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LAE.
SOUTH KENSINGTON MUSEUM

a: HANDBOOKS.
| ae MUSEUM, 5 aT? GREEN.
7CONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

ANDREW MURRAY, F.LS.

APTERA.

Prepared at the request of the Lords of the Committee of
Council on Education, and Published for them

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SINGTON MUSEUM SCIENCE HANDBOOKS.

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.
APTERA.

This is the first of a sertes of Handbooks intended to serve in the
Jirst instance as guides to the different branches of the Collection of
Liconomic Entomology which is in course of formation at the Bethnal
Green Branch of the South Kensington Museum, by order of the
Lords of the Committee of Council on Education ; and in the next
place as practical treatises on the subject for the use of the public
generally. The Collection has now become large enough to furnish a
basis for such a work, and the order in which it is proposed to take
up the other subjects is that followed in the published list of the
contents of the collection, viz., the Aptera (spiders, mites, &c.), whith
Sorm the subject of this handbook ; then the Bugs; the Locusts,
Grasshoppers, Cockroaches, and Earwigs ; the Two-winged Fites ;
the Bees, Wasps, &c.; the Dragonflies and May ties ; Lutterfizes
and Moths ; and, lastly, the Beetles.

BY e
“A
ANDREW MURRAY, F.LS.

PAPTERA, 7

>>
ce CP ie
‘ AV 3 3 1883
Spy be 0) cs
Prepared at the request of the dprasf

Education, and published for them

ze Committee of Council on

meee AN AND HALL, 193, PICCADILLY.

CONTENTS OF CASES DESCRIBED IN

WOE. I

CASE I.
CRUSTACEANS (likely to be mistaken for Insects).
NO. SEE PAGE
I. Oniscus asellus, specimens (15) ; ‘ : é ‘ 8
2 Wo, enlarged figure ’ . 5 ‘ A - 0 : es oa
3. Porcellio scaber, specimens (12) . - Ss ‘ ‘ 10
weeeeo., enlarged figure . : . 5 " ; ae
5. Armadillo vulgaris, specimens (12) A : : . op
6. Do., enlarged figure extended . = - - : Ss AP
7. Do., enlarged figure rolled up . é : : : - : Ap
INSECTS:
MYRIAPODS—JULID.

8. Glomeris limbata (?), specimen (1) 14
9. Do., enlarged figure : : . , E 46
10. Sphzeropceus (Zephronica, Gray) castaneus, specimens (3) . 15
iI Do., enlarged figure . : i
12. Sphzropceus heterostictus, specimen (1) A
13. Do., enlarged figure : ; xf
14. Sphzeropceus glabratus, specimen (I) . : A ag” 4
15. Orchid injured by such insects, figure “3
16. Julus guttatus, specimens in phial 16
17. Do., enlarged figure a
18. Carrot injured by them, figure . : : ¢ Bee 35

19. Lily roots injured by them, preserved in sitentia. ; Specimens in
phial . : . %
20. Do., model. ms
21. Julus terrestris, specimen (I) . 2 : ; 5 E 17
22 Do. enlarged figure . . . - Ke
23. Parsnip root injured by them ; monet 2 : z - ° il 5
24. Julus londinensis, specimens (1 ?) ‘ : : - 18
25. Do., enlarged figure ‘ : : . ° : . oot 35
26. Julus nitens, specimen (1) . 5 5 : - : ‘ ats on

27.

Do., enlarged figure : . . ° . - 3 .

Le ce BO oe ee
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=
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CONTENTS.

. Spirostreptus javanicus ? specimen (1) -

Do., figure ; 3

. Spirostreptus annalseives specimens (2)

Do., figure

. Polydesmus comiplanitites Specinigns (4)

Do., enlarged figure

. Polydesmus dorsalis, af: ee specimen (1)

Do., enlarged figure

. Brachycybe rosea, California, specimen (1)

Do., enlarged figure : + ‘
CASE Il.

MYRIAPODS (continued).

SCOLOPENDRIDAE.
. Mecistocephalus punctifrons, East Indies, specimen (r1)
. Geophilus longicornis, specimens (2)

Do., enlarged figure

. Geophilus subterraneus, specimens in phat

Do., enlarged figure

. Illustrative vignette of phosphor yal light of do.
. Scolopendra ceylonensis, Ceylon, specimens (2) .

. Scolopendra platypoides, Brazil, specimens (2)
. Scolopendra placeze, Brazil, specimens (2)
. Scolopendra variegata, Demerara, specimens (2)

. Scolopendra angusticollis, Old Calabar, specimens (2)
. Scolopendra leachii, Cape Verd Islands, specimen (1)
. Scolopendra tuberculidens, E. Indies, specimens (2) .
. Scolopendra cceruleo-viridis, Australia, specimens (2)

Do., enlarged figure

. Cryptops hortensis, specimen (1)

Do., enlarged figure

. Lithobius forficatus, specimens (4) .

Do., enlarged figure

. Cermatia capensis, Cape of Good Hops specimen (1)
Pie :
. Cermatia smithii, New Holland, specimen (1)

Do., enlarged figure

Do., enlarged figure .
CASE Ill.

= ee

SEE PAGE

SCORPIONS AND LAER -ALETES.

. Chelifer museorum, specimens (8) .

Do., enlarged figure

. Chelifer geoffroyi, specimens (3)

Do., enlarged figure . 5 - :

CONTENTS. Vv
NO. SEE PAGE
x 5. Scorpions (species of Androctonus), newly born, from Rangoon,

specimens (3) . ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ 4 ‘ P ‘ ri Oso
6. Do., enlarged figure P ae
7. Androctonus priamus (?), Java (?), specimens ie 5 - - iy
8. Androctonus, S%., East Indies, specimen (I) . : bc
9. Buthus, SZ., Cape, specimens (2) . : j 5 4 Rs
10. Buthus czesar, E. Indies, specimens (2) ; 4 BG
iI. Buthus afer, specimen (1) : F : 2 . ° . a
12. Buthus imperator, figure natural size F : ; : AA
13. Phrynus ceylonicus, specimen (1) . . “ : - PaaS |
14. JDo., figure natural size : ; ; . ‘ : »
15. Telyphonus giganteus, specimen (1) of
16. Do., figure natural size ; : - : - ; ee
17. Telyphonus proscorpio, specimens (2) . 4 A . : Sau ey-(o)
18. Do., figure natural size : :
19. Galeodes araneoides, specimen (0) : ; : ° "5
20. JDo., figure natural size ; ; - " A
21. Illustrative vignette, camel . . : ¢ a - - os

CASE IV.

SPIDERS,
1. Mygale avicularia, ‘Tropical S. America, specimen (0) . : oy Be
2. Do., sketch of insect, natural size : 2 5 : line AS
3. Mygale californica, California, sketch of ditto . F . : «veges
“a Wo., specimens of do. . : ¥ A 5 : ars 5
5. Mygale fasciata, Java, sketch ofinsect . : ; , : ai ee
6. Do., specimen (0) : ; 5 sf haa ° oe
7. Mygalekiugii, Eastern Andes, specimen sof beock saidtobeveryvenomous ,,
8. Do., sketch of ditto ; ) : Es
9g. Mygale versicolor, specimen of insect . : : ° 93
10. Do., sketch of do., natural size . : 5 - s
11. Mygale erichsoni, Java, specimen of insect . ; . “

12. Do., sketch of do.

13. Mygale convexa, West Africa, specimen oe idee :

14. Atypus sulzeri, sketch of insect, the only British representative of
the Mygalidz . ; ge ek LSS

15. Cteniza ionica, trap-door spider cee South of Europe nest at - 50

16. Do., sketch of insect

17. Actinopus nidulans, nest of, with specimens in the ned (2 Reson.

18. Do., sketch of insect enlarged

19. Do., specimens of do., male and female (2) ’ :

20. Nemesia eleanora, diagram to show the double-branched nest oe
with an outer and inner trap-door, South Europe ; BG KOO

: 99

vi CONTENTS.

CASE V.
TRAP-DOOR NESTS /OF SPIDERS.

From South of France. Presented by Lapy JARDINE.

