the work generally to my able and excellent friend Mr.
R. P. Pullan, of Wimborue.

I am, dear Sir,

Yours truly,

J. E. TaouoBTOir.

We csn warmly recommend Mr. Ck>nway Shipley's Pkoiogrmpksfrmm
Original Sketches in the Holy Land and Syria (Lock and Whitfield* and
Masters), of which Part I. has been published. These photogi^ht da

Notices and Answers to Correspondents. 199

^OQne possess the value of sun-drawings made on the spot : but
e very effective renderings of very able drawings. The part
us contains four photographs. The Via Dolorosa from Jerusalem
y impressive picture. The pointed arches spanning the narrow

the strong Gothic feeling of the whole architecture, and the
ladows caused by the eastern sun are most powerfully given,
ew of Nazareth is more sketchy : but it brings out very accu-
:he contour of the country. This, too, is the merit of the view
salem from the south-east, that is, from the Hill of Evil Counsel,
one walls, the limestone outlines, the scattered trees, and the

effect of barrenness are very noteworthy. So, too, is the pre-
I nature of the valley of Jehoshaphat. The photograph of the
I of the Sun at Baalbec has an interest of quite another kind.
MTts are promised, with a very appetizing table of contents.

rejuvenescent contemporary, the GentlemafCs Magazine, requests
id in the good work of making known the wish of the rector
Jeter's, Sandwich, to restore his church. The scandalous con-
)f the Sandwich churches has long been notorious ; and we are
ed to hear that this reproach is likely to be in part done away,
ke a quotation from the circular : —

) parish church of S. Peter, Sandwich, in the county of Kent) was
the reign of Edward L, upon the site of an earlier structure, as frag-
»f Norman work still remain in some parts of the building. It con-
present, of a well-proportioned nave, a noble chancel nearly fifty feet
h, centre tower, north aisle, north porch, sacristy, and a nne crypt,
lally had a south aisle, which was destroyed hy the fall of the upper
the tower on the Idth October, 1661, and has never been rebuilt,
re many good points about the church ; the windows throughout have
ly been very fine, (the east window occupying nearly the whole of the
ut the tracery has been ruthlessly destroyed) and the openings filled in
od mnllions and transoms. The east window, with the surrounding
now in a very rotten and insecure state, so much so, that it has been
ned as unsafe. One window, however, on the north side of the chan*
h a small portion of stained glass which it contains, has fortunately
reserved, in consequence of its having been filled in with brickwork,
lodem roof over the sacristy being built against it. An aumbry and
still remain, also a hagioscope on the north, and the remains of another
south side of the chancel, but the beautiful sedilia have been very
ratilated, although sufficient has been discovered to enable a complete
ion to be made.

} rector is now seeking to raise funds to restore the chancel of this once
cent but still noble church. The nett income of the living, for the last
ears, has only averaged ;^79. 12«. 8d, he therefore confidently appeals
tnl public to aid him in this sacred work ; especially as the parishioners
rtly about to do their utmost towards the restoration of the other parts
ibrie.''

to please a Country Squire ensconced in a High Pew, — In a

in Gloucester which has been lately restored, &c., when the

objected to the reduction of his high pew, as he wished to see

sittings of equal height externally, in order that he might be

id by his accustomed height of breastwork, he allowed the floor

hb spftce to be lowered, and was satisfied with a descent of a

tiro towards mother earth. Is this an emblem of his humility ?

200 Notices and Answers to Correspondents.

Messrs. Benham and Son. of 19, Wigmore Street, have is«aed a
prospectus of their cheap mission church plate. The designs, by Mr.
W. White, F.I.B.A., are very suitable ; except perhaps the collecting-
bason. The sets may be had iti latten, silver-plated inside the chalice
and paten ; or in latten with silver bowl and silver paten ; or electro-
plated inside and out. The cost is certainly very reasonable.

In our criticism on Mr. Fawcett*s proposed works in the College at
Ely on the north side of the cathedral, we seem to have supposed that
he had more option as to the height of the roofs and the treatment of
the windows than is allowed him by the existing remains. This of
course materially alters the question. We are pleased to hear that oor
hint has so far been taken, that it is now intended to heighten the
tower. This will very much break the uniformity of which we com-
plained ; and we are glad to hear that our opinion is confirmed by id*
vestigation, and that the battlements of the tower are no longer sap-
posed to be the untouched work of Alan de Walsingham.

An interesting paper on Brmkbum Priory, by Mr. F. R. Wilson, hu
reached us in a brochure entitled, Proceedings of the Bennck$kire
Naturalists* Ctub. The ruins of the church are remarkably perfect,
and are a beautiful specimen of the First-Pointed style. Mr. Wilson is
about, we understand, to restore the church for Divine Service, at the
expense of the present owners of the property. It is a most interestiiig
work, and we wish him success. He seems, from his paper, to under-
take the task in a right spirit.

A letter from Mr. Edmund Sedding, on the best way of improviog
the efficiency of the Motett Choir, has been forwarded to the proper
quarter.

A congress of Architectural Societies was to meet at Cambridge oi
Whitsun Monday, under the presidency of Mr. Bereafbrd-Hope. The
programme included excursions to Waltham, Ely, and Bury ; a lecture
from Professor Willis on the Architectural History of the UiiiTersity;
a paper by Mr. Styleman Le Strange on the Application of Colour to
Architecture ; a paper by the president on the English Cathedral of the
Nineteenth Century ; and a conversazione.

The author of Shall Gothic Architecture be denied Fair Play ? (Bell
and Daldy) offers a plain, straightforward, and able answer to the
very specioUs, but unfair and sophistical, pamphlet, entitled, " Remaiks
on a National Style in reference to the Proposed Foreign Office,'* which
appeared a short time since at the same publishers', in support of Lord
Bedmerston's art notions.

EccLEsioLooiCAL SoaxTT. — Tkc Annual Meeting will 6e held m
Monday t June 11, at ^ p.m., in the gallery of the Architectural
Museum, 11, Conduit Street : Mr, Beresford-Hope, President^ in the
chair. Persons desirous of ctdmission may be admitted by sendKn^ in
their cards to the President, The subject of discussion will be^ ** The
tendencies of Prceraffaellitism, and its connection with the Gothic
movement,^*

Received : Rev. H. P.— J. S.— J. P.

THE

ECCLESIOLOGIST.

** Surge igitur ct fac : ct txii BominuB Ucum."

No. CXXXIX.— AUGUST, 1860.

(new series^ no. cm.)

SEQUENTLE INEDITiE.— No. XXIV.

CXI. In Inventions SiiNCTi Stephani.

Thb following b from a MS. Missal, of the fourteenth century, pre*
ceired in the Public Library at Metz. It is of some church in North*
eastern France, and is remarkably fine.

Tota debet eiultare

£t in laodem proclamare

Militans ecclesia :
Toti eedit, toti dedit
BeUi ductum, palmie fnictum,

Stephani victoria.

Non ignara jam procedit
Ad conflictum, quam precedit

TriamphaDtit gloria :
Docet formam dimicandi,
£t inraltua tolerandi

Sancti patientia.

Absque caud& repelli' yictimam,
Nee placere Teitem breviuimam,
Ottendit conitantia.

Hone aibletam Rex virtutum
Opportune delibutum

Unctione Spiritut,
Ob intigne meritnm
In immensnm premium

AptaTit exerdtus.

Ardens lucerna illustrabat
In tuperna cuncta* . . .

Ardens intus caritate,
Foris lucens sanctitate,
Jubar fudit inclytum.

Nequit clanim non lucere
Lumen ; nequit et latere

Super montem civitas ;
Fugit Bordes speciosa,
Ut non pouit radiosa

Occultari lanetitas.

Pontes^ foraa dirimantur,
£t ae dona protettantur

Spiritus in Stephano :
Operando plebi iigna,
Piiedicando Deo digna.

Oris ejus organo.

Obsunt bona sed indignis :
Inde verbo, viti, signis,
Offendnntur perfidi :

1 The general meaning it clear. Am a $acrijlee wat not accepted, unlett perfect
tfa tht €md, i.e. the tail : at a priestly robe wat qfneceetUy complete to the very ter^
minMfitm^ i.e. the wearer's feet : to these types were made good by the constancy of
I's tacrifioe to. the end. But the particular allusion in caudd I do not un-

s Word

▼OL. ZZI.

' The reference is to Prov. ▼. 16.

D D

202

Sequentia Inediia,

Sic Herodet propter itellam,
£t Judas propter buccellam
LigDO peccant ▼iridi.

Aures suas contioendo,
Verbum viUe repellendo

Mores servant aspidis;
Caritati tarn immense,
Pietati tam impensse,

Jactum reddunt lapidis.

Parum fuit lapidari :
Nequeuntes satiari

Strident in hunc dentibus :
Tali eestu protendentes
Quod plus volant dare mentes

Quam expleant manibus.

£t ne labor sit hie vanus,
Qnidam demens et insanus
Judaeorum ad hoc manus
Vestes senrans provocat :

Sed hunc Dei vas electum,
Orans, sartum atque tectum.
Ad salutem et profectum
Orbis tandem revocat.

Pugil noster indefessut
Inter vias et excesaus
Ad supema suos gressus

Incessanter dirig;it.
Fundens preces cum cruure
Pio Regis sui more,
Intercedens pro tortore

Occidentem diligit.

Ergo tibi senrientes
Redde gratos et placentes ;
Fac a dextris Jesum stare,
Nos ad dextram coUocare

Impetrando gratiam :
Judicem fac oblivisci
Quod pudet, et reminiaci
Tibi quod simus addicd ;
Fer opem, ut benedicti

Vocemur ad gloriam. Ameo.

CXII. In Fbsto Johannis ante Pobtam LaTinam.

The two next Sequences are taken from a Missale Augustanom.
printed at Dettingen, (where was then a residence of the Cardinal
Bishop,) with the date, July, 1655.

Flore vemans virginali,
Et doctrin& spiritali,

Johannes pne ceteris :
Qui pne cunctis plus dilectus
Et a Christe praeelectus

Gustos arcae foederis.

Paranymphus fit Marise ;
Quae est area prophetie

Secretorum omnium :
Super omnes sursum vectus
Supra Christo Cubans pectus

Hausit Evangelinm.

lUi liber reseratur
Qui sigillis consignatur
Septiformia gratie :

Dum in Pathmos religatur
Verum Lumen contemplatur
Excellentis CuriK.

Gemmas fractas reparavit,
Hseresesque confutavit

Et sectas Gentilium ;'
Virus haustu superavit,
Et liouorem non exparit

Bullientis olei.'

Fons excelstt claritatia
Nectar spirans suavitatis,

Rigaa hortum Patri« :
Suffraganti morte Christi
Cu'i curam impendisti

Potum pnebe veniK.

CXIII. Db Venbrationb Sanguinis Jxsu Christi.

A very beautiful sequence ; we may well be surprised that it has not
been employed more widely.

Reminiscens beati Sanguinis,
Quern effiidit Creator hominis,
Perfundo laciymas :

Non est locus i

Ubi torrena tant»

Attingit animas.

' There is a laalt in the original ; the rhyme being incomplele.

Tiltf EecUfiology of Cambridgeukire.

208

ilcis ! cur tanta peteris,
iccati nihil commiserit,
iDnocentie ?
ro — tu cruce moreris ;
i8 — ^tu poen& plecteris
nequitie.

nli cur taotum pretium ?
icraris per hoc aupplicium,
I in glorift?
ecit sic amor ebrium,
crucem putes opprobriam
rifl g;rati&?

li miaero, ai non reapondero
muneribua !

amavero et compenaavero
ia operibua !
cm aanctiaaimam
ranaiero, dcc tibi vixero
ia teniporibua !
at potero, tibi aacravero
; affectibua
us et animam !

ge aistitis, ad crucem fugite :
HS vivitis, jam Deo vivite,
loriamiiii :

Corpua quod p|erditit, cruel affigite,
Ne, ai uon eritia membra cum capite,
Juate damnemini.

Nod aspiciatia
Oculia mffratis

Deum Uruce mori :
Dodo caritatis
Cambium reddatia,

Et vicem dolori.

RegDum oueritia;
Non iutrabitis

Cmda aine clavi :
Portum petitia :
Non videbitis

Crucia aine navi.

Ave Sanguif, apertor januae,
Suscitator naturae mortuae

Dum in cruce apargeria !
Quicquid pecco, clemcDter ablue :
Quicquid peto, tu aemper iutue

Novi doDo muneria !

Amen.

THE ECCLESIOLOGY OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

(Concluded from p. 173.)

must hasten on, and plead want of time ae an excuse for pass-
many things deserving of notice, such as the fonts, encaustic
indow tracery, iron- work, &c., &c., especially as I cannot forbear
ng up together various '* miscellanea ecclesiastica" scattered
;he county, and not so likely to attract attention. Thus we have
fine brass eagle desk at Isleham, and one carved in oak at Lever-
, and a good lectern at Fen Ditton. Original altar stones are laid
18 part of the pavement at Coton, Swavesey, Imping^on, and
Hinton ; the latter, though lying in the central nave passage, is
ably perfect, and the five crosses quite visible. The only lych-
the county is at Bassingbourne, though I well remember one a
ITS ago at Fen Ditton, of which not a trace now remains. There
\e chancel screens at Bottisham and Harlton. In the latter church
y beautiful stone reredos, consisting of thirteen highly enriched
and at Witcham is a good stone pulpit of Third-Pointed date,
ooea there are some fine examples on the north wall at Wilbarton,
ing of S. Blaize with his woolcomb, S. Leger with his auger,
natilated S. Christopher ; another S. Christopher is at Imping-
Wm Dowaing records the destruction by himself and his myrmi-

204 The Eccleriology of Cambridgeshire.

dons of nine " giant Christophers" in various churches. The frescoes at
Hardwick have been brought before you lately, and an account of them,
by one of our members, has been lately published in the Ecdetiologist,
Of architectural solecisms the elegant Lady chapel of two stories, at-
tached to the north side of Fordham church, demands especial notice ;
and under this head may be included the three chancel arches at Little
Shelford,^ the two east windows at Little Gransden, and the two tower
arches at Hildersham.

Three villages which formerly had two churches now only possess
one. At Histon, the church of S. Etheldreda was pulled down by the
lord of the manor for its building materials. Fulboum S. Vigor's stood
scarce twenty feet apart from the present church, and was pulled down
in 1776 to save the parish the expense of repairing it. At Swaffham
Prior the remains of both churches exist in the same churchyard : that
of S. Cyriac is a beautiful ruin : of S. Mary the only part is a very fine
Third-Pointed tower ; the nave was rebuilt in vile taste abont fifty years
since, from materials taken from the two old churches. In three vil-
lages the churches are in ruins and disused, Silverley, Ashley, and
Shingay; and this, perhaps, is more to be mourned over than the entire
disappearance of both church and village, of which we have instances
in Willingham S. Matthew, Clopton, and^Childerley. At the latter,
celebrated as the place where King Charles the Martyr passed the
night on his way, as a prisoner, to Thriplow Heath, there were for-
merly two villages distinguished as Magna and Parva, but all that re-
mains now is a portion of a fine manor house, and a gate where fox-
hunters often meet.

Church bells form an important ecclesiological feature in a county,
and rarely receive the attention they deserve from church tourists, who,
as a general rule, leave the church without ascending the belfiry. Bells
are occasionally to be met with four or five himdred years old : some-
times they are very curious and interesting, especially as regards their
inscriptions and ornamentation, while their shape, and tone, and dura-
bility evince great skill on the part of the founders, enough to put us
to the blush in these days, when we seem unable to get a bell for the
palace at Westminster to last more than a few weeks. I am indebted
to the Rev. James Raven, of Emmanuel College, one of the most learned
Campanologists of the day, for a few remarks on our Cambridgeshire
bells. He has in hand a work upon the bells of East Anglia, which,
from what I have seen of it, will throw more light upon this interesting
subject than anything which has hitherto been publuhed.

** The most remarkable peal of bells in the county is that in the tower
of S. Mary the Great.

'< The original peal consisted of three, which are distinguished in the
church accounts as * the forbell, the myddell bell, and the p'eai bell.'
There was also a sanctus bell. In 1514 the peal was increased by the
addition of another great bell. Bowtell (^174) refers to the diorch
book (fol. xiii.) as mentioning for this year

*' ' An obligacyon for the church bell fownder of Bery.'

' I am told that these three arches have been recently ^r&wUd into one.

The Ecclesiology of Cambridgeshire. 205

** I have no doubt that the correct reading is, ' Tho8. Chirche/ in-
stead of ' the church.' [Thomas Chirche, bell-founder, of Southgate
Street, Bury S. Edmund's, by will dated 1 528, directed his body to be
buried in S. Peter's aisle of S. Mary's church, Bury — he must be the
founder mentioned.] In 1596 the peal was first rung, probably on the
1 7th of Nov. (Queen's Accession). In 1607, John Warren, of Cam-
bridge, re-cast the sanctus bell, which hangs now in the tower with the
other bells. In 1611 the peal of four was re-cast into five, the account
of which may be found in Metcalfs diary for November, 1611. Two
more bells were added in 1 667 to the peal, which had been cast into
six in 1621. This peal of eight hung in the tower till 1722, when
they were once more taken down and re-cast, with additional metal,
into a peal of ten by ' Mr. Richard Phelps, bell-founder, in White-
chapel, who was strongly recommended by Dr. Croft, in a letter to Mr.
Bowman, the organist of the parish.' (Bowtell MS.) Two trebles,
hardly worthy of Phelps's peal, were added 1 770, in which year the tenor
was re-cast. The founders were Pack and Chapman, of Whitechapel.
Dobson, of Downham, re-cast the eleventh (the present curfew) in 1825,
and a very fine bell it is, as every Cambridge man knows.

*' There are many curious bells, both in town and county, and a
diligent examination of the parish accounts, as well as the bells, would
doubtless bring to light much that is interesting and valuable. The
hall bell at Peterhouse bears its origin in the inscription, 'Peter
Vanden Ghein heft mi ghegoben.' Concerning this Peter, I find that
a bell belonging to the . Rye corporation, of which bell there was a
woodcut in the Illustrated News a few years ago, is inscribed, ' Petrus
Gheineus me fecit, 1565.' There is a bell in All Saints' (the treble)
of the old cylindrical kind, much older than the present tower. At
Impington the second bell has the angel, lion, eagle, and bull, im-
pressed from a well-executed stamp, and the capitals in the inscription
(Sancta Katerina Ora Pro Nobis) are very beautiful in design. The
stamp of this founder was a shield bearing three mullets in chief, a
chevron and an inverted crescent. The tenor at Coton is a bell, I
should say, of the thirteenth or early in the fourteenth century. The
inscription is in large Longobardic letters,

" ' Virgo coronata due nos ad regna beata.'

" There is a fine heavy peal of five at Isleham. The treble and second
are dated 1 560, the oldest date I have ever found on a bell. The third
is stamped with a shield bearing a bell, crossed ttpears, crossed keys,
a cannon with a ball coming out of the mouth, and the founder's
initials, H. S. It is thus inscribed,

** * See : gabriel : ora : p : aiabs johis bemard milit. h elene uxis sue : &
thome peyton : armigi & margarete uxis sue : fiUe & hered : pdicto johis &
eleoe.'

" It also bears the arms of Peyton and Bernard. The fourth was re-
cast by Dobson, in 1819, and the tenor, which was made by John
Darbie, an itinerant but a first-rate founder, bears date 1680.

" There are plenty of beUa in the neighbourhood of Cambridge to

206 The Ecclesiology of Cambridgeshire.

afford research for the curious in CampaDology. 1 am not aware that
any thing is known of the bells at Harlton, Harston, FoxtoD, Toft,
Sawston, Babraham, Whittlesford, &c., &c. Those immediatdy round
Cambridge and along the Suffolk border have been examined by my-
self, for the most part."

To this account I may add an inscription from a bell in S. Benediet's
church,

" Of ail the bells in Rennet I am the best.
And yet for my casting the parish paid least."

S. Edward's has a very old one with the inscription in black letter,

" Sancta Anna ora pro nobis."

And in S. Botolph's are four, at least as old as the fifteenth century,
with the following legends,

** 1. Sancte Apoline ora pro nobis.

2. Sancte Andrea ora pro nobis.

3. Sancta Margareta ora pro nobis.

4. Nomen Magdalene, campana gent melodic."

The remarks I have made about church bells also apply to another
branch of ecclesiological inquiry worthy of much more attention thin
it has yet received, I mean the dedication of churches. Time will only
allow me to select a few of the more noticeable features Cambridgeshire
presents under this head.

Several may be traced to local circumstances ; for instance, the me-
mory of S. Edmund the martyr and king of East Anglia is preserved
in the dedications of two churches. The patron saint of the diocese.
S. Etheldreda, has also two ; S. Botolph, also an eastern cpontiet
saint, has also three churches named in his honour. He founded
a monastery in Lincolnshire, around which in process of time a town
gathered, named after him Botolph's town, now abbreviated to Bostoo.
S. Nicholas, as the patron saint of sailors, has numerous churches
named after him throughout all the sea coast ; and our position, as to
inland county, is well shown by there being only four churches so dedi-
cated in Cambridgeshire, while Essex has twenty* four, Norfolk twenty-
five, Lincolnshire twenty-seven. Of rarer dedications the church of
Eltisley is the only one in England named after S. Pandiana, the
daughter of a king of Scotland, who so early as the ninth century fled
from the tyranny of her father, and lived as a recluse in this village ;
the site of her well is still pointed out. Harlton church is dedicated
in honour of the Assumption of the Virgin, a rare dedication in Eng-
land, where events are very seldom thus commemorated. S. Cyriac,
the Holy Sepulchre, S. Wendreda, and S. Vigor, are also rare dedi-
cations found in this county. There are twenty-one churches in Eng-,
land dedicated to S. Edward : four of these are known as S. Edward
the King ; that in Cambridge is the only one bearing the name of the
meek and gentle Confessor. But though we have no tradition as to the
other sixteen, the majority of them may probably be assigned to him
also, as so warm a patron of monastic institutions would assuredly be

The Ecclesiology of Cambridgeshire. 20 r

extensively commemorated in the many churches founded by them.
A carious instance of a changed dedication occurs in the village known
as Papworth S. Agnes. No doubt this was the original dedication of
the church ; but though the memory of S. Agnes still lingers in the
name of the village, the church has for many centuries been called after
5. John Baptist. There are four churches in the county dedicated
to SS. Peter and Paul conjointly ; and it is worthy of notice that the
only one dedicated to S. Paul alone is the modern church on the Hills
road. This will be found to be generally the case, as S. Paul rarely
occurs without S. Peter in old dedications (the metropolitan cathedral
is an exception easily accounted for ;) and of the few others no doubt
some are abbreviations of S. Paulinus the first archbishop of York.
There are two hundred and thirty-one churches in England dedicated
in the joint names of these two great apostles ; and, including the nu-
merous modern dedications, only sixty-five to S. Paul singly. In Cam-
bridgeshire, as in all other counties, of course the Blessed Virgin has
the greatest number of dedications ; forty-nine churches, or more than
one- fourth, being named after her. Next in order come twenty-five in
honour of All Saints ; nineteen in honour of S. Andrew ; sixteen in
honour of S. Peter.

Lastly, I have briefly to notice the inn-signs in the county, connected
with our ecclesiological inquiry. They are few now, and are gradually
yielding to more modern designations, but no doubt at one time a
large proportion had their origin in ecclesiastical influences. For in-
stance, five villages in the county bear the Cross Keys as the inn sign ;
in two of these the church is dedicated to S. Peter, and they all lie
within six miles of Ely, the cathedral of which is dedicated to S. Peter
conjointly with S. Etheldreda. The Angel is most probably a relic of
the sign of the Annunciation, in which the angel Gabriel was intro-
duced ; and this is borne out by the fact, that in the five parishes in the
county in which the angel occurs as an inn-sign, the church is in each
ofese dedicated to the Virgin. The Salutation, a very old inn, till re-
cently in Bridge Street, no doubt had the same origin, in reference to
the angel Oabriel saluting the Virgin with the *' Ave Maria," though
no one would recognise it in the corrupted sign which represented two
gentlemen in tailed coats and cocked hats in the act of saluting each
other by shaking hands. The Lamb, of which there are four instances,
was formerly the Holy Lamb bearing the Cross, or banner, referring
to S. John the Baptist, or the Knights Templars ; at Welney it still
retains the designation of the Lamb and Flag. At Haddenham is the
Tery old sign of the Three Kings, derived from the three kings of
Cologne^ that is, the three Wise Men, Caspar, Melchior, and Bal-
thazar. This was very popular in mediaeval times, and is still found
lingering in many secluded villages. In London it is perpetuated in
Three King Court. Three signs of the Catherine Wheel, are remnants
of the great popularity of S. Catherine. In the Three Crowns, which
occor at Cambridge and Ely, the arms of the diocese are easily recog-
msed. Of the Cross,' once a very common sign in all its varieties,
we hare only one, the Gblden Cross in Fitzroy Street, and that quite a
modem one. The Maid's Head at Wicken, may be supposed to

208 The Ecclesiology of Cambridgeshire.

refer to the Virgin Mary, and the •* Flower Pot " at Wisbech, to the
pot of lilies, her most common mediaeval emblem. I ought not to
omit to mention that there are five signs of the " Six Bells,*' and nine
of the *' Five Bells," all of them no doubt referring to the peals in
their respective parish churches ; evidences of the popularity of the
noble art of change-ringing, which I for one would fain see encou-
raged by the Parson more generally than it is ; so that every parish
should take as much pride in its bellringers as it does in its cricketers.

I found soon after beginning my paper, that it would extend to
too great a length to include in it the town and university of Cam-
bridge ; so proposing to return to that portion of my subject on some
future occasion, I here for the present bring my brief sketch of Cam-
bridgeshire Ecclesiology to a close. I have, as you will allow, merely
skimmed over the surface, with no intention of exhausting the matter,
but rather to suggest what lies beneath, and to indicate the scope
there is for those who may wish to enter more deeply into any of the
subjects I have touched upon ; and quite sure am I that the mine of
ecclesiology in Cambridgeshire is so rich, that it will amply repay any
one who will be at the trouble of working it.

Let me in conclusion remind you, that exactly twenty years hsfe
passed away since the first architectural society was established in this
place. It was the first step to the revival of a better state of things
amongst us ; and it will ever redound to the honour of Cambridge
that she was the pioneer in this great and necessary movement. In
looking back upon what has been accomplished during those twenty
years, we may indeed see much to make us "thank Goo and take
courage ;" but how much, how very much, yet remains to be done ere
the motto then chosen, " Donee Templa refeceris," can be considered ts
even approaching its fulfilment ! At this time one cannot help feeling*
that in this nursing- mother of the Church our society by no means
occupies its proper position ; for I take it our object is not fulfilled hy
a few of us meeting together to talk over our favourite pursuit ; bat
that our aim is to encourage the study of ecclesiology as a healthy
and refreshing relaxation amid the severer duties of this place, espe-
cially as being useful to those destined hereafter for the ofiice and woik
of the ministry, to whom, to use Mr. Ruskin's quaint imagery, some
idea as to the construction of sheepfolds is only second in importance
to a judicious method of tending the sheep. And if the time shall
ever come when, through the influence of this and the kindred socie-
ties, a fair knowledge of ecclesiology will form a portion of every clergy-
man's attainments, the hope of die venerable Bishop of Exeter will
then be realised, and the architectural societies, by Gk>o's blessing, be
numbered amongst the most useful handmaids of the Church in this
kingdom.

209

MODERN ARCHITECTURE.
To the Editor of the Ecclesiologist.

Dear Mb. Editor, — I was very glad to observe in your critique
apon the new churches at Halifax and Doncaster, the remark that while
you have never been backward in supporting a certain boldness of
edeoticism in design, in competent hands, you most highly value Mr,
Scott's judicious adherence to the stricter and narrower precedents of
our own insular style. My feeling is even more conservative.

I always thought (and believed it to be generally admitted) that the
English and the Northern-French varieties of mediaeval architecture
are by far the most beautiful, the most refined and perfect ; and that.
oo the other hand, the Pointed style never struck deep root in the soil
of Italy — never flourished there, or even appeared in full richness of
purity and beauty. Yet how very rarely do we see any new building
designed in conformity with ** our own insular style !*' In old times
localism prevailed to a most remarkable extent, considering the con-
stant communication which must have passed between the architects
and masons of different districts and countries.

To-day the fashion is an imitation of North Italy in constructional
polychrome; arches in alternating colours carried up in peculiarly
formed voussoirs ; and brilliant-coloured bands and groins, constructed
with the most glaring contrasts obtainable in brick and stone, and to
produce a piebald, spotty aspect. One would imagine that England
never possessed any mediaeval style, but had just imported that of
North Italy, in the same spirit that our grandfathers indulged them-
selves in Chinese pagodas and eccentric beasts at the instigation of the
then very distinguished patrons of the fine arts. It is difiicult to point
to any new houses of English character, except Mr. Scott's in the
Broad Sanctuary, Westminster ; yet how even he delights in inter-
weaving Italianisms in his ecclesiastioal designs, until they remind one
of the appearance presented at the late Volunteer Review by a corps of
Middlesex riflemen in " Garibaldi " hats.

' The change has advanced almost unnoticed until our own national
style is almost " nowhere " in the race ; and it seems to me very desir-
able to call attention to the fact.

First let me candidly admit the only point on which we gain any-
thing, viz., colour ; black, white, red and yellow bands, voussoirs, and
quoins probably may be cheaper than the same amount of variety to
tiie eye obtainable by masonry or carving, or by fresco within doors.
But we lose the pure design, the severe beauty of our old churches.
Nave and chancel arches are now often flat-soffited, bare and miser-
able, in place of those exquisitely rich, deep mouldings that existed
IB perfection almost exclusively in our own latitude. Richly-clustered
pillars are commonly superseded by plain circular columns, capped with
d-dassic or semi* naturalistic foliage.

VOL. XXI. £ 1

210 The Ecclesiastical Colours.

In minor matters, too, the rage for variety (and sometimes, if I dare
add it, a weak fear of the charge of copyiam) leads to many other
changes, most, if not all, for the worse. Towers are set in every ima-
ginable position except at the west end of the nave, where it is found
in nine out of ten old churches ; in consequence we miss the noble
western* entrance, with its numerous shafts and deeply recessed arches
and mouldings. A cruciform plan is most frequently adopted for the
sake of a certain picturesqueness, notwithstanding (as you remark in
the article referred to) the incongruity of that type and form (in a large
church) to the object required ; and even then, with a curious perverie-
ness, the tower is anywhere but central. Sometimes all the arches are
of that peculiar obtuse form constructed by two segments of circles
springing abruptly from the jamb or pier, instead of rising almost im-
perceptibly from it ; in one noble church the windows are aU horse-
shoed— a form that can scarcely be matched in an old English duuch,
and surely very unpleasing in effect. An apsidal termination of tbe
chancel is fashionable, though inconvenient, though as peculiarly an
un-English feature as could be selected ; and though it obliterates the
richest window the church might, could, would, or should possess. I
do not understand, either, why it is now desired to advance the altar
from the east wall ; I believe such a practice was never usual in Eng-
land (unless under authority of the Rubric permitting the Loan's
Table to be placed in the body of the church or in the chancel.) thongfa
probably there may be examples ; and so the usage of raising the altar
on lofty flights of steps is certainly only a modern Roman custom. I
suppose we wish to leave mediaeval Churchmen in the shade, and to
become more Catholic than the early Catholics.

I regret that the subject upon which I have addressed you has not
been brought forward earlier, and by some abler pen ; for it seems to
me that if unchecked the result must be very serious.

One word more. Eclecticism in art surely fails ; it may be main-
tained for a time by the genius of its originators, but survives them
only long enough to bring ruin upon the art itself.

I am, &c.
A. H.

[We willingly admit our correspondent's letter, which will probably
provoke a reply from some of our readers. — ^En.] ,

THE ECCLESIASTICAL COLOURS.

To the Editor of the Ecclesiologist.

Sir, — While thankfully acknowledging the importance of yoar
learned correspondent's researches respecting the Ecclesiastical Colours
in the Ancient English Church, as testifying to the variety and richness
of church furniture in those times, I am rather at a loss to discover
their intended bearing upon the practical part of the question at issue

The Ecclesiastical Colours, 211

in the present day, and am inclined to fear lest, in the pursuit of an-
tiquarian research, the real object of the variation of colour should be
lost sight of. Does not the real object of any change in the colours
of the altar frontal and the priest*s vestments consist in the silent elo-
quence with which such change announces the times and seasons of
the Church ? And is not this object frustrated, as soon as the rule
which guides the priest or the sacristan in his selection ceases to be
general ? Does not their value become at once nil, if there be no
certain rule by which all shall be alike guided ? If, for instance, one
priest marks Whitsuntide by red vestments, and bis neighbour in the
next parish chooses white ones, is not the change, for the mere sake of
change, an erideut absurdity ?

The true use of the Ecclesiastical Colours has been well expressed
by Mr. Skinner in his sermon on the Value of Externals in the Service
of Goo : the colours are varied, he says, not to suit the capricious
tastes of individuals, but in obedience to an universally acknowledged
law, by which each may tell its own proper tale ; they are not for
mere empty show, but are intended, by their uniform adoption, to
convey to the eye the same lesson which the announcement of the
minister, after the Creed, conveys to the ear : they are certain deter-
mined signs, teaching even those who may be deprived of the sense of
liearing, that the whole Church is keeping this festival or that ; and
are acceptable in God's sight, because of the truths to which they
witness.

Let me observe that I am not now advocating the rule of " modern
Rome " as perfect in these matters ; it is quite possible that Convoca-
tion might frame some better arrangement for the use of the Church
of England ; a greater variety of colours might no doubt be bene-
ficially adopted, so as to mark more clearly the distinction of days and
seasons. Only do not let us lose sight of the hidden meaning, with-
out which all these externals are worse than useless ; do not let us
overlook the fact that their real value consists in their arrangement,
by which the same colour shall always and everywhere present the
same truth to the mind. All that is needed to produce this effect is
uniformity of practice ; but without this the Ecclesiastical Colours cease
to be ecclesiastical, and become the mere exponents of individual
caprice and fancy.

Trusting that your correspondent will excuse me for venturing to
offer these few remarks to his notice,

I am, sir.

Yours faithfully.

Stoke Neunngton Green, Robert H. Nisbbtt Brownb.

June, 1860.

212

'.(

THE ELY OCTAGON,

To the Editor of the Ecclenologut.

Bayeux, June 24. 1860.

Mt dbar Sir, — I wish to draw the attention of those interested ii
ecclesiastical architecture to Bayeux Cathedral, as affording in its octi
gonal lantern an instr active parallel to Ely.

Begun in the first half of the eleventh century, it has a Norma
nave and western towers, and was intended to have had a ceotn
tower in the ^ame style. This design was, however, altered sobac
quently : the Norman piers were encased in new ones of thirteent
century work, and a square tower carried up to a height rather abof
the level .of the ridge of the nave roof. Within the church the cro«
ing is roofed with one bay of quadripartite vaulting, at the same heigb
as the adjoining nave and transepts. Above this the square towc
contains a floorless chamber, showing on its walls, by fragments c
chevron mouldings, etc., its change from Norman to Second-Pointec
Its roof is made octagonal, by the help of squinches, and consists <
eight bays of fifteenth century work ; above which is an octagoni
lantern of great elegance. On each of its sides is a larg^ ogee window
of three lights, and between each pair of windows a strong bnttresi
richly ornamented. But what I wish particularly to insist upon i
that there are evident traces of the commencement of a stone spin
Above the windows is a balustrade of stone, pierced with tracery, hi
hind which screen of stone, the walls fall away in a manner whic
can hardly be interpreted otherwise than as the commencement of
spire ; while internally the masonry recedes in a similar manner. I
Renaissance times this work was completed according to the tast
then prevalent. The result was a dome, surmounted by a belfry ao
cupola of very graceful design. But this was all taken down fbu
years ago, because the piers beneath being composed of various kind
of masonry were thought too weak for (heir load. Scarcely, howevei
was the dome demolished, before a plan was discovered for restoria
the piers without further destruction. The lantern therefore w«
spared.

My object in drawing attention to it now is, that it is the only in
stance I know of a lantern, which it seems certain was intended t
terminate in a spire ; and which would therefore fiimish an examp]
exactly suited to the views of some of the restorers of the Ely octagoi

That the piers should have given way will appear only reasonabl(
when we reflect that the Renaissance work, made still heavier by tl
addition of the bells, was equal in height to the whole lantern beneal
it, making in all probability a weight nearly four times greater tfaa
that of the spire would have been.

Hoping you will excuse the length to which this letter has extender

I remain, my dear sir.

Yours sincerely,

J. W. Cukax.

213

MEMORIAL OF THE CAMBRIDGE ARCHITECTURAL SO-
CIETY TO THE COMMITTEE FOR ERECTING A NEW
TOWN HALL AND OTHER PUBLIC BUILDINGS IN CAM-
BRIDGE.

[We are very glad to be able to place on record the following able
paper: although its warnings have been disregarded, and, after an
unsatisfactory competition, and a still more unsatisfactory adjudication,
the town of Cambridge has chosen a nondescript design for its Town
Hall, which moreover, it is suspected, cannot be buiit for the stipulated
8um.]

GsNTLEMBN, — Wc have learnt with much gratification that the
qoestions relating to the erection of a new guildhall and other publio
buildings in the borough of Cambridge are now sufficiently advanced
to warrant the committee in considering the means of securing the best
deaigos and the most competent architect.

We trust that we shall not be thought to arrogate to ourselves any
unwarrantable authority, if, in a province so peculiarly our own, we
Tenture respectfully to lay before the committee some suggestions, the
csonsideration of which appears to us to be indispensable to the accom-
]^hment of the object which all must desire, viz., the erection of such
a building as may be an ornament to the town, and worthy to rank
with those noble architectural monuments of former ages with which it
will be surrounded.

We therefore request your candid consideration to the two points
which appear to us to be most essential at the present stage of proceed-
ings, viz : —

1. The style to be adopted in the building.

3. The best method of selecting a plan, and securing a competent
architect.

1 . It is from no partiality for a style with which we may be supposed
to be most familiar that we would venture strongly to urge upon the
committee the adoption of what may be properly designated the national
■tyle in preference to what is considered a debased imitation of any of
the old classic orders. It is because we are persuaded that, not less
on the grounds of precedent and propriety than on those of convenience
and economy, an English design is the only one that in our opinion
could worthily occupy the site which the liberality of the borough has
provided for the future Town Hall.

The committee will not require to be reminded that the very noblest
civic monuments of mediaeval art, not only in the capitals, but in many
provincial towns of the continent are their Hotels de Ville, scarcely in-
ferior in attraction, sometimes even superior in purity of style, to the
cathedrals : and although the Architectural Society cannot hope that
the new GKiildhall of Cambridge will rival the magnificence or attain
the celebrity of the corresponding buildings at Brussels or Louvain,
they would yet venture to suggest that the united efforts of the town

214 Memorial of the Cambridge Architectural Society.

and university might produce a building in the same style not nn-
worthy of the historical fame of this ancient borough and creditable to
the generation which erected it.

The opening out of S. Mary's church and King's college chapel to
the market-place by the demolition of the intervening houses seems to
us to render it essential that the new Town Hall should be conformed
in all main particulars of style to the buildings with which it will
group from the principal points of view. There would be an obvious
incongruity in what is termed a " classic" building in immediate
proximity to those grand specimens of the national style — a solecism
which, however excusable during the period of the oblivion of Gothic
architecture, would be unpardonable in this day.

A comparison of the convenience and of the cost of the two styles
(for which we can with confidence appeal to the evidence lately given
before a Committee of the House of Commons) furnishes another argu-
ment in favour of that which the Architectural Society is desirous re-
spectfully to press upon the adoption of the committee : for there is no
question that while the Pointed style admits of being made at least
equally commodious, it is very much more economical than the
" Classic,*' provided that the architect can be induced to abstain from
elabprate ornamentation, which, it is submitted, is in no way necessary
to the dignity and effectiveness of a Gothic building. The Architectu-
ral Society would therefore earnestly deprecate that prevailing fault of
many modem buildings, in which, while vast sums are frittered away
in minute decorations, the grandeur of the whole is almost entirely
disregarded. A style which owes its beauty to the symmetry of iti
proportions and the graceful outlines of its constructional details may
well dispense with all fictitious ornaments.

2. With regard to the best method of procuring a plan for the pro-
posed new buildings, the Architectural Society would take the liberty
of expressing to the committee their very serious doubts of the expe-
diency of inviting public competition. It is a fact now perfectly well
ascertained that the most eminent architects will not incur the trouble,
risk and expense incidental to a competition in the provinces : so that
public competition in Cambridge would be almost sure to result in a
collection of second or third-rate designs.

We would suggest, therefore, that a full and detailed statement of
what would be required in the new Town Hall should be submitted to
some well-known architect, to be selected by a sub- committee, and
that he should be requested to furnish a design within the means at
the command of the committee. As the Architectural Society cannot
be suspected of any personal or private interest, they need not shrink
from the responsibility of submitting to the committee the names of
several of the most distinguished architects, arranged in alphabetical
order, to any one of whom they believe the new Guildhall might be
entrusted, with the most entire confidence that a work would be pro-
duced in every way worthy of the object for which it is designed.

In conclusion, the Architectural Society would express to the com-
mittee their sincere congratulations on the measure of success whidi
has hitherto attended their labours, and begs to assul^ them that they

S, MichaePs, German-Toumy Pennsylvania^ U.S. 215

hall watch their farther proceedings with the deepest interest, and he
Qost happy to co-operate with them to the utmost of their power in
iringing their undertaking to a prosperous issue.

Signed on hehalf of the Society by

Thb Prbsidbnt.

S. MICHAEL'S, GERMAN-TOWN, PENNSYLVANIA. U.S.

!t is some time since we had occasion to speak of Ecclesiological
>rogres8 in the United States, and we are therefore the more pleased
'JO be able to commend very highly a group of ecclesiastical structures
lesigned by Mr. F. C. Withers, of Newburgh, New York, for the rector
of German-town, Pennsylvania.

The church, which was consecrated by the Assistant-Bishop of the
liocese, on Michaelmas Day last, consists of a nave, 71 ft. long, by
27 ft. broad, a chancel 2^ ft. 6 in. long by 19ft. broad, a vestry and
organ-chamber, and a porch, — all the latter being on the north side.
A small belfry turret, designed to hold two bells, caps the western
gable of the nave. The walls are built of rubble-stone of a blue colour,
contrasted with dressings and horizontal bands of red brick mingled
with black brick. The roofs are covered with dark slates.

The style is Early Pointed, the windows being rather broad un-
foliated lancet lights, used singly or in couplets, and formed honestly
OQt of brick, headings and all. llie bell-gable is square, built of brick,
sod surmounted by an open • belfry of timber, square in plan, with two
lights, screened by louvre- boards on each side, and roofed with a square
pyramidal capping covered with shingles. The way in which the brick
stage of this belfiy is bracketed out on the west wall and supported by
a central buttress deserves commendation. Its defect is the needless
inaerdon of a small spherical triangular opening, — filled with louvre*
boards — on each side of the brick stage. We should strongly advise
the briddng-up of these needless apertures.

The organ-chamber, projecting from the north wall of the nave under
a low transversely-gabled roof, is not particularly well treated, and is
overdone with windows. The architect would have done better had he
made it altogether more simple, and had he resisted the temptation of
treating it like a miniature transept. All the gables, we observe, are
finished with light metal crosses. We are sorry not to see the old-
fiMhioned weather-cock on the summit of the belfry spirelet.

As to the interior— of which a description has reached us, but no
drawing of it — the roofs are said to be boarded under the rafters ; which
latter are framed with collars. We hear also of a cornice and enrich*
ment by moulded ribs. The seats are open, and are to be unap-
propriated for ever. The accommodation is for 300 worshippers.
All the windows are filled with stained glass ; of ^hich two, namely,
the eastern triplet and the window at the south-east of the chancel.

■■ 1

•"l

;i

216 The Ecclemlogy of Buehan.

are by Messrs. Lavers and Barraad of London. Those two are i
morial windows.

The cost of the church was about 8000 dollars.

The parsonage, which is not yet built, is designed to group with
church, in a sort of quadrangle at its west end. It is of brick, i
some good features. There is a verandah, framed of timber, in
Gothic style, along one side ; and a private chapel, with an exte
door, adjoins the east end. The roofs both of the church and
sonage overhang more than is common in England, and more ths
consistent with good effect. The house is to cost 5000 dollars.

It is with much pleasure that we chronicle the completion of so {
an architectural work among our Transatlantic cousins.

THE ECCLESIOLOGY OF BUCHAN.

Buchan, By the Rev. John B. Pratt, M. A. Second Edition. A
deen : Smith. London : Blackwood. 1859.

Mr. Pratt's comprehensive description of the district of Buohan-
northern half of Aberdeenshire — in which his own core is sttix
has deservedly reached a second edition. It is more like a co
history than a guide-book in its general character, although
thrown into the form of an itinerary. The style is gossiping;
perhaps somewhat too courtly a tone, with reference to the magi
of the district ; and the author has not escaped that liability to
into fine writing, which is the pitfall of topographers. The ilia
tions are steel engravings from rather inadequate drawings. But 1
is much research in the volume, and it seems to deserve more
mere local patronage. Buchan cannot boast of many ecclesioloj
wonders ; but such as there are have been carefully described by
Pratt. The first we come upon is the ruin of the Cistereian al
church of S. Mary Deer, founded 1219. Its plan seems to have
cruciform, with square-ended choir, square transepts, and a nave i
rated by an arcade of five from a north aisle ; the total length fe
150 ft., and the breadth across the transepts 90 ft. Of the prio
Fy vie no traces remain. At Oamrie the ancient church of S. John E
gelist, a small Romanesque structure, still survives. In length it is s
90 ft., the chancel about 24 ft. of that length, and a little luarr
than the nave. Two ancient doors remain, and an aumbry e and
dence; but the general condition of the remarkable building is
scribed as wretched and neglected in the extreme.

A copious appendix, full of genealogical and biographical de
will make this unpretending but useful volume very generally ao
able among those who claim kindred with the landed gcnU
Buchan.

217

HEWITTS ANCIENT ARMOUR.

Ancient Armour and Weapons in Europe : from the Iron Period of the
Northern Nations to this End of the Seventeenth Century. With Il-
lustrations from Cotemporary Monuments. By John Hbwitt,
Member of the Archeeological Institute of Great Britain. Volumes
II. and III. Oxford and London : J. H. and J. Parker. 1860.

Wb warmly congratulate Mr. Hewitt on the completion, by the publica-
tion of these two beautiful volumes, of his exhaustiye work on Ancient
Armour and Weapons. His former volume, which brought down the
subject to the end of the thirteenth century, was noticed by us with
commendation four or five years ago. The whole of the second volume
is devoted to the fourteenth century ; while the third, or supplementary
volume, comprises the three succeeding centuries, extending to a time
when armour, at least, went out of general use among fighting men.
The copious illustrations, drawn from all sources, and beautifully en-
graved upon wood, with which these volumes are enriched, make the
chronological study of this branch of archaeology exceedingly easy in
Mr. Hewitt's pages.

The author well observes that the fourteenth century is in many re-
spects the most interesting period of mediaeval art and history. This is
true no less in matters of military costume than in respect of architec-
ture. It was an epoch of transition. The knight mounted on his
war-horse was just beginning to give way to the invincible power of a
well- trained and armed infantry ; and the " bombard'* had just revo-
lutionized the science of the defence and attack of fortified places. The
life and energy of this stirring period are vividly pourtrayed to us in
the famous chronicles of Froissart.

Just now, when our attention has been called to the revival among
our Rifle Volunteers of the use of arms of precision, it is curious to
read Mr. Hewitt's account of the terrible power which the exact aim
of the English archers gave to their side in a battle. This he shows
by extracts from contemporary chronicles and romances; and, among
other documents, he quotes the mandate of Edward III. in 1363, or-
dering the people to discontinue other sports, and to practise archery
on Sundays and holidays at the village- butts. It is to be lamented
that Mr. Hewitt's copious matter has not been better arranged. The
mccount of the various constituent parts of a fourteenth century army
seems to leave no branch of the subject unnoticed ; but, for want of a
division into sections, it is difiicult, even by the help of the general
index, to find out any detailed information that may be required.

When it became impossible for horsemen to withstand the missiles
of archers and crossbow-men, the knights, obliged to fight on foot.
abandoned their spear for the axe, and disused their spurs. Mr. Hewitt
traces the progress as well as the causes of all such changes in martial
equipment, besides describing the tactics, and strategy, and commis*

VOL. XXI. F F

218 HewUVs Ancient Armour.

sariat arrangements of the period. It is of course impossible to follow
him in his minute and curious researches into the fMhions of the mili-
tary toilet at home and abroad. Many of the most remarkable of his
illustrations are borrowed from the Roman du Roi Meliadus, a manu-
script in the British Museum Library (Add. MSS. 12.^8.) Most of
us are acquainted with the general effect of armour as worn by the
knights of England, France, and Germany, from the many illumina-
tions, sepulchral brasses, and monumental effigies that remain. But
there is great novelty in the stately figure of an Italian knight (Plate
28) which Mr. Hewitt has taken from the church of S. Domenico tt
Naples.

Mr. Hewitt remarks that in the fourteenth century the Enghsh
began to wear beards and moustaches, earlier than their contineDtil
neighbours. In the beginning of that century it waa cnstomaiy to
shave clean ; but by 1 3^5 it was common to let both beard and moa»-
tache grow in England ; and about 1375 the fashion of wearing forked
beards came in. In France beards began to be worn long in 1 340.
From 14^5 to 1460 both beards and moustache were out of fuhioo,
but they were worn long from the latter date till the end of the century.
We observe that our author disputes, and with reason on his side, the
story that the English first used cannon at the battle of Creasy. It ii
in 1 382 that he first finds indisputable proof of field-guns being used
by the men of Ghent in their attack of Bruges.

The supplemental volume is compiled on a somewhat different prio-
ciple. The author has arranged his plates in chronolog^ieal order, and
his letterpress is little more than a descriptive commentary upon tbem.
We note a very curious illustration (Plate 61) of a knight beio|r amed
by three esquires, while a fourth holds his horse. This is from the
Harl. MSS. 4,431. a copy of Christine de Pisan. From the chmeh of
S. Denis Mr. Hewitt borrows an incised slab, representing a aeijeant-
at-arms, holding a rich mace or truncheon. Even more oiirioos tkta
the pictures of old armour are some illustrations, from contemponrj
sources, of the earliest forms of hand-guns — the remote anceston k
our modem Whit worth rifie. Next we have, from a manascript dated
1473. a view of a combat between a swordsman and a man anned witk
a fire*pot. or lime*pot. mattue de guerre, — a kind of hand-grenade.

The armour of the seventeenth century lost all beauty of form. It
is difficult to imagine, for example, anything more ludicfoasly ogiv
than a suit, from the Ambras collection, figured in Plate 100, with the
peculiarity of a mask visor, like a caricature of a human fiace. Mr.
Hewitt conducts his readers to the time when the musket had beooiae
the chief arm of modem warfare, and ends his volume with a panegyric
on the bayonet. He has completed a work which will always be of
high value to the artist and the antiquary, as well as to the bisloriaB
and military critic.

219

ARCHITECTURAL CONGRESS AT CAMBRIDGE.

It 18 a matter for much congratulation that the Cambridge Architectural
CoDgreM proved in all respects successful. Elsewhere we give the
sobstance of Mr. E. A. Freeman's remarks at Waltham Abbey, where
the congress first assembled. And we owe to the courtesy of our con-
temporary, the Gentleman's Magazine, the following revised abstract
of the President's paper^ read at the evening meeting, which, we rejoice
to hear, is about to be published in a separate form.

" Mr. Beresford-Hope said that in adopting the title ' The Evglish Ca*
thednd of the Nineteenth Century' for his Ucture, he desired that every
mrd in it should be taken in the most absolute and exclusive sense. The
building which, by thenr kindness, he was oonstnicting on paper was a cathe*
drvl, as distinct from and opposed to a parish church. It was English, as
distinct from and opposed to foreign, as it was of the nineteenth century as
distinct from and opposed to one of earlier age. With those limitations
iteadily in view, he sileged thst there were distinctiTelv such buildings t»
r>09se as English cathedrals of the nineteenth century, that there were good
reasons why they should be built, and certain data of size, character, and
urangement which ought, in his judgment, to regulate their architectural
instruction. Dismissing as he di<l from bin subject churches with which the
last twenty years had studded the land, he yet had no wish to depreciate
them ; but he pleaded for another anil higher development of architecture
u consonant with the spirit of the age, and that of our actual church system,
with its episcopal regimen and its Book of Common Prayer. He advocated
tlM construction of cathedrals in the spirit in which Dr. Peacock hail restcMred
tiis glorious fnne at Ely, and Dean Milman was restoring S. Paul's. A cathedral
irdinarily exhibited an excess of length and height and breadth, profiiseness
>f plan, stateliness of ornamentation, and dignity of appearance which lifts it
kbove the ordinary church.

" He repudiated the idea that a building with these characteristics vras
lOt consonant with the reformed Church of England, or that it was a Roman
[Catholic institution. In proof he showed the difference between the Roman
[Catholic cathedral and that of the Reformed Church, m the muhiplietty of
sln|iela aad altars which characterised the former, and were absent ift those
li our eommunioB. In illustration he showed a plan of the new cathedral of
LiBZ in Austria, which is being built bv M. Statz of Cologne, and contrasted
t with plans of (1) the cathedral church of S. Ninian,for the use of the Scot-
tisli Episcopal Church, at Perth, by Mr. Butterfield ; (2) The cathedral at
KihBore, Inland ; (3) A plan of a cathedral at Inverness, both by Mr. Slater;
4) The plan of a eathedrnl at Brisbane, by Mr. Burges ; (6) The principal
sbiBefa of dM Island of S. Kitts, by Mr. Shiter; (6) Mr. Burges's plaa for
;W Memenal Cbnreh at CoMtantimople ; (7) The admirable plan by Mr.
kreeiy which won the second prize in the LiHe competition ; and» lasti}', the
ilan of the great church at Hamburgh, by Mr. Scott.

** He also referred to other colonial cathedrals, particularly those of Cal-
iutta, Montreal, and Sydney. The cathedral he contemplated was, of course,
o be built in Cbthic.

" The lecturer went On to prove that the recent enthusiasm for preachings
• the ui— s, and Ibe growing taste for large musical perfbrmancesy both
Budtd im make oatheilfaU possible. He then enlarged on the various arehi-

220 Mr. E, A, Freeman on Waltham Abbey.

tectiiral and ritual features of the new English cathedral. He showed tl
the nave ought to he spacious, and suggested the possihility of occauoRi
adopting the circular shape in it. The choir ought also to he large, to h
the volunteers who, he trusted, might join in the choral aenrices, u well
to serve for confirmations, ordinations, and such ceremonials. He poii
out the heauty of the apsidal east end with a circumamhieot aisle, and i
gesteil the adoption of this feature to contain monuments, recapitaUi
those monuments which had heen placed of late years in our cathednli
imitation of the ' high tomhs ' of the middle ages. He looked to the at
tion of constructive polychrome and the development of mural paiotisi
the artistic compensation for the loss of those features of the medieval eai
dral which were not appropriate to our more pure and simple rituaL He <
tinned to show what adjacent buildings and institutions modem otibcj
quired in connection with cathedrals, and concluded with practical obtn
tions Qpon the expedient^ of constructing churches such as he had pou
out in our large towns ; and as a first step, he advocated the suitabiiit]
adding the style of places suitable to become bishoprics to that of the \
lates in whose dioceses the towns now actually stood. In conclnsioa he
pressed his hope that he had proved that architecture was not a mere iioh
study of form and material and construction, but that it mixes itself op f
the most important concerns both of our physical and our spiritual liie.**

WALTHAM ABBEY.

[We are indebted to Mr. Freeman for the following abstract of
8]>eech before the Architectural Congress at Waltham Abbey. It i
serve as an introdaction to the paper by Mr. Surges which folic
it.— Ed.]

Mr. Frbbman said that, as he was going to speak of a church ab
which he had been led into considerable controversy, he wished it
be distinctly understood that he had not taken up the subject of W)
ham Abbey with the object of maintaining any paradox of his owi
to its date. No doubt many people would have read the letters
both sides in the Gentleman's Magazine, who had not seen his origi
paper in the Essex Transactions, That paper, a review of which g
rise to the controversy, was as much historical as architcctond ; i
the expression of his own opinion as to the date of the present boild
was merely one point dealt with among several. The oontroreny,
such controversies can hardly fail to do, had brought forward i
facts, and had led to some modification of his views. Tlioiigh be i
no reason to doubt that the present church was essentially the a
of that built by King Harold, he was ready to admit that it had and
gone, at the change of foundation under Henry II. » a miich In
amount of alteration than he had at first thought. The oouise of
last restoration had brought much to light which had before been
visible, and^had brought out other points more dearly. Moieofcr,
wished it distinctly to be understood that he nerer prafassad to h
proved that the nave was Harold's work. All thet he had cfcr ■■

Mr. E. A. Freeman on Waltham Abbeys 221

tained was that there was a strong presumptioD that way, — a presump-
tion strong enough to carry our belief till any direct argument is
brought to upset it, but which such direct argument might upset at any
time. He certainly thought that, of the arguments he had as yet seen
brought, none had that effect ; but he freely allowed that his case was
at any time liable to be upset by fresh discoveries. When Eadmer
distinctly tells us that Lanfranc rebuilt Canterbury Cathedral in seven
years, — when Oervase distinctly tells us that the church built by Lan-
franc consisted of a nave, choir, transepts, and three towers, — there
can be no doubt about the matter ; no sophism can affect such direct
testimony as that. But at Waltham we have no such direct testimony.
The local writers do not say, '* Harold built a nave to his church, and
that nave is now standing." That would be direct and unanswerable
proof. What tbe two main writers— one of the twelfth century, an-
other early in the thirteenth — do is this : their language does not directly
state, but it seems to take for granted that Harold^s church was stand-
ing when they wrote ; their language is more natural and intelligible
on such a supposition, and there is no direct evidence the other way.
The case is the same with the general chroniclers. The building of
the church by Harold, the change of foundation by Henry, are re-
corded by many of them ; a rebuilding during the Romanesque period
is nowhere recorded. This is the state of the case : a very strong pre-
sumption indeed, but nothing more.

The early history of the church is well known. Tovi the Proud,
who was lord of the place in the time of Cnut, first built a church for
the reception of a miraculous cross said to have been found in the
neighbourhood, and gave an endowment for two priests. It is evident
that the Holy Rood of Waltham, which gave England her war-cry on
tbe field of Senlac, became a popular object of worship and pilgrimage.
Earl Harold, finding the church and its ministers inadequate for their
purpose, rebuilt the church in a manner whose magnificence is greatly
extolled by the local writers, gave it many rich gifts and ornaments,
and increased the small foundation of Tovi to one for a dean and twelve
<»nons. No one should be misled by the later name of the church and
town, Waltham Abbey. Harold founded no abbey, and the notion
that he did so has led to utter misconception of the history. Harold
built a splendid church, richly endowed it, and put it into the hands of
secular priests. His was no gift of a weak superstition, wrung by
threats and importunity from a dying sinner. It was the wUling
offering of a man in the prime of life, and in the height of power.
The deliberate preference of the secular to the regular clergy, and that
in a time when the reigning king was himself almost a monk, and the
careful provision made for schools and teachers, show that Earl Harold
was a wise and thoughtful, as well as a bountiful founder. The whole
history of the foundation is something totally different from that of a
monastery. In the case of a monastery, the charter of foundation,
which creates the society, is the first step ; the erection of the church
and other buildings follows gradually, and the consecration is always
later — and sometimes a good many years later — than the foundation.
Bat at Waltham the consecration came first, and the foundation after.

222 Mr. E. A. Freeman on fVaHham Abbeg.

The eharch was consecrated Maj 3, 1060, a day whose eig^t hnodnd^
anniversary was a few weeks past solemnly celebrated by Uie Te-opeaing
of the restored church ; but the foundation charter does not bear dslc
till 106S. Doubtless Harold first rebuilt the church, which wis tke
most pressing need, and then settled the details of bis fbfuidalMMi sad
endowment. This foundation of Harold's for secolar caoona lasted till
1177, when Henry II. changed the college into an abbey of regnltf
canons of the order of S. Augustine ; the then dean. Gay the Red,
who plays a part on the king's side in the history of S. Thomae of Csa-
terbury, being bribed to resign, by a gift of some of the college nsanon
as his private property. Between Harold and Henry, the ooQcge
suffered a good deal of spoliation at the hands of the first Nonaa
kings,- but afterwards found a patroness in Queen Adeliaa, the wkkiv
of Henry I. In Stephen's time, in the quarrels between her hosbaod,
William of Albini, and the rival house of MandevUle, the canoos*
houses were burned ; but the local writer expressly adds that the ehorcfa
was not hurt. Henry II., according to the lo^ history, added sD
the necessary conventual buildings, — that is, the refectory, dormitory,
cloister, &c., &c., which were not wanted while the canons lived is
their separate houses. Gervase also mentions that he at first ordered
the church to be rebuilt, but that afterwards he introduced the noaki
into the old church. The building, however, shows that a eondder-
able repair was carried out at this time. The Pipe Rolls of this reiga
contain several entries for building* stone at Waltham, some being for
" works " and others for '* repairs ;" that is, clearly the repairs of the
chiireh and the erection of the conventual buildings.

From these historical notices Mr. Freeman contended that there wss
a strong historical presumption that the existing building was reaOj
the nave of the church consecrated in 1060. The only passage whick
had been quoted the other way was a single evidently oormpt and al-
terly unconstruable passage in the Liber de Inventione, which spdK of
the " ststns fabricandi ecclesiss " at some time during the twelfth cen-
tury. But this was in connection vrith a *' translstioa*' of Hafold*!
body, and therefore, whatever the change was, applied ctily lo the
choir which contained his tomb. Some friends of Mr. Freeasan's, whs
held with him that the nave was Harold's, thought that they io^iiied a
rebuilding of the choir on a larger scale, like Conrad's choir at Canter*
bury. This might be so; but he thought the expression woold be
satisfied by some much smaller change, and that, with the full local hii-
tories we have, so great a work as rebuildiag the choir woold hardly be
left to be recorded in a ssere incidental allusion. Still, howevcs tkii
m^t be, it could prove aothieg as to the date of the nave, which wss
the point at issue between him and his adversary in the Gemiiemm'i
Magaxine. «

He then turned to the architectural argument : it was said that the
architecture was too advanced to be so early as 1060. He asked hit
readers to confine their attention for a while to the pier-arehes only. Ws
must, continaed Mr. Freeman, carefully remember that the preaoat con-
troversy baa nothing to do with the old question about An§lo*Sazon, or
what be would rather ciOl Okl-£nglish, sichitecture. Widtham, whether

Mr. E. A. Freeman on Waltham Abbey. 223

Iwilt by Harold or do, was undoubtedly built in the Norman, and not
in the Anglo-Saxon, variety of Romanesque. He believed it to be a
•pecimen of the " novum compositionis genus/' which, according to
William of Malmesbury, was introduced by Eadward the Confessor in
the contemporary church of Westminster. It was argued that, if
Eadward and Harold built Norman, it must have been very rude and
early Norman. William of Malmesbury, writing about 1130, when
the Norman style was at its zenith, clearly thought otherwise. He
tellt US that £adward*s church was still looked on as the great model
ol architecture when he wrote. We are told, indeed, to look at the
remains of Eadward's building at Westminster, and to compare them
with Waltham ; but it was not fair to argue from the substructure of a
dormitory to the interior of a minster. Moreover, Eadward's work,
though very plain, can hardly be called rude ; and the only window
diat remains, one in the dormitory itself, is very much like any other
Norman window. For his own part, he thought that the passage in
WiUiam of Malmesbury distinctly showed that no great change in ar-
ehitecture took place between 1060 and 1130. He thought mistakes
were often made by assuming that rich Norman was necessarily later
tlmn plain Norman. No such rule was accepted in any other style ;
plainer Early English, Decorated, or Perpendicular work was often
later than richer work of the same kind. Indeed, he thought that the
mle was specially inapplicable to Norman architecture. It was a pe«
enliarity of the Romanesque style that it could dispense with all oma-
ineot, and could dispense with it best in the largest buildings. Hence
lie believed that the amount of ornament in a Norman church had
really more to do with the size of the church than with its date.
Waltham is a church of moderate scale ; its grand and massive com-
position and its great relative height give it an effect of greater size
than it really possesses ; its nave is only 100 ft. long. It is therefore
richer than the great cathedrals and abbeys, plainer than the highly*
finished parish churches of the style, llie notion that rich work must
be later than plain, because the chisel was unknown till late in the twelfth
oentory, is a mere misconception of a single passage in Gervase. That
writer says nothing of the general use of the axe and the chisel ; he merely
apeaks of their use in one particular part of one particular church. He
aaya that the capitals of the pillars in the old choir at Canterbury were
cat with the axe; those in the new — very beautiful Corinthianising
e^tals, as every one knows — were cut with the chisel. This is a very
flight foundation for a general theory; and, after all, the question
either way did not affect the Waltham pier-arches, which could cer-
tainly have been wrought with the axe. The true test of age, Mr.
Fremaan argued, was not richness or plainness, but real advance in
principle. The square section was the ideal perfection of Romanesque ;
its proper decoration was surface- moulding cut upon it. The intro*
dnetion of large rolls, and still more of hollows, departed from the ideal
parity of the style ; and, when done to any great extent, was a sign of
incipient transition from Romanesque to Gothic. Since the controversy
about Waltham began, Mr. Freeman had begun, and intended to g^
an, ffBf^wiinwig every large Norman church he could, and comparing it

224

Mr. E. A. Freeman on fVaii

with Waltfaun, In hit preKDt journey he
and monutic churches of Norwich, Wy
borough, and Crowland. These stretch a
ftbout 1090 to about I ISO. Some are plaii
richer ; but in every case the pier-arcbea i
ciple than those at Waltham. At Walthi
square ; the ornsDieat — which on one orde:
Und of chevron, unique, aa far as Mr. Pre
ornament, not affecting the sectioti. But,
and hollows are introduced, more or less e:
earlier or later date of the building. Hai
concerned the pier-srchea only, he suspei
arisen.

The speaker then pointed out the parts
tributed to Henry II. 's repair. The chief w
on the north side, where the mouldings are
proaching the form of the t ooth- mould ing ;
south aisle and south traoBept, which has
rounds snd hollows, but which rests moil
looking jambs which seem to have nothin:
dows near it seem also of later date, and N
the whole tnnsept might hare been rebntl
also pointed out the north doorway into
some other smaller pOTtions, as probably int
At some distance to the north of the churcb
of Henry's conventual buildings, two bays
which were afterwards visited by the par)
hitherto mentioned the triforium and the n
These he himself should have no difficulty i
work. But they hsd a slightly later look t
out hollows, and with nothing to be called i
small bead on the edge, which took sligh
sqnare section of the arches below. He bac
now offer again, to divide the territory in
would allow the pier-arches to be Harold's,
triforium and clerestory might possibly be a
might perhaps reconcile the arguments on b
quite incoosiiteat with the language of tl
pier-arches are the real essence of a church
new church — it is the old church, with 1
changes. If Harold's pier-arches remaii
church. On the other hand, the building
story would far more than eatisly the utm
of the passage about " statna fabricandi ei
ever, he made purely through luve of peace i
not being at all constrained thereto by anj
other way.

One thing more remained to be said aboi
Much stress had been laid on certain Hpp
which were held to show that the different

Mr. E. A. Freeman on Waltham Abbey. 225

built exactly at one time, but with certain breaks or intenrals. If thia
were bo, it really proved very little, and nothing at all as to the date of
tbe bailding. But this was the sort of point on which Mr. Freeman
•aid he never trusted his own unassisted judgment, and he believed Pro-
fessor Willis was the only amateur who could safely venture to do so.
On these purely constructive points he always took the opinion of pro-
fessional architects. He had examined the building in company with
Mr. Burges, the architect of the restoration, and also with no less a
person than Mr. Scott himself; and the opinion of both of them was
that these appearances need not imply any difference of date between
the several Iwys, but might easily have been caused by the settlement
which had clearly taken place on that side of the church. Considering
all these points, Mr. Freeman still held that the strong historical pre-
Biunption that the present church was essentially Harold's building
had not been set aside by any of the arguments brought against it ;
though, as it was only a presumption, he freely admitted that it might
yet be set aside by some argument yet to be discovered.

