Ecological evaluation of a beach nourishment project at Hallandale (Broward County), Florida

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: Coast. Erg:
MR 80-1 (I)

(pd A082 S29)
Ecological Evaluation of a Beach

Nourishment Project at
Hallandale (Broward County), Florida

Py leat Volume |
Evaluation of Fish Populations Adjacent to
Borrow Areas of Beach Nourishment Project,
Hallandale (Broward County), Florida

by
Walter R. Courtenay, Jr.,
Ben C. Hartig, and Gerard R. Loisel

MISCELLANEOUS REPORT NO. 80-1 (I)
FEBRUARY 1980

WHOL

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Be RESEARCH CENTER
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ooHwa0

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The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official

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REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE
1. REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO.
it 40-1 (ol ie

4. TITLE (and Subtitle)
ECOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF A BEACH NOURISHMENT PROJECT AT
HALLANDALE (BROWARD CQUNTY), FLORIDA
Volume I. Evaluation of Fish Populations Adjacent to

Borrow Areas of Beach Nourishment Project,

Hallandale (Broward County), Florida

READ INSTRUCTIONS
BEFORE COMPLETING FORM

5. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED

Miscellaneous Report

6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(s)

7. AUTHOR(s)
Walter R. Courtenay, Jr.
Ben C. Hartig
Gerard R. Loisel

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS a

-Department of Biological Sciences >
Clorida Atlantic Universi: De, —

Boca Raton, Florida 33431
11. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS

Department of the Army

Coastal Engineering Research Center

Kingman Building, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060
14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(if different from Controlling Office)

DACW72-78-M-0769

10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASK
AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS

G31266
12. REPORT DATE

February 1980
13. NUMBER OF PAGES

2xF 2O 0:

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UNCLASSIFIED

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Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abstract entered in Block 20, if different from Report)

. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side if necessary and identify by block number)

Beach nourishment Fish
Borrow areas Hallandale, Florida
Coral

om reverse side if necessary and identify by block number)

ABSTRACT (Continue

A study of the fish populations within the surf zone and over the first and
second reefs off Hallandale (Broward County), Florida, was conducted, 7 years
following dredging for a beach restoration project. This study utilized an
observational and recording technique adapted from Jones and Thompson (1978).
The data were compared with those of an earlier study conducted in 1971-72.

(continued)

DD , een 1473 ~—s EprTion OF’? Nov 65 1S OBSOLETE UNCLASSTETED

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In the 1971-72 study, conducted during and subsequent to dredging activities,
42 species of fishes belonging to 24 families were found. The present study
revealed the presence of 114 species of fishes belonging to 36 families. The
dusky jawfish (Opistognathus whttehurstt), common along the first reef platform
in 1971-72, was found to be absent. The absence of this fish is attributed to
an alteration of the substrate on the first reef by incursion of fine sediments.
Damage to the second reef observed during 1971-72 was not evident during this

study.

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PREFACE

This report (Vol. I) is published to provide coastal engineers
the first comprehensive study of the impact of beach nourishment and
offshore borrowing on nearshore and coral reef fish populations. In
Volume II, benthic communities adjacent a restored beach are analyzed
and compared to similar nearby communities. Both studies were con-
ducted at Hallandale (Broward County), Florida. The work was carried
out under the coastal ecology research program at the U.S. Army
Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC).

This report was prepared by Dr. W.R. Courtenay, Jr., Professor
of Zoology, B.C. Hartig, a candidate for the Master of Science degree,
and G.R. Loisel who recently completed the Master of Science in Teach-
ing degree, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, under
CERC Contract No. DACW72-78-M-0769.

The authors express their appreciation to A. Abel and W.N.
Watkins for photographic support, J.L. Lane for typing support, and
J. Marcusky and T. McKay for the use of boats. Special thanks are
due L.M. Stanaland for her assistance on this study from September to
December 1978.

R.M. Yancey was the contract monitor, under the general super-
vision of E.J. Pullen, Chief, Coastal Ecology Branch, CERC.

Comments on this publication are invited.

Approved for publication in accordance with Public Law 166,
79th Congress, approved 31 July 1945, as supplemented by Public Law
172, 88th Congress, approved 7 November 1963.