—— eee

NO. ‘ SEE PAGE
1. Nemesia ceementaria, cork trap-door nest made by do., door indi-
cated by a straw in it. : : : : : . - 60-64
2. Do. Do.,. key to,door coloured yo. : : : agnind :
3. Do., specimen of maker of cork trap-door nests Gnatey = cae ae .
4. Do., cork trap-door nest made by do., door indicated by a straw ,,
5: Wo. Wo, ‘key to, door coloured 77% ; oD hee : es
6. Do., cork trap-door nest, straw in door é : : SEN as
7: Wo: Doi, . key-to, door coloured) aa : : : eee
8. Do., specimen of female insect, maker of cork trap- ‘alas NESE Seema
9 Do., cork trap-door nest, straw in door : : 5 o§ Peake
10. Wo. Do.,- key to, dooricoloured, Fs. ; ; ‘ ie
11. Nemesia eleanora, wafer trap-door nest with two doors and an old
inner tube door in lower right-hand corner . : rai
12, Do. Do., key to, outer doors coloured brown, old inner tube
door blueish . 5 : : : Z : a ies
13. Do., diagram showing a Saat of two dears OF nest ae oie rae
14. Do., wafer trap-door nest with two entrances, part of old inner
tube door in lower left-hand corner 4 é ‘ : a ae
15. Do. Do., key to, outer doors coloured brown, old inner tube
door blueish : . é ; : ‘ sais
16. Do., wafer trap-door nest wilh two entrances, a straw in each
door". 3 4 e é : : : : Hse
17 Doe. 2 Do.) key to, dons dolonned : , : ae

18. Do., specimen of male insect, maker of wafer bad: -door nests.
19. Do., wafer trap-door nest with two entrances, an old door of the
inner second tube shown in upper corner to the left, a part of
tube in upper right-hand corner ; : ; : : :
20. Do. Do., key to, the outer doors coloured brown; an inner
door removed from second tube coloured white and blue; part
of the tube shown in right-hand upper corner coloured pale

brown : 3 ; : ; 5 : ‘ : < ei
21. Do., wafer trap-door nest with two entrances, a straw in each

door cae : : : : A 5 ‘ a ae
22, ) Do. Dos key, to, doors coloured é : : oY hese
23. Do., specimen of female insect, maker of wafer tia: -door nests ;

from Cannes . ; : : : . . : fais
24. Do., wafer trap-door nest, injured sail artificially repaired ae
25. ‘Do. Do.; key to, door coloured. : ‘ A 3 a ge

26. Cteniza fodiens, magnified sketch of (one of the makers of cork
_ trap-door nests . . : : . . : . ate

CONTENTS. vil

NO. SEE PAGE
27. Magnified sketch ofa cork trap-door . : ; OS
28. Nemesia eleanora, magnified sketch of insect, faaeet of the wafer
trap-door nests . é 2 ‘ ; b ‘ Rael ss ae
29. Magnified sketch of wafer trap- saeee : : z 2 : , 2
CASE VI.
SPIDERS (continued).
1. Mygale detrita, sketch of insect . : ‘ ; : : Rater OS
2. Do., specimen of do. ‘ : z : - t : a
3. Latrodectes malmignatus, sketch of do. . z . 5 Bok ae Se
4. Lycosa tarantula, sketch of do. ‘ : . : : - 8
GENERA OF BRITISH SPIDERS.
Family DYSDERIDAE.
5. Oonops pulcher, sketch of do. . : : ° vias 369
6. Dysdera crocata (rubicunda, B/.), specimen "of ‘les 5 3 . er AO
7. Do,, sketch of do. . as a
8. Harpactes hombergii (Dysdera Renibe: ii, BL } dketoh of A : F a
9. Segestria senoculata, sketch of do. . : : ‘ : Dae by
Family DRASSIDAE,
10. Micaria pulicaria (Drassus micans, 4/.), sketch of do. . : ‘ a
11. Drassus blackwallii (sericeus, B/.), sketch of do. ‘ : ee ON day
12. Clubiona pallidula (epimelus, 4/.), sketch ofdo. . : ‘ F ms
13. Chiracanthum nutrix (non S/.), sketch of do... : : ge -
14. Hecaérge maculata, sketch of do. . ; s : : L ; oh
Family DICTYNIDAE.
15. Eresus cinnabarinus, sketch of do. . ; ’ 2 , aire 9%
16. Dictyna arundinacea (Ergatis benigna, 2/.), sketch of do. : Amen 3
17. Do., sketch of cocoons of do. ; ‘ ¥ : ; ae A
Family AGELENIDAE.
18. Argyroneta aquatica, sketch of do. . : : 5 : Baie sy
19. Amaurobius ferox (Ciniflo ferox, 4/.), sketch of dors é Sho A ey
20. Amaurobius (Ciniflo) mordax, sketch of do. . : : ° MeN Te
21. Agelena labyrinthica, sketch of do. . ‘ E . - Be oy
22. Tegenaria guyonii (Tegenaria domestica, G/.), sketch of do. . 7S
Family SCYTODIDAE,
23. Scytodes thoracica, sketch of do. : ; : ; : waa) at

CONTENTS.

CASE VII.
GENERA OF BRITISH SPIDERS (continued).
Family PHOLCIDAE.

NO. SES PAGE
I. Pholcus phalangoides, sketch of insect . - : . . =
Family THERIDIIDAE.

2. Theridion tepidariorum, sketch of do. : : . ° ee Ss
3. Do. mparium, sketch of tent and cocoons of do. ° ° a5
Family LINYPHIADAE.

4. Linyphia montana (marginata, /.), sketch of insect . . » ee
5. Walckenaéria pratensis, sketch ofdo. . ; - - . . °°
6. Do., sketch of do. a : ; : - : “ . . “=
Family EPEIRIDAE.

7. Eperia quadrata, sketch of do. : : : ‘ . . = ee,
8. Do. arbustorum, Xock (bicornis, B/.) . z S : wes s
9. Do. diademata (diadema, A/.), sketch of do. : : - 21
Family ULOBORIDAE.

10. Uloborus walckenaérus (Veleda lineata, 4/.), sketch of do. : S6
Family THOMISIDAE.

11. Xysticus pini (Thomisus audax, A/.), sketch of do. . : : $3
12. Thomisus onustus (abbreviatus, A/.), sketch of do. =. : : ue
13. Dizea dorsata (Thomisus floricolens, 4/.), sketch of do. . : iy
14. Philodromus margaritatus (pallidus, 47.), sketch of do. : on
15. Micrommata virescens (Sparassus smaragdulus, A/.), sketch of do. jae _
16. Do., sketch of do., female x
Family LYCOSIDAE.

17. Dolomedes fimbriatus, sketch of insect : : <a) ee
18. Trochosa cinerea (Lycosa allodroma, £7.), ee, of af : . J ae

Family SPHASIDAE.

19. Oxyopes lineatus (Sphasus lineatus, A/.), sketch of do. . oe
Family SALTICIDAE.

20. Epiblemum scenicum (Salticus scenicus, 47.), sketch ofdo. . :

21. Heliophanes cupreus (Salticus cupreus, 4/.), sketch of do. . ne

. Ballus depressus (Salticus obscurus, 4/.), sketch of do. . - -
3. Salticus formicarius, sketch ofdo. . ‘ : : . ie

CONTENTS. 1X
CASE VIII.
MITES.

es TROMBIDIINAE (TETRANYCHIDAE, Spinning Mites). ..2 pace
i. Tetranychus telarius, red spider, sketch of larva 97

2. Do. do., sketch of male. a9

a. Do. do., sketch of female 2
4. Tetranychus lintearius, magnified sketch 104
5. Tetranychus, sf., on oak, magnified sketch 107

6. Tetranychus fici, sketch of leaf attacked =

7- Do., magnified sketch of insect 4 x 5 -

8. Tetranychus tiliarum, magnified sketch of insect . . P en

9. Do., leaf of lime attacked by do. Ee
10. Tetranychus socius, magnified sketch of do. 108
11. Tetranychus eriostemi, leaves of Eriostemon neriifolium attacked by a) 109

12. Do., magnified sketch of leaf shewing the mischief ‘5

13. Do., twig shewing mischief on do. ae Age

14. Do., magnified sketch of do. »

15. Do., magnified sketch of insect »

16, Tetranychus autumnalis, magnified figure of young oes %

17. Do., magnified figure of perfect insect, under side . oo
18. Tetranychus trombidinus, enlarged figure of insect . 114

19. Raphignathus ruberrimus do. : - : +
20. Megamerus celer do. . . 116

21. Tetranychus ? americanus do. . . : *

22. Tetranychus? irritans do. - . ss
23. Petrobia lapidum, enlarged figure of young . . : 118

24. Do., enlarged figure of perfect insect ° >>
25. Eupodes celer, enlarged figure of young I2I

26. Do., enlarged figure of perfect insect ”

CASE VIII’.
I. Specimens of web of Tetranychus lintearius on furze bush, from
Weybridge. The red dust on the web is dead mites 104
CASE IX.
MITES (continued).
TROMBIDIIDAE, Harvest Mites.