^ Mr, Freeman then said that the remaining history of the church
did not bring in any points of controversy. We learn from Matthew
Paris that a consecration of the church took place in 1242, which im-
plies a rebuilding of the choir in the Early English style. This, we
may almost certainly conclude, was connected with some of those dis-
putes which constantly occurred when a church was used in common
by the monks and the parish. The nave of the minster at Waltham
was tbe parish church, and remains as such ; it had its own separate
high altar in the present position, and the wall behind with its two
doorways, is evidently its reredos, only carried up, after the destruction
of the choir, so as entirely to block up the arch. Probably this ar-
rangement was made in 1242. Up to that time the monks* stalls
would be under the central tower, and the nave too would be common
property. The nave would now be blocked off as the parish church,
the two eastern bays forming its separate choir ; the monks* choir
vould be removed into the new and longer eastern limb— tbe strictly
PBonastic church — and the central tower be left as a kind of barrier
between them. There is no record of these particular arrangements
It Waltham, but the phenomena pointing to them are common to
VfTaltham with many other churches, and the whole process stands on
record in the cases of Wymondham and Dunster, which Mr. Freeman
inoted at length. He then continued more briefly with the later
iiistory. In the course of the fourteenth century a strange and bar-
barous attempt was made to recast the whole design of the interior.
bat happily it was given up when it had been carried out only in a
rcry small part of Uie nave. From a composition of three stages it
iras to be turned into a composition of two only ; the vault of the aisle
iras destroyed, the pier-arches were begun to be cut away, and the
liforium-arch^— now to be tbe pier-arches— to be changed from round
» poiated. Of this horrible scheme only enough was carried out to
mMit OS to judge of its miserable effect. But during the prevalence
tf the Deeoiated style« other alterations in far better taste were made.
nhe dengn of the Noman west front included two western towers,

▼OL. xzi. o G

326 Mr. Bvga m WaUhm

wtucli Kem never to have been finithed ; 1
finiahed the front in « Tory beantifal ma
Tbejr alio added a large and beautifol chi
the touth aide of the nave. Thia waa tile
aeqtience. ai there is no FerpendicDlar woHc
two inaeited windows. At the Diuolutio
which belong to the abbey was pulled doi
tion of conrM remained untouched, and it •<
was allowed to remain also, as it fell in the
on which the parishioners built a new towei
many fragment* of ancient detail of vuions
destroying the beautiful Decorated weat 601
tower is of still later and poorer work.

Mr. Freeman than spoke in high terms
carried out by Mr. Burgee, The old wor
highest praise be could give, had suffered a
ceiling waa exactly the sort of covering «
He concluded by summing up the chief pcni
taching to the place. Bren could it be
Harold's actual work remained. Waltbam t
intereating as indirectly at least the creation
last native king ; it was still the place whith
on his march to Senlac, and whidi, there ca
last resting-place of his lifeless body.

Mr. Freeman recapitulated the evidence t
Harold ; the strong contemporary evidence
sea-coast of Sussex, and the evidence, alnu
waa buried at Waltham. He thought that
be reconciled by supposing that the body «
sea-coast, and afterwarda translated to Walt
time of William's coronation. His view 1
paper in the Essex I'ransactionB ; ainoe thi
view, not worked out, but taken for grai
authority, in the earlier work of M. Ed
Quatre ConquCtes de I'Angleterre." Froi
Bonnechose'g book he thought he waa hah
point out for himself; be could therefon
earlier scholar, as yet unknown to him, ba
struck him aa the only satisfactory way td
first to be two contradictory atones reatiog 1

The Leoekd or W^lthah Abbbt ab]
Cbitbcb. By W. Burg)

Once upon a time, when Canute reigned ot
a place in Somersetshire named Montacute
by the common people,) a amith who waa a
tian virtuea. Thus he was " vir magnn sii
sine malicia timens Deum, Sec." Indeed, ai

Jiff. Surges on Waltham Abbey. 227

that the parish priait committed to his care the water, fire, and light-
ing of the churco. One night, when this worthy man was in a deep
sleep, he saw in a vision "venerandi decoris effigiem,"^ who told
him when he went to his duties at the church next morning, to request
the priest to assemble the whole of his parishioners, and after prayer,
exhortation, and fasting, to lead them in procession to the top of the
bill, and there to dig until he found the treasure hid for ages, viz., the
cross, the sign of the passion of our Lobd. The smith took no notice
of this communication, and accordingly the vision appeared again the
night following, but with a aavan ceontenance. The smith, by the
advice of his wife, this time also neglected the admonitions of the
vision, and thus gave the latter the occasion to make a third visit,
thereby completing the usual number. At last the smith did tell the
priest, and the latter with not only his own parishioners but also with
many people from the surrounding country, set off in procession, sing-
ing Htanies, the smith leading the way, and when they had attained
the top of the hill, with '* uberrima lacrimarum effusione" proceeded
to dig, and after going to the depth of forty cubits, were rewarded by
the discovery of a stone of wonderful size, with a great fissure through
the middle. The next thing was to remove part of the stone, which
was done *' non minus fletuum ubertate quam manuum impulsione,"
and then appeared the wonderful crucifix of black marble (silex) which
was destined to work so many miracles and eventually be the war-cry
of the English upon the field of Senlac. Another but smaller crucifix
was also found placed under the right arm, and under the left a bell
of ancient workmanship such as are seen round the necks of cattle.
The discovery was completed by a book of the gospels.^

Not knowing exactly what to do, a tent was placed over the excava-
tion until the lord of the place could be sent for. This lord was
^ Tovi le prude" a very great man indeed, being described as *' qui
totios AnglisB post regem primus stallare vexilliter regis monarchiam
gubemat.'* He, when he came " vidit et gavisus est" After which
it was determined to remove the objects to the atrium of the parish
church. The next morning, Tovi and sundry church dignitaries both
episcopal and abbatial being present, the smaller crucifix was given
op to the parish church, but the other objects being placed upon a
waggon, " cum omamentorum decora varietate," were to be deposited
wherever the twelve red oxen and twelve white cows who were attached
to the waggon might carry it. Tovi then mentioning the names of his
various residences, devoutly prayed that the car and oxen might pro-
ceed to one of them, promising moreover in that case, that he would
endow the servants of the Holy Cross with the revenues of the town
where the cross should be deposited ; the waggon, however, stood
still, nor could all the efforts either of the bystanders or of the oxen
get it to move. At last Tovi remembered the poor hunting-lodge he

> The legend is taken ttom the De mvenHone Sie CrueU, probably written some
tisM at the end of the twelfth century. There are two MSS. of it in the Brit. Mas.,
vis., HarL 3776, and BibL Cot. Jolhis d. vi.

* In the Oenikman'i Magaiine for December, 1859, is an account of the disooTcry
ef a€toDo«Eoman cemetery at La Rosiere by the Abb^ Coehet A small sheep-bell
was fimnd hi one of the Tases. The Abb^ mentions sereral other instances of bells
bsfag tofumd in essseteries.

228 Mr. Surges on Waliham Abbey.

\ bad begun to baild at a place called Waltbam, wben " mirabile di

fide mirabilius" tbe oxen began to move at such a rate that it see
* more as if the waggon impelled tbe oxen than that tbe latter drew

waggon. On the day appointed for the exaltation, wben the work
attempted to drive a nail into the right arm for tbe purpose of iaste
on the jewelled ornaments given by Tori, immediately, saji
) chronicler, blood issued from the stone in tbe same mani^ i

former time water issued from the rock. This blood was of co
preserved, and formed another of the many relics which enriched
establishment at Waltbam. Glitha, the wife of Tovi, present
splendid golden and jewelled crown, besides the circlet, which she y
in common with all noblewomen, which was fixed round tbe thigh ol
image, while her bracelets and other jewels were fashioned into a
pedaneum, into which was inserted a wondrous stone whose prop
was to emit rays during the night, and thus afford light to travel
Tovi appears to have made a foundation for two priests and o
clergy, besides enriching the church with various g;ift8 of gold
silver. In the reign of Edward the Confessor, Waltham, by •
means or other, had become the property of Harold, who fbrth^
built a new church and enlarged the foundation to a dean and tw
canons, besides giving a number of jewels and reliques.

Mr. Freeman is inclined to fix the date of the consecration of

new church as 1059 or 1060,' and from all accounts it must have I

a very magnificent building, and fully worthy of the controversy wl

has been fought out for the last eight months in the GentlewunCi ;

gazine^ as to whether any of the present building can or cannot be refei

to Harold. Mr. Freeman thinks that the mass of what remains is re

to be attributed to the middle of the eleventh century, while the

viewer holds the contrary opinion. We know this firom the chronic!

that the church was very magnificent, that it was made of stone, 1

it had a roof covered with lead, and that in some parts (perhi^

the apse, or in the baldachin over the great altar) there was a gi

deal of gilding and bronze plates. Now the eastern end of Ham

church has long ago disappeared : (most probably it did not last ab

seventy or eighty years :) but the nave and aisles do perfectly con

pond with the description, of course omitting the gfldling and bro

plates, which would naturally be restricted to the east end. Thus

height of the nave walls is 52 feet. The aisles have originally b

vaulted, the arches are elaborately decorated with cheTrons and bi

moulds, there are no mouldings to speak of, and every part could

done with an axe ; in fact, it is exactly such a building as would

erected without reg^d to expense in a rude age. After the erect

of the new church, the crucifix still continued its miracles, the n

famous of which took place when Harold was on hit way to fij

the Normans : he went to Waliham to pay bis devotions, and to p

for victory ; when he had prostrated himself to the ground in I

form of a cross, the image which before looked apwarda, bo«

down its head, " a bad sign indeed, and significuit of tbe fatore

and the chronicler adds that he had this fact firom Torkil the

vho was at the altar at the time.

1 See Transactions of the Esiex Arrliwolegfaal f!sciiot|

WALTHAM iXSn COCBOH,

I

REFBRENCBS

TO TUB

GEOUND PLAN.

A Kav«.

B Presamed Choir, temp, Heonr I*

<x Stephen.
C Ladjr-chapel.
D Modem Porch.
B TOwer, temp. Philip and Mary.

The dotted lines show the pre-
sumed extent of Harold's Church.

naa Norman Windows.

h Norman South Door.

ccc Decorated Windows, early foor-

teenth century.
4 Ditto, late fourteenth ceutnry.
e West Docvway, early fourteenth

century.
/ Perpendicular Window.
g West Window of Lady-diapel, witti

two planes of Tracery.
h Staircase to tower.
k Staircase to room over Porch, now

destroyed.

Note.—Am 1 have said in the text,
my opinions as to the extent of the
dioir of Henry I. or Stephen's time,
are somewhat modified. I am induced
to bdiere that Harold's church might
have ended at the first apse marked
on the idan, and that the subsequent
Norman addition comprised the tran-
septs and a choir perhaps a little
longer than the eastern dotted line.

Mr. Surges on Waliham Abbey. 281

Mr. Freeman, in the Transactions of the Essex Archeological Society,
has I think Tery satisfactorily reconciled the various accounts concern-
ing the burial of Harold. He supposes that he was in the first in-
stance interred under a heap of stones upon the sea-coast of Sussex,
and afterwards reburied at Waltham. The foundation, as we may
easily imagine, suffered greatly under the two first Norman kings, but
as the two queens of Henry I. were both connected with the place, it
began to recover in his reign and in that of his successor, Stephen.
It was in all probability about that time that the apse of Harold's
church was tiJ^en down and a new central tower and choir added ;
this choir was no doubt rather a large one, although upon considera-
tion I do not think it was so large as I have indicated upon the ac-
companying plan ; it was however sufficiently extensive to afterwards
accommodate the nevf foundation of Henry H., who turned out the
seculars and substituted a much larger number of monks in their
place. We know that he did build sundry domestic buildings, which
were absolutely necessary for a monastic establishment, and were not
so for a body of secular priests, who probably lived in the town ; and
we are also informed that he did intend to rebuild the church, but
upon consideration the monks were inducted into the old building.
Most probably the increased accommodation was got by bringing the
choir down into the central tower, and perhaps we may assign the
northern clerestory of the nave to the first works begun by this
monarch, as the style is very advanced and rich Norman, while the
building now called the potatoe house, as well as the cloisters (the
springing of the groining of which was discovered in the lato repairs)
must be referred to the end of his reign, or to those of either of his
aons, for the mouldings are by no means Romanesque.

In 11 92 the cross was covered anew with silver, but the ornaments on
the figure itself were left untouched, probably in consequence of what
bad happened a few years before, when the crucifix being under repair,
Bobert the goldsmith of S. Alban's took off the circle round the
thigh (probably that given by the wife of Tovi), and all those present
were struck blind for some considerable time.

In the middle and early part of the thirteenth century, the towns-
men and monks were always quarrelling, so much so that upon one
occasion four of the abbot's mares were killed by the towns-people.
Mr. Freeman thinks that in consequence of these disputes, the new
quire was built which we read of as being dedicated in 1242, and
that the westernmost arch of the tower was blocked up to form the
dorsel of the parish altar, and that the rood-screen of Uie conventual
choir was moved at least as tar eastward as the eastern arch of the
great tower. Of course this arrangement would necessitate a very
much longer choir than that erected in the time of Henry I. or
Stephen, and accordingly what foundations have been traced certainly
do run very far eastwftfd.

Some time in the reign of Edward II., it was found that the vault-
ings of the aisles had pushed out the side walls, so the said vaulting
was forthwith destroyed. The bays at the west end .had also got a
lurch towards the west, probably in consequence of want of care in
the ibnndations, or perhaps firom the incomplete state of the western

232

Jfr. Svgta o» JFaltitm Abbey.

:jwen. Th« K«alc wu. chkt the uchitect fat the time did not n
1 reiton:icii of the wcateimnoat uxKe*. bat boldly got rid of the ni
arch, a^ii :ar&ed x new pcinteii one &c th.e triforiom level, thni mil
». eomccs:rl:a uf two bayi instead of three. It \» needleu to
tou :iie efeet i* br no meaiu iicprored-

Bct the fouteenth century artbitect vas a man of geniiu, and i
he proceeded to ^.^e lu a cew west frcnu he mlly prodnced ■ I
trnkinK uid oiizinal ccmpa^Ltiao : and althoagh the great «est win
hai been iireTccably destroyed by the tower in Philip and Muy't t
the beacdful west dixir. and the chanuIoK windows and iide tu
ttill remain to call forth oui warmest admiration. It ij by no m
improbable that the tame arcbitect erected the lady chapcL bii
hid later years : for although what remains of the tracvry of
western window u very good, yet the roooldinga are snail, poor,
sabdiTiced. and atterlj unworthy of the architect of the wm

.Another work of the feoTteenth ccntniy is a large flowing Deeon
window in the north aisle. Here the architect, if the same, hat tap
deteriorated in his monldiimi and his tiacery-

I should mention that finding stone scarce, osr foarteeath csU
architect deliberately stripped the whole of the interior, and iai
tome of the exterior wails of all the ashlar he could manage to eiti
That was bad enough, but he committed a much worse fault; fbi
destroyed the filling-in of the triforinm, and, not satisfied with t
actually removed, where possible, the slabs of stone which fonsed
string at the bottom, and made good the places with a plsster o
ment, imitating the Norman work.

A small three.light window is the only trace of Fcrpendienlsr s
in the building as it at present remaini. At the Beformation the i
end. St rererting to the cmwn, was destroyed, bat the nave beloq
to the paridhioners was preserred intact. The tower, which s{^
to hsTe been a sort of debateable ground, iaved all further trouble
falling down in the time of Philip and 3Iary, and the townsmen, i
had bought the bells, then set to work and built op a new tove
the west end of the church ont of the old materials of the choir. >1
they booght or exchanged with Mr. Ilenry Denny. Fuller, who <

TtBW OW TBS PI

The Pointing of the Psalter. 283

fnresented to the curacy in 1648, has given ua in his History of Wal«
tham Abbey, several very interesting extracts from the parish books
relative to the sale or purchase of articles required by the church during
the various changes in religion which took place in the sixteenth cen*^
tury. An attempt was made to execute repairs in Charles the First'n
time, but owing to Archbishop Laud not having been consulted, it fell
to the ground.

Some repairs however were undertaken during the reign of Charies
the Second. Among them was the refacing of the second pillar ftrom
the east on the south side, for a coin of that king was found in the
foundation. In the eighteenth and the early part of the present cen-
tury all sorts of the greatest barbarities were inflicted upon the unfor-
tunate church. The roof was lowered, and a plaster ceiling put
underneath ; more of the windows of the north side were destroyed ;
two galleries were erected at the west end and another in the south
aisle, whereby great holes were cut in the pillars, to their no small
detriment ; and lastly, the whole area filled with very high pews.

During the late repairs all these things have been amended, and as
the west wall is quite blank, a new gallery has been erected iu the
style of the early part of the thirteenth century.

The roof being in very good repair has been retained, but the plaster
ceiling has of course been removed, and its place supplied by boarding
panelled in imitation of the Peterborough ceiling, the centres repre-
senting the signs of the zodiac, and the labours of the year, being due
to Mr. Poynter, son of the architect.

There still remains to be effected the repair of the LadyChapel and
the erection of an appropriate east end, besides sundry minor works
such as oak doors, &c. All these will doubtless come in due time*
and although antiquaries and ecclesiologists may dispute about the
exact date of the existing building, they are all unanimous as to
its being our duty to preserve what still remains in the most careful

manner.

W. Buaesa.

THE POINTING OF THE PSALTER.

To the Editor of the Ecclenologist.

Sib. — I think the " pointing" given on pages 124 — 5 of last number
very difficult to make out. I doubt if any one uot thoroughly used to
Gregorians could sing from it at all. Why separate the words by
the two accents ? " offe'nd.*' J thought at first it was to be sung

" offend.'* I shall be anxious to see your second system ; for I have
k>ng been trying to hit on a satisfactory plan, but without success.
That adopted in the " English Psalter" I have found most easily under*
stood, but it involves such a multiplicity of marks that it becomes ex*
pensive to print. I pointed a set of canticles on that system, and they
were sung without difficulty.

I heardlately that Mr. Helmore is at work on a new edition of the
" Psalter Noted ;" the chief fault in which is its monotony ; there is

▼OL. XZI. H H

f

284 The Pomiing of the Psalter.

^ hardly even a change of chant given. e.g., Ist morning, when the {

" are terrihly long to sing without change. / cannot either appi

his fondness for 4th tone 3rd ending which occars so often.

doubtless correct, but I should be glad if the Tonus Peregrinus

not so strictly confined to " In exitu Israel."

" I aaidy I will take he'^ed to'^y w4yt : that I offe'^nd not in'^y ton]

Is not some mark wanted to show when two syllables are to \h
to one note ?

Faithfully youn

[With regard to our correspondent's remarks on the pointing
Burial Psalms in our last number, it is desirable to explain, for th<
of those readers who never had anything to do with printing, i
some others, as it seems, that the separation of the letters who
double accent occurs was a typographical necessity ; our prinU
having vowel characters with double accents in his possession, if i
such have ever been made ; but of course they can be made, an
be, if that method of pointing is to be carried out. It is hardly
power of ordinary typography to exhibit clearly what our correspc
means.

The question about indicating the syllables that are to be sc
one note deserves consideration; but it should be borne in mind:

1 . lliat it is not desirable to have a very minute system of poii
not merely because of the expense of printing it, but because si
system is wearisome to the singer. Every proficient in piano
playing, probably, has felt that it is a nuisance to have the fin§
marked to every note.

2. That a competent choir-master will seldom be at a lost to
the following rules : —

When two unaccented syllables occur between two accented, theU <
them which is the least emphatic is to be sung shortest, and to the
note as the following syllable. If neither syllable is decidedly mot
photic than the other, make the first of them longest in singing, Exan

ty all mine of - fen • ces

all mine of - fen • ces :
fret - ting a gar - ment :

3. In the case of a verse ending with a dactyl or an amphimac
the chant selected has the accent on the third note from the enc
last three syllables have, of course, one note each. The first
fourth ending, comes under this rule ; for the long penultimate n<
equivalent to two. But with chants which have the accent on th<
note but one, the hist three syllables are to be sung thus, when
form a dactyl.

^^

va - ni - ty.

Ecclesiological Society. 235

and thus, when they form an amphimacer.

i^

n\

fj

in my tongue.

With respect to the remarks of Mr. Helmore*s Psalter, we suppose
there are few Gregorianists who would not prefer one or two changes
of the chant on the first morning. But we do not think that twice in
a month is too often for that nohle though simple ending of the fourth
tone ; and the assertion that Mr. Helmore has strictly confined the
Tonus Peregrinus to *< In exitu Israel" is — too careless.]

ECCLESIOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

ACoMMiTTEB Meeting was held at Arklow House on Monday, June 11,
1860, present, the President, Mr. Beresford-Hope, in the chair, Mr.
Gosling, Rev. S. S. Greatheed. Rev. H. L. Jenner, Mr. Gramhier
Parry, Rev. W. Scott, Archdeacon Thorp, Mr. Warhurton, and the
Rev. B. Webb.

The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.

The following gentlemen were elected members : — Edward Akroyd,
Esq., of Bank Field, Halifax; the Rev. J. M. Brackenbury, of Wim-
bledon, Surrey ; J. R. Clayton, Esq., of Cardington Street, Hampstead
Road ; the Rev. H. Douglas, of Victoria Docks ; and the Rev. John
Jebb, D.D., of Peterstow Vicarage, Herefordshire.

Edward Akroyd, Esq., and the Rev. Dr. Jebb. were added to the
Ck>mmittee.

Letters were read from Miss Blencowe, Messrs. G. G. Scott, E. R.
Robson, C. Turner, R. P. Pullan. C. Buckeridge, J. W. Hugall, S. S.
Teolon, W. M. Fawcett. J. W. Clark, and from the Rev. J. H. Sper-
ling, Rev. E. W. Benson, Rev. J. A. Addison, and Rev. R. W. Haut-
tenville.

The Annual Report of the Society was then read, amended, and
agreed to.

The Annual Report of the Sub-committee for Music was likewise
read and accepted.

Mr. Truefitt met \he Committee, and laid before it his designs for
several houses in the Pointed style which have been built in the north
of London.

Mr. Slater met the Committee and exhibited a design for a large
mosaic pavement to be executed in the opu8 Alexandrinum method for
the sanctuary of Chichester cathedral. He also displayed the designs
for a new quadrangle to be built at Sherborne for the use of the gram-
mar school, and the designs for the restoration of Rustington church,
Sussex, and of Brington church, Hunts.

Mr. W. J. Hopkins of Worcester met the Committee, and brought
under its notice the meditated destruction of the Guesten Hall, at

236 Eccktiohgical Society.

Worcester, of which he exhibited drawings from the work on Doa
Architecture, by Messrs. DoUman and Jobbins, now in course of
lication. The President undertook to notice the matter at the J
▼ersary Meeting of the Society ; and the Secretary was deun
write to the Society of Antiquaries and the Archaeological Institu
invite their co-operation in an effort to save the bulidiag.

Mr. Hopkins also laid before the Committee his designa for tb
toratioQ of the long desecrated church of Cow Honey boome. W<
tershire, and for the restoration of the church of White Ladies, A
He also exhibited a large kiumber of other sketches.

Mr.' Withers met the CotoMsittee and exhibited his designs fo
restoration of Monnington church, Pembrokeshire, and S. Do|
Meline, in the same county. He also brought an embroidered ,
frontal which had been presented to his new church at Little
thorpe, Lincolnshire, by Miss Blencowe and her colleagues c
Ladies' Ecclesiastical Embroidery Society.

Mr. Pritchard met the Committee and laid before the membei
drawings, by Mr. Seddon and himself, for the restoration of Bonvil
church, Glamorganshire, for a new Probate Registry at Llandaj
the new church of S. John, Maindee, Newport, Monmouthshir
the new church of S. Andrew, Cardiff, for a sculptured reredos |
executed by Mr. Armsted) for a church near London, and for
villas at Croydon and Tunbridge Wells.

Mr. Lee met the Committee and exhibited the drawing^ of his i
at Meopham Court, Kent.

Mr. Skidmore also met the Committee and exhibited, besides
beautiful photographs of his works in the new Oxford Maseua
designs for his metal screens in the church of All Souls\ Halifai
also the designs for an iron church at Hawksbury, near Coventry
for a clock tower at Canterbury, New Zealand.

The Committee proceeded to examine a photograph of an oal
dence-table, designed by Mr. Charles Turner ; and also the deaig
Mr. S. S. Teulon for the new church of S. James, Pentonville, it
addition of a chancel to Christ church. North Croydon, and fo
restoration of South Carlton church, Lincolnshire. They furtfac
•pected Mr. Buckeridge's designs for the restoration of All Si
Mears Ashby, Northamptonshire, and for a new parsonage hoos
the same place.

It was announced that the Oxford Architecture Society was i
to incoiporate with itself an Historical Society existing in tiie
versity.

Mr. E. R. Robson presented to the Society three most xntere
photographs, representing portions of Durham cathedral which no U
exist, taken from water-colour drawings by Carter, made in 179S.
following extract is from Mr. Robson's letter 2 —

««

I ~

No. 1, shows the Galilee, m wbieh nothing has been disturbed, excef
*-^ 15th^ceDtiiry altar, replaced by eoormovs oak doors and east-iron hiagct.

No. 2, repreaenu that end of the Chapter House, which, four
the eacteution of Mr. Carter's diawing, was entirely swept away.

'' No. 3, gives the opposite end of the Chapter House, which is not

Tiveniy-first Anniversary Meeting, 237

itroyed* (as Mr. Carter inentiont) but only defaced. No vestige of the grout-
ing, or of the small side door, remains. The floor is of wood, about the same
cUstance above the cloister pavement, which it formerly measured in the oppo-
aite direction. The two-light windows have the window-order walled up.

" The originals belonged to the late venerable antiquary. Dr. Raine, whose
soi^has allowed the photographs to be taken for the Dean and Chapter of
Durham.

^Thanks to the faithful work of Carter, the Chapter House eon be restored
to its pristine glory, but, as Dr. Raine forcibly asks, ' Who can restore its
pavement, studded with the gravestones of the first three centuries after the
conquest?'"

It was agreed to nominate Mr. Dickinson, the Rev. S. S. Great-
heed, the Rev. T. Helmore, the Rev. H. L. Jenner, the Rev. W. Soott,
and tiie Rev. B. Webb, as tbe original members of the new Committee,
to be elected at tbe Anniversary Meeting; and the Rev. Sir H. W.
Baker, Bart., and Robert Smith, Esq., as auditors for the ensuing year.

The Twenty-first Anniversary Meeting of this Society was held on
June 11, 1860, in the Galleries of the Architectural Union, No. 9,
Conduit Street, and was very numerously attended.

The President, A. J. B. Beres ford -Hope, Esq., took the chair at
8 p.m.

Among those present were the Lord Bishop of Labuan, one of the
Patrons of the Society ; the Archdeacon of Bristol, Patron and former
President ; Sir S. R. Glynne, Bart., Vice-President, and former Secre-
tary ; and the following officers and members of Committee : the Rev.
S. S. Greatheed, Rev. W. Scott, Rev. B. Webb, Rev. H. L. Jenner,
Rev. T. Helmore, Rev. G. Williams, T. Gambier Parry, Esq., R. E. E.
Warburton, Esq., F. S. Gosling, Esq., J. F. France, Esq., and
W. W. E. Wynne, Esq., M.P. Other members or visitors present
were the Rev. Lord Alwyn Compton, Rev. T. James, Rev. J. Sharp,
Rev. W. H. Lyall. Hon. G. F. Boyle, Rev. W. Cooke, Rev. J. Murray,
Rev. W. D. Morrice, Rev. R. Gregory, Rev. H. Douglas, M. Digby
Wyatt, Esq., H. Pamell, Esq., G. E. Street, Esq.. G. F. Bodley, Esq.,
H. J. Matthew. Esq., W. Burges, Esq., G. Godwin, Esq., W. J.
Hopkins, Esq., F. G. Lee, Esq., W. M. Flaherty, Esq., J. Pritchard,
Esq., J. R. Clayton. Esq., B. Ferrey, Esq., W. Slater. Esq., S. G. R.
Strong, Esq., J. Clarke, Esq., F. A. Skidmore, Esq., J. P. St. Anbyn,
£8q., S. S. Teulon, Esq., W. M. Teulon, Esq., J. P. Seddon, Esq.,
G. Tniefitt, Esq., R. P. Pullan, Esq., W. Elliott, Esq., W. Fawcett,
Esq., and — Barraud, Esq.

I'he President, in opening the business of the meeting, said that the
Society bad come of age, that day being its twenty-first anniversary.
They met for the first time in new quarters, and, thanks to the kindness
of the Architectural Union Company and the Committee of the Archi-
tectural Exhibition, they were allowed to meet in that institution. But
though they met in new quarters, they met with the old heart and tbe
old 9purit. As to what had been the success of their movement, he
thoQght he might only appeal to what had been done in every town, if
not erverj parish, in England. Did not churohes built everywhere

I

.1

238 Ecclesiological Society.

if:

more or less embody those principles which were thought to be

thusiastic and fanatic when the Society was first founded, in 1 i

They saw their cathedrals and churches restored, and new chui

I rising, not only in the United Kingdom, but in the Colonies and ei

.. where, in a style of art of a quality and quantity unknown then;

\\ they beheld sculpture applied to architecture, embodied in an unh

, I and imperishable frame. They also saw painting pressed into the

I good service, and thus the sister arts were now combined with a i

ij of system and aim hitherto unknown. Again: the Vandalism n

I had hitherto destroyed old buildings was fast expiring. Yet, i

\ they heard of such desecration as had recently been threatened at

r; Guesten Hall, Worcester, they felt that much remained to be <

:, That building, though capable of restoration, was allowed to mo

fate, because the body of local authorities knew not what to do

' \ it. The committee had selected for discussion this evening, "

I tendencies of Prseraffaellitism, and its connection with the Gc

y\ movement." He knew no subject so likely to elicit diffiereno

'^1 opinion, and he hoped that every one had come determined to put

J j ward his own views. He then called upon the Secretary, the Rei

.;:: Webb, to read the Annual Report.

" The twenty-first year of the existence of the Ecclesiological
'■ ciety has been one of quiet but satisfactory progress in the devel<

ment of Christian art among us in its various branches; and 3
committee has to record the general prosperity of the Society.

"The Bishops of Perth, Brisbane, S. Helena, and Labutn 1

become patrons ; seventeen ordinary members have been elected ;

J. W. Clark, Esq., Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ; the I

John Jebb ; J. G. Talbot, Esq. ; and Edward Akroyd, Esq., the m

.! ficent founder of All Souls', Halifax, have been added to the commit

" The Society has maintained its usual friendly relations with 0

societies — in particular, with the Oxford Architectural Societr,

;.i Cambridge Architectural Society, the Architectural Museum, the No

^: amptonshire Architectural Society, the Worcester Diocesan Architect

i Society, the Leicestershire Archaeological Society, and the Su

Archaeological Society. The Kent Archaeological Society has also I

taken into union ; and publications have been exchanged with

Royal University of Christiania and the Society of Arts of Throndh(

A present of the splendid monograph of the cathedral at Throndhi

by Professor Munch, has also been received from the Royal Nonref

Church and Educational Department.

*' Herr Reichensperger and Herr Statz of Cologne have been in 1
respondence with your committee ; who have also received commi
cations from Mr. Bums, of Philadelphia, and Mr. F. C. Withen
Newburgh.

*'The very successful architectural congress held at CambiKi
in Whitsun week, under the presidency of our own president, J
Beresford-Hope, must be here commemorated. It was remaifcahle
giving Professor Willis an opportunity of anticipating, in a paptft ^
of the deeply interesting researches which he has made for Jus Cvi

Twenty- first Anniversary Meeting, 239

coming publication of * The Architectural History of the University of
Cambridge.'

**The committee have to thank the various contributors to the
Ecclesiologist, and also the artists who have assisted in the illustration
of the several numbers. In addition to the criticism of architectural
works and publications, the magazine has contained very valuable papers
in the several departments which it represents. In particular may be
mentioned the conclusion of Mr. Street's Architectural Notes in France,
Mr. Hills' paper on the Architecture of the Irish Cistercian Abbeys,
papers on Scotch Ecclesiology, on the Churches of North-west Essex,
on the churches at Halifax and Doncaster, on S. Michael's, Cornhill,
and on All Saints' church and S. Edward's church, in Cambridge.
Under the head of ritualism may be noticed the continuation of the
•eries of Sequentiae Ineditse. Archaeology has been represented by
the valuable Lists of Vestments, Books, and Furniture from King's
College, Cambridge ; the original accounts of the building of the organ
in the same chapel ; a paper on the old Ecclesiastical Colours in use
in the English Church ; and a notice of a rare Miracle Play of the
Twelfth Century. Mr. Gambier Parry has concluded a series of papers
on Colour as used in Architecture ; and a paper on the City Churches,
in reference to the Bishop of London's biU for destroying them, has
recorded the Society's protest against that unhappy measure.

" It may be mentioned here that the Rev. T. James, honorary secre-
tary of the Northamptonshire Architectural Society, has offered a paper
for a future number on the proper arrangement of a chapel for the use
of the inmates of a lunatic hospital.

*' In the department of ritual music the Ecclesiologist has contained,
during the past year, — besides notices of the Choral Festivals at Ely,
Southwell, and Ashbourne, — the conclusion of the Rev. John Jebb's
catalogue of Ancient Service- Books preserved in the Library of S.
Peter's College, Cambridge ; and a harmony, by our treasurer, of the
ancient Plain Song of the Burial Service.

'* Of the ecclesiological publications of the year, the most remarkable
is the English edition, by Professor Willis, of the Sketch-Book of Wilars
de Honecort. The issue of two admirably illustrated volumes of Mr.
Parker's Domestic Architecture must also be chronicled. Messrs.
SoUman and Jobbins have in hand a useful serial, *^ The Analysis of
Ancient Domestic Architecture." Mr. Donaldson's curious attempt to
illustrate the history and facts of architecture by coins and medals, in
his " Architectura Numismatica," is worthy of record : nor should Pro*
feasor Cockerell's long promised work on ^gina, which has lately ap-
peared, be forgotten. A special notice is deserved by the valuable pub-
lication of the Surtees Society for last year — the *' Fabric Rolls of
York Minster." Mr. Westlake's " Illustration of Old Testament His-
tory from an early English Manuscript" is in course of publication.
The publication of the Rev. J. M. Neale's translation of the Ancient
Greek Liturgies must also be noticed. Professor Munch's History of
Throndbeim Cathedral has been already mentioned.

*' Your committee has to thank the following architects, who have
fiyoiired us with drawings of their various works during the past year : —

■2-WD Etclenological S^jciety.

Messrs. Backeridze. Barzes. Bindley, R. Brandon, Clarke, Dons
Fiwcett. Hopkiia*, HLI*. H'izall, Joces, Lee, Norton. Pearson. PqI
Rcb-oc. Scott- Sevid'jii. Slater. St. Aubyn. Street, S. S. Teulon. W,
Te'ilcc. Tnestt, Tamer. White, and Wither*. To this list nns
aided Herr S'arz, of Cokgne, and Messrs. F. C. Withers and C
Brims, cf the L'nxTfd State.'*. In stained glass must be noticed Me
CiaTtoc and Beii, and Messrs. Lavers and Barraud ; and in metal i
Mr. Siridmore. and Mr. Keith, the latter of whom has worked ffomc
cellent ciiarch pLate from the desizns of Mr. Butterfield and Mr. St

*- Tbe principal new church of the year is undoubtedly Mr. Sc
noble boildiog of All SoaLs\ Haley Hill, Halifax, which wasconsea
last NjTember. This nne work has be^n noticed at large in
Eccitsiciogist , and it was pointed oat how important an example
of the intrGCuction of sculpt ore into church decoration, llie i
architect's chapel for Exeter College, Oxford, has also been eo
crated. Mr. Batterne'.d's church of S. John Evangelist, Hammerm
has been nnisked : his S. Alban's, Baldwin Gardens, is in prog^
Mr. Street's church of S.James the Less, Garden Street, WestmiD!
:s rising, and another, by the same architect, in the parish of S. G
Oxford, has been begun. The committee observe with satisfaction
in the chancels of these two churches, and in Exeter College Cbi
vaulting has been adopted. Mr. K. Brandon's church in Great W
mill S:reet will be commenced in the course of the summer.
Slater's cathedral at Kilmore is almost readv for consecration :
he is about to build a mortuary chnpel of unnsual scale and di?
at Sherborne, as well as a satisfactorr church at Brav near Dul
Another work of peculiar interest is the transmutation by Mr. Bal
field of the parish church of S. Columb, Cornwall, in hope of its
coming the cathedral of the fnture diocese of Cornwall. The p
include the addition cf a clerestory to the nave, and the substitutia
a more dignified choir fr the existing chancel. Mr. Burges'Mem
church at Constantinople is at last r^ly in hand.

" We are able to mention this year with great approbation sev
colonial churches. Foremost of these is a very original design
Mr. Burges for a cathedral at Brisbane, Australia. Mr. Slater
completed the very successful church of S. George, Basseterre.
Kitts ; and Mr. Bodley has designed a peculiarly good parish chi
for the diocese of Graham's Town. Montreal cathedral was openec
service on Advent Sunday, and the cathedral at Sydney is appra
ing completion. The high roof recently added to Calcutta cathc
is an improvement to that unsatisfactory structure.

" Of foreign churches we may mention S. Lawrence, Alkmau
M. Cuypers ; the votive church at Aix*la-Chapelle and the cathc
at Linz by M. Sutx ; and the Lutheran churches of S. BardiokMi
Berlin, and S. Anscharius, Hamburg. A volume of designs for chmc
built or projected by Herr Sutz, testifies to great ecclesiological mcI
in Germany. Mr. Scott's church at Hamburg is nearly oompleCed

" The new Park Church at Glasgow by Mr. Rochead uybeide
to as a conspicuous example of the now common use of the Fob
style among the Presbyterians of Scotland.

Twenty-first Anniversary Meeting, 241

•* The work of church restoration proceeds with unabated vigoun
Lichfield and Hereford and Peterborough cathedrals under Mr. Scott,
Chichester cathedral under Mr. Slater, and Worcester cathedral are
advancing. The restoration of the octagon at Ely as a memorial of the
late Dean is soon to be commenced. Meanwhile a friendly controversy
has taken place as to the proper external capping of the lantern. The
restoration of the tower of Durham cathedral and the projected works
at Bristol cathedral must be noticed. That any work in this cathedral
has been commenced is, we trust, an omen, that the citizens of Bristol
will ere long take in hand the addition of a nave to that fragment of a
church which they now possess. At S. Paul's we have to chronicle
with approbation the alteration of the choir and the renovation of the
decorations of the dome, soon, we trust, to be followed by more ex-
tensive works, both ornamental and ritual, in harmony with Wren's
original conception, but guided by a more correct ecclesiological taste.

" We hear with extreme satisfaction that Mr. GKiinness, a muni-
ficent citizen of Dublin, intends to restore the ill -used cathedral of S.
Patrick. Mr. Slater has nearly finished the works in Limerick ca-
thedral.

** It is a new thing to hear of the restoration of the ruined English
abbeys. But we are informed that Brinkburn Priory is about to be
restored for Divine worship by Mr. Austen, and there are rumours that
Netley Abbey will also be restored for worship. Meanwhile excava-
tions and repairs there are in progress. At last also the desecrated
chnrch in Dover Castle is to be properly restored by Mr. Scott as a
military chapel.

** Mr. Barges has completed a very judicious restoration in Walthttm
Abbey church ; and we hear that some improvements are contemplated
at Bridhngton. At Cambridge the interior of the University Church is
at last to be re-arranged ; and in the chapel of Queen's college Mr.
Bodley has placed new stalls and a reredos of a very original design.

'* In the most important re-casting of S. Michael's, Comhill, com-
pleted by Mr. Scott, and the projected re-casting of S. Dionis, fia(;k-
church, by Mr. Street, we have examples of the different Ways in which
churches of Wrennian or debased classical style can be developed in
harmony with our present better knowledge of ecclesiastical architec-
ture. Mr. Hills has had a smaller task of the same kind in Twickenham
chnrch.

** Among minor works may be noticed Mr. Scott^s restoration of
Nantwich church, and Mr. S. S. Teulon's re-seating of the Lady
chapel (or Holy Trinity) Ely. Mr. Withers has the honour of having
effected some good restorations in parochial churches in Ireland in the
face of the opposition of the tyrannical Ecclesiastical Commission for
tiiat island.

** Abroad the restoration of Throndheim cathedral is contemplated
by the Norwegian government.

** Among secular Pointed works the progress of the Oxford Museum
is the most important feet of the year, seeing that the matter of the
Foreign Office is still undecided. The selection of a Gothic design for
the Assize Conrts at Manchester and for the House of Ptolianent at

VOL. ZXI. I I

!

242 Ecclesioloffiad Socieiy,

Ottawa are facts not to be forgotten aa marking the improremen
public taste. On the other hand Mr. Scott*8 beautiful Pointed de
for a Town Hall for Halifax has been superseded by one of a nondes^
style by the lamented Sir C. Barry, which was little worthy of
genius of that eminent architect, and for the Cambridge Town H
non-Pointed design has been chosen. Mr. Slater's schools 16
John's, S. Pancras, may be noticed as a successful work. Mr. i
Teulon has conducted some extensive works at Blvetham Hall, Hi
and Shadwell Court, Norfolk ; and Mr. St. Aubya has designei
good Pointed mansion of Delamore Hall, Ivybridge. The new H
opposite Trinity College, Cambridge, designed by Mr. Salvin nndci
advice of the Master of that College, is a more than usually succe
composition in Third- Pointed. Messrs. Walton and Robson have
tinguished themselves by some most successful adaptations of Poi
to domestic work, and to shops and even shop-fittings.

'*The introduction of so much excellent sculpture* by Mr..
Philip, in the church of All Souls', Halifax, both externally and ii
nally, has already been noticed. The same sculptors effigy of
Mill for Ely cathedral is at last nearly completed. Under this heai
must notice Mr. Phyffer's bas-relief of the mission of S. Angoe
from the design of Mr. Burges, for the crypt of S. Augustine's chi
Canterbury ; and Mr. Street's spirited design for a high-tomi
memory of Major Hodson, in Lichfield cathedral. The Queen
erected a high-tomb in memory of the Duchess of Gloucester i
George's Chapel, Windsor, by Mr. Scott, adorned with reliefs of
works of mercy by Mr. Theed.

" The continued success of the Architectural Museum is a sul
of great gratification to our Society, united as it is with the Mu<
by so many ties.

** The painted glass by Messrs. Clayton and Bell, and the ^
carving by Mr. Rogers, at S. Michael's, Cornhill, and Mr. Hardii
windows in Eton College chapel, deserve especial notice.

*' In the matter of colour we have to chronicle that of eight <
petitors for the Ecclesiological Colour Prize in connection with
Architectural Museum the first premium was awarded to Mr. Sin
and the second — given by the President — to Mr. Harrison, the
prizeman of last year. For 1 860 the Committee have chosen a i
ment of the arch of the Porte Rouge of Notre Dame, Paris, contai
two figures, as the subject of the prize. Two members of our €
mittee have laboured hard in this department of art during the y
— Mr. Le Strange in the magnificent scheme of painting the nx
the nave of Ely, and Mr. Gam bier Parry in designing a Doom for
space over the chancel arch of the church at Highnam. Mr. Poyn
painted ceiling at Waltham Abbey must likewise be particularly n
tioned.

"The continued success of the Ladies' Ecclesiastical Embroi

Society must be mentioned. More workers, however, are still wan

and pecuniary aid is desired towards the cost of frontals for Colo

and Fredericton cathedrals.

'* The death of our honorary member. Sir Charles Barry, mosl

Twenty-first Anniversary Meeting. 243

commemorated with an expression of our deep regret for one who has
contributed so much to the success of the revival of Pointed Architect
ture. The loss of Earl de Grey is another notable fact of the year.
He was succeeded as President of the Architectural Museum by our
own President, Mr. Beresford-Hope.

'* In recording this chronicle of ecclesiological progress under its
several aspects, both of design, construction, and ornament, and where
there is so much subject for congratulation, the Committee cannot but
regret that, while so much of taste and expense has been cheerfully
contributed both by founders and artists, the architectural movement,
oow more than a quarter of a century old, has not yet produced a
new church completely groined throughout ; for without groining, it
cannot be said that a Pointed church possesses even the elements of
completeness.

'* In conclusion, the Committee have to announce that the subject
of discussion this evening will be 'The tendencies of PraeraflBftellitism,
and its connection with the Gothic movement,' and to express their
thanks to the managers of the Architectural Exhibition for the per-
mission so readily granted of holding our annual meeting in the con-
▼enient gallery in which we are assembled."

The Archdeacon of Bristol moved the adoption of the Report, and in
doing so pointed out a mistake into which the committee had fallen in
complaining that the present architectural movement had not produced
a new church completely groined throughout. They had forgotten Mr*
Scott's church at Leeds.

Sir Stephen Glynne — " Yes, and Charlecote." A second gentle-
man— •• And Exeter College Chapel, Oxford.**

Mr. Street, in seconding the Report, asked whether the committee
Lad come to any decision upon the admission of chairs into churches.
The subject was brought before the last annual meeting, and he ex-
pected that some allusion would have been made to it in the Report*
He felt that an opinion from this Society would have some influence
upon the Incorporated Society for Building Churches, which had adopted
a rule not to make grants towards the erection of a church where
moveable seats were used.

The President thanked Archdeacon Thorp for correcting the mistake
into which the committee had fallen in overlooking the groined church
at Leeds. The chapel at Exeter College. Oxford, did not come under
the observations in the report, which only spoke of parochial churches.
In reply to Mr. Street, he must confess that the committee had some-
what slumbered on their seats, but that the change from the benches
at Brompton to the chairs in Conduit Street might awaken them this
next year to pay attention to the subject, and he had no doubt they
wonld have a great deal to say about it.

Mr. Street thought that the matter should be taken up seriously.
It was a fair matter of protest that the committee had done nothing in
reference to the subject of chairs in churches. As the liberty of using
chairs in churches was forbidden to them by church building societies*
he thooght a memorial on the subject from an independent body like

24-A Ecclesiological Socieir/.

the Ecclesiological Society would have a good effect. He felt,
eharch restorer, very strongly upon the matter.

The President disclaimed any intention of not treating the su
seriously. The position of church building societies 911a this que
had never been formally brought before the committee, and whet
memorial on the subject would do good or harm was a matter of ]
rather than of ecclesiolc^y, as any active steps taken by them 1
give an air of party to it in the eyes of narrow- minded people,
body, the Society had not pronounced on the question of chain 1
benches in parish churches, but that i^as a fair qnestion for disci
— not to dogmatize upon. About the great utility of chairs i;
naves of cathedrals there could be no question, and no satisfa
reason could be given as to the policy of proscribing them, fii
subject had never been brought fully before the committee of tb
ciety ; if it had, they would have acted upon it.

Mr. Street stated that, before the last annual meeting, he bn
the subject before the Society ; and at the last annual meeting he
renewed the subject in an address to the members present at it.

The Rev. B. Webb said he was afraid it might be his fault as t
tary that the matter had not been brought before the committee
the apparent neglect had arisen from no want of interest in the m;
and the committee would now take it as an instruction to do s
thing in the matter in the ensuing year.

The President. — If after the adoption of the report Mr. Street v
move formally that the question of the chair-seating of churches si
be taken up by the committee, he could answer that it would be
nimously attended to.

'llie report having been agreed to unanimously,

Mr. Street moved a resolution to the effect that it be an utstn
to the committee to take some action on the question of seating cha
with chairs. The question was at present under discussion ii
Church Building Societies.

The Rev. W. Scott. — As to the matter of the Church Buildini
ciety, to which they all subscribed, he thought they should pi
against its system in refusing grants to all churches where mov
chairs were used. That, in his opinion, would be the proper cow
be adopted.

Mr. Street then altered bis motion to the following effect : *'
the attention of the committee of the Society be drawn to the qw
of seating churches with chairs, and that it be requested to pc
a memorial to the Incorporated Church Building Society against
standing rule on the subject of having chain in chur^es.*'

Sir Stephen Glynne, as a member of the committee of the CI
Building Society, said he had seen in the committee some symptoi
favour of the alteration of the rule in qnestion. and he hoped that <
tually the alteration would take place, though he could not say whi
such would be the case or not.

Archdeacon Thorp was of opinion that it would be edvisaUe lo £
the resolution in such a manner as not to be dictatorial to the li
jx>rated Society.

The B«v.T. Jaxnea, Canon of Peterborough, and Secietiry of

Twenty first Anniversary Meeting, 245

Northamptonshire Architectural Society, thought, if regard was had to
the area of the church instead of the numher of sittings, in estimating
its accommodation, it would he well.

The Rev. Lord Alwyn Compton said that small crowded seats were
often placed in churches by architects, in order to get greater grants.

After some further conversation, Mr. Street's motion was altered,
and then stood thus : — " That it is the opinion of this meeting that the
question of seating churches is one well worthy the attention of the
committee, and that it be requested to take steps in the matter with
reference to the existing rules of Church Building Societies with regard
to the use of chairs and the terms of their grants."

The motion, having been duly seconded, was carried unanimously.

The Treasurer's Report, showing a balance of £85. 48. Id., audited
by W. Elliott, Esq., and A. W. Franks, Esq., was read by the Rev.
S. S. Greatheed ; and it was adopted on the motion of Sir S. R. Glynne,
seconded by J. F. France, Esq.

The following Report of the Sub-committee io£ Music was then read
by the Rev. H. L. Jenner :

** The Sub-committee for Music have had no special work in hand
during the past year. The music meetings, both for practice and public
performance, have been regularly held ; and the Motett Choir, having
undergone considerable modification, amounting almost to a re-forma-
tion, will, we doubt not, continue to improve in efficiency. Let us
here again offer the thanks of the Society to the members of the Choir,
for their co-operation.

" The meetings for practice have been held at Carlisle House, by the
very kind invitation of the Honorary Secretary of that Institution.

*' A proposal, referred to in the last year's report, to hold a festival or
union of choirs, in combination with our Motett Choir, has been again
revived. A sub- committee has been appointed to make, if possible, the
necessary arrangements for carrying out the scheme, which will obviously
require much careful consideration. There have been important choir
festivals during the last twelve months at Southwell, Peterborough, Lich-
field, and Ely ; besides smaller gatherings in various parts of the country,
of which we may mention those of Truro, Wilton, and Aylesbury.

" For completeness, and steady adherence to a purely congregational
standard, in the selection as well as the performance of their music,
we must still give the palm to the Notts brigade of choirs. The Com-
mittee are sorry to note on the part of the Lichfield Union a tendency
to revert to the florid cathedral, as opposed to the congregational, type
of Church song.

" In the class of choir gatherings we may include the services held
at the opening, after complete reconstruction by Hill, of the magnificent
organ of York Minster ; as also a like ceremonial at King's College,
Cambridge, where the organ, as has been noticed in the Ecdetiologist,
has received important additions and alterations also by Mr. Hill.

" A most important work has lately been proposed to the Committee,
which if it be undertaken, will afford full scope to their energy and
industry for some time to come.

'* The great and increasing attention which the Plain Song of the

246 Ecclesiological Society,

I '

Church is everywhere receiving, has been the means of raisii
question in the minds of many, whether the time has not arrii
issuing a new adaptation of the Church Tones to the Psalter am
tides, if not to the whole Prayer Book. And it has been suggei
influential promoters of Choral Services that the Music Comm
the Ecclesiological Society possesses qualifications such as be!
few other bodies for approaching such a task. It is hardly ne
to observe, that the desire for a new Psalter is by no means in(
tible with a sincere appreciation of the work now so universally
the Psalter Noted of Mr. Helmore. The exertions of that gent
as all are aware, have been by far the most powerful means of \
creating and maintaining the improved taste in Church Music oo
the Committee have so frequently congratulated the Society. B
his work, incomparably superior as it unquestionably is to an;
manual of the kind in our language, is so perfect as not to ai
improvement the author himself would be the last to maintain.

*' It has been thought that greater variety is desirable in the 1
and especially in the Canticles. The pointing also, though ge
excellent, is not done uniformly on the same principle. The j
the book again is urged as an objection.

A well arranged, intelligible, and inexpensive manual, issut
the Society's imprimatur, and embodying the experience and the
ledge, musical and ritualistic, which have been gained during t
ten years, would, the Committee believe, be largely and tha
accepted by Churchmen.

** If the task is undertaken by the Committee it will probably
expedient to endeavour to gain the active co-operation of some
many English Churchmen, not members of the Committee or
Society, who have made Ritual Music their study.

" The Committee cannot but feel that the demand to whic
have referred is one of the most gratifying of the numerous indi
that a taste for the Music of the Church is making steady prog
the public mind."

After some remarks by the Rev. T. Helmore, this Report was a
on the motion of the Rev. W. H. Lyall, seconded by S. S. Teoloi

The following six gentlemen were then elected as the original
hers of the Committee for the ensuing year : F. H. Dickinson
Rev. S. S. Greatheed, Rev. T. Helmore, Rev. H. L. Jenner, Rt
Scott, and Rev. B. Webb.

The Rev. Sir H. W. Baker, Bart., and Robert Smith, Esq.
elected Auditors for the ensuing year.

The formal business of the meeting having been thus tram
the President said they were that night to have a discussion i
of listening to a written paper. The committee, having, of <
made ecclesiology the subject of its special study for years pasti
not fail to acknowledge that there had grown up alongside '
Gothic or Pointed movement another, which had been current!}
in the public press and in private conversation, considered
identified with it ; he meant that taste in painting which was 1

Twenty-first Anniversary Meeting. 247

generally as the Praeraffaellite school — a movement which had excited
as much attention as any matter outside the field of politics. T\it
committee, therefore, threw on the floor as a subject for debate that
evening — " The Tendencies of PraeraflFaellitism, and its connection
with the Gothic movement." They had not, however, pledged them-
selves to any opinion on the matter, and they did not ask those who
were present at the meeting to pledge themselves. If any gentleman
should, at the close of the discussion, propose a resolution on the
subject, he should feel it his duty to decline to put it to the meet-
ing. But he thought they might have a fair and useful discussion on
the Prseraffaellite movement. He wished it to be distinctly understood
that what he was going to say was simply his view as an individual,
and not as the President of the Society, thrown out for the purpose of
starting the debate. It would take a long time if he were to discuss
what was the origin of the Prseraffaellite movement ; but he held in his
hand a periodical, which appeared about 1850, and in the first instance
bore the name of the *' Germ,'* but afterwards took the less pre-
cise title of " Art and Poetry.'* His attention was first drawn to it by
Mr. Dyce, who asked him if he had seen a book by the young men
who called themselves the Praeraffaellite brethren. He said that he
had not, but soon afterwards became possessed of the volume. At this
period Mr. Millais' picture of the House at Nazareth was exhibited, and
was the first published challenge of the new school, and was followed
in subsequent years by several well-known successors. Prseraffaellit-
ism, from its first starting, had two distinct principles at work : one
was a sort of mysticism, half- hieratic, half- theological, and withal
chivalrous ; but the other phase of the movement was a most strong
and determined realism — a determination to paint nature absolutely, as
naturally, or more naturally, than nature itself. When he said so, he
meant that nature as seen by man was a compromise; nature must
appear to every man in a different aspect. The very keen, sharp-
sighted man saw a quantity of objects, whereas the short-sighted man
was obliged to sum up and take general results ; the minuter features
did not present themselves to him. He saw just the facts of form and
colour, but the details to him were unknown. So the various atmo-
spheric effects of the same scenes were seen by different persons in
different aspects. Painting accordingly best fulfilled its duty to nature
by embodying the sum total of this compromise. Again : no repre-
sentation could be representative of nature which did not deal with
that chiaro-oscuro which was a principal element in all nature. The
Praeraffaellites were determined to sum up every detail, and from
the accumulation of these details they expected to form a natural
result. Mr. Holman Hunt's last painting, " Our Lord discussing
with the Doctors,'* was looked upon by the Praeraffaellites as the
triumph of their art. All who had seen it had been struck with the
perfection with which the details were worked up. It was wonderful
for its minuteness ; but then, was it so grouped that the Saviour of
the world was made the central figure ? Was it not a conglomeration
of wonderfully studied models? Where was there in it the glori-
of on# figure ? There were painters of old, in Holland and

248 Ecclesiological Society.

elsewhere, — Van der Relet, and others, — ^wbo knew how to combine
that attention to minutest details, which was the boast of Pnenf-
faellitism, with a perfect handling of chiaro-oscuro, and masterj of
grouping. To be sure, they sometimes exercised their powers, u
Gerard I>ow was fond of doing, upon a battered brass pitcher. But opon
Prserafiaellite principles no one ought to object to the most caiefhl
treatment of a battered brass pitcher. For his own part he bad no
wish to depreciate them. Mr. Hunt's " Awakened Conscience*' was t
picture deserving of the highest praise. But as a fact the mystie
aspect of the school had yielded to the realistic. Assuming then tbtt
intense realism is the present Prserafiaellitism, is that peculiar style of
painting the natural correlative of the Gothic movement ? He humbly
contended that it was not. He admitted it had done a great deal of good
by the resistance which it had opposed to the slovenly and swaggering
styles previously in vogue : but it was one thing to do good as a protest
against what was wrong in academic painting, and quite another thin§
to be that which was absolutely good. He thought that Pneraftiel-
litism had done good, but Prseraffaellitism in itself sorely was not the
highest aim of art, and most especially not the highest aim of that
religious art whose handmaid Gothic architecture was. Sorely tiie
very essence of Gothic architecture was the imaginative scale wbiicli it
created — the production of the idea of infinity within limited space:
while in Classical architecture finite and measured dimensions were
the artistes aim. How then could the minute realism of Pntnff^"
litism accord with that architecture which was essentially imaginatife
and spiritual ? A controversy had some time since been carried on
between distinguished professors of Pointed architecture as to whether
the representation of foliage should be naturalistic or conventioiiii,
and he thought he had the right to claim those who supported the
latter doctrine (without himself pronouncing an opinion on the qoes*
tion) as agreeing with him in his view of Prseraffaellitism. But ia
another aspect of the matter, in reference to the direct connectioQ be-
tween architecture and the graphic arts in the representation of die
human form as a compromise, as all nature was, they surely should sed^
to embody ideal beauty ; they should particularly, in representing figures
of sacred personages, aim at that ideal beauty in which the Greeks
were so successful, although imperfectly successful. In mediseval ait
on the other hand the beauty of purity and religious expression was
present, although the technical grace of antique models might be
absent. Accordingly he called on the art of the present to combine
these excellencies. The imperfect beauty of the female figures whi^
Prseraffaellitism offered was accordingly a defect in its practice against
which he protested. He had been always puzzled at the strange facial
lines which that school was in the habit of employing, but in looking at
a dialogue on art in '* Nature and Art " he had discovered that it has
from the first and purposely endeavoured to " break the facial line of
the Greeks." He protested against this principle, llie Praeraffaellites
were very fond of subjects from the Arthurian legends, and rightly so.
but if they would paint Guenevere he called on them to represent her
like Helen and not with a face which they might see on the first
passer-by in Conduit Street. Still they were under a great debt of

Twenty 'first Aivniversary Meeting. 249

gratitude to PrseraffiaellitisiD for knockiDg on the head many aca-
demic traditions of rather a stale character. But as a believer in the
•piritualism of GK>thic art he looked for that school of painting which
was a true correlative of that movement not in Prseraffaellitism, but
among painters like Dyce and Herbert in England, and on the conti-
nent in Overbeck, and among painters known as the Dusseldorf school
in Germany.

Mr. Burges said it struck him that the Praeraffaellites had tried to do
in painting all that the Cambridge Camden Society did in architecture.
They went back to the first elements just in the same manner that
architects were referred to the old churches ; they kept to nature as the
chairman wished architects to keep to old churches. The movement of
the Prseraffiaellites began much later than that of the Gothicists. Ar-
chitects have by this time learned to design, but painters are yet in their
tutelage. We should accordingly now discourage panel-painting, and
encourage wall-painting. In the mean time their best artists were
going on as well as possible. Rossetti, Hunt, and Millais, still adhered
to nature, and were improving : he expected that the world would be
delivered by their labours from the conventionalism under which it had
been bound. He hoped that the Prseraffaellites would break the facial
line of Greek face which the president so much admired, and thought
that if the Venus were turned into flesh and blood, she would not be
such a creature as any one here would admire.

Lord Alwyn Compton was of opinion that the FrserafFaellites did
not go to nature for their models, but to a type of their own which was
very deficient in beauty.

Mr. Seddon remarked that it seemed to him they often made a great
mbtake as to what the Praeraffaellites intended, and what their tenets
were, viz., a protest against what was termed "slop.** He thought
the Prseraffaellites, when they started their movement, meant to say
that they were entering a protest against the system of the painters
in existence at that period ; they determined to paint well whatever
they did paint, and they said they would go to nature for their types.
Now, it was natural that young men taking the matter up in that
way might run to an extreme, and thus probably lost atmospheric
effect. But he thought that they themselves saw that fault, as other
people saw it, and were endeavouring to overcome it ; indeed, they
had to a great extent overcome it, and would overcome it more and
more day by day. Mr. Holman Hunt*s picture for instance was a
great improvement on his previous works. He thought that what the
FrBraffaellites meant as regarded the old painters whom they professed
to follow was, not that they thought the works of Giotto and others
perfect, and that they should be copied in all respects, but they thought
that there was more of art in them than in the works of Michael
Angelo and his followers ; they did not mean to say that they would
not adopt the greater knowledge of other men.

Mr. Gambler Parry thought that Prserafiaellitism should be called
Pke-Rejnoldism, because it was a return to the pure system of co-
kmring. Still he thought that the debate was wandering from its
snbiect. They were that night discussing FrsBraffaellite art as con-

TOL. XaU. K K

250 Ecclesiological Society .

nected with the Qothio architectural moTement. and that was a nost
important subject. The members of the Eccleaiological Society wtn
the leaders of a peculiar phase in the developement of architecture ia
modern times. What was meant by originality ? It was going bade
to nature. Prseraffaellitism had done tibat. It had gone back to s
pure system of colouring and to nature. Study was the basis of all
art. And in worthing out the principles of painting as well as of archi-
tecture, he did not see why they should not work out m new style by
going back to true principles.

Mr. Street wished to join his word in favour of the school of
Pmraffaellitism. He thought the chairman had a little miarepresoited
the real result of PrssraffaeUite art. The main object of the school wis
to do everything in the most natural manner. He could not admit that
there was any incongruity in defending conventional foliage in archi-
tecture, and yet upholding the connection between the Gothic and
Prerafiaellite movements. He defended Mr. Boyce and Mr. Brett
among Prseraffaellite artists from the charge of over minute copying.
After referring in terms of praise to the landscapes of Roasetti. Hunt,
Millais, and other |>ainters of the same school, Mr. Street -said he
thought the Prasraffaellite school had been developed in precisely the
same way as they had developed the Gothic movement. Such a man
as Pugin (though he might not be admired in all things) taught them
to think of nothing but truth in their art, and that they should do in
architecture what was true and natural ; and that was what seemed to
be the object of the Prseraffaellites. The work of the Pr«raffiaellitea
seemed to have been the natural accompaniment of the Gothic move-
ment. IThe Praeraffaellites had a most enthusiastic love of Gothic
architecture, and that surely ought to be a consideration in their favour.
Hie only artistic memorial in favour of Mr. Scott's design for the
Government Offices proceeded from a body of Pneraffaellitea. He
expressed his own distaste for the Dusseldorf school, as being a mere
dead reproduction of an old form of art. The Prseraffaellites were
decried for minute details ; but if the walls of cathedrals and public
buildings were given up to them, they would soon lay aside this faolt
Instead of paying two guineas a foot for painted windows, patrons of
art should encourage the Prseraffaellites by commissioning them to
paint their walls. The enthusiasts of the school had shown the deter-
mination to succeed in their art, by painting, gratuitously, the walls of
the Oxford Union. The Ecclesiological Sodety would be devoting
itself to the principles with which it bad started, if it secured for their
artists the walls of some churches, on which to develope their art.
In defending Prserafiaellitism, however, he did not wish to detract from
the merits of other painters : for he had a great admiration for painters
like Mr. Dyce and others.

The Rev. W. Scott remarked that as to Uie matter of chiaroscoioi
and to the last work of Mr. Holman Hunt, one of the most strikiag
things was that on visiting tropical climates the atmospheric effect in
perspective did not exist. The objects presented themselves in a much
flatter way than was the ease in this country, and that might accoant
% the want of atmospheric effect in Mr. Hunt's last picture, at well
as in his Scapegoat. lu a very warm latitude things presented ihcm-

Ttventy-fint Annivenary Meeting. 261

aelves in a very flat plane. But it might be a mistake to introduce
that kind of treatment in an English picture. Another matter which
he wished to refer to was, that in his opinion the Prseraffaellites had
been very neglectful in one branch of nature, viz. drawing after the
nude. He believed the PrserafFaellites had a great dislike to the study
of that nobleet form of nature, the nude human figure. Now he
thought there was a great deal of cant in that matter, and that if they
were to turn their attention to that branch of nature, and do in it as
much, and in as reverential and proper a spirit as in other matters,
they would do well.

The Rev. George Williams coincided with what Mr. Scott had said
about the absence of atmospheric effects in Palestine, and which ac-
counted for their non-appearance in the last great work of Mr. Ilolman
Hunt. After complimenting the view of Jerusalem by the late Mr.
Seddon. he said he thought the Prseraffaellite painters deserved well
of the Gothicists, and that they should congratulate themselves and
art on the effect produced by the operations of Prseraffaellites. Pree-
raffaellites might have committed mistakes, but he thought they
owed them a very large debt of gratitude ; and there was a great deal
which they might do in the decoration of works of eminent architects
now engaged in the production of structures, not only in this country,
but even at the antipodes.

Mr. Street begged to correct Mr. Scott as to the abandonment of the
study of the nude by the Prseraffaellites.

Mr. Seddon mentioned other instances besides the Union Rooms,
Oxford, in which certain Prseraffaellite artists had attempted works on
a large scale ; in particular, a reredos by Mr. Jones, for S. Paul's,
Brighton ; and an altar-piece for Llandaff Cathedral, by Mr. Rossetti.

The President in reply congratulated the meeting both upon the
great good-humour shown and upon the substantial agreement of the
speakers. He ventured to say this, for there was no one however lau-
datory who did not acknowledge more or less that the school had
ftdlen into peculiarities, and did not plead that they were working
their way out of them. Now what he criticised in Praeraffaellitism
was these very peculiarities, and as soon as they were given up Prss-
rafiaellitism would come to a natural end, and its professors would
simply be able and careful painters. There were certain broad dis«
tinctionfl of form and construction which distinguished Gothic and
Classical architecture, but there was no such tangible demarcation be-
tween Prseraffaellite and other painting. Personally he spoke with-
out favour or prejudice, as the only Prseraffaellite artist he had ever
been acquainted with was the late Mr. Seddon, of whom none could
speak without regret and admiration. In conclusion, he drew the atten-
tion of the meeting to some ivories and to a handsome jewelled cross,
which were sent to the meeting by Mr. Gambier Parry ; to a frontal,
worked by the Ladies* Ecclesiastical Embroidery Society, for Little
Cawtborpe Church, Lincolnshire ; and to numerous specimens of
church plate, exhibited by Mr. John Keith, silversmith to the Society,
of 41, Westinoreland Place, City Road.

Th0 meeting broke up at half- past ten.