Colonel, Corps of Engineers
Commander and Director

CONTENTS

Page
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APPENDIX] DISHES (ORS THE sHATIEAND AGE RARE AY mules annem.) ie naie lettre star tir al air aaaeCS,
FIGURES

1 Location of study area and plan of southeastern Florida
shelf. morphollogiya vnc, (Sal'sa vores! cco cot lela epieedieeus owl esue me ey peel ai meatier al a a)
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CONVERSION FACTORS, U.S. CUSTOMARY TO METRIC (SI)
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

U.S. customary units of measurement used in this report can be converted
to metric (SI) units as follows:

Multiply by To obtain
inches 25.4 millimeters
oo! centimeters
square inches 6.452 square centimeters
cubic inches 16.39 cubic centimeters
feet 30.48 centimeters
0.3048 meters
square feet 0.0929 square meters
cubic feet 0.0283 cubic meters
yards 0.9144 meters
Square yards 0.836 square meters
cubic yards 0.7646 cubic meters
miles 1.6093 kilometers
square miles 259.0 hectares
knots OSS kilometers per hour
acres 0.4047 hectares
foot-pounds HSS O'S newton meters
millibars 1.0197 x 1073 kilograms per square centimeter
ounces 28.35 grams
pounds 453.6 grams
0.4536 kilograms
ton, long 1.0160 metric tons
ton, short 0.9072 metric tons
degrees (angle) 0.01745 radians
Fahrenheit degrees 5/9 Celsius degrees or Kelvins!

1To obtain Celsius (C) temperature readings from Fahrenheit (F) readings,
MSseiekonmmullialy Chm (5/9) (hase)

To obtain Kelvin (K) readings, use formula: K = (5/9) (F -32) + 273.15.

EVALUATION OF FISH POPULATIONS ADJACENT TO BORROW AREAS OF
BEACH NOURISHMENT PROJECT, HALLANDALE
(BROWARD COUNTY) , FLORIDA

by

Walter R. Courtenay, Jr.
Ben C. Harttg
and
Gerard R. Lotselt

I. INTRODUCTION

For several years, a significant number of beaches along
the southeastern coast of Florida have undergone severe erosion
(U.S. Army Engineer District, Jacksonville, 1965). A major beach
nourishment and restoration program in this area, the Broward
County Beach Erosion Control Project, was authorized by the Rivers
and Harbors Act of 27 October 1965. One segment of the project,
Hallandale in southeastern Broward County, was nourished with
offshore sand between 21 July and 21 September 1971. Courtenay,
et al. (1973, 1974) noted damage by dredging activities off
Hallandale to an extensive area of offshore patch reefs extending
out to and including the offshore edge of the second reef platform.
Damage was reported as being most evident within a radius of 400
to 800 meters of the borrow area; however, a reevaluation of data
indicates the area of damage was between 130 and 220 meters of the
nearest borrow area, encompassing an area of approximately 2.5
square kilometers. The reef damage was attributed to rehandling
of fill material, to the type of dredging equipment used, and to a
piece of dredging equipment that overturned in a storm (Courtenay,
et al., 1973, 1974). Algae and permanently attached bivalve
mollusks were killed by burial. Soft corals were not affected but
hard corals showed substantial damage. Motile species such as
lobsters, crabs, shrimps, and fishes apparently left the area during
dredging but began to reappear within 4 months following cessation
of dredging activities.

This study assesses the status of fish populations within
the borrow areas, in areas of reef damage, and adjacent areas
within approximately 0.5 kilometer from the borrow areas off
Hallandale, 7 years after dredging. The data were compared with
those obtained during a previous study (Courtenay, et al., 1974).

Although the assessment techniques used in the 1971-72
study differ from those used during this project, valid comparisons
were made. The 1971-72 study was conducted using the ichthyocide

rotenone as the primary sampling technique. While rotenone will
kill most fishes and many of the more cryptic or secretive species,
it is not a quantitative sampling method; several larger fishes,
especially sharks, rays, and some pelagic and benthic bony fishes
will actively avoid rotenone.

The present study utilized an observational and recording
technique adapted from Jones and Thompson (1978). The need for
replicate series sampling precluded the use of ichthyocides.

Jones and Thompson compared results of their technique in reefs at
John Pennekamp State Park off Key Largo (Monroe County), Florida
with Starck's (1968) study using rotenone at Alligator Reef (Monroe
County), Florida. Their study showed that the observational and
recording technique of eight replicates per station accounted for
93.5 percent of the more commonly occurring suprabenthic (above-
bottom) fishes on Florida reefs. However, the technique did not
account for the majority of cryptic species. .