1. Linopodes longipes, magnified sketch of insect . . 122
2. Linopodes ravus do. 123

3. Linopodes cursorius do. : ; : -
4. Rhyncholophus cinereus do. ° . : 125

5. Rhyncholophus phalangioides_ do. . . . “=
6. Rhyncholophus major do. 3) oe : 126

K CONTENTS.

NO. SEE PAGE
7. Smaridia papillosa, magnified sketch of insectc . : i. ae le
8. Pachygnathus velatus do. 3 5 A oP ey aa
9. Trombidium parasiticum da: : : 5 a, BIAS

10. Trombidium holosericeum (phalangii, Dwg.), magnified sketch of

Ibayehne : 5 : : . 4 : 3 4 ey Vg

Ir. Do., magnified sketch of perfect insect . : : é ie nae

22) Dal”) specimen ofido, é : 3

13. Do., magnified sketch of perfect peeee coped f from fie iy

Walckenaér . : ONE a ys

14. Do., var. trigonum, magnified Sse a perfect insect . Phe. SS

15. Trombidium curtipes do. : =) £34

16, Trombidium fuliginosum : do. BO et

17. Trombidium bicolor do. : 7 BS

18. Trombidium fasciculatum do. fe ee

19.5" Do, do., specimens of do. (4) : ‘ ‘ : 2 ee

20. Trombidium tinctorium, magnified sketch of do. . ‘ 2 he Pe Nie

21 iDey do., specimens of do. (0) . dhs

22. Trombidium gryllarium, magnified sketch of verte & aos feeds on

Rocky Mountains locusts . : 136

23. Trombidium sericeum, magnified sketch oe do. peas inal ingen

of preceding . : : 9 AS

24. Trombidium miniatum, mndemined seis of Hence INnSect 7, of

25. Trombidium aurantiacum, - do.\+ of larva . d a ae

26. Erythrzeus ruricola, do. of perfect insect = Se

27. Actineda cornigera, do. do. : CE iets

CASE X.
MITES (continued.)
BDELLIDAE.
1. Molgus longicornis, England, sketch of insect . 5 5 =, eg
2. Scirus insectorum, magnified sketch of larva of do. . : 5 3 SAS
3. Scirus hexophthalmus, France, magnified sketch of do. : Re lS:
4. Scirus obisium, France, magnified sketch of do. . : : sa Oe
5. Scirus vestitus, magnified sketch ofdo. . 5 ‘ ‘ | ghee
HYDRACHNIDAE (Fresh Water Mites).
6. Limnochares aquaticus, Europe, magnified sketch of mature insect . 148
7. Eylais extendens, a post aey sketch of freshly hatched
larva . : : 3 : ! : : +S Ree
out Do, do. do. : . : ; Pad the
g. Hydrachna geographica, magnified sketch of insect . : oa ae
10. Diplodontus scapularis, Europe, magnified sketch of larva. RRS
Fi, Do, do. do. : : ; ; Pula bn at

NO.
12.

53.
14.

7s.
16.
17.
18.

19.
20.

CONTENTS. x1
SEE PAGE
Hydrochoreittes globulus, magnified sketch of first stage of larva 153

Belostoma grandis, E. Indies, specimens with nymphs of Hydrachna
adhering to various parts of its body (2) . :
Hydrochoretites globulus, magnifiell sketch of water-bug Aienaee
larva in the nymph stage adhering to it : ; -
Do., magnified sketch of nymph stage of do.
Do., magnified sketch of mature insect :
Atax Bonzi, magnified sketch of newly developed larva
Atax globator, Europe (Denmark), magnified sketch of ale
insect .
Do., magnified sketch of fecrale 3 :
Atax buccinator, Denmark, magnified sketch aie insect

21. Atax miniata, Europe, magnified sketch of insect
22. Atax varipes do. do.
23. Atax histrionicus, Europe, magnified sketch of tate :
a4, Do, do. magnified sketch of female .
25. Pontarachna punctulum, Mediterranean, near Naples, Aeemihed sich
of insect
CASE XI.
MITES (continued).
GAMASIDAE.

1. Gamasus coleoptratorum, magnified figure of . : d

2) Do. specimens (2) = 4 ‘ ‘ - - he

3. Gamasus marginatus, magnified ete - .

4. - Do., specimen (1) - : . : .

5. Gamasus quadripunctatus, Maewited sketch : . . ‘ :

ee wa,, specimen (1) : ; é ‘ : ‘ | aes

7. Gamasus crassipes, magnified sketch : - : . -

8. Gamasus tetragonoides, do. - : , - - : Ae

g. Gamasus podager, do. . : : : . ° ° . °
mt. Wo., specimen (1) ; : ; - : . ° ies
11. Uropoda vegetans, magnified figure - ° . ° °

12. Do., specimens . : ; : . at Paks she
13. Sejus marinus, magnified seich : 5 < : .

14. Halarachne halicheeri, magnified sketch of eed = : .
a. Do, do; (perfect imsect: — , : ° : . .

16. Dermanyssus nitzschii, magnified sketch . : - : :
17. Dermanyssus avium, magnified sketch of empty . : ‘ :
18. Do., specimens of do. (2) . ‘ ; ; : A -
19. Do. Vignette of chickens (‘‘ realistic chick”) . : : ‘

. Ixodes transversalis, from under orbit of Bythan) cine pole F

X11 CONTENTS.
NO. SEE PAGE
20. Dermanyssus avium, magnified sketch of insect full fed 169
21.) (Do,, specimen of (x)" < : 4 : - . ea
22, Dermanyssus pipistrellz, magnified figure i sye
23. Dermanyssus agilis, magnified sketch . ; : 5 » ipa
24. Pteroptus (Tinoglischrus) audouinii, magnified sketch + 175
25. Pteroptus (Diplostaspis) vespertilionis, do. , . ~ - 579
26. Do., specimens (o)>. : : ; 5 : ah tag
27. Argas pipistrellee, magnified sketch . : . . - 180
28. Do. reflexus, do. : : : : : ° » EOE
29. - Do. . persicus, ‘do. ¢ ‘ : : : ° . as
30. Do. americanus, do. . A . : . «De
31. Do. moubata, do. . : . . . a es
32. Ornithodoros coriaceus, ie eReee sketch ‘ . « 183
38. Wo, ) talaje, do: do. : ° ° ‘Gur
CASE XIl.
MITES (continued).
IXODIDAE (Ticks).

1. Ixodes erinaceus, male, enlarged figure, Britain . . i960

2. “Do., “specimens (5) “a5 ‘ F : sake

3. Do., female, half full, cularged Fee ; : ees

4. Do., specimens in phial (11) - 5 5 : «es

5- Do., female, full fed, enlarged figure : . "

6. Do., specimens in phial (5) . 4 5 . fs wis ae

7. Ixodes marginatus, male, enlarged figure . - 92

8 We., specimens (3) ).: : . enti’ 5 -

9. Do., female, enlarged figure sis
10. Do., female, specimens (7) . 3 eee
11. Ixodes ricinus, from Continent, enlarged sketch copied from Koch's

figure 193
12. Ixodes reduvius, enlarwed Baie of forall, pied from Andanne
figure »

13. Ixodes trabeatus, ealuneed nee of Priele do. 6 ge
14. Ixodes bovis, male, enlarged figure, N. America nS
WS. 0., female, do: ‘“
16. Do., specimen (1) : ea
17. Ixodes brevipes, Ceylon, Siappes of al Cckeedl asi 5 finale 194.
re. /Do., specimens (2). é ‘ mA
19. Ixodes distipes, Tunis, enlarged ace af fone ‘3
20 Do., specimen (1)

° 195

:
f
;
|
;

NO.
22.

23.
24.
25.

26.
27.

28.
29.
30.
31.
22,
33:
34-
35.
36.

CONTENTS.

Xill

SEE PAGE

Ixodes transversalis, enlarged sketch of head of Python, to show
where I. transversalis taken from . ; : :
Hyalommacornuger, Ko/., do. Z é .
Adenopleura compressum, enlarged figure of Ey W. Africa .
Amblyomma rostratum, Old Calabar, enlarged seats of

Do., specimen (1) . P : :
Amblyomma rotundatum, the Carapato ae Eran enlar wed four ee
io. specimen (i) . : 4 :

Amblyomma pacificum, Sandwich Isles, enlarged figure of .
or, specimen (rt)! . : ,
Ophiodes ophiophilus, S. Africa, eee ae AP : °
Ophiodes gervaisii, male, enlarged figure
Do., female, do. ,
Ophiodes gracilentus, from Pan Sehne, eultireed daure
Ophiodes flavomaculatus, from Python Sebae, enlarged figure
Do., vignette sketch of Python Sebae, from W. Africa

CASE XIll.
MITES (continued).
HALACARIDAE (Marine Mites) AND ORIBATIDAE.