262 EccUsioloffieal Society.

At a Committee Meeting held immediately after the Aimnal
ing, present, the President in the chair. Sir S. R. Glynne, Bart,
the Rev. S. S. Ghreatheed, the Rev. T. Helmore, the ReT. H. L. J
the Rev. W. Scott, and the Rev. B. Webb, the remaining meml
the former Committee were all re-elected, and the officers we
elected. Sydney G. R. Strong, Esq., of 108» Westboume T(
Hyde Park, was elected an ordinary member. The President und
to frame a memorial to the Incorporated Church Building Soci
the subject of chairs in churches.

The following is the document which was subsequently for^
to the Incorporated Society, with the secretary's reply :

'' To tie Committee of the Incorporated Society for Building and Re^

Churches.

*' My Lords and Gentlemen, — The Committee of the Ecclesiological I
have initructed me, as its Preiident, to convey to you the respe^fbl <
sion of the wish of that Society, as shown by a unanimous vote at iu
general meeting, that you would take into your consideration the ren
your rules so far as they give an advantage to one method rather Ui
other of seating churches.

" A few years ago the only method of seating churches, which was
was that of pews or benches, and it was therefore reasonable that your
should not have made provision for any other system. But the po]
which has followed the introduction of ehairs into S. Paul's cathedral,
minster Abbey, and other churches, has undoubtedly established the h
chairs may now be legitimately considered as an alternative method.

*' The ficclesiologiod Society does not in thus memorializing the Ii
rated Society desire to express any opinion upon the comparatiye advi
of benches and chairs. But it ventures to submit its very decided ooi
that the two systems ought to be placed on a footing of perfect equali
that the assistance rendered should be in respect of accommodation and
the form in which that accommodation is offered — a question, as it co
which should be left to the discretion of the church builders. At tfa
time it empowers me to offer one practical reason why in many cases t
hibition of chairs would operate as a serious practical disadvantage,
reason is their great cheapness in comparison with benches. I was e
last year in seating a church which contains about 600 worshippers,
timate was promised for deal benches of a very nmple design, and the i
proved to be about jf 400. I then adopted chairs of the |»eeise dcsij
price of those which have been placed in S. Paul's cathedral, and tl
amounted to about £80. Had I adopted a still simpler form of chair 1
have seated the church for a still smaller sum. This instance is suffic
prove that in discountenancing chairs the Society may frequently dri^
localities into heavy expenses which otherwise might be obviated.

" The Committee or the Ecclesiological Society beg further to re|
that they conceive that the Society's grants should be given upon
founded on the computed area of each church, rather than upon the
number of sittings. The adoption of this system would ensure perfect (
in every case, while according to the present sjrstem the Incorporated I
must often be at the mercy of those persons who do not scruple to di
plans with a fallacious show of sittings, of inconveniently cramped dime
or placed in comers of the church where seeing and hearing are impoi

" 1 have the honour to remain,

" My Lords and Gentlemea»
^ . , , „ , " Your nithful and obedient sen

" Arklow House. June 16, 1860. A. J. B. Bbrbsfobd E

Ecclesiological Society. 258

€t

7, WhUehaU, S,W,, June 19, 1860.
*' Dear Mr. Hope, — I have to inrorm you that the memorial from the Ec-
elesiological Society, with which you favoured me last week, was duly pre-
lented to this committee at their meeting yesterday. There was subsequently
much discussion on the subject of chairs for churches, and a sub-committee
has been appointed ' to consider the expediency of makiofr grants' where they
are introduced ' in lieu of fixed seats, and the regulations under which such
gruits shall be made.'

'* Believe me to remain,

•* Very faithfully yours,

'* Gborob Ainblib, Sec,
" A. J. Beresford-Uope, Esq.,
•* Arklow House."

The second public meeting for the season of the Ecclesiological
Motett Choir was held at S. Martin's Hall, on Wednesday, the 20th
of June. The programme was as follows :

Anthbm* — " O be joyful in the Lord " . . Attributed to Palestrina,
(From the Hymn for the Holy Communion^ " 0 Sacrum convivium.*')
Canticlb — " Magnificat "

{From Marbeck*8 Book of Common Prayer Noted, Ist Tone,)
Hymn* — " Miserere mei Deus " .... Attributed to Palestrina.

Hymn — '* Veni, Creator Spiritus " Hymnal Noted.

(From the Ancient Salisbury Hymnal.)
MissA— "Kyrie"

'* Gloria in Excelsis "

"Credo"

" Sanctus "

" Bcnedictus "

" Osanna"

" Agnus Dei "

Orlando di Lasso,
(From Proske's Selectus Nevus Missa-
RUM Pr<Bstantissimorum superioris <m
Auctorum.)
Carol — " \fc have risen very early " (for May Day) Rev. H. L. Jenner, LL.B,
Anthxm* — " I will give thanks " . . Attributed to Palestrina,

From the Hymn for the Holy Communion, "Panis angelicus"
Canticle— •* Jubilate Deo " . Bth Tone, 2nd Ending, (Canticles Noted.)

MoTXTT — " Quam pulchri sunt " Palestrina.

(From JewePs Madrigal and Motett Book.)
Carol — " Twas about the dead of night"

(From the '* Cantiones Sacrm " of Nyland, A.D. 158i.
Carols for Easter-tide.)
Anthem* — " Why do the heathen rage " . Attributed to Palestrina,

(From the Latin **Dum esset summus Pontifex** Antiphon

•* che si canta nel Vaticano per Adorazione delta croce.")

Canticle — ^" Nunc Dimittis " . (From Marbeck, 7th Tone,)

^ These four compositions are from the " Hymns for Four Voices," arrangred and
adapted to English words, by T. Oliphant, Esq. Judging from the style, Siey are
probably the work of some Italian composer belonging to the latter part of the 1 7th
centnrj.

The audience waa fully equal to the average, both as regards num-
bers and quality. At ita desire, the Motett *' Quam pulchri sunt/' and
the May Day Carol were each of them repeated.

■ I

254

Ecclesiological Society.

The following circular has been issued *. —

'* At the hegioning of the present century. Church Music, as well ss
other branch of ecclesiastical art, was confessedly ' on the decline.'

" The special object of the Ecclesiological Society, in its choral sn
ments, is to effect for Church Music a revival of sound principles and c
details, similar to that which within the last twenty yean has hsppily
in Church Architecture, and which has been so materially aided, if not ei
originated, by this society.

" For the furtherance of this end, it was judged expedient, in the year
to incorporate the Motett Society with the Ecclesiological Society. Tfa
explain both the name of the choir, and the general character of the
performed at its meetings.

"The Motett Society was originally founded in 1841, for the pnrp
reviving ' the study and practice of the ancient choral music of the C
understanding by this term the sacred compositions of the best masters
to the middle of the seventeenth century.'

** Having done the first part of its work well, by turning the minds
clesiologists to correct sources of information, and by providing, in its
tion of MSS. and its published music, good models for practice, in IH
Motett Society rested for a while from its labours. The majority of th<
mittee had been either removed by death, or prevented by other cause
taking any longer an active part m the affairs of the society. It tbi
appeared that, as the Ecclesiological Society had latterly turned its att
to Church Music, the time was favourable to an amalgamation of it
societies into one. And after due deliberation, and on such terms as i
to secure the carrying on the practice of the ancient music of the Chun
cording to the original intention of the Motett Society, minutes of inco
tion were, in the year 1852, finally proposed and accepted ; since whic
the musical operations of the choir, (though variable both as to the ni
and regular attendance of the individuals composing it,) have been £n
and unintermitted.

" Much, however, remains to be done, if the choir is adequately u
the high purpose for which it was established. There is great need of
cession oi zealous and efficient members who would consider it their du
privilege to attend the practice-meetings regularly. It is therefore
that all who have at heart the cause of Church Music will, if qualified
themselves as members, and will use their best efforts to promote the g
efficiency of the choir. All may render essential aid by contributions b
money and of Church Music.

** The plain song of the Catholic Church, and the school of music fo
by Palestrina in luly, and in England by Tye, Tallis, Byrd, Orlandc
bons, &c., are principally practised by the choir, although the choice of
is no longer limited to any particular period.

"Three public performances by the choir are given in each year,
afford to all who are anxious for the improvement of the singing i
churches an opportunity of hearing Latin and other compositions whic
not usually sung by any other musical soriety, and whirb cannot of i
(in their original form) be heard in our English services, but which
among the finest models in the world for the use of choirs in divine wo
Other music recommended for our own actual use, may also be heard at
meetings under circumstances more than usually favourable for the foni
of an accurate judgment of the measure in which they are suitable am
pressive for the ends proposed.

** Members of the Ecclesiological Society subscribe one guinea per u
and are elected, on the nomination of a member, by tlie oomouttee.

Northampton Architectural Society. 255

«

Members of the choir are elected by the precentor and the choir com-
mittee, after having given satisfactory proof of efficiency.

"Rev. Thomas Helmorb, M.A.
"Hon. Precentor,
"6, Cheyne Walk, Chebea, S.W.

" BuUs,

** I. Meetings for practice are held at S. Martin's Hall every Monday, not
being a red letter day, at 7>30 p.m., except during the months of January,
August, September, and October.

*' 2. Regularity of attendance at these meetings, being of vital importance
to the efficiency of the choir, is expected of all its members. Continued
neglect of this rule will exclude from the choir.

** 3. An annual subscription of half-a-sovereign (payable on the 24th of
June) is required of all the choir, unless they are admitted by the precentor
as honorary members, and an additional half-sovereign will be required as an
entrance fee after the 3l8t October, 1860.

"Further information may be bad on application to H. George Cox-
HKAD, Esq., Hon. Secretary, 6, Mecklenburgn Square, W.C."

ARCHITECTURAL SOCIETY OF THE ARCHDEACONRY OF

NORTHAMPTON.

At a Committee Meeting, held June 11th, Edward Thornton. Esq., in
the chair, the Rev. R. P. lightfoot, of Shutlanger, and the Rev.
6. W. Watson, of Weedon, were elected members. Lord Overstone
has become a life-member of the society.

The secretary reported the success of the Architectural Congress at
Cambridge, and of the meeting' with the Lincoln Society, at Worsop. At
Woraop, the greatest hospitality awaited the members who were pre-
sent, and a most valuable museum* to which the collections at Clumber
and Welbeck contributed, was arranged under the active superintend-
ence of the Rev. B. Trollupe. Bolsover and Roche Abbey and the
neighbourhood of the Dukeries were visited, and the meeting con-
cluded with a public dinner at Worsop, under the presidency of Mr.
Tennyson D*£yncourt.

The ground-plan for the reseating of Stoke Bruerne church was
■ttbmitted by the rector, and the proposed arrangement approved.

The plans for the restoration of Church Brampton church were ex-
hibited. Some details were objected to, but as the works were already
executed, the committee deemed it unnecessary to report upon them.

The Rev. G. W. Watson exhibited a design by Mr. E. F. Law, for
a new girl's school at Weedon, which was approved with certain sug*
gestiona.

It was resolved that the secretary was em}>owered to communicate
with other architectural societies, to request their co-operation in oflFer*
ing a prize or prizes for the best design for a labourer's cottage for the
Midland counties.

It waa farther resolved unanimously, " That this society, feeling the
stroDgeat interest in the proposed restoration and enlargement of S.

256 New Churches.

Sepulchre's church, engages to do its utmost in reconunending the
work to the public generally, and will endeavour to accommodate the
holding of their general meeting this year to suit the convenience of
the S. Sepulchre's committee, and propose to make that church the
main subject of their papers and discussion at this year's meeting."

It was stated that the proposed Architectural Congress at Rugby is
postponed till the spring of 1861.

It is proposed to hold an evening as well as morning meeting at
Northampton, at the general meeting this year« in cqnnection with the
subject of S. Sepulchre's church.

NEW CHURCHES.

S. » Denstone, Staffordshire. — We regard this as one of Mr.

Street's happiest designs for a small rural church. The plan is most
simple. There is a nave with a quasi-narthex at the west end. and a porch
at its south-western extremity : a chancel ending in a three-sided apse,
and on its north side an organ -chamber with a sacristy. On the north side
there is a very convenient arrangement, including steps up to a circular
turret, — which adjoins the junction of nave and chancel on that side,—
steps down to the heating apparatus, and also a place for the sexton'i
tools. l*he arrangement of the interior is perfect ; and the altar, we re-
joice to see, stands forward in the apse. The whole ascent to it is by six
steps. Stalls, constructional sedilia, a low stone screen, pulpit on the
south side of the chancel -arch, need merely be enumerated. The chancel
is higher in its roof than the nave ; and as the level of the ground in-
clines to the east, the external effect is remarkably dignified. The
apse windows — each of two wide lancets, with shafted jambs and
monials under a large sexfoiled circle — are raised to a high level ; and
below them the massive buttresses at each angle, battening outwards,
give a great idea of strength. The round turret is very ingeniously
treated. In its basement is a vaulted passage, leading from the organ-
chamber to the nave : above, it is reached by an external door and
flight of steps. There is a newel staircase at the bottom for about six
steps : then the inside is cylindrical, with hooks in the wall for steps ;
and above all is a belfry-stage, with a large open quatrefoil on the four
cardinal sides, the capping being a lofty circular pyramid. The win*
dows on the north side of the nave are four simple lancets set on a
stringcourse, with a sexfoiled circle at the west end in the quasi-nar*
thex which we mentioned. The west window is a large circle, with
an octofoiled circle surrounded by eight loops for its tracery. Oo the
aouth side there are three rich, but short, windows, of three lights,
with bold tracery. Inside, the effect of the lofty chancel, with its
dignified and marble-shafted apse windows, is most succeasful. The
chancel-roof is coved and boarded ; that of the nave is constructed
with collar-beams and foliated braces. The chancel-arch» corbelled on
shafted imposts, is richly moulded. On the north side of the cfaaocd

■ .' 4

New Churches. 257

^^b into the organ-chamber i« foliated. Above it is a quasi*
^^^>ry range of pierced quatrefoiU, set in square- headed frameworks,
^^arble shafts. The south chancel- wall has a window similar to
"** in the apse, but longer, since it comes lower down. From the
^Cb, which are all of them excellently designed, we select the pulpit
i^^iticular commendation. It is circular, of alabaster, with marble
^ and inlajrings of coloured marbles. The chancel-screen is made
^tone and marbles of different colours, with inlayings of marble,
the minor details are scrupulously designed, and there is a lych-
^ We repeat that this is an unusually able and original desigpi,
Icr circumstaaces where novelty was scarcely to be expected. *
9. /nneff, PemtoiwUle, London. — Mr. S. S. Teulon has designed a
r church for this district. The plan — an irregular trapezium — is
le to eontain a chancel, 28 ft. by 20, with a square vestry on the
th side, balanced by a similar half- aisle on the south, and a nave
ft. long, with a narrow irregular passage -aisle on each side, formed*
t were, within the buttresses, no^ extending to the west end. Huge
leriet encumber three sides of the building, and are meant to accom-
iate 310 out of 1260 worshippers. These galleries are carried on
ider iron shafts, and have open metal-work fronts. The church is
ited by six three-light windows on each side ; each alternate window
ig twice the height of the intermediate ones, and curried up in a
h transveraely-gabled dormer. The effect is whimsical. A tower,
insufficient bulk, rises above the south chancel-aisle, square, with
oetagooal belfry stage, above which there is a low spire. The
fry stage seems insufficiently lighted by a tall, lancet, filled with
tie tracery, on each cardinal side ; nor is its base line sufficiently
h to clear the ridge of the nave roof. There are| as it seems to us.
le needless eccentricities in the treatment of the spire. But we
mre a fuller notice till the actual structure can be visited. There is,
is always the case with Mr. Teulon*s designs, much originality and
entioa ; but, we think, in this instance mi>re moderation would have
n better.

TkriH Church. North Croydon, Surrey. — ^The addition of a chancel to
I church* at the cost of the original founder, the Archbishop of Can-
tHiry, must be chronicled as a remarkable sign of the times. Mr. S.
IVsulon adds a bay westward to the nave, and elongates the apsidal
ncel to a good proportionate length. The western bay of the nave
brtunatdy contains a gallery, to which access is gained in a gabled
leotion on the south side. The apse of the new chancel is satisfao-
ily treatfd, architecturally ; but the altar stands at the extreme end,
i scarcely sufficient room is left in the sanctuary, eastward of the
gitudinal benches placed in the chancel. The reading desk does
disappear in the re-arrangements.

}. John Evangeliet, Maindee, Cardiff. — A new church, by Messrs.
chard and Seddon, (already noticed at p. 208 of our last volume,)
arhich we are now enabled to present our readers with an external
Spective from the south-west. The design exhibits some of the
mg points, as well as the weak points, of the architects. Among
former we reckon a certain power of picturesque combination, and

roL. XZI. L L

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X

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\

Y

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New Churclkes, 257

ioto the organ-chamber i« foliated. Above it is a quasi*
'^^ry range of pierced quatrefoils, set in square-headed frameworks,
Garble shafts. The south chancel- wall has a window similar to

^n the apse, but longer, since it comes lower down. From the
^. which are all of them excellently designed, we select the pulpit
^tticular commendation. It is circular, of alabaster, with marble
^ «nd inlapngs of coloured marbles. The chancel-screen is made
^ne and marbles of different colours, with inlayings of marble.
%e minor details are scrupulously designed, and there is a lych-
• We repeat that this is an unusually able and original desigpi,
nr circumstances where novelty was scarcely to be expected. *
'. /cmeff, PemtonvUle, London. — Mr. S. S. Teulon has designed a

church for this district. The plan — an irregular trapezium — is
a to contain a chancel, 28 ft. by 20, with a square vestry on the
h aide, balanced by a similar half- aisle on the south, and a nave
L long, with a narrow irregular passage- aisle on each side, formed.
were, within the buttresses, no^ extending to the west end. Huge
nriea encumber three sides of the building, and are meant to accom-
ate 310 out of 1260 worshippers. These galleries are carried on
ier iron shafts, and have open metal -work fronts. The church is
Ted by six three-light windows on each side ; each alternate window
g twice the height of the intermediate ones, and curried up in a
. tnnsveraely-gabled dormer. The effect is whimsical. A tower,
ituffioient bulk, rises al>ove the south chancel- aisle, square, with
letagonal belfry stage, above which there is a low spire. The
y stage aeems insufficiently lighted by a tall, lancet, filled with

0 tracery, on each cardinal side; nor is its base line sufficiently

1 to clear the ridge of the nave roof. There are^ as it seems to us,
» needless eccentricities in the treatment of the spire. But we
rre a fuller notice till the actual structure can be visited. There is,
I always the case with Mr. Teulon*s designs, much originality and
Qtion ; but, we think, in this instance mi>re moderation would have
1 better.

kriH Church* North Croydon, Surrey. — ^The addition of a chancel to
church, at the cost of the original founder, the Archbishop of Can*
ory, must be chronicled as a remarkable sign of the times. Mr. S.
Vulon adds a bay westward to the nave, and elongates the apsidal
loel to a good proportionate length. The western bay of the nave
itimatdy contains a gallery, to which access is gained in a gabled
eotion on the south side. The apse of the new chancel is satisfae-
y treatfd, architecturally ; but the altar stands at the extreme end,
scarcely sufficient room is left in the sanctuary, eastward of the
itudinal benches placed in the chancel. The reading desk does
disappear in the re-arrangements.

. John Evangelist, Maindee, Cardiff. — A new church, by Messrs.
hard and Seddon, (already noticed at p. 208 of our last volume,)
^hich we are now enabled to present our readers with an external
pective from the south-west. The design exhibits some of the
Bg points, as well as the weak points, of the architects. Among
former we reckon a certain power of pictureaqne combination, and

9L. XZI. L L

258 Nem Churches,

much taste in the graceful introduction of sculpture and ornate archi*
tectural forms. The statue of the patron saint over the west door will
be remarked. Among the latter we are obliged to mention a tendency
to sacrifice the general architectural treatment to some particular fw-
purei pannif and also a fondness for exceptional features. In our illus-
tration, for instance, the unusual management of the porches will be
noticed ; and also the superiority of the west facade, in richness and
detail, to the rest. The design has less than justice done to it in the
omission of the chancel. But there is great merit in the tower and
spire, of these the height is 1 80 feet, but they are not yet built.

S. Nicholas, Monnington, Pembrokeshire. — The present church, of the
ordinary Welsh type, — that is, a mere bam, with clay floor and no seats,
— is to give place to an excellent, unpretending design, by Mr. Withers,
to be built on the same site, but on a somewhat larger scale, at a cost
of only £450, the stone being given. Mr. Withers provides, with his
usual success, a nave, chancel, south vestry, and north porch, and ac-
commodation for 76 adults, at this trifling cost. The architectural
style is a very good, simple type of Early Pointed ; and the arrange-
ments are excellent. A bellcote for one bell stands over the chancel-
arch, and gives character to the very plain exterior. We are greatly
pleased with this unaffected design, and hope to meet Mr. Withers
where he may have more scope for his powers.

S. Dogfael, Meline, Pembrokeshire, — or what remains of it, — is a
structure of thirteenth century date ; but it is only a ruinous bam.
without light or air, with clay floor, and only four seats. Mr. Withers
proposes to build, just to the south of the present church, a new one,
for £530. Here we have a small nave with south porch, and a chancel,
ending in a three-sided apse, with a small vestry on the north side.
The style is a plain, but good. Pointed. Towasds the west end of the
nave there is a good octagonal belfry, with a low spire. The west
window is a large circle, filled with bold, floriated circlets. Mr.
Withers has thrown great character into this very unpretentious
design.

S. , Ardamine, Wexford. — We are delighted to observe every

fresh instance of the introduction of a better architectural style into
Ireland. Mr. Street has nearly completed a little church for Ardamine.
The site is on the sand-clifl^s overhanging the sea, by the side of one
of the old burial-grounds, so common in Ireland, which will be incor-
porated in the churchyard of the new church. The plan comprises
nave with south-west porch, and apsidal chancel with north-west
vestry. Provision is made for a future north aisle. The present ac-
commodation is for 86. The arrangements are of the iimplest kind,
but perfectly correct. The style is early Pointed, with trefoiled lancet-
lights. The west facade has two tall lancets, separated by a buttress
which brackets out above, and sustains a clever octagonal beUcote, for
two bells. Inside there is a good plain early chancel*arch ; and the
lancets of the circular apse are hooded in an internal arcade, which has
shafts of Irish marble. The south fa9ade has two couplets of plain
lancets, with small trefoiled circles above. The porch has a stone
roof. The north wall contains the piers and arches of a fature arcade.

New Schools. 269

The windows are broad lancets, with cinqfoiled beads. The roofs are
of wood ; that of the chancel boarded, with a moulded tie-beam and
king- post; that of the nave with collar-beams and arched braces. A
certain air of massive solidity in this unpretending little design exactly
suits its site. Messrs. Clayton and Bell have in band stained glass for
the apse windows.

NEW SCHOOLS. &c.

Chatham, Kent. — An important group, by Mr. Street. There is a
master's house at one end. The boys' school is 49ft. Sin. by 18ft.,
and has a class-room attached in the angle between it and the girls'
school, which (43 ft. 9 in. by 18 ft.) is placed at right angles to the
buys' school into which it opens. An infants' schoolroom, 34 ft. 9 in.
by 16 ft. 3 in. is at right angles again to the girls' school, with which,
however, it does not communicate. The material is Kentish rag, with
dressings and jambs of red brick, and tracery of Bath stone. The detail
is very good, the larger windows having plate- tracery. The roofs,
which are tiled, are hipped at the gables. We notice, in the south-
west elevation, a large three-light window, spanned and gabled by a
chimney. The inequality of the ground adds picturesqueness to the
design.

Mears Ashhy Parsonage, Northamptonshire, — Mr. Buckeridge has
completed a good small and unpretending house here. It is built of
the rich brown stone of the neighbourhood, quarried on the glebe land,
with Colly Weston slates for the roof, and an oak porch. The total
cost has been £1,160, the boundary walls and gates costing £57 in
addition. We like better to see the rooms en suite, than, as here,
wholly disconnected; and a 4iin. wall between dining-room and
drawing-room is hardly enough to prevent sound. The architectural
style, an Early Pointed, is more pronounced, externally and internally,
than is usual ; but it is very well managed. The aspect is well con-
trived, and the windows seem large enough.

Denstone, Staffordshire, — A good design by Mr. Street, very com-
pactly and conveniently planned. The windows are square-headed,
with shafted monials ; and the exterior is very picturesquely treated.

SECULAR AND DOMESTIC WORKS.

We are able to speak in terms of great approbation of the designs
by Mr. Tniefitt for a villa in the Middleton Road. The plan is remark-
ably well laid out, with some unusual arrangemento ; and the style is
Pointed, boldly but unaffectedly Ueated. The material is brick, of two

aSQ Church Restorations.

oolours. There teems to be ample light. The details we carcfnllj
studied, all the metal- work being designed specially.

Less successful, because more eccentric, is the design for another
bouse, in Camden Road, Holloway, by the same architect. Ebit this
also is well planned; if we except the undue smallness of the li-
brary.

Mr. Tniefitt has also favoured us with some other designs for houses
in the same neighbourhood » of less pretension. In all of them we see
much invention and ingenuity. It is refreshing to see so much variety
of plan and arrangement, after being accustomed to the dull uniformitj
of ordinary town houses.

Mr. W. J. Hopkins has designed some cottages, which have been
tendered for, without competition, at £iOO the pair. Of course each
house has three bedrooms, tt is extremely satisfactory to see cottage
building taken up so energetically, and so successfully, in every part of
Eneland.

Mr. Seddon has transformed a villa at Birdhurst, near Croydon, from
an Italian appearance to an exaggerated specimen of nondeacript poly-
chromatic Pointed.

A villa, designed for Tonbridge Wells, by Messrs. Prichazd and
Seddon, in extreme Pointed, is scarcely to be defended from the charge
of exaggeration of style. Otherwise its arrangements aeem to be good.

CHURCH RESTORATIONS.

Canterbury Cathedral. — ^The clerestory of the eastern limb of thb
cathedral was formerly filled with First- Pointed glass, representing the
genealogy of our Blessed Loan, each of the large lancet- windows con-
taining two figures. The bad taste of a former generation destroyed
the series ; a large number of the figures being transferred to the huge
Third- Pointed windows of the western transepts and west end, for
which they were singularly ill- fitted. This barbarism is in course of
rectification ; and the three clerestory windows of the choir proper, be-
tween the two pairs of transepts, have their glass cleverly replaced* the
deficiencies being made good by Mr. Austin. The third window of
the great triplet in the south choir-aisle, by Mr. Wailes, is now fixed,
and contains the antitypes from the New Testament of the events in
the histories of Moses and Ellas in the two flanking lights, so as to
make the whole series significative of the Transfiguration.

iS. John, Hanbury, Worcestershire. — Mr. Street is rebuilding and
enlarging the chanc^ of this church, which is full of the tombs of the
Vernon family. The nave is in a bad condition, but is not jet under
restoration. A large Vernon aisle, almost square in plan, and oovering
the family vault, is added on the south side of the chMftotk* A snaUtr
aisle, with an ample sacristy eastward of it, is added oo tlie oppoMlt
side. The arrangements arc excellent. The cbaactl tea its kfeli

Church Restorations, 261

well treated* and has stalls and sabseUse. Two arcbes» with screens*
divide it from the Vernon aisle ; and on the north side there is a per**
close-screen between it and its aisle, while the sacristy communicates
with it by a door. The Vernon aisle is somewhat singularly, but very
effectively, treated. It is divided transversely by an arcade of two
into two separately gabled limbs. The result is very considerable
height, and a very picturesque externsl appearance. Of the two con*
tiguous gables, in the south elevation, the westernmost has an enriched
unequal triplet of lancets under one hood, with a well-moulded door
beneath. The easternmost gable has a small traceried circle high up,
and a well-managed external tomb, under a recessed arch, below. On
the other side of the church, the short chancel-aisle (used as an organ-
chamber) is gabled transversely, with a large quatrefoiled circular
window over a range of four trefoiled lancets. The vestry has its
gable parallel with the axis of the chancel. Inside, the cbancel-arch*
and the lateral arches of the chancel, have all dwarf stone walls, sur-
mounted by very elaborate metal screens. Coloured marble is plenti-
fully used in the jamb-shafts, and in some of the courses of the cylinh
drical piers of the Vernon aisle ; and there is more elaboration of detail
in the architectural coustruction than is common. Thus the arris of
the outer order of each arch is carved with a kind of nail-head orna-
ment ; and the spandrel spaces of the eastern triplet are ornamented
with recessed floriated circles. Nor are the other details less thought-
fully managed. The pattern for the chancel pavement is exceedingly
good ; being composed of tiles of various colours, contrasted by ban<b
of stone, which are incised with patterns to be filled in with cement.
Incised patterns of the same kind are introduced elsewhere also, as for
example, in the stone septum of the chancel -screen. The pulpit is of
wood, in open framework, mounted on a massive cylindrical pier-like
shaft. The chancel-roof is coved and boarded. All the others are of
simple construction, with open rafters. The woodwork generally is
good.

SS. Peter and Paul, Wymering, Hants, — This is a very complete
restoration, or rather rebuilding, by Mr. Street. The former had no-
thing of interest except the Transitional arcades of the nave, which*
especially on the south side, were unusually beautiful and delicate :— -
cylindriod shafts, with reeded capitals and slightly Pointed ayches. It
ia a small building, comprising nave and aisles, sooth porch, chancel*
and north-west sacristy. A small square timber bellcote sttrmonnts
the west gable. The style is good Middle-Pointed. On the south
side the easternmost window of the sooth wall of the aisle is gabled,
And is a good composition of three trefoiled lights, with a dn^le in the
head : and the opposite window on the other side, similarly Irsnted,
is of three lights, with intersecting monials. The vestry» which is
gabled longitudinally, has in its east wall a circular window, quatre^
foiled, in plate tracery, and a square* headed shafted window, of tw<i
lights. U communicates with the chancel by a trefoil-headed door, as
w^ as by an arch, fitted with a low stone wall and metal screen above.
The nave is boldly roofed with moulded tie-beams end kiDg*>posl8 ; tht
dMincel tool is boarded. Coloured marbles ase intsodvctd fery judU

262 Church Restorations,

ciously ; and the whole work is very completiely aod beautiliilly
out. We observe with pleasure a picturesque lych-gate.

S. Philip, Clerkenwell, London. — ^The interior of this church, a
galleried hall, in Pseudo-Pointed, has been restored, in a very simple
but effective manoer, by Mr. Butterfield. Open sittings, with a neat
and correct chorus cantorutn, and a low pulpit, are the principal features
of the work ; the distinguishing merit of which, artistically, resides in
the effect of space which is produced, in spite of the retention of the
galleries. The unfortunate east window compels the reredoa to be
unduly lowered, and we do not think that it is very felicitously co-
loured.

iS. , South Carlton, Lincolnshire, — ^A small church containing

chancel, nave, and two chantries on the north of the chancel under a
singularly hideous flat roof. Mr. S. S. Teulon is undertaking a resto-
ration and enlargement of the building. He adds two aisles, that on
the south side being much narrower than the northern one. He also
rebuilds the south wall of the chancel with three First-Pointed lancets.
The new work is satisfactory, and the arrangements are generally good ;
though we like to see the sanctuary-rail, where one is used, carried
straight across ; and we cannot approve of the introduction of a reading-
desk. The new roof of the chancel is of a late type, and needlessly
heavy.

iS. Mary, Bonvilstone, Glamorganshire, — A restoration by Messn.
Prichard and Seddon. The characteristic local short square embattled
tower receives angle pinnacles, and a low wooden belfry stage capped
by a square pyramidfd roof of picturesque outline. The chancel is re-
built with a vestry and organ chamber on the north side, and a pordi
is added to the south side. The style adopted is a very Early Pointed,
with trefoil-headed lights. The archway of the new poreh is trefoil-
headed.

All Saints, Mears Ashby, Northamptonshire, — Mr. Buckeridge has
finished the thorough restoration of this church. It has been reseated
throughout with oak benches, and has new oak roofs ; and a spacions
gabled vestry has been added at the north-west of the chancel. The
roofs, both of nave and aisles, externally, are of lead. The chancel hu
had its walls lowered to their original height, (a flat seventeenth cen-
tury ceiling being removed,) and the roof raised to its original high
pitch, as indicated by the old weather- mould on the east wall of tibe
nave. The chancel-roof, as well as the roof of the new vestry, are of
Colly Weston stone slates, with a ridge of red tiles, llie arrange-
ments are very good, the chancel having a longitudinal bench on each
side, with subseUse ; and the sanctuary (which is well-sized and well
defined) having sedilia, credence, piscina, and a foot-pace. The polpit
is at the north side of the chancel-arch, and a lettem stands opposite
to it on the south side. The seats are all open, but have too high
backs. A few of the old fifteenth century seats, with square ends, are
re-used, being placed at the west end of the south aisle. The paasages
of the nave and aisles are of stone, encaustic tiles being used in die
chancel. Mr. Buckeridge has added a reredos, of Ancaster stonet with
red Devon nuurble shafts, and abbaster cross, the smaU drdes in the

Church Restorations. 263

upper part of the arcade being filled with inlaid patterns of marble, and
the walls on either side of the altar being ornamented with patterns
formed in mastic. Messrs. Clayton and Bell have filled the three-light
east window with stained glass, representing the Crucifixion. The
west window, also by these artists, represents All Saints. A two-light
window on the south side of the chancel towards the east has been
glazed by M. Lusson, with a group of the Flight into Egypt The
monial here severs the head of the ass from its body, and greatly dis-
torts the chief figures. The cost of this restoration was about £1,200.
The architectural renovations of the exterior are judicious. A Roman-
esque door is preserved in the rebuilt chancel ; and existing windows
are copied, when possible. A good new three-light window is placed
at the east end. In the progress of the works, the remains of a mural
painting of the Doom were found over the chancel-arch ; and a simple
diaper, interspersed with sundry agricultural implements, such as
scythe, rake, reaping-hook, &c., was discovered on the wall of the
north aisle. This was unfortunately destroyed, in spite of the archi-
tect's orders for its preservation.

S. John, White Ladies Aston y Worcestershire, — To this small church
Mr. W. J. Hopkins, besides general restoration, adds a north aisle and
a vestry, at its east end, on the south-west side of the chancel. The
total accommodation is for 155. The new arrangements are good, the
seats being all open and facing east ; while the chancel has longitudinal
benches. We do not see, however, why the new vestry door should
open into the chancel to the west, instead of to the east, of the stalls.
The pulpit is on the south side of the chancel- arch, reached by three
steps from the level of the chancel. A square wooden belfry, sur-
mounted by a tall octagonal shingled broach-spire, stands over the
west end, being supported by an internal framework. We regret the
disappearance of a small Komanesque window in the old north wall.
A door of the same style is re-inserted in the aisle wall, but blocked
op. The new work is of good Pointed style. The new arcade, of
three arches, is kept very low, in order to allow of the retention of the
existing roof. The arches accordingly are depressed, not very agree-
ably to the eye ; but there is much judgment shown in the works as a
ivhole.

S. , Cow Honeyboume, Worcestershire. — We have already no-
ticed the fact of this long desecrated church being restored to a fit state
for Divine worship. An inspection of the working drawings, by Mr.
W. J. Hopkins, enables us to speak of the work with greater detail.
The north wall of the nave needed rebuilding, and the addition of a
porch ; and two new windows were required, one on the south of the
chancel, the other on the south of the nave. Mr. Hopkins has gene-
rally suited his new work, so far as the windows are concerned, to the
character of the ancient fabric. It was also necessary to renew the
chancel-arch. The architectural style of the ruined church was a fair
local Third-Pointed, the tower having a good belfry -stage, with em-
battled parapet and low angle-pinnacles. The new chancel-arch is
aomewbat earlier in character. It is narrow, and has corbelled im*
poats, — foliage on the north, and a rather ugly combination of human

2G4 Notices and Answers to Correspondents.

heads on the south tide. The new porch aUo affects an earlie
and has some needless eccentricities of treatment. But the
work is one of great interest.

Broadkeath, IVoreeslershire. — A mere conventicle-like chi|i
been re-fitted cleverly by Mr. Hopkins, so as at least to be fit
tholic worship. We notice a certain inanaerism in the type c
benches followed by this gentleman.

NOTICES AND ANSWERS TO CGRRESPONDENl

To the Editor of the Ecclesiologist.

Alnwick. June 13M, 1

Dear Sir, — In noticing my paper upon Brinkboura Priory, yc

erroneously attributed to me tbe merit of the restoration and [

there. The work is in the excellent hands of my friend Mr. .

of Newcastle, and this fact is mentioned in my paper.

I remain, sir.

Yours faithfully,

J. R. Wii

«

We have received a very friendly communication from Mr.
in reference to our critique of his works in the Architectural
tion. He explains that his design for the church at Cork recei
third, and not the first premium. We quote the conclusioo
letter :

" With regard to Lanark, I feel very sensible of the justice <
remarks, but I may mention that the design of the fabric was n
long ago as 1854, and that I have done what I could to advao
the times in the later portions of the work, as for example the a
ment of the chancel, the Baptistery, the pulpit, &c.

" You must allow me to correct vou as to the form of the ar
S. Pancras church, at Ipswich. They are ' stilted,' but have i
of the ' moresque ' or horse-shoe form. The impresaion has pi
arisen from the rough sketch which I exhibited, and which wai
nothing but a ' study ' to enable me to judge of the general d
the apse.

" I enclose a ground-plan of the church of S. Peter, at Phibsbc
near Dublin, from which you will at once see that the soale is »
diminutive, though I am not whoUy answerable for the geaenl
the plan, which has however the merit of aceommodating it|d
restricted site, and of meeting the necessities of a large conmo
priests. The ambulatory round the apse will also explain itsei
show that at least I have not condescended to a ' aham.' and
spacious vestry is provided quite beyond tbe walla of tlie dniek
" I should not have troubled you with thepe ei^lviiktiim

Notices and Answers to Correspondents. 265

Tery sensible of the high compliment you pay me by noticing my works
in the Ecclesioiogist, from which I cheerfully accept or gratefully ac-
knowledge either adverse or favourable criticisms, as I feel sure of the
spirit by which they are suggested, and appreciate the <:ourteous tone
in which they are always expressed."

We are glad to see that our correspondent ^ approves generally of
the description given in our last number of SS. Philip and James, Ilfra-
combe. We readily admit that there is at least room for a difference
of opinion as regards the slated spire, and that it is not strictly in har-
mony with the other parts of the beautiful church. The construction
and arrangement of the church would easily admit of improved ritualism,
if there were the disposition to improve it, but not having been present
at the Sunday Morning Service we were not aware of the peculiar
practice mentioned by our correspondent.

Mr. C. Turner, of Southampton, has designed a credence table with
much grace and originality. It is of oak, with shafted legs and some
dark panels inserted in the lower part of the framework of walnut
wood, and has the monogram and some other ornaments inlud in brass.

An appeal is being made to the lovers of church architecture, by the
Vicar, the Rev. Arthur Salmon, to aid the restoration of the beautifully
carved aisle-roofs of Martock church, one of the most beautiful in
Somersetshire, under the superintendence of Mr. Ferrey.

A scidptured reredos, to be executed by Mr. Armstead from the de-
signs of Messrs. Prichard and Seddon. is to be added to a new church
near London. Over the altar is to be a bas-relief of the Last Supper,
with groups of the Entry into Jerusalem and the Bearing of the Cross
on either side. The subjects want, we think, more division, and should
not stand all on the same level.

We hear with much satisfaction that a design of church-like cha-
racter has been chosen to replace the church of S. Andrew, Dublin, a
building more like a theatre than anything else, which was lately de-
stroyed by fire.

A further appeal is about to be made for funds for the completion of
the restoration of Hereford Cathedral.

jirchaologia Cambrensis, — ^l^he June number of this work contains
nothing of an ecclesiological character, but much that is valuable in
connection with Cambrian archaeology. The article that will probably
most interest our readers is a continuation of Mr. Westwood's observa-
tions on the early inscribed and sculptured stones of Wales, with a de-
scription and illustrations of some remarkable stones built into the
churchyard wall at Clydai, in Pembrokeshire, and hitherto unnoticed.
Other articles concern Welsh genealogies, Breton Celts and Roman
remains in Anglesey. There is also a learned discussion on the origin
of the Welsh; some correspondence of Edward Lloyd, a laborious
Welsh antiquary, who lived about 1700 ; and the continuation«of Mr.
O. T. Clark's History of the Earl, Earldom, and Castle of Pembroke.

VOL. ZXI. M M

266

Notices and Antwers to Corre$pondaU*.

We are requested tx> call attention to a new Anastatic Dimwii
ciety. which has just been established. The provisional seen
the Rev. 6. R. Mackamess, Ham Vicarage, Ashbourne* to «l
communications with regard to membership are to be addressed
subscription is half-a-guinea annually. The drawings must not
1 1 in. by 9 in. in size, and must be executed in Anastatic Ink
is supplied by Mr. Cowell. Ipswich, at a trifling cost. Archil
drawings of mediaeval buildings, or of modem designs (not pub
will be received very gratefully by the secretary, and it is hop^
the society may prove of some use to the cause of ecdesiology
serving records of architectural details in remote and compa
unknown places, which otherwise might escape observation.

The Guesten Hall, Worcester. — Mr. Christian, architect to the
siastical Commissioners, has made a minute survey of the Chiest
in order to report to the Commissioners upon its actual conditi
the outlay which its restoration would require. The expense of
the roof good, tying it with iron rods, patching the walla, and re
the windows (without, however, restoring the west end, or the
would be about £1,700 or £1,800; if the west end be restor
the porch and turret, the cost would reach nearly to £3,000.

Received : H. P.— Edmund Sedding— Rev. R. W. Hautenvill
poned for want of room) — O.

Mr. Le Strangers paper, on the Application of Colour to Ai
ture, is in type, but post^ned* in order that it may appear oni
in our next Number.

V ■

• 1

■\

.1

■ 1

THE

BCCLESIOLOGIST.

(i

Surge igittir ct lac : et txit Bominus tecum.*'

No. CXL.— OCTOBER, 1860.

(new series^ no. civ.)

ON THE APPUCATION OP COLOUR TO ARCHITECTURE.

A Puffer read before the AreMteetvrd Congress at Cambridge, on T\tesda:g
evening, the 29th May, 1860. B7 H. L. Sttlxmam Lb Stbangb, Esq.

X88E QUAM VIDKRI.

Mm. PsssiOBNT, — ^The subject which you have done me the honour to
entniat to my hands is one which for various reasons I approach with
ooDiiderable diffidence.

The application of colour to architecture is a matter which has doubt-
leas oocujaed the attention of many of late years, and yet up to the
preaent time its study cannot be said to have assumed anything like a
definite form, much less to have been wrought into an acknowledged
icienoe ; and notwithatanding that some works have appeared on the
aubject, it may be asserted that no generally received laws for its
guidance, or rather clearly defined general principles upon which a
aatisfiELctory practice may be based, have been established.

The architectural artist, or decorator — as he is generally called, haa
little to guide him beyond the ordinary rules of art, which, though per-
fect for the science and practice of picture painting, are not so of them-
advea, and indeed require to undergo considerable modification before
they assist us, in this particular branch of art, which we are about to
eonaider. It is true, certain conventionalitiea have been received and
deduced from mediaeval times, which together with the power of imi-
tating the works of the older decorators, have been held sufficient for the
goidance of the artist of the present day. It appears that each deco-
rator has thus principally followed these guides, notwithstanding that
when tested by principle they may be shown to be very insufficient,
and woven them together with the fEmcies of his own brain. But
anrely if architectural decoration is ever destined to become an acknow-
ledged branch of art, it behoves us to consider whether a definite science
may not be fwopoaed for its conduct.

TOL. ZXI. N N

268 Mr. Le Strange on the

Perhaps the want of this science may be owing to the dream
of colour having been for so long a time banished from onr
buildings. It seems probable also that the art, though practised
middle ages, never approached anything like perfection either in
in any other country.

Another retarding fact is that as yet it has not been cordi
ceived as an essential adjunct of architecture ; and no doubt c
this day many minds do not so regard it, and even view it wi
trust, partly on account of dissatisfaction produced by unsoi
attempts, and partly on account of religious scruples.

It is to be hoped, however, that both these objections are i
way to be removed from before the forward progress of a brand)
which, when properly understood and scientifically practised,
tined, I believe, to work a great change for the better in the 1
the English mind, as also in the moral training of our people.

It is also somewhat against the dear exposition of the subject,
the evening, that the absence of daylight debars us from using c
diagrams, which however would be more befitting a lecture
paper like the present.

Added to this I have to plead as a cause of diffidence the abt
of matter itself, which renders it difficult to keep the subject
reasonable limits without omitting the notice of the most essentid

And finally, on a subject which is at present so undefined
must be some fear in a hasty sketch of promulgating crude spea
instead of conclusive principles.

In consideration of such grave impediments it is to be hoped
may receive the indulgence of the congress while I ofiTer my 1
aid in unravelling a subject apparently beset with so many diffic

I would observe before proceeding further, that the mere pro
laying pigments on stone or wood, and the nature and choice i
ments, media, and other details of like nature, though most a
matters for the operator, cannot come under our consideration
paper, as time would not allow of such investigations. I miu
ever shortly allude to the different modes of using colour in ai
ture : — of which there are three in number : —

1 . By naturally coloured stones.

2. By artificially coloured substances.

3. By surface application of pigment.

Of these there can be no doubt that the first ia the moat legil
inasmuch as it simply deals with the building materials thenu
and under this head may be ranged not only the use of coloured
and marbles *for the exterior of buildings, but also their internal
the way of coloured shafts, mosaics, &c., which of themselves ge
suggest to the artist their natural treatment. The second mode--
tificially coloured substances — ^includes brickwork, either for eztc
internal use, pottery employed principally in the way of encaostii
cements used as coloured fillings in an incised pattern, various ^
substances, &c. The third comprises all modes of applying ji%
or gilding, and these may dther be used on the natural matoisL
grounds or plaster prepared for their reception. I do not ciAei

Application of Colour to Architecture. 269

pose to enter into the investigation of what may be called secondary
laws, such as the harmony and contrasts of colours, considering that I
shall best consult the interests of art, and the objects of this coyness,
by confining myself to first or general principles, and by dismissing
merely the elements of the subject, excepting in some cases where
illustration is required.

Were we inclined to take objection to a name we might, at the out-
set, point out a misnomenclature in the phrase, " The application of
colour to Architecture.'*^ And I trust the sequel will show that some
such phrase as " The connection or union of Colour and Architecture"
would have been a more correct way of stating the proposition. For
unless I have very much misconceived the subject, there is no archi-
tecture without colour, nor indeed in strictness can there be : in that
colour in the sense in which we have to deal with it, is but a part
or an element of architecture itself. This may appear to many a bold
assertion ; but we have only to turn our attention to the fact that there
is no colourless material in nature, hardly excepting white chalk, and
we shall be compelled to accept the statement.

It would seem then superfluous, as indeed it must be on all accounts
in this presence, to vindicate the union of colour with architecture ;
yet, as there is notoriously much misunderstanding abroad on the sub-
ject, and as many even now prefer architecture, as they imagine, with-
out colour, it may not be useless to enter more fully into this part of
the subject Assuming then for the moment white marble, or even
white chalk, to be a colourless material, 1 will presume that the ad-
▼ocates of colourless buildings are prepared to work in such materials.
If they be so prepared, then the undeniable fact has to be told them,
that nature will very soon colour their buildings with her sun and her
nins, her mosses and her lichens. But if on the other hand they be not
prepared to employ any so-called colourless substance, the answer is
obvious, that they have no alternative but to build with coloured ma-
terials. However, chalk itself, much less white marble, can hardly be
amid to be colourless, when seen under the varying effects of light and
shade, and reflected colours. Indeed a colourless white, and by a like
reasoning, a colourless or unreflecting black material, could with diffi-
culty be procured ; and any building constructed with such materials,
would, when finished, owe whatever beauty it might possess, apart
froDi that of form, to the above varying effects of light.

But, it may be urged, we are not obliged to build in chalk : there is
abundance of other rocks and better materials. True, but they are all
coloured, and therefore will not suit a colourless mode of proceeding.

The truth is, were you to build at Mansfield or Freiburg, your colour
would be of necessity red ; at Penrhyn grey -black ; at Cambridge white —
vith your neighbouring clunch ; and at Pisa black and white mixed to-
gether ; always presuming that you made use of the material immediately
at hand. For if we are to be allowed to go where we like for our stone,
some might take the liberty of going to fiarnack and Purbeck, and of
using those beautiful warm greys which have lent their softened tints
to some of the finest works of this part of the country, and especially
1 The subject as placed in my hands wan so propounded.

270 Mr. Le Stnmge on the

to that glorious cathedral you have this day viaited, whose ytertyylery
wai once a model of the union of colour and architecture.

Bat, as has been before stated, there is no object nor materisl, or
hardly any, without colour in nature, and no doubt diis has been de-
signed by an all- wise Providence as a principal source of enjoyment to
all His creatures. Man himself, the coats of animals, the featfaen of
birds, the down of butteiflies, the scales of reptilea and fishes, tik
bodies of microscopic animalculte, the earth, twkM^ water, giass, Ike
foliage of trees, the blush of flowers, and the bloom iA firnit, the knd-
Bcape, and sky, heavenly bodies, and, above all, light ; aU, all besr tlM
touch of a heavenly brush, and present themselves to our admiiiBg
gaze, chameleon-like, under ever varying aspects of ooloiirBd besity
and loveliness, and even our dull building materials must be added to
the category.

So far then from its being necessary to vindicate the union of eelev
with architecture, seeing that we cannot make use of materiala to bufld
with that do not possess tiiat quality, it becomes difficult to copesifs
how man could set about the task of erecting a colourless boaldiBg, to
speak of it in the most charitable manner, even if there be not a dadi
of presumption lurking in the very thought— presumption tiiat we bsj
dispense with a treatment which is clearly and so universally pobted
out by the finger of Ood.

But we must address ourselves more immediately to our subfeet

If there be any one maxim less controvertible dian anodier, it is
this, that the brain of man can entertain no conception of the bean*
tifiil, except from the contemplation of nature about him, and conse>
qoently we may not generate anything in the name of art, but whst
may be deduced from, or find its type in nature herself. Tliis n true
in all art, and especially so in architecture, in which bran^ of art we
must add, that not only must we go to nature for our models of bodi
form and colour, but that we must make use of them in natoie's oifb
way ; any other process would but lead us to unmeaning and wortkksi
invention. It is according as materials and colours are used in a
tural or non-natural way that taste is either produced in or
from the work. This no doubt involves the consideration of many a
seeming paradox, of some examples of which I shall have to take
notice.

At the outset of our inquiry it is most important to come to a eksr
understanding of the exact difference between picture-painting sad
architectural decoration, and especially when the latter has to be csr^
ried to the representation of figure subjects, either in a window or oa
a wall or ceilmg. This latter has too often been confounded with the
former, and it has been a usual practice for an artist to treat the wis*
dow, the wall, and the ceiling, as nearly m his powers of blending his
materials would allow, in the same manner as he would deal with the
canvass in the production of a picture, forgetting that what was natnnl
to the one might be unnatural to the other.

In picture painting, properiy so called, the artist has nothing to do
with the canvass further than to use it as the flat surfooe on which hit
picture is to be painted, and it is the proper provinoe of art in this

Application of Colour to Architecture. 371

operadon to recall to the mind of the beholder the actuality of nature.
The canyass and the paint are necessary means to attain the end, but
the leas their presence is felt, the more we are satisfied with the skill of
the artist, and hence, from the very essence of art in this case, it be-
comes unnatural to allow the means to obtrude, and natural to hide or
disguise them.

But in architecture and its decoration the case is widely different.
Tl&ere it is no longer the province of art to deceive the mind of the be-
holder into the belief or persuasion that things such as canvass and
paint are not what they really are — to produce a deception of a reality
•—but it now becomes its exalted duty to create the reality itself, to
use stone, and wood, and glass, and paint, and let the mind feel they
are their very selves stiU, and so to build up a structure which instead
of being a deception of a reality, is the very reality which might be
made the subject of the deception, or in odier words, is a thing of
creation. There is no part of the building which can be free from this
atrict law. The stone must remain stone, the wood wood, the glass
glaas, and the paint must be colouring matter used to dec(mite these
•ubstances, i.e., remain paint. In no case must any material be used
"With a view of suggesting to the mind of the beholder that it is not
vfhBt it really seems. Hence when a pigment is laid upon stone or
wood, no matter whether it be to enliven the surface with a mere
Taiiety of tints, or to tell a tale of actions and events, the reality of
that stone or wood must never be lost sight of. They are the prime
fact : the colour and the representations are merely superficial embellish-
ments of their substance. So also in the window; the glass is the
necessary substance, necessary for the passage of light, and the fact of
its existence must never be ignored by the colour or subjects placed
upon it : — ^they must only be its subservient decoration.

Art then has two different modes of acting upon the mind, and both
should have the power of exciting sensations of pleasure by the means
cxf beauty. But the beautiful, as has been before observed, can only be
€M>m)eived by the mind of man in the contemplation of things around
him, that is, in the contemplation of nature. Thus nature becomes our
sole mistress and guide in art, and it is from her that art must derive
its laws, whether for the one mode or the other, whether it appeals to
the mind by the creations of architecture and sculpture, or by the
imitative productions of picture painting.

With the consideration of sculpture I am not, properly speaking,
concerned in this paper, but I may mention it in passing to point out
the intimate relation it bears to the general subject. Like architecture
ita efforts are directed to the creation of realities. It makes use of the
aame materials, and is subject in all respects to the same laws of treat-
ment : it never attempts to deceive the mind into the belief that its
material is other than what it appears. As in architecture, colour
righdy used becomes its legitimate finish, so in sculpture, colour may
properly be used as a means of perfecting and enhancing the natural
beauty of the material itself. Thus sculpture by its very nature is but
a part of ai^itecture, and ardiitecture is but sculpture on an extended
scale. The latter may be regarded as the body, the former as the finish

273 Mr.'Le Strange on the

of its most elaborate parts ; the whole combination, as in nature, de-
manding the quality of a coloured completion.

For £e better understanding of the distinctions in art I have here en-
deavoured to enunciate, I subjoin a scheme or pedigree, showing the
two great subdivisions under which the several branches of art must be
arranged.

At the head of all stands

Nature,
the sole source of beauty.

I

Art.

>

Creative or Natural Art. Imitative Art.

bo

a
••• «

f
11-3 I !§• Jill

I must here observe that some of the arts I have placed under the
subdivision of creative art, such as stained glass, mosaic, tapestry, and
we may add carpeting and other architectural decorations, generally
are, by the false taste of modem times, usually so treated as to range
rather under the subdivision of imitative art ; but in placing them ss
above, I particularly design to show the position they ought to assume
under the comprehensive name of art.

Having, therefore, so far endeavoured to point out the difference be-
tween picture-painting, or imitative art, and the union of colour with
architecture, which, like architecture itself, must be considered natural
or creative art ; and at the same time to show what relation these two
subdivisions of art bear to each other : and having seen that archi-
tecture, together with its cognate arts, — in fact, all those ranged under
the subdivision of creative art, — are so united, as to render it impos-
sible to discuss one without touching upon another : it now becomes
our business to examine, in a more detailed manner, some of the ge-
neral principles which should guide the application of these arts one to
another, more particularly so far as concerns the union of colour and
architecture.

These principles, involving as they do the production of beauty, can
only be deduced from nature, which is its only source.

Foremost, then, stands the maxim which is embodied in the motto I
have placed at the head of this paper, '* Esse quam videri." As, how-
ever, I have already insisted upon the necessity of reality in architect
tural decoration, in treating upon the difference between it and picture-
painting, I need not enlarge upon it here, further than to lay it down
as our law without exception.

The foundation material must never be so dealt with as to have its
proper nature lost sight of, and any decorative embellishment must be

Application of Colour to Architectufe. 278

added to it in a way natural to the material itself. When stone is
carved into foliage, as an embellishment of some architectural form, it
would be a non -natural way of treating it to copy exactly a living
spray, and to work it up with colour, so as to imitate the plant wi^
botanical precision. Such a work were better handed over to the
plastic cunning of those who deal in artificial flowers, and may do very
well as an imitative, though not as a natural art, and can have no place
in architecture. To treat stone foliage in a natural way, care must be
taken to throw it into a form which shall sufficiently call to mind the
characteristic and general grace of the plant ; but having done that, go
no further with the carving. Let it be stone ; it is stiU part of your
wall, and, to be natural, must show to the eye its mateiial. Do not
imagine you are making a plant ; that can only be done in the way
which Providence has appointed, — of woody fibre, and vesicles, and
sap, — by which it grows ; and the mind knows all this, and it well knows
also that your plant of stone does not grow. Your business is building
a wall, and your material is stone : and do yon think you may belie
your occupation, and pretend to deceive the mind with^ unrealities [?
The mind is tutored too well for this ; it knows nothing of things but
as nature makes them, each with its proper material and in its proper
way, and believes implicitly in nature, who never cheats. Shall art,
then do so ? Thanks to that great Intellect Who made the stones and
trees, for making man's mind also, and imbuing it with the knowledge
of truth and falsehood, and with power to discriminate between the one
and the other ! Thanks, that on this account we are not reduced to seek
for pleasure in the creation of imaginative composition : we can inves-
tigate and admire the principles of beauty in natural compositions of
form and colour.

The mind of man can only appreciate truth as it is in nature, and it
will not appreciate it in any other way ; so if pleasure is to be given
by the contemplation of beauty in art, art must exhibit beauty in na-
tore*s way ; and still that way is not to be carried out by making a
aendle imitation of nature.

Now this involves one of those paradoxes which will so constantly
cross us in these investigations. Forms are to be taken from real
foliage, and still the reality of the foliage is not to be imitated. The
explanation is simple ; the whole question is to be resolved by the test
of the natural.

The paradox involves two natural things, on both of which the mind
must be satisfied before it can receive the sensations of pleasure.
Firstly, the object designed for the exhibition of beauty must be drawn
from nature,»-i. e., it must be natural, or real ; and secondly, the ma-
terial in which it is executed must appear in its natural or real con-
dition.

Hence, inasmuch as two apparently conflicting principles are neces-
sarily engaged, a convention is the only, but still the proper, solution.
Actuality of form cannot exact its complete perfection, but must bend
itself to the accommodation of the material. Here, then, is the ex-
planation id the often misused phrase " conventional." Rightly un-
derstood, it is the oonvention or agreement between the two conflicting

274 Mr. Le Strang^ m the

priiiciple8» aa above stated ; and the eonvention itself is one of piia-
ciple, for the adjustment is made in a natural, because necewary,
way. And thus, while principle is not violated, harmony is left to deal
witib the beanties of nature, and the mind receives an impulse of pita-
sure in the contemplation of the result*

There can be little doubt but that a want of knowledge of these prai-
ciples is one of the causes of the many failures we see around us, aad I
have for that reason dwelt somewhat largdy upon the point. But 1
think the time is not ill-bestowed, because although I have applied the
line of reasoning to the questicm of carving in stone, Le., aadptnve,
still the same porinciples will apply, with little more than a diange of
terms, to the question of colour applied to architectare in aU its
branches. Besides, until we have produced and understood oof fomst
it would be folly to proceed to the application of oar ookmr. And bwvs-
over, we are now enabled to call to our assistance the praetioe of art ii
picture painting by way of parallelism, in which it is well known thst
it is impossible to represent every branch or every leaf, much less eveiy
vein and rib ; but stUl, when the general character is given* oiough is
done to satisfy the mind, which fiUs in the rest for itoelf ; ao in ardii-
tectural decoration, it must be held to be sufficient when the artist hss
struck out his first bold dash either of carving or of ookyur.

Another comparison with imitative art will help us to nndeistaad
our present subject. In it there are three principal subdivisiaiia, cadi
of which must be separately studied and conquered before aoocess esn
be attained, and in Uieir proper order too. I mean, 1, form ; 8, lig^ sod
shade, or chiaro-oscuro ; and 3, colour. And as in architeotniew where
there are only two subdivisions, viz., 1, form, 2, colour, ao having ar«
rived at the understanding of the general principle of the firs^ fora,
we may now venture on the question of cc^ur with some hope of com-
ing to a satisfeuitory understanding in the matter, the groond bemg
thus cleared before us.

We will imagine then our foliage built and carved according to As
foregoing principles ; we will now proceed to colour it. Let ns go back
to furst principles.

It has already been shown how universally colour is spread oter As
face of creation : and, as a matter of course, everything has its ovn
proper colour. It might therefore be inferred that our stone ioliags
should be painted green in order to satisfy the quality of reality } Val
in that case would the reality of your material ramain ?

Here then we are met by another paradox.

Ghreen is the colour of leaves ; you have carved leaves and want to
paint them, and yet you must not paint them green unless yoo wish to
make them botanical organdy. Well, let us reason the matter to aoow
conclusion at all events. Nothing is easier.

There are two things which must remain ; the reality of the foliage
and the reality of the stone. We may suppose then that the reality cf
the foliage has already been sufficiently ensured by the addicaa of the
carver, to render it a matter of secondary import whether or no the
resemblance should be increased by the application of colour. A Msl
covering of gxeen with botanical oompie^iesB is out of tbe

Application of Colour to Architecture, 276

because it would destroy the reality of the stone ; but a partial treat-
, ment of green, such as the delineation of central rib and veins, would
satisfy our two injunctions ; and hence we might leave our work with
some degree of satisfaction. But let us see whether we are bound to
use green at all. Much will depend upon the natural colour of the
stone and the general tone desired to be given to the work. We should
first consider how far it were desirable to heighten or modify the natural
colour of the stone, and then we might pursue our operations accord-
ingly. And here let me observe, I do not wish to exclude taste and
feeling ; no man can be an artist who does not allow himself to be
biassed by such perceptions ; and being, as they must be, the result of
natural impressions they may generally be taken as reliable guides. I
only wish to point out the principles by which we may bring our sen-
sations to a test, and thus avoid being carried away by mere fancies or
intentions. The general or dominant tone then being determined in
our mindy the management of the rest of the composition will now have
to be ruled by the known laws of the harmony and relations of colour ;
but I may indicate in a general way the kind of treatment which should
be pursued.

Instead of hastily deciding upon the use of green, let us go to nature
for some of her other indications. Leaves are of various colours, yellow,
red. &c. ; they are variously tinted and marked with different colours ;
■Old besides the ever-changing play of lights and reflections with the
tints of shades and shadow* all combine to offer to the artist newly re-
curring effects from whence he may cull his ideas.

Supposing then that the carver has sufficiently indicated the foliage,
■Old that the tone of the stone is such as to agree with some one of its
leading effects, we may dismiss the colour green from our consideration,
nnd adopt any of the effects I have alluded to above.

The central rib and veins drawn in red, or yellow, or brown, or a
line of those colours, or even gold around the margin of the leaf to
represent the play or reflection of light will finish the work in perfect
conformity with the rules of natural art. It is, however, quite within
the province of taste to deal with the grounds or undercut portions of
carvings. They are to the sculpture what the shade is to the living
tree, and should have their natural treatment accordingly. Hence
we use in such positions retiring blues or greys, ever bearing in mind
that the colour so laid on should be delicate and harmonious enough
not to destroy the actuality of the stone. I have here been taking a
simple piece of stone foliage as an example to explain the principles of
both form and colour in dealing with natural or creative art. We have
only to repeat the same line of reasoning, and I believe we may come
to a satisfactory conclusion for any member of an edifice, whether the
part be wood or stone, a flat or a carved surface.

It must be borne in mind however, that there is an essential differ-
ence between the natures of these two materials, and consequently a
difference in their usage. Stone is usually stratified and should always
be used in what masons call the natural bed, not only for walls and
shafts, but also for the vaulting and its ribs, in such a manner that
every rib may represent a vertical plane of an arch ; it is therefore ne-

TOL. XXI. o o

276 Mr, he Stiange on the

ceasary that the system of colouring should accord with this nataK,
and in no wise attempt to conceal it. For the walls and shafts in
horizontal treatment of colour should he adopted, and fcv the vaulting
rihs a radiating one. Of wooden walla I need not here apeak bat
similar reasoning would apply. Wood vaulting, however, is not un-
common, and I must point out the difference of treatment which should
exist between it and that of stone.

Wood not being stratified but fibrous, with the fibres in the directioa
of the length, a wooden vaulting-rib partakes more of the principk of
the bow than of the arch ; and hence, in the application of colour to it,
the truth of its longitudinal fibrous direction should not be ignored. In
this case we may have ou* principal lines of colour or gilding in the
direction of the length of the rib, but in stone this should be caiefolly
avoided.

A similar difference of treatment should be attended to in the case of
cast and wrought iron. Time will not allow me to multiply examples ;
but I may not omit the mention of flkt wall surfaces, and especially
those which are destined for subjects of figures.

The most natural way of treating flat wall surfaces is to have adilar
work laid in regular courses, and faced, and then divided out with lines
of simple colour as in the Norman times, or banded with ornamental
scrolls as in later styles ; but there is no inconsistency in using plaster
upon rubble work, and then applying the colour in the same way; be-
cause plaster, being of the nature of stone, is a legitimate preparation
for the coloured finishing.

With regard to medallions of subjects on walls or ceilings, great care
must be taken not to allow them to degenerate into imitative art, whi^
would cause them to be utterly subversive of all the spirit of architec-
ture, and be totally incongruous with its other decorations. Peih^M
this is the most difficult branch of the art to deal with, owing to the
love of the mind for accurate imitation ; but there seems no itmaa
why, with a jealous adherence to principles and the use of ordi-
nary reasoning powers, any such case may not be dealt with so as to
satisfy the requirements of principle and the feelings of the mind. Of
course principle must be satisfied, or the mind will not be so, as wt
have seen. If medallions of subjects were to be treated in an imitative
manner, something unnatural would be produced, and from this the
mind naturally revolts.

Where is the difference between a medallion and a banch of Iblisge ?
In principle none. The same line of argument will apply to one as
to the other. Both are parts of the building, and hence moat allow
the natural substance of the building evidently to remain. Both borrow
ornamentation from nature or natuiial forms, and hence so much of that
natural form must be pourtrayed as is sufficient to recall ita beauty tp
the mind of the beholder, but not more than is consistent with the
inviolability of the foundation material. There is, perhapa, no part of
the subject where it is more necessary to insist upon the applicaiioa of
the principle contained in our motto, because here it is that the fancy
has the greater tendency to lead the mind from strict attention to
the law ; but if the human form is to be made the sublet of architcc*

Application of Colour to Architecture, 277

tund decoration, and there is no reason in principle to the contrary, it
behoves the artist to use the greatest circumspection in the treatment of
Ids work, in order that what should add the perfection of heauty to the
edifice becomes not of itself its marring element of failure.

We have not space to pursue this further, but perhaps enough has
been said to point out the line of reasoning which may lead to the
desired result. As instances of such ornamentation we may cite the
ancient Assyrian, Egyptian, and Etruscan modes of dealing with colour
in natural art ; the latter particularly in its plastic creations of vases
and urns. Equally good in principle are many of the examples of the
twelfih and thirteenth centuries of Gothic times, though it has always
been too mueli the tendency of Northern art to follow the uncouth
drawing handed down from barbarian times.

In the early part of the fourteenth century the true feeling seems
tftill to have prevailed, but during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
It gradually became so confounded with the ideas of imitative art, that
all principle was utterly lost.

On a review of this system of applying principles to practice in crea«-
art, it is easy, as I have before observed, to understand what gave
to conventionality. In fact the whole practice of creative art must
be a system of conventionalities ; or, in other words, a certain conven-
tion mast be agreed upon to attain the desired end of uniting two appa-
rently conflicting principles. This is what we have endeavoured to
flIustraCe in the foregoing discussions.

Conventionality is thos the embodiment of the whole philosophy of our
■vbjeet; but it is nevertheless a matter which is continually in danger
€>f degenerating into mere fashion and eccentricities, and we must be
carefiid not to confound it with archaic barbarities.