II. MATERIALS, METHODS, AND PROCEDURES

The assessment of fish populations adjacent to borrow areas
off Hallandale began in September 1978 and was completed in
March 1979. Fishes were observed and recorded by a technique
adapted from Jones and Thompson (1978). The procedure required a
pair of observers, equipped with scuba, a watch, and an underwater
writing slate. The divers were allowed 50 minutes to locate and
record as many fish species as possible within the confines of the
study area. There were no specific transects.

The 50-minute diving time was subdivided into five 10-
minute periods. Species were recorded only once and tallied in the
specific 10-minute interval in which they were first seen. Fishes
occurring within the first 10-minute interval were given a score
of five, those within the second interval a four, etc., to the
fifth interval for a score of one. The assumption is that the
species occurring within the earliest time intervals are likely to
be the most abundant.

Each diver's species tally at the end of the 50-minute dive
was considered as one run. There were 10 runs or replicates made
in the surf zone, 12 runs on the first reef, and 12 runs on the
second reef. The number of runs was considered sufficient in a
particular area when no new species were observed in two consecutive
dives.

The scores for each species from each run were summed and
averaged. The values ranged from 0.08 to 5.0. These figures were
then plotted on a graph against their frequency of occurrence.
Cutoff points were then assigned five abundance ratings: species
with values ranging from 0.08 to 0.42 were considered rare (R);
0.50 to 1.58, occasional (0); 1.67 to 2.75, frequent (F); and
2.83 to 3.92, common (C). A species with a value ranging from 4.0
to 5.0 was given an abundant (A) rating. These ratings were then
compared with those of Courtenay, et al. (1974).

Lists of fish species observed are given in the Appendix.
They are cited by families in a sequence after Bailey, et al.
(1970). Starck's (1968) method of denoting primary reef species
(P) and secondary reef species (S) has been followed. Primary
reef spectes are species characteristically associated with the
reefs. Secondary reef spectes are species which, though normal
residents of reef areas, are more ubiqitous in their selection and
utilization of habitats.

Seine and hand nets, underwater photography, and the
anesthetic quinaldine were used to aid in the collection and identi-
fication of some species.

III. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA

Hallandale, located in southeastern Broward County (Fig. 1),
is bordered by a single rock groin to the north and a series of
apartment or condominium buildings at the southern limit. Off
Hallandale, three areas or zones of study were used to investigate
the long-term effects of beach nourishment on the fishes of the
area: the surf zone, the first reef, and the outer or second reef
(Gitce2 ye

The surf zone is an area of sandy bottom, extending from
the beach to approximately 10 meters offshore. Beyond the surf
zone is an area of sandy bottom that extends an additional 40
meters out to the inshore edge of the first reef. The substrate
throughout this area appears to consist of dredged fill subsequently
eroded from the beach by wave action. The water in this area is
usually milk-colored due to wave action on fine silts. Fishes
inhabiting the surf zone are generally small and characteristic of
sandy areas. The water depth in the surf zone reaches 1 meter.

The first reef has a predominantly low profile, with its
inshore margin located approximately 50 meters and its offshore
edge approximately 100 meters from the beach. The water depth
is 5 to 7 meters. The northern part is mostly flat and barren,
of patchy rock with few live corals present. Few fishes are seen
on this section of the reef. Southward along the reef edge, the
height increases with a prominent ledge approximately 1 meter high
originating near the southern boundary of the study area (Fig. 3).
This higher relief part of the reef is characterized by much more
cover and an increase in live corals and diversity of the fishes
present. The water over the first reef is also usually turbid, but
less so than in the surf zone (Marsh, et al., in preparation, 1980).

Beyond the first reef is an expanse of sandy bottom that
extends for approximately 60 meters to the inshore edge of the
second reef. The second reef is approximately 500 meters wide with
an 8- to 13-meter water depth. The water is usually clearer than
at the first reef. The second reef has a higher profile, with an
extensive outside ledge that reaches 3 meters in some places (Fig. 4).
This reef has a profusion of live, soft and hard corals and a large
network of potholes and small ledges which afford more cover to the

PALM BEACK™ ¥

LAKE WORTH

EXPLANATION

Cs Shoreline
Shoreface
Gs Reef Lines
SS) 87 Flats
Glas = Sediment Slope

N-S Scale in Yords
5000 ° 5000 10000

E-W Scale in Yards

2000 1000 ° 2000 4000

Figure 1. Location of study area and plan of southeastern Florida
shelf morphology (after Duane and Meisburger, 1969).

10

25 59

80° 06

BORROW
AREAS

SECOND REEF

Depth in Meters

Figure 2. Shelf morphology off Hallandale.

IEA

Figure 3. Higher profile area of first reef platform.

Figure 4. Outside ledge area of second reef platform.