1. Halacarus ctenopus, magnified sketch of insect, British sea shores

2. Halacarus falcatus, magnified sketch of insect .

3. Halacarus sculptus, do. . s F : : :

4. Halacarus rhodostigma, magnified sketch yi insect .

5. Halacarus notops, magnified sketch of insect

6. Dameeus geniculatus, magnified sketch of embryo, common in Europe,

fresh from egg of do... “ : : :
7. Do., magnified sketch of larva . ‘ ‘ : : hae
8. Do., sketch and specimens of perfect insect y : : °
g. Damezeus auritus, magnified sketch of perfect insect
10. Leiosoma nitens, do., France . ; - - : :
11. Notaspis bipilis, do., very common in France
12. Oribata orbicularis, do., common near Paris . : ; : °
13. Oribata globula, do., near Paris ; : : . ° °
14. Pelops acromios, magnified sketch of larva, near Paris. ‘
15. Do., magnified sketch of perfect insect - : . aus
16, Nothrus spiniger, magnified sketch of larva, common on the
Continent . : : - ° : :

17. Do., magnified sketch of cttedt insect . : : ad ts
18. Nothrus horridus, do., very common amongst moist mosses in France

. Hermannia crassipes, magnified sketch of larva, common near Paris.

195
196

208
39
209
210
211

215
be)
bi)
216
93
217
b>)
218
219

”
220
221

X1V CONTENTS.
NO. SEE PAGE
20. Hermannia crassipes, magnified sketch of perfect insect . é oh 22m
21, Cepheus vulgaris, do., common on the Continent ; ; Ho oom |
22. Eremeeus tibialis, magnified sketch of larva, France ; . a" OEsy
23. Hoplophora contractilis, magnified sketch of larva . : rie tae
24. Do., magnified sketch of perfect insect . d : , age |
2500) Do. scontraeted: ¥- j : : : : F ° es Pag
CASE XIV.

MITES (continued).
ACARIDAE, Ist Section, TYROGLYPHIDAE (Cheese Mites, &c.)

1. Hypoderas brevis, enlarged sketch of insect taken from under the skin

of Ardea nyticorax . : : 7 : : » 220
2. Hypoderas lineatus, enlarged ketch of ahseet 4 : : i a SO
3. Hypopus (Acarellus) muscze, do. : : : : - 250
4. Hypopus (Acarellus) pulicis, do. : : : eae mine
5. Trichodactylus xylocope, do. : , , : » 252
6. Homopus elephantis do. 3 : : Ramee 5)
7. Rhizoglyphus echinopus (dujardinii), magnified sketch of larva and

pupa 4°. : : » 257
& D0;, maenined teen of ae after Olaparede. s 3 a
9. Do., magnified sketch of female dow ain: eee wee
Wok 5 IDYey do. after Robin . ¢ ‘ : 5 Ge sea!

11. Rhizoglyphus robinii, magnified sketch of insect . : - - ) 259
12. Tyroglyphus entomophagus, sketch showing do. in various stages,

and its eggs, &c. : : : : : . 5 ai le: og
13. Do., magnified sketch of insect ; 3 ; ‘ ‘ A. aes
14. Tyroglyphus siro, do. ; ; : : : : : «ise GLO
15. Tyroglyphus longior, do. ; : : : « 270
16. Tyroglyphus malus, magnified foie si INSECE as. “ : a a7)
17. Glyciphagus prunorum, magnified sketch of insect . : ; « eae

18. Glyciphagus cursor, do. . ‘ : 5 s : ‘ i BRS
19. Glyciphagus hippopodos, do. . : . - : 2 : . 279

20. Glyciphagus spinipes, do. . F : ‘ : : ‘ on 0 ZOE
21. Glyciphagus plumiger, do. . . ; , : ; é «0 203
22. Glyciphagus palmifer, do. . . : : «| 2 pezOm
23. Cheyletus eruditus, sketch of under te aetiged - : . 286
24. Heteropus ventricosus, magnified sketch of hake insect i
developed . ; : 290

25. Do., much magnified aceten. of ale daeasife in fe fete ot
Anthophora retusa : : . , . Ska ae . iss

NO.

CONTENTS.

CASE XV.
MITES (continued).
SARCOPTIDAE (Itch and Louse Mites.)

SEE

I. Sarcoptes scabiei, eggs of do., one opened showing the embryo

Do.,; magnified diagram of the itch-insect’s burrow in the human
skin, with the insect at the further end and egg-shells and debris
behind .

Do., magnified sketch of fale! Gaper side

Do., of female, under side

. Sarcoptes cati, magnified sketch of male (S. senieula Ger. S. minor,

Furst.)

. Sarcoptes mutans, enna’ feel Gi aoe, upper ae :

Do., male, side view ‘ s

Do., female, under side 5 : ‘ ae:
Psoroptes equi (Dermatokoptes communis, Fur ), magnified sketch

of male, upper side

. Symbiotes bovis, magnified sketch ai ale underside anes mi aeplaens

bovis, Furst)

. Sarcoptes nidulans, magnified sleeteh ne icceee
. Myobia musculi, magnified sketch of male

Do., magnified sketch of mandibles, adapted for Nalin hae

. Listrophorus gibbus, magnified sketch of insect
. Listrophorus leuckarti, do.
. Myocoptes musculinus, magnified sketch of mele and eeu

Do., magnified sketch of female .

. Dermaleichus, s/., magnified sketch of male

Wa sp., do. of female .

. Dermaleichus pici-majoris, do. of male

DOs, do. of female.

. Dermaleichus chelopus, magnified sketch of insect .
. Demodex folliculorum, do.

._ Do., magnified sketch of sebaceous follicle and bulb of vnurnia
hair, showing the place where Demodex folliculorum is found .

CASE XVI.
MITES (continued).
PHYTOPTI, Gall Mites.

Phytoptus taxi, sketch of yew-tree twig with buds attacked by do.
Magnified sketch of Phytoptus taxi.
Do. of section of bud of yew tree stacked by aes
Do. specimen from which sketch taken .

xvi CONTENTS.

XO. SEE PAGE
5. Phytoptus coryli (Calycophthora avellanze, Amer.), hazel buds at-
tacked by do. . : 5 5 . : Sco? SG

. 6. Do., sketch of buds so aheked
7. Phytoptus persicze, sketch of twig and buds of pencil tree snfeaniees
from ‘‘le meunier,” supposed to be a species of Phytoptus .
8. Phytoptus ribis, currant buds attacked by ‘ : ; é » 355
9. Do., sketch of do. .
1o. Do., magnified sketch of first Sage of — :
biisy eB ioRe do. of second stage . : ate
12. Phytoptus tilize, lime tree leaf nail gall, specimen of mall on aes 2 350
13. Do., sketch of leaf with galls
14. Do., magnified sketch of galls .
15. Do., magnified section of a gall ; : : mee
16. Do., magnified ae of the insect, copied from Dujardin’s
figure
17. Phytoptus (Volvulifex) aceris, sycamore et bentng erally of dt
18. Do. sketch of leat with do.
19. Do., sketch of leaf of variety of sycamore (P. Leopalane with
galls on do. ; 5 5 ; :
Zo, ~Do:, specimen or do;
21. Do., under side of sycamore leaf, shiowing ells on dos
2245 Do; sketch ofdo: ;
23. Do., magnified section of all of ap. ,
24. Phytoptus myriadeum (Cephaloneon myriadeum, Bp a specimen of
leaves of common maple, with galls on do. . = 37
25. Do., sketch of do. ‘ a! ae

7” 29

° 99

CASE XVII.
MITES (continued).

PHYTOPTI (continued).

. Phytoptus (Typhlodromus) pyri, sketch of leaf of pear tree bearing

galls of do. : , : a; é : : . =. 358
2. Do., specimens of do. :
3. Do., magnified section of gall of do. :
4. Do., magnified sketch of larva of do., after Schewen!
5a) W0.,, perfect insect ude,
6. Phytoptus attenuatus (Ceratoneon attenuatum), teauee a ie earns

galls of do.