The subject of composition is one with which we have not space to
deal. To enter into it fully would cause this paper far to exceed any
maaonable bounds, but I may observe that no colourist ought to pro-
ceed with his work until he has satisfied his mind that the principal
linee and masses of his subject compose themselves with and are
adapted to the leading features of the building. There is as much art
in blending these lines and masses as there is in the choice of the tone
of colour with which they are afterwards to be embodied. Thus com-
poeition has to be studied both in reference to form as well as to colour,
and to a certain extent the general laws on the subject belonging to
Imttative art may be considered equally to hold good in creative art.
Yet these alone will not sufiiciently apply without certain strict modifi-
oationa particularly referable to that latter science.

When we come to practice, we shall be met with a variety of ques-
tious, such as degrees, systems, and scales of colouring. A few obser-
vations are consequently essential uiK>n these subjects. We must re-
OMrk, then, that notwithstanding the universal diffusion of colour in
iMtnie, the degree of colouring in which she usually presents herself to
na is far from being high, i.e., we rarely meet with any large extent of
poaitive colour. When such does occur, as in the effects of brilliant
snnteta tbe rainbow, masses of gorgeous flowers, &c., it impresses the
teind aa something extraordinary, and is of itself an evidence of the

278 Mr. Le Strange on the

usual sober tone of nature. These rare effects may be considered
i type of the highest degree of colouring ; ordinary sunlit nature b

' that of the middle ; and clouded nature, or nature under diffused li

that of the lowest. Any of these degrees may be chosen by the ai
and under certain conditions may be consonant with g^ood taste.
while we should not make use of the lowest when we desire to im]
the mind with the sensations of the sunny beauty of nature, so we i
equally reject the highest as being inadmissible in the ordinary t
i ment of creative art. It thus appears that nature in her aonlit <

supplies us with the type of our degree of colouring for the gei
surface of our building, such as the walls and ceiling, with or wit
medallions of figures, the carved foliage and other salient forms : in
for all those parts where form and colour are borrowed from the che
and active realities among which we live. The lower degree, or
borrowed from the effects of diffused light, affords us a type of <
and retiring portions, such as backgrounds, and, indeed, may be i
generally used where cheerfulness is not to be the prevailing :
I While the highest degree, based on the type of rare and brilliant efll

furnishes us with a warrant for the gorgeous combinations of cc
appropriate to stained glass, which effects, as they are principally g
rated by the agency of light, have a peculiar fitness to be applied tc
window or that part of architecture which is immediately and pro]
connected with the functions of light. These considerationa ez]
the reason why the mind is not only satisfied with, but even deli
in, the lustre of a stained glass window in juxtaposition with a sc
coloured wall, and they also show how false would be the taste to
ploy the highest degree of colouring on the walls and to banish it i
the windows.

By systems of colouring is meant the various methods in the ti
ment of contrasts and harmonies which the artist has at his comm
He may prefer a simple effect produced by one or two coloore pro]
assorted to the tone of the grounding wood or stone. He may em
one in which the three primitive colours combine ; or he may i
use of the whole range of known pigments, and revel in their t
mixture and conjunction. These three systems of colouring ma
denominated, low, primitive, and compound : low, as emplojring
or two colours ; primitive, as employing the three primitive cd
alone ; and compound, as employing a multiplicity of colours,
must however be borne in mind, that whatever system be used, the
gree of colouring may be high or low according to taste. The cl
of a system is of course a matter of considerable importance to
effect of a building, and is one of the first questions to be settled,
! which I need not more than allude to in the present elementary pi

The question of scale of colour is one of the highest imports
\ involving as it does the consideration of its perspective effiect, ant

: this effect is purely sesthetical upon the mind it requires a peci

I notice in this place. The effect which the colours have upon the i

through the medium of our organs of sight, is controlled by the
tance at which such colour is situated from the eye, i.e.. in &e e
ratio of the increase of the distance, so is the decrease of the powt

Application of Colour to Architecture, 279

the colour. Under ordinary conditions of the atmosphere, there is a
usual degree of power with which colours affect the eye ; so much so,
that by this degree the mind is enabled to judge of the distance of the
object up to certain not very distant limits : beyond such limits all
colours ftide into one uniform state of neutrality. This natural prin-
ciple becomes then an engine of great power in the hands of the artist
for good or for evil. In imitative art, where accurate deception is
required, it is necessary that each colour should be perspectively used
in exact accordance with the perspective of the form ; but even here
the artist has considerable latitude in the choice of his scale, resting
upon the varying effects of the atmosphere ; whereas, in creative art,
the choice of scale of colour becomes an essential study on other
Sounds, particularly where buildings are concerned, for by it the effect
of the scale of the building is determined upon the mind. Thus a
scale of colour too high, or one in which the perspective effect ap-
proaches nearer than the colour ought to assume to be in accordance
with the actual distance of the surface on which it is laid, will have a
diminishing effect upon the scale of the building ; and for an inverse
reason a low scale of colour, or one whose perspective effect is more
distant than the actual position of the surface, will magnify its appa-
rent dimensions by distancing that surface. Hence the scale of colour
chosen is a matter of the greatest import, as the impression of the
building in its power of giving pleasure to the mind lies very princi-
pally within its province. A false scale, or one inconsiderately chosen,
would utterly mar any building, the most beautiful in other respects,
no matter how perfect were its proportions of form. And on the
other hand a judicious scale of colour has the power to enhance the
beauty of the structure by increasing the effect of its actual space.

It may be remarked that these matters of degrees, systems, and
scales of colouring are all intimately connected with one another, and
in order to have a clear understanding of their distinctions we may
bear in mind that Degree of colour signifies the degree of lavishness
with which colour is spread over the face of nature ; System of colour
refers to the system chosen by the artist for the decoration of his work ;
and Scale of colour is the scale or tone which colours present to the
eye, depending upon atmospheric effects. In buildings which are
fmished under the dictates of the highest art, it will be found neces-
sary to consider carefully each in its bearing upon the others. True,
each will have its proper place and proper province, as for instance the
interior generally will be treated with the middle degree of colouring,
while the windows have the highest ; but at the same time the interior
may have any of the three systems of colouring. And again, one part
of the interior, as the walls generally, may be treated with a low or
middle degree and system, and other parts, as medallions of figures
on walls or ceilings, with a compound system, while the degree is still
a middle one. In the case of stained glass we may have the highest
degree and the compound system of colouring combined, and no ill
cfiTect ensue ; for as the figures are generally of a scale smaller than life,
they will bear a more positive treatment, independently of the reasons
I ha^e noticed above in reference to the subject of stained ^ass.

280 Mr. Le Strange on the Application of Colowr.

I must leave these remarks for the consideration of my hearers,
the simple caution that any question which may arise as to the ma
ment of these matters, must he solved as all others in art, by the
of natural arguments. Nothing must be left to fancy or imagin
at the rii^k of detracting from the perfection of form and of co
mising the dignity of natural truth.

I must now bring this paper to a close, and I do so with th(
sciousness of having omitted various topics which might have t
additional light upon the subject, and which for fear of unduly si
the bulk of the paper, I am obliged to pass over ; I also enter
sense of having treated with much want of perspicuity and i
those topics to which I have alluded. I can only pretend tc
pointed out and enunciated the principles which should guide the
in the practice of creative art, and if enough has been done to
others think for themselves, and to lead them to seek for prindp
stead of working upon imagination, my labour will not have
thrown away. I repeat again, I do not wish to exclude the soggi
of taste in the practice of art, but I do wish to distinguish tait
imagination, and to show how taste itself may be cultivated b]
ciple. The mind of man may in some happy cases intuitively pi
what is beautiful in form and colour without any definite knowle
principles, and no doubt some great works of antiquity owe their
to efforts of the sort ; but I cannot divest my mind of the belie
principle has been the ruling influence in most cases of the gi
perfection, and that if we can bring the deductions of reason ti
upon our operations, we shall at least have a chance of avoidii
errors of ignorance, errors which we see daily committed aioand
the name of taste and art. and of ensuring a greater amount of \
than can he attained by the efforts of unguided fancy.

In conclusion, I would wish to observe how desirable it appe

me that architects, who are themselves eminently concerned with

tive art, should so study these matters that they might be thena

the artists to decorate their own works. If there be any truth J

indissoluble union of colour and architecture, if architecture its

a creative art, and can only satisfy the aspirations of the mind

far as it be subject to natural principles, it must follow that die

tect and the artist should be the one and the same person. Pi

it may only be possible in rare instances for the architect to a

the work with his own hands, but in any case he ought to be the

artist himself ; and if others are employed to perform the handio

the colourist, they should discharge their task in obedience to tfa

tatcs of his presiding genius. He is the one who shoold be en<

with the prophetic eye of taste, and should jealously overwatch

the beginning, throughout all its aims, and throughout the pragr

its development, his rising work, and should appreciate from iti

the finished state in all its thorough completeneaa of united fon

colour.

281

ASSOCIATED ARCHITECIURAL SOCIETIES' REPORTS

AND PAPERS.

Reports and Papers read at the Meetings of the Architectural Societies
of the County of York, Diocese of Lincoln, Archdeaconry of North-
amtpton. County of Bedford, Diocese of Worcester, and County of Lei*
eester, during the Year 1859. Lincoln : W. and B. Brooke. I860.

Thm allied societiei have published their combined volume for 1 859 in
good time. The new part forms Part 1. of a fifth volume. The re-
ports as usual open the volume. First, we have the sixteenth annual
report of the lancoln Society ; then the eighteenth of the Yorkshire
Society ; next in order, the fourteenth of the Northampton Society,
the twelfth of the Bedford Society, the sixth of the Worcester Society,
and fijsaUy a list of members, without a report, of the Leicestershire
Society.

The papers are less numerous than usual ; but not, we think, less
interesting. The Rev. Edward Trollope is the most frequent con-
tributor, having read two papers before his own Lincolnshire Society,
mod a third, at Stamford, before the Northampton Society. The first
of these three essays is entitled, " Shadows of the Past, connected
with the History of Grimsby." It is a very able paper, and full of
eorioos matter. Mr. Trollope finds in several of the Saxon churches
of the neighbourhood traces of fire, which he attributes to the ravages
of Danish invaders. Archbishop Whitgift was bom at Grimsby, and
bis life is briefly sketched in the paper. The Rev. G. Atkinson, Per-
petual Curate of Stow, follows with a more strictly ecclesiological paper
OB " Saxon Architecture and the Early Churches in the neighbour-
bood of Grrimsby.'* He remarks on the abundance of Saxon remains,
dl^pecially in the towers of churches, along the whole eastern coast of
Bogland. Tracing the derivation of the Saxon Romanesque style
£rom the attempted imitation of Romano-British remains, Mr. Atkin-
son proceeds to examine existing Saxon churches, contemporaneous
descriptiona of Saxon buildings, and the embellishments of illuminated
mmnuscripts of the same date. His own deeply interesting church of
Stow is quoted by the writer in contradiction to Mr. Fergusson's state-
ment, in the brief notice of the Saxon style contained in his Handbook,
that no portion of any cathedral of that style remains. The transept
of Stow church is — there can be little doubt — a part of the original
cathedral of Lindsey, built at the foundation of that see in the seventh
eentury. The original nave and choir were destroyed by the Danes
in 870. The present nave was rebuilt before the Conquest, the choir
hy Bishop Remigius shortly after. Mr. Atkinson shows that the
older nave had aisles, and that the choir had probably a south aisle.
The transept is 90 feet long, and the present length of the church
150 feet. The original church is supposed to have been longer, 'llie
towers of Scatho, Clee, and Holton, all Saxon churches, are described

1

282 Associated Architectural Societies' Report.

: by Mr. Atkinson, and partly illustrated by means of anastatic

ings. And in addition, the tower of S. Peter's, Barton, and th

! plete Saxon church of Wittering are referred to.

After an exceedingly interesting historical paper by Mr. Ti

i on *' The Danes in Lincolnshire,** Mr. J. R. Walbran, in a

i "On S. Wilfrid and the Saxon church of Ripon/' read befc

Yorkshire Architectural Society, resumes the examination of
architecture. But the essay is rather historical than artistic ; an

> light is thrown on the disputed origin and object of the curion

at Ripon, called S. Wilfrid's Needle, of which, however, a g
plan is given.

" The Roman House at Apethorpe,*' is the subject of the f
Trollope's paper, read before the Northamptonshire Society,
villa is one of remarkable interest, occupying an area 230 feet

I' — a central court, surrounded by numerous irregular apartments

ruins that have been laid open include a batii with its fumai
hypocaust, and several tesselated pavements and flue- tiles. Tfa

;: O. A. Poole follows with a pleasant essay on " Picturesque Boil

and Mr. J. M. Blashfield gives us a paper on " Ancient and Modei

1 tery," copiously illustrated. This gentleman speaks with moch

ledge of his subject. He is the owner of the considerable p
works now thriving at Stamford.

\ The Bedfordshire Society is represented by a paper, contribo

the Rev. John Mendham, called " An Account of the Life and L

; of Dr. S. £. Castell, formeriy Rector of Higham Gobion." Tli

the learned author of the Lexicon Heptaglotton, the inseparable
panion of Walton's Polyglot. Like Walton, he was edoca
Cambridge, and was rewarded for his great work, (the print
which cost him £12,000 of his patrimony,) with the Arabic Froi
ship, and a stall at Canterbury. The other paper published
Bedfordshire Society is one, by the Rev. W. Monkhouae, on
Ethnography of the County of Bedford.'*

Three members of the Worcestershire Society, the Rev. W
J. Severn Walker, Esq., and W. J. Hopkins, Esq., combine

' agreeable paper, entitled " Notes, Architectural and Historical, <

ii churches of Hampton Lovett, S. Peter and S. Andrew Droitwicl

Salwarpe. Of the first and last of these churches exterior vie*
given.

Finally, the Rev. J. H. Hill publishes, under the anspicea <
Leicestershire Society, some extracts from the curious " Diary <
Rev. Humphrey Michel, Rector of Blaston, and Vicar of Hominj
1675 — 1729." A more cantankerous old gentleman than this,
i may judge from his journal, has seldom breathed.

M

283

PROTESTANT ECCLESIOLOGY IN GERMANY.

Wb propose to gather from the Chrtstliches Kunsthlatt 8ome notices of
the ecclesiological progress of the Reformed Communion in Germany.
The number of this periodical for July, 1859, contains views and de-
scriptions of the Diakonissenhaus Elisabethenstift at Darmstadt. This
building is a mo!«t commonplace design of two stories, with a basement
and a high dormered roof, of the meanest quasi-Third- Pointed style,
with heavy square labels over the windows. It is partly relieved by a
projecting portal in the middle, which is finished with a lofty stepped
gable. A small octagonal spirelet rises from the middle of the roof.
In the back elevation there is an apsidal projection, of three sides, the
upper floor of which forms the chapel of the institution, with a vaulted
apsidal sanctuary. This chapel has its altar, on a footpace, standing on
the chord of the apse. There is a pulpit against the northern jamb of
the apse-arch. No further fittings are shown.

Number 16 gives the views of a new church for the Evangelical
Communion at Lauchtel, in Mahren, Austria. This is designed in
pseudo- Romanesque, and its plan is curious. It has a broad nave,
separated by an arcade of three arches from narrow aisles. There is
a square chancel, with its altar standing free in the middle. To the
south of the chancel is a sacristy, and to the north a Todtenkammer^ the
use of which is not explained. The chancel and its appendages are
treated externally as a transept ; answering to which is a precisely
simOar transept at the opposite end of the nave. The latter is occu-
pied as a vestibule, with a prodigious well •staircase on each side lead-
ing to the galleries. A greater waste of space and material, sacrificed
to a desire for mere uniformity, we have seldom seen. The outside
has large round-headed windows, with circular windows in the galle-
ries, heavy corbel tables and cornices, and low roofs. Crosses crown
each gable ; and there is a campanile, rising outwardly over the west
entrance. This affects Italian forms. An Italian- Gothic portal projects
over the west door ; and the tower is capped by a coarse octagonal spire,
ending in an exaggerated cross, and rising from a projecting cornice,
which has overhanging corbelled angle turrets.

In Number 21 we observe a paper — the first of a series— on the
Earliest Style of Church-building, giving a full description of the Ba-
silican type, and of those of the octagonal baptistery. This is illus-
trated by ground-plans of the doubly-apsidal Basilica of Reparatus,
A.D. 252, (the ruins of which have been discovered at the ancient
Tingitium, near OrleansviUe, in Algiers ;) of the primitive Basilica, at
Deyr-Abu-Faneh, in Upper Egypt ; of S. Croce in Gerusalemme, at
Rome ; and of the old Vatican Basilica. The second paper of this
series, in the following number, advances to the later Hasilican type
of Santa Maria, in Cosmedin, of which it gives a plan. There is also
an internal perspective of S. Paolo fuori delle Mura.

▼OL. XXI. P P

J

284 Protestant Ecclesiology in Germam/.

The concluding number for the year gives engravings of the de
for improved communion-plate, by Professor PfBmnschmidt, foi
Berlin Society for Religious Art in the Evangelical Church,
chalice exhibits an approximation to the right form ; but its " k
is too low. An embossed crucifix appears on its base. The
I flagons are of the worst form ; but a kind of pretentious Gothic <

is adapted to them. Why do they not copy the beautiful an
f chalice engraved on the following page, the original of which ap

to be preserved at Plattenhardt, near Stuttgart ?

A curious summary is given of the circulation of the Ckriai

, Kunstblait in 1859. The number circulated reaches 1446 : of i

Prussia takes 601 copies, Wurttemberg 217, Saxony 1S4, and

i over 66. Austria takes 11 copies. Fiance 13, Ghreat Britain oi

I and the United States 2.

! The January Number for the present year opens with a descri

of the new church of S. Catherine, Calleuberg, in Saxony, fo
■ architecture of which we have not a word of praise to bestow.

1 plan embraces a broad nave with ample chancel, ending in an

4 circular within and octagonal without. A thin western towei

) spire, and a porch on the middle of the south side, complete the

'j Bxternally the constructional chancel looks absurdly small, for a

part of the ritual chancel is taken out of the nave ; and a dwarf
dowless apse is added under a circular window. The windows thn
] out are round-headed of two lights, with a shafted monial ; and, ^

the gallery, there is a smaller similar window in the same recesfl
j| the upper one. Corbel*tables and low roofs complete the ext

fi The tower is of the campanile type, but very mean and thin ; tan

capped by a pinched broach spire. The arrangements show a :
altar on the chord of the apse ; a pulpit on the sooth side c
chancel arch ; a fiill choir ; galleries at the sides and the west end,
staircases on each side of the western lobby, and on each ^de <
>^ chancel.

It is a pleasure to turn to a somewhat better design, given i

March number, for a new church at Ludungsha/en, in Rhenish ]

Jj ria. This is in an ornate kind of German Late-Pointed, very S|

.j. in detail, and of mixed and impure design. The plan is a broad

IJI with galleries round three sides, a small chancel ending in a 1

sided apse and a west tower engaged — as usual — among Test

and gallery stairs. The chancel is on a high level, readied 1

K ascent of seven steps, with a pulpit on each side of the arch cottu

eating with the level of the chancel, that on the north ade

reached from the vestry by a door pierced through the wall.

J altar, on a footpace, stands before the chord of the apse. There

^ central passage in the nave of this church, and (oddly enough) nc

tral west door under the tower. The two west doors are at the

of the west fa^de, flanking the tower. The windows are pan

witli foliated heads ; and there is the usual excess of pinnades, o

tabling, and cornices. The tower, which is of slender proportio

panelled, with huge clock faces, and a low octagonal broach spire

from among angle pinnacles.

i

l!

M. Reichensperger on Modem German Pointed Architecture. 285

Finally in the May number — the last which has reached us — wq
haye a view of the new Evangelical Church at Droyee. This is a
mere parallelogram, in pseudo-Romanesque style, with an engaged
western tower, surmounted by a very low spirelet, with a sharp pin-
nacle at each angle of the pyramidal roof. The windows are round-
headed ; and the west facade shows a Romanesque door between two
buttresses, which mark the engaged tower. Above the door is a
range of three round*headed windows, with a circle over the middle
one. The belfry-stage, standing clear of the nave ridge, has a Roma-
nesque couplet on each face. This building is 23 metres long, 10
broad, and 10 high. There are two bells in the tower, inscribed with
texts respectively horn Jeremiah and the* Chronicles. About these the
£sp&ance tells the following anecdote. Quelques Catholiques les ex-
aminant avant qu*elles fussent suspendues, et ayant lu ces inscriptions,
I'un d'eux dit, " Vous voyez bien que les Protestants baptisent aussi
des cloches." " Pensez-vous ?" dit son voisin. " Certainement,"
r^pliqua-t-il, '* lisez done : ne voyez-vous pas leurs noms grav^, et que
celle-ci s'appelle J^imie, et celle-la Chroniques"

M. REICHBNSPEROER ON MODERN GERMAN POINTED

ARCHITECTURE.

Die Ckristlieh'GermaniBche Baukunet und ihr Verhaltnisi sur Gegen*
M>ari. Von Auoust Rbiohbnsfbbgbb. Treves, I860.

M. Rbicbbnsfbbobb's interesting contribution to the philosophic lite-
rature of Ecdesiology is not new. In substance it appeared seven yean
ago in a German periodical. It was afterwards republished, then con-
siderably retouched ; nor are we astonished to fiod that it has reached
a third edition. Few readers of the Eccleeiologist will be surprised to
learn that a pamphlet, bearing such a title as this — Christian- Germanic
Arehiteotvre, and its relation to the present — should require to be re-
touched, if not rather re- written, within seven years. If ideas have
changed, if new principles have been evolved in England, so no less in
Oermany ; and the same peaceful revolution which has stirred minds in
Oxford, Cambridge, and London, has operated in an analogous manner
in Munich, Vienna, and Cologne.

To England*8 share in this revolution the writer bears most graceful
testimony, in words which we feel bound, in justice to our readers, to
quote tJi extenso : —

** Before all we must mention England, where the return to the ' Gothic'
art of our forefathers, but recently so deeply despised, is already a fait ae-
eompIL To be convineed of this, it is only necessary to look cursorily through
the eighteen volumes of periodical publications of the Eoclesiologieal Society,
or gluiee at the list of members of this association for purposes of Christian
art, whieb displays the most influential names. What, however, is most to

286 M. Reichensperger on

the purpose it the fact, that ever3rwhere we obterre the tendency to adi
itself to the life and supply the wants of the present age. There ia not met
Uie wish to appear learned, but rather the endeavour aboye ail to make lea
ing productive of good ; and this naturally pre-supposes an amount of will
liberality, which, except in a very few cases, would form a striking contrail
the habits of our continental Mecsenates. The sums, for example, expeni
by a Lord Shrewsbury and a Beresford Hope on the art-objects in questi
remind us in very deed of the rise of that period which beheld the foresl
monumental edifices spring up, which the Vandalism of suoeeeding gene
tions has thinned, but could not clear away. I have purposelj fMsoed
Ecclesiological Society in the foreground, because it owes its origin in the f
instance to a university, — i.e., to the scientific men at whose feet the jontli
England sit in the college halls of Cambridge."

(We have not space for an interesting note, contrasting the advi
tages of our English universities, and their comparatively medis
course of training, with the modern professorial system of German
but we recommend it strongly to the notice of modem Oxford i
formers.)

M. Reichensperger goes on to observe, that, in the course of 1
last half-dozen years.

"giant strides have been made, and the phalanx of Oothie architects 1
been strengthened by men who — like Surges and Glutton^ the soeeeai
competitors at Lille and Constantinople — already enjoy a European fiune. .
The architects W. Pugin, the most ardent champion for Christian art, i

■* G. G. Scott, the clever builder of the Nicolai-Kirche at Hamburg, had ak

in that space completed more Gothic churches than all the architects of 1
continent together. But by the side of these, many other names deserve
be mentioned with honour. Such men as Hansom, Wyatt, Cottingfai
Sharpe, Pearson, Butterfield, Ferrey, Hawkins, and others, [we miss so
familiar names,] would laugh outright at any one who should come to th
with the proposal to erect a church in the Classic-Antique, or even in
Academic-Edectic style. Working together by the side of these men sta
or stood, glass-stainers, such as Wailes, Gibson, Chance, whose works at i
Great Exhibition convincingly proved the fact, that the art of the ancienti
already restored to life in all its dignity and strict severity, or at least cos
restored ; wood-carvers, too, amongst whom Rattee, for instance, in his gr
workshop at Cambridge, constantly employed at least fifty men in the prei
ration of church furniture in the best Gothic style ; and again, the manm
ture of coloured encaustic tiles, after ancient examples, by Mintoo; i
lastly, the establishments of Jones and Willis, and especially of Hardman,
Birmingham, for the production of church fittings and sacred vessels^ i
have vied with great success to rival the beat mediaeval works in every i

■ terial."

It is cheering to read such a passage as this, in spite of cert
minor inaccuracies and omissions, because it brings home to as 1
conviction, that even the insular position of England, and the barrii
which prejudice and difference of religion are for ever erecting betwc
us and our continental fellow Christians, have not wholly stifled th
appreciation of the progress of ecclesiastical art in this coontry dnri
the last ten years ; and more than this, we infer that it has CTen i
acted upon them.

But M. Reichensperger 's treatise is not all praise. On the ooatni

Modem German Pointed Architecture, 287

in spite of this great ecclesiological movement in England, and even in
Prance and Germany, he draws a very gloomy picture of the general
degeneracy of Christian art at the present day, and at times seems in-
clined to despair of seeing the triumph of true principles over the fri-
volity and aimlessness of modern taste. He waxes very bitter on this
subject, and in caustic language, worthy to form the letterpress to
Pugin*s *< contrasts," eulogizes the spirit and tone of mediaeval builders,
at the expense of their successors; or rather, to do him justice, it is
the very atmosphere of the times which is at fault, and which, in his
opinion, spreads a baneful influence over other branches of art, as well
as over architecture.

The old architects suited the fa9ades of their houses to the interiors ;
modern builders, on the contrary, deform the interior to suit the facade.
Now-a-days the conception and the carrying into execution by no
means travel on together : the works of the middle ages always pre-
sent an harmonious whole, the individual parts of which grew out of
the same fundamental idea. Especially is the littleness and frivolity
of the times seen in ecclesiastical plate, and vestments, and other such
details, where Paganism, or even *' Rococo," are preferred, as models of
imitation, to the glorious examples of art which have come down to us
from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

Lamentations of this kind, not unfamiliar to our readers, form the
staple of the first part of M. Reichensperger's treatise. They are
couched in well- chosen language, and eminently convey the notion that
the writer is not aiming merely at effect, but that he is himself deeply
impressed with the degeneracy which he so forcibly depicts. He has
attempted to show that modern building no longer answers to the idea
of an or/, but presents the appearance of downright anarchy and collapse.
Abandoning unity of purpose, fixed principles, creative power, men
fumble about among conventional forms, selected from all periods and
climates, and vainly strive to conceal the inherent elements of decay by
fantastic ornamentation, and meretricious splendour. Such is the
severe indictment ; what is to be done ? Will a return to the middle
ages be the remedy ? This is the question which in his second chapter
M. Reichensperger sets himself to answer ; and that answer of course
is affirmative. " Backwards '* and " forwards " are relative terms, and
a return to the middle ages may be in reality a step in advance. What,
for instance, has been the incubus which has weighed down ecclesias-
tical architecture during the last century and a half? Has it not been
paganism ? By returning therefore to the model of the fourteenth cen-
tury, we are in reality advancing from heathenism to Christianity.
Such is our author's ingenious argument, which he works out more in
detail.

** Stand for example in front of the cathedral of Metz, and honestly answer
the question, whether the Portail, which dauicism has erected at the western
end appeals as much to our reason, our innermost emotions, and our taste, as
the remaining Gothic portions of the building, or the corresponding Gothic
doorways at Amiens, Rheims, Chartres, Freiburg, Strasburg, Colopie. Ask
whether Ndtre Dame at Paris, or the Madeleine with its academic statues,
built on the model of the Parthenon, — whether S. Paul's or Westminster

288 M, Reichensperger on Modem German Pointed AreUteetmt,

Abbey in London/ &e., most stir the feelings? The ansffer cm obIt be
doubtful for him, in whom the last spark of perception of beauly as wdl m
of Christian consciousness has been extinguisned, to whom nothing is so ob-
jectionable as an earnest appeal to the depth, the meaning, the mighty crestife
power of religion."

Here we believe M. Reichensperger touches the right ch<»d. It it
after all very much a queation' of religion. We cannot of coarse pboe
ourselves in the position of an ancient Greek, who had oerer sees a
Pointed arch, or of a modem Mussulman, to whose eyes a mioaiet
alone suggests hours of prayer, and feelings of devotioD, We look
back at the noble monuments of Christian art. which our "OotiHC**
forefathers left us in York, and Canterbury, and Ely, and Sahsbniy.
and a hundred other venerable piles, and then at the cold, cUeek ar«
chitectural abortions which characterize the two last centuries of disuj
infidelity, and we naturally conclude, that unless some new revektiai
of another type of architectural beauty be specially made to os, ve
must go back to that, whose results have stood the test of so mioy
centuries, not necessanly for every detail, nor yet in cases where the
whole circumstances have been altered hy the change of period, but
for the great fundamental principles and laws, on which the master-
builders then worked. These will be the surest correctives of the
frivolity and unreality of modem building, and in proportion as these
have been studied, has been the reform and development of architee-
tural science, which has so remarkably characterized the Victorian en.

With regard to the mode of studying medieval architectore. M.
Reichensperger gives many useful hints. Were we to adduce sU.
which we think worthy of notice, we should at once translate the
treatise. He is very strong upon the necessity of studying what msy
called the ABC and rules of grammar of the sciencCt of mastering
the network of constmctional lines, and the geometrical groand-pko
of the old buildings, and not being content with gaining a general idea
of their external appearance and effect.

The system of putting up contracts to public oompetitiont 9nd ae*
cepting the lowest offer, meets with his sternest reprobation* as aliki
fatal to talent, and opposed to the spirit of earlier and better tsmes.
The careful study of architecture by the clergy as a part of their pio-
fessional work (so to speak), is another point very calmly and reqiect-
fiilly handled, the remarks on which we would willingly see in the
hands of our university teachers and parochial clergy. To aid in ^
desired result the author suggests that collections should be made ii
each cathedral city of such fragments and scattered items of aneicat
work, as cannot find a legitimate place in some greater building, so as
gradually to form museums, as it were, of Christian art. We may
thankfully acknowledge the improved feeling of our age, in the hict,
that in England at least, this suggestion is less needed each year that
passes, though we are tempted to hazard the doubt, whether under
present circumstances such treasures are not safer in public custody,
than when entmsted to the tender mercies of diocesan custody, ia
9ome dioceses at least

We have been lately struck by the remark of a clever modem novelist.

The Churches of Ruthnubhire. 289

who in his preface deprecates criticism in the following terms : " In the
event of this book being reviewed, I venture to ask whether it is pos-
sible to praise the writer or to blame him, without telling his story at
•econd hand : as that story is written by me, the telling it fills more
than a thousand closely printed pages. No small portion of this space
is occupied by hundreds of little * connecting links ' of trifling value
in themselves, but of the utmost importance in maintaining the smooth-
ness, the reality, and the probability of the entire narrative. If the critic
tells the story with these, can he do it in his allotted page, or column.
Its the case may be ? If he tells it without these, is he doing a fellow-
labonrer in another form of art the justice which writers owe to one
mnother?** Although M. Reichensperger is not a novelist, and his
punphlet occupies 143, instead of lOCX) pages, we still feel the force
of the appeal we have quoted, and though we have no thought of
Uaming, find ourselves inadequate to praise. We should like to see
the book translated, and in the hands of all would-be ecclesiologists.

THE CHURCHES OF RUTLANDSHIRE.

(A Communication,)

Bib,*— The county of Rutland, according to the candid local historian,
" has no name in history, no architectural monuments of importance,
no objects of great interest." To the second statement I demur, for
dnring a short residence in the county I have met with several fine
mnd large churches, which will well repay a visit to any one who may
he m tiie neighbourhood.

To begin with Oakham, that town taking precedence as the " capi-
tal/' or "chief town" of Rutland, as they say in the geography
hooks. The church of All Saints is a fine edifice, consisting of nave
end aisles, transepts, and chancel with north and south aisles, and
ancient sacristy still used. At the west end is a lofty tower and
wjpm of great beauty. This part of the church is Middle-Pointed, the
nave and aisles being later. The whole has been carefully restored
hy Mr. Scott, and presents a very fine interior. The gas-fittings,
pavement in the chancel, and new east window with marble shafts,
deserve especial notice. The altar arrangements are not entirely satis-
factory : the table itself is handsome and large, the frontal and hang-
uigs rich, but still there is a considerable lack of enrichment at this the
most sacred portion of the church.

At present there is no stained glass, nor did I notice any very old
monuments. In the churchyard every grave has been levelled, and
the new memorials are all of good design ; some of them very beau-
tiful. This is a step in the right direction. The clock is almost
too mediaeval to be useful. The belb, six in number, have been
pat in thorough repair, and are very fine in tone, for I fortunately

290

TV Churckes of Ru

beard a peal rung during my ritit. ^
the church, atands an aisled ball of la
holding aasizea. This is the onlj veatigt
keyn de Ferrars soon after the Conquest,
cUBtom still prevails. Every peer of t
passing through the town, is compelled I
hones, or an equivalent sum of money,
nailed upon the castle-gate. Among ma
which are gilt and stamped with the d
Queen Elizabeth, a splendid one by the I
George IV., and one given by the Piincea
of the gramnar- school and the new nati
kind. Opposite to the former is the
High-street a very richly- moulded doo
period is still to be seen.

To the church of SS. Peter and Paul
in Rutland,) at Empingham, is six mile
Both of these edifices are interesting, bu
gives a name to one of the prebends in ',
a handsome cruciform building, estemall
Third-Pointed edifice, but internally !
Pointed predominating. Against the e
two altars appear to have stood ; the foui
In the north transept are several ahii
stained glass. The chief feature of tl
stunted crocketed spire, which is well [
nave. The broken churchyard cross is i
a very remarkable altar tomb, seemingly

To reach SS. Peter and Paul at Extm
through WhitwcU, noticing, as we pass
village church with its double bell gable
landsbire churches. Slight restoratione
some old glass has been placed in one of i
The spire of Eston, rising above the plan'
borough, is visible long before we reach
church, and in 1853 was thoroughly re
Painted, and the details throughout are
all that can be desired ; but the altar arra
extreme. Over the nave arches sre se
armour. The monuments, [hough late,
especially, in memory of a Lady Bruce, i>
is in white marble on a black marble t
as lying in a shroud ; the face is said to
having been taken after death. One at
merit has been put in on the south side
what ought to be the organ chamber, but
comfortable family pew, fitted up with
arm-chairs for the use of the earl's fami
which glimpses are obtained of both the
is an old matrix of a tripled canopied br

The Churches of Rutlandshire. 291

mitred ecclesiastic : though whose it was, and how it came there, I
could not ascertain. The churchyard is well kept and cared for, but
the gravestones are all ugly, and without design. The peculiar spire
u worth observation ; it springs from an octagon, and forms a design
of some beauty.

At Grestham, (S. Mary,) the chancel has been rebuilt in First-
Pointed, but the rest of Uie church seems in a ruinous condition,
especially the fine broach tower and spire. The bells have fallen from
their frames, and one of them may be observed half out of the belfry
window. The nave has been fitted with open seats, and a new window
inaerted in the tower, all of which will be available if a thorough
restoration ever takes place. The churchyard was very untidy : there
were a few headstones of fair design.

S. Nicholas, Cottesmore, need not detain us long. It is a picturesque
building, with broach tower and spire: the greater portion of the
church is in the Perpendicular style, though the western end is much
earlier, and in the restored south porch there is a Norman door. It
IB richly endowed, and ought therefore to be in a better state.

Like all Mr. Butterfield's restorations, S. Mary*s, Ashwell, bears
upon it the stamp of reality. The style is principally Middle-Pointed,
mnd most of the windows which are of great beauty are profusely
decorated with the ball-flower. The only addition is the new south
porch, of large dimensions. The plan consists of nave and aisles,
chancel and side- chapels, with tower at west end. The interior is
▼ery striking, and just exactly what a country church ought to be.
All the seats are open, and the chancel is separated from the nave by
a low screen. The altar is properly vested, and has on it the candle-
sticks, but not a cross. A simple but effective reredos is formed by
blocking up the lower part of the east window with inlaid marble and
alabaster. The pavement of the church is especially good. The
south chapel contains a very curious wooden figure of a Templar, and
an incised slab with eflligies, also two beautiful windows by Gerente ;
the other chapel is used as the vestry, and contains a fine alabaster
monument of an ecclesiastic in eucharistic vestments. The diapering
on the chasuble is still visible. No inscription exists, but the efBgy in
all probability is that of the rector who rebuilt the church in the
14th century. A moulding of ball-flower had been commenced round
the tomb, but only three of these ornaments are completed. This
chapel is lighted by one of those square-headed Middle-Pointed win-
dows so common in this neighbourhood, but seldom to be met with
dae where. An example is engraved in the " Glossary of Architec-
ture/* taken from Ashby-Tolville church. The pulpit stands on the
north side of the chancel arch on a stone plinth ; the new font is
placed at the west end of the nave, and with its lofty canopy forms
an important adjunct to the church. The organ stands in the north
chapel, and is separated from the vestry by a screen.

The bells have all been hung in new frames, and are rung from the
basement floor of the tower, which opens into the nave by a fine arch.
The altar-linen, plate, in fact the minutest detuls have been attended
to, and S. Mary, Ashwell, has indeed been fortunate in having such

▼OL. zzx. Q Q

292 The Churches of Rutlandshire.

a patron as Lord Downes, and such an architect aa Mr. Batt
In the churchyard are several heautiful headstones, and a new <
large dimensions overshadows them. Here may be seen two c
original roediteval gravestones, which I have seldom met with,
the picturesque lich-gate a good view is obtained of the nei
houses and model cottages by Mr. Butterfield. The former 1
like : the latter are admirable, though the material is the reddes
bricks. A poor man said to me, " They were very convenk
looked so hot-like." Ashwell is a station on the Syston an(
borough railway.

Beyond Teigh, where the church has been rebuilt in a neat "
style,*' we come to Edmonthorpe S. Michael, Leicestershire,
near an old mansion, and forming a pleasing object as seen f
entrance of the small domain. This church is Middle-
throughout, with superb windows, some square-headed. The
has been scraped, and one of the aisles new- roofed. The root
is handsome, and retains much of the original gilding. The
ments of the Smith family are large, late, and ugly.

At Wymondham, a mile beyond, is a large Perpendicular
with tower and spire of an earlier date. Inside is a fine to
Templar, and a most extraordinary modem fresco (Temp. (
over the chancel -arch. The subject is a colonnade in perspecti
rcctly drawn with the royal arms, &c., and really is a curiosity in

llie walk from this village to Melion Mowbray is anyth
interesting, though on all sides the numerous towers and spii
to break the monotony. Within two miles of the town 1
central tower forms a conspicuous object. I was not able to •
the interior of this fine church as well as I could have wishe
tensive restorations have been made during the last few years,
new east window has been very recently filled with itaine
The names of the Bishops of Lincoln, from early times, are pal
the panelling round the sanctuary. The nave is choked
utterly disfigured with huge pews lined with baize, and a
decker " of alarming dimensions casts its dark shadow over the:
plan of the church is cruciform, and of large size. The lower
the tower is very rich First- Pointed, the rest of the edifice
including the plain clerestory and embattled parapet, which w<
in the reign of Philip and Mary. Facing the east end <tf the
are some almshouses, founded A.n. 1620. A small mnseuo
tached containing local curiosities, such as old wood-carviu]
and old books.

The Roman Catholic church in the Middle-Pointed style, eon
of brick, was one of Pugin's earlient designs.

Little Dolby, four miles from Melton, is perhaps one of tfa
restorations in this district. I believe that it ought to be callet
church, constructed of old materials. It is beantifiillj ntuatei
eminence, near the picturesque mansion of Sir John Haitopp, ti
it is principally indebted for its fair proportions* Its ritull i
ments are unsatisfactory ; but the arcbiteetvral detaib, indnd
carving and stained glass, are excellent. Oirer each nave-i
statues ol an^cA^^ tVs^^ caxN^vod^lt. Several modem maial

The Churches of Rutlandshire. 293

are worthy of notice. The north and south transepts are used by the
family and their servants.

A dreary road, bringing back to one*s remembrance the " steeple-
chases/' in under-graduate days, over the fens of Cambridgeshire, leads
to JVhissendine S. Swiihim, a magnificent wreck. The interior is most
deplorable, and seems to have reached the lowest stage of dirt and
decay. The style is Middle-Pointed, with Perpendicular additions.
-The nave-columns are richly moulded, but sadly out of the perpendi-
cular. To obviate this, transverse arches have been built from the aisle
walls, which gives a peculiar but not unpleasing feature to the church.
There are twelve roughly-carved statues forming the corbels of the
nave-roof, probably meant for the Apostles. It has often struck me,
that the statues of the great Pillars of the Catholic Church would form
a suitable and appropriate ornament for the nave of English churches.
Tlie tower of this church is very grand, especially the western en-
trance ; this consists of an arch of large dimensions, forming one
design with the western window and doorway. A spire evidently
once existed; but it probably fell when the debased chancel was
constructed about two hundred years since. The ruinous state of the
fabric is probably owing to a disaster of this kind. The north
transept is used as a school ; the rich Middle-Pointed window is en-
graved in the " Glossary of Architecture." The churchyard and viearage
are all in keeping with the church. Lord Harborough is patron.

I must apologise for taking up so much of your valuable space ; but
as the road from Whissendine to Oakham passes through Langham^
the splendid church of that village must not be forgotten. It is cru-
ciform, with tower and spire at the west end. The chancel is in the
poorest Third-Pointed style, almost debased ; but the walls seem to be
Early First- Pointed. The church has an embattled parapet throughout.
The style of the nave and transepts is a conglomeration of Middle
apd Third-Pointed, and the ball-flower appears frequently as a string-
course round the church. The tower and spire are rich First-Pointed,
and the deeply-recessed belfry windows ornamented with dog-tooth
moulding are superb, llie interior is in a disgraceful and disreputable
state. Langham is said to be the birthplace of Abp. Simon de Langham.
It is a hamlet in the parish of Oakham.

I managed to visit Stamford and Leicester on my return to town.
In both these places magnificent restorations have been carried out ;
bnt with a bold disregard to proper ritual arrangements. In almost
every restored church I have visited, a decent altar is never to be seen.
In many places, in the midst of carved stalls and stained glass, a small,
rickety, worm-eaten table is thought good enough for the celebration
of the highest act of Christian worship. The vestry-tables are always
better, and an exchange might often be effected with advantage.

In the district I have described, little has been done for increasing
the spiritual efiiciency of the Church. S. Mary, Ash well, is an ex-
ception, and there the Churchman will find all that he can desire both
materially and spiritually.

Believe me to be, my dear sir.

Yours, verv faithfully,

E. D, K,

294

THE PORCH OF WESTON IN GORDANO.
To the Editor of the Eeclenoiogisi.

Sir, — I am deairoua of inviting the opinion of the readers of th
Biologist upon a remarkable feature existing in the church of thii
viz., a gallery or platform within the porch* over the entnni
against the south wall. Evidences of a similar addition to tl
are to be found in two other churches in this neighbourhood,
those of Portishead and Clapton. I have been told that this ii
uncommon feature in the county of Somerset, but I am unaa
with any other example of it, and I know of no better means c
taining the fact than by sending you an account of what is si
seen here, for publication, if you think fit, in the pages of tb
siologiat.

The style of this church, and of the others named, is Perpes
this, therefore, is the character of the platform to which I wish
attention. It is carried across the width of the porch, the em
two beams which support it being inserted into the side walls
seems as though the moulding on the front had originally beec
downward in an arched form at each end, so as to rest on corbeb
removing the yellow dab, square holes were found beneath th
the front. The stone moulding of the doorway above the platl
been cut away, so that the beam next the wall rests on the pi
thus formed. On the two beams the floor must have been plac
below this there is a fralnework deeply moulded on the unc
which evidently contained panels. The whole of this plat£
highly coloured, the red being still visible. Access to it wai
by a staircase formed in the thickness of the east wall of the pi
the other examples mentioned the staircase is similarly placed
at least seems to prove that the erection of the platfbnn wi
with that of the porch itself, unless it be said that the stain
intended to lead to the parvise ; but I think it will be admit
this platform, from its small size, and the fact of its having a i
front, could be no part of the parvise floor. Nor is it likely tn
old rood-loft ; at least, its preservation in this way, at tiw tin
it was banished from within the church, is improbable ; for, as
before, the stone moulding of the doorway has been cot, to alio
erection. If, then, I am correct in my supposition that it is
a portion of the parvise floor, nor the rood-loft, it waa probaU]
there for some definite purpose connected with the niche ol
stone which remains in the wall above. A figure of the patra
I presume, once stood within this niche. Could the platfor
been intended for the purpose of decking the image on the fiei
the saint, or on the anniversary of the dedication of tiie €
Some kind of service may have been there celebrated.

The church is dedicated to S. P^, according to Bctoa'a Tin
and Collinson, in his history of Somerset, ^ic viUage vefd

On AltoT'Steps and Sanctuary -Rails. 295

' held on the 2nd of July, Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary,
lossible that some offering may have been made at that time in
ir of the Virg^, whose image, and not that of S. Paol, might
}tood within ^e niche.

uncommon a relic of old times is at least curious, and deserves to
corded ; and I should be very thankful if any of the readers of
cclesiologist would kindly supply any information which may help
>lain its use.

I am, sir» yours futhfully,

R. W. Hautsntzllb.
*9ton in Gordano,
My 18. 1860.

>me measurements of the porch and of the platform would very
assist speculation as to the original object of the latter. It is
likely, we think, that it was intended for burning lights before
lage, than for any kind of service. As we understand that the
rsetshire Archaeological Society are about to visit the church, we
that some further information may be afforded by some of the
lers. — Bd.]

ON ALTAR-STEPS AND SANCTUARY-RAILS.

To the Editor of the Eecleeiohgiat.

AB Sib, — On visiting the other day S. Michael's church, Gomhilli
forcibly struck with a thought which I hope you will allow me
iress in your pages. I have often observed that even our best
«ct8 frequently fail in producing an imposing and satisfactory
ranee about the altar from a bad arrangement of the steps and
lary-rail. Possibly in S. Michael's church this was beyond the
;ect*s control. Overruled as his judgpnent was in respect of the
loors, and the retention of the monuments, he may not have been
ed to change the level of the floor ; but it seems to me, that if he
, he ought to have fixed the altar-rails on the lowest, and not on
ppermost step. No great height is required in order to produce a
effect, if thu is attended to. You may recollect how very well
tar looked at Christ church, Albany Street, where, if I am right,
is not any great change of level ; but the rails, I perfectly re*
»er, are kept well down, and the steps arranged inside them : —
, as an example of the opposite result, I have never seen a more
lete failure than that of Christ church, Broadway, Westminster,
the altar approached by seven steps, but with the rails on the
top, shutting it in like a box. If, as is sometimes the case, the
!el or choir be raised, the evil becomes worse, for the spectators,
thereby depressed, are less able to see over the rails. And
ia, perhaps, a reason why the chancel should not be too mueh

296

Modem Arekitea

nised above the nave. The othet esseU
dignified altar, viz., a high reredoa, is well j
though in new churches almost inwtablj
a window.

I ahould rejoice to see these points *i]
deiiologitl, for it is lamentable to see ii
erected by those who both appreciate an
nified result, and yet spoilt by a mere fa
believe, in introducing some alterations ii
Devraiport churches, in which the arcbite
chancel, and then more steps visible oub
a contrary arrangement the effect, I am

I a

MODERN ABCHrn
7b Iht Editor of /Ac Et>

Dear Ma. Bditob, — Your corresponde
look sufficiently at the root of the matt
architects to confine themselves to the |
own insular style," apparently forgettii^^
and not go on for ever copying precedn
few square miles of the globe. Gothic ar
must be attended to in all design, and
the conditions of these principles, it In
Gothic work. It is the glory of Gothic
thing and make everything serve it. It m
first have birth t if it can be worked in
Gothic art, ita not having originated in " <
more reason for its not being nsed thai
the manner's compass, the art at printing,
that first saw dayli^t on the Continent.

I will, however, note the objections A,
they are reasonable. He objects to " con
calls it an imitation from North Italy ;
mises, for we have many instances of it ii
in stonework. As an instance of the la
House, at Higham Ferrers, which has as
" veal and ham" work as many modem i
local red stone and Baroack in alteniati
brick building we have is an instance of
cannot be said to be leaving our insular ti
Btructional polychrome.

He tells us that the result of this is a
how seldom modem architects employ the

Modem Architecture. 297

were so much used during the thirteenth century. This fact which he
notices is undoubtedly true, but it cannot be said to be a want of purity
or to have much to do with constructional polychrome. If A. H. really
felt the beauty of the arch, he would feel that these deep cuttings along
its curve were not the most pure decoration it could have, they being
little more than a blind over its real construction.

The columns have in many instances been worked of a simple form,
•ometimes to avoid expense and sometimes really from preference : for
if we keep their office in view we shall feel that they may be cut up
into so many parts as to produce a feebleness of appearance which was
not always avoided in mediaeval times. The position of the tower is
undoubtedly more varied in our time than anciently ; but is there not
a cause ? have not we more frequently peculiar arrangements of site
calling for peculiar treatment ? This is a difficulty that was compara-
tively seldom experienced by our predecessors, and on that account
we find their plans more uniform than ours are.

1 was surprised to read the charge of frequent adoption of the cru-
ciform plan in modem churches — especially as it has been so much
discussed as to whether it is even legitimate under our present ritual
arrangements. Mr. Scott, who sticks more closely to insular precedent
than any other of our leading men, has adopted it at Doncaster because
he had to conform partly to the old features. I do not know why he
used it at Haley Hill, but there are not many other modem churches
that have the thorough cruciform plan.

The peculiar arches A. H. describes I have never seen, and so shall
Ibrbear commenting on them.

The apsidal termination is a feature which will, I think, stand the
test of comparison with the more common square end of our own Eng-
lish Choreh. It was all very well of the Cambridge Camden Society,
in its Handbook of Ecdesiology, to say that at present it could not
be too carefnlly avoided ; but that time has now passed. Then no one
had half studied English architecture, and until we were thoroughly
aoqnaiDted with that, it was folly to begin grafting on features which,
for aught we knew, might be at variance with it.

Now« however, we ought to know, and do know, more of our native
architecture, and are in a position to judge whether the apse agrees and
harmonizes with it or not. As far as beauty goes there can be no doubt
about it, and the inconvenience of having unused comers cut off is not
▼cry great, while the loss of a krge east window which (excepting when
filled with stained glass) is frequently painfully glaring, is amply com-
pensated for.

To return to the root of the matter. If art has life, it must grow.
As a tree makes fresh wood year by year, so must art if it wiU keep
itself from premature decay. When first Gk)thic art was studied some
Jew years ago everything had to be learnt, and the only way to keep
firom the most egregious blunders was to keep most closely to precedeut4
But we have now been learning for some years, and surely we are not
always to be kept in leading-strings. We must leave off the servile
oopjrism of childhood, and endeavour by the honest labour of manhood
to produce things worthy of our toil.

W. M. F,

298

I

1- 1
I

LLANDAFF CATHEDRAL.

To the Editor of the Ecelesiologist.

Sib, — ^Permit me to make a few observations on the remaiks
Member of the Committee of the Ecclesiological Societj," ap]

{ to my letter on the Western Towers of Llandaff Cathedral.

j The committee member must have understood my communiea

a very imperfect manner if he can suppose that I intended to

I "that no cathedral should be restored without two similars

towers or spires," and I perfectly agree with him that there is n

I in what he denominates my " special type " to induce its unde

adoption. In the list of cathedrals which he has given, the fin

i (with two exceptions, Worcester and Exeter) have western tome,

the second, Salisbury, Norwich, Oxford, and Chichester, have •
spires only, S. Alban's only a central tower, Peterborough a
tower or lantern, and the west front flanked with two towers on
are small spires of later date. Wells a central and two western t
Ely a splendid western totoer, and the central octagon now about
restored. Hereford, omitted in the list, has a tower in the oenti
had another at the west end, which fell in 1786.

Here, then, we have sufficient variety to satisfy the most ami
of novelty, but not a single instance of a cathedral having a tow
spire simultaneously at the west end, or of a central spire and w
towers. I may, therefore, boldly affirm, that to erect a south s]
Llandaff in conjunction with the existing northern tower, would
" unusual deviation from Anglican church architecture." Sod
viation might be in perfect accordance with the taste of the *'
mittee Member," but he must admit that it would be to enter a
era " of ecclesiastical taste, subverting an established rule of *
mediaeval architects, the maintenance of which is sanctioned by
existing edifice in this country, and therefore can in no fairness
nominated " narrow-minded and mischievous." I am by no
insensible to the monotony of the long line of roof in Llandaff, an
it is desirable to break such a '* perpetuity of its horizontal line
as Mr. Freeman well remarks, " For the effect of the whole d

j next to a central tower, a pair of lofty western ones, with tall i

would have been most desirable."

In conclusion, it may be that there is a tendency at present t
with considerable favour upon the peculiarities of French architf
and in many cases to prefer them to our own. I have no wish t
pute the taste of those who do so, only premising that 1 can havi
sympathy with the abolition of any national architectural taste, <
crated in this kingdom by the practice and approbation of previom

I remain, &c.,
A Mbmbbb of thb Oxfobd AmcHiTBC

SOCIBTT.

Feb. loth, 1860.

The Restaraiion of & Mary, Stone, Kent. 299

[The above letter would have appeared much sooner in our pages
but for the severe illness and numerous engagements of the gentleman
who had undertaken to reply to it. Our correspondent is so worthy
of a fair hearing, that we no longer delay publishing his letter. His
opinion about the west fa9ade of Llandaff cathedral deserves all con-
sideration, though we ourselves do not agree with it. There is a great
deal to be urged on his side of the question, in favour of a rigid adher-
ence to English architectural precedents. But» as we have often said,
the time has come when, in our opinion, our architects — or at least
some of them — may run alone. — Ed.]

THE RESTORATION OF S. MARY, STONE, KENT.
To the Editor of the Ecclesiologist.

Dbar Mb. Editor, — I gladly avail myself of your offer to allow me
space for a few lines of appeal to the sympathy of your readers on
behalf of the restoration of Stone church.

I hope the merits of the building are so well known to all students
of English art, as to make it unnecessary to say much on this head.
It is, I think one may almost say, the most perfect and the most
beautiful thirteenth century village church of which we can boast. It
has been fortunate, too. above most works of the same age, in remain-
ing almost unaltered throughout the Middle Ages : the only additions
to the thirteenth century fabric being the steeple at the west end, the
western bays of the aisles, and a sixteenth century chantry against
the north wall of the chancel. The dimensions of the church are fine,
mod the care with which the decorations and mouldings are increased
in beauty and richness as they approach the chancel is almost unique.

The state of the building before the restoration commenced was
tlus. The nave and aisles were finished inside with flat plaister ceil-
ings, seated with mean pews, and the walls covered with plaister and
whitewash. In the chancel Uie walls had been lowered some five feet,
the windows were poor insertions of the fifteenth century, and the
only evident relic of the original work was an arcade all round the
lower part of the walls, the spandrels of which contain some of the
best sculpture of foliage with which I am acquainted. The east win-
dow of the north aisle was blocked up by the roof of the Wylshyre
chantry. The floor of chancel and nave was level throughout ; and
the whole internal effect of the church was about as much damaged as
it well could be — thoroughly cold and squalid.

We have already effected a vast improvement in the interior, and had
we the requisite funds we should be able, without any difi&culty, to re-
store it as nearly as possible to its original state. We have opened the
old roof over the nave and aisles (which though not the original roof, is

▼OL. ZXI. R R

800 The Re^arutum of S. Mary, St9t^, Kemi.

of iteep pitch and fair character, dating probably from about aj>. ISOO.)
We have taken down a modern lean-to roof over the north chaatry,
and substituted a flat roof for it, so as to aUow of the restoratkiQ of tkt
east window of the north aisle, and the opening of a newly discoTered
window in the chancel. We have stripped the internal walls of their
coat of plaister, and we find that the walls generally are lined voj
carefully with chalk, on which considerable remains of painting oif
various dates have been found. These will all be acrupukjosly pre*
served* and in part (I hope) restored. The lower part of the aisle
wall is built roughly with flint, and the chalk lining commenoes wilh i
course below the stringcourse under the aisle windows, on one portioo
of which I discovered. I am glad to say, sufficient traces of a nmmug
border of thirteenth century foliage to allow of its complete restofi-
tion. A border is also carried round the chancel arch, but I doubt
whether this is quite so early. On the north aisle wall we find i
painting of the Blessed Virgin and our Lord, and two other suljecti
which 1 have not yet made out clearly. The clearing off of the pluster
disclosed also some architectural features of which no trace had befoR
existed. These are ; Ist, two very beautiful quatrefoils (filled in with
exquisite foliage, and covered with the original painting) one in either
spandrel of the chancel arch. Snd, a portion of a fine waU aissde
in the south aisle. Hiis seems to have been altered very soon after it
was originally erected, and we found a portion of a similar arcade bdk
up in one of the chancel walls. Srd, (and this is the most impor-
tant discovery) I have found enough of one of the original chaoeel
windows to allow of its complete restoration. There was no trace of
any original chancel window ; and the only chance of finding one seeaed
to be in the bay against which the fifteenth century chantry had beea
built. Here accordingly I cut into the wall, and was rewarded \fi
finding the jambs and monials in their places, and sufficient of the
tracery to show clearly the exact character of the whole. The jamhi
and monials are adorned with detached marble shafts, and the de-
tail is all so rich and so good that I suppose it would be diflkah
to find a more noble example of thirteenth century work. It ii
interesting, too, as showing that the same increase of decoratioB
from west to east, which I have noticed in the nave» was oootinBed
on into the chancel. The windows at the east of the aialea are veiy
ornate, but the window I have found in the chancel is much more so.
The flat roof which we have put on the Wylshyre chantry will allov
of this noble window being completely restored and the upper part re*
glazed. 4th» besides these discoveries, we find great numbers of wrooglit
stones used for filling in the walls where they have been taken down Mid
rebuilt : at present I have looked in vain among them for any remains of
the groining, llie chancel was intended for groining undoubtedly ; sod
judging by the existence of a flying buttress on the north side, and by the
large size of the other buttresses. I can hardly doubt that the groining
was erected. Yet, if it was taken down at the time the chan^ walls
were lowered and the chantry built« one would have expected^ and could
hardly have failed, to find extensive remains of it. It may^ however, have
been executed in wood ; and if so. I should not expect to see any

The Restoration of 8. Mary, Stone, Kent* 301

traces of it. for we have found pretty good evidence that there has
been a fire in the church which must have destroyed the roof, and
would also have destroyed any wooden groining. The traces of fire
are seen on the tower walls where the stone is evidently reddened by
its RCtion, and in the upper part of the walls we find considerable por-
tions of melted lead, which leaves no doubt tliat the roofs have been
fatarnt. This fire most hive occurred at some time between the erec-
tion of the tower and that of the existing roof over the nave — proba-
bif circa A.D. 1460 to a.d. 1600 — and in the general "restoration**
which it necessitated, I suppose the present chancel windows were
ittacited, and the old north chancel window half destroyed and then
Mocked up.

The work now in hand consists of 1st, proper provision for the ao-
oommodation of the parishioners (in open seats), the repairing and
warming of the church, and the restoration of the ancient vestry on the
north of the chancel, for which the funds are already provided ;
and 3ndly, the restoration, as far as funds will admit, of all the
ancient architeotaral features of the building. This restoration is,
aa I have shown, no guess work : we have now the most exact in-
fimnation on almost every point as to the original design of the por*
tions which have been destroyed or mutilated, and we are able to
gnarantee, therefore, a purely conservative restoration. For the ac-
oomplishment of this, however, large funds are necessary ; and these
cannot be raised in the parish itself, where the rector has already
contributed a year's income to the work, where the parishionen
have given a rate and some subscriptions, and where the architect
gives his help as a labour of love. I venture, therefore, to appeal on
behalf of this most interesting work to all admirers of thirteenth cen*
tiiry art ; more especially do I appeal to Kentish ecclesiologists and to
the Kent Arehasological Society, and I shall be most glad at any time
to explain either here or on the spot the works which we hope to exe*
cute. They are briefly, the restoration of the chancel windows, a new
chancel roof, the restoration of the groining in wood, and the in-
durating of all the carved stone work with the composition which has
been so successfully applied by Mr. Scott to the similarly decaying
stcmework at Westminster Ab^y.

These are all works as to the propriety of which I suppose there
cannot be two opinions, and the completion of which would restore to
us the best village church of its date in very nearly all its original
baaaty.

I need only say that any subscriptions to the work which may be
sent to the Rev. F. W. Murrey, Stone, near Dartford, or to m3rself,
shall be most carefully applied to the works I have described.

I remain.

Yours very faithfully,

OBOaOB EOMCTHD SraKBT.

33, Montague Place, Sept. 34, I860.

302

FAST OR SLOW.

Mt obaa Mr. Edrok, — ^At the EcHauUogist is a pn^xr
for the discuMion ckf qoMtions rcUtiiig to the ritnal of the C
send yoo loine thoughts oq a point which has often attm
notice.

There is, as we all know, considerable difiFerenoe of qiinion i
pace which ought to be used in Tarious parts of the Serrioe.
we shall be able to come to just conclusions on this subject
the use of those means to which we should resort on an j other
cooceming Church art or ritualism, namely » religious and ratic
tideration, without too much regard to the pnctioe of one
another.

The subject naturaUy dirides itself into two branches, one
to the singing of hymns, where the duration of each note csn
sured by the metronome, the other relating to the chanting or
of the prayers, and other portions of the serrioe, where mn
flexions are not used. 1 need not say much about chanting
flexions, or about the performance of anthftns and similar comp
because my present object is rather to investigmte principles
apply them to details.

It is desirable to get rid of every prejudice connected with tl
which stand at the head of this letter, especially as a slang use
has prevailed for some years. This may be done by considei
far rapidity is a desirable quality. In general, it is better to di
of work fast, provided it be well done ; but we do not admii
who spends his money faster than be gets it ; nor is the timbc
growing trees so valuable as that of slow growing. Bven ** im
are in the habit of walking along the streets at a slow pace.
is in best order when it goes neither fast nor alow. FVom
stances it is clear that there is no merit in doing things fast c
wise, except as one or the other may best promote the desired
I do not think that any one, whatever may be his practice, w
flatly that in performing Divine Service we have merely to get
a certain amount of work, and that the quicker it is done tli
If any parish priest holds such an opinion, he should take care
it out consistently. For instance* instead of walking from tl
to the chancel at a solemn pace» he should order his choir to
as soon as the dock strikes, in double quick march, himself I
up the rear at the same pace, and similarly back again, when
Amen is finished. But if he thinks that a certain amoont of i
is necessary for decency in walking to and from his seat in ch
not see how he can refuse to admit a similar pzinciple with n
saying and singing.

Let it not be thought that I am advocating extreme afawi
have witnessed both singing and reading which, in my opinio

Fast or Slow. 303

•

not a little on that side. Excessive slowness in singing may arise from
the circumstance of there being a large body of singers, a considerable
proportion of whom are not skilled in keeping time, so that one is al-
ways laggmg behind another. Another cause of it seems to be that
when hymns have been set to tunes of a light and secular character^
the organist and singers feel that if the tunes were sung at their na-
tural pace, they would be altogether unsuited to the occasion ; so, to
avoid this evil, they sing them at about half that pace. Thus I have
hfeard " From Greenland's icy mountains" sung to the tune be-
ginning—

tHJ+r-^s^^

in a style which suggested the idea of a harlequin walking in a funeral
procession. Every tune, I believe, has its proper tempo, at which it is
most effective ; and if a tune, when sung at its natural pace, has a se-
cular effect, it is altogether unfit for sacred use. A really churchlike
tune does not become secular by being sung too fast ; it becomes
simply unmeaning.

Among the various styles of reading prayers also, the genuine Puri-
tanic, as also a style much used by the old " High-and-dry" school, is
excessively slow. This slowness is due, in these cases, to the practice
of inflecting the voice up and down, and, perhaps, up again, on most of
the emphatic syllables ; though this inflexion is not made in exactly
the same manner, nor, probably, with the same object, in the two styles
above-mentioned. Such inflexions, whether in the whiniug or the
pompous style, and the slowness occasioned by them; have no other
eflFect, that I know of, than to make the service wearisome.

In the investigation of some positive and practical rules for regulat-
ing speed, I believe we shall do well to consider first the proper rate
at which hymns and similar compositions should be sung. Too great
rapidity in singing these seems to me to have an effect corresponding
to that produced on a church by cramping its dimensions from east to
west, without diminishing its height, breadth, or the number of its
bays. That there is an analogy between the prolongation of sounds
and linear extension in space, is evident from the adjective Umg being
universally applied to both objects. To bays, indeed, we apply the
adjectives wide or narrow, not long or short, but the width of each bay
18 an element of the length of the building. It is requisite in build*
inga that the length shall be in due proportion to the breadth and
height, and a similar law holds with respect to music. Breadth of
sound is a term which every musician understands. As a simple illus-
tration, I may mention that the effect of the soft pedal on a grand or
upright pianoforte is to diminish the breadth of sound. In the same
way a number of voices singing in unison produces a greater breadth
of sound than a single one, even though the many may sing softly and
the single one loud. The effect of height in sound is most readily
produced by an organ with stops of 16, 8, 4, and 3 feet pitch all drawn.

:yi'i^ FoMt cnr Slaw,

z -VTtiioat heiznt seems indeed more satiafkctoiy in mv
ji ir:ci?ect;ire ; tia: a CoCsideraDle increase of bread tli« either
v-.t:.-.at ui izKreue •j< n^cight, reqaires come increase of lengtfc
zLiT '-:« :e^€r>i ::t having the same melody sung, first by a stD|
'.nacccinpamed, next by the same voice accompanied in harmc
jrazi'itorte. or. wka: is better, an organ or harmonium ; and, 1
1 ::i2i::«r ci Tcices with proportionate accompaniment, in ei
L-iTinz rime keoc br a metronome. This law modifies in som
the one which I stated aboTe, of every tune having its prope]
aZ which it is most elective.

1 must now endeavour to lay down a few general rules a
proper times at which hymns should be sung. Dr. Layriz, w
oellcnt selection of German Church Music was reviewed in you
ary number, says, in hi5 preface, that chorale *' should be sud,
ur faster, according as the subject of the hymn is grave or chee
always in the tempo of a grave or cheerful national song, (m
and, on the average, about so fast that the duration of a crc
miMtm^ according to the notation generally used for psalmody
land.] may be equal, as Von Strauss aptly recommends, to the
and normal beat of a man's pulse ; in short, according to thi
Festima lente,'* This rule seems to suit both Gregorian and late
tunes very well. 1 must observe, however, that Gregorian tunc
have only one note to a syllable, as " Conditor alme" the second
of " 7> iucis" &c.. require a slower, and those which have m
one note to a syllable, require a faster tempo. Again, Englis
set in minims only, as Tallis*s Canon, require a slower tempo t
1 6th century tunes when snug as most of them are given in oh
namely, with a mixture of semibreves and minims, or the more
tunes in triple time. A phenomenon less easily explained is t
tempo which suits the simplest Gregorian tunes seems fast for i
tuues written in notes of the same description, so that the latter
ceteris paribus, the slowest beating of aU.