WA

fishes inhabiting this area (Fig. 5). The fish fauna of the second
reef consists of larger and more numerous fishes than on the first
reef. The "typical" reef fishes, such as angelfishes (Chaetodonttdae),
butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) and damselfishes (Pomacentridae), are
better represented in both species and numbers. Some of the larger
and faster fishes, such as cero mackerel (Scomberomorus regalts) and
blue runner (Caranx crysos), were observed on the second reef and not
Ons thewtarsitemseetr

sas SS a

Figure 5. Top of second reef platform.

IV. RESULTS

Courtenay, et al. (1974) noted considerable turbidity
nearshore off the nourished beach. This condition still exists with
underwater visibility rarely exceeding 2 meters. The bottom is
strewn with rocks and fine sand and silt. Much of this material
covers the first reef. Underwater visibility over the first reef
was generally between 3 to 4 meters but increased to 6 to 8 meters
over the second reef.

A total of 114 species of fishes belonging to 36 families
was observed in the study area (App.). Nine species belonging to
seven families were found in the surf zone. The permit (Trachinotus
faleatus) was the most abundant species in this area. The spotfin
mojarra (Euctnostomus argenteus) and the sand drum (Umbrina
corotdes) were also common. Lack of cover, wave action, and limited

INS}

food are among the factors limiting the number of fish species
occupying the surf zone.

On the first reef 67 species representing 26 families of
fishes (see App:) were observed. Courtenay, et al. (1974) suggested
that the low profile of this reef area provides jimited cover and,
therefore, restricts the number of species of fishes found there.
The most abundant species found on this reef in 1978-79 was the
slippery dick (Halichoeres bivittatus). Tomtate (Haemulon
aurolineatun), high-hat (Equetus acuntnatus), cocoa damselfish
(Pomacentrus vartabilts), bluehead (Lhalassoma bifasetatum), red-
tail parrotfish (Sparisoma chrysopterun), and doctorfish (Acanthurus
chirurgus) were also abundant. Sizable aggregations of grunts
(Pomadasyidae), angelfishes, and parrotfishes (Scartdae) occurred at
specific locations on the first reef. Damselfishes were also well
represented.

Courtenay, et al. (1974) recorded the dusky jawfish
(Opistognathus whitehurstt), a burrowing species, as common along
the platform of the first reef. No specimens of this fish were
observed there in 1978-79. The absence of this species is probably
caused by the substrate having been altered by incursion of finer
materials, possibly eroded beach fill materials.

Eighty-nine species belonging to 30 families of fishes were
observed on the second reef (App.). The most abundant species was
the bluehead. Bicolor damselfish (Pomacentrus partitus), slippery
dicks, and doctorfish were also abundant. Gobies (Gobiidae),
parrotfishes, angelfishes, grunts, and sea basses (Serranidae)
were also well represented on this reef. Certain species such as
the longspine squirrelfish (Holocentrus rufus), tobaccofish
(Serranus tabacarius), harlequin bass (Serranus ttgrinus), and blue
chromis (Chromts cyaneus) were present on the seaward side of the
second reef but absent on the inshore side.

The blue goby (loglossus callturus), a burrowing fish, was
seen frequently in the sandy area adjacent to the second reef.
Another burrowing species, the yellowhead jawfish (Opistognathus
aurtfrons), however, was rare.

Other fishes observed over the sandy areas adjacent to the
second reef include the sand perch (Diplectrum formosum) ,
tobaccofish, yellowfin mojarra (Gerres cinereus), and bridled
goby (Coryphopterus glaucofraenun) .

V. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

Courtenay, et al. (1974) list 42 species belonging to 24
families of fishes as having been collected in the area of the
Hallandale beach restoration project; they emphasize, however,
that sampling in the study area was incomplete. The present study
revealed the presence of 114 species of fishes belonging to 36
families. In the 1971-72 survey, fish collections were made using
the ichthyocide rotenone. The present study used underwater
observations primarily and the anesthetic quinaldine as an inciden-
tal collecting method.

14

The results of the present study demonstrate that although
the fish fauna in the Hallandale area is rich, the dusky jawfish
may have been affected adversely by dredging activities and later
by beach erosion. The first reef appears to have been affected
directly by deposition of sediment that further reduced the bottom
relief and grain size of the substrate.