7, Wo., sketch of do. q Ae os
8. Phytoptus (Volvulifex) pruni, leaves a wut bears walls a Ho. Pc jole)
9. Do., sketch of leaf of do. : : 2 é :

CONTENTS. xvi
NO. SEE PAGE
10. Phytoptus (Volvulifex) pruni, magnified section of gall of do., showing
no inhabitants and filled with hairs : 360
11. Phytoptus salicis, leaves of black sallow bearing galls ar ae 361
meee Do: sketch of do. F Bs
13. Do., magnified sketch of do. cs
14. Do., magnified section of gall of do. 3
15. Do., magnified sketch of insect. — aa
16, Erineum tiliz, a growth on the lime-tree iene st aaiced by isons
trophy, and often mistaken for work of an insect. 2 374
17. AXcidium abietinum, a fungus growing on leaf of Picea cephalonica
sometimes mistaken for insect work. =
18. Do., magnified sketch of do. a
19. Reestelia lacerata, a fungoid growth on haw fiom ate fs
20. Do., magnified sketch of do. suas
21. Reoestelia cancellata, first stage of a fungus. er rth on pear bee leaves,
often mistaken for insect work — is
gaa o., sketch of do. ie
23. Do., second stage of growth on pear tree oe upper side ne
leaf =
ga), o., under side of oy, : 3
CASE XVIII.
ANOPLURA—Lice.
MALLOPHAGA.
1. Menopon pallidum, specimens 376
2. Do., enlarged figure a0
3. Do., illustrative vignette (cocks aa fens) He:
4. Menopon perdricis Bl
5. Do., enlarged figure : os
6. Do., illustrative vignette (gavenidee) HP
7. Menopon fulvo maculatum, specimens By
8. Do., enlarged figure a
9. Do., illustrative vignette (quail) *
10. Trinoton luridum, specimens 378
II Do., enlarged figure ; xy
12. Do., illustrative vignette (duck) os
13. Nirmus cameratus, specimens 279
14. Do., enlarged figure A
15. Do., illustrative vignette (black tay Bail grey Hen) : a
16. Nirmus claviformis, specimens . bi
17. Do., enlarged figure ; *
18. Do., illustrative vignette (eae pigeon)

XVIli

19.

56.

Goniocotes hologaster, specimens
Do., enlarged figure

Do., illustrative vignette (fowl aaatng)
. Goniodes falcicornis, specimens of young insect

Do., enlarged figure

Do., specimens of mature insect
Do., enlarged figure of do. .

Do., illustrative vignette (peacock)

. Goniodes stylifer, specimens

Do., enlarged figure
Do., illustrative vignette nek

. Goniodes numidianus, specimens

Do., enlarged figure

Do., illustrative vignette (guinea fowl)
. Goniodes colchici, specimens ,

Do., enlarged figure

CONTENTS.

Do., illustrative vignette (uheasane

. Goniodes dissimilis, specimens

Do., enlarged figure
Do., illustrative vignette (fowl)

. Goniodes tetraonis, specimens

Do., enlarged figure
Do., illustrative vignette (rouse)

. Lipeurus stellaris, specimens

Do., enlarged figure
Do., illustrative vignette [piceens)

. Lipeurus variabilis, specimens

Do., enlarged figure
Do., illustrative vignette (cheewens)

. Lipeurus jejunus, specimens .

Do. enlarged figure
Do. illustrative vignette (geese)

. Lipeurus polytrapezius, specimens

Do., enlarged figure
Do., illustrative vignette (cen)

. Ornithobius cygni, specimens

Do., enlarged figure
Do., illustrative vignette (swan)

SEE PAGE

380

NO.

1. Trichodectes similis, specimens
2. Do., enlarged figure
3 Do., illustrative vignette (red adgaee
4. Trichodectes longicornis, specimens (4) __. : :
5. Do., enlarged figure
6. Do., illustrative vignette (alles Gee :
7. Trichodectes sphzerocephalus, specimens -
8. Do., enlarged figure
9. Do., illustrative vignette heey
to. Trichodectes scalaris, specimens
11, Do., enlarged figure
12. Do., illustrative vignette (cow)
13. Trichodectes equi
14. Do., enlarged figure :
15. Do., illustrative vignette (horse)
16. Trichodectes latus, specimens (4) . , : 5
17. Do., enlarged figure :
18. Do., illustrative vignette (dog)
19. Trichodectes subrostratus, specimens (4)
20. Do., enlarged figure
21. Do.,_ illustrative vignette (cat) .
22. Hzematomyzus elephantis, specimen o
23. Do., enlarged figure
24. JDo., illustrative vignette (elestene)
25. Hzematopinus acanthopus, specimens (2)
26. Do., enlarged figure
27. Do., illustrative vignette (field ones}
28. Hzematopinus spinulosus, specimens (eggs and ere
29. Do., enlarged figure of ditto
30. Do., illustrative vignette (brown rat)
31. Heematopinus ventricosus, specimens (2)
32. Do., enlarged figure :
33. Do., illustrative vignette (rabbit)
34. Hzematopinus lyriocephalus
35. Do., enlarged figure :
36. Do., illustrative vignette (hare)
37. Hzematopinus suis, specimens (3)
38. Do., enlarged figure
39. Do., illustrative vignette (sow)
40. Heematopinus vituli, specimen .

CONTENTS.

CASE XIX.
ANOPLURA (continued).

MALLOPHAGA (continued) AND HAEMATOPINA.

XIX

SEE PAGE

383

CONTENTS.

. Heematopinus vituli, enlarged figure

Do., illustrative vignette (calf)

. Heematopinus eurysternus, specimens (several)

Do., enlarged figure . ‘
Do., illustrative vignette (cattle)

. Heematopinus asini, specimens (4)

Do., enlarged figure
Do., illustrative vignette

. Hezematopinus piliferus, specimens (4)

Do., enlarged figure
Do., illustrative vignette (dog) .

. Heematopinus quadrumanus, specimens (4)

Do., enlarged figure
Do., illustrative vignette nonkey)

CASE XxX.

ANOPLURA (continued).
PEDICULI, Lice of Man.

. Phthirius inguinalis, crab louse, specimens of insect .

Do., sketch of do.

Pediculus vestimenti, the body hoeee: BAe wave spear e ts

of insect .
Do., sketch of do.
Do., specimen of insect on a lass ae
Do., anterior claw of do., much magnified

Do., sketch of do.

Do., specimen of insect on a riage aide
Do., anterior claw of do., much magnified.
Do., vignette sketch, European race .

vignette sketch of do.
Do., specimen of insect on a glass ahs
Do., of anterior claw, much magnified
Do., vignette sketch, Esquimaux .

. Pediculus capitis, Californian variety, specimens of insect

Do., sketch of do. : :
Do., specimen of insect on a glass slide
Do., of anterior claw, much magnified
Do., vignette sketch, Californian Indian

. Pediculus capitis, Andian variety, Quito, specimens of acces

Do., sketch of do.

SEE PAGE

387

. Pediculus capitis, head louse, European variety, specimens of insect (0) 399

. Pediculus capitis, Esquimaux variety, specimens si fase (0) and

NO.

24,
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.

3) .

ne
52,

5 ee

Do;,
Do,

CONTENTS.

of anterior claw, much magnified
vignette sketch, South American Indian

Pediculus capitis, Fuegian variety, specimens of insect (0)

Do.;
-Do.,
Do.,
Do,

Pediculus capitis, West African variety, specimens of insect (0)
sketch of do. . :
specimen of insect on a glass dhe
of anterior claw, much magnified
vignette sketch, West African Negro
. Pediculus capitis, Mozambique variety, specimen of insect
sketch of do.
specimen of insect on a Slike ange
of anterior claw, much magnified
vignette sketch, Mozambique Africander. .

. Pediculus capitis, specimens of insect, Hindoo variety
sketch of do. . : 5
specimen of insect on a glass ae
of anterior claw, much magnified

vignette sketch, Hindoo Brahmin 5
. Pediculus capitis, Australian variety, specimens of insect .
sketch of do. : . :
specimen of insect on a glass slide
of anterior claw, much magnified
vignette sketch, Australian : :
Vignette sketch, Causes of vermin: Dirt ere over crowding

Do.,
Do;,
|S oe
Dory

Do.,
Do.,
Do.;
Dor,

Do; ;
De:
De:,
Do.,

Do.,
Do.,
Doi,
Do.,

Do., Causes of vermin: Misery
Do., Causes of vermin: Disease . ‘ .
Do., Remedies, Cleanliness, &c. 2 -
CASE XxXI.
THYSANURA.—(Spring-tails),
COLLEMBOLA.
Smynthurus fuscus, sketch of insect - :
Papirius ornatus, do. - ;
Do. fuscus, do. 5

sketch of do. . :
specimen of insect on a sides Ade
sketch of anterior claw, much magnified
vignette sketch, Fuegians

Orchesella cincta, specimens of insect

Do.
Do.

sketch of do.
do.

XX1

SEE PAGE
23. Pediculus capitis, Andian variety, specimen of insect on a glass slide.

400

406

408
99
39
39

xxii CONTENTS.

No. SEE PAGE
7. ‘Tomocerus longicornis, sketch of insect . ; . : A - 409
8. Do., sketch of magnified scale of do. . Seren es ais
g. Tomocerus plumbeus, sketch of insect . : : : . Saat

ro. Seira buskii, do. : ‘ ‘ . et ALO

it. Do., sketch of scale of do. magnified . : s : eee

12. Templetonia crystallina, sketch of insect . . ‘ ° See eae

13. Beckia argentea, do. - : = : eats

14. Lepidocyrtus curvicollis do. : : : . eh er cia

15. Do. magnified scale of do. 5 z A Rae 3

16. Degeeria annulata, sketch of insect . : . . . » fe Qa

17. Isotoma viatica, sketch of insect . : 5 : 5 “ ae

18. Isotoma grisea, dole : : : . ° ob Masur gule

19. Achorutes purpurascens do. : RT ate . . ry

20. Podura aquatica do. 5 ° = ° omega

21. Lipura fimetaria do. s 5 e ° ; ae

22. Anoura muscorum do. : : . . ° « « 44

23. Anoura granaria do. : . . , ° rahi

LEPISMIDAE.

24. Campodea staphylinus dao. : é - . . »* Lap krainly

25. Japyx solifugus do. : : “| : . oleae

26. Lepisma saccharina do. : ; : : os er eS

ZT. Do., sketch of magnified scale ofdo. . ° «| a5 :

28. Machilis maritima, sketch of insect . : . . 2 0) is Nas

29. Do. sp., sketch of magnified scale of do. ° ° . Se

iE FOLLOWING NEW GENERA AND SPECIES ARE DESCRIBED
nae, IN THIS VOLUME.

ee
sl hal =
or

. . : . . ° . . Ow ert 20

us eriostemi sg : y 5 : , : Z Oe te LOO

i 5: : “e 4 es nettle DO
; : ; : ; : Saha k PO
: ba : , ’ 3 ; Z : stig aoe

; etc ; : : 3 : ; sow:

Mra PhS cis ’ : ‘ ‘ H : Sea
E ; : : 3 p : : : 2) 201

: F : ! ; Sage : 2) te LaOn
E E } : : : ; ; anaes

: 5 : : 3 ; : : pane e.LOys/

‘ L : é ‘ : F : 4 PE)

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY,

ENTRODUCTION.

Economic EntTomMo.ocy is the science that treats of insects.
which affect man and his interests. In a wide sense every insect
may be said to affect man, for those which appear to have no
direct relation to him, may still affect him by giving pleasure by
their external beauty, or instruction by their anatomy and physiology,
but so far as regards the collection in the Bethnal Green Branch

of the South Kensington Museum, of which this work is the

exponent, the term has been used in its more restricted significa-
tion as applicable only to insects that directly affect him in his
material interests—under which head the personal comfort of
himself and his dependents, the profit to be made from them, or
the damage done by them, are included.

The number of insects that directly contribute to his benefit is
small; but that of those that directly injure him and the objects
in which he has an interest is very great—as is the number of
those that indirectly assist and benefit him by waging war upon
these enemies.

There are unfortunately no means of distinguishing by a short
definition the former from the latter. In mammals, we can tell
by the teeth whether any species is carnivorous or herbivorous ;
and at first sight it would appear that we should be able to do the
same with insects by the parts of the mouth. If herbivorous, we
should set them down as hurtful ; while those that are carnivorous
should be regarded as our friends, for they principally feed on

4 INTRODUCTION.

vegetable-devouring insects. Many difficulties, however, stand in
the way of our determining which belong to one class and which
to the other, for paradoxical exceptions, which can only be likened
to the occurrence of herbivorous carnivora or carnivorous her-
bivora, or both at one and the same time, or at one time one
and at another the other, from time to time meet us, and there
are no means of saying a prior¢ whether and when we are dealing
with such a case or not. Nothing but experience can enable us
to do so, and it is one of the objects of the collection to which
this 1s to serve as a Guide to assist those who desire it to acquire
that information.

It may be proper to say a word or two in explanation of some
of the peculiar features of the collection and the reasons for their
adoption. The collection being destined for the instruction of
the people, it was of course desirable that it should be displayed
in such a manner as would be readily accessible and easily
examined, and upright cases open to view have been thought best
adapted for this purpose. The colours of insects are so evanescent
under exposure to the light, and the specimens themselves are
so fragile and subject to decay, that they are generally kept in
closed drawers or cases. The experience which the Museum
authorities have had with a case of silk-spinning moths, which are -
so preserved in a locked case (accessible on application), has
shewn, however, that a collection so preserved would be practi-
cally sealed to the great majority of the visitors to the Museum.
They will not take the trouble to apply to see it. The collection
has therefore been made open to the public view, and the incon-
veniences thence arising are endeavoured to be removed by
occasional renewal of specimens and by giving along with each
imsect a coloured representation of it, more or less magnified
according to the size of the insect—which, in the case of minute
insects, would be absolutely indispensable to allow their appear-
ance to be seen at all, and in larger ones has the advantage of
allowing the various parts to be more distinctly seen, and the

INTRODUCTION. © 5

_ Important ones to be brought more prominently into view. No
figure, however, can convey a knowledge of the creature equal to
4 that to be derived from a glance at the specimen itself. The
purpose has been, therefore, always to place specimens of the
_ actual insect alongside of the coloured figures; and where this has
not been done, the omission is to be referred to the incomplete-
ness of a collection only in progress of formation, not to intention
or neglect. For the same reason models of injuries done to
perishable objects have been added.

The system of displaying the collection in cases, if it has its
advantages to the public, has one serious inconvenience to the
maker of the collection. He cannot go straight forward with his
subject as in the pages of a book, leaving off in the middle of a
word or a subject at the bottom of the page or case. Each case
requires to be treated as a separate subject or chapter of a subject
or paragraph of a chapter. It must, to a certain extent, be
complete within itself. A new subject cannot be well introduced
on the last line of the case, even although the subject is finished :
and still the case must be filled.

This special difficulty has been met without the introduction
of irrelevant matter, occasionally by the addition of kindred
species, which throw light upon the relations of the insects under
consideration (although they may themselves have no strict right
to a place under the head of Economic Entomology), and at other
times by the introduction of vignettes and tail pieces. These
have been intentionally made rather of a bright and cheerful
character with the view of catching the eye of the passer-by, who
might not otherwise deign to pay any attention to what he may
consider a dry and uninviting subject, and with the hope that
when so arrested he may extend his observations to the surround-
ing objects.

It is unnecessary to say that neither the collection nor this
work has any pretensions to being a work on Systematic
Entomology. ‘Those who wish for information on that subject

6 INTRODUCTION.

must have recourse to the authors who treat of it. It is only
when (as in the case of the mites, for example,) there is no
general work treating of a particular branch of the subject that it
has then been gone into with some greater attempt at detail; but
the collection is arranged according to the most approved modern
system, with this qualification, that it has sometimes, though
rarely, been made to bend so far as to bring together the species
of one group, that attack one particular kind of “plant, instead of
dispersing them among several according to their structural
peculiarities.

Where a cypher (0) is anpenned to any ee in the Catalogue,
it means that specimens are intended to be placed in the col-
lection but have not yet been procured. |

ANDREW MuRRay.

_ HURTFUL ANIMALS ALLIED TO OR LIKELY
| TO BE MISTAKEN FOR INSECTS.

CRUSTACEANS.

THE collection begins with two or three species of crustaceans
which are injurious to the horticulturist. These are not insects,
but they occupy the nearest and most projecting point of the great
region of the animal kingdom which lies next them. It is as if
two great continents lay opposite to each other, one inhabited by
insects and the other by crustaceans ; and as a traveller in begin-
ning the account of his journey starts with the port from which
he sailed, so it is desirable, in treating of insects, to begin by
endeavouring to trace the source from which they most probably
originally came. By doing so we shall connect the two kindred
nations of crustaceans and insects together. Starting from the
crustaceans we shall reach the insects through two routes or
resting-points—islands, as it were, lying in the ocean between their
respective continents, viz., the Spiders and their allies, and the
Thysanura and theirs, both lying much nearer the insect coast
than the crustacean—so near, indeed, that there need be no hesi-
tation in classing them among insects, which accordingly has been
done here, and yet so distinct that they cannot be so placed with-
out explanation and qualification.

The Crustaceans, then, consist of that class of animals of which
the crab, lobster, and shrimp are our most familiar examples |
They possess many characters which are common to insects, such
as an external skeleton or shell, articulated bodies and limbs,
and the same mode of articulation; but are, for the most part,
sufficiently different in appearance from them, Some, however,

8 CRUSTACEANS.

CASE bear considerable resemblance to some insects, and perhaps the

Nos.

family of Oniscidze comes nearest to them of any. They belong ©

to the order Isopoda, or equal-footed crustaceans, which, unlike
the crab and lobster with unequal claws, are provided with feet of
equal size on each side of the body. The Oniscide have nu-
merous segments and feet, and a number of them possess the
faculty of rolling themselves up in a ball like a pill.

Order ISOPODA.
Family ON ISCID.

ONISCUS ASELLUS (Linz.).—1. Specimens (6), (15); 2. Enlarged figure of
ditto.

Oniscus asellus (rather magnified). Antenna of Oniscus asellus.

This and its allied species are known as wood-lice or slaters
in this country, and sow-bugs in America. They are very com-
mon, and may be found under stones or in moist and dark places
of concealment. ‘The present species does not roll itself up ina
ball, in this respect differing from some of the others. Its external
antennz (for, unlike insects, most crustaceans have four antennee,
while insects have only two) consist of eight joints, the last elbow
of the antenne being divided into three, while the allied genera
Porcellio and Armadillo have only seven, the last elbow being
divided into two. Like other crustaceans, it carries its eggs ina
thoracic pouch, and a whole family of young ones freshly hatched
may be found huddled up on the under side of the mother. They
are almost omnivorous, and are no doubt of considerable use as

- 2A

ONISCID 2. 9

E scavengers, clearing away both vegetable and animal detritus ; but
they do not confine themselves to dead or decaying matter. They
~ also attack living plants, peaches, melons, mushrooms, and any-
thing that is juicy, doing more mischief by disfiguring the fruit
than by the quantity they consume. They are also very partial
to orchids, eating the young fibrils of the roots, especially of such
as Cattleyas, that require to be kept dry when not in active
growth, but which, nevertheless, make a good deal of root-growth
at that period. When numerous they will destroy almost every
root that is made on the surface of the pots, rendering the
growth which follows small and weak. To them, too, is often
due the loss of some spreading plants in the open border, such as
saxifrages, primroses, strawberries, &c., which afford a shelter for
them under the cover of their leaves. When a plant of this habit
is seen to languish and droop, an examination under the covering
\. leaves will often show a family of young Onisci sheltered by them
which have eaten all round the neck of the root.
They are difficult to dislodge from our hot-houses, for wherever
a crevice or chink exists there they find shelter, and they even
make galleries through the sphagnum and moss in which some
orchids are grown. No wholesale mode of destroying them is
known. ‘They must be cut off in detail, and the same sort of
contrivances which are had recourse to to entrap earwigs and
surface larvee must be used against them. Scooped-out potatoes
or apples, placed like little domes, into which they can creep up,
or put into pots under a little moss and little heaps of decaying
plants, turfs, or pots filled with horse droppings in a half dry state
(to which they are very partial), may be left in the houses at
night and examined, and the creatures destroyed, every morning,
and so by care and attention their numbers may be thinned ; but
they are so numerous and universally distributed that no complete
cure can be looked for, fresh recruits constantly coming in from
without. The walls of the orchard and of the houses should be
carefully pointed to remove the crevices in which they hide.

10 CRUSTACEANS.

CASE PORCELLIO SCABER (Zazv.).—No. 3. Specimens (12); 4. Enlarged figure

I.
Nos.
3> 4.

Nos.
5-7:

of ditto.

J
Porcellio scaber (natural size). Antenna of Porcellio scaber.

External antennz, seven-jointed. Rougher than Oniscus asel-
lus, and browner and more varied in colour. There are several
species, two of which have the power ‘of rolling themselves up
like a ball, the rest have not.

ARMADILLO VULGARIS (Lizz.).—5. Specimens (12); 6. Enlarged figure of
ditto; 7. Enlarged figure of insect rolled up as a ball.

Armadillo vulgaris rolled up as a ball. Armadillo vulgaris, Antenna of Armadillo vulgaris.
(natural size),

In this genus, as in Porcellio, the last elbow of the outer an-
tennz has two joints instead of three, and the insect has the
power of contracting itself into a ball. It is larger, smoother, and
of a more uniform slatey-blue colour than the others. Its habits,
and the mischief it does, are much the same as those of the com-
mon Oniscus, and the remarks made on it also apply to this and
the species of Porcellio.

EN SECTS S's II

INSECTS—Generaliiies.

THE general arrangement adopted in this work is the fol-
lowing :—

»
1, ApTERA, or Wingless Insects | 5. HYMENOPTERA (Bees, Wasps,

(Spiders, Mites, Lice, &c.) &c.)

2. HEMIPTERA, or Bugs. 6. NEUROPTERA (Dragonflies),

8. ORTHOPTERA (Earwigs, Cock- | 7 LEPIDOPTERA (Butterflies and
roaches, Locusts, &c.) Moths.)

4, DirtERA, or Two-winged flies. 8. COLEOPTERA (Beetles).

At the commencement it may be proper to note the following
generalities, for the benefit of those to whom the subject is new.
Insects, in their most complete character, pass through four
stages or phases of existence—the egg, the larva (maggot or
caterpillar) stage, the chrysalis, and the perfect stage. In none
of these, except the larval or caterpillar stage, does the insect
increase in size. It is not unusual to hear people speak of a
small beetle or moth being the young of a larger one that is
otherwise like it, but after insects have come out of the chrysalis
stage they never grow—all the growth is done in the earlier stage
when they are caterpillars. If we sometimes meet with two
insects of the same species but of different size, the difference is
due to the supply of food which the caterpillar had during its
growth, and is only a parallel case to an ill-nourished child growing
up into a stunted man. Some insects, as the Aptera, pass only
through three stages: the egg, the younger state, and the perfect

form—and some of the intermediate orders also attain perfection

without passing through more than two.

The egg is usually deposited, but in some few cases it is hatched ©
in the body of the parent; in some others it is, at one period
of the year, deposited as an egg, and at another the progeny is
brought forth alive. In others again it is sometimes the one and
sometimes the other. In the larval stage the insect casts its skin

CASE
I.

12 GENERALITIES.

or moults several times, after each casting attaining a sudden and
rapid increase of size. The larva does not always take the form
of a caterpillar or maggot. In some orders (the Aptera, Hemiptera,
and Orthoptera) it assumes a good deal of the appearance of the
perfect insect. In this imperfect metamorphose it changes its
skin as the caterpillars do, and it does not assume a different
form for the chrysalis state. |

In the other orders the larva, on its last change of skin, assumes
a new form known as the chrysalis, or pupa, in which state it lies
dormant and nearly motionless, shut up like a body in a shroud,
until the last change takes place, when it comes out as the perfect
insect. This chrysalis, in some cases, merely consists of the
hardened skin of the animal itself, and is left unprotected and
bare in the open air, or in the earth or other place of conceal-
ment, but in other cases a cocoon or case is made by the larva
for it previous to and in anticipation of the change—in some
spun like the cocoon of the silk-worm, in others composed of
fragments of earth or bits of wood, &c., glued together.

It is to be borne in mind that in Natural History no rule or
definition is of absolute and invariable application. Unexpected
deviations which puzzle the naturalist and refuse to be bound
by his rules, occur in every order. These must be treated as
exceptions.

APTERA (Wingless Insects).
The Aptera are arranged in the four following orders, viz. :—

1. MYRIAPODA (Centipeds, &c.). 3. THYSANURA (Springtails).
2, ARACHNOIDA (Spiders, Scorpions, | 4. PARASITICA or ANOPLURA (Lice).
and Mites).

Order MYRIAPODS.

The order of Myriapods is distinguished by the mature animal
being divided into numerous segments, each bearing two or four
feet, terminated by a single claw. In the young state they have
all fewer segments, and at first only three pairs of feet. Some

= a me

‘alee

idee ee

MVRIAPODS. 13

have no eyes; but the majority are provided with two clusters of

- single eyes varying in number. It is divided into two great
sections, the most important character of which, so far as the

economic entomologist is concerned, is that the one (with two
curious exceptions, the Sugentia, where the mandibles are con-
verted into a sucking apparatus, and the Pauropoda, which are
wholly aberrant), has its jaws or mandibles formed on the ordi-
nary plan adopted in insects that bite their food, while the other
has them formed out of its fore-legs into something half-leg, half-
jaw, after the fashion of the falces of spiders, with a sharp point
and a hollow duct up their core, which is connected with a poison
gland, as in the spider. The former of these sections compose
the Chilognaths (meaning jaw-jawed insects) or Diplopods, the

latter the Chilopods (meaning foot-jawed insects) or Scolopen-

dride. This difference in the character of their jaws is a very
important one for the horticulturist, as in this instance it is a
character by which he ought to be able to distinguish between
his friends and his enemies. The Julidz have their jaws per-
fectly adapted for biting vegetables as well as any other matter.
The Scolopendridz have not, and the same principle that enabled
Cuvier to determine the nature of his fossil vertebrates, whether
carnivorous or herbivorous, equally applies to the organs of
feeding in these insects. Both, to be sure, are equally under the
ban of horticulturists, because both are found by them in injured
roots of plants, and they credit both alike with the damage done,
although the one actually did it or helped to do it, and the other
only came there to prey upon the insects that were busy doing
it. Curtis, although himself regarding the Scolopendre as carni-
yorous, mentions that the late Mr. Hope “attributed the Potato

disease to the attacks of the wire-worm, and also to a small Scolo-

pendra which he had found in myriads infesting diseased Potatoes
at Southend,” and Curtis adds that he himself “observed them in
rotten Potatoes in August 1845; and in September 1848 Geo-
phalus electricus was running about in every direction when the

14 NFO LTD

oe Potatoes were forked out.” But an examination of the structure
of their mouth and jaws, at once shows that the Scolopendridz

could never be vegetable feeders. ‘There are two principles which

it is safe to say Nature never deviates from. She never does any-
thing without a purpose, and she never wastes her labour. If she
endows an animal with any special structure or apparatus, it is for
some end. Now it is obvious that if the centipedes feed on the
roots of plants, they must sin against both of the above principles
in Nature’s code. A poison bag and a poison tooth can be of no
possible use to a herbivorous animal; therefore, as it would be a
useless waste of apparatus to give it something which was of no
use to it, the animal possessing these tools cannot have been in-
tended to be herbivorous.

Section CHILoGNaTHA (Diplopoda mare).

Mandibles not perforated, but adapted for ordinary biting and chewing.
The anterior six feet are placed one on each side of each segment, the re-
mainder two on each,

Family JULID (commonly called Snake Millipeds),

Nos. GLOMERIS LIMBATA (Zizz.).—8. Specimen (1) ; 9. Enlarged figure of ditto.
8, 9.

It will be seen from the specimens of

ward appearance, notwithstanding the wide
difference between a crustacean and an in-
sect. It seems one of those transition cases

Glomeris limbata

(natural size). of which many instances occur in nature.
Its habits are similar to those of the Onisci.

The insects with the aspect of Oniscus have been divided into
two sections, according to whether the eyes (which are simple and
not compound) are disposed in a curved line or in a cluster, so as
to be like the compound eyes of other insects. The above belong

this species how closely the genus resembles ~
Oniscus, and especially Armadillo, in out-_

MYRIAPODS. “3

of ditto. The difference between the structure of the antennz of the
Oniscidze and these insects is shown in the woodcut.

fos. SPHAROPEUS HETEROSTICTUS (Wews.).—12. Specimens (1); 18. Enlarged
. figure of ditto.

SPHAZROPEUS GLABRATUS (ew. ?),—14. Specimen (1) ; 15. Sketch of an
Orchid injured by such insects.

Sphzropeeus glabratus (natural size). Antenna of Sphzeropceus castaneus.

This and the preceding species were found by a nurseryman
amongst a number of plants imported by him from the East
Indies.

Genus JuLus (Zz7.). |
The small thread-like Juli do not look very like the short, stumpy
Glomeris ; but a little examination will show that Julus is only a
very long and somewhat modified Glomeris. In their youngest
stage they have few segments and only three pairs of legs, which
appear respectively on the second, third, and fifth segments.

Young Julus with only six legs (magnified). Julus a little older, with 14 legs (magnified).

As they grow older, the number of segments and legs increases at

each change of skin, until they reach maturity, when the number
of segments may reach to fifty and upwards. As already said, the
Juli or snake Millipeds are general feeders, consuming both

16 | SYULIDA

CASE decaying and living animal and vegetable substances, , They $
prey upon slugs, small snails, insects and their larvee and pupe,
earth-worms, &c. So far they may be regarded as friends ; but,
unhappily, they also feed on living vegetables, and various plants
are often seriously injured by their attacking their roots. In
particular they feed upon our root crops, potatoes, carrots, &c.
It has been said that although often found in holes in our
root crops, it may be that the holes were already there before
they came, and that they have only come to feed on the soft
parts of a diseased or decaying root. The truth may be that a
sound healthy tuber has too tough a coat for them to penetrate,
but when they get into the juicy interior of soft pulpy roots,
such as bulbs, the case is different; they can have no difficulty
in making their way into them or in consuming the tender fibres
of the roots of herbaceous plants.

It is very doubtful whether any means have been found of
getting rid of these insects. Sprinkling soot and nitrate of soda
over the land and watering it with lime water have been recom-
mended, but apparently without much success. It is difficult to
damage the insect without damaging the plant it is attacking too.
So far as greenhouses, hothouses, and outhouses are concerned,
they may be kept tolerably free from them by care, cleanliness,
and the adoption of such traps as have been already referred to ;
but the open fields are less under control.

Nos. JULUS PULCHELLUS, (Leach), (supposed to be J. guttatus, ad.), —

ea. 16. Specimens (several in a phial); 17. Enlarged figure of ditto;
18. Sketch of carrot injured by ditto ; 19. Lily roots injured by ditto,
preserved in glycerine ; 20. Model of lily roots injured by them.

This is an insect as to
whose hurtful properties
there can be no doubt. It

Julus pulchellus (natural size and magnified). 1S : probably the most in-

jurious of all the snake
Millipeds, as it is the commonest. © It is a‘small, long, thread-like

teed

MYRIAPODS. 17

glass it will be seen to be a very pretty little animal, like a
thread, about the thickness of a pin, with a double row of
aight crimson spots on it, and when put in spirits it stains the
liquid of a purple hue, to which it itself turns after death. It has
a no eyes, which has led to its being regarded as belonging to
another genus. ‘This is the species which most frequently forces

itself upon the attention of horticulturists, and lilies seem espe-
cially the object of its attacks. ps

The specimens of lily scales (No. 19) were presented to the
collection by Mr. George F. Wilson, F.R.S., from plants which
were entirely disintegrated by them, and a correspondent of
one of our horticultural periodicals (Zhe Garden) not long ago
stated that on turning out some pots of Eucharis amazonica and
Vallota, which were not thriving, he found, besides acariy.. a
quantity of this species of snake milliped busy about the roots,
Further investigation showed that the roots of some of the sickly
plants had been perforated by these insects, which had also eaten
their way into the body of the bulbs themselves. Curtis, from his
own knowledge, specifies the roots of the scarlet runner, the roots
of the cabbage tribe generally, and the roots of young wheat, as
having been attacked, and Mr. Wilson Saunders notes that he
had observed that the young roots of heart’s-ease were injured by
this species.

1
»

JULUS TERRESTRIS (Zinz.).—21. Specimens of ditto (1); 22. Enlarged figure
of ditto ; 23. Model of parsnip root in which they were found feeding,

anes ESRTRRERRE ai tt

yitiitl J

Julus terrestris (natural size), Antenna of Julus terrestris (magnified).

This does similar mischief to the last. It is one of the largest
British species—reaching an inch in length—and is distinguished.
; ui

CASE
Ue

Nos.
24, 25.

Nos.

26, 27.

18 FULD AE

from that which comes nearest to it (Julus Londinensis) by having
rather longer antennz and by the pre-anal segment of the tail
being mucronate (terminating in a sort of spike) instead of simply
rounded or nearly so.

JULUS LONDINENSIS (Leach).—24. Specimens (1?); 25. Enlarged figure of
ditto.

This is very similar to the preceding species,
and differs chiefly from it in having the apex
of the tail rounded, or nearly so, instead of

having the pre-anal segment pointed. It has
Teak been found at the roots of wheat plants, appa-
rently feeding upon them.

Besides the above there are several other species of Julus found
in Britain, viz.: Julus pilosus, which Curtis found at cabbage
roots ; Julus punctatus, which is met with in moss and old woods,
and probably in gardens; and Julus latistriatus, which has been
found infesting a garden.

There are also many exotic species, of which one or two
examples are added to the collection to give the student a better
general idea of the different forms the family assumes. Thus—

JULUS NITENS (Murr. n.s.).—26. Specimen (1); 27. Enlarged figure of ditto.

This is an exotic species found amongst

nurseryman’s hot-houses—supposed to be
from the East Indies. It is about double
the length and thrice the thickness of Julus
terrestris, 1s of the same leaden-coloured

Julus nitens (natural size).

hue, but is very highly polished and shining.
It has a row of dark spots all down the
middle of each side, and its legs and antenne are bright light

_red.

a number of recently imported plantsina —

8, 29.

_ Nos.

30, SI.

MVRIAPODS. © | 19

SE SPIROSTREPTUS JAVANICUS (S7.). — 28. Specimens (