The second branch of the subject, namely, the rate at whii

parts of the Senrice should be said which are not musically inilc

in some respects, more difiicult to treat of than the former. 1 1

aware that the practice of daily Service has a tendency to pr

habit of reading fast, even when there is a high degree of rever

the intention. '1 he circumstance also of our having to repeat,

at the beginning of every Morning and Evening Service, an exhi

which, excellent as it is in itself, is, simply because it is an esho

unfit for such frequent repetition, affords a strong temptation to t

ciating clergyman to get into a highly accelerated pace ; beaidei

ditional evil of its lulling the congregation into inattention, whicl

not dwell upon now. There are some other snpeifluities in our

Book which have a similar tendency ; for instance, the verbnit]

Prayer for the Parliament. Nevertheless, it seems inoonintei

due reverence that a cleigyman should allow himself to md ft

church than he would spc»k in ordinary conversation : and Ai

frequently occurring reasons for a still slower ntteranoe ; nun^

the congregation consists partly of ignorant peraons ; or wliei

The Moteti Society. 805

the resonance of the building, no speaking that is not rather slow is
intelligible.

I do not know that the subject of this letter requires much discussion
ia order to the attainment of truth respecting it, but it certainly de-
■erres to be well considered, especially by clergymen and leaders of
choirs. Hoping that what I have written will induce such a result, I
ooaolode by subscribing myself.

Yours very truly,

£. S. H.

THE MOTETT SOCIETY.
To the Editor of the Ecclesiologist.

Sib, — I am very glad to see that there is now some hope of the
Motett Choir being made more effective and of greater service in the
revival of Church music.

It appears to me that although the praiseworthy exertions of the
Rev« Ftecentor have been most untiring, there might be some means —
powerful and easy of acquisition — that have been left nnemployed for
making this society more efficient and valuable, as well as its objects
more generally and favourably known.

It is a fact not to be gainsaid that the orthodox music of the Church,
•a long and heartlessly banished from the Service of Goo, does not
obtain at once the homage of the people. It is naturally received with
reluctance ; prejudice stamps it as uncouth and harsh, foreign to men
who live in an age that loves not a chaste and true, but a luxurious and
effeminate art. And it becomes us then as wary and discreet captains,
having the true welfEure of the Church's song at heart, to launch our
enterprise before the world in as palatable and pleasing a form as can
be devised.

I do not mean to accuse any one member of the Motett Choir, nor
mnj member of the Ecdesiological Society officially connected there-
with, of negligence or lack of energy, knowing full well how long and
seeh>asly they have one and sil laboured, thanklessly and almost hope-
lessly, onsopported and unacknowledged by the great body of Church
people* and men of eminence in the musical world ; but I wish humbly
Co bring forward a few soggestions which may, i trust, be of use in the
fatore of the society.

It has struck me» and I was glad to find the same idea had occurred
to one of higher standing and merits than myself, that if the Motett
Society were to hold an Annual Festival in S. Peter's, Westminster, or
eome other place of like importance and interest, consisting of a choral
cekbratioa, with the muiiC of Merbecke, and anthems by other early
oompoeera* with a full choir, the people would be better enabled to
judge of the real merita of the association, and of the admirable fitness

306 The Motett Society.

of the ancient Plain Song for the service of the sanctuary, and
men would see that the undertaking was worthy of encouragen
The concert room — as we are all aware — is not the place ii
we cBn/eel and appreciate to the full the celestial beauties
ancient ritual music, and its easy application to the wants an
sities of the Church's children ; — it is rather while kneeling ii
adoration before God*8 altar, and joining in the songs of ss
angels, that we can learn its precious worth, and with loving
ness claim as our just heritage those grand and sober strains t
kindled the devotions and haunted the hearts of holy men of
The Motett Society was destined — as I take it — for some higfai
and to be of greater service than merely giving concerts ; a;
are numberless occasions that might be named when such a
well-skilled voices would be of infinite use to the Church. T
dedication festivals, consecrations and re-openings of churches,
and colleges ; there are special services innumerable when tl
might be called in to assist. And at consecrations of Bisb
ordinations, when choral services are very often not performe
times from the actual want of a ready choir) the Motett Socie
be called into action.

Again, it has been thought very desirable that a larger rooD
be taken for the open meetings, and that the music should ha
accompaniment; the prices of admission reduced, and a sti
body of voices brought together ; but this cannot with reasoi
pected while the great bulk of the Church party stand aloof
society, and dole out upon it such niggardly patronage, or perhi
at all.

I venture to make these few suggestions, trusting that they
ceive the consideration of those connected with the associal
that at all events some attention may be directed to f:hi» ii
subject.

I am. Sir,

Your obedient Servi

EOMUKD E

[lliere is much with which we heartily agree in Mr. Seddmg

As the Motett Choir is chiefly composed of men who are eo(

business during the morning and afternoon of six days in the

is evident that they cannot generally be at liberty for occasional

on week days ; and the same cause would perhaps interfere witi

nual Morning Service and celebration of Holy CommimioD. Ai

Evening Service would, we believe, be practicable. The meedn

Martin*s Hall afford opportunities for exhibiting the coDpod

the Italian and other masters of the sixteenth and seventeenth e

with the original words, which could not be done in a olioreh ;

same remark applies to the carols, which have almost always be

well received by the audience. Still, it deserves to be weD cm

whether the Motett choir should not attempt something hi^

and endeavour to set a pattern of actosl choral wonhip in tl

conTcnient chorch that conld be bonowed for that prnpoie.}

307

SEQUENTLE INEDITiE.— No. XXV.

CXIV. In Octava Corporis Christi.

The following is from the *' Missale Frisiogense,*' published at
Munich, in 1 597» by Eraest. Duke of Bavaria* Bishop of Frisingen and
Hildesheim. I owe the permission of carrying the volume with me to
the inn where I was lodging, to the Very Reverend the Abbat of Lam«
bach.

Laureata plebs fidelis
Sacramentum camis Christiy

Summi Regis gloriiey
Qui, cum regnum sit in coelis
Cum affectn suae mortis

Se prsbet quotidie.

£t pretium pro peocatis
Fiat virtus Passionis,

£t augmentum gratiB :
Missa confert ista nobis :
Ergo digue sit soUennis

MissiB cultus hodie.

Hoc signavit vitas lignum,
Melchisedech, panem, vinum,
Ut placavit Deum Trinum,

Offerens Altissimo :
Aser quoque pinguis tribus»
Delicias dans regibus ;
Nam regalis Hie est Cibus,

Pane sacratissimo.

£t hoc^quidem designavit

Agnus sine macule,
Qnem edendum commendavit

Qaondam Lex Mosaica.
Agnus Legis jam cessavit ;

Supervenit Gratia :
Christi Sanguis dum manavit

Mnndi toTlens crimina.

Caro cnjns tarn serena
Nobis esca fit amoenay

Fidei mysterio :
Quam descendens manna coeli
Figuravit Israeli

Nobili prasagio.

Esca fuit temporalis,
In deserto datum manna :
Cbrislus panis est perennis,

Dans Ktema gaudia.
VOL. zxi.

Hie est Panis salutaris,
Per quem nobis datur vita :
Hie est Calix spiritalis,
CujuB potus gratia.

Hie est esus paupemm.
Nullum quaerens pretium,
Sed menti fidelium

Pacis praebens copiam :
O dulce convivium
Supemorum civium.
In terrft Viaticum, —

Nos ducas ad Patriam !

Vitse via, lux perennis,

Satians refectio,
Christe, c6nfer vitam nobis

Hoc sacro convivio :
Ut aeterno cum supemis

Perfruamur gaudio.
Quod ostendit Deitatis

Manifests Visio.

Vitffi Panis, vivax Unda,
Vera Vitis et fecunda,

Vitae da subsidia :
Sic nos pasce, sic nos munda,
Ut a morte nos secund&

Tua salvet gratia I

Jam effectus tuae mortis
Nos emundet a peccatis

Per Missae mysteria :
Summae templum Trinitatis
Sempitemam confer nobis

Gloriam in Patrift.

Jesu, decus supemorum.
Spoliator infemorum

Humili Victoria ;
Honor coeli. Lux Sanctorum,
Salus mundi. Pons bonomm,

Tibi laua, et gloria 1

8 8

SequeniuB imediim.

CXT. Isr Exaltation B S. Cbucis.

Fnc the suzw book. A noble seqaence. and worthy of i
\*>:t^, ihoQgh certainly not his.

I>£i£« ^izasa, lifnom VisB»

Hot ie I^BO bqaor floxit

Arcs Noek. qx

MESRhuc BixKni:
Crafts hna HmK Bsnata

Ofit fois

Cniai, Chiiile,
ii Bare due per nrtite,
Croefier.

For McnDcnun.

Hcc e« Var^ qoc Magmii
Vcru hydras, qnas eomm

Hcc uiniDqae lignani poslem
ScTum domo fogmt hostem,
Serrazis pffimogeaita.

Ifsadi lalaa. he aerpentis

El ssgpaias tuiCmca
Feriectis no* a truce

Aqua doleis fit ia Maii»
Ner* at prioii* est aoaray

lini admiaieQlo:
Cnl^TiipqwincMdt
Silkvm bbk ct exeuut

RiTuiB 11V lUD saseiuo.

Qnod in nobis est aniinu
Deusif dulce fac et sunm

Tiue Cmris gratia :
Edoe fontem bcrymaron,
laspirator, de aostrsram

Mcntiam duritia.

Crux est sicri itipitis
Index, angais tT|Hcns ;

Quo boaunum pesuferis
Genus sanat mornbiu :
Christiani militis
Parma, fnlmen hostiba

Crux salus in perienlis,
Dans talntem regibot.

QuK ooQe^t duo ligna
Yisitari fuit digna

Propbetae pnescntii:
H»c sunt ligna Cmcis su
Christus dbns, qiio, se di

Pascttur Eodeiia.

Tere fema qui Prophets,
Prophetamm dux et men
Clemens tuK Crucii Ictt

Suscipe prcconia:
Quos ex limo procreasti,
Quos in came risitasti,
Et in ligno liberasti,

Tnltn tno satia I

Carnem nostram oe eoafi
Yitiisque cmcifige:
SigDoThaii' noa inscribe
QuK nodva suntt dide*

Regras in nrcjcotibaa
Ut oompaaai dum hietam
Et IB Ineta pnegnraon^
Coureguarc nmeanmry
Pie Cbriata« dcnfvcaiBir»

Tecum in f gkatihi !

CXVL Ix Fbsto SS. Tbimitatib, Hmirus.

The foUowing is from a Terj fine folio MS. of tlie feutBeBd
now in the Fknnciacan convrnt at Zara, in Dalmatia.

^ The aUaaioB is, oT eoarse. to
which leads horn the mm Id the
GaUlclam TalhoC, miKr ct iad^gBus
sab sigDo Than."

Sequentia InedUa. 809

Festi landes hodiemi Voce^ cordis opere :

Rita ductas annno. Quern lex jnbet maacnlinum

Civet gandio taperni Ter in anno oolere.

Celebrant perpetuo ; o- i • ^ • -^ ^

Regem Trinnm dum ter trini Singulan Majesta^

Chori Uudant mutuo. „ ^^«« «* impenum ;

Sacroaanctn Unitati

Vita, melos, cor tapinum, Sit perenne gaudinm ;

Trini coitus munere. In quo simns nos beati

Venerantur R^;em Trinnm Per te, ChristCi pnemium.

SEQUENTLE INEDITiE.
(August Number, p. 202.)

To the Editor of the Ecclesiologist.

DsAB Sir, — Upon referring to the two editions of the Missale
Augustense, which I possess, I find that verse 4 of the Hymn " Flore
▼emans virginali," does rhyme throughout.

The editions

Aofniats, by Eckhard Radhold. 1610.
DihngKy by Mayer. 1555, Mense Jnlii.

The hymn occurs at fol. civ. b of the former, and at fol. 273 of the
latter. The words of verse 4

Gemmas fractas rrformavit.

£t sectas gentilium.
Virus hauttttifi superavit,
£t Uquoris non expavit
Bullientit oleum.

There are several other variations in the version given by your cor-
respondent, viz. : —

Verse 3 line 4, for "religatur'* read "rel^gatur."

Verse 5 line 3, for " rigas" read " rigaiw," the n being a line over
the a.

Verse 5 line 4, for " suffiraganti morte Christi" read " suffragan/e
wuUre Christi."

In CXIII. also there are the following errata : —

Verse 6 line 1,

Qui longe siititit ad cruoem pergite.

Verse 6 line 2, for " Deo" read " Christo.*'
Verse 8 line 3, for " clavi" read " clave "
In last verse line 5, read

Quiequid peto, tu semper tribne.

" intae** would scarcely make sense.

Slu Ecdetiological Society.

I bftTe trebled roa with the^e corrccdons because I think
S^q-entiz. Jlc. Ineditx. are to be nsefullT edited, extreme car
be takez. to hare thes* quite correct, as they usually occor i
vcicL are cct in eferrlodT's hands.

I remain.

Yours truly
August er, 1S50. J.

qTule azree with oar correspondent on the necessity of

tness in the publication of our Sequences . But this can

by scrT:pi:lously in each instance following the copy i

use, except in pal^«ble errors, which even then ought to be

Fcr subsequent Tmiious readings we are always much obliged.

present case J. C. J.'s readings appear to us to be later com

improrements. indeed, some of them — but merely corrections

gotm' was a typographical error of our own.) Swffragamii mmi

we believe to be the original. The writer, in other places, \

hare used i instead of e even in participial abladres ; and,

our experience goes, where there are Tarious readings of aor/e

Chris ti. the former is almost always the original, the latter th

ticn. In the last line, it is just because tribme is clearer tii

though the latter yields a tolerable sense, that according to 1

rule we are bound to prefer our own original reading. — ^T

rarious readings of our correspondent seem neither better d

than our own: certainly they cannot properly be called, as

them, corrections ; but we thank him for them. — Ed. Seq, Im

ECCLESIOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

A Committee Meeting was held at Arklow House, on Wc
August 1st, the RcT. S. S. Greatheed, Treasurer, in the chair

Letters were read from the Secretary of the Society of An
the ReT. Dr. Jebb. S. S. Teulon. Esq., J. Norton, Esq., E. R.
Esq.. W. Burgea, Esq., J. Clarke, Esq., W. J. Hopkins, fiisq..
Arthur Salmon, and an acknowledgment for the JEcdeHologitt
RoTal Institute of British Architects.

Mr. Slater met the Committee, and exhibited hia designs ft
stoFstion and re-arrangement of Bridgnorth chorch, Shropahir
the rebuilding of the chancel of Kibworth church, Leiceaterahi

Mr. Burges met the Committee, and laid before it his dcaij
small brick church to be built at Fleet, in Surrey. He also <
the original purpose of the Maison Diea at Dover, and the 1
the building which, after many alterations and matilatioiia. ]
lately repaired, and to some extent restored, after the design
Poynter assisted by Mr. Burges. Referring also to the liber
of Henry III., Mr. Burges discussed sereral queatums ffonnrf

Ecclesiological Society. 311

mediseval domestic architecture, and in particular called attention to the
fact that although pine timber was often used in the middle ages, no
works in that material of that date remained, whence he inferred that
our present use of pine instead of oak and chestnut in church roofs was
a mistake, inasmuch as it was not likely to last for many years.

Mr. Prichard met the Committee, and exhibited the final drawings by
Mr. Seddon and himself for the rebuilding of the College at Brecon :
also their designs for a new church at Mountain Ash, Glamorganshire,
for a new church at Ystradowen, in the same county, for the restoration
of Whitsun church, Glamorganshire ; and for additions to a Pointed
red-brick villa at Joldwynds, in Surrey.

Mr. White met the Committee, and exhibited his designs for a new
▼icarage at Beaminster, Dorsetshire ; for new schools at Hinton Charter-
bouse, Somersetshire ; Ingatestone, Essex ; and Buglawton, Cheshire ;
for the restoration of Catton church, Yorkshire, and for a new rectory-
house at Bradden, Northamptonshire.

The Committee also examined Mr. S. S. Teulon's designs for the
cbnrch, school, and parsonage which he is about to build at S.Thomas,
Agar Town, S. Pancras ; an unsuccessful competition design for re-
building Holy Trinity chapel, Knightsbridge ; the designs for the trans-
formation of the nondescript tower of Sunbury church, Middlesex ; for
a new school at Elm, Cambridgeshire ; and for two drinking-fountains,
one in metal work, to be placed by the Board of Works in Battersea
Park, the other in stone and marble, intended to be placed in Bryan-
stone Square.

The Committee also inspected the following designs by Mr. Norton :
plans for the restoration of Magor church, near Newport, Monmouth-
shire ; for a new chapel in Rheola Park, Glamorganshire ; designs for
a new memorial altar-table for the church of S. John*s, Paddington ;
for a new school at Disserth. near Builth, Radnorshire, for a new school
at S. Luke's, Bedminster, Bristol, and for some cottages at Nutfield,
Surrey.

Mr. Norton also forwarded for the Committee's inspection copies of
the chromolithographs of Leonardo da Vinci and Giovanni Sanzio, just
issued by the Arundel Society, as their publications for 1859 : and also
photographs of drawings from a fresco of Ghirlandajo. at Florence,
and from a Aresco of Masaccio in the Carmine church, Florence, which
are about to be cbromolithographed for the Society. He also men-
tioned the satisfactory growth of the Arundel Society's collection of
copies from the perishing frescoes of Italy, and in particular the en-
tire series by Masaccio, Masolino, and Fllippo Lippi in the Brancacd
chapel.

The Committee next examined the designs for a Pointed house, near
Durham, to be built by Messrs. Walton and Robson, who have also de-
signed a Wesleyan meeting-house for Sherburn, in Middle-Pointed.

The Committee having considered the following extract from Mr.
Robson*s letter, agreed that it was impossible to lay down a general
rule for such cases, but that it was a right principle to preserve as far
as possible what was good in itself, or historically valuable, or not
plainly incongruous with the rest of a building. The particular case

312

Ecclesiohgical Society,

■''■■

at Durham might depend on the nature of the inserted tracery,
the extent to which the restoration of the other windows had i
proceeded.

" I wish to consult you upon the question of restoring First or
Pointed tracery when inserted in Norman windows. In Duriiam Ca
all the windows on the north and south sides of the nave have had the
which formerly filled them removed before I had any connection v
building. There are, however, yet remaining two or tluree vrindows ii
the tracery, (placed there by the architects of the end of the thirteei
beginning of the fourteenth century) has escaped, but has recently a
the attention of the Dean and Chapter, who propose to take it out ai
monious.

" I have given it as my opinion that preservation not ' restoration'
be our object, and that there is, at present, no ground for destroji
tracery.

'* But ( should verv much like to know your views on the que
general, for it is one of no little difficulty. Did the mediaeval archit
sert it to give a richness to the otherwise bare Norman window ?
they do so for constructional or glazing purposes 7 I think the foni
that we, so far from straining after a ' purity of style,' which they des]
some extent, should even restore First and Second- Pointed tracery in ]
windows.*'

The Committee inspected a curious piece of alabaster panel set
which had evidently been left unfinished. It was discoven
downwards, dtiriog the restoration of S. Peter's church, Tba
Mr. Clarke, who was conducting the works. The subject is the
fixion, and there is much power in the design and draperies, sc
they have been carved.

Mr. Clarke having described the present state of the propos4
for endowing a Travelling Studentship in memory of Augustus
it was agreed, at the suggestion of Mr. Beresford Hope, that th
balance (of £3. 3s. 6d.) remaining from the Carpenter Memoris
might most properly be devoted to the Pugin Fund.

The President's Memorial to the Committee of the Incor]
Church Building Society in favour of the permission of moveabh
in churches for which grants are requested from the Society, w
before the Committee, and also the letter from the Secretary, tl
G. Ainslie, announcing that a Sub-committee had been appoii
consider the subject.

Mr. W. J. Hopkins, of Worcester, wrote to say that there wi
every hope of the preservation of the Guesten Hall, but that fane
urgently needed for its substantial repair.

The Rev. Arthur Salmon wrote to request aid towards the rest
of the beautifully carved aisle- roofs of Martock church, Somerse
which is about to be restored under the professional care of Mr. ]
The Rev. Dr. Jebb mentioned, in a letter, the greatly im|Mt>v
sign of S. Andrew's church, Dublin, which is to replace the theat
building lately destroyed by fire.

Two Lectures on Church Music, by George Smith, Esq., del
at Greenwich, and printed by request, were presented.
The Committee then adjourned.

Northampton Architectural Society. 318

The third and last meeting of the Motett Choir for the season was
held at S. Martin's Hall, on Wednesday, August the 1st, and was
numerously attended. The programme was as follows :

MoTBTT — " 0 Domine Jeau Christe" .... Paiestrina.

Hymn — "Te Deum laudamut"

{Set toith harmony for " Cantores,*' and unison for " Populus,**
in the alternate versest all joining in unison in the last verse.
MS, copied by Baini, the late Choir Master of the Sistine
Chapel, for the Hon, and Rev. R, W, SackvUle West, at
Rome, 1850.)
Hymn—" Etema Christi munera" .... Hymnal Noted, 36.

Sanctub Palestrina.

{From the Mass u)riiten upon the Melody of the foregoing
Hymn, and named from it.)
Hymn — " Jam lucit orto sidere" .... Hymnal Noted, 4^'
Miss A — "O quam gloriosum"

"Kyrie" ^

"Gloria in Exceltis"
" Credo "

"Sanctua" > Vittoria.

" Benedictut "
"Osanna"

"Agnus Dei" .

Canticle—" Benedictua " . ist Tone, 2nd Ending, {Canticles Noted)

Motett — " O beats elorioaa Trinitas '^ Palestrina.

Carol — " The foe behind, the deep before " . Carols for Easter-tide, 22.
Hymn — " Te lucis ante terminum . Hymnal Noted, 9"-

The novelty of the evening was the Te Deum, which has not, we
suppose, been sung before in this country. We need only add, for the
sake of those who did not hear it, that the unison verses are from the
well-known ancient melody, though in a form somewhat different from
any that we have met with before ; and that those in harmony are in
the strict style, but do not contain the plain song.

ARCHITECTURAL SOCIETY OF THE ARCHDEACONRY OF

NORTHAMPTON.

A Committee Meeting was held August 13th, the Rev. Lord A. Comp-
ton in the chair. Plans for the re-seating and enlargement of Ketton
church, by Mr. G. G. Scott, were examined. The form of bench
propofled was strongly disapproved of. Plans for rebuilding Sutton
chnreh, near Harborough, by Mr. Goddard, of Leicester, were ex-
amined, and generally approved. A design for the restoration of the
chancel of Kibworth Beauchamp, by Mr. Slater, was approved ; and
also, by the same architect, plans for the National Schools at Islip.
Plans for the re-seating of Wellingborough church, by Mr. B. F. Law,
which have been formerly approved, were re-submitted to the con«
aideratioii of the committee. They show the entire re-seating of the

r

I

1
1 1

.'J
1- 314 Northampton Architectural Society.

■ \

<<-^ nave with low open benches, in character with the restontion of

chancel, excellently carried out by the same architect some years
I A design for a pair of cottages, on a ground-plan selected by Uie (

mittee, by Mr. J. Pedley, of Southampton, was minutely criticised

agreed to. It is purposed by the society shortly to publiah this ;

and to devote the money voted for prize competition, which was hi
] sufficient to call forth superior competitors, to the expenses of the

' lication. Two memorial crosses, by Mr. W. J. GKllett, of Leicf

were exhibited; and the design of a reredos for Smeeton, by

Slater, in which several alterations were advised. The design fo
^' society's seal, by Mr. O. Jewitt, was accepted. A portfolio of a

^ tectural drawings, by Mr. J. Pedley, was exhibited, and also ten ]

for a mausoleum, to be erected at Sherborne, for Mr. Digby, by
I W. Slater. The subject of the mode of grants made to new am

stored churches, by the Church Building Societies, having beei
I ferred to a sub-committee, their report was agreed to, and the fol

ing memorial unanimously resolved on, to be communicated to
j Society of the Archdeaconry and the Incorporated Society in Lond

, " The committee of the Architectural Society of the Archdeac

of Northampton desire to call the attention of the Church BniJ
I Society of this Archdeaconry to some of the evils arising from

present method of making grants to new or restored churches.

vj the rules and practice of this, as of most, if not all Church Bui]

■ I

I ;
' 1

Societies, the increase of accommodation, upon which grants

made, is estimated by the number of sittings shown on the gro

plan ; and this, without any reference to their convenience of

and only partially with regard to convenience of occupation.

result is, that the architect, in order to gain for his employer

largest amount of grant, is led to reduce his seats to the Tery nan

est measurement allowed, to cramp his passages, crowd in seats

the most inconvenient places for hearing or seeing, and occupy spi

(as for instance, close to the reading desk, round the font, or in

chancel,) which the order of the Church Service almost demand

be left open. In many cases, for the sake of showing a greata

crease of sittings, the whole are spoilt, and kneeling almost prevei

We would respectfully suggest, if the grant were made accoidiii

the available ground area, these evils would be avoided, without

attendant disadvantage. In new churches there would be this

ditional gain, that only the number of seats actually required for

existing congregation need be, in the first instance, supplied, the;

saving a portion of the first outlay, (which could be more easily i

plied from time to time,) and preventing that cold and deadei

effect which is often produced in churches built for a small, inciea

population, where the few worshippers are scattered over a large \

!. of seating, instead of being concentrated and united in one place.

l! such a case it may reasonably be supposed that the churchwan

. ,^| would meet, to the utmost of their power, the growing demand of i

j ' I applicants as they arise, and utilize all the space that could oonvenie]

Jj ji ^ occupied ; but even should the society deem it necessary to in

on the production of a plan for the ultimate arrangement of the seal

;i

Northampton Architectural Society. 815

it 18 still suggested that the grants be made according to the dimen-
sions of the ground area, not according to the estimated number of
persons to be seated."

It havmg been intimated that the Archaeological Institute of Great
Britain and Ireland purpose holding their great annual meeting at
Peterborough in 1861, it was resolved that the society was prepared to
promote in any way in its power the success of the meeting.

Photographs were ordered to be made of ancient bridges on the
Nen, which are continually undergoing repairs and alterations, and the
old features of many of which are daily becoming obliterated. Also of
the church of Sutton Bassett, about to be restored.

The annual meeting was decided on for Tuesday, the 1 1th of Sep-
tember, when the S. Sepulchre*s committee will assist in the meeting,
and Mr. Poole will read a paper on the Round Church. The reports of
the year are in the course of being distributed.

On Tuesday, Sept. llth, the Annual Meeting of this Society was
held at Northampton, and on that occasion the first stone of the en-
largement of S. Sepulchre's church in that town was laid by Lord
Henley.

The following Report was read by the Secretary, the Rev. T. James.

** The object of our present gathering having direct reference to the
important matter of the Round Church of S. Sepulchre, in this town,
I will make my technical report on this occasion as short as possible,
only begging you not to measure the work and advantages of our Ar-
chitectural Society by the brevity of the space and the dryness of the
matter which I shall this day devote to it ; though, with so large an
assemblage as I see before me, many of whom I could not expect again
to compass within the reach of the net of our annual address, I would
willingly have said something more full and explanatory of the nature
of oar society, and have begged those who know us only at a distance
to come nearer to us and join us, and help to make our society what I
am sure it might be made, with great general advantage to all, the
common ground for both town and county to take on the wide field
not only of what relates to architecture, but to archaeology and history,
the fine and the useful arts.

" Of new and restored churches which have come under the conside-
ration of our committee since our last meeting, in October, 1859, are
the designs for the new chapel at Catesby, by Mr. W. Gillett ; for the
new aisle of Tiffield, built for Lord Southampton, by Mr. Law ; for the
restoration of Owston church, Leicestershire, by Mr. GkKldard ; the
enlargement and reseating of Uppingham church, by Mr* Pearson ;
the rebuilding of Gilmorton church, by Mr. W. SmitJi : the reseating
of the nave of Wellingborough church, by Mr. Law ; for a new church
of brickf at Leicester, by Mr. Scott ; the restoration of Ketton church,
by the same architect ; the rebuilding of Sutton Basset church, by Mr.
Goddard ; the restoration of Kibworth chancel, by Mr. Slater; for the new
Tndning College of Peterborough, by Mr. Scott, (the building of which
is for the present postponed) ; for a new girl's school, at Weedon, by Mr.

VOL. XXI. T T

816

Norihttmptan Architectural Society.

•i

.t
if

if'

Law : new Nadooal Sohool, at Ulip» l»y Mr. Slater ; and for a
to the school at Holywell. Sub-oommittees have visited the <
of Stoke Bruerae and Raunds, with a view to projected improi
and I am happy to be able to aonounce to-day that the <diurch
ton is about to be placed for restoration in the hands of your d
Of places without the archdeaconry and diocese many plans hi
submitted by Mr. Slater, Mr. Street, and others. Designs
reredoses at Finedon and Smeeton, both by Mr. Slater ; for tl
tiful pavement at Easton Maudit, by Lord Alvryne CompUM
worth a visit) ; for cottages, by Mr. J. Pedley ; for memorial
by Mr. W. Gillett and o^ers, have been advised upon and g
approved. Most of the churches mentioned in former repoi
since been finished and opened ; and other like works have bei
on which have not come officially under our cogniaance. but all
that increased zeal and increased knowledge may flourish i
together, and that architectural taste, instead of interfering v
materially helped on, the urgent claims for increased church acco
tion. In every case the principles of correct church anrangem<
been recognised, and in most, completely carried out. It wool'
repeating an old story to say that, in every instance, low, open,
seats have been adopted, galleries disannulled, pulpits simpli
old reading-pew discriminated into prayer-desk and lectern, ai
wherever practicable, the greatest step, perhaps, of all haa been
of placing the choir in their proper plac^ — the chancel. I an
to inform you that our relations with allied societies, (if I mi
lowed to adopt the phraseology of Royal speech) continue i
most satisfactory footing, and that the reception given to tbe i
of our society who accepted the invitation of the Lincoln St
their meeting at Worksop, and of the Cambridge Society, to
chitectural Congress at Cambridge, was of the most gratifying ch
that they were welcomed with the greatest hospitality and ui
and thorooghly enjoyed the very pleasant excursions which i
ganised mainly with reference to the entertainment of atranj
think we ought, some day, to return the compliment, and if t
of Northampton will give us any encouragement, I can com
more pleasant or instructive tour to the architecturalist and 1
quarian than might be organised in an excursion starting f
town.

" I have to announce that the Archeological Institute of Gh
tain and Ireland purpose to hold their great annual meeting ai
borough next autumn ; whether they will be able to run on i
Northampton in their excursions, I know not, but their assemblii
diocesan city will be an opportunity which few lovers of art oi
will fail to take advantage of; and our committee, appreciating
caaion, has passed a resolution promising all the assistance in the
to promote the success of the Institute's meetiog.

*' During the year, a most interesting communication was i
the society by Mr. Canon Arglea, relating to the diaoovery of
sedile and benches, in the SajLon tower of Bamaok. A nich
west wall, formed by a triangular heading of beam-ihaped

Northampton Architectural Society. 817

"which had greatly puzzled the antiquaries, was found, on the remoral
of the soil, to be the canopy of a stone sedile, no doubt a seat of great
honour in Saxon times, when the fine tower arch opened into the
church, and formed, probably, a chapter-house for the ecclesiastics con-
nected with the building, or, possibly, the tribunal of some secular
power. But, whatever its use, it must undoubtedly be pronounced
the most ancient place of solemn session and conclave existing in this
kingdom.

*' The colouring of the apse of the choir of Peterborough cathedral
haa been finished, and combined with that of the roof, and the scraping
of the stone work, has tended greatly to remove the cold and cheerless
aspect which the east end formerly wore. The present painting can«
however, only be regarded as a temporary expedient, awaiting the in-
troduction of some richer material and design, worthy of the east end
of so noble a cathedral. One new window of coloured glass has been
lately inserted in the cathedral, and others are about to be added. Con-
nected with the cathedral of Peterborough, the sub* committee for church
muaic must congratulate the members of this society on the eminent
•access of the parochial choral meeting held at Peterborough on the
26th of May last. Seventy parish choirs have already joined the as-
sociation, of whom fifty at least were represented on that occasion,
and the stimulus which this gathering has given to good church music
is already felt in every corner of the diocese. Though on the society's
great festivals, in order to give an example of the most perfect form, a
full choral service will be sung, it is by no means intended by the as-
sociation to propose the introduction of such service generally into our
parish churches ; but rather, by setting before the choirs and congre-
gation a correct model, to induce each choir to attempt only such por-
tions of the service as they can efficiently execute, and which, by its
good execution, would recommend itself to the people : the main object
of the association being (as the prospectus states) to introduce really
good music into our churches, and to promote general congregation^
aioging. I may mention that besides the annual meeting of the Choral
Chnrch Association at Peterborough, it is purposed to hold local meet-
ings at most of the chief towns of the diocese, and that one will be held
in Northampton, in S. Griles' church, on the 4th of October next.

'* A memorial, of most important bearing, has been drawn up by our
society, and forwarded to the Incorporated Church Building Society of
I^ondon, and to that of this Archdeaconry, requesting the societies to
make their grants rather with reference to the extent of the ground-
area of new or enlarged churches than to the number of so-called
« sittings' shown upon the plan. The effect of this suggestion, if car-
ried out, would be to discourage the erection of galleries, which always
spoil as many seats below as they make above, to prevent cramping and
crowding in seats, which, for the sake of a few extra pounds of grant,
the architect often feels himself obliged to submit to ; and generally to
improve the architectural and ritual arrangements of the church with
more real accommodation and convenience to the congregation.

*' One other most important class of buildings our society has from
the firrt never lost sight of, though it haa had great difi&culty, and little

318

Northampton Architectural Society.

I

• I

u

external encouragement, in bringing it more prominently forwa
— that of cottages for the labouring classes. From time to time
out success, we have applied to local agricultural societies, wh<
be supposed to have even a nearer interest than ourselves in tk
ter, but have been unable to get them to join with us in offering
or prizes for the best model cottage for the midland districts. A*
we have been encouraged in our undertaking by some of oar asi
architectural societies, and, having hit upon a plan which seen
to combine every desideratum of a good cottage, we are about to
it, with specifications and estimates, for distribution among on
bers, and possibly also for general sale. If we are really succc
this design, I feel that we shall have accomplished a work not se
to that of the furtherance of correct taste and arrangement in ecd
and scholastic architecture ; and shall deserve to be ranked am
practical, working societies of the county, if, in addition to ha
churches and good schools, we have done all that externals cai
give the poor man a comfortable home.

" By a rule of our society, it is our office to procure photo
pictures of all old buildings, of any architectural character, befo
are destroyed or restored (and I am sorry that the latter wor
implies the former.) These have already been made for us by t
ful hands of Mr. Jennings, from the originals at Cateaby, !
Higham, and elsewhere ; and, by a recent resoludon, we hav
missioned the same artist to obtain for us faithful representatioi
the ancient bridges on the Nen and other rivers of the county—
of structures^ many of which have great interest and picti
beauty, but which the tide of modem improvement is soon li!
sweep away.

" And one word now on the part taken by our society with re
to S. Sepulchre's, which shall not interfere with what the seen
the local committee has to say upon its present prospects, or Mi
on its former history. On the establishment o( our societ)
fifteen years ago, the very first application which we received wi
the Vicar of S. Sepulchre's, to assist him in carrying out the rest
of his church, and we promised him that assistance ; but immc
afterwards circumstances, into which I need not now enter, renc
advisable that we should first take in hand the restoration of S. ]
recommended to us as it was, among other reasons, by the i
which Mr. and Miss Baker took in the work. Mr. Butlin i
generously postponed his prior claim, on the understanding tha
S. Peter's was finished we would immediately set to work wi
larger and more important work of the Round Church. Indc
Rural Dean, who issued circulars asking subscriptions for S. J
distinctly stated to each subscriber that he should expect U
much for S. Sepulchre's when that work was begun. And n
promised, and most have remembered that they did so. Up
completion of S. Peter's, the claim of S. Sepulchre's was reviv(
with little success, till, upon the lamented death of our late most ki
intelligent president, the Marquis of Northampton, a new effo
made and several additional subscriptions given. It was pn^oaed,

Northampton Architectural Society. 819

outset^ to have made the whole restoration memorial to Lord North-
ampton, and if the London committee had acted in good faith, the work
might have been done, but they so delayed and haggled with us, that
the time for striking was gone by, and we were forced to throw over
the larger scheme and the London committee together, and form a se-
parate local memorial committee, with the more confined object of con-
necting a memorial of the late Marquis with some portion of the round
church (in which he took so great an interest), and leaving the greater
work of restoration and enlargement to a general committee. The
fund for the Northampton memorial the special committee still hold in
band, to the amount of £300 to £400 ; and when the round part is
cleared of its incumbrances, they will be prepared to advise upon the
outlay of the sum. A handsome central font and a memorial pavement
are probably the objects to which those subscriptions will be devoted.
Meanwhile the many calls for church and school purposes within the
town prevented the general committee from pressing the claims of poor
' 'Pulchre's ;' and though a few additional subscriptions fell in, and the
money in the banks gained some little interest, yet the cause flagged^
and the sum collected was greatly inadequate to the large amount re-
quired. Last year a local committee, composed chiefly of parishioners
themselves, from whom alone a real living spring of action could be ex-
pected, and from whom it ought to come, took the matter in hand in
earnest, and by joining the older general committee brought the business
to the position in which you now find it. Of that position I shall leave
the local secretary to speak ; but, before I do so, I must be allowed to
mention what that committee in their own report would be disposed to
omit, how much the parish, and the town and county also, are indebted
to the zeal of the Vic^r and the two churchwardens, Mr. CoUedge and
Mr. Page, and equally so to two other parishioners, Mr. Rands and
Mr. Gray, without whose unwearying exertions little would have been
done.

" Of course there is still a want of funds to carry out the entire plan
of Mr. Scott, and with less than that I hope you will not be satisfied.
After the many postponements, interruptions, lukewarmness and de-
lays, I feel that it is ' now or never' with S. Sepulchre's church. It is
not for me to make an appeal in a cause which, if it does not recom-
mend itself to you who are so much more interested in it, would not be
enhanced by any formal exhortations from a stranger, but, as speaking
for our society, I may say, in the spirit of the words of our resolution,
that ' we feel the strongest interest in the restoration and enlargement
of 5. Sepulchre's church, and will continue to promote this object to
the utmost of our influence and power ;' not looking to the work as
mere antiquarians, but as fellow Churchmen, wishing to see room made
in the mother church of so large a parish for that great body of the
poorer parishioners, whom the miserable existing accommodation has
so sadly debarred from their equal rights in the House of God.

*' This brief summary of our proceedings will, I hope, show (for by
the nature of our present meeting I consider that our society is, in a
senae, on its trial before the public to-day) that we are not mere dab-
Uera in matters of taste, but that while we keep an eye to the preserya*

i

820 fForeeder Arehiteetmvl Society.

tioo. or at anj nte to the record, of hxnl uitiqaitiM. vtA to t
motioa of good itjlc ia ■rchitecture, tbc greater part of onr ti
care U devoted to practical objecta, beuing immediately apoa t
gioua, educatioiul, and domestic welbre of the people ; ■■
whether in the charch, the school, or the hoose, the clmee for «
labour moit heartily, and whose battle we shall be ever im
fight, i> that of our fellow -workmen, the labonriog poor. Wi
ipirit our aodety was instituted : in that it baa eodeavoored t
that, in holy wtuds, it hat embodied in its adopted motto, oo
we have juit had permanently engraved on its new badge and
'Niai DoMiiruai' and in accordance with whidi, I tnist,iti
be deemed inappropriate for roe to conclude my report, by IC]
in English, the whole text, already read in S. Sepnlchra's chn
to-day i ' Except the Loan huild the house their labonr i> bat 1
build it.' "

Afterwards very able paper* on ronnd chnrchea in general
Sepulchre's, Northampton, in particular, were read by the Km
Poole and the Rev. T. James.

WORCESTER DIOCESAN ARCHlTECrURAL SOCI!

Ths first ezcnraion of this Society for the pretent year lay amoi
chnrchea situated to the eatt of Worcester, commenong with
ley and ending with Abbot's Morton.

The first place on the programme waa Spetchley church, an
party alighting there, the gate of the churchyard was fbun
locked. In explanation of this circumstance the following lei
prodnced, which had been received that morning by Mr. J, S. ^
in reply to a note inviting the rector to accompany the excnis
asking him if he would be kind enongh to arrange that tbe
might be open for the inapection of the party on their arrival ^■

•' Red-UU, Wortnter. Jne mtk, 1

" Dear Sir, — Bearing in mind the ungenercoa remarks ia tk

of the Architectural Society, on their last viut to Spetdiley el

feel that I should incur displeasure if I [^aced the choroh kaya

disposal : I am, therefore, very reluctantly obliged to refuse to i

" I am, UthfuUy youra,

" RoBun Bamji
" J. Severn Walker. Esq."

An external examination of the ehnreh wu made by tone
party, and a general opinion waa expressed that the critidam w
justified. The party next drove to White Indies Aoton. The
character of this edifice ii Norman, with a few later iaaeilioM
Walker announced that tbe choroh was about to be mktgai ta

New Churches. 821

ttally restored, and the vicar produced the plans and drawings pre-
pared for that purpose by Mr. W. J. Hopkins.

The next church inspected was that of Churchill. Tills is a nioely-
pit^rtioned small church of the Middle- Pointed period. The walls
are in a dilapidated state, and to support them various unsightly
buttresses have been erected.

firoughton Hackett church was the next point at which the party
haltftd ; but this church had been recently nearly rebuilt, and offered
lew points of interest.

Upton Snodsbury church stood next on the programme, and then
Orafton Flyford, North Piddle, and Flyford flaveU were visited.

llie party then proceeded to Abberton. This church has few fea-
tures of antiquarian interest, owing to injudicious alterations and ad*
didons made at considerable expense during the last century.

The party reached Abbots* Morton in tbe midst of a heavy thunder
shower. Abbots' Morton church is of fair dimensions, and consists of
nave, north transept, obancel, tower, and porch. Tbe date of the ori-
ginal structure is about 1360.

NEW CHURCHES.

8. , Whitfield, Northumberland. — A First-Pointed church, cruci-
form in plan, with central tower and spire, has been erected by the pious
munificence of the chief proprietor in the parish, to replace an ugly build-
ing in another site. It is a building of much dignity, in a beautiful situa-
doD, solid and good in its construction, and the ornamental features well
ezeouted. The nave has a north aisle only, which is'not continued to
the west end ; the transepts are sbaliow, yet properly developed ; and
there is a vestry on the north of the chancel, also a large south porch.
The roofs are lofty and covered with slate. The arcade of the nave is
of three bays, with good tall arches and clustered piers, which perhaps
liave rather too much of the Middle-Pointed character. At the west
end are two lancets, and above them a circular window of lexfoil tracery
"With shafts forming the spokes of the wheel. Tbe other windows of
the nave are double lancets, having internally a detached central shaft
with capital of foliage. The transepts have each two lancets at the end ;
the chancel windows are more ornate in their mouldings and general
character, the eastern one bting a large upequal triplet, those on the
eouth single lancets, but all having toothed mouldings and banded
•hafts both within and without. Under the east window a kind of rere-
doB is formed by a range of trefoiled arches, with shafts having ^^^pii-^l*
of foliage. The tower rises on four ^ery fine lofty arches, with excel-
lent mouldings and clustered shafts^ with varied foliage in the capitals.
There is also a good stone groined ceiling under the tower. The tower
has on each side triple belfry windows with good mouldings and shafts ;
the spiie» whkh is plain but of sofficient height, is of the broach kind.

322 New CAvrcA

At present ita atone work is too white,
time. The ritual arrangeinentB are, on
MBts in tbe nave and transept* are all op
good. The chancel, fitted stall-wise, is
wood screen dividing it from the vesUy.
glazed tiles. The pulpit is of itone. of pi
fonning merely a front to the preacher,
bee west, and is without the chancel,
bowl, charged with quatrefoil, on a centn
shafts of intermixed marble and atone.

S. , FUet, Surrey.— We have bet

original design by Mr, Burges for a sm
place. Tbe plan has a nave, and aisles,
circular apse, and a Testry on its north u
a west door, which is protected by a Idi
roof, extending tbe whole width of the
usual hreadtb in tbe waUs of this chm
udes with brick ; the intermediate spat
The external arrangements are good ;
each side, and being raised on three ste
side of tbe chancel arch is approached bj
Tbe altar does not stand forward in the s
rail rather too close to it. Extemallj'
treatment of tbe material employed. '
broad unfoliated lancets, with arches of
moulded cornice under tbe eaves, to be D
thex is entered by bold brick-arches on
west wall ie treated like an arcade, brick
west window over tbe lean-to roof of tbe
rudimentary tracery composed of smalle
are single broad lancets; and at the east
a couplet divided by a shaft with a circle
arch tbe wall is raised into a beU-col
nave and aisles are spanned by arches, ai
gives a very substantial effect to the
throughout are very effective and suite<
door has considerable dignity, having an
orders formed in brick, and a tympanuD
our Loan in Majesty. There is idso a i
Dum of the smaller and simpler doors of
have another proof that the simplest a
hackneyed or commonplace*

S. Jama the Lett, Garden Street. Wet
pleasure that Mr. O. F. Watts has nndci
tbe nave of this church in true fresco,
surrounded by Angels and Saints — a 1
nave roof of this church is also to be paii
in medallions, we may hope to see a suet
interior. It is earnestly to be hoped t
the preparatioa of tbe plaster, ao that

New Churches. 323

from damp in the tame degree as in the Houses of Parliament, as de-
scribed by a writer in the AthefUBum.

8. -, Cardiff. — Messrs. Prichard and Seddon have designed a

small new church for this rising town, to contain 583 persons. The
plan is a nave of great breadth, with low ambulatories — rather than
aisles— on each side ; and a chancel — much narrower than the nave,
with a long narrow vestry on its north side and a corresponding " heat-
ing chamber" on its south side. The internal arrangements are so far
good that the chancel has three (!) longitudinal benches on each side,
with a pulpit on the north side of the chancel- arch and a prayer-desk
(fticing south) at the extremity of the south side of the chancel. But
the novelties of the plan are much to be deprecated. The style is
early Middle-Pointed. The exterior is ambitious rather than successful.
The nave walls are divided by pedimental-headed buttresses into five
equal bays, under a corbel -tabled cornice. In each bay there is a
similar window, of two lights, trefoiled, with a cinqfoiled circle in a
head of plate tracery. Below, the ambulatory has a low square- headed
window of two lights, with a shafted monial, in each bay. A peculiar
effect is produced by concealing the stackpipes in detached shafts,
which descend from the parapet at regular intervals and bury them-
selyes in the pedimental-head of each buttress. The east window is an
ornate composition of five lights with an octofoiled circle in the head.
It looks altogether rather too large for its gable. The west fa9ade is
even more showy. Below there is a single door, covered by a slightly
projecting trefoUed pedimental portal. Above this there are four tall
trefoil-headed lights, of which the middle two are placed at a higher
level than the others. These two have, further, a traceried circle above
them, and are spanned by a slightly j)rojecting arch, carried on thin
banded corbel-shafts. Above the gable there is a wiry kind of single
bell-cote. All this ornament, and all the knowledge of detail that is
shown, are, we regret to say, quite inefi^ective. Inside there are some
novel features, which show architectural power, but are out of place,
we think, in this design. The chancel is lofty, and has a vaulted roof
—a mere pointed barrel vault, divided into two by a massive transverse
arch which springs from the wall without imposts. The chancel arch
is similar— of two orders, and without imposts. The nave has on each
side very low cylindrical shafts, connected by obtuse arches ; the nave
windows being pierced in large constructional arches which rise from
projecting masses of shapeless brickwork above each pier. Upon the
whole we are unable to congratulate the clever authors of this design
on the result. We regard it as needlessly eccentric and as showing
far too great a desire for purposeless originality.

S. , Mountain Ash, Glamorganshire, — A cheap new church by

Messrs. Prichard and Seddon, to hold 500 persons and to cost £^000.
The plan comprises a nave with a south aisle not reaching to the west
end, and a small chancel (or rather sanctuary) not so broad as the nave,
ending in a three-sided apse. A kind of chorus cantorum is formed
very awkwardly at the east end of the nave ; but its seats are not
distinguishable from the other seats (ranging east and west) of the nave
and south aisle. The altar stands on a detached footpace on the chord

▼OL. XXI. u u

324 New Churches.

of the apse. There is a small vestry on the north side of th<
The arcade between the nave and the aisle is of three broad ar
two orders with cylindrical shafts. A narrower arch at the w(
forms a sort of internal porch. The windows are of plate trace
rather meagre in treatment. There is a corbelled arch at the ei
of the apsidal sanctuary. A small and thin belfry turret, oct
with slender octagonal spire, rises from the ridge of the nave roo
middle of the easternmost bay. The strangest feature in this
is the placing a large cast-iron stackpipe at each angle extemall]
apse. Banded by a massive strap midway these look like marbl
shafts. They die off in a battened basement. We can by no
approve of this whimsical device. The south aisle is gabled trans
with four* gables, the westernmost of which, rather lower ti
others, forms a porch. With some good architectural featu
design has too much ecceutricity about it.

8. , Ystradowen, Glamorgaiuhire.'^^Tlas is a very small

by Messrs. Prichard and Seddon, comprising nave, chancel, sou
porch, and vestry north of the chancel, "^e arrangement
good. The accommodation is only for 116 persons. The st
very bare Pointed, with broad lancets, single, or in couplets
triplets, except at the east and west ends, where there are fi
with shafted monials and plate tracery. The buttresses batten
foot. There is a small bellcote with a double arch at the west
This is somewhat needlessly elaborated by means of corbel shaf
nected by an arch, spanning the window on the west fa9ade. S
cation would much improve this treatment.

Private Chapel in the park at Rheola, in the Vale of Neath, (
ganshire. This is an ornate design by Mr. Norton. There is a <
ending in a semicircular apse, a nave, with vestry iind organ chai
a quasi-transept on the north side, and a porch under a tower
south-west. The chapel is very well arranged, though on th<
of a parochial church rather than a private chapel. The style
Middle-Pointed. The^wer is exceedingly thin. It has a plain
stage not high enough to clear the nave ridge, and a slender oc
spire rising from between plain parapets. The west end of tl
has an elaborate rose window above (externally) an unpierced
of trefoil- headed arches. The details are carefully designed,
pulpit, of marble, wants elegance. The material is the local I
sandstone (blue) with dressings of Nailsworth stone, and ;
ashlar of Bath stone.

S. Thomas, Agar Town, S, Pancras. — ^This church, by Mi
Teulon, which we formerly noticed, has been purchased in
Ecclesiastical Commissioners by the Midland Railway Comp
their London station. The company have undertaken to rebt
church, schools, and parsonage on another site. Mr. Teulon's i
sign is almost a reproduction of the old one, with the additl
tower. Many of the old materials are to be used again. W<
wish that the design had been a more manifest improvement U]
old one.

325

NEW SCHOOLS.

%

Elm, Cambridgeshire, — A convenient school-room 36 feet by 1 8, with
a class-room and cloak-room at one end and a master's house at the
other, by Mr. S. S. Teulon. It is a mixed school, with separate en-
trances and offices. The style is of the simplest kind, with slightly
Pointed detail.

Buglawton, Cheshire. — Mr. White has designed a very successful
little school, with a chapel-room over it, for this parish. The school-
room is 30 ft. by 1 6 ft. with a porch on one side. The chapel is of
the same dimensions, with an open roof, and entered by a porch over
the school porch, to which there is a covered flight of steps. At the
west end the wall rises into a single bell-cote. The style is of the
simplest Pointed ; but the structure gains character from the unusual
comparative height which its two stories give it. A chimney is well
treated on one side. Ample provision is made, we hope, for ventilating
the school-room, which is rather lower than usual.

Ingatestone, Essex. — Here we have a school-room and master's house,
by Mr. White, designed so as to allow the addition hereafter of an-
other school- room for boys and another teacher's cottage. The ma.
terial is red brick, very well treated ; the more important windows
being square-headed couplets with stone tympana pierced in foliated
circles, all in hipped dormers. There is a simple bell-cote for one bell.

Hittton Charterhouse, Somersetshire. — These new schools, by Mr.
White, comprise a " mixed*' school-room, 30 ft. by 16 ft. separated by
a porch and corridor from an infant school 16 ft. 6 in. by 14 ft. They
are built of stone, with more architectural detail. Early Middle-Pointed,
than is common. The windows appear to be scarcely large enough ;
and we do not much like the treatment of a clock-face over the door.
We notice however a very good chimney.

S. Luke, Bedminster, Bristol. — Mr. Norton has designed an excellent
school for this town parish. The site is a square plot, which is well
utilized. On the ground floor there are school- rooms for the girls and
the infants, and a class room. On the upper story are the boys'
schools, each room 60 by 20, opening into each other at right angles.
There are two teachers' houses. The style is a happy choice of an
ornate Pointed, suited for a town ; and there is a picturesque clock
and bell tower.

Disserth, Radnorshire. — By Mr. Norton ; for boys and girls, in
rooms opening into each other, with separate lobbies, &c., and a
master*s house attached. The latter has four bed -rooms. The style is
a good Pointed. There is a graceful bell turret, rising from the prin-
cipal ridge.

NEW PARSONAGES.
t

"■ Bentintter Vicarage, DorwttMrt. — Another hoiwe by Mr.

but smaller than the lait. The itody bere is only 10 ft. by 14
, The arraDgemenle however are thoughtfully plaiuied. The

'it is stone, treated with much skill: and the introduction of

^ I wooden oriel is exceedingly well managed. The style is Esrly

J I . with, for the roost part, square-beaded windows and shafted

ft Y There is a timbered porch.

ji Bradden Rectory, Northamptonihire. — Mr. White is rebmli

house on the old site, but with improved plan. The diatri
good, but we always like to see a more spacious " study ;" an
persuaded that the rooms, or some of them, should he nt mile
is here the peculiarity of a rise of ten steps to the chief door,
two of these steps are under a porch. It is a [ucCureeque amngei
apparently necessary in tbis case from the rise of the grauoc
practice it is inconrenient ; and steps in a porch are aeldoca
The material is stone ; the style a very simple Pointed ; and tl
ing is unusually successful.

I

SECULAR WORKS.

Some additions to a villa called Joldwynds in Surrey, i
Messrs. Prichard and Seddon, seem to us to err from over-eS
the picturesque. They are in red brick banded with blade, t
not he defended from tbe charge of exaggeration.

The picturesque village of Nuffield, Surrey, has been incn
some cottages from Mr. Norton's designs. A group of four i
ingeniously combined, witlt a bakehouse common to the whole
and each bouse having three bedrooms, costs £585. The style
simplest and plainest kind. A pur of rather better cotti^
same village has been built for £383. These are designed ii
ornate style, with dormer windows in the roof,
j ' J ' . A drinking fountain, for Bryanstone Square, by Mr. S. S. T

an improvement on tbe ordinary type. It is square in plan
low octagonal spirelet, crocketed and finialled. with small fly
tresses at the angles. It is of Mansfield stone, of two cola
marble.

We less like a design by the same gentleman foradrinkingi
for Battersea Park, of wrought iron, with an enamelled bowl. '
is happily enough borrowed from the old well-covers ; but th
is somewhat needlessly spiky, and hirsute.

Messrs. Walton and Robson have designed a house, tat th

Church Restorations. 327

bourhood of Durham, in rather pronounced Pointed, so far as concerns
shafted and foliated doorways ; but with square-headed windows
having shafted monials. We do not quite like the juxtaposition of the
late Third- Pointed embattled bay windows and the early door between
them ; and we have an objection to haunched gables. The general
effect strikes us as rather pinched. Inside the Pointed detail dis-
appears.

CHURCH RESTORATIONS.

S. PttuTs Cathedral, — ^The works at S. Paul's are in active progress.
The stalls have been lowered in pursuance of Sir Charles Barry's sug-
gestion, with much advantage to the general effect, and the organ has
been successfully placed on the north side. The old returned stalls have
been re-erected on each side of the sanctuary to serve as sedilia, and the
gilding of the soffit of the eastern lantern arch is completed. We
trust that open screens will be placed in the arches of the eastern bay
of the choir, which has been opened out by the removal westward of
the stalls. It would be greatly to be deplored both on ritual and
aesthetic grounds if this space were to be abandoned to the promiscuous
crowd of a Sunday congregation. The organ which was purchased
from the Panopticon institution, is being fixed in the south transept.
We are unable to sympathise with this portion of the restoration.

8. Leonard, Bridgnorth, — A restoration and enlargement by Mr.
Slater. This church was battered by Cromwell, but received a new
roof, of curious and characteristic design, after the Restoration. This
roof, which has been underdrawn and whitewashed, Mr. Slater very
properly opens and restores. The present arrangement of the church
is very bad, the pulpit and a reading-desk occupying the middle of the
north side, to which all the seats converge. The chancel is unusually
long. A new idsle is added on the north side ; and the new seats are
all ranged so as to face east, with the exception of those at the east
end of the nave and aisles, which are ranged longitudinally. In this
way, the choir, which is already disproportionately long, is pro-
longed into the nave by a kind of chorus cantorum. This part of
the plan ought, we think, to be reconsidered. The new aisle is of
Middle- Pointed style, affecting a local type; and the arcade is of
fire arches springing from lofty and massive cylindrical shafts. A small
▼estry, having a lean-to roof, without much architectural character, is
added on the north side of the chancel. This church is remarkable for
the unusual breadth of the nave, and for the position of the tower,
which stands south of the south aisle, its lower story forming a
porch.

8, Wilfrid, Kibworth, Leicestershire, — Mr. Slater is placing a new roof
on the chancel of this church. At present the roof is of debased flat
pitch, with a low lead roof. It will be restored to its original height,
as shown by the weathermould on the east wall of the nave, and vriU

328 Ckureh Restorations.

receive a new leaden covering. The east window will be repb
a new one of enriched Flamboyantizing tracery, and the ba<
will be restored in accordance with the style, with pyramidal ca|

AH Saints^ CattQn, Yorkthire, — Mr. White is about to restt
rearrange this interesting church, adding at the same time a
north of the chancel, and a south-west porch. The plan is a
the chancel being very long and the south aisle extending ei
beyond the chancel arch and opening into the chancel by a
" hagioscope/* The chancel is seated with returned stalls ai
selln. an organ standing on the north side, eastward of the sta
a seat and desk opposite to it, on the south tide* for which
assign no purpose. The rest of the seats are made uniform,
square pews being abolished. The architectural part of the rest
including the raising the chancel roof to its ancient pitch, is ad
managed.

8, Mary, Sunbury, Middleses. — Mr. S. S. Teulon is about to o
his transformation of this church (which has been already not:
us) by the recasting of its mean bulbous capped tower into a d
campanile with a western porch. The work deserves actual ins]

S. John, Paddington, — Mr. Norton has designed an elaboral
table for this church, as a memorial by a parishioner to his d
wife. It is of three kinds of wood, richly panelled in three cc
ments ; which are carved respectively with an enriched cross, b
the symbols of the Agnus Dei and the Pelican. It is all bri
coloured.

8. Mary, Magor, Monmouthshire. — A curious church, of tb
type : cruciform with central tower on massive piers, an unusual
chancel, short nave and aisles — ^the latter extending so as to fli
tower, and north porch. Mr. Norton, in restoring this church, :
choir under the tower, and brings down the altar towards the
of the chancel. He also alters the chancel levels, raising the i
four steps besides a footpace, and putting behind it a carved and
tured reredos with hangings on each side. Very little accomm<
is wanted ; and the north transept is screened off for a vestry, i
south one for the organ. In this design we do not complain of
iug the altar forwards towards the west ; but we regret the alt
of the ancient levels. The tower of this church is of singula]
ness and absence of ornament ; but the north aisle has a rich
Third-Pointed parapet, and the north porch, which has a
chamber above it, has a similar parapet and an elaborate foliat
cusped portal. This enrichment of the north side, and the pres
a porch on that side, while the south side is without one, may j
be accounted for by the fact that an ancient castle, of whic
remains exist, stood northwards of the church.

5. , Whiisun^ Glamorgamhire. — ^This little church, holdii

a hundred people, is to be partially restored by Messrs. Pricha
Seddon. Little more is required beyond new windows in the
side of the nave, and a new north walj. There is a massive west
with single octagonal apirelet at the north-east angle, of the loa
The new a^la ax^ arran^^ V^vn:^ ^^<&x. \ \^>\\ >^^ ^^x^ri^ TAoait

Notices and Answers to Correspondents. 329

thing but a longitudinal bench on the north side. The old chancel
arch is most inconveniently narrow.

Brecon College, — The designs for the restoration of this interesting
building by Messrs. Prichard and Seddon are now completed. They
(comprise the preservation of the beautiful early Pointed chapel, and of
the decanal buildings, of which the apsidal room will be used as the
•choolroom, and the transverse building at its west end as the library.
These ancient fragments are connected by a new group comprising a
master's house, dormitories, &c., for forty boys, and a dining hall.
The new works are in a pure early Pointed, and are grouped very pictu-
resquely. The kitchen is square in plan, with a lofty octagonal roof.
What we least like is a kind of open cloister, leading to the chapel, in
which all Pointed detail disappears, and the side is made of classical-
looking columns sustaining a flat entablature. The distribution of tiie
building seems very carefully attended to.

NOTICES AND ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

A CORRESPONDENT wishes to know if Nos. 47 to 50 (that is Nos. 1 1
to 1 4 of Volume iii.) of Winkles' Cathedrals are procurable, in order
to complete a set. I'he missing numbers contain Carlisle and Chester
Cathedrals.

Without expressing any opinion on the propriety of a church archi-
tect undertaking to build a Dissenting chapel, we may chronicle the
fact that the Wesleyans of Sherburn near Durham have had the good
taste to employ Messrs. Walton and Robson for a meeting-house there.
The result is a building which might at any time be converted into a
chapel for Catholic worship ; with an apsidal east end and properly
raised levels. There are dwarf transepts. The style is Early Pointed
with plate tracery ; and the door is a good composition, with Italian-
izing arches, having voussoirs coloured alternately. The artistic ques-
tion is difficult of solution, whether such a building, manifestly unsuited
for its immediate purpose, that, viz., of a mere audi forium, is a legitimate
design, because it may be fit hereafter for Catholic worship.

We may note as a sign of ecclesiological progress that the Record
a few days since published a leading article accepting painted windows
with representations of scriptural scenes. It is not many years since
difficulties might have occurred in various quarters in obtaining that
concession from cautious High Churchmen of the old school. We be-
lieve that we are not misrepresenting the honoured memory of Bishop
Broughton when we recall the fact that he prohibited on some occa-
sion painted glass with figures in his diocese.

llie annual general meeting of the Essex Archaeological Society was
to be held at Colchester on Thursday, the ^7th of September, and the

. J

'• i

330 Notices and Answers to Carrespandehis*

following papers were intended to be read : — 1. Notes on the
Conquest of Esses^ by the Rev. Charles Merivale, B.D. ; 9. O
Coins which have been found in Colchester and elsewhere in Bi
the Rev. John Howard Marsden, B.D., Disney Professor of Arc
in the University of Cambridge ; 3. On the Dialect of Essex, by
J. M. Jephson, M.A.» F.S.A. ; 4. On a Wooden Effigy of a
Little Leighs Churchy by the Rev. F. Spurrell. M.A. ; 5.
Roman Topography of Colchester, by P. M. Duncan* Esq
F.G.S.

The parishioners of Clyst S. (George, upon occasion of the
of the new schools in that parish, presented the rector, a we]
ecclesiologist, the Rev. H. T. Ellacombe, with a deserved tes
and address. The most memorable thing in the restoratioi
church of this parish is, perhaps, the way in which the personal
of the clergyman and his actual share in the work concil
parties.

The Memorial to Augustus Welby Pugin goes on, we belies
perously. A large sum will be required for the endowmen
travelling studentship, but we hope it will be raised. A small
remaining over from the Carpenter Memorial Fund has be
appropriately assigned to this fund. The friendship that exit
tween Carpenter and Pugin is well known to those who remem
early days of the Gothic movement. Besides, the promoter!
Carpenter Memorial proposed to have devoted the residue of t
after the completion of the painted window at S. Mary Mage
Munster Square, to the foundation of an architectural prize, hi
been sufficient. So the present destination of this small sam U
to that which would have been adopted had there been a larger 1

We hope that W. D. S. is mistaken in his supposition that th
desk has been disused in the choir of York Minster.

It is good news that All Saints* church, Notting Hill — Mr.
design — is about to be completed and opened. We hear that t
will be furnished with chairs ; and that daily choral service
performed. But a considerable sum, £4000, is needed for mal
building ready for consecration by All Saints* Day.

Mr. Clayton has in hand a painting of the Crucifixion on the e
of the chapel at All Saints' Home, Margaret Street.

Received— K., H. E., H. and R. PoweU. M. N.

HI;

THE

ECCLBSIOLOGIST.

i(

Si^urge tgitur ct fac : ct c rit Idominus tecum.**

No. CXLL— DECEMBER, 1860.

(new series, no. cv.)

INNISCLOTHRAN, AND OTHER ISLAND CHURCHES IN

IRELAND.

By Gordon M. Hills, Esq.

Imkisclothban, an islaDd in the expanse of the Shannon, called Lough
Ree. derives its name, according to the latest authorities, from Clothra.
leputed a Princess of Connaught, and sister of Meave, Queen of that
proyince. The era of these somewhat mythical personages is supposed
to be about the period of the birth of Christ. The legends connected
Ivith them which are in vogue upon the island, and even find a place
in written histories, would encumber these pages without illustrating
the subject. The first authenticated fact in the history of the place is
^e foundation of a church, or monastery, by S. Diermit the Just,
which may have been about a.o. 540, i.e., about a century after the
establishment of Christianity in Ireland.

An interesting feature in the ecclesiology of Ireland is the frequent
oocmrence of the earliest ecclesiastical establishments in the islands
which abound upon its waters. The opportunities for retirement and
isolation which the natural features of the country provided were so
extensively applied by the Irish missionaries and clergy, that no rock
or islet was thought too barren or dreary for the home of men never-
theless engaged in the active advancement of religion, and no spot too
tiny to become hallowed by the names and deeds of the early saints.
The island dwellings afforded a degree of security to their occupants
which must have been highly valuable in times when every petty chief
was at daily war with his neighbour. Such, for many ages, continued
to be the normal state of society in the kingdom, and the belligerents
appear to have made but little distinction between church and lay pro-
lierty in their devastations. Whatever the cause of their predilection
Im- island homes, the clergy of Ireland appear to have carried it with
them in their foreign missionary enterprises ; so we find in England

vox*. XXI. X X

332 Innisclothran, and other Island Churches in Irelm

and Scotland such instances as Lindisfarne and lona, which
track of Irish ecclesiastics and founders.

Besides Innisclothran, there are also in Lough Kee the isk
mor, Innisaingen, Innisbofin, Saints* Island and Nuns' Islam
dot of four acres and a quarter), on each of which to this c
seen the remains of a church. Of these. Innisaingen is kno
been the seat of a monastery founded by S. Kiaran in the sixt
shortly before the foundation of his great and most celeb
blishment at Clonmacnois, about thirty miles lower down the
and the founder is still remembered as the patron saint o:
ruined church of Innisaingen. Innisbofin had a monastery 1
S. Kioch during the life of S. Patrick, and the festival of S.
observed there down to modern times. Inniamor, though it
to clear its history from that of other places of the same m
to have belonged to S. Liberius in very early ages. It is
in connection with a civil transaction in a.d. 960. Anot
Inchenagh. appears now to have no other mark of antiquit
thau a fort, but has historical claim to an ecclesiastical esti
of some kind about a.d. 89S. Saints* or All Saints' Island
seen mentioned before 1259, when Clemens was Prior. £c
writers have confused its history with that of Innisaingen.
had the opportunity of examining the buildings which ej
fancy the foundation is not older than the Anglo-Norman set
this part of the country. Of the nunnery on Nuns' Island
information historical or descriptive. S. Kiaran's and S. Ri<
blishments, though they survived the Danish incursions so f
Irish churches in the eighth, ninth, and tenth centuries, were
in 1089. and had not importance to gain historical mention a
Innisclothran and Saints* Inland, and perhaps Innismor, reta
monastic condition down to the final fall of monasticism. I
evidences in support of the ancient fame for sanctity Inniscl
surpasses the other islands, and scanty as its historical recorc
much exceed those of the other places.

Innisclothran contains one hundred acres ; in form it is
triangle, having its base or longest side to the west* and
to the east, about a mile distant from the mainland of Longfoi
llie island rises on all sides with a gentle slope from the wa
agreeably diversified with meadow, arable, and wood land, ai
inhabited by two cottagers with their families. The eo
remains are a church by itself in the centre of the island, an
of churches at the apex of the triangle on the eastern shore.

I have said that the ecclesiastical foundation may have

under S. Diermit about a.d. 540. This period is the one nsuallj

but a work is attributed to the saint, in which the name of S. A

occurs, who did not live till the seventh century : this date hai

been questioned. In the biographies of S. Diermit no date is

the earJier era corresponds with that of S. Senan the fouik

island monastery of Inniscathy and numerous others, and of

of Clonmacnois, with both of whom he is represented to ha^

frieudftlvi^ and intimacy. An argument in favour of the M

Innischtkran, and other Island Churches in Ireland. 333

that no further mention of the monastery occurs till a.d. 719, when S.
Senach of Innisclothran (probably abbot) died on the 20th of April.
In 780 Eocha, son of Fogarta, abbot of Innisclothran, died. He was
also abbot of Kill Fochladha, in the present County of Westmeath.
These two establishments appear to have been connected, for the next
notice is of Curoi, son of Alniadh, a man of reputation for learning,
and abbot of the same places ; he died in 869. Kill Fochladha (a/.
Faghley, modem Faughylstown) is not again mentioned as a monastery ;
it became a parish church, which was dedicated to S. German, and of
which the ruins remain on the shore of Lough Dereveragh. Close by
is a well bearing the name of S. Diermit. At the suppression of the
monasteries the rectory of Faghley belonged to the ancient abbey of
Fore in the immediate neighbourhood.

These scanty records are all that have come down to us of what may
be called the first period of the Innisclothran churches, and to this
period belongs a very small portion of the remains. I believe that a
careful examination of the solitary church in the centre of the island
will show that S. Senach, the Abbot Eocha, and the learned Curoi,
may all have seen the belfry which still stands at its west end. This
tower, or belfry, measures 6 ft. 1 in. by 6 ft. 2 in. inside, with walls 2
ft. 6 in. thick at the base, and 34 ft. high. It does not stand in the
centre of the west end of the church, but rather towards the south
aide ; the greater space to the north was made to admit of the con*
atruction on that side of a stone stair, which is partly in the thickness
of the side- wall of the church. The church measures within its walls
34 ft. 6 in. in length, and 14 ft. 5 in. in width. The ground story of
the tower is entered from the church by a rude square- headed door ;
from the upright jambs and general appearance, it is highly probable
that this door is an after- work, and in that case the ground story would
have been originally a blind story as is usually the case with the Round
Towers. The next story has a doorway opening through the gable of
the church which is undoubtedly original, and like the elevated doors
€>f the round towers it may have been at first without any other means
of access than moveable ladders. This story is lighted by a quad-
rangular window in its west side, about 3 ft. high and 8 or 9 in. wide,
splaying to a greater width on the inside. As in the round towers the
windows are usually only a few inches above the floor, so it is here, such
a position affording to persons within the tower the greatest facility for
annoying assailants at the foot of the building without. The projecting
stone ledge which carried the floor remains. A smaller quadrilateral
window, several feet higher up on the south side, is sufficiently raised
to have been just above another floor, which, however, had no such
supporting ledge, and lastly, what is now the top story was lighted by
a small quadrilateral window on the north side. There is no absolute
evidence of the original finish to the top of the tower. Speculation on
the subject would direct us to something like the conical roofs of the
round towers, or the pyramidal capping on one of the slender square
towers of Cormac's chapel at Cashel known to be as old as 1134.
The whole workmanship of the Innisclothran tower is rude. The quoins
sad dresKngs to the openings are of the same hard limestone as the

331 Innuelothran, and other IsUmd Churches in Irelaai

walls, and are roughly wrought on the hces, but UDwraugl
beds and joints ; the walls, too, are constructed of large Htoi
customary in the early work of the country. This ia the only
belfry of any kind on the island. The eastern wall and gab
church remain in perfect condition ; the eaat window is of Ra
form, 3 ft, 3 in. high, and 7^ inches wide outside, splayed
in. wide inside ; the iDside arch is also semicircalar, and fb
aplay. This window is well wrought in sandatone, aud beloi
eleventh or twelfth century. The south wall ia nearlj dcsb
close to the eaat end is the bottom part of one jamb of a wii
dently Bimilar to the eastern. The north wall was windowle
a very small rude one in the staircase. Of the staira only tb(
steps remun, and those of undressed stone.

We may now turn to the group of buildings oa the east
This consists of a diminutive abbey church, with remaina of i
and conventual buildings, a small oratory, and three other
The buildings vary in date, bat, excepting the oratory whic
earlier, are within the period comprised by such further reco
place as exist. From the death of the Abbot Curoi, in 869, U
1015. where our history recommences, is a blank. The i
Lough Ree were more than once plundered, and the Lough 1
infested by the Danes, so that it may be supposed that the
their incursions so distressing to the whole country -was as i
to the church at lanisclothran. It nevertheless survived, and
portant enough in 1015 to attract the vengeance or excite th«
of a party of native marauders from Munster who plundered t
In 1050 the calamity was repeated, and again in 1080, when
of Munster himself led an army into Conoaught and Meath.
Nee. O'MuIrony, the Chronicler, and Hugh O'Fyn, Bishop ol
(the district now subject to the see of Kilmore,) died on tl
doubtless as inmates of its monastery. In 1141 the chiefta
O'Fsnels, a tribe occupying the country east of Lough Kee,
was interred at the monastery ; nine years later his son lU
" Pillar of the glory and splendour uf the east of Coonaught
scribed in the Annals, died on the island. In 1155 the c
monastery was burned, from what cause does not appear.
Gilla na naemh U'Duinn, memorable, according to the rec
poet, historian, and orator, and who was lector of Inoisclotb
on the 17th of December, in his 58th year. In 1167 we havi
of a priest of Innisclothran, and in the following year that <
who received the last offices of religion, and was interred 1
1 170 Diermit O'Brien, abbot of the neigbboaring and power
of Roscommon, died here at the great age of ninety-five, li
chieftain, from the south of the present King's County, was sli
middle of the island, and in 1189 we have further records of c
in which Innisclothran was made a dep6t for the hostages of O
in a quarrel between the eons of Roderic O'Connor, whose nal
reignty was Connaught, and who was also supreme over I
provincial kings till, at the invasion of the EnglUh a few yeu
Henry of England had asaumed the goverameDt. These twoli

INN I 8CL0THRAN

li

"^

N"l.

CLQO

S OB BtLtR..

N?5.

n_

CI-.wi -

E*

PLANS OF THK CBUnCBIil

K':"2.3.4. aiLd. 5
positiooB,

IN N I 8C LOTH* an;

lOM THE INTERIOR

Innisclothran, and other Island Churches in Ireland. 335

at Innisclothran probably have some connection with an ancient fort, of
which some remains are still visible on the island. In 11 93 the Anglo-
Normans, under Gilbert de Nangle, plundered Innisclothran ; in 1232
another Abbot of Roscommon, Tipraid O'Brien, made a pilgrimage to
the island, and here died. The latest notice we find is the death of
Donough 0*Conor, Bishop of Elphin, which occurred here on the 23rd
of April, 1244. He was interred at the important Cistercian abbey of
Boyle.

In the accompanying plate of plans, the abbey church, middle
church, and the church of the dead, and the oratory or Diermit's grave
are shown in their true relative position. The abbey church, the
largest edifice of the group, measures 47 ft. 9 in. by 21 ft. 6 in. within
the walls, and is a simple parallelogram in plan. The west wall has
fallen, but its foundation and the lower part of the north wall are of a
different material, and constructed in a different manner from the rest
of the work, viz., with very small and thin stones. This might pos-
sibly be a mere accident of material, but taken in conjunction with the
similar construction of the oratory presently to be described, it may
with great probability be assumed to form part of an older building.
I'he other walls remain nearly entire. The most important features of
the church are the two lancet windows in the east end, of which a
drawing is given : they are beautifully wrought in hard limestone, and
whilst both are similar inside, one is richly moulded outside, and the
other nearly plain ; in the moulded head, too, the inner portion of the
mouldings are made to project forward in an ogee form, not easily re-
presented or understood in a mere elevation. The whole east end, in-
cluding these windows, seems to have been rebuilt soon after the
devastation by Gilbert de Nangle. In the eastern part of the south
wall is an older window. It is 6^ inches wide, four or five feet high,
with upright jambs and round head, the jambs splaying widely to the
inside. It is without any moulding, except a piece previously applied
to some other purpose, and built in to the outside sill, and was without
glass. Another small window in the south side near the top of the
wall, an insertion two or three centuries later than any date hitherto
given, completed the lighting of the church. For it is very usual to find
no window in the west end, although it cannot be stated positively to
have been so here, and the north side, which is frequently in much
larger buildings windowless, had only a small one, which was stopped
up by the erection of the conventual buildings. The doors, one leading
into the sacristy, and the other into the cloister, have been despoiled of
every architectural stone. The altar, thrown down by some malicious
person in recent years, was of the same date as the east windows. Frag-
ments of its angle stones, well moulded, testify to this point. In the
east wall, to the right of the altar, on a continuation of the string
which forms the inside sills to the east windows, is a very peculiar re-
cess, neither aumbry nor piscina. It is square, with a simple chamfer
on the edge, (see plate,) 2 ft. 4 in. high, 1 ft. 10 in. wide, and 1 ft. 4 in.
deep. Within the recess the right hand part is vacant, and to the
left is an octagon base raised 2^ inches, chamfered flatly, and projecting
quite to the front of the stringcourse ; behind the octagon is a plain

I

336 Tfmiscloikranf and other Island Churches in Ireland,

square base, raised to the same height and cariously connected witl

all which is exhibited on the plate. The base is wrought out of om

the stones of the stringcourse, and the whole recess belongs to

same period as the east windows. An intelligent resident on the isl

described a short octagon pillar as having stood on the base of that f<

down to three or four years ago. Some of the readers of the Ecden

gist may be able to point out t^e use of the recess. I have not met \

one like it elsewhere, but it may have served the purpose of the cori

not uncommonly found in a similar position, and I fancy may 1:

some connection with " an admirable ivory statue'* of the patron ss

which the author of "Acta Sanctorum Hibemise." writing more t

two centuries ago, speaks of at this place. The octagon base mi

11 have formed the pedestal for the statue, and the square part have

I ceived a case for its preservation when not exhibited. This sta*

;! Colgan says, " ut subtraheretur furori Haereticorum tempore pers€

jj tionis," i. e., at the Reformation, was committed to the ground, and

ij having heard of this, and of its recovery by a certain worshipper of

saint, forbears to mention the name of his informant, " quidam i

giosus pater cujus germanus frater reperit etasseruat eandam statua

lest it should fall into the hands of the heretics, *' omnia sacra in i

regionibus demoliencium vel verius jam demolicorum/* The remain

conventual buildings form a wing 38 ft. 6 in. long, extending nortl

a straight line with the east end of the church, with parts of a dimi

! tive cloister, of which this wing contains the east side ; the south i

Vj was against the church, the west must have been a wing like the e

V and the north was probably a return of the cloister alone. The <

wing has in the ground floor the sacristy and another apartment.

sacristy covered with a Pointed barrel vault without any ribs, is ligl

by a very small but elaborately wrought window of the fifteenth centi

which does not appear to have been glazed. The other apartmec

entered from the cloister, and lighted by two plain loops on the <

aide. Extending over the whole wing was a single apartment in

upper story, lighted by two loops in the east side, and a beautiful

small traceried two-light window of the fifteenth century in the c

j At each end of the east walk of the cloister there remains a poii

j! arch, which opened into the ends of the north and south walks. Tl

L< arches are constructed of rubble, and exhibit the peculiarity frequeo

I Ireland of voussoirs, whose joints radiate to centres diflPerent from tt

I on which the form of the arch is struck. The corbels which car

t the roof of the south walk remain in the church wall. At the noi

^ west angle of the church or west end of the south walk, there remi

\ the springer of an arch similar to that at the east end, and which o

have opened into the west walk of which no other trace exists. 1 1

mise that the west walk formed part of a building which containe

lodge and accommodation for strangers and visitors, but of these, ap

ments not a vestige appears. Except the arch, which opened into

east end of the north walk, we are equally at a loss for material <

dences of that part. The whole of the screen towards the clou

court has disappeared. Throughout the abbey church and its mdjoi

the dressings are in limestone. The conventual buildings where tl

r'
'■i

i-

■

1

Ifmuclothranf and other Island Churches in Ireland. 837

join are not bonded to the church, and were entirely of the ^teenth
century.

The oratory called Temple Diermit, supposed to mark S. Diermit's
grave, stands about twenty-five feet from the south side of the abbey
church. It measures within the walls only nine feet by seven. The
west wall has a high-pitched gable, and is 1 ft. 9 in. thick. The other
walls are levelled nearly to the ground. The ground has collected
around, so that the door, which is in the west end, is only 3 ft. 8 in.
above the surface ; it is 1 ft. 7 in. wide, flat-headed and quite plain.
The jambs are much shaken, so that instead of inclining inwards in the
manner usually characteristic of the most ancient work, they now lean
outwards. The head and jambs are of chiselled limestone. Part of
the masonry of the wall near the ground is of coursed hammer- dressed
stone, which averages about ten inches high to a course ; the gable and
the whole upper part is of the same kind of walling as the three courses
found in the north and west walls of the abbey church. The frag-
ments by their position there may be as old as ^e tenth century, and
to that date the work of the oratory may well belong. I do not think
it older.

A more interesting structure than the last is that called wrongly by
the ordnance surveyors, Templemurry. The only name I could hear
for it on the island is Middle Church, which it obtains from its position
between the abbey and the church next to be mentioned. Middle
church is sixty-five feet in a . north-west direction from the abbey
church ; assuming that building to stand due east and west, the axis of
this diverges about ten degrees to the south-east. It consists of a
nave and chancel, respectively 29 ft. by 18 f^. and 15 ft. by 13 ft.
2 in. within the walls, which are nearly perfect, and have one Mrin-
dow in the east end, one north and one south in the chancel, one
south and one west in the nave. The east window is 3 ft. 8 in.
high, 6 inches wide at the sill, and 4|- inches wide at the top, which is
round-headed. It splays to 2 ft. 8 in. wide inside. The other windows
are so buried in ivy, the stem issuing through the narrow openings and
forming in some parts a casing of solid wood, that they cannot be ex-
actly discerned, but enough is clear to prove that all are of the same
character as the east. The side windows are less in height, that of
the nave being only 1 ft. 8 in. to the springing, and it is seven inches
wide at the silL There was no glass, and there is neither moulding
nor chamfer. The dressings are of sandstone, and the walls of rubble
limestone. Breaches show the position of both a north and a south door
in the nave, and of the south door one stone of the label, a simple
chamfer in sandstone, remains in a position which marks the form of
the arch as semicircular. The chancel-arch has fallen : it was the fnll
width of the chancel, the piers being without moulding or chamfer.
This building is of one date throughout, belonging to the earlier part
of the period in which I have included it.

Nearly west from the last, and distant 69 ft. 3 in. is the church of
the dead* so called, as the islanders say, because the corpses were for«
meily brought into it before interment. The name and the reason
assigned for it have both arisen, I presune, since the Reformationy and

4

S3> Imaueioikrejf. end ether h!and Churches in Ireland.

k=ce "^e '-'""'■•Hr r% fell niCo nxin. The church is a simple parallel
la iitsiie LzL^i^izzi are 24 ft. br 1 5 ft. S in. The east wall r
nearly pezztcz, azd tbere is a short return of the south wall, bat
wise iLe sc'^ith., west, and ::crth walls are levelled to the groand,
ease wiZ. rr»c=>a a lancet window 'S ft. "2 in. hisrh, 44 in* ^^ide
&II, and 3^ i;:. at the springinz : it is chamfered outside, was ^
ciass. tr:-^zti rebated inside, as if for a shutter, and splays to il
wide izsfd^. wit:: a semicircular inside arch following the splay
jkn:4 asd =iiie iz sandstone, whilst the inside jambs, (which ii
ar« ::' larze hizizier- dressed limestone, and the outside of the i
cf tiiAt izj^erLil chiselled. T&e return of the south wall termin
twenty izici-K I:cz with, the inside jamb of a window, of wbicl
rsdiizs vzr^es with the ca*t window. The walls are twenty
tw^cty-seTen inches thick. Notwithstanding the conjunction
lancet azd rsozd arch, and the mixture of material in the windc
while see=:s t? ha-re been executed at one time, and to coini
date witn a'ji:;:t the middle of the period included in the histori
tail* list zi'cn.

The churches :f the ~-r so far described, are at present wit]
cnclcs-nre. The next and last building to be mentioned, stands
diiitily wi:h:'it this enclosure to the south. It is omitted altc
cc the crdzazce m^. but locally is known as Lady Church oi
clen:;irrT .Marr^ the name which the ordnance surrevors hare
fcrr?-i to cce :: the other churches. The remains consist
fo^zij.ti;- cf a church 36 ft. by "20 ft. within the walls, whic
ift. Sin. thick: outside the western end is a trace as of a ^
ixrch cr ether external building, and at the west end of the nor
attached, but net bending to it. is an apartment 9 ft. 4 in. sqoi
side, ci which the west wall seems to hare had a window of som
and the ncrth wmIL which is gabled, retains high up in the ga
slU-stcue cf a window 10 in. wide. Little as there is here to g
to the dite. I have no doubt this is the most recent of the chi
This dedicatfcn was not known in Ireland before the twelfth a
and the remains bear n? mark to entitle this church to an earl
in its class. The spring or well to which the venerated nanu
Diermit gave a reputation for sanctity was not far from this chu
From the death of the Bishop of Elphin, io 1244. at Innisdi
to the &aal suppression of the monasteries, I know of no sin^
i record respecting it. Most of the ancient Irish monasteries had

to exist or greatly declined in importance long before the thn
century, and those which remained, unless refounded, as was th
with several about or shortly before that time, were eclipsed
far more imposing establishments which the Cirterdana began
twelfth century, and who were rapidly followed by the other m
orders of Europe, all hitherto unknown in Ireland ; even the &
tine nile there is^ I believe, no evidence for excepting from this
ment. Native ecclesiastics esteemed almost as i^Kwdea bad be
tensive founders of monasteries, and in the eariy ages Innitd
and its contemporaries followed the institntiona off dwir iaa
founders, or of such celebrated men as & Senaa of InniaeiJ

I"

Inniscloikran, and other Island Churches in Ireland. 839

Brendan of Clonfert, or the great S. Columba of lona, each the founder
and chief ruler of many churches and monasteries. Under the new
monastic system of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, some of
the surviving ancient monasteries became tributary to the new ones ;
and this may have been the case with the one whose history we have
foUowed. Its absorption might account for the blank in its history
for the remainder of its existence. Independent or tributary, we
may conclude from the character of the domestic or conventual
buildings of the abbey which we have seen to be of the fifteenth
century, that its existence was continued down to the Reformation.
The Monasticons do not mention its property, or the disposal of it
at that time, nur even its suppression, but the architectural evidence
is confirmed by Colgan, (whom I have previously quoted speaking of
the Ivory statue,) who states in a manner which seems to refer to
times not then long past, that the 10th of January, the feast day at
S. Diermit, was celebrated here with the highest veneration " vigente
re catholica."

At the present day, the very name of Innisclothran is forgotten by
the inhabitants on the shores of Lough Ree, and by the islanders
themselves, nor do the modem written corruptions Inchclorin or Innis-
cleraun, appear to be any better known. It is now Quaker Island, a
title derived from a member of *'The Friends," who some years ag^
owned the island and lived upon it. His pleasant little house is now
another ruin. Sometimes the memory of its ancient dignity is recalled
by the appellation of Seven Church Island, a name applied as well
to other islands and places possessing a group of buildings. In no in-
stance, however, does the number of the churches justify the title, and
anciently it was unknown. We have seen that Innisclothran possesses
six churches, or five and an oratory. Inniscaltra, Inniscathy, Tory
Island, and the Seven Churches at Onaght, on the Great Island
of Aran, had fewer in number than seven. So had Rattoo, in Kerry, (it
is not an island) and on the other hand, Clonmacnois and Olendalough,
both on the mainland, had more than that number. All these places
have been called " The Seven Churches,*' or have had that number of
churches attributed to them. The adoption of the number seven has
been cited from these instances to prove various theories concerning
the Irish church, which, if the other premisses are worth no more than
this, can have but little value. Glendalough was the first place which
acquired a reputation for seven churches, and was named accordingly.
The mountains of Wicklow, where Glendalough stands, were for seve-
ral centuries known to the English only as the impenetrable fastnesses
of the Irish dans of O'Toole and O'Byrne, who successfully resisted all
attempts to impose any law upon them down to the end of Queen
Elizabeth^s reign. Then the power of the native chiefs began to fall
off» but was not finally broken till Cromwell's wars. His success, and
the new partition of the land, gave rise to Sir William Petty 's survey,
and in all the maps which profess to follow him the ok) name of
Glendalough is dropped, and the place is marked as " Seven Churches.*'
Numerical accuracy oonid not be intended by the desig^tion. Its
application to other places is due to the assumptions of some anti-

VOL. XXI. T T

340 Modem Architecture.

f quaiies of much more recent times, and who for the most part seen

I have dealt with the subject ignorantly and carelessly.

A tenacious regard for the practices of their ancestors* leads

Irish people to adhere to their ancient burying places in all pail

the country, and amidst the many inconveniences to which the!

ligious dissensions subject them. In a vast number of instancei

church which marked the hallowed spot has long disappeared, am

the most part the sacred structure is represented oxdy by cruml

fragments. The ancestral burial place is resorted to in the fac

crowded interments, which frequently prevent the addition of anc

member of the family, except by disturbing the last deposited remi

Thus, sculls to be counted in not a few cases by thousands, and h

of bones strew the graveyard, and broken coffins lie at every i

The danger of a procession by water, the weariness and difficult

\ many leagues by land, and the poverty of relatives, forbid not

,1 gratification of venerating and following the ancient and still pre

.\ ing custom, resulting as it does in effects so little favouring a rever

for the dead. At Innisclothran, however, all this is forgotten ;

sites of the churches are duly respected by those who till the

around, but there is no tombstone visible, and no interment has ti

place within the memory of two generations. About the Belfry Chi

the surface of the ground still bears palpable marks of former ii

ments ; and the beautiful greensward around the eastern group ca

be dug without bringing to light evidences of a graveyard. W

so much of the former ecclesiastical state remains, and amidst i

determined adherence to ancestral religious customs, it is Strang

|. find so much obsolete and forgotten. Whilst sites far inferior in

ward evidence of dignity continue to witness the devotions of

peasantry, rarely does a pilgrim turn bis steps to this ialand ; and

nature joined in the declension, the spring forming the once venei

\ and frequented well of the patron Saint, has for several years oeasc

flow.

■V

!:

•i

.■f

.' ■!
■■■••

MODERN ARCHITECTURE.
To the Editor of the Eeclesiologiet.

Dbar Mr. EniTOR, — When I ventured to address you, I felt fh

was a bold undertaking to step forward and call attention to te

, ,^ ject, knowing that the peculiarities or innovations referred to

practised by many (but not all) of our most talented architects s
the importance of the topic justified a little personal risk. With l
pleasure, therefore, I read the temperate reply of W. M. P.

He begins and ends with a complaint that my letter advoi
copyism : a re-perusal of the letter will show this to be a mistaki
objected to the importation and admixture of an imperfectly devel
variety of Gothic, in preference to preserving the perfected type,
is probably unnecessary to argue that Italian Gothic is an imperfe
developed variety — for any one who is acquainted witfi it wiU at (

Modem Architecture, 341

feel that in Italy the classic or Pagan style possessed a very strong in*
finance even in the most palmy days of Pointed, and the latter existed
for a shorter period in that district than elsewhere. Choose an ex-
ample for England, Trondhjem for Norway, Hildesheim for North
€krmany, S. Stephen Vienna for the South, Cologne and Strasburg
for the Rhine, Amiens for France, and Burgos for Spain ; and then
say what Italian church will bear comparison with any one of them.
The Italian style is not only inferior in effect, but often false in princi-
ple, as, for instance, in west fa9ade8 (such as Siena cathedral) which,
like a Dutch little boy's unmentionables, present a splendid show in
front, but with nothing at all to correspond behind.

Doubtless, all of us cordially agree with W. M. F.'s proposition
that if art has life it must grow. With this view our architects did
not, in the modem revival, act on the eclectic principle and select the
most beautiful features of Gothic art, from different periods and dif-
ferent countries, and amalgamate them into the style of the future ;
bat they went back to the period when Gothic appeared in its purest
form, hoping thence to develope a variety which should rival, if not
excel, the glories of mediaeval architecture. Artists are, and should
be, sanguine of their art, and of their own powers and genius: to
others, the thought of excelling medieval chef-d*OBuvres indicates a de-
gree of sanguineness not easy to realise.

Here we come to the main point at issue between W. M. F. and
jn3r8elf. A variety of Pointed architecture, distinguished by the in-
troduction of Italian-Gothic features in place of English- Gothic, and to
which I referred in my former letter, is frequently seen in new build-
ings. Is that variety a development of Gothic ? Surely not, I con-
tend ; surely it is no legitimate offspring of that style, but a cross-
breed between Northern and Italian, and inferior to both — possessing
some of the qualities of each parent, but in diminished force.

As regards the minor points upon which W. M. F. has replied, I
propose to answer but two or three, because, besides their inferior
importance as matters of detail, rather than principle, they are topics
upon which much may be said on either side, and a lengthened discus-
sion of them in the Ecclesiologist, renewed at two-monthly intervals,
would be as tedious, to all but the parties concerned, as a game at
chess by correspondence between London and New York.

He and I appear to differ in opinion as to the appearance of apses ;
on my part I cannot understand any one preferring the exterior of the
Tillage churches of France to those of England. The east end is the
only position in ordinary churches affording scope for tracery (one of
the glories of Gothic), and if sometimes a large east window is glaring,
the fault — not rare in modem churches — will be found to rest with
those who made the window disproportionately large, or filled it with
transparent glass. Apses have before now superseded chancels alto-
gether. It is a well-considered axiom that no change should be volun-
tarily made unless for some distinct advantage more than counter-
balancing the loss which attends all change : in the House of Lords, I
believe, if the numbers are equal, the proposed vote is negatived. And
even were the comparative advantages of square ends and apses equal.

342

Reguietcani m J

a conurvative view would follow the m
the loc&liem — a nationat one in the preae

It ie aaid that I do not feel the beau
prefer its repetitioa by mcraldiogs. Tbia
it neceuaiy to ptnnt out the remarkabli
" not the moat pure decoration an arch
more than • blind over its real conicruci
that one of the glories of Pointed arch:
that there t> no attempt to conceal comb
endeavour to eorioh them, and turn th«
and that auch arch-mouldinga may be i
practice.

And finally, with reapect to construe
no one objects to it ui tola, but only to
plified in tha '■ tricolor " aystem of tod
necessary to perfect art, even in sculplui
moderation and with taste. It should be
of feeling which in its highest form la on
on the contrary (a* it seems to me) we
style of colour- decomtioD transferred ti
such permanent manner that nothing
can ever release us. 1 know of no and
where such violently- contrasted colour*
in twenty new houses in the streets of Ix
in to for as canona Cor architectural coloi
medinval architects, perhaps intuitively
must be had to climate and situation i
and depth of the colours used ; thus the
tive colour, profuse gilding, and splendid
gloriously rich, bright hues of a southern
if transported to our thick, sombre atni
as gaudy or tawdry.

1 will not fiiTther trespass upon your a;

6lA Noveaiter, 1860.

km

REQUIESCANT U

DBAtH has of late been busy with our
Napier, Stephenson, Aichmond, Barry,
some greater, lights, have within a brief p
Their story has been told, their eulogy pe
gallantly they fought, how skilfully they
wrote, how triumphantly designed and co
pages of their country's history their me
«re permnhu i and it would be alike su[
reopen the brilliant tale it records in thei

Requiescani in Pace, 343

doing so ; yet desire in passing to add our willing tribute to the de-
parted; that the tenour of the following observations may not be
misunderstood, nor the feeling which dictates them be misinterpreted.

The remains of Stephenson and Macaulay, of Barry and Dundonald,
have found a resting-place in Westminster Abbey. A last resting-
place we had written (all their fellow-citizens would wish it to be so ;)
but on reflection we erase the word. " The paths of glory " have
indeed " led but to the grave.'* In their case a hallowed grave, a
honoured grave, by some an envied grave, one over which floods of
sacred melody; with the voice of prayer and praise will continually be
wafted. But can we hope a safe grave, a really last resting-place ?
Who doubts it ?

If " that which hath been is that which shall be " without amend-
ment ; if the sepulchral capacity of this church is still to be deemed
inexhaustible, in spite of repeated and painful demonstration of the
contrary ; then abundant evidence shows, that a *' narrow bed for
ever " in S. Peter's Abbey is far from final ; and that the mortal relics
thereto consigned, (as being those the nation most desires to guard
with reverential care,) are the surest to meet eventually with unseemly,
if not reckless, disturbance.

The simple fact to which we would draw attention is, that the
abbey, regarded as a sepulchral chamber — vast as it is — is full to
overflowing ; and that no fresh interment takes place of statesman or
warrior, poet, engineer, or physiologist, without the preliminary dis-
interment— partial, or complete— of some one else. When not long
since the body of Hunter was translated thither, that of an earlier
genius, (Ben Jonson's it was supposed.) had to make way ; and human
remains were exhumed, the skull was handed about among by-
standen, that other human remains might succeed to, or at least par-
take, the precarious tenancy ! Yet the spot selected on this occasion,
the north aisle of the nave, is no doubt a comparatively unfrequented
situation ; and as such was expressly chosen by the authorities.

So again: a loculus was prepared for our g^eat engineer, at the
expense of a prior occupant. Whose bones were those? — whose
mouldering, broken-up, coffin was that — wa saw thrown out in
fragments at the verge of Stephenson's grave ? Who shaU say how
distinguished, how holy, how revered, how beloved, was once that for-
gotten and disregarded man ! How his friends and admiring contem-
poraries looked mournfully into the yet unfilled chasm ; but took some
comfort from the thought, that at least beneath the abbey roof it
would be undespoiled and safe, until the resurrection mom! But,
no, a later worthy (most worthy we believe he was,) needed the
space, and the first must yield.

Thus we, in the same hope which actuated those elder mourners —
a mistaken hope, as the result has proved — repeat their deed. Are
not we mistaken too ? Will not those we similarly intend to
honour, be in due coune as unscrupulously dishonoured ? Have the
new-comen in the great mausoleum, Macaulay and Dundonald, Barry
and Honter, better security than their predecesson of rataining a laii
resting-place there ?

344 Benavaiums and Spoliations m Hexham Abbey Chun

As we have said, unless the now revolting prartice of bi
the abbey is relinquished, we fear not. The ground is full ; i
fresh deposit, however dignified by ceremonial, or accomplia
sacred minstrelsy, must necessarily dislodge some inmate, thi
of whose grave is set at nought, that the modem claimant
temporary shelter may find room.

Is this system to go on ? or shall reverence for the dead,
public decency, and even sanatory considerations be allowed i
weight, and cause the scandal to cease ?

In the very interest of the children of fame passing from a
it is imperatively necessary to close — ^not, perhaps, the Mh
against the obsequies, nor the abbey aisles against their mom
but its too thickly peopled soil against their sepulture. On
half, no less than on that of their forefathers in honour, we
plea, let interment in Westminster Abbey absolutely and defia
forbidden, as in every other church throughout the countr]
only can we, with a reasonable hope of its fulfilment, bn
aspiration for the relics of departed greatness thus enshrined,—
cell/ in pace.

RENOVATIONS AND SPOLIATIONS IN HEXHAM

CHURCH.

Undbb this title, our contemporary. The Builder, has called att
some recent proceedings in this celebrated edifice, which are in
to ecclesiologists generally. A short notice of what has be
and what has been left undone, will probably therefore be ai
to our readers. The correspondent who contributes it well ]
state of the choir previous to the works of the local Restorati
mittee, and has visited the spot within the last few days.

If memories and associations could deepen the feelings of in<

and disgust occasioned by the various defacements that were cc

during the Georgian era in this noble monument of mediwa]

visitor might call to mind the historical splendour of Hexhai

annals of the Anglo-Saxon Church ; the fact that the first i

edifice built here was the fifth church that was constructed of

Britain, and the masterpiece, as well as the cathedral* of S. Wi

Wykeham of his day, and who was said by Eddins, his oontc

biographer, to have no rival on this side of the Alps ; might

the provisions made by Norman Archbishops of York for the

by Augustine Canons, of the former monastic fame of this old

Saxon Episcopacy — (for the cathedral had been destroyed, and ^

Benedictines had been scattered, long before the Conquest) ; an

behold the loving toil and consummate skill with whicli in tk

of Early English architecture, while Richard Cosor de lioa wi

ing in Rdestine, and John was grantiDg the grest cfairter of

liberties, the white-robed recluses built at Hezlyun» nuaii t

Benonaiions and Spoliations of Hexham Abbey Church. 845

that had been hallowed by Saxon saints, a church that became one of
the glories of the northern province.

During the Transition period the monks appear to have begun the
present church, and it seems to have been completed early in the reign
of Henry III. The plan was a complete cross, of which the choir
with aisles, the transepts, and the central tower remain.^ The archi-
tecture is bold and massive, marked by severe simplicity, but by amaz-
ing beauty of design and dignity of aspect. Above the triforium rises
a rich and imposing clerestory of triple lancet arcades resting upon
arcades, and a gallery runs round the choir and transepts. The whole
interior is lofty and spacious, and has remarkable beauty of propor-
tion. Before the dissolution of monasteries, an adjacent edifice to the
east, on the Norman crypt of which some houses in the market-place
stand, was the parish church, but in later times the abbey church be-
came appropriated to parochial use, and of the little parish church not
a stone remains above ground. The stately edifice of the Augustine
Canons has therefore been kept in repair ; yet if we except the hideous
muUioned window, by which the eastern lancets had been replaced
some five-and- thirty years ago, the Early English architecture remained
without modem alteration or additions, and the church has been pre-
served from the secularization and ruin of the monastic buildings
around. But the parochial vulgarities and churchwardenisms of which
it became the scene during the Georgian era, are not easily described.
The whole interior was of course well whitewashed ; the most fright-
ful galleries filled up every bay of the choir and extended over the
aisles, while hideous pews overspread the area (those of the more sub-
stantial parishioners presenting curious varieties of oblong boxes and
constructions of bedstead shape) ; the basements of the clustered piers
were buried over; the lights throughout were utterly churchwardenized ;'
dilapidations met the eye in every direction, especially in the noble
transepts; a grand piece of perspective scene painting behind the
altar exhibited amongst other devices a large goose (the homely but
appropriate cognizance probably of the perpetrating church wanlen).
and, in short, every imaginable parochial defacement had been com-
mitted in the interior. The low oblong edifice of Perpendicular date,
miscalled the lady chapel, which had been added to the church under
the great east window, had become ruinous and sepulchral ; pigstyes,
shambles, and ruinous dwellings desecrated the northern walls of the
choir, and animals were slaughtered in the crypt of the chapter-house.

This was the discouraging state of things that met the Restoration
Committee at the time when a public subscription, aided by the mu-
nificent liberality of Mr. Wentworth Beaumont, the impropriator of
the tithes and lord of the manor, enabled them several months since
to undertake the renovation of the church and the removal of these
abominations.

I The choir is 100 fiset in length, the transepts measure 150 feet from end to end.
The nave, as will be mentioned presently, was destroyed in the reign of Edward I.,
aad WM never rebuilt. The tower is about 100 feet nigh, and has eight melodi ous
bills, bearing mediaeval inscriptions.

* A hmdmLlancet windows once lighted the abbey church at Heiham.

>V> Rgmar^iont and Spoliations of Hexham Abbey Cku

Is. 9cnc Ing tbc vhitevmth hxan the choir, ejecting the vl
zClmtt ii>d r*w5 sAve the orean gallery), rebuildiDg mi
i-x^tfrn f=iC z: the d^czrh coiuequent on the removal of th
:iaT«l. MSiC clemhsg the exterior from the filth nnd i
zjhi rfc^erec round :ti walls, the reform is simply as e
h a rr£«vi&g and complete. But in our criticism od
!r oooe in :<her rr^cts, our approTal must be mixed

TLt easterr end has been almost rebnilt, and here on the
IS ir tie izterior. the architect has laudably aimed at i
7^^ tall .Lii^ecs hare replaced an offensive mullioned windo
r^r^^Ti^il:-:!. ::' the CiUfttered oolomns in the spaces is not i
-v::i u.^ rest ci :he choir. So, likewise, the bold wall-pi
nsc^ruTZtf^ bays have banded columns and square abaci
vbfrsu the cenrespondin? pien. which are original, have
«11:7: ral visits •"-: tike rest of the choir. A new arcade
arrci-es -=i>i«r i::e eastern lancets has been boldlv designed, i
rarrfi. but it :s a smnpe composition, and is not in hari
:r £ r^racter of the ec:&ce, nor does it resemble anv archi
"■; ri:cr. l-c m:fi/mm* to have been derived from the a
piael trar«7T in the «ou:h transept aide.

Thf thirtv-six old stalls with miserere seats have been t
their :li place at the entrance of the choir on either hand, a
with:::: their book-desks, against the walls of the choir us
eafi^n: crd. Seis^ thrust behind the new open benches.
= : T rlacec throu^rbout the choir, insomuch as thev are low ;
%r£ ixcimecdable. but the seat ends are poor and perfectly
:h<^ ananecment eastward of the reading-desk and pulpit
r.JciMe. for they are carried up to and surround the altar
JLT? nzfcc IvMigitacinally over what should he the open ai
si-cnary. Moreover, no choristers* desks are provided, no
xr.T ^^^:^:ticn that mnsic has a place in our ritual, unleai
:hf «h«Srr L:t:le or^an which is perched up on the screen al
;=i c: the choir, but is fit only for a Dissenting meeting-houi
f v^r. this tborr»ughly parochial arrangement of seats need nc
zi=ert. acd should Hexham abbey ehnrch ever become a
a r^svrarpemcnt might easily be made.

Su: now we have to mention thing* w^iich speak of the

c>.urch warden — the stone-mason — the town-carpenter— anybc

thin the educated church architect. The frmoos and unique

.-r i^rat cf peace, has been deposed from its ancient place, i

prcbahiy by the altar, and haa been ntteriy hid away in m

ccnier behicd a row of seats at the north-west angle dF the c

This resMfmble and odebrated stone seat may have been ths

which the early Bishops were enthroned ; at all events, tndi

it was tor all the centuries, daring which Hezham hdd id

Mnctuary. the sacied seat of peaee, and it is q|aite aoi liistori

in the annals of this chnicli. Then, the ahrine or cIhhiI

with curioQs parvlose wtvk, commonly fant inoorvecdy known

RKbaxd a shrine, has been most nnwamntaUy. and widi per

Renovations and Spoliations of Hexham Abbey Church. 347

difficult labour, removed from its ancient place in a bay of the south
aisle of the choir, near the altar, and set up in the north transept, at
the angle of the choir aisle, where it stands like a monumental chapel ;
and a very curious recumbent effigy representing an Augustine monk
with his cowl drawn partly over his face, which used to lie near the
shrine, has been placed on an altar tomb within, although not having
any sort of connection with it. However, there is no saying what may
be the ultimate fate of Prior Richard's shrine, for, when our corres-
pondent saw it in November, the tomb and one side of the shrine
seemed to have been almost undermined in forming a hot-air flue, and
a heap of rubble-stones and earth containing human bones blocked
up the entrance. In the fifteenth century, probably in the reign of
Henry VI., much screen-work, enriched with paintings in the panels,
was added to Hexham abbey church ; and this shrine or chapel was
enclosed at the eastern end by panel- work of Perpendicular date, or-
namented with paintings probably of the same style as the valuable
though painfully curious paintings to be seen on what was the rood
loft, but is now the organ gallery. The shrine has now been moved
to a place where its curious paintings are invisible for want of light.
Other panel-work, with valuable paintings, was found on stripping off
the green baize from the roof of a comfortable secluded pew in the
north aisle, into which former churchwardens had transformed what
was called the Ogle chapel, and it is actually in the hands of a local
carpenter, who claims it under the agreement of the Restoration Com-
mittee to allow him the old woodwork of the choir. The stalls with
canopied woodwork that stood on the north and south sides of the
altar, have disappeared altogether.

So much for wood carvings and modern fittings. A desecration still
more serious, as affecting early sepulchral monuments, remains to
be noticed. Various stone slabs and coffin-lids inscribed in the Longo-
bardic characters of the earliest Plantagenet reigns, (one, ex. gr, bear-
ing the name of John de Malherbe) have been removed from the
pavement of the choir with other crosses and slabs, and set up on end
against the wall in the open churchyard just as stone slabs are dis-
played for sale in a modem mason's yard. So too, the crosses and
inscribed stones that paved the cloister leading from the north transept
to the cloister square, if not also removed, must have become ob-
literated by the place having been used as a thoroughfare for the work-
men and for deposit of builders' rubbish.

This mischief seems to be in a great degree attributable to a divided
responsibility, one architect having been employed by the lay rector
for the architectural renovations, and another having designed the
parochial fittings of the interior ; and it is also in part attributable to
the presence of an amateur committee acting through a churchwarden,
and the absence of any competent superintendent possessed of due
knowledge and archaeological feeling. The treatment of the frithstol
and Prior Richard*s shrine shows a vulgar, irreverent spirit ; and the
scandalous desecration of our dead of former ages, which has been
committed in order to dig a hot-air trench along the transept, evinces
the want of right feeling as well as of architectural knowledge. It

VOL. XXI. z z

348 Rmovctiotu and Spoliationt of Hexham Abbey Churd

appears too, that during the progress of the works people were
to carry away any orDaments they pleased, and the contrae
obligingly supplied by the sexton with old headstones from the
yard for covering his trench. We ought to thank him for not
selected the medieevsl slabe themselves.

A great number of architectural relics of the earlier church •
ham have been disinterred in and around the existing edifice, I
to be regretted that they are not duly preserved. The stone
of a cross sculptured with interlining circles, and with braoc
fruit in singular beauty of style — fondly regarded as a relic of
Acca, the correspondent of Ven. Bede — which was found in
down the so-called lady chapel, ia set up in the garden of ■
local antiquary at Hexham ; and more than one stone, appai
Roman masonry, which hat been sculptured with Saxon crot
figures, ia exposed to the weather in the open churchyard. Th
will remember that this celebrated crypt is the principal relic
frid's church. It is in fact a unique series of subterranean orsl
chapels, with winding psssages, built partly with Roman i
stones, and constituting a work similar in character and pa
Wilfrid's crypt at Kipon, but more remarkable. Over this cry
the nave of the present Abbey-church, which part of the edi
destroyed in 1296, and these dark and deserted cells are now
by a kind of trap-door amongst the tombs, the area of the na
an open churchyard.

In conclusion we must briefly advert to restorations which
required. No attempt has been made at any restoration in t.
septs ; the dilapidations of times past remain unrepaired, ani
wash shrouds the architecture throughout. The western arc!
tower piers, which once opened to the nave, is filled up by i
whitewashed wall, and in the upper part there is a, wretched
light. As it is not likely the nave will ever be rebuilt, the wa]
of course be so reconstructed as not to block up the piers and
mouldings of the arch. Nothing can be more unsightly than
now seen to the west of the organ screen. Sash-window woi
still defaces the lights throughout the church, and even the <
of the choir. Probably it is of no use to express a hope thai
glass may fill them, but st least, diamond-panes of diaper worl
replace the present windows. The entrance to the church ii
toutb transept, and it is ttill defaced by the mean and inco
porch understood to have been built under the auspices of the 1
Company in the seveoteenlb century. A high-pitched rool
easential to a due restoration of the choir. All these thioga
done before the gentlemen who have undertaken the restor
Hexham Abbey Church can boast the completion of their lauda
pose, but we do not learn tbat any of them are at present in
plation.

34.9

. S. MARGARET, BODELWYDDAN. FLINTSHIRE.

This SQinptuous church, erected and endowed at the sole expense of
the Dowager Lady Willoughby de Broke, cannot be spoken of with-
out admiration, both on account of the splendour of the edifice, and of
the Christian liberality of the Foundress. We rejoice too to see a
church of such grandeur raised in a district where the ecclesiastical
buildings are generally so mean in architecture, and so unsatisfactory
in their condition and arrangements ; for, in spite of some evident
defects, we readily admit that this is the most magnificent church
erected in modern times in the Principality.

The architect is Mr. Gibson. The plan comprises a nave with north
and south aisles, a chancel with vestry on its north side, and a western
tower with spire. The style is geometrical Middle- Pointed, and the
material used for the exterior a fine white stone. There is neither
north nor south porch, which we regret, the only entrance being by
the tower, except a small quasi priests* door on the south side of the
chancel.

The general effect of the interior, on entering by the west door, is
unusually rich and beautiful. The nave is long and lofty, of six bays,
the arcades having well-moulded Pointed arches upon clustered piers
of polished marble of a reddish colour, having capitals of beautiful and va-
ried foliage, admirably worked in stone. Above is a clerestory having
small spherical triangular windows, simply foiled and arranged in pairs,
and which are not seen externally, being masked by the high slated
roofs of the aisles. The roofs of the nave and aisles are good open
ones, with arched braces and hammer beams, which are carried on red
marble shafts set upon rich corbels of foliage above the piers of the
arcade. These roofs are lighted by ranges of small dormer windows
set very high up, the effect of which is not bad, as seen from within,
but externally we do not quite like the long lines of insignificant open*
ings set high up in the roof of both nave and aisles. The windows
at the extremities of the south aisle, and that at the west of the north
aisle are of three lights, with shafts to the arch mouldings. That at
the east of the north aisle, above the roof of the vestry, is circular, with
rather uncommon geometrical tracery. The other windows in the
aisles are of two lights.

The nave is fitted with low open benches of oak with panelled
ends, which being wide and not occupying near the whole space, con-
trast most agreeably with the confined crowded seats often seen in the
churches of populous districts. The prayer-desk, which is placed on
the south side of the chancel-arch, unfortunately faces west. The
pulpit, on the corresponding side of the arch, is an elaborate one of
oak, having figures in relief of Our Lord and the Four Evangelists,
beueath crocketed canopies on shafts with spiral mouldings, and in
the lower part angel figures carrying scrolls.

The chancel is, as it should be, far more ornate than the nave, and
of good proportions — having three bays. The chancel-arch is set on

I

.1

350 S. Margaret, Bodelwyddan, Flintshire.

short clustered shafts of red marble, which terminate in cor
presenting angels. The roof is coved and panelled, the arc!
springing from red marble shafts, with capitals of foliage. 1
window is of five lights, having in its tracery a circle containi
triangles ; the side windows are of three lights, all the window
shafted. The most striking feature of the chancel is the al
use of marble, and of a finer and richer quality than that i
found in the nave ; for, in addition to the shafts which have bet
tioned, there is an elaborate range of stall- work along both
the chancel, and continued as a reredos along the east wall,
with delicate and beautiful marble of a sort of salmon colour,
are five canopied compartments under each window, the canopie
of stone, of ogee form, with crockets and finials and foliage
mouldings, springing from shafts of the same marble as thos
to the roof. There is, however, a want of reality in this \y
work, which becomes mere ornamentation, as the actual seats ai
long benches of oak ; and — though with desks in front, having pi
and poppy heads — not occupied either by the clergy or the choii
fear that the present reredos is likely to be removed, to make '
something of more ordinary character. The east window an(
others, both in the chancel and aisles, are filled with good
glass by O'Connor ; but other windows have merely coloured b
which we cannot admire.

The pavement throughout the church is of stone, inlaii
courses of marble. There is a stone gallery within the towe
ported on two arches with k central shaft of marble, which is in
for the organ and choir. On the north and south sides of the
lighting the entrance, are small recessed windows with stained
representing S. Margaret and S. Kentigem.

The font is not yet completed. The vestry is a small oct
.''v'Liilding, entered from the east end of the north aisle, having
iielled flat roof, and lighted by spherical triangular windows* lik(
of the clerestory.

The exterior, though it never could be taken for an ancient c
is certainly very striking and grand. It is. perhaps, too unifoi
regular, the usual defect of new churches, except where the o]
error of eccentricity prevents. The steeple is probably two hi
feet in height to the top of the spire, and has great beauty ac
proportion ; but we are not reconciled to its having a circular vi
on the west side. The window has two triangles, as in the tra<
the east window, and is surmounted by a pedimental canopy, \h
which and the window is a shield with the arms of the Foundresi

The tower has corner buttresses, and above the west windo
stages divided by stringcourses. The west doorway has i
shafts, and opens to a kind of shallow porch, vaulted with stoni
The belfry- windows are of two lights, with shafts, and are
what of a flowery character. The parapet of the tower has p
trefoils, at each angle a crocketed pinnacle, and four other pin
set somewhat higher and nearer to the spire, from which apring
buttresses to the spire, the general efiect of which, with this gra

Ladies' Ecclesiastical Embroidery Society. 351

of pinnacles, somewhat recalls King's Sutton, in Northamptonshire.
The spire is octagonal, ribbed, and crocketed. has three horizontal-
panelled bands, canopied windows on the cardinal sides, and is pierced
with numerous small trefoiled circles, much resembling what we find
in the spires of Brittany, as at S. Pol de Leon. The crockets are rather
meagre ; and beautiful as the steeple is, we do not like the effectof the
circular window on its west side.

lliere are crosses on the eastern gables, both of chancel and nave ;
and the east end of the nave is flanked by two octagonal turrets, pierced
with arched openings, and surmounted by crocketed pinnacles ; but we
do not know if these contain staircases or bells, or are applied to any
purpose but mere ornament.

LADIES* ECCLESIASTICAL EMBROIDERY SOCIETy.

Wb are glad to give insertion, according to our annual custom, to the
following list of the frontals completed during the year by the Ladies'
Society for Ecclesiastical Embroidery : — Peterborough Cathedral, de-
signed by G. F. Bodley, Esq. ; S. Mary the Less, Lambeth ; Easing-
wolde, Yorkshire ; Wicken, Essex ; Elford, Staffordshire ; Upton
Magna, Shrewsbury ; and Little Cawthorpe, Lincolnshire (this last a
gift of the Society.)

THE CARPENTER MEMORIAL FUND.

To the Editor of the Ecclesiologist.

Sir, — ^The small balance (£4. 4s. 6d.) remaining from the Carpenter
Memorial, has been paid over, with the consent of the Bishop of Moray
and Ross, the Chairman of the Carpenter Committee, and by the advice
of the Ecclesiological Committee, to the Treasurer of the Pugin Me-
morial Fund. This appropriation of the balance to a cognate object
will, it is hoped, be satisfactory to all the subscribers, many of whom
will remember with what affectionate feelings Mr. Carpenter used to
regard Pugin's memory. It should be added, that it was always part
of the Carpenter Memorial scheme to found a prize or scholarship, had
the funds proved sufficient. This not having been the case, the foun-
dation of a Pugin Travelling Scholarship seems an object which it is in
all respects proper to support with the small residue of the Carpenter
Subscription. Perhaps I may be allowed to give in your pages, for the
benefit of all whom it may concern, a final account of the stewardship
of the Carpenter Fund.

I am. Sir, yours obediently,
Benjamin Wbbb.

Sheen Parsonage, Nov. 10, 1860.

852

The Carpenter Memorial Fund.

Subscriptions to thb Carpenter Mbmorial Fund.

. -1

I*

t

■ '{
» -.<

- ti

I

^:i

■•■i;

■ 1

'fi

A Friend

Hon. Mr. Baron Alderaon

A Friend

C. B. Allen, Esq. .
Anonymoos ....
Sir C. Barry, R.A.
A. Bell, Esq

A. J. B. Bcresford Hope, Esq.
Rev. B. Beridge

J. J. Bevan, Esq. .

J. Bl7th,E8q

Rev. T. Bowdler

R. Brandon, Esq.

C. Buckerid!^, Esq.

T. T. Borjr, Esq.

W. Bntterlleld, Esq.

J. D. Chambers, Esq.

R. D. Chantrell, Esq. . * .

O. Cheeseman, Esq.

The (late) Dean of Chichester

J. Clarke, Esq.

J. R. Clayton, Esq.

H. Clutton, Esq.

W. C. Cocks, Esq.

Hon. Mr. Jostice Coleridge

W. Cotton, Esq. .

Hon. and Rev. C. L. Courtenay

J. O. Crace, Esq. . . .

F. H. Dickinson, Esq.

Ecclesiolog;ical Society .

B. Ferrey, Esq.

J. S. Forbes, Esq. .

W. H. Forbes, Esq. .

J. F. France, Esq. .

Rev. P. Freeman

O. J. R. Gordon, Esq. .

R. Gosling, Esq.

Rey. S. S. Greatheed .

ReY. T. F. Hall ....

J. Hazdroan, Esq. .

P. Hardwick, Esq., R.A. .

Dr,
Total Amount of Snbscriptions
Interest of Exchequer Bills

. 50

10

. s

0
. 0

2

. 0

50

. 10

5

. 10

10

. 1

0
. 4

5
. 5

S
. 5

5
. 9

5
. S

5
. 5

5
. 3

5

. 9

10

. 8

10

. 1

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. 1

9
. I

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. 1

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. 5

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0 0

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10
4

0
0
3
0
0
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0
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0
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0
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0 0
0 0

9
0
0
9

0
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0 0
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10
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jff. a. d.
450 18 9
. 9 16 0

je'46o 14 9

P. C. Hardwick, Esq.

Sir J. Harington, Bart.

Rev. B. Haley

J. Hayitard, Esq.

G. M. HUls, Esq. .

Rev. G. H. Hodaon .

Adrian J. Hope, Esq.

J. G. Hubbard, Esq.

Rev. H. Jefflreys

Rev. H. L. Jenner

H. Kennedy, Esq.

Sir J. Kirkland .

Mrs. liee •

M. J. Lomaz, Esq. .

J. H. Markland, Esq.

Bishop of Moray and Rosa

Rev. J. M. Neale .

J. Norton, Esq.

T. G. Parry, Esq. .

R. K. Peuson, Esq. .

Earl of Powis

Rev. W. U. Richards

Marchioness of Salisbury

G. G. Scott, Esq., A.R.A.

Mi^or Hugh Scott .

Rev. W. Scott .

J. C. Sharpe, Esq.

Rev. Dr. Shipton

Rev. H. Skrlne

H. D. Skrine, Esq. .

W. Slater, Esq.

G. E. Street, Esq. .

S. S. Teulon, Esq.

Archdeacon Thorp .

Rev. E. Tower

H. Tritton, Esq.

Rev. A. D. Wagner

Rev. B. Webb .

Rev. W. Wheelor .

Rev. N. Woodard

Cr, d

Mr. Clayton (for design of Win.

dow in S. Mary Magdalene's,

Muoster Square) .101

Messrs. Hardman (for execotinff

the same in stained glass) . . 315
Mr. Masters (for Printing) . f

Postage and Expenses . . . 1
Balance, paid to the Treasurer of

the Pugin Memorial Fund . 4

4(460

HANDBOOKS OF ILLUMINATION.

A Primer of the Art of Illumination, for the use of Beginners, w
Rudimentary Treatise on the Art, Practical Directions for Us fjwi
and Examples taken from Illuminated MSS. By F. Dblamc
London: Spon. 1860.

A Manual of Illuminations, on Paper and Vellum. By J. W. Brad
B.A. And an Appendix, by T. Goodwin, B.A. London : Wi
and Newton, 1 860.

We are able to recommend Mr. Delamotte's Treatise on lUamiBi
to all who desire to become practically acquainted with the art.

Handbooks of Illumination. 353

letterpress is modestly but judiciously written, and the illustrations,
which are numerous and well- chosen, are beautifully printed in gold
and colours. The book, moreover, may serve not only as a guide to
the practical illuminator, but as an introduction to the archaeological
study of ancient illuminated manuscripts. Perhaps indeed it will be
quite as useful in the latter capacity as in the former : for an intelli-
gent acquaintance with the general style and date of the several suc-
cessive developments of the art will be of advantage to every student
and lover of antiquities. But the attempt to imitate the handiwork of
the mediaeval scribes is of more questionable utility. No one who is
destitute of skill and taste in the art of drawing can hope to become a
successful illuminator. It is a mistake to think that a beginner can
properly illuminate by merely following a code of rules and using the
prescribed mathematical instruments. Even if the outline of some old
example be traced and copied, the colouring is no easy matter. And
mere copying of a pattern is but poor work after all. Real power of
delineation, and real knowledge of colour, are absolutely needed for
thoroughly good illumination. But then persons so gifted will pro-
bably despise this particular form of art. A real artist in these days
would be more likely to choose landscape or figure-painting from nature,
than the semi- mechanical art of the 'miniaturist' of the middle ages.
Besides which we purposely leave out the consideration of whether it
is practically useful to illuminate a printed page at all. Upon all these
accounts we are more disposed to welcome Mr. Delamotte's Primer
of Illumination in its antiquarian, than in its practical, aspect. And
this it is which gives it its chief superiority over the rival manual pub-
lished by Messrs. Bradley and Goodwin. The latter is also a very
creditable production ; but its illustrations being plain are far less in-
structive than Mr. Delamotte's polychromatic specimens. A beginner
could carry away a very imperfect idea of what illumination is from
Mr. Bradley's plates, whereas Mr. Delamotte's little book will almost
serve instead of the more imposing and costly work of Mr. Digby
Wyatt. We are glad to see, moreover, that Mr. Delamotte is at the
pains to warn his readers that every illuminated book is not a Missal.
Nothing can surpass the ignorance of people in general as to the nature
of a mediaeval manuscript service-book. A few sensible paragraphs of
the volume which we have placed first at the head of this paper dis-
tinguish between the Missal, the Breviary, the Gradual, the Anti-
phonary, and the Hour-Book. Another good feature of the Primer,
(which is shared moreover by the rival Manual,) is, that it refers con-
stantly to the splendid illuminated books which are displayed under
glass-cases in the Library of the British Museum. It is in all respects
satisfactory to see that in practical handbooks, like those before us, the
information given is really trustworthy in substance as well as satisfactory
in manner. We do not think, however, that the Authors have done
quite enough justice, in their historical summaries, to the beauty of the
Oriental style of Illumination. The parallel development of the art of
illumination and the contemporary architecture is well drawn out by
Mr. Delamotte ; and the superiority of the " Middle- Pointed" st}'le
(so to call it) to the rude though forcible art of the earlier penod, as
well as to the rich luxuriance of the Renaissance, is acknowledged by

35 i SmitVs Lectures on Church Music.

both teachers. Mr. Delamotte devotes a section to the now fa
art of devising cyphers or monograms of initial letters. Ag
we have nothing to say, except that it is after all a rather n
of art ; and collections of such ingenious devices, however \
reference, are not generally interesting or instructive. Into 1
tical directions as to the choice of the colours and im
it is needless to enter. The rules laid down seem very intellif
we do not doubt that a beginner, by following them implicit)
secure a certain amount of success. Mr. Bradley's book, w(
has reached a fifth edition ; and we hope that Mr. Delamotte
with equal patronage. We confess that we had scarcely been
to find that the art of the Illuminator was so widely practise
good thing can scarcely fail to result from this movement ; ai
a diffusion of better taste on the general question of colour,
sent it is quite as likely as not that a polychromatized interic
an absolute failure ; indeed there are many more failures than
to be met with. In proportion as the eye is trained to a
the true laws of colouring as practised by the mediaeval artis
purest period, in any of its branches, we may hope to see an
ment in the most important application of those principles, vi
interiors of buildings.

SMITHS LECTURES ON CHURCH MUSIC.

Two Lectures on Church Music. By Gborge Smith, Esq.
wich : Richardson, 1860.

We can warmly recommend these useful but unpretending !
They were delivered before the Greenwich Society for the Ac
and Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, illustrated by the choir (
Church, East Greenwich, and have been published by request
be regretted that they are printed in an inconvenient quarto
this will hinder their circulation. The first lecture deals
Ecclesiastical Chant, describing its origin and laws, and gtvin
account of the psalm-tones, and the canto fermo, or plain loi
are sorry that the lecturer, while advocating the old psal
seems to think that modern chants are also admissible. Unfoi
he has not attempted any system of pointing which would
possible to sing a psalm indifferently to an ancient tone, or a
Anglican chant. The following is a good specimen of his sty!

" When we siog the InFitatory Psalm — the 95th» we accept the
of singing that which was intended to be sung, but when' we read tl
followipg, we deliberately frustrate the design of our Liturgy, and i
of an inconsistency which the singing of the Metrical Psalms i
makes more apparent. The Rubric directs the Psalms to be * laid* <
We all understand what the direction to ' sing ' means, but the o
mission to ' say ' them is not so well understood, and may require i
explanation. In the days of Pliny and TertaUian we have seea I

Smith's Lectures on Church Music. 355

words to ' sing ' and to ' say ' used indifferently ; those of our own time who
have traced back carefully the meaning of the word ' said ' to the period
when it was used in our Liturgy, are agreed that the sense in which the Re-
formers applied it, was meant to express the Church's musical reading — pro-
Douncing or intoning. If there still be a shadow of a doubt as to the mean-
ing of the word ' say,' let us agree to adopt the other unmistakeable term
' sing,' and chant them as the Bible indicates they have been chanted from
King David's days to the Apostles' times, and continued, as we know, by
godly men of the Church ever since, — men who could and would have read
them if they had thought they should be serving God better by so doing." —
P. 12.

The second lecture discusses the Hymn and Anthem. After a great
deal of useful information, very pleasantly conveyed, Mr. Smith pro-
ceeds to give some most sensible advice about time and accent in
hymn-singing. We quote the following passage on this subject :

" Incorrect custom should not be our guide in determining the time of our
hjrmns. We have no right to take a composer's tune and mar it b]r dis-
regarding the time to which he wrote it ; indeed a tune so interfered with is
no longer the same tune. If we would deal honestly with the fame of our
great composers we must consult their text and adhere to it, otherwise the
intention of the composer is defeated, and the character of his work totally
altered. To say nothing of the vulgarism of interpolating shakes, turns, and
grace-notes ad libitum^ — which all now agree to be unwarrantable,-— custom
has fettered musicians to a certain drawling time under the mistaken notion
that it is reverential. By this painful prolongation of time the difficulties
and failures in Church singing are immensely increased. It is a trial to a
good singer to sing slowly, that is, to sustain the voice long, evenly, and in
tune. What must it be to a mixed untrained congregation ? Besides which,
the spirit and point of the tune is lost when the notes are thus isolated and
dwelt upon.

" I can alone attribute the doleful languid manner of singing many good
old Church tunes to the fact that it has been the custom to use them pro-
miscuously to any measure they would fit, without considering what the
words were meant to express, and thus the character of both has been lost.
I am sure the charge of dulness often brought against Church melodies would
vanish if they were sung as it was intended they should be." — P. 19-

Mr. Smith's account of the Anthem is the least successful part of
bis lectures. He derives it from the Greek ana-thema, forgetful of the
French word antienne, meaning antiphon, from which " anthem "
came into English. " As far as I can trace," he says, '' anthems are
peculiarly English, and the music of the Reformation.*' An examina-
tion of the musical catalogue of the Peterhouse Library at Cambridge,
which we printed last year in these pages, will show the fallacy of
this conclusion. Mr. Smith seems also to have entirely forgotten the
motetts of Italy. This, however, is a small matter. It is to be hoped
that these lectures will be extensively read. They can scarcely fail
to be useful in parishes where attention is paid to church music. And
we know nothing better for general circulation, in places where mis-
apprehensions exist as to choral service. We mi^e a final extract
from the concluding section :

" The music of the Church cannot be a matter of indifference or of mere
taste. Our reverend forefathers felt their responsibilities in providing for

VOL. XXX. AAA

i

356 TAe Porch of Westm-m-Gordano.

tbn put of the public wonbip Trhan tbejr directed w large a port
Litui^ to be rang, nnd, further, introduced ADthcmt, and fbmiihi
the muilc to which to sing them. It aurel^ touit be our doty to di
a* well u to offer our best in tfae lervice of the Aluichtt.

'"Poor ii the witdom,' layi the poet, 'which proridea the ha
•ong, and all the tweeti of melody, for feuta and the hours of jo
none for our daja of aorrow to cure tbs acliingi of the heart,' *t
■till i« the wisdom which fits them all for thejoyi of earth, and ha
the joyi of beaten. For our common life, for the drudj^ry of
for the Tenting of aogry pasaiou* and low deiire*, for everythioft
friTDloui, we hare common words and loiindi of disrardance; one
M Homer wrote, for vulgar men, but another for diviner beiogi ;
other ii poetry and muiic. No better tboiifjht, no nobler affed
from the heart of man witbont clothing itielf in melotly. It ia fit
sweet aoundi and aolemn rhythm we ihould come before God ii
that we ihould ipeak to Him in the language of heaven, and not
It is fit that we should attnne. with no ilifcht care and labour, the v<
Church, in her devotion, to the praise of Him who delights in all
vates Rnd spiritualizes man. TVhat voice of nature is there whi
music T If moue is thus natural to man, it ii natural to rcliginn ;
b natural u also expedient. The bymns and harmonies of devotion
efficacions as sermona in weaning the heart from its sins, and laning
to receive the lesaons of religion.' More than one penitent August
have seen, ' has melted into tears beneath them : more than one pi
bert hai found them the great solace of his life.' And now, whe
and ardour of former generationi is well nigh eiCinct, it becomi
nereaury to atniKgie against the coMpcsi of our nature, and to c
still glowing embers of that flame of holy pnise. that, pure and i
the bleasing of Qon it may he rekindled hereafter." — P. 2S,

THB PORCH OF WESTON-IN-GORDANO.

To Ike Editor of the JEccletiologitl.

Dbab Sib, — The vieit of the archKoIogists of this coaoty i
aiD sorry to say. elicit aay satisfactory explanation of tbe pli
the church-porch of thie parish, of which you kindly inserted ai
in your lajt number. The idea that it was intended as an Of
waa combated by Mr. J, H. Parker, who was present, and '
that in every instance in which he had met with these galleri
porches of churches abroad, there was a staircase at each ead
ascent, the other for descent, in order that tbe progresa of tl
made their offerings might not be impeded. He imagined thai
be a singing- galleiy. I forbear to dispute with to great an i
■till I cannot willingly accept this explanation of Its purpOM
the fact that similar galleries do exist in the churches abrot
are used for making offerings, I cannot hot believe that ancb
intention of the one in question, or that it might have been e
•■ '"ggMted by yourself, for burning ligbU before tbe image.
Mr. E. A. Freeman's opinion was that the gallery was " in

Continental Progress, 357

place.*' He could not satisfy himself as to its use. The measure-
ment of the porch inside is 13 feet long by 10 feet wide ; that of the
gallery 10 feet long by 3 feet wide ; that of the moulding in front,
1 foot.

I trust in your next number to see some correspondence on this
subject.

I remain, Dear Sir,

Yours faithfully*

R. W. H.

CONTINENTAL PROGRESS.

Wb are able, as the result of a somewhat extended tour, to report
progress in several countries of the Continent. The first place
which we visited was Toumatft which we were particularly anxious
to see, having formed a great, and as it turned out, an excessive
idea of the grandeur of its cathedral. All the features for which
it was conspicuous, the massive Romanesque nave with its double
triforium, of which the lower gallery equals the arcade in height,
the apsidal transepts, the five steeples, and the lof^y Middle-Pointed
choir, seemed to indicate a church of more than ordinary impres-
siveness. On inspection, however, the nave, in spite of its du-
plicate triforium, proved to be low and squat, a fault not mended
by the " Roman " groining of the last century. The steeples lay so
close together as to give the distant effect of a cruet stand, and the
choir was thin nearly to fiimsiness, — witness the ancient thickening of
the pillars towards the aisles for the purpose of security ; while the
"west end was absolutely nought. Still the church is no doubt very
interesting, and the eastern portion has within these late years been
carefully restored by the exertions of M. Lemaitre d'Anstaign, a local
ecclesiulogist of eminence, who was, it will be remembered, one of the
judges of the Lille competition. The profuse whitewash has been
cleared off, exposing to view the black marble of which the pillars of
the triforium arcades are constructed ; the triforium itself has been
uncovered, and the tracery restored in the Middle-Pointed clerestory.
The latter is now full of glass by M. Capronnier — figures under
canopies — of which we cannot speak very highly, as the colouring is
bad. In particular the discordant and heavy green and violet of the
east window kill the rest. Nor does the pattern painted glass by the
same artist in the western rose shine by comparison. In the fourteen
windows at the triforium level of the apsidal transepts, the same
number of panels of cinque cento glass, which happened to fit in size,
have been transferred from the apsidal chapels of the choir. These
windows (which are not bad for their school) were engraved, and the
achievement commemorated in a thin folio of huge area some years
ago. A bad modem Pointed west end was being added to the curious
ehuroh of S. Quentin in the same town.
At Bruueli, the western flight of steps at S. Oudole is being re«

3CS Cuntiruntal Progress.

bail:. Is this not their normal condition ? The external n
CI \z^ church, is in progress. Eccles'iology seems stirring at I
Pill's .'ahLch Lu siLce the destruction of S. Lambert's d
Frrz.ch Rfivcluti-a served as the cathedral) is undergoing a
reitoriiioQ. It is a crwss church cf intermediate size, nol
m:re :::^n t^^j feet long, and built in a type of FiamboyaDt,
K-4: zier.ts to be called Ute Middle- Pointed. The crun^blec
is scasclded in every part, and re-appearing with a hither:o
n:h&ess cf \ :n=.acle. parapet, and tracery. The hasty insjiccti
li&s all ve had time to make did not enable us to judge ho
MJLk restoration and how far c imposition, but the etfect is
g^jd. Inside the painting of the groining was restored in ]
ca::: cow pass muster with that of S. Jacques. Mr. Webb mei
w^vZvien pulpit by Geefs with marble statues. It is hardly ni
OS to say that the restoration of S. Jacques — a church equal
putaticn — has been completed. A very good restoration
accomplished at S. Croix, a building which, it will be ren
has a western narthex and apse of Rhenish Romanesque, '
rest of the building is transit i.inal between Middle-Pointed ai
boy ant, the aisles, as at the Temple church, being of the sai
as the nave. M. Delsaux, who is the architect employed, hi
off the whitewash, thus exposing the pillars in their orig
stone. Tne three most eastern windows of the apse are i
Munich glass, while the two that remain were in the coui
year to receive glass of Belgian production. New Pointed
stone, with lofty retables imitated from the tabernacle in t
have been placed in the choir aisles. The roof painting is
and like that which was discovered at Lichfield, presents the p
of the ribs being only painted at their central intersection so a
duce stars of colour. Beyond the aisles are upgabling chi
gables having been heretofore constructed in shabby brick ;
gradually being rebuilt in stone, carved with a panelled pattern
we are not quite sure whether this is, properly speaking, m
Much has been done at S. Denis, (a church which Mr. We
looked.) The Romanesque narthex is still in a state of i
dilapidation, and the nave, aisles, and transepts which had I
Testied into Italian, except in their groining, are in slaiu quo:
choir, which is still of Late-Pointed, is in the workmen's ham
groining has been painted in imitation of the other churc
painted glass (we are not sure whether by M. Capronnier
Germany) has been placed in the apse windows. We cannot j
this church, as it has been hitherto undescribed, without m
superb Flamboyant retable of wood, which now stands in t
transept. The upper portion represents the Passion, and tl
some legend, which we did not identify.

Passing into Germany, we stopped at ilur-/s* Cikopelfe, an
that much had been done at its wonderful minster, a church v
Mr. Fetgusson observes, may, in spite of its onpanJleled intcn
in spite oi VxaY^Vnig onoik^^l ^^XMAaue^VA^ways of the wofld*

Continental Progress. 359

much on the highway, and travellers pass by to hurry on to Cologne
and the Rhine. When Mr. Webb visited it, the round nave was full of
scaffolding. Now the triforium has been almost restored to its primitive
form, inclusive of the replacing of the porphyry columns, part the spoil
of Ravenna, appropriated by Charles the Great, the rest contributed by
the King of Prussia, to make good those which the French carried off
under Napoleon I. But the arcade and the cupola are still concealed
under the Pompadour mask with which they were invested by Maria
Theresa's unlucky piety. A more judicious system of restoration would
have brought the round church — the truly historical portion of the pile
— back to the condition in which it met the eyes of Otho, if not of Charles,
before a kreuzer had been expended in beautifying the Middle-Pointed
choir. Still the big staring windows of the latter, — windows which, in
the words of Hope's Essay on Architecture, gave the cathedral " the ap-
pearance of a stupendous lantern all of glass"— carried the day, and the
official money has been spent in tracery and painted glass, of both which
features they had at some uncertain period been deprived. The plan of
this aisleless choir is very peculiar : a plusquam-semicircular apse (of a
greater diameter of course than the choir itself) of nine bays, with nar-
row windows ; and an oblong portion of three bays, of which two contain
windows, and the most westernly, which slants inwards on each side
like an anti-apse, carries outside fenestriform panelling. All the win-
dows are now filled with tracery, those of the apse of two, and those
of the nave of five lights, all double transomed. This tracery, recalling
the fourteenth century, is of a rather earlier character than the aforesaid
panelling, which is of the early fifteenth, would strictly justify. All the
windows of the apse, and three out of the four of the choir, are filled
with painted glass from designs by Cornelius and the Dusseldorf school,
partly the king's gift. It is therefore needless to say that this glass is
of the landscape, or, to be more correct, the '* group** style, but it is
undoubtedly, as far as the figures go, a favourable specimen of a mis-
taken treatment. The groups which stand under canopies only
occupy the lower part of each window, the centre being eked out
with grisaille. This system is carried to an extreme in the apse, where
the groups and canopies are all kept under the lower transom, and the
remaining space of two transom heights, and the tracery above, pre-
sent nothing better than grisaille ; and even in the side windows,
where the canopies only slightly rise up into the middle space, the
effect is poor and depressing. Perhaps there was some idea of giving
artificial height by making the figure band a sort of middle or tri-
forial range : perhaps more light was thought desirable : perhaps two
ranges of subjects were not considered artistic, or there was some
objection to raising the one range to the middle space : perhaps the
notion was a mere unintelligent imitation of the clerestory of Cologne
without consideration that the difference of elevation was all- important,
or perhaps economy was the real cause. But in any case the thing is
a mistake, and to add to the blunder the grisaille is very poor and
feeble in design, and in the apse its prevalent tones of blue and green
combine very coldly with the yellow canopies. It was a curious fact
to learn that the window representing tbe cototk^\!\Qii ^l ^^ "^^^^r.^

u

360 Ckmlinentai Progrett.

ViTgia was the pretent of the Froteitant Bovereign of tbia <
Rom&Q Catholic city- The whole effect of tbii choir U that
lege or a '' Saiote'' chspel lather tbao a miniter. Id leog
it ii rather >harteT than, but in width half aa broad e^in, aa
Chapelle at Parii, which measurea internally just 100 Englii
length. In iDtemal height, conaidering that the latter stan
uadercroft. Aii- la- Chapelle muBt bear away the palm. Th
glat* of thete two buildings would form a curiou* compariaoi
contrariety, being respectively charactetiatic specinieiis of thi
archaic and extreme modem treatment, A painted window I
of Milan, i» placed in the circular chapel to the □orth-weat of
At Aix-la-Chapelle we observed that the stalls were pushed i
eastward, so as to afford sjMce for a quasi nave within the a:
altars with painted retables uf the fifteenth century stand a)
west end of the stalla on each side. The ftatuea of saiota o
upon the walls have been restored and coloured, lliey an
to Ihoae in the choir of Cologne. It ia impoaslGle to leave th
of this noble cathedral without a tribute of admiration to Ba
corona lucia and to the matchless trttor. The golden pulpit
chatse of the greater relics, so admirably figured in Mi
Cahier'a Melanges, deserve especial notice. The exterior of I
church is restored, and workmen are busy with the wcstei
7'he remains of beautiful cloiatera destroyed in the Revolutit
Hope mentiona, have now entirely disappeared. Restoratia
rife with the Kath-haua of A ix- la -Chapelle, which bad be
nally de-gothicised. Most of the new work, — the corbels
uopies— is stilt in block, so that the effect can aa yet onl]
jectured. Iniide, the magnificent vaulted cornnation hal
£mpen>ra is restored except the floor, and the walla ai
covered with frescoes of the history of Charles the Great
by Rethel are chalky in colour, but grandly designed, the t
being Charles's entrance into Pavia, and the Visit of Otb
buried Charles. Those which have been executed sioce Retbi
are richer in colour but less striking in their composition. A
new church of the Immaculate Conception, of which we no
west end from a print, waa in July carried up to the tc
aisle walls and the first transom of the transept window
material is brick, the windows snd pillars being of ston
church ia cruciform. The nave is of five bays, the western I
prepared for a aubvaulled gallery, and the aisles are to be vaull
pillars are quatrefoiled in section, those of the lantern being i
The aisle windows are of two lights, trefoiled, with a quaCref
bead. The lower portion of the transept window ia simply fen
panelling of four trefoiled lights with a sort of couplet cutout o
central lights. Two quaai-apsidal chapels, which stand rath
askew, as if to afford space for towers, flank the chancel ; th
also two-light windows, rather broader than those of the ual
chancel crypt, which is vaulted in brick with stone riba. ia a
use for warship.
At Cologne the ecdesiological movement ia speeding lam

Continental Progress. 361

have so often and so fully reported the progress of the Cathedral from
the Kdlner Domhlatt, that our readers M'ould not thank us for a detailed
description of the condition of the i^orks. Still a few remarks may
not be out of place, particularly as we had, thanks to the great cour-
tesy of M. Zwirner and of a gentleman connected with the restoration,
unusual opportunities of studying the work placed at our disposal.
Our readers do not require to be told that the external shell of the
nave and transepts was, roughly speaking, completed some time
since, and that internally they are open and free from encumbrance,
being roofed above the triforium with a temporary roof of low pitch,
and tftill walled off from the choir, though not from its aisles.
Above the temporary roof the groining is in progress, underneath a
flat terrace of scaffolding, which extends all over the nave and tran-
septs at the parapet level. On these the workmen are engaged in
fixing the iron principals of the roof, and in constructing the sub-
structure in iron for the central fleche of that metal. The mechanical
contrivances adopted for resisting the thrust of the ponderous needle
seemed admirable. It will not have been forgotten that M. Reichen-
sperger had a friendly controversy with us in 1856 as to the legitimacy
of this use of iron. We shall not renew the strife, except to observe
that it is on the practical success of the fleche that the question must
rest as far as it is concerned, but that with regard to the remaining roof
safety from fire is a preponderating consideration. With all the merits
orthe restoration as a whole, we cannot approve the heavy crocketing
that fringes the nave arches. This feature does not occur in the choir :
and, whether there were any indications of such having been intended
or not in the nave, the general rule of the greater richness of detail being
reserved for the eastern limb is thereby reversed. Moreover, it is objec-
tionable in itself, as it destroys scale, and would make any painting of
the nave spandrils similar to that in the choir impossible. With this
exception we are able to praise M. Zwirner most highly. The plea
which Mr. Fergusson urges, that he ought to have improved the ground-
plan, is most legitimate chamber criticism ; but the architect who, called
to the restoration of Cologne Cathedral twenty years since, had under-
taken the part of an improver, would indeed have been a bold man. The
charge of primness brought against the new work would very likely have
heen just as applicable to the choir when fresh from the chisels of the
thirteenth century masons. The absence of altars and images gives to
the nave a peculiarly Anglican appearance. The interior of the choir is
decidedly under rather than over coloured. Except indeed the capitals,
the statues of saints on the pillars, (not so good as those at Aix,) and
the exquitite spandril paintings of angels by Steinle, there is hardly
any mural colour at all. The vaulting in particular is rather cold in
its undecorated state. The question occurred to us, what would be the
effect of painting it in the style of the Liege churches, unless indeed the
OQOtif found in S. Anastasia at Verona should be preferred. We are in-
clined to think that such a proceeding would enhance both the beauty
and grandeur of the Cathedral. Overbeck's Assumption forms the re-
table of the Lady Chapel, (i.e., the chapel formed out of the external
•ocith choir aisle,) and stands within a Gothic frame of oak by M.

3rV2 Cuiitinental Progress,

Zvirzer. It U & delicate and graceful picture, though some

T-e "i*:i Laazicr* of the stalls, executed by 300 ladies <

fr:!ii M. R^mb-jux's de^i^n?. under Madame Martens' pracc

tl:-*. ia-re alreadr been noticed in this Journal. It mai

h-TcTer. to oVerve that they are a series of iconographic i

ticc* i the N:cene Creed executed by a new process, whic

the li:o"-r of taj-estry. is equally effectirc, and. we think.

We harr-ea to kco^ that specimens of the process have beei

iit3 Ecjlar.d with a view to its introduction there ; and we

future Luz^ber. to cal! particular attention to it. M. Rambou:

best in the most mystical subjects. His colours are alwayi

eecerillT. thousrh not inrariablv. harmonious: while the <

accordinz to the proce«s employed, leaves nothing to be desi

old painted gla«s in the clerestory, which, as we have obse

have ^iven the hint to the Aix-la-Chapelle artists as to the an

of the groups and the grisaille, is very beautiful, but has not

successfully cleaned and repaired. Of the new grisaille in the

by diferent hands, with a considerable preponderance of

(especially from M. Schmidt's attlier), we think we had bet

more than that it came into the church by way of gift.

Chapel has glass from M. Ramboux*8 design, which is mt

praised for its design than its colour. These windows re

series of subjects out of the legend of the Blessed Virgin, w

discovered painted on the solid stone parclose behind the cl

several years back, in a very dilapidated state. They wercac

doomed to be concealed by M. llamboux*s new hangings, but

jects were transferred to the windows. We gave a descriptioi

paintings, translated from the Kolner Domblatt, in an earl)

The large windows, of Nfunich make, which were placed in I

nave aisle in 1848. are decidedly inferior to the earlier glass

same quarter at Kilndown, and as decidedly superior to the late

glass at Peterhouse — heavier and less sparkling than the one. cl

less cloudy than the other. The pattern glass in the tracery is

stiff. Another window from Munich, offered by subscript

memorial of Gorres, has been more recently placed in the we

the south transept. It is better than its larger neighbours,

does not reach the Kilndown standard. We particularly comf

Madonnas in the Gorres and King Ludwig's windows with I

lection of the same representation in the Kentish church, and

the conclusion that, with a strong family likeness in all three

later re])resentation8 were decidedly inferior in sentiment. 7

of this church is very inferior to that at Aix. l*be ^eat chas

Three Kings is (always excepting the vilely incongrnous ei

the seventeenth century) a roost elaborate work, only inferic

of the Greater Relics in the rival church ; but beyond this «

works of mediaeval date, the collection is more remarkable fo

▼alue than worth. A seventeenth century vermeil chaase of 1

offensWe lococo is proudly shown ; and the monstrance made

and gWen b^ xVie \n[^^Ti\.'?o\ft/v^ ^S. ^«r| vm^ure atyle. The

croM of diatnondA «xA vtast^^ ^^vglXs^^^^ ^^ft^smi^^ ^Smi

Continental Progress. 868

Archbishop, no doubt cost a large sum, but it is only fit to hang round
a lady*8 neck, and was very likely made for that object. The new
bridge stands directly facing the cathedral, and a short broad street has
been made leading up to the apse. In contemplating the newly-raised
nave and transepts, we asked ourselves whether, apart from their desti-
nation and artistic value, this cathedral or the New Palace of West-
minster was materially the greatest Gothic work of the age ; and on
the whole we came to the conclusion that the Houses of Parliament
must be decidedly reckoned as the most vast enterprise in revived
Pointed of modern days.

We are glad to record that the ecclesiological movement ii mani-
festing itself in the other churches of Cologne, which we were fortunate
enough to visit under M. Reichensperger's kind guidance. Nothing
has been done at S. Martin's beyond rebuilding two out of the three
angle<turret8 which were still wanting to the steeple. Wallrafs
offensive modernisation of the interior, effected at the close of the last
century, still disfigures it ; and some sham Romanesque gas-fittings
lately set up do not improve its aspect. S. Maria in Capitolio, and the
Holy Apostles, are still untouched by the restorer ; and in each case
we are sorry to say that the interesting conventual buildings in Pointed
which used to flank them have been removed, and in the former case
the Vandalism has been very recently committed. A spirited restora-
tion is in progress at S. Andrew's, a church which was originally
Romanesque, with apsidal transepts, but which was enlarged in
Flamboyant times by the construction of an elongated choir, in
the best manner of its age, with very fine stalls; the Romanesque
octagonal lantern, of two stories, was being renovated during last
summer.

Extensive works have been carried out at S. Cunibert's, noticeable
as the latest of Romanesque churches, and actually completed in that
style in the thirteenth century. The western transeptal narthex, in
Transitional Pointed, with the spire rising centrically out of it, has
been restored. The small size of the stones with which this is built,
and their colour, combine to give it the effect of being constructed of
London stock-brick. The east end has been painted by M. Welters from
a bequest of the Countess of Merfelt. The plan of the apse is curious,
as there is an exceedingly narrow procession path, and the three
windows of the ground-story are set in shallow apsidal recesses, quarried
in the thickness of the wall. We imagine that each of these recesses
must once have held an altar, the celebrant standing out into the pro-
cession path. The somewhat anomalous distribution of S. Jaques at
Liege, where recessed chapels project from an aisleless apse, may be
considered as partially reproducing an arrangement, the essence of
which is the negation of the procession -path for the purposes of circula-
tion. The conch of the apse is painted with a Majesty on a gold ground ;
while in the tripled pillars of the clerestory, and of the ground arcade,
the central one is coloured in imitation of black marble, and the ground-
story wall presents an imitation of drapery. In spite of the precedents
of the Ste. Chapelle and other places for the latter decoration, we can-
Dot think either of these expedients is \ef^XimsX«. T\i^ tel%:^\^^:kqX

VOL. XXI, B B B

-4 Cjni«uiei/2.* Pro^retf.

rlT ciiUB 11 'JzLi c2;^rca iiu been mlaermbly mended wit]

lie zrs^ta: cc-clesiudral cndertmkine, next to the
cc tie ruitcnl. is :le re>J»cin2, in Pointed, of the pui»l
S. Mi.iriice, zz, X Lirre sc&le. br M. St&tz. M. Franck*
eirxsz. L •' TaTrvra- ; ci Coksne. left 6O.CO0 tbaiere
lie ;zir::i- :,z. zzczlziz:i that M. Sc&tz was employed,
wu i£ Rc=4z.£&;*£ dale. Teoer^ble for its antiquity, altb
izii T:e-ia i:i aj^eanzce. AcoLniingSy. the Erst notion wi
it It t:ie eist e=.-i ::: the new ccii^traciicn, and to make
cLzrzL a:n;cJ^baecic. in iziiutioa of the Rhenish Romanes
«iru, at t*e faL'rld^re c: disorientating the pile, and placis
: iz-t w«c B.t as £%>:c as the old building was touc
to th.:r:czt:Iy vom oct. that there was nothing to I
:2 pell it f-wr.. w'liich was acoordiagly done, and the <
ilaz^iC vith a ccrrect crUntAtion. The new building, of
Z'.zZfZiLiLzzji v€r£ laid vben we were there, wiil include the
cli :ce. Its leiLzth is -2^0 Pmssian feet ; style, Middle-Poi
iiLat£hal« trlrk. Tz.t care a<-.d aisles will be of the usual
M. Statz. wi:h a ccmmendable origin alitT. has modelled fa
Lf cc tie Ui^/rsB^txircie g: Treres. There will accordingly
c:=>a1 lacteiTi. a^siiil transepts, an eastern apse to serve as L
and izzz sziaZ^r apses, [rojecting respectively from the
sires c: :be l&iitcn:. When there is money enough, a wes^
3^*! feet hizb. is to be erected. It will be observed that t
stands cut of the general run, both from its dimensions ai
TLt ccurare tbat prciEptcd it is the more commendable froi
brl^^inr it :::to ccLtr^ft with such monuments as Cologne p

Tzt ceT Pr^tiistan: church hr M. Zwimer. built in Italic
csque. with its tall, thin, low-roofed campanile, contrasts ui
with tbe ancient churches of Coloiroe. However, M. Zwim<
much credit icr his new Roman Catholic church at Mulhein
cf Cologne en the east bank of the Rhine, a little below De
of red brick it is cruciform, with groined aisles containing
windows and a western steeple.

Semi-secular PcHnted finds its expression at Cologne ii

seoms. One of them is destined to contain the collection,

early pictures, which Wailraf, a contemptible architect but i

antiquarian, made at the beginning of the century and beqc

the city, and of which M. Ramboux is the worthy cnial

museum, due, like S. Maurice's church, to M. Franck's mi

it designed by the city architect in pasaable Gothic (tb

rather late and wiry description) and is so planned as to in

work in the ancient cloister of the Minorites, which is treated,

Charles Barry, under similar circumstances, treated 8. Stephci

— i.e., retained with upper galleries superposed. The vaoltx

story of the new building ii its best feature. The other i

the archiepif copal one of medisval antiquities, which, having

been \od^^ m a. Vquia va. \3&ib «^a a^soe to the aonlli of Ifae <

wid ba\in^ o^ex^Eown iXa\iassa^»>Daa\m«L«i&iae^Bgl.V|a.ac

Continental Progress. 865

wing by M. Statz. This addition, two stories in height, presents a
gable to the square. The ground story, which is vaulted, contains the
ancient specimens, of which the most remarkable are the chasse of
S. Herebert in very early Pointed, removed from Deutz, a cross of
the fourteenth century, and a late Romanesque portable altar, ena-
melled, with verd-antique mensa, removed from S. Maria in Capitolio,
as well as several specimens of embroidery. In the room upstairs is
an exhibition of modem work, which shows the activity of Cologne
ecclesiology. The embroidery of Madame Martens, who superintended
the principal part of the cathedral hangings, claims attention, as also
M. Bunelson's metal work. A corona which was being exhibited re«
minded us very much of Mr. Hardman's style. We believe that the
great patron of the movement among the clergy is Bishop Baudri,
Suffragan and Vicar- General of Cologne, and brother of the editor of^
the Organ flir Chrisiliche Kiinst. We were introduced to M. Statz,^
who was, we were glad to see, full of work ; and to M. Fuchs, a young
and self-taught sculptor, who is practising religious art with great spirit
and success. We were struck at the former gentleman's with the differ*
ence of system between the proceedings of an English and a German
architect. Here, as it is well known, the delicate work is put out to
an artist- carver. In Germany the architect has his own staff of art-*
workmen, who work on his premises under his own directions.

No ecclesiologist can tarry at Cologne and comfortably leave the
lovely Cistercian Abbey of AUenherg, some nine miles distant, un-
xisited. We need hardly recall to our readers that this church, com-'
iponly attributed to the architect of the cathedral — a pious opinion
which we should be sorry to shake, though we see difficulties about it
— is a church of the smaller cathedral size in the finest early Middle-
Pointed, cruciform, but, in the spirit of early Cistercian simplicity,
wholly destitute of steeple. If the Liebfrauenkirche of Treves, and
S. Elizabeth of Marburg are the two earliest noticeable churches in
Germany in developed Pointed, this one must be the third. A few
years since it menaced ruin : now it has been, thanks to the King of
Prussia*s exertions, put into perfect tenantable repair, although white-
washed internally. Its actual destination, according to the strange
custom of the bureaucratised commonwealth in which it stands, is
to serve at different hours for Catholic and Protestant worship. Ac-
cordingly the general internal aspect is very Anglican. An open
iron grill of the last century, but of by no means inappropriate design,
spans the nave about midway, and within it the open benches of the
worshippers are ranged — benches not chairs being the rule in Teuton-
land. A pulpit stands on the north side, and a very simple altar is
placed in the choir with a large black cross, and a small moveable
crucifix beneath — furniture equally appropriate for either class of wor-
shippers. There is actually no other fitting except the ancient Sakra-
menthnus to the north of the altar, and the church stands out in the
naked beauty of its proportions and its details. The capitals exquisitely
reproduce natural leaves, and the grisaille, of which most is found in
the chapels which fringe the procession path, represents the leaves of
tha plants and shrubs familiar to the monki \nV!ici« ti«ii^^c^M!^^%\5si^9^^

866 Continental Progress.

This has in parts been very fairly made good. The only re
tion of animal life is eminently characteristic, namely a numbc
heads of oxen, which are introduced into the grisaille of the la
transept window. These are of course simply the portrai
farm stock of the good rustic monks. A more thorough
of the Cistercian spirit, attempered with a delicate sense c
but contrasted with Cluniac magnificence, than this minster ^
conceive. Absolutely the only piece of colour is a couple oi
arms. The windows in the apsidal chapels are of two light
the clerestory, six in the north transept, and seven at the wesi
latest work of all and showing symptoms of the flowing style,
inner lights of this window contain old painted glass, while tl
is filled with indifferent modem specimens. In the south
transept there are no windows, for the cloister formerly sto
Outside the effect is deteriorated by the pitch of all the i
having been lowered, llie monastic buildings, of which a coi
portion exists, reduced to the condition of farm premises, are
modern date, but a small First- Pointed apsidal chapel stands
to the north-west with a curious early rose on the south side,
now leads straight to the abbey door, an unpoetical conveniei
did not exist in the days when Mr. Webb*a book and Murraj
book were written.

The church of S. ApoUinaris, built from M. Zwimer's di

the Apollinarisherg » a hill overhanging the Rhine, above Rei

the cost of Count Furstenberg, is so well known that we ne

allude to it. The building itself was commenced twenty-t

ago, and may therefore plead the statute of limitations in bar c

verse criticism on its external features : otherwise we might hs

thing to say, specially about the two pairs of taller turrets at on

shorter turrets at the other. But the moment we enter it the

ception of the design bursts out at once and completely. Th<

is not a church in the architectural grasp of the word, but a

arranged for the display of constructive painting just as com]

Giotto*s chapel at Padua, more completely even than the Ste

is arranged for the display of painted glass. Other churches

new, S. Vincent de Paul, or All Saints', Margaret Street, aa

latter, have called mural painting in as an important element

whole effect. Here, however, as at the Arena Chapel, the pic

the all in all. Viewed in this sense the Apollinariskirche i

the most striking and successful art monuments of the a|

church, which is of course groined, is cruciform (nearly, if no

Greek cross) devoid of aisles, with an apsidal east end, and

combined width and shortness of its dimensions a panorama of t

ings may be taken from most points. Three artists have been <

— Deger for the history of our Blessed Lord, which ranges on t

side ; Miiller for the history of S. Mary, on the south side, an

Majesty in the apse ; Itteubach for the legend of S. Apollinar

south transept, and for some parenthetic figures of aingie sai

these (jgo^ ^a >Xi«^ ^^^xt."^ ^^^%t has our prefeTence^ etpeeiai

pictuie of \\xfi l^^^^TiX:^ QTL>^^TiK^i!^^^^\^d&ib'«n^«\^^bACi

Continental Progress. 367

"which fills up the end wall of the north transept. But Muller's
Majesty is also very meritorious. The artist in this picture judiciously
archaizes by the introduction of a gold ground, the other pictures hav-
ing naturalistic backgrounds. The central figure is flanked by stand-
ing saints. From our praise of this composition, we must except a
very provoking moresco-like ornament, which the artist has pleased to
place at the apex of the conch. The painting of the lower part of
the walls in a sort of olive-coloured pattern, like a stretched stuff, is
decidedly mean. The chief drawback of the interior is the south tran-
sept window, a large Middle- Pointed, glazed with grisaille, which dis-
tributes the light very unequally. It may have been the intention of
the architect to throw the principal light upon the Crucifixion, which
stands opposite to it, but the general effect is thereby damaged. As
the church is after all a picture gallery, the architect had better have
clothed the ordinary plan of lighting picture galleries in a Gothic and
ecclesiastical garb. A series of upgabled clerestory lights at regular
intervals, would obviously have been the best expedient. When we
come to the ritualism and ins^trumenta our praise must cease. Though
the church belongs to the Franciscans, there are absolutely no choral
arrangements at all. The high altar is unconspicuous, and in each
side wall of the chancel, a pew is recessed precisely like a box on the
pit tier of a theatre, while the pulpit, a poor one of wood, stands at
the east angle of the south transept. The organ is placed in a western
gallery. The cancelli are of cast iron, mean and cheap. It is strange
that although ecclesiastical art has been revived in so many departments
in Germany, iron work seems to have been completely overlooked,
yet, even during the days of Louis XV., that country was famous for
the richness, if not the taste, of its wrought gates and grills. Perhaps
it is the ignorance of what can be done in this material, which gives
rise to the alarm which has been created by the metallic fl^che at
Cologne. We were interested to observe that the chancel was laid
with Minton's tiles. Ceramic art is another German desideratum. The
stairs down to the crypt stand centrically, and are not very dexterously
managed. The crypt itself, which is exceedingly impressive, is apsidal,
divided into nave and aisles, with a procession -path, and an altar,
llie fourteenth- century high tomb of S. Apollinaris has been moved
there from the church of Remagen below, and surmounted with a
modern recumbent efiigy. Unfortunately the figure looks to the
west. We should observe that the saint, whose relics the tomb is
said to contain, is the famous S. Apollinaris of Ravenna. There is a
second crypt right to the south, containing a famous ancient crucifix.

At Coblentz the venerable church of S. Castor — famous as a work
of the tenth century, and noticeable for its four steeples, and its
position at the very confluence of the Rhine and Moselle — has recently
had its choir frescoed. The Coronation is painted over the choir-
arch. The Liebfrauenkirche, in the upper part of the town, a church
composed of a Romanesque nave, and Middle-Pointed choir, with two
nvestern steeples, has been restored by M. Statz. There is a fair high
altar, with a stone retable of two stages, comprising figures in canopied
niches, and a side altar at the end ot iVie i[iOt>^ \x«xi<^\X« ^Y^^XL^sm

%

368 Gmliaental Proj

painted glaia » mediocre. M. Fochs hai
ture. There u ■ third church at Coblenl
to the Proteatant* — which U unnoticed
two western ateeplei combine with tbot
kirche ind the four of S. Castor, in all
The nave is Romanetque, and the choir '■
been re«tored to euit its actusl cultus.
other at the rise of the choir staps. an]
and the font to the south. The altar, wh
most conspicuous feature from the nave
eandie- bearing angels.

We are chronicling restorations, not di
be brief with the Dom at Ment2.> a chi
of its dimenaioni, the interest of its hi
beauty of its Pointed additions, is more
might boast of more sustained gracel
the interior is defiled with whitewash, a
Kgretted bs the exterior shows how love
red sandstone. But the western apse sti
is being frescoed bj Oesenger, while
tributing the punted glass. Restoration
and one of the turrets, flanking the eai
restored. The oblong dispel, beyond
has been rather prettily fitted up as
Gothic altar placed in the apse of the
say so-called chapter-house, because
seminary chapel was the real chapter-
in question was only its lobby. We do
could ever have held its deliberations ii
room. The range of ancient stone sea
been need for occasional judicial purpc
place is not inapproprista : while, as «
being a thoroughfare militates against
bouse.

The beautiful coUeginte church of S. ■
Mentz, was, as our resdert may recoil
in a tremendous explosion of a powde
It has now been completely restored in
M. Gayer, at a cost of 42,000 thalers, r
tion. The jilan of the church is a. west si
aisles of equal height, (and of course ne
transepts and apsidal choir, built in n
Pointed, and of course all groined. Tt

' We mike do apology for thai tpelling tlH
Higtie, and Mechlin, it a cilT poaieulng an Engll
we DM thit socordinglj. Th« farm wo neier
tbe " Napoleonic ide* " csnaaC haie ■ better
fkmiliarisei EDgliihman with " Malinei" and *
cuitoca bu raled the tus of " ToarDsr," "i
In Enellih. " Lim," u itandinf in Freneh-i
Mr 'or 1<m1/.

Continental Progress. 869

own rich colour. The foliaged capitals are gilt, as well as the promi-
nent lines of the groining ; the remainder (as in the choir joining hy
Mr. Dyce at All Saints*, Margaret Street) being left of the natural
hue ; only the soffit arch is decorated with gilt stars, thick set. The
plane surfaces of the groining are coloured of a very pale, cold,
greenish-grey blue, powdered with stars. This coloration, so subdued
and cool, gives special prominence to the red stone, and forms with it
a combination the more piquant and successful because one element in
it is a natural polychrome* This experiment would contribute most
valuable hints to the vexed question of the coloration of the red sand-
stone cathedral of Lichfield. We were always of opinion that secondary
colours ought to be employed there, and S. Stephen's, Mentz, comes
in to corroborate our theory. The altars are good, but not remarkable.
A picture by Veith stands over the one in the north transept, and there
are neither stalls nor screen. The painted glass, which is chiefly gri-
saille, is mediocre.

The noble Cathedral of Worms, though still standing and in use, is
in a most woe-begone plight, being cracked in all directions. Some
few restorations are, however, in progress at the basement of the
western apse, which we trust may save it from perfect ruin. The
church is, however, free from the defilement of whitewash, and shows
the genuine red stone, although in places it exhibits the sham of red
coloration. The gaudy Louis XV. stalls in the ea^stern choir are now
aa shabby and dilapidated as the minster itself. In the Middle- Pointed
chapel of S. Nicholas, against the south side, is deposited a series of
admirable early Flamboyant sculptures in high relief of Gospel sub-
jects, removed from the now-destroyed cloisters.

The condition of Spires Cathedral, richly if not correctly restored by
the last and present kings of Bavaria, is the extreme of contrast to
Worms. We have given the description in full of Schraudolph's vast
and gorgeous series of paintings which spread along the walls and
the cupolas of this huge Romanesque cathedral in our number for
February, 1854, so we need not travel over the ground again. But
while acknowledging the great pictorial grandeur and iconographic
completeness of the entire series, and the high beauty of many parts,
we are compelled to add that the whole effect of this restoration
wants much of being satisfactory. There is an indescribable air of
modernism spread over what naturally was, and what ought to have
been preserved as, a stern historic monument. When a new church is
built to hold paintings, as at ApoUinarisberg, it is right and proper that
the architect should build up-to, and for, the future pictures; but
when the painter is called in to decorate a monument which has its own
marked antecedent character, that character ought to dominate his
system of ornamentation.

Above all, the architect from Carlsruhe, who was employed, has
shown himself lamentably deficient for so great a work. For instance,
the high altar, with its baldachin, is insignificantly small and low ;
while the unpardonable fault is committed of manufacturing the altar
itself of sham material, while the rails are even more mean than at
ApoUinarisberg. Akin to this solectsm is the ^sat i%>A\ ^ Va^rcBk^i,

r:*-irsi "ie ▼'-'Ijs i::ral-:e'i rorr^DQ of the interior with tod
-FTii. iz. :r::;r -v* :-:z:li:r, to «*r odf the paintings. 1
■» i_i::i LTs *.z^-». izi *t3Lz.i iz. th* eastern apse, with the bisho
Tiiur-i-i rjcTT-oiIlT. in *:.i«:li.ran f&5h:on. are ineffectively d«
t::-i: 2111*" i:c!:»il-i*3 i: *rrl** fzr w>:dwork — modem Pseud
i*::**. Tii :r£-iJi :z tie cthrr hand, is hoisted up in
ifiri^zlj -visziTz, zollerr. w::h ce^ks for the prolesfion
fr:*r*-i ritr-g :: zz* -sriziiw* and the d:aj ers in the aisles
!:!■; ziniirTi- Bzz z'z^ =:*: siz^ii instance of the architect*!
zz ":e ::'iri 1: ti'* w^*: *zd. The cached nl originally posse
w^srsrz. stie*:!-** wi:ch wfre destroTed in the brutal deraa
Pi';ir";i:* ":t Lcii:* XIV.'s armies. The artist had there!
-l;-^ i-d ii-i :'-=a. wiii-.-h. he adopted was one which, in abl
^iz'zz LiT-i :*-=. dice is eseot.ve as it was original, viz.
sen;::;- :: a. lirps external lobby, — a Romanesque trans
siirr:. :: :i:4 7is:::ule c: S. Peter's. Inside, to be sure,
r:':!! i^t^iz bis inevitably been obtained, for no amount of
cr'i.d rr*Ter.: a. Iirre £r:Lnec apartment baring a creditable ap
wbili the snne* cf the Kaisers, who had formerly been

m

Sp:r^*. set ::: ^.1: iiicl.es, ec bossed with a nailhead patten
ccczier-iitiwc :^r th-sir general effect. But externally, the
cczi^rLsizz a cizute cct3cc:cal lantern, and still smaller tc
c: rettf^ess and mig^^miUes. and cf a scale utterly disproporl
tb-= ancient structure, siccplr disfigures and masks the venei
Tc iive but cne icstance cf the archittct's taste : the cathedral. 1
c:' it; sch:oI. is all built cf red stone : and yet this gentleman
to n'.e-o'^t his puny vestibule «i:h a feeble zebra- ing of whit
stcnes. utterly out of keeping with the old work. In the m
the east ecd, cf the richest late Romanesque, is left outsidt
and perish, llie grand crypt must be noticed, as strongly
thit at Canterbury.

The cath:;drai cf Frfihurg im Breisgau, owes its most gc
nown to its lofty, open-work, single west spire, which is cur
ferred to as hriving an indication of i»hat the west front of Coh
be whenever it possesses two such spires, each more lofty tha
the church in the Black Forest. But, to our mind, this sp
the mcst distinguishing beauty of Freiburg cathedral ; for it
does not show height in proportion to its real dimensions-
dude, on account of the non-solidity of its construction. 1
burg Cathedral is certainly a church of a high degree of pi<
merit, although according to technical rules it oaght to
the second class. For it has only a single tower, the Middle
nave has no yestige of a triforium, the Romanesque traniep
low and short as to seem outside like mere chapela, and the
of late Flamboyant with odd stump tracery, and that peculii
debased vaulting which looks almost like the coved ceiling oi
bean parlour. Still the good portions are very good, and £er<
gether an indescribable and perhaps an accidental fmhnets i
whoVe \)u\\d\n^ Ni\i\c\k ^q«& lu \a compensate for these alioiti
The iiA.Ne« aa i«« \mk««. %«aj^/>am^^K>fcTBara^^Ktj^&*r?^^wiAMl, but

Continental Progress. 371

bays nearest the transepts (the sole remnants of the earlier cathedral)
show that the course of the building proceeded westward, for these are
transitional between the first and second style. Some of the windows
are lancets, the capitals are of an early type of foliage, several of them
" t crochet," while the trefoiled wall arcading is decidedly First-
Pointed, and on the south side some Romanesque capitals are worked
up into it. Indeed the two northern bays are evidently anterior to
those on the south side : for instance, the external pinnacles are solid
on that side, and on the south open with statues. The four remaining
bays to the westward of the nave are developed Middle- Pointed, the
pinnacles being all open with figures, and those of the choir, although
Flamboyant, harmonise well with the earlier work. The Romanesque
transepts are not at all Rhenish in feeling, but, like the Romanesque of
Bale, seem more nearly allied to the French and English schools.
The western porch, with its statues all round, is peculiarly grand,
while the sculpture in the tympanum of the western door, in addition
to its merit, is remarkable for the manner in which its designer has,
in the choice of subjects, interlaced the First Advent and the Passion
with the Doom. The whole is thus a great iconographical representa-
tion of the Incarnation. The Middle- Pointed painted glass of the
Dave aisles is particularly fine, and as it is nearly complete all through,
the effect is greatly enhanced. The *reds and yellows are particularly
fine, and there are some quiet blues which deserve notice. On the whole,
we thought it rather superior to the glass of Strasburg. The general effect
is not dissimilar to M. Gerente's glass at All Saints', Margaret Street.
The frequent repetition in it of the Crucifixion and of the Virgin and
Child shows that there was no symbolical system running through the
choice of subjects. All of them, we fancy, were special gifts, and
several of them were certainly given by the guilds ; for example, the
shears on one of the windows prove that that was the contribution of
the tailors ; each donor, as it would seem, choosing his subjects without
much regard to his neighbour. The modern mending of some of
these windows is wretched. There is some rather pretty miniature
painted glass of the Kellner school in a small chapel which projects
beyond the line of the south aisle, containing a Sepulchre wherein the
recumbent body has a small door in the breast for the deposition of the
host. A group of the Last Supper in a corresponding chapel on the
north side has been made the retable of a modem altar. The choir has
been restored by Klenze : — we presume in consequence of Freiburg hav-
ing been made theprimatial see of that portion of Germany, — a see
to which Mentz is now actually suffragan. The screen, a low one of
iron, is not remarkable. The most westemly bay of the choir,
which is flanked with solid walls, is unstalled, as the upright monu-
ments of the Dukes of Ziiringen (to whom Freiburg once belonged)
stand against those walls. The next bay, which opens into the choir
aisle, has ancient stone pardoses, against which Klenze has placed the
stalls, which are not ill designed in Flamboyant, though they are most
foolishly painted white to match the parcloses. The people's high
altar stands just within the choir in the unstalled bay. In the next
bay. proceeding eastward, is another «et oC «sa!CX>i%x^ %\»&% ^assX v^

VOL. XXI, C C C

372 Continental Progress.

well designed, also painted white and picked out with gold
fourth bay (the third open one) the archbishop's throne is ;
the north side, filling up the arch with its tabernacle work,
wood is happily left of the natural colour, and the desisn
enough, though rather thin in parts. The ^eat retahle (aU
and by Klenze) is of wood, coloured and gilt, and would be ;
height had not been so exaggerated as to dioRinish from tb
the church. The loftiest pinnacle actually cuts into the cei
dow of the clerestory. The whole is designed to frame
ancient polyptych by Groen. There is no painted glass ii
clerestory, but there are considerable portions (of course
date) in that of the choir. The whole choir, as well as the
fringed with chapels, thirteen in number, of a curious plan,
them has externally only two sides, and so terminates in i
while additional space is eked out by the partition walls bet
neighbouring chapels on either side. Thus each chapel is
gonul chamber, with the side next to the procession path 1
This arrangement affords much wall space for paintings, of wl
are both good and bad. In one of the chapels is a curious early
enamel crucifix of rather large size. There is a considerabl
of rather bad late painted glass in these chapels.

The Flamboyant collegiate chuhch of S. Martin is much mo
but a fragment of a very pretty cloister is preserved on the s
which very much reminded us in its general effect of Mr. Bu
ambulatory at S. Augustine*s, Canterbury. A small Romanes
ventuhl church has been removed and rebuilt bodily at Freibui
use of the Protestants.

A few stations beyond Freiburg the railway enters S«

close to Bale. The cathedral there, now devoted to Calvii

ship, has within the last ten years been restored with, a:

be supposed, a total disregard of ecclesiological rule, but

most laudable appreciation of its architectural value. E

the church, built of red sandstone, is rather disappointin

is of small dimensions, and the two open-work western s

early sixteenth century work) are both petty in size an<

quite match. The disparity, which is more than pardons

grand scale, becomes simply teazing in a little specimen lik(

Bale. The 'casual traveller would probably be inclined to tl

the curious Romanesque north door was the only very valui

ture about the building. Once inside, however, he would dis

mistake, for he would find himself in a church which, in spi

moderate dimensions, possesses a singularly majestic appearani

style is an interesting Transition between Romanesque and

the arcade is Pointed with Romanesque capitals, the triple

and the single- light clerestory being round-arched. The arch

ground- story are of two orders uncbamfered, the pillars bei

posed of four semicircular shafts set against a square pier

arches are rather curiously zebraed of a dark and a light stone

are second^ ^\^^%^ ^1 ^VviV \Sdl<^ hA.^« are spaced differently i

r ,

». "i

Continental Progress, 378'

Transepts occur, and the choir, though short, is of remarkable elevation,
as the apse rises on numerous steps, obviously indicating the existence
of a crypt. Accordingly, the height of the whole church being uni-
form, the arcade of the procession path is proportionably diminished in
elevation, and the arches are sustained on couplets of very curious small,
thin, disconnected shafts with rich Romanesque capitals. The Roman«
esque triforium of the apse is veiled like the similar feature at Gloucester,
with a sort of Flamboyant net- work, the clerestory being of the later
style, llie architectural condition of the building is more perfect, but
the fragments of the stalls distributed about, and the memory of the
rood-loft embalmed in Murray prove to how late a date the old choral
arrangements must have existed. The congregation occupy modern open
seats of a Gothic design in the nave. Considerable portions of the
stalls (of very fine Flamboyant work) are placed against the end walls
respectively of the two transepts. The use which has been made of
the rest is curious. The communion table, which is of stone, and un«
moveable, with a marble mensa (we call attention to these particulars),
stands centrically nearly at the foot of the apse steps, and behind it,
ranged on three levels, are three strips of the stalls ranged above each
other, as if the intention of the architect had been to produce an imi-
tation out of his existing materials of the Basilican usages. The
restoration does not lack painted glass, by a Swiss artist, lays
Baedeker's guide-book ; from Munich, said the young man who showed
ua the church. We fancy that the transept roses came from Munich,
and that the Swiss painter contributed that which is found in the apse.
It is all in the modern German style, and the Baptism in the north,
and the Majesty in the south, transept are good specimens of their
school. It is curious that these subjects should have been selected for
a Calvinist place of worship. The good citizens of Glasgow, who
exclude the person of our Blessed Lord from the iconographic series
which is to decorate their cathedral, might learn a lesson (not the
first, but a better one than heretofore) from Bale. Whole-length pro-
phets and evangelists fill the choir clerestory, panel subjects with a
mosaic ground the windows of the procession path. The fine
cloisters of Bale, double with intermediate halls, partly Romanesque and
partly Flamboyant, are too well-known to require notice. We ob-
served a sumptuous specimen of revived Pointed for secular objects in
the new post office in the town, which is modelled on the style of the
Rath-haus. It is accordingly built in a very late and unsatisfactory
form of Pointed, but as it accurately reproduces the style, it deserves
favourable mention.

There are no signs of restoration visible in the Minster of Berne, a
rich Flamboyant church of intermediate size, (between ^00 and 300
ft. long,) and it is perhaps as well that there should not be any,
for the choral arrangements are still very complete. The Renaissance
stalls, executed in 1523, of which there are sixteen and eleven subsells
to the south, and thirteen with eight subselle to the north (the rood-
loft stairs occasioning the difference,) are g^d of their style, the pro-
phets being carved at the back on the north and apostles on the south
side. A marble table stands on the site of the «it»x, Mi^^^Xacv^^ iat-

374 Coniinenlal iVoj

dilia of itone ttill esiat ; the old br«M t
eagle being hoiited up orer the ancient c
ing decoTatioo of this choir ic the painted
moet norihern out of the five windows of
a three-aided apie.) the remaining two
Btorm. This glati was executed at the <
bjr Fredericlc Waltber. who faa« most ob«
of the early mouic ttyle. Thii peculiar
third window from the north, (the central
contain* the gospel history. In the two
groupa follow! the usual type of the age.
dow," ID which Murray's Handbook, (
English handbill descriptive of the churc
the evangelistio symbols into a mill is, in
tion of the eucbarist, the " pope" beinj
hostiv are represented as coining out
collects them into a pyx, and the attendai
the insciiption " Hoc est Corpus Meuro "
reds ID these windows are very fine, and
first class of late painted glass. Some a
the church seem directly copied from tbi
ornamentation. We were not fortunate
the new Roman Catholic church, which
for a few years since. The new Palace *
Confederation is a large heavy mass, in i
ftiat traces of Romanesque and even of I

The Swiss Freiburg, formerly, like Jti
Dncby of Zuringen, is although not situ
of Switzerland, yet one of the most pici
situation on « steep hill with a rivet
making an island of it, reminds one ol
advantage of a steep opposite bank, of a i
architectural piquancy. It wants, bowei
Yet the resources of modern science 1
beauty no less than to its interest by the i
and lightest suspension bridges in We
spectivety the two valleys, the last buill
being the bolder and lighter work — so t
only form a half curvature, and are tvn
beautiful constructions, one of which sp<
quaint low covered bridge of wood, are
that shallow sentimentalism which refuse
in the triumphs of science over matter.

The church of S. Nicholas is somet
times a collegiate church. Technically it
ticsUy it has been for many generations I
of Lausanne and Geneva. It is a fine Fl
a western steeple crowned with an octa
bays, with aisles and shallow cbapels b<
with a three-sided i^xe, the style beio;

Continental Progress, 375

There 18 in the nave a panelled triforium of five trefoiled openii!ig8, per-
Impt translated from the early one at Lausanne, and a three-light
clerestory* the vaulting being quadripartite, while that of the choir is
of the late flattened type. The nave pillars are clustered of sixteen.
In the western porch are traces of early Pointed ; the length of the
church being 23^ ft. The screen is of open iron work with two doors
and the people's high altar between, and the Flamboyant stalls are
very noticeable. But as we propose to describe this church at greater
length hereafter, and compare it in a future number with the small and
little known, but curious, collegiate church of Romont, canton of Frei-
burg, on the road between Freiburg and Lausanne, we shall confine
ourselves to saying that the exterior of Freiburg Minster was care-
fully restored in 1856, and that the central window of the apse
has been filled with painted glass of the Munich type by a Zurich
artist. The huge organ, built by Mooser of Freiburg, between 1824
and 1834, is the chief attracti6n for the general traveller. It is judi-
ciously not played at High Mass on Sundays, as that would diminish
the attraction of the performances, which are frequent yet not gratui-
tous.

Nothing has been lately done good or bad to the magnificent
cathedral of Lausanne, so we shall pass on, merely testifying to the
singular architectural resemblance between this church and Laon ca-
thedral, to which the attention of French ecclesiologists was directed
by the juxtaposition of Wilars* sketches of the two churches. The
church of S. Francis, in another part of Lausanne, is remarkable for its
four-sided apse (ending of course in a point) of excellent First-Pointed,
and its broad aisleless nave of five bays, transitional between First and
Middle-Pointed. It would altogether form an excellent model for an
Anglican town church. . There is an old stone pulpit in the nave ; and
the church was obviously built by the Franciscans, during the fervour
of their earlier days as a preaching church in the important city of
Lausanne.

The chapel of ChiUon castle, which has been restored for Calvinistic
worship, contains the fine Middle -Pointed wooden sedilia, which used
to belong to Lausaiuie cathedral. The whole castle is a most interest-
ing architectural study ; and among the most noticeable features is a
series of wooden First- Pointed circular pillars, with capitals d crocheip
in the same material, which bear up the beams of an upper floor.

At Geneva the cathedral of S. Peter, a very stately specimen of
First- Pointed, with many Romanesque features, is in statu quo, i. e., in
capital architectural order, with no ritualism, and a Corinthian west
end, bequeathed by the last century. The new Roman Catholic church
of S. Mary, built upon a plot of ground, which the Fazy administration
made a gift of for political purposes, is due to M. Grigny of Arras, who
gained considerable reputation in the earlier days of the French revival,
by his chapel of the Sacr^ Cceur in that city. This Genevan church
has been written up very extensively in French journals, and our ex-
pectations were raised accordingly. We have no hesitation in saying
they were never more disappointed. The architect seemed' to us to
have succeeded in making almost every conceivsXA^ m\%\a^sA. ^\% ^xx»^

J:

376 Continental Progress.

was moderate : so he adopts the complicated plan of a French \
with a procession path and apsidal chapels. His style is First-]
(or Transitional, between that and the Middle style) : so he makei
walls thin, all his mouldings poor, all his details starved and
The roofs even are of an unsatisfactory pitch, and there is no
fl^che. Good fittings might have eked out the poverty of th(
ture, and the fittings are as contemptible as the building itseli
the climax of all is found in the ornamentation of the wi
Painted glass, we suppose, was too dear, and plain glass was i
enough. Accordingly every window throughout the church, ais
clerestory alike, (all, we should observe, being of two light
in every light glazed with the vitreous elevation of a single h
First- Pointed cathedral ; pillars, arcade, triforium, clerestory,
all represented, the stone work in yellow glass, and the openi
white glass. To comment upon so puerile an absurdity, would
waste time and paper.

We are sorry to say that the new English church, built in th<
quarter of Geneva a few years since, has not much to say for i
comparison. We were not fortunate enough to get into it, but tl
side was not attractive, for standing as it does in the middle of a t
and the houses round it being peculiarly high, it is constructe
plan of the most rural lowness, — an aisleless cross, wide and squa
just a budding chancel, and a toy-like pinnacled west tower all <
out in that peculiar modification of Middle- Pointed, of whic
Islington of twelve years since would furnish the best exa
It is fair to England to say, that the architect (M. Monod,
deceased,) was a foreigner. The Anglican church at Chamou
Mr. Christian, just consecrated, is without aspiring after a high
of merit, a decidedly different building. As we have already dei
it from drawings, we need only say that it is First-Pointed, a;
without aisles, and crowned with an acute spirelet.

The church at the small town of Sallenches, in Savoy, had
burnt down,. together with the entire town, a few years since;
since been rebuilt within the old walls, and is deserving of
praise. The style is Italian, but the vaults painted with sacred
jects, the stalled choir, and the marble altars combine to prod
sumptuous and religious ensemble.

The new cathedral at Stem, (for there are two of mediaeval di

rather small Flamboyant building, seems to have been lately pu

respectable repair. The other and smaller First-Pointed cathedi

the Valeria castle, is in a state of great dirt, but all the fitting

preserved inclusive of the First-Pointed rood loft, with its stone

the western organ, with its painted leaves, and the Renaissance st

Across the Alps men have had many other things to think of thii

which may naturally have turned their thoughts away from ecclesic

Nevertheless, we noticed a certain regard growing up for the ai

churches of the cities which we visited. At Milan^ the gradual

pletion of the cathedral, towards which the government of F\

Joseph seems to have been a large contributor, is carried on undi

new regime, A portion of the open«work parapet of the aouth

Continental Progress. 377

sept, and the statues of one of the tambour-like capitals of the nave
pillars, were pointed out to us as having been added during the last year.
Still, however, if we are to believe the official showman, three thousand
statues are wanted, in addition to the seven thousand already there, in
order to complete the iconography of this wonderful church. The
Messrs. Bertini (heirs of the first and best known M. Bertini, whose last
work was the yet unsold Dante window painted for the London Exhibi-
tion of 185 If) are continuing to fill up the windows with painted glass ;
and when we visited Milan, one of the large windows of the south
transept was on the point of being fixed. The choquant effect of the huge
Italian windows with which Pellegrini disfigured the west end has been
internally modified, by the insertion of painted glass, of the picture
style — a style not inappropriate in this particular instance. Still.
however, the hideous marble sentry-box (we can give it no other name)
which the architects of Napoleon's days perched on the nave-roof, by
way of belfry, disfigures the pile. Apropos of Milan cathedral, we
may observe, that the Italian climate seems most productive of that
sin against taste and reverence which is often assumed to be a purely
English form of wickedness — the disfigurement of buildings and mo-
numents with blackguardly and profane autographs and memoranda.
Adhering, as we do, to our disgust at this practice, we can, from the
condition of every accessible statue throughout the exterior of the
church, most safely give the tu quoque to continental critics. Nor is
Milan cathedral the only, or even the worst example. To choose an*
other, out of many, in the curious island church of S. Giuglio, in the
lake of Orta, a beautiful fresco of the Madonna, by Gaudenzio Ferrari,
is almost destroyed by the numerous names scratched upon it by
Italian rufiians, who chose this method of proving that they had made
their pilgrimage to this famous shrine.

At S. Ambrogio we were told that the Emperor of Austria had given
30,000 lire towards the restoration, on condition of its being carried
out archaeologically. Scaff'olding was up against the west front. A
curious discovery was made last year in the little crypt to the south of
the choir of the relics of S. Victor and S. Satyrus (S. Ambrose's bro-
ther), which had from time immemorial been buried deep at the west
end of this crypt, and forgotten. They were at the time deposited at
the School of Medicine, for verification ; but the sarcophagus in which
they were found was placed, pro tempore, on the altar of the crypt. It
is evidently of debased koman work, with three niches in front* and
figures on horseback at the ends.

The church of S. Carlo Borromeo, built a few years since in com-
memoration of the cessation of the cholera, stands on the north side
of the Corso Francese, upon the site of the old church of the Servites.
It is of Classical architecture, and consists of a large circular nave,
crowned with a dome, imitated from the Pantheon, with small chapels
radiating, and of a moderate- sized chancel, orientating to the north.
The effect can only be described by saying, that it is not very good,
but might be worse. In one of the chapels a marble Descent from the
Cross, by Marchese, has merit. Externally the effect is marred by the
adjuncts, viz., private houses much highet tkoii X\^^ ^>ax^ Sxxk^«

373 Cijfntinental Progress.

which st\nd ri^ht ard left of the small place in front of
which opens into the Coro. These houses are actually bi
jarrinz connection with the church, from its Corinthian po
returned alon? them ; thus converting church and hoo&es inl
where the «in^ are more loftv than the centre. The bui](
have actuallj been more imposing if it had stood on the stre
At P'lria we found restoration most actively at work, wh
all we eipected to find it, — in the interior of the venerable,
as the exterior went, worn out church of S. Michele. Tl
cruitations of whitewash on the nave were being scraped c
atone stringcourses on which the triforium rests taken up an
not without manipulation, so far. at least, as cleaning and
what had perished. We watched the latter portion of the resto;
no little degree of zealous apprehension, for fear the result mi
substitution of a fine brand-new S. Michele, in place of the fame
of the long-beard kings. Retouching the stones of S. Michel
sacrilege. On the whole, after an inspection, too cursory, i
form a conclusive judgment, we were inclined to think tha
was being carried out in a conservative and intelligent way. A\
vantage of rediscovering the brickwork, there could not be tw(
Still, we hope that the restorers will be content with the
ments inside, and will do no more to the exterior than th
the structure absolutely demands. The architect is a profes
university, whose name we have unfortunately forgotten. 1
dral of Pavia remains in statu quo^ with its hideous, unfinL
cupola, its dilapidated Romanesque west end, and the toi
Augustine, so strangely pitchforked into this miserable hx
gorgeous and strangely well-preserved Certosa has neither pr
decadence to show.

At Como we have to record the restoration of the painti
groined roof of the cathedral nave, executed in a truer style
of Milan cathedral, as semi-figures are introduced, and tl
illu«ion of sham tracery is hardly attempted. Several painted
by the Bertinis, have also been introduced. We may here
tically notice, as an individual opinion, that we think Mr.
hardly, and Mr. Street has decidedly not, done full justic
church. It is no doubt impure and bizarre in style, but ther
grandeur in the coup»dail, and exceeding gnqp and carefaln<
sculptured details. We observed, both here and at Milan, tli
glass was inserted in the clerestory, to aid the general colorati
At Monsa we found no restoration or building to chronii
iron crown is at Vienna, but the remaining tresor where it
Verona, the only architectural movement is in 8trateg;ic work)
laige new barracks, of brick, feebly imitate the form of a
castle. At Padua nothing is being done, and the vast Renaistan
of Santa Giustina has been turned into a floor magasine. tl
being intermitted, and the pictures covered.

The restoration of S. Mark's, Venice, is proceeding, and the «
ia now a^tAl >Xi^ ^^tO^i vA^. \^«i^^l^^ there has been m

Continental Progress* 379

latter work. This, we apprehend, will be reinstated. The Palo d'oro
now looks very bright, and in good order. As we were not acquainted
with it in its former condition, we cannot offer an opinion as to the way
in which it has been manipulated. It is assuredly a wonderful work,
and may safely, together with that of San Ambrogio, and the great
shrine of Aix-la-Chapelle, and perhaps a very few more productions,
claim a place in the most select first-class of mediaeval metal-work.
We were told that a request had recently been made that it might be
sent to Vienna, for the purposes of study ; but that the Academy of
Venice, for reasons best known to itself, had seen difficulties as' to its
removal.

The large Gothic church of SS. GKovanni e Paolo is under a resto-
ration which seems careful and extensive. The hideous stable windows
which the Renassiance inflicted in the nave are being replaced by
triplets, for which we conclude authority was found. At Torcello^
we grieve to say, the incredible, though happily not indelible, barbarism,
has been committed of daubing the exterior of the basilica with a rasp-
berry-coloured wash, vulgarizing its general appearance at a distance
down to that of a modem conventicle. Inside scaffolding is up before
the series of curious mosaics lining the west wall, which are being made
good. Fortunately mosaic is the safest subject for restoration, pro-
vided there is no substitution, for at the most, the inserted pieces can
only jar with the older portions which are there to tell their own tales ;
while with paintings on the other hand, whether easel or mural, there are
the fearful risks of retouching and .' restoring.' An ecstatic inscription
shows how much official gratitude the Austrian government has earned
by its liberality to this church, of which, at all events, the archaeological
value seems to have been discovered. The basilica of S. Donato at
Murano is internally in a woeful plight ; just enough having been done
in the way of stripping to show its ruinous condition, and nothing done
to set the ruin straight.

A rapid return through portions of eastern France did not enable us
to make more than a few observations. At Strasbwrg the apsidal
lantern of the early Romanesque cathedral which serves as choir to the
more stately and famous nave is now in good constructive order, and
the large east window no longer calls for painted glass. Unfortu-
nately, however, that which has been put in is by a local artist, and is
sadly deficient in colour. The same hand has glazed some of the few
windows in the remaining church which still needed this decoration.
A large new place has been made to open out the view of the south
side of the church. Near the railway station we stumbled upon a
smaU new nunnery chapel built in a sort of coquettish Flamboyant, and
consisting of a litde sanctuary and a broad nave with a clerestory, and
under it a series of small cellular chapels — a common device in new
Roman Catholic chapels.

Mr. Street has so fully and ably described Chalons sw Mame, Reims,
and Laon in our pages, that we need hardly dwell at length on their
churches. The restoration of the almost cathedral-like Notre Dame in
the first named town is in the course of slow but sure progress, and
deserves the highest praise for its rare coQSC\ta\ki\]AtLt»&. *Y>ba nk^^*

VOL, XXI. D D D

380 Continental Progress.

men had the north side in hand when we were there. The
far as the constructive works were concerned, seemed finisl
choir and apaidal chapels were still unpaved. A wooden oi
with an ingeniously light circular staircase has been set
west end. It may be useful to note, to those who do not i
description of this church, that it ia one of the typal specimi
French Pointed. The south transept of the fine, but sadly
cathedral of Chalons, has been rebuilt ; but as the decon
in block, the present appearance ia far from satisfactory. 1
based spires have been pulled down, with a va^e idea tha
some dlinr be replaced by something better. Notre- Dame de
the neighbourhood, is in statu quo.

At Reims we found that M. VioUet Le Due had very re
appointed architect. The first firuit of his r^ime was the dc
the 8ca£folding which had for so many years disfigured i
The restoration of the western portion of Loon cathedral
progress. Four bays of the nave are boarded off; the wesi
the mason's hands, and the south-west tower is being rel
trust that the open turrets and the big animals peeping out
starved.

At Amiens, which has for several years been under M.
Due, the lady chapel is in full possession of the workmen ; i
boxes of painted glass from M. Gerente's ready to be fixei
graceful mural high tomb of a bishop had been discovered oi
side, and is being restored with a new canopy. The eight
tury wooden panelling was in course of being stripped off oth
and the arcading reinstated. The chapel of the lately m
Theudosie (the one immediately adjacent to the lady chaj
north side), fitted up by and colour^ under M. Viollet Le D
tions, and mostly glazed with new glass by M. Gerente, is c
piece of rich but harmonious coloration. The west facade
going a complete renovation.

At Abbeville, the g^nd nave of S. Wulfran's is full of k
assuredly not before it was wanted. At the east end of
aisle is a large and pretentious wooden altar and retable, of
ant design, put up a few years since, we believe, under M
direction. The work is not devoid of merit, but it is Strang
pulated, to suit a pre-existent theatrical group in white i
which the most soignS feature was a mass of donds of '
fleeciness. These accordingly appear sticking aboat the
in the oddest manner.

Close to the beautiful abbey of 5. IZiginer. of which the sti
modem conventual buildings are turned into the diocqan
a hideous building is rising, in a sort of vnlgaxiied Gknoa
esque, which from its form and position we conclude is is
serve as college chapel. Why one should be wanted, or
style should be chosen within a few. yards of so choice^ thoc
specimen of Pointed^ passes our comprehension.

At Boulogne, the Abb^ Haffipeingue's modeniiaed. reooaat
the old cathedral may now» as £ur as.di0 ezterior ia eow

Cambridge Architectural Society. 881

reckoned among completed boildings. The unlucky choice of Btyle
cannot fturly be brought up now as a criticism against a church builder
who commenced in 1827 ; and the Abb6 deserres all praise from good
Christians for his pious zeal in carrying out so vast an undertaking :
only, we must regret to see the shifts which are adopted to raise the funds.
At the end of the nave, which is screened off from the lantern, we
observed what at first sight seemed an altar, somewhat profusely
decorated, and standing on a lofty dais. On drawing nearer, we disco-
Tered that this dais was an orchestra, on which a concert had been
performed the day before, and that the apparent altar was a table, on
which were placed the knicknacks destmed to change hands at a
coming raffle. To be sure, this nave was not " rendu au culte** But
still, place and object considered, these were means which we could not
at all consider sanctified by the end in view. The central cupola is
grotesquely ornamented with a circle of large ball-room chandeliers
etdied on the metal.

The church of S. Alphonso Liguori. by Mr. Hansom, is decidedly
not a success. It consists of a very short chancel and a broad nave,
with clerestory and recessed chapels ; the arches which frame them
being designed so as to imitate an arcade, and a feeble reminiscence of
a triforium being inserted in the middle space : while the roof imitates
without being actually groining. The style is a conventional Middle-
Pointed. We were sorry that, in a case where an English architect
had been employed on foreign soil, the result had not been more
aatisfiEictory. At Boulogne our journey terminated.

CAMBRIDGE ARCHITECTURAL SOCIETY.

The first meeting for the Michselmas term was held on Thursday, No*
rember 1, the I^v. H. R. Luard, Trinity College, in the chair. The
secretary read the report for the past year, which was adopted, with a
slight amendment, and is given below. The officers were also elected
for the ensuing academical year.

Mr. Norris Deck announced a work, shortly to be published, on the
Bells of East Anglia, and solicited the aid of members in procuring
sundry inscriptions not yet obtained.

Mr. W. M. Fawcett then read his paper on Church Arrangement,
wherein he discussed the principal things to be sought after, in bring-
ing a church into a state according with ritualistic propriety. He
also severely censured several abominations still remaining in the
neighbourhood.

Rbfobt.

" On resigning their trust your committee beg to lay before the
members a report of what has been done by the society during their
term of office.

" One of the main objects of the society is to enable those coming
up to the University to obtain some knowledge of architecture, espe-

S82 Cambridffe Architea

cially ecclenaatical architectore and e
find tbeniKlves after the lapie of a fen
they may not be worlung ia the dark. 1

" ^th this view airangementB duri
ft seriei of p&pen on the ' Different St
at the alternate meetlngB of the boc
Eg^pt, Greece, and Rome have alrea
to enter firat on these to show the in
and the Christian ityles which are to
year. The Byzuitioe and Romaneiqai
alter which, the papers will treat of th<
name of Ootbic.

" Besides the papers above meationi
with several of interest, but etpeciall]
Demi of Ely, who gave a very lucid ac
lantern at Ely by Alsn de Walsinghan
rolls of the time, and partly torn the (

" The concluding and great event o
of all the architectural societies, wl
auspices of our society and the prei
Such a full account of fill the psrticol
has been issued, that it is unuecessi
was very successful. — [See pamphlet
and Gentlemait'ii Magfuine,']

" During the past year several app
have beea made to the society, but no
entertain. For the preservation of C
subscription was raised in the Univen
Mr. Marony and forwarded through tl

" We take this opportunity of iafia
building and restoration, that the s
take the place of a church building sod
sity that there is for such a society,
long before such a society is establisht
such a scheme can only be carried o
the district around, and by funds muc
society will, however, be at any tine
in small matters by advice, and we (
sone use to the diocese, for there an
are badly done and made worse thai
cause the affair was too small to warn
assistance.

" We now proceed to our customa
town and diocese.

" Among those carried on in the
College, built by the liberality of tl
Salvin, is the most important, llie (
the best piece of work we know of Ir
beg to congratulate him most heai

Cambridge Architectural Society. SfiS

Trinity, on the great success achieved in this building ; and we hope the
time is not far distant when it will be seen to greater advantage.

" The proposal for the removal of All Saints* church does not seem
to meet with the success it deserves, for the welfare of the parish as
well as the improvement of the town. Whatever hindrances may be
in the way, we trust that they may ultimately be removed. But when-*
ever the work may be accomplished, we do hope that the churchyard
may be saved from the desecration which so frequently accompanies
such works, and which has been the fate of too many in Cambridge.

" The work at Queen's college chapel is now finished, and is a
most valuable specimen of modem art. We are glad to find that the
fellows are not content with this good beginning, but are endeavouring
to make the music of their services worthy of their architecture.

" The houses for the Royal Albert Institution are also completed,
and, with the exception of the turret, are creditable to the architect
employed. The coloured bricks are well introduced, and have a pleas-
ing effect.

" Oreat S. Mary's church still remains in abeyance ; but it has
advanced one stage further in the preliminary part of the negotiation
in the course of the year, and we believe that Uiis year will see some-
thing effectually done.

" A boundary railing has been put to the Abbey churchyard, at
Barnwell. It will be remembered that the society was consulted about
it some time ago : for the present design, however, the society' is in no
way responsible.

" The Guildhall is fairly settled in its design, and a contract has
been entered into to complete it by next October. However we may
regret that a good Gothic design has not been carried out, we stiU
rejoice that something is really being done to supply the town with
better accommodation than the present rooms afford. We 'memori-
alised the committee on the question of style, but without any effect.

" Among architectural works in the county, of course, Ely cathe-
dral stands the first. Mr. Le Strange's work on the roof of the nave
has had another year added to it, but is still far from being completed.
The planks of the scaffolding have lately been partially, removed, so
that some idea of the effect may be obtained from below. We do not
like to criticise unfinished works, but this certainly promises to be one
of the most successful of the kind during modern times. One effect
of the work is to give the appearance of increased height to the nave.
The tone of the colours is remarkably pleasing, which, together with
the masterly conception and bold treatment of the whole, renders it
particularly fine.

" The lantern, which is to be restored in memory of Dean Peacock,
is still untouched. It was settled to give a spiral termination to it,
but we fear this has been abandoned on account of the expense it would
involve.

"The base of Dr. Mill*s monument has been completed, but the
effigy is not yet placed on it : we hope this will not be long delayed.
It is particularly interesting to us, as the memorial of one who for so
long laboured for the good of our society.

ii

^j 884 Cambridge Architectural Society.

It '< Besides the works that have been noticed, little has been dot

I' the cathedral, excepting the partial restoration and alteration o

range'of buildings on the north side, by Mr. W. M. Fawcett.

" Tlie church of littleport, which for some years has been \
reparation, is at length completed, and on the whole is snccessfnl.
' " The old gateway to the churchyard at Burwell, commonly <
the Guildhall, no longer exists. We are sorry to add that sc
work of demolition has been carried on in the most legal manner.
Inclosure Ck>mmi8sioners, the Charity Commissioners, tiie Thnte
the Burwell Charity Lands Charity, the Vicar and Churchwarden
all implicated in this work of destruction. We much regret thi
Toice was raised to stop this demolition, because this gateway wa
only example of the kind in the county, and as such ought to
been preserved.

** At Orantchester, some repairs and restorations of the churd
in progress. A plain waggon-head roof has been put up, but th
mainder is not sufficiently advanced for us to form an opinion upo
*« The Dean and Chapter of Ely have an interesting work in
at Hauxton church. This is one of the oldest churches in the neighl
hood, and has very many interesting points about it. On taking
the old wooden framed east window, the fragments of a deco
window were found in the walls, and this has been re- worked in K
stone. On further examination, the jambs of an Eariy English ti
were discovered ; and on examining tiie foundations, the chancel
found originally to have had a semicircular apse. It is unfortv
that these investigations were not made more thoroug^y before
work was commenced. Much remains still to be done, as little i
than the fabric of the chancel has been touched. All the present
suitable furniture will remain very much in its present condition,
hope, however, now that the Dean and Chapter have given them
start, those connected with the parish will put their shoulders to
wheel, and complete the work. Such a good church ought nc
be left half done, merely because, as in many other cases, thei
some difficulty in collecting funds.

" By far the most successful piece of church restoration is tha
Tadlow, under the direction of Mr. Bntterfield. It is an interei
Early English church, though small, and the work has been done,
merely with a view to personal comfort, but also with due regan
ritual arrangement. The cost has been £795; and the money
been very well spent over the church.

" A ricarage-house has been built at Orwell, and the church
undergone some repairs. Also the church of All Saints, Huntings
has been satisfisu^torily restored, under the direction of Mr. Scott.

" At Fenstanton, siter many years of patient labour of collecting
necessary funds, about £560 has been laid out in restoring the chu:
The works are still in progress, but promise well. The gaUeries t
been pulled down, the columns scraped, and seats of simple chara
introduced in place of the old pews. We congratulate the pariahioi
on this beneficial change.

" At Reach, a buUdiug, semi-church and semi> school, has b

CanUtridge Architectural Society. 385

erected. We cannot speak of its merit ar<;hitecturally, not having
seen it.

*' Before concluding this report your committee wish to lay before
you a scheme which has been set on foot for a memorial to the late
Mr. A. W. Pugin. The plan proposed is, no.t to erect a monumental
effigy to his honour, but to found Travelling Studentships, which,
whilst it forms a valuable plan for increasing the opportunities for the
study of architecture, is one founded on his own words :

'"God grant me the means, and I would soon place architectural
studies on such a footing that the glory of these latter days should be
even greater than that of the former. I would also have travelling
students ; but I would circumscribe their limits. Durham the desti-
nation of some ; Lincolnshire^ steepled fens for others ; Northampton-
shire's and Yorkshire's venerable piles ; Suffolk and Norfolk coasts ;
Oxford, Devonshire, and Warwick—- each county should be indeed a
school, for each is a school where those who run may read, and where
volumes of ancient art lie open to all inquirers.'

" We think that this should meet widi the support of all interested
in architecture ; and we hope that some will be found among the
members of the University who have sufficient regard for Mr. Pugin
and love of art to give liberally to so desirable an object.

*' We must not omit to mention the proposed scheme for a memo-
rial to the late Archdeacon Hardwick, one of the vice-presidents of
our society. A committee has been formed for the purpose ; and it
is proposed to fill with stained glass one of the windows of the chancel
of the University church, and to aid in the restorations of the church of
Slingsby, the Archdeacon's native place. We trust that there will be
no lack of funds for the purpose of procuring a lasting memorial of
one whose loss to the University has been so much felt.

" In conclusion, your committee would eshort the members of the
society to form more parlies for excursions than has been the custooa
for the last year or two. If a time for an excuirsion was settled, so
that any members could join, and one would undertake to collect some
information beforehand, more would be learned than by many lectures.
The Michaelmas term is not generally considered very propitious for
such field-days ; but there will probably be many opportunities for a
good walk among the churches in the neighbourhood. We leave it in-
the hands of the members to work out as they find conveaient^ and
hope that during the. year we may have several pleasant architectural
rounds."

The second meeting was held on Thursday, Nov. 15. The Rev.
M. M. U. Willdnson« Trinity College, in the chair.

A letter was read on the subject of the proposal to form a Motett
Choir for the study of the ancient choral music of the Chu^, and
more especially that of the schQol of l^e, Byrd, Tallis» and Orlando
Gibbons ; and after a short discussion a preliminary meeting of those
interested in the formation of the choir was announced.

38G Northampton Architectural Society,

Mr. Norris Deck then read a paper on the " Dedication of <
in England.'* He discussed the influence exercised on our de
by the ancient territorial and ecclesiastical diTiflious of Great
and, while by the aid of local tradition and historical research I
up many difficulties connected with this subject, he yet fn
mitted the many enigmas, which remain difficult, if not inc
solution. He also drew particular attention to the pre-emiD<
glican and Catholic character of the saints, whose memory our
have thus perpetuated through all ages of the Church : and 1
a distinctive characteristic of our Church, that even while
with the Roman Church she chose not SS. Francis and Dom
others, whose names are so often commemorated on the Conti
preferred rather the Holy Apostles, the Blessed Virgin, and
Catholic SS. Cuthbert, Laurence, Augustine, and the like.

An interesting and general conversation ensued, during wh
additional information was given by Messrs. Norris Deck, a
Cooper, after which the meeting separated.

ARCHITECTURAL SOCIETY OF THE ARCHDEACC

OF NORTHAMPTON.

At a committee meeting, held October 8th, the Rev. Lord

Compton in the chair ; present, E. Thornton, Esq. ; Revds. H. J

J. H. Bigge, T. James, G. Robbins, F. N. Lightfoot, P. H. Lc

Elliot, W. Butlin, W. Hallen, &c. ; the minutes of the last

were read and signed. The Rev. W. B. Buckley, of Middleton

was elected a member. Books presented : October number of

Engineer, and Transactions of the Lincolnshire Topographical

Photographs taken by Mr. Jennings, of Lutton church, Higham

and S. Sepulchre's, by commission of the society, were exhibit

rebuilding of the chancel of Horton church, by Mr. E. F. L

brought under discussion, and a plan for the south aisle exami

approved. Mr. Hallen consulted the committee as to the dn

Holywell church, and was advised thereon. Plans for a largi

in India were exhibited, but their consideration deferred. A pei

view of new schools for Belg^ve, near Leicester, by Mr. W. E.

was much admired. Mr. Pedley's revised plan of cottages

amined and adopted. Plans from Lady Marian Alfbrd. which

the wood shed nnder the main roof, and so giving gi^eaiei s;

bedroom above, were exhibited and discussed ; as slIso plans

Hopkins, sent by the Worcester society. A design for a n

brass, by Mr. W. E. GKIlett, was approved. The sam of £3,

▼oted to the Pngin memorial, about to be estaUiahed on tl

dation of a travelling architectural stadentship in Rngl^ffd,

were read from W. B. Stopfbrd, Esq., and R. O'BxiAi. Em

ii^g to the memorial to the late Augustas StiJRnd, Esq., 1

Leicestershire Architectural Society. 387

Northamptonshire, which has been erected in Limerick cathedral. The
new east window has been filled with stained glass, and a new roof
placed over the choir, and a marble reredos erected, as a memorial of
Mr. Stafford, from Mr. Slater's designs. Letters were read from Mr.
Norton, secretary of the Arundel society. Rev. E. Noyes, &c. — Mr.
Butlin stated that the enlargement of S. Sepulchre's church was pro-
gressing satisfactorily, and that a lady's committee, which had received
the highest patronage, had been formed, carrying out the resolution of
the public meeting. — ^The secretary stated that members of the Archae-
ological Institute had already visited Peterborough, with the view of
organising the arrangements for the meeting there at the end of July,
1 861. Several bills were ordered to be paid, and the company adjourned
to view the works in progress at S. Sepulchre's.

LEICESTERSHIRE ARCHITECI'URAL AND ARCHiEOLO-

GICAL SOCIETY.

A MBBTiNG of this Society was held on June 25th, the Rev. G.
Gillett in the chair.

The Rev. J. M. Gresley recommended to the notice of the Society
'* The Reliquary," a publication which is intended to preserve and
illustrate, primarily, the antiquities of the county of Derby, but to
' extend its observations to the neighbouring districts.

Mr. Goddard exhibited a water-colour drawiftg of the interior of the
Hound Church, Cambridge, by the late Mr. Pugin, previously to its
restoration by the Cambridge Camden Society, and another of the
Colonnade under the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge, by Wes-
tall : also an oval piece of brick with the Crucifixion in relief upon it.
which he picked up among some rubbish dug out at Brixworth church,
Northamptonshire.

Mr. Gresley exhibited a copy of a portrait of Archbishop Laud, in-
serted in the register of South Kil worth, Leicestershire. Over it is
written in an old hand, " Willmus Laud, 1638. Vandyke del." Mr.
Pownall has discovered that it was drawn about sixty years ago by
Dr. Griffith, sometime Master of University College, Oxford, and
cousin to the Rev. Charles Chambers, then rector of South Kil worth.
Dr. Griffith was somewhat noted as a draughtsman ; and over the altar
in the chapel of his college is a singularly curious copy by him of the
Salvator Mundi, by Carlo Dolci, burnt in wood. The drawing does
not much resemble the ordinary prints of the Archbishop, the face
being here more elongated ; and he wears merely a skull-cap, whereas
the Archbishop is usually represented with a square one. His name
written over it appears to be a magnified copy of Laud's autograph
signature.

After other business the secretary distributed to the members pre«
sent copies of the paper upon " The Armorial Windows erected in

VOL. XXI. X B X

I ■

I

I

388 Leicestershire Architectural Society,

the reign of Henry VI. » by John Viscount Beaumont and Kal
Duchess of Norfolk, in Woodhouse Chapel, by the Park of Beaui
in Chamwood Forest, Leicestershire, including an investigation
differences of the coat of Neville." read last year by Mr. J. G. Ni
F.S.A., at the annual meeting of the Society at Loughborough.
It was resolved that a special meeting should be called tc
arrangements for an evening soiree of the Society to be held
in Leicester, and that the annual meeting of the Society for th<
action of business should be held at the close of the year : these a:
ments to be independent of the contemplated excursion and mec
Rugby.

This Society held its October Meeting at the Town Hall on tl
October, the Rev. J. H. Hill in the chair.

Sir William de Capel Brook, Bart., was elected a member
society.

Mr. Neale exhibited a specimen of the Biddenden Cake, and
troducing it to the notice * of the society begged to call it a
plaque. The reverse side is plain : the obverse bears the rude
sentation of two female figures joined together at the hi]
shoulders, accompanied with the following particulars : — *' E
Chulkhurst. A(ged) 34 Y(ears,) in 1 100, Biddenden." The Bidi
maids, as they are called, lived together in this extraordinary ai
natural state for 34 years, at the expiration of which time on
The survivor was advised to be separated from her deceased sist
this she absolutely refused, saying, *' As we came together we w
go together ;" and in the space of about six hours after her
decease she was taken ill and died. By their will they bequeatl
the churchwardens of Biddenden, in the county of Kent, and t
successors in that office for ever, certain parcels of land in th
parish, containing twenty acres, more or less, and which is now
forty guineas per annum. There are usually made in commem<
of these wonderful phenomena about a thousand rolls, which an
away to all strangers on Easter Day after Divine Service in the
noon ; and also about three hundred quartern loaves, and cheese
portion, to all the poor inhabitants of the parish. In Hasted's F
of Kent similar particulars are given, but according \q " a vulg
dition."

Mr. Oresley exhibited a Staffordshire Clog Almanack, with tl

lowing remarks : *' This specimen of an article of household fan

used by our predecessors, I have the pleasure of exhibiting tl:

the kindness of its owner, Mr. T. G. Lomax, of Lichfield. It

Clog Almanack mentioned in Shaw*s History of Staffordshire, '^■

p. 332, as then (1798) in the museum of Mr. Green, of Lichfi<

the dispersion of whose collection it passed into the hands i

Wright, of that city, from whom Mr. Lomax obtained it. The

sent is an unpublished specimen : another may be seen engrai

Plot's Staffordshire, tab. xxxv., which has been copied in Fosbr

Encyclopaedia, Honeys Every-day Book, Brady's Analysis, an(

Mr. Gresley on a Clog Almanack. 389

England : another is engraved in Gough*s edition of Camden's Bri-
tannia : and woodcuts of two more now at Oxford are in ' The Calendar
of the Anglican Church Illustrated.' Plot thought them to be of
Danish origin, but the specimens remaining are probably not older
than the reign of Elizabeth. They were when Plot published his
Staffordshire (1686) still in use in that county ' among the meaner sort
of people.* He says they had then been scarce heard of in the south
of England, and understood but by few of the gentry in the north.
Staffordshire seems to have been their chief locality. I have, however,
reason to think that one remained hanging at the mantel -piece of a
farm house at Barrow- upon-Soar, Leicestershire, about sixty years ago,
as I am informed by an aged person now residing in Over Seile, who
when young was at service there, in the family of Mr. Bostock. And
I myself can testify to a still more recent use of such calendars in this
county ; for when I was a boy at Appleby school, thirty years ago,
one of the first things we did upon going back after the holidays, was
to cut upon a strip of wood a notch for every day, week, and month,
of the half year, with some extra peculiarity of mark for the holidays,
all of which were carefully cut off as the half year gradually passed
away. And what was this but a veritable Clog Almanack? The
following particulars are taken from Dr. Plot's History of Staffordshire,
pp. 418 — 430. First, as to their names. Cloggs he thinks to be ' from
the likeness of some of the greater sorts of them to the cloggs where-
with we usually restrain the wild, extravagant, mischievous motions
of some of our doggs.' Rimsiocks, their Danish name, ' not only be-
cause the Dominical letters were anciently expressed on them in Runick
characters, but also for that the word Rimur anciently signified a
Calendar, whence the word Rimstock (denoting likewise the matter of
which they were commonly made) importes no more than a wooden
Almanack.' Primestave$, so called by the Norwegians, because ' the
principal and most usefuU thing inscribed on them being the Prime or
Golden Number, whence the changes of the moon are understood ;'
and these being ' usually done amongst them (the Norwegians) upon
the staves they walk with (whereof there are good patterns in the
Museum at Oxford), they most properly, from both the uses they
had of them, called them Primestaves.* Baculi annales, the Swedish
term, ' with which the laics being sustained in their long journeys to
church, at their weekly congress did usually debate and conclude from
them the lunar conjunctions and oppositions, and thence the moveable
feasts.' Secondly, the material : ' some few of brass, but most of them
of wood, and these chiefly of box, others there are of fir, and some of
oak, but these not so frequent;' others (in Denmark) of bone, others
made of horn. Thirdly, as to the kinds of them : ' some publick, of
a larger size, which hang commonly here at one end of the mantle
tree of their chimneys for the use of the whole family ; the others
privat, of a smaller size, which they carry in their pockets ; as we
have them now since the invention of printing, some almanacks being
fitted to hang up in our houses, and others for private use, which we
carry about us.' Fourthly, the understanding of the figures inscribed
upon them. ' All follow the Julian form. There are three oiontha

390 Leicestershire Architectural Society,

contained upon every of the four edges : the number of the
them are represented by the notches, that which begins eac
having a patulous stroke turned up from it, every seventh not
I also of a larger size, which stands for Sunday, or perhaps f

any other letters, as they may come in their turn to be ei
minical or week-day letters. Over against many of the not
I stand in the clogg for the days of each month, there are plac

I left hand several marks or symbols denoting the Golden Ni

cycle of the moon, which number, if under 6, is represent
many points ; but if 5, a line is drawn from the notch cr day
it belongs, with a hook turned back against the course of
\ that, if cut off at due distance, may be taken for a V, which

^ fifth vowel, antiquity perhaps has been pleased to make use

present the number 5, as X for ten, which is nothing else bu'
position of two Vs turned tail to tail. If the Golden Ni
above 5, and under 10, it is then marked out to us by the ho<
which is 5, with one point, which makes 6, or two which ma
three for 8. or four for 0 ; the said line being crossed with
patulous [broad] at each end, which represents an X when tb
Number for the day is 10 ; points being added (as above over
for 5), till the number rises to 15, when a hook is placed agai
end of the line above the X, to show us that number. Abo
I the points are added again till the number amounts to \9, ^

line issuing from the day is crossed with two patulous stroaka
were ^0), as may be seen on the clogg, January 5. Why i
be represented by the symbol 20, when it might have been
done by its own, I cannot imagine ; unless it may pass for i
that our ancestors thought that an even round number did mo
fully set forth or denote the completion of the moon's cycle
odd number could.*

"'I proceed next to the inscriptions issuing from the notch

right hand of them, some of them pointing out the offices oi

ments of the saints before whose festivals they are put ; ot

manner of their martyrdoms ; and others only some eminent i

other matter some way relating to the saint ; or else the work

in fashion about the time when the feast is kept. Thus, from t

which represents the 13th of January, or the feast of S. Hila

issues a cross or badge of a Bishop, such as Hilary was ; from tl

March a harp, showing the feast of S. David, who used to pn

on that instrument; against June 29th, the keys for S. Peter,

janitor of heaven ; and a pair of shoes against the 25th of Oct<

feast of S. Crispin, the patron of the shoemakers. Of the secc

are the axe set against the 25th of January or feast of S. P^

' was beheaded with an axe ; and a sword against the 24th of <

S. John Baptist's day; so a gridiron upon the 10th of August

of S. Lawrence, who suffered martyrdom upon one ; and a n

the 25th, with a decussated cross on the last day of Novembe

Catherine and S. Andrew, who are said also to have suffered n\

instruments of death. And of the last kind are the mariu agi

1st of January for the Circumcision ; the star on the 8th of ti

Mr. Gresley on a Clog Almanack. 391

month, tp denote the Epiphany; a true lover's knot against the 14th
of February for Valentine's day, importing the time of marriage or
coupliag of birds ; a bough against the ^nd of March for S. Ceadda,
who lived a hermit's life in the woods near Lichfield ; also a bough on
the 1st of May, such as they usually set up about that time with great
solemnity; and a rake on the 1 1th of June, being S. Barnabas* day,
importing that then is hay harvest. So a pot against the 23rd of No-
vember, for the feast of S. Clement, from the ancient custom of going
about that night to beg drink to make merry with : and for the Purifi-
cation, Annunciation, and all other feasts of our Lady, always the figure
of a heart, which what it should import relating to Mary, unless because
upon the shepherds' relation of their vision, Mary is said to have ' kept
all these things and pondered them in her hearf,' I cannot imagine ;
lastly, for December 25th, or Christmas day, a horn, the ancient vessel
in which the Danes use to wassail, or drink healths, signifying to us
that this is the time we ought to rejoice and make merry, comua ex-
haurienda notans, as Wormius will have it. Many such symbols there
are too for other festivals, which not being so constantly the same as
these are, but varying almost upon every clogg, I forbear any further
exposition of them ; only adding that the marks for the greater feasts
solemnly observed in the Church, have a large point set in the middle
of them, and another over against the preceding day, if vigils or fasts
were observed before them.'

" The specimen now exhibited is of oak ; the entire length of the wood
is two feet one inch, three inches of which serve for a handle, the edg^s
being there bevelled so as to make it octangular ; a ring for suspension
passes through it near the top. The lunar marks correspond with those
in Plot's engraving, but it is to be remarked that the notch for April Ist
is at the foot of the edge for the first three months in the year instead
of being at the top of the edge for the second three, at the bottom of
which second edge in like manner is placed July 1 st, thus arranging
ninety-one days upon the first three edges, and ninety -two upon the
fourth. Instead of a ' patulous stroke' turned up for the first day of
each month, it has a cross patee, over against the first notch. The
maker of it has been sparing of emblems. There are many straight
lines cut from the notches on particular days, instead of emblems ; e.g.
S. Agnes, Jan. 21 ; S. Patrick, March 16; SS. Philip and James»
May 1 ; S. Barnabas, June i I ; SS. Swithin, Margaret, Mary Magda-
lene, Anne, July 15, 20, 22, 26; decollation of S. John Baptist, Au-
gust 29 ; translation of King Edward the Confessor, October 1 3 ; O
Sapientia, December 16; and the festivals of the B.V.M., which are
without the heart mentioned by Plot. Other variations may be noticed ;
instead of an axe for S. Paul, January 25, we have here a sword, and
vice versa for S. John, June 24 ; instead of the leg for S. Matthias, Feb.
24, a thing like a knife with spikes from it ; a single key for S. Peter,
June 29, Holy Cross day and S. Matthew, September 14 and 21, S.
Luke, October 18, S. Martin, November 11, S. Nicholas, December 6,
and Christmas day, also differ. The points in the marks of the greater
festivals are also omitted in this almanack.

" I am not aware of any of these clog-almanacks having been sold by

'■ ' 392 New Churches.

■J

: ^! auction, but as much as fifteen guineas has been offered for the pn

specimen."

Mr. Ordish proposed several questions to the meeting respectini

J position of organs in churches, the arrangements of seats, especia!

} the case of churches with transepts, and on the desirableness or o

' wise of western doors.

. *

NEW CHURCHES.

i

S. Jameg, Grav^end, — ^This church, which has been a few
erected, has many good points about it, though not in every re
satisfactory. It is cruciform, without aisles, with central tower,
porch, and chapel north of the chancel. The style is Middle-Poi
of a plain character ; the roofs high-pitched, and covered with
The tower, which is large and massive, has with its plain embi
parapet rather a bald look, and the effect is somewhat impaired b
shortness of the nave, which is about equal in length to the cht
There are stair turrets attached to the porch and to the transepts, \
form the access to the galleries. The east window is of three li
those at the west of the nave and at the ends of the transept have
lights, the latter being set high in the wall. The other window
two lights, except those on the east and west of the transepts, i
are single- trefoiled open lights. The north chapel of the chan<
gabled, and seems to be used by school children. Internally thi
much to commend ; but there are large galleries in the transepts
at the west end of the nave, the latter containing the organ,
tower stands upon four very large pointed arches, with plain m(
ings, continued without imposts, and the effect of which is not
graceful, though consistent with ancient precedents. The chani
seated stall- wise, the nave and transepts fitted with open benche
of pitch pine. There is a stone pulpit north of the chancel-arc
plain character, with one course of quatrefoiled pannels. The pr
desk faces south ; the font very plain. If it were not for the gaU
the interior effect would be pleasing enough. The north and s
windows of the chancel are memorials, and are filled with stained §
the jambs and muUions being diapered.

S. Mark, Wrexham, Denbighshire, — An important church, of
siderable merit, has been built at Wrexham, by Mr. R. K. Pei
The style is Early Middle-Pointed. The ground-plan comprises cha
with vestry and organ-chamber above it on the north side, nave,
two clerestoried aisles, with quasi- transepts of slight projection, m
west porch, and a very massive tower, disengaged at the south- we
the south aisle, with which its lowest stage communicates by a i
passage. I'he material is a rough stone, which is very effective,
contrasts well with the red-tiled roofs. The latter are very
externally, and that to the chancel has a metal cresting. The t
has not yet risen above its lower stages. These are remarkabli

New Churches, 393

unusual strength and solidity, and promise a very striking effect when
the whole shall be completed. Externally the connecting passage
between the aisle and the tower (which is scarcely two feet in length.)
looks very absurd ; and it makes in connection with the projecting
buttresses unseemly nooks and corners. There is a good effect of
height in the whole design, both externally and internally, especially
in the chancel. At the north-west of the vestry there is a small
turret leading to the organ chamber. It is square in plan, chang-
ing above into a rather starved octagon. We were sorry to see
numerous settlements in the masonry. The ground appears to be
raised artificially ; but time should have been allowed for it to become
firm. We noticed one very pedantic peculiarity. Every piece of
worked stone on the exterior is carved with masons* marks on a very
unusually large scale. The effect is anything but pleasing. But the
worst feature of the exterior is the hideousness and bad taste of the
innumerable corbel-heads which smirk or scowl at the end of every
label. The sooner these enormities, which have neither beauty nor
grotesqueness to recommend them, are chipped away, the better.
These little things show, perhaps, the need of an architect's constant
supervision of the work. We may remark, en passant, that the insertion
of a worked angle to the tower between each corner pair of rough-
hewn buttresses is most displeasing : it calls attention to the want of
bond between the buttresses and the tower, which is anyhow suffi-
ciently striking. Internally the height is good, but there is a certain
coldness. The tracery, though of good design, is somewhat spidery in
character. The clerestory windows are triangles intersecting trefoils.
There is arose window in the north transept. The roofs are open, but
of insufficient scantlings. The arches are thin, but of good proportions,
rising from slender cylindrical shafts. The arrangements are generally
good. The chancel, though it has no screen, is well raised ; with
one step under the arch, three steps eastward of the stalls (on the
topmost of which is a sanctuary-rail,) and two steps to the altar. The
chancel has quasi-stalls and subsellse, and a reading-stall (most un-
necessarily) on each side, immediately under the chancel-arch. The
floor is laid in cheap red and black tiles. The font is (we presume)
merely temporary. 'Iliere is a stone pulpit, not of very good design,
on the north side of the chancel-arch ; but it is placed very awkwardly
too far in the transept. There are gas coronae of average merit. The
chancel has been rather gaily, but not unsuccessfully, coloured by
Messrs. Harland and Fisher. The walls are gorgeous with diapered pat-
terns, and the Decalogue contributes a brilliant occasion for polychrome.
We do not see any surprising merit in this attempt at colour ; but it is cer-
tainly better than usual. This church upon the whole is very creditable
to all concerned ; and its tower, when completed, will be a fine object.
The church orientates rightly, contrasting strongly with the Roman
Catholic chapel almost adjoining, which — without any reason — stands
north and south.

\ 394

NEW SCHOOL.

I Islip, Northamptonshire, — Mr. Slater has built for this parish a

schoolroom, 30 ft. by 17 ft., with a *' gallery*' class-room, 19
l^.ft. adjoining. Tnere is an entrance-porch, but no cloak-:
The style is Pointed.

CHURCH RESTORATIONS.

Limeriek CathedraL — We are very glad to hear that the ^

executed in this cathedral, by the committee for erecting a men

to the late Mr. Augustus Stafford, have led to the satisfactory ;

ration of the remainder of the church under the same architect

Slater. We will first recapitulate the works undertaken foi

Stafford memorial. These include a new east window, an un

triplet of lancets, with marble shafts. This took the place of a

descript modem Gothic window. It is filled with stained glai

Messrs. Clayton and Bell. The reredos, owing to want of fand<

not carried out according to the original design. Its design

arcade of stone, with marble shafts and inlaid discs of marble

whole under an enriched cornice. Finally, a miserable, flat pi

ceiling was removed, and a new roof substituted — a Pointed b

roof, with moulded ribs and cornices. The east gable was ac

ingly raised to its original sharp pitch, in order to suit the new

These important restorations led naturally to a wish for the fo

improvement of the cathedral. In spite of many difiicnlties the

mittee for managing this extension of the works have succeedi

continuing the new barrel- roof over the nave, adding new roofs t

transepts, and restoring the stalls. Happily the old stalls o;

choir remain, of late date, but fair design. These are restored

have received new canopies, with new desks and subselhe.

are retained in their original position, and occupy the two eastern

of the nave, the stalls of the dean and the precentor being return

the west end. A new low screen, connecting these returned s

properly encloses the choir. It is greatly to be regpretted, how

that the general re-arrangement of the sittings for the congreg

has been entrusted to a local builder, instead of the architect all

employed for the more important works. A great incongruity in

interior has hence resulted. It is in contemplation, when funds

mit, to provide a new pulpit and episcopal throne. The orgai

been moved into the north transept, against its east wall. A pos

in one of the nave arches near the stalls would have been more d

able. We are very glad to chronicle this example of improved e

siology in Ireland, and hope that the good work may proceed wit

more hindrances. The cathedral is a very interesting buildiiif

Church Restorations. 895

Early Transitional date, and the interior is very impressive. There i$
a curious western porch, of great length, covering an ascent of a dozen
steps.

iS. Clement^ Horsley, DfrftjrfAire.— This church, which stands* on a
bold eminence overlooking the turnpike road leading from Derby
to Alfreton, may now be added to the list of those churches which,
while they gladden the heart of the ecciesiologist. nourish it with
sober devotional feelings. For many years the exterior of Horsley
church could not fail to attract the attention of the traveller, and
if he hoped to find a corresponding interior, he would, on obtain*
ing admission, be sadly disappointed. Nothins: could well have ex*
ceeded the barbarism which everywhere abounded. The pews, which
were of all sizes and shapes, seemed to have been contrived with espe-
cial care to afford their occupier an opportunity of slumbering without
incurring the observation of the more vigilant. A gallery extended
from north to south across the west end of aisles and nave ; at the back
of which a fine arch was effectually shut out from the body of the
church by lath and plaster. Behind the arch, in the lower part of the
tower, was a dismal room, called by courtesy the vestry. Unsightly stoves
reared their rusty pipes, piercing the roof ; while the roofs themselves
seemed to threaten destruction to those who knelt beneath thea.
The walls were thickly incrusted with various shades of wash« and the
floors were damp and comfortless. In short, the interior was a fair
specimen of what country churches generally were at the beginning of
the present century. But all is now changed, and so changed, as to be
restored as nearly as possible, to what the original builder designed.
The restoration commenced with the exterior. The spire, which is a
good specimen of a broach of the thirteen di century, was in a state of
considerable dilapidation ; the mouldings having been worn away by
age, and the upper part being very insecure. The spire was first re-
stored, and about two feet were added to its height, and the decayed
mouldings were replaced by new ones worked after the original pat-
terns. The roof of the nave was then stripped of its lead; and ao
sooner were the timbers released from their superincumbent load than
the south wall with its lofty clerestory came down, with scarcely any
warning, and destroyed at one fell swoop the gallery, the pews, and
the south aisle, thus removing anydifiiculty which might have oceurred
in restoring the interior* The south wall has been rebuilt, in a most
satisfactory manner, and a new oak roof has been put on the nave,
supported by welUcarved spaadrils resting on brackets of good design.
The roof of the chancel is also a new one of oak; and as the height
did not admit of spandril, it is placed upon a crenellated cornice, with
good effect. The roofs of the south and north aisles have undergone
a thorough repair ; they are entirely of oak, and the beams of the former
are relieved by bosses at their centre, the same relief being given to the
beams in the chancel and nave. The whole of the church is covered
with new lead ; and the nave, which is surmounted by a lofty clerestory,
is shrined by an embattled parapet, with pinnacles about six feet high
occurring at regular distances ; and the same kind of parapet extends
along the south aisle and round the chancel. The water is conveyed

VOL. XXI. r F F

896 Church Restc

from tte roof by curious gurgoyles, ■
the ■' Glossary of Architecture," A
early period, the general clinracter of
takeably Third- Poioted. All the wioi
are square-headed. The clerestory, 1
the original nave, is very good, and bi
drai glass, the gift of Mi*a Eliza Sit'
^llery having been deroalished by th'
entirely removed, and the tower has ag
The pews having shared the fate of I
and have been replaced by open be
pine varnish. The organ, which foi
been placed in a chapel at the east en
the chancel within the chancel arch
finished with poppy heads, have been f
which has been paved with Maw and 0
and chocolate. The altar is elevated i
i* of plain but massive oak, covered w
front the sacred moDOgram. In the ■
of rather Imte date. The space withii
design with Maw and Go's beat tiles,
at the north-east angle of the nave,
has been well restored, and is now pli
in front of the tower arch. The cburc
beneath the pavement, and covered n
pattern. The whole of the work h:
neighbourhood, directed by an uaprol
expended on the restoration amountin
raited by subscription, to which the li
Eliza Sitwell, of Stainsly house, have
S. Michael, Sitlinff bourne. Kent.— J
have been erected in this church by
morial to some relations, from the dei
ia of five lights, in Oeoroetrical Mi
seven-foiled circle in the head. It
Messrs. Clayton and Bell. The reredo
stone. The centre has five discs ; 1
large cross in alabaster, enriched wit
richly carved. The wings of the rew
on each side ; with banded marble
llie cornice sormounting the whole il

397

NOTICES AND ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

To the Editor of the Ecclesiologist.

Sir, — I send you, as a pendant to a recent letter on the churches
of Ryde, a few notes on the churches of Dover. Watering-places, as
far as my experience goes, are not generally favourable to ecclesiology,
either in the way of preserving old churches, or building new ones.
The chief church of Dover is S. Mary's, a large building consisting of
nave, aisles, apsidal chancel, and a tower at the west end, and capable,
by the aid of galleries, of containing some seventeen hundred people.
Of this, the tower and the piers and arches of the nave appear to be
original ; the rest was rebuilt, in fair First- Pointed, some years back.
The tower is a fine Norman one« arcaded, but a large clock-face has been
inserted in the middle of the arcade, and the doorway has given place
to a pseudo classical affair in wood. The western arches of the nave
are Norman, and in good preservation. To these succeed three First-
Pointed arches, one at least of which on each side has been rebuilt. The
roofs are all open and of fair design, and the great height and vast
length of the church make it very striking. What the original chancel
may have been, I cannot say. It has been so altered that little remains
to give one a clue ; it terminates at present in a three-sided apse, the
windows of which are filled with tolerable stained glass. There is no
difference of level till you reach the sanctuary, which is arcaded in
oak ; the Commandments, &c., being illuminated in the panels, and
surmounted by crocketed canopies, the centre one terminating in a
cross. The pulpit is on the south side, an ambitious First- Pointed
design in stone, much too high and big : an oak prayer-desk stands
on the north, and a lettern in the midst. The old font has been
placed on a new pedestal near the west door; it is of some kind of
marble, octagonal, very large and very shallow, about eight inches
deep, and ornamented externally with Norman arcading, but of the
simplest kind. There is a west gallery for the organ and singers,
which latter have not much to do, for the singing is confined to Tat^
and Brady's psalms, sung dolefully. The galleries are as little offensive
as may be, being kept well behind the pillars, and are rather vigorous
specimens, especially the stairs, of woodwork.

S. James, the only other old church, is about to be transformed into
a garrison chapel, and a new parish church is in course of erection to
supply its place. A very fine early Norman west door is almost the
only remains of any character, the windows being entirely church*
wardenised. Inside we find a nave and chancel, with tower between ;
the latter vaulted in stone, and an aisle to the nave, extending the
length of the tower. The whole is such a mass of sheep pens that it
defies description.

There are two district churches, one of which, Trinity, is described in
the guide-book as " an elegant structure, in the modern Gothic style."
It presents a nave and aisles, with spikes at the corners, and a chimney
on the east gable ; and cost £7.000. Voila tout.

398 Notices aiid Answers to Correspondents.

Christ Church strongly resembles the last exteraallj, but is
in its way, the nave bein^ separated from the aisles by arc
under pillars of wood, with open spandrils, very light and a
there is a painful look of instability about the whole buildin
natives pride themselves on the fact that it was erected for £3,0
question which occurs to an outsider is. How long will it stam
ritual arrangements are strictly Protestant. I cannot omit i
one peculiarity in the service, viz., that io the evening sei
" minister ** reads the first verse of each canticle before it is (
on what theory or authority is more than I can say, and the
simply absurd.

Church music seems at a discount in Dover : the only chun
the ancient tones are in use is at Charlton, which is now almo
urb of Dover, and there they are " Anglicised " in a man
bewildering to any one accustomed to " Canticles noted.*'
following for a specimen :

"Fifth Tonb.
" O eome, let us sing un | to the | Lord : let us heartily
rejoice | in the | strength of | our sal | vatioo.'*

There are some fine churches within reach, of which I wIU i
mention S. Margaret's- at -ClifTe. a very fine Norman building,
ing of nave, aisles, and chancel, with tower at west end. ^
exception of a few inserted windows, the whole is perfect, b
rably pued and bedaubed with " whitewash and yellow dab
chancel is vast, and devoted to the school-children, whose o
glorified in a Glastonbury chair on the altar step facing nort
fittings somewhat resemble those of the Wrennian churches in
a sort of quasi-screen, with solid gates, and very high looj
behind. The reredos is " classical " richly carved (in oak ?}
altar- table, though very minute, stands on a footpace. The o
tation of the nave-arches is most elaborate, and the church
repay a walk to visit it.

I have extended this letter far beyond what I had intended,
Bubscribe myself.

Faithfully yourt

The October number of the Arehaoiogia GimbremMiM coat

article exactly bearing on ecclesiology. We find in it, h

much that is valuable concerning Cambrian andquitiea. on

family history, on early Breton antiquities, and on early i

stones ; but the main feature of it is Mr. Clark' « able and int

article on the military architecture of Wales, which waa read

gor at the recent meeting of the Association, and which deals i

subject in a lucid and comprehensive manner, which we hai

met with before. We are glad to find among thfi noticet* tli

is a good prospect of the complete restorataoQ of the aobh

church at Brecon, as well as of Christ's CoUoge chapel, vl

noticed in our last number. The Marquis Candcn ofEsia U

Notices and Answers to Correspondents, 399

the choir and side-chapels ; and it is hoped that the rest will be done
by public subscription, and that, as Mr. G. 6. Scott is engaged as the
architect, the restoration will be really a satisfactory one.

Mr. Westlake's Illustrated Old Testament History (Masters), has
not proceeded further than Plate 65, the Coronation of Abimelech,
which we have already noticed. But Plates 46 — 55 inclusive, which
bad not reached us in due order, remain to be described. The first of
these represents, with singularly forcible drawing, the deliberations of
certain of tjie inhabitants of a city, when the advance of the Israelites
was announced. The next plate represents, in two groups, Moses
placing the Tables of the Law in a Gothic shrine, and the Tabernacle
— a Gothic chasse carried on men's shoulders ; and below there is the
return of the spies with the grapes of Eshcol. Plate 48, comprising
Miriam's leprosy, and the death and burial of Moses, completes the
history of the Lawgiver. The story of Joshua succeeds. First we
have his teaching the Law, then the reception of the two spies by Rahab.
Then the destruction of Jericho — a wonderfully absurd picture. Tht
story of Achor, told in two plates, comes next. The burial of Joshua
is very strangely represented. The body is tied up in a shroud, and
two men are covering it with earth, the head only remaining visible.
Finally, there are three plates of battle-pieces, representing the des-
truction of the Canaanites. These are very powerifully designed, and
are full of interesting detail. We have often spoken of the great in-
terest of this series, as illustrative of the Biblical knowledge of our
ancestors, as well as a specimen of English art in the fourteenth cen-
tury. Mr. Westlake deserves great encouragement in this enterprise.
The letterpress, containing the original Norman-French legends with
translations, has not kept pace with the plates. Only twelve pages of
it have appeared, containing the description of the first 34 plates.
Plates ^0 and ^1 have, we believe, not yet appeared.

The Rev. W. E. Dickson, Precentor of Ely Cathedral, has published
A Letter to the Dean of Ely, (Ely, Hills,) on the Present State of Ca-
thedral Music in England, with a Plan for its Improvement, After some
sensible observations on the want of encouragement among us for new
sacred music, Mr. Dickson suggests the formation of a " Cathedral
Music Society," to be formed chiefly out of cathedral officials, whose
object it shall be to invite the composition of new services and anthems,
to form a committee of taste for the criticism of such compositions, and
then to encourage the adoption of such accredited music in their res-
pective choirs. We thoroughly agree with the Precentor of Ely that
sacred music, if it is to be revived among us, must be progressive ; bat
we doubt whether, in the present temper of men's minds, and consi-
dering the jealousies which exist among cathedral bodies, such a so-
ciety as he proposes would be beneficial. Is not Mr. Dickson aware
that by many musicians cathedral choirs are considered the greatest
enemies there are to the revival of a sound and vigorous school of
church music ? We are glad to see in Mr. Dickson's own remarks
various incidental proofs that his aympathiea are not altogether witk
the A^gliean achool of what might be oalled " chamber sacred muaic/'

j

400 Notices and Answers to CorreqHmdents*

but that he wishes for something more choral and cougregatii
Still, what is to be thought of the sentence, '* Surely it is time
attempts to write in the old style of Gibbons and Rogers should c
and determine ?*' The truth is, that we shall have a new schoc
church musicians as soon as there is a sufficient demand for 1
works. And the best way to hasten that day is for each precent(
make his own choir a real school of art. If, for instance, the cho
Ely should vindicate its right to be considered the leading autbi
in matters of church music, we may be very sure that all new c
positions, which obtain its imprimatur by being takeh into
there, will obtain a remunerative sale among the countless paro<
choirs which are now attaining proficiency in every direction. Wc
truly glad to see that the attention of the Ely authorities has 1
turned to this subject. In particular, we are well satisfied that
Dickson includes among his desiderata new settings of the " San<
Kyrie, Credo, Gloria in excelsis :" and we earnestly hope that we
conclude from this that Ely has revived its choral Communion Ol
But the order in which these words are placed, gives rise to a suspi
that the Sanctus is still used, with ludicrous impropriety, as an In
in that Cathedral.

We have to thank Mr. W. E. Flaherty for a copy of the very ii
esting paper which he has contributed to the second volume of
Archteologia Cantiana, on the Pension Book of Cardinal Pole, so fa
it concerns the county of Kent. He justly remarks that the publici
of the whole record of the pensions paid to the members of the
i solved monasteries would be of great archaeological value, and ha

I given a transcript of the Kent portion of these documents, as a

J contribution towards a Kentish Monasticon, he invites other local

cbseological societies to follow the example with their own disti
It appears from the volume in the Record Office, from which Mr.
herty makes his extracts, that the pensions, fees, and annuities tc
ejected monks and other pensioners of the monastic houses were
paid up to the time of Queen Mary's accession. And, upon
event, though a fresh statute was enacted for the management of ch
property, yet these obligations were honourably discharged ; and '
dinal Pole's book, dated 1556, gives a total of nearly £37.000 as
yearly amount of the annuities and compensations then payable,
only fair to say that this fact deserves to be remembered in an histo
estimate of the Reformation. The liabilities of the dissolved mo
teries seem to have been scrupulously acknowledged : and the pof
notion that many monks and dependents were turned out to st
must no longer be taken for granted.

Mr. Edward Pugin has built a Roman Catholic church at Wrexl
which, by its intentional disorientation, looks very awkward by
side of its neighbour, the new church of S. Mark. The style
rather thin and weedy Pointed. The plan has chancel with n
aisle, nave and two aisles, and western tower. The north cha
aisle, which is used as a Lady chapel, opens into the chancel by
absurdly narrow arches. At its east end is a paltry coloured st

Notices and Answers to Correspondents. 401

of the Blessed Virgin Mary on a pedestal, without any altar below.
The chancel has neither stalls nor screen : the choir occupies a west-
ern gallery ! The nave is filled with open seats, the places being
assigned to particular holders by cards, as in some of our own modern
churches. We noticed one sitting appropriated to '• the presbytery.**
Tlie tracery of the windows is graceful but wiry. The chancel is
awkwardly lighted by a kind of dormer windows ; and the clerestory
windows are ugly square lights. The roof is mean, with very poor
scantlings. The altar is without merit ; and the canopy over it seemed
to us inelegant. Two large figures of angels, of a very sentimental
sort, stand in the chancel. This church is disappointing, both archi-
tecturally and ritually. The prettiest thing in it is a new high tomb,
to a member of the congregation, placed at the we^t end of the north
aisle. It is of coloured marbles, with some graceful bassi-relievi, and
a kind of reredos against the wall at its west end. An effigy is here-
after to be added. Some very poor pictures are placed on the walls.

We have to thank Mr. Thomas Paradise, of the Lincoln, Rutland
and Stamford Mercury, for slips of some excellent notices of the Rut-
landshire churches, which are contributed by himself to that paper.
We subjoin a correction by this gentleman of some statements made
by our correspondent, *• E. D. K.," in our last number : —

" ' £. D. K.,' in the Ecclesiologist for October, is in error in saying that
the nave and aisles of Oakham church are later than Middle- Pointed. They
are Middle-Pointed (Decorated,) and this assertion the Rev. T. James and
the Rev. G. A. Poole (no mean authorities) would unhesitatingly corrobo-
rate. The chancel-pillars are also of the same date, but their arches are
Third- Pointed. The deeply-moulded nave-arches closely resemble Early
English work. The transepts are Early English.

'* He is also in error in saying a horse-shoe is demanded of every peer of
the realm and judge, on first visiting Oakham, since a demand is made upon
every peer when he ' puts in an appearance ' for the first time, but not upon
a judge, unless he is a peer, as was the case with Lord Campbell, who gave
the last shoe, he being both peer and judge.

*' And 'E. D. R.' says that the style of Whissendine church 'is Middle-
Pointed, with Perpendicular additions.' There is much First- Pointed (Early
English) work about the fabric, and all the nave pillars are of that style."

We believe that Mr. Paradise intends to describe all the Rutland-
shire churches in succession. We wish him all success in his under-
taking ; and we hope that hereafter he will give us the results of his
researches in a collected form.

We copy from the •• Records of Buckinghamshire, for I860,*' a
document of some curiosity, as testifying to the observance in
1635, (1) of the Rule of Fasting; and (2) to the practice of Direction
by the Clergy, including the use of Dispensation. It is entitled, " Li-
cence to eat Meat ;" an extract from the parish register of Hart well :

" Whereas by reason of notorious sickness and infirmity of body, Mr.
Thomas Carter, vicar of Denton, in the county of Bucks, and Mrs. Jane Car-
ter, his wife, with two of their children, William and Jane, may not use fish
diet without great prejudice to their health ; I, therefore, William Braig,
curate of Stone, in the said county of Bucks, do grant unto the said Mr.

T 402 Notices and Answers to Corref^pondents*

r

Thomas Carter, bit wife, and their two children, William and Jaa«

\ eat flesh this Lent season, durin); the continuance of the niokiiCM

r ness, for the better recovery of their health, accordiuj^ to ttte \\

true meaning of the statute iu that case provided. In witness wlif

hereunto subscribed my name the second day of March, Ann. Ddu

" William Br.
"This licence was registered, March 13, by William Brai^;.

" John Morti:

We insert the following circular, in compliance with the
the Dean of Ely :

"Sir, — At a meeting of the Pkacock Memorial Commtti

London on July 20, Mr. Scott produtvd his reviae<l dcrtign for th

tern, showing a lofty spire rising from the le^el of the present root

" After much discussion the Committee agreed to the two foU<

lutions :

' I. That the further consideration of the design be deferred
meeting, and that meanwhile Mr. Scott be requested to p
drawiiigs necessar>' for the commencement of the lower |Mirt o
' 2. That it would be desirable, with the convent of the
Chapter, to commence the work as soon as possible. *
" On October II, I had the opportunity of laying thene re«olut
the Chapter, and in consequence the following Order was made : —
* Certain resolutions passed by the Peacock Metnorinl Comi
meeting held July 20, 1860, having been read, ordered : —
' That the restoration of the Lantern be commenced in accordant
Scott's design ; it being understood that this order dues
to the erection of a spire, but that the question of such erec
served until an application on that subject is made by t
MemoHal Committee:
'* You will thus see that the work may be regarded as actually ii
I have therefore to request that yon would kindly cause to be' pi
as possible (if not paid already) your promised subscription, or ini
subscription.

" Subscriptions are received by Messrs. Mortlock and Co., Bankc
by Messrs. Smith, Payne, and Smith, London.

'* The sum promised up to the present time (inclusive of £1,00
the Dean and Chapter for substantial repairs), aoMunts to £3,5<
which will not be sufficient to complete the work in a satisfactor
You would therefore confer a favour on the Cathedral, if yon w
yourself amongst your friends to obtain additional subscriptions.

*' I am, your obedient Serra

" H. Go
" The Deanery, Ely,

October 15, 1860."

We are glad to hear that Mr. Beresford Hope's Lecture
Modern Cathedral,*' before the Cambridge Architeotoral Co
shortly to appear in an enlarged form.

Reviews of Okelj's Cirisiimm ArckUeHftn im Itmfy. and H«]
ter on Victorian Architecture, are postponed ftw want of nn
also a notice of Brisbane Cathedral.

Received, A. H.— R. H.—D.

INDEX.

Acta and Agenda at Chichester, 22.

All SoulflS Haley Hill, 84, 145.

Altar steps and Sanctuary rails, 295.

Annals of All Saints, Cambridge, 57.

Application of Colour to Architecture,
267.

Architectural Exhibitions, 174, 264.

Architectural Congress at Cambridge,
219.

Architectural Museum, 47.

Architecture, Modem, 209, 296, 340.

Archaeologia Cambrensis, 168, 265, 398.

Artificial Flower and Evergreen Decora-
tions, 82.

Associated Architectural Societies' Re-
ports, 281.

Barry, the late Sir Charles, 166.

Basseterre, S. George's, 142.

Bas-relief in S. Augustine's, Canter-
bury, 33.

Bayeuz, Octagon of, 212.

Bishop of London and City Churches,
155.

Bodelwyddan, S. Maigaret, 349.

Bradley's Manual of Illumination, 352.

Browne (Mr.) on Ecclesiastical Colours,
210.

Buchan, Ecdesiology of, 216.

Burges (Mr.) on Waltham Abbey, 226.

Burial Senriee, Music of the, 121, 233.

Cambridgeshire, Ecdesiology of, 65,
169, 203.

Cambridge Architectural Congress, 219.

Cambridge, S. Edward the Confessor,
167.

Cambridge, Great S. Mary's, 160.

Cambridge Arohitectuml Society's Me-
morial, 213.

Cambridge, Furniture and Omamenti of
King's College, 1 .

Cambridge, Annals of All Saints', 57.

Canterbury, Bas-relief in S. Augus-
tine's, 33.

Carpenter Memorial Fund, 351.

Chairs in Churches, 252.

Chichester, Acta and Agenda at, 22.

Choral Meeting at Southwell, 132.

Christliches KunstbUtt, 283.

Churches of North-west Essex, 16.

Churches of Rutlandshire. 289, 401.

Church of S. Edward the Confessor,
Cambridge, 157.

Church Music in Germany, 33.

Chubcb Rjestorations : —

Alvington, S. Andrew, 117.

Ashford, S. Mary, 52.

Bampton, S. Mary, 117.

Bonvilstone, S. Mary, 262.

Brecon College, 329.

Bridgnorth, S. Leonard, 327.

Broadheath Chapel, 264.

Broome, S. Mary, 1 15.

Catton. All Saints, 328.

Cambridge, S. Edward the Confes-
sor, 157.

Canterbury Cathedral, 260.

Chew Magna, S. Andrew, 117.

Chickney, S. Mary, 115.

Cow Honeyboume, S. , 263.

Conwill, S. , 62.

Duloe, S. Cuby, 197.

Durham Cathedral, 115.

Baston Maudit, SS. Peter and
Paul, 52.

Ely Cathedral, 24, 75, 272.

Ely. Holy Trinity, 195.

Garton, S. Michael, 62.

Hambledon, S. Peter, 116.

Hanbury, S. James, 52.

Halifax, S. John Baptut, 195.

Hanbury, 8. John, 360..

VOL. XXI.

o o G

401

Index,

t ■

f

4
I-

Church Restorations: —
Horsham, S. Mary, 196.
Horaley, S. Clement, 395.
Kilworth, S. WUfrid, 327.
Kirkbarn, S. Mary, 52.
Limerick Cathedral, 394.
Llampeter Velfry, S. Peter, 53.
Llandenny, S. John, ^53.
Llanthewy Velfry, S. David, 53.
Llandaff Cathedral, 30, 173.
London: S. Paul's Cathedral, 28,

327.
London, S. Dionis Backchnrch, 88.
London, S. Philip, Clerkenwell,

262.
London, S. John, Paddington, 328.
London, S. Michael, Cornhill, 152.
Magor, S. Mary, 328.
Manchester Cathedral, 195.
Mears Ashby, AU Saints, 262.
Merthyr-Cynog, S. Cynog, 116.
Newport, S. Mary, 196.
Nibley, S. Martin, 52.

North Kesley, S. , 116.

Rathconnel, S. , 63.

Rickinghall, S. Mary, 116.
S. Constantine. Cornwall, 197
Sittingboume, S. Michael, 396.

Sooth Charlton, S. , 262.

Stone, S. Mary, 51, 299.
Sunhury, S. Mary, 328.

Tullyallen, S. , 53.

Upton Magna, S. Lncia, 51.

Waltham Abbey, 220.

White Ladies Aston, S. John, 263.

Whitsun, S. , 328.

Wiston, S. Mary, 196.
WoUastone, S. Andrew, 117.
Wymering, SS. Peter and Paul,

261.
Yeovil, S. John, 197.

City Churches and the Bishop of Lon-
don, 155.

Clark (Mr.) on All Saints. Cambridge,
67.

Clark (Mr.) on Bayeux and Ely, 212.

Colours in the Ancient English Church,
133, 210.

Colour, Application of, to Architecture,
267.

Constantinople, Memorial Church, 162.

Continental Progress, 357.

Peck (Mr.) on Cambridgeshire Ecde-

Biology, 65, 169, 203.
Delamotte*s Primer of Illumination, 352.
Doncaster and Halifax, 145.
Dover, churches of, 397.

Ecdesiology of Ryde and its Neigh- •
bonrfaood, 71. |

lEcclesiology of Buchan, 216.

Ecdesiology of Cambridcei

203.
Ecclesiastical Colours in

English Church. 133. 21
Ecclesiastical Vestments of

lege. Cambridge, 1.
Ely Cathedral, Restoration

tern of. 24, 75, 212, 402
Embroidery Society, 351.
Essex, Churches of North-
Exhibitions, Architectural,

Fast or Slow, 302.
Flowers, Artificial, in Chn

tion, 82.
Freeman (Mr.) on Walthan

German Architecture, M. '.

ger on, 285.
German Town, S. Michael.
Go'man E^lesiology and >
Germany, some Notes of a
Germany, Church Music in
Germany, Protestant Ecc

283.
Goodwin (Dean) on Ely Oc
Great S. M&ry's, Cambridge
Gresley (Mr.) on a Staffoi

Almanac, 388.

Haley HiU, All Souls, ai.
Hali:fiix and Doncaster, 145
Handbooks of Illumination
Hautenville (Mr.) on Westo

porch. 294. 356.
Hawarden, S. John's, 32.
Hewitt's Ancient Armour. '
Hexham Abbey, Renoration

ations, 344.
Hills, (Mr.) on Innisdothra

Incorporated Church BuiL
and Church-seating, 252,

Innisclothran and other Isla
in Ireland, 331.

Kilmore Cathedral, 19.

Ladies' Ecclesiastical Emb

ciety, 351.
Late Sir Charies Barry, 166
Layriz' German Chnrdi-soi]
Le Strange (Mr.) on CoAoi

tecture, 267.
Llandaff, Western Toweri

298.
Luard (Mr.) on Great S.

bridge, 1^.

Memorial Clividi at Coi

162.
Memorial of CiniMdte i

- • r, 213.

Index.

405

Miracle Play of the Twelfth Centary,

11.
Modem Architectare, 209, 296, 340.
Motett Society, Mr. Sedding on, 305.
Music of the Burial Service, 121, 233.

Neale (Mr.) on the Biddenden Cake,
388.

New Churchss: —

Ardamine, S. , 258.

Basseterre, S. George, 142.
Bedminster, S. Luke, 110.

Bewholme, S. , 189.

Bodelwyddan, S. Margaret, 349.

Bourton, S. , 112.

Bray, S. , 112.

Burbage, S. , 112.

Cardiff, S. , 323.

ChalTey, S. , 191.

Croydon, Christ Church. 257.
Daylesford, S. Peter, 48.

Denstone, S. , 256.

Doncaster, S. James, 188.
Doncaster, S. George, 145.
Durham, Cemetery lichgate, 112.
Durham, S. Nicholas, 187.
East Orchard, S. Thomas, HI.

Ebbw Vale. S. . 192.

Famham, S. , 111.

Fleet, S. . 322.

Gatherstone, S. Mary, 49.
German Town, S. Michael, 215.

Grahamstown, S. , 113.

Gravesend, S. James, 392.
Haley Hill, All Souls, 84, 145.
Halifax, All Souls, Cemetery, 188.
Ilfracombe, SS. Philip and James,

190.
KnighUbridge, Holy Trinity, 110.

Llanlleonfil, S , 112.

Long Ashton, Union house chapel,

HI.
London, S. James, Pentonville, 257.
London, S. , Victoria Docks,

187.
London, S. James, Garden Street,

322.
London, S. Thomas, Agar Town,

324.
Meline, S. Dogiael, 258.
Moggerhanger, S. John, 47.
Mornington, S. Nicholas, 258.

Mountain Ash, S. , 323.

Newport, S. John, Maindee, 257.
Pendlebiu7, Christ Church, 110.
Philadelphia, S. James, 192.
Rheola, Prirate chapel, 324.
Scorboro, S. Leonard, 48.'

Templeton, 8. , 50.

Tintem, S. , 49.

Titsey, S. ,49.

Whitfield, S. ,321.

Wolvercot, S. Peter, 191.
Wrexham, S. Mark, 392.
Ystradowen, S. , 324.

Nkw Schools : —

Bedminster, Bristol, 325.
Buglawton, 325.
Chatham, 259.
Disserth, 325.
Elm, 325.

Ely, Chorister's School, 114.
Hentland, 50.
Hinton Charterhouse, 325.
' Ingateatone, 325.
Islip, 394.
Lindfield, 193.
Llanarth, 51.
Middlesborough, 114.
Milton next Grayesend, 50.
Monkton Dererill, 114.
Oxford, 114.
S. Neots, Hunts, 50.

New PAmaoNAOKs :—
Beaminster, 326.
Bradden, 326.
Chew Magna, 115.
Cwm Bran, 51.
Denstone, 259.
Great Maplestead, 115.
London, Victoria Docks, 1^3.
Mears Ashby, 259.
Netherfield, 50.
8. Nicolas at Wade, 115.
Wells, S. Thomas, 50.

NOTICKS AND AnSWKBS TO CoRRKS-
P0NDSNT8 : —

Alnwick Castle, restoration of, 56.
Anastatic Drawing Society, 266.
Angelico, works and notices of, 198.
Archsologia Cambrensis, 265, 398.
Architectural Exhibition, Mr. Gol-

die's churches, 264.
Bemerton church restoration, 56.
Brinkbum Priory ruins, 200, 264.
Clyst, testimonial to the rector, 330.
Clyst, S. George, Minton's tiles at,

54.
Credence-table, design for, 265.
Dietsche Warande and Lord Pal*

merston, 55.
Dissenting Chapel, Sherburn, 329.
Dover Castle, garrison chapel, 120.
DoTcr, churches of, 397.
Dickson's Letter to Dean of Ely.

399.
Ellacombe's Practical Remarks on

Belfries. 119.
EWetham Hall, new works at, 55.
Ely CoDege, proposed works at, 200.
Flaher^, (Mr.) on Cardinal Pole's

PeniUm book, 400.

40G

Index,

Notices and Answers to Corres-
pondents : —
Godwin's Memorials of Workers,

118.
Goldie*8 (Mr.) churches at Lanark,
&c., 264.

I lard wick church, consecration
cro88e8, 120.

Hawarden, decorations at, 120, 198.

How to please a Squire in a |>ew,
199.

Hymn Book for the use of the
Church, 54.

Ilfracombe, SS. Philip and James,
265.

Lent, licence to eat meat, 401.

Lerins, ruins of the Abbey of, 56.

Lindisfarne Abbey ruins, 56.

Mission church plate, 200.

Paradise (Mr.) on Rutlandshire
churches, 401.

Peacock Memorial at Ely, 402.

Pension book of Cardinal Pole, 400.

Pew, a country squire's, 199.

Pugin Memorial, 330.

Record Newspaper, 329.

Reredos, design for a, 265.

Rumney, bad repairing at, 119.

Rutlandshire churches, 401.

Sandwich, S. Peter, 199.

Sherbum, dissenting chapel, 329.

*' Shall Gothic Architecture be de-
nied fair play ?'* 200.

Shipley's Sketches in the Holy
Land, 198.

Shipley's Eucharistic Litanies, 118.

Siret's Journal des Beaux Arts, 55.

Statz's (M.) Collection of designs,
119.

Tours, remains of S. Martin's Ab-
bey, 56.

Westlake's Illustrated Old Test
History, 118,399.

Williams (Sir £.) and the Ecclesias-
tical Commissioners, 119.

Worcester Guesten Hall, 266.

Wrexham, Roman Catholic church,
400.

Notts Choral Union, 132.

Parker (Mr.) on the History of Archi-
tecture, 96.

Pennsylvania, S.Michael, German Town,
215.

Pointing of the Psalter, 233.

Porch of Weston in Gordano, 294, 356.

Pratt's Kcclesiology of Buchan, 216.

Prichard (Mr.) on the LlandafT Towers,
17S.

Protestant Ecclesiology in Germany, 283.

Prsraffaelitism, tendencies of, 247.

Reichensperger (M.) on Modi

Pointed, 285.
Renovations and Spoliations

Abbey, 344.
Requiescant in Pace, 342.
Restoration of the Lantern (

75, 212.
Restoration of S. Mary, Stone

Reviews.* —

Arcbsologia Cambrensis.

398.
Bradley's Manual of lU

352.
Christliches Knnstblatt. :
Delamotte's Primer of llli

352.
Dickson's Letter to the

Ely, 399.
Hewitt's Ancient Armoai
Lavriz' German Church-i
Pratt's Ecclesiology of 6u
Reichensperger's German

ture, 28.5.
Reports of Associated Sod
Shipley's Sketches in

Land, 198.
Smith's Lectures on Chui

354.
Westlake's Illustrated G

ment History, 118, 39S

Royal Academy Exhibition, K
Russell's (Mr.) Notes of a Toi

many, 7.
Rutlandshire, Churches of, 28'
Ryde, Ecclesiology of, 71.

Sanctuary rails and Altar steps,
Scott, (Mr.) on the Restorati
Ely Lantern, 24, 75.

Secular Works : —

Birdhurst. villa at, 260.
Cottage designs, 260.
Durham, Depository of ¥
Durham, house at, 326.
Durham, shops and house
Folkestone, shops and hoi
Gayhnrst, additions to. 19
Ivybridge, Delamore Hon
Joldwynds, villa, 326.
London, drinking fountaic
London, hooaet in Hollo

259.
Nutfield, cottages at, 326.
Tonbridge Wells, villa at,
Windsor Green Park, eott

S. Diouis Backchnrch, London,
Sedding (Mr.) on the Motetl

305.
Seqiientic Ineditc, 13, 139, 2(
S. George, Busetern, S. Kitts,

Index.

407

S. John's Church, Hawarden, 32.
S. Margaret, Bodelwyddan, 349.
S. Michael's, German Town, Pennsylva-
nia, 215.
S. Michael's, Comhill, 152.
Slow or Fast, 302.

Smith's Lectures on Church Music, 354.
Societies (Associated) Reports, 281.

SOCIETIKS : —

Architectural Museum, 47, 93.
Cambridfi^ Architectural Society,

43, 106, 213, 381.
Ecclesiological Society, 40, 91, 180,

235. 310.
Ecclesiological Motett Choir, 92,

253, 313.
Leicestershire Architectural So-
ciety, 184, 387.
Northampton Architectural Society,

108, 183, 255, 313. 386.
Oxford Architectural Society, 42,

94.
Worcester Architectural Society,

320.

Some Notes of a Tour in Germany, 7.

Southwell, Choral Meeting, 132.

S. Paul's Cathedral, 28.

Suts (M.) and Gennan Eoclesiology,

163.
Stone, S. Mary, 299.
Street (Mr.) on S. Dionis Backchurch,

89.
Street (Mr.) on S. Mary, Stone, 299.

Towers of Llandaff Cathedral, 173, 298.

Waltham Abbey, 220.

Western Towers of Llandaff Cathedral,

30, 173, 298.
Westminster Abbey burials, 342.
Weston in Grordano, porch of. 294, 356.
Whitewash and Yellow Dab, 36, 78.
WUliams (Mr.) on King's College Vest-

ments, 1.
Williams (Mr.) on Roman Basilicas, 106.
Wing (Mr.) on Churchyard Crosses,

185.

Yellow Dab and Whitewash, 36, 78.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Canterbury, Bas-relief in S. Augustine's, 33.
Haley HiU, All Souls, Exterior, 145.

„ „ Interior 84.

Innisclothran, plans, &c., 334.
Kilmore Cathedral, 19.
London, S. Dionis Backchurch, 88.
Newport, S. John Evangelist, Maindee, 257.
Waltham Abbey, former state, 228.

„ present state, 228.

„ groundplan, 230.
east end, 232.

»f

JOSEPH MASTERS AND CO., PMNTKBS, ALDBRSGATB STRBBT, LONDON.