The dusky jawfish, a shallow-water burrowing species, has
been used as an indicator species in studies of the effects of
beach nourishment projects (Courtenay, et al., 1974). Thompson
(1974) showed that this species typically burrows in sand areas at
the edge of a vertical surface, usually of rock or dead coral, and
never on a level surface. There these fishes excavate permanent
burrows on the reef platform which they abandon only under condi-
tions of considerable stress. In the previous study (Courtenay,
et al., 1974), dusky jawfish were common on the first reef. This
species was not observed during this study. The absence of this
species probably can be attributed to an alteration of the
substrate and habitat possibly due to deposition of fill materials.
The fine-grained sediment is unstable for burrowing. Deposition on
the first reef also reduced the available vertical surfaces. During
1971-72, the first reef received only negligible damage from erosion
of the filled beach. The present study indicates that the movement
of fines covered the lower profile portions of the first reef.

Certain species such as the belted cardinalfish (Apogon
townsendt) and the roughhead blenny (Acanthemblemarta aspera) ,
collected at Hallandale in 1971-72 (Courtenay, et al., 1974), were
not observed in this study. Courtenay, et al. (1974) predicted a
decline of fishes and other marine animals on the first reef should
further beach erosion occur.

The second reef, located farther offshore, showed no effects
of the 1971 beach restoration project or erosion and incursion of
sediment. Previous damage (scouring, siltation, etc.) which had
occurred as direct effects of dredging was not evident. Corals were
abundant and thriving and the reef structure supported a rich fish
fauna. Certain fish species such as the bridled goby, the rock beauty
(Holacanthus tricolor), and the barred hamlet (Aypoplectrus puella),
absent or listed as rare by Courtenay, et al. (1974), were abundant
in this survey. The presence of these fishes in numbers of individ-
uals is attributed to improved conditions following cessation of
dredging activities.

In summary, the fish fauna of the second reef off Hallandale
shows no damage as a result of the dredging activities of 1971.

The first reef, however, has been affected adversely by incursion of
sediment.

VI. RECOMMENDATIONS
The recommendations of Courtenay, et al. (1974) are
repeated. Before, during, and after beach restoration projects,

"surveys should be conducted by both competent biologists and
engineering surveyors..."

IS)

Duane and Meisburger (1969) recommend sand in the linear
second flat for beach fill material based on accessibility,
continuity of the deposits, and suitability. They cautioned,
however, that these deposits contained a substantial amount of
material that could become mechanically degraded in the turbulent
littoral zone.

This study indicates that the potential effects of incur-
sion of eroded beach-fill materials on nearshore reefs should be
considered in environmental impact studies for future beach
restoration and nourishment projects in southeastern Florida.

16

LITERATURE CITED

BAILEY, R. M., et al., "A List of Common and Scientific Names of
Fishes from the United States and Canada,"' SP-6, 3d ed.,
American Fisheries Society, Washington, D.C., 1970.

COURTENAY, W. R., JR., et al., "Ecological Monitoring of Two Beach
Nourishment Projects in Broward County, Florida,"' Shore & Beach,
Wo, 405 97S, jes BLS.

COURTENAY, W. R., JR., et al., "Ecological Monitoring of Beach
Erosion Control Projects, Broward County, Florida, and Adjacent
Areas,'' TM-41, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineer-
ing Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Feb. 1974.

DUANE, D. B., AND MEISBURGER, E. P., "Geomorphology and Sediments
of the Nearshore Continental Shelf, Miami to Palm Beach,
Florida,"' TM-29, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineer-
ing Research Center, Washington, D.C., Nov. 1969.

JONES, R. S., AND THOMPSON, M. J., ''Comparison of Florida Reef Fish
Assemblages Using a Rapid Visual Technique," Bulletin of Marine
Setence, Vol. 28, 1978, pp. 159-172.

MARSH, G. A., et al., "Evaluation of Benthic Communities Adjacent
to.a Restored Beach, Hallandale (Broward County), Florida,"
Vol. II, MR 80-1, Hcologteal Evaluatton of a Beach Nourtshment
Project at Hallandale (Broward County), Flortda, U.S. Army,
Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort
Belvoir, Va. (in preparation, 1980).

STARCK, W. A., II, 'A List of Fishes of Alligator Reef, Florida
with Comments on the Nature of the Florida Reef Fish Fauna,"
Undersea Btology, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1968, pp. 6-42.

THOMPSON, M. J., "Burrowing and Burrow-Associated Behavior in the
Dusky Jawfish, Opistognathus whitehursti,"' Unpublished M.S. Thesis,
Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Fla., 1974.

U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, JACKSONVILLE, "Appraisal Report on Beach
Conditions in Florida," Jacksonville, Fla., Jan. 1965.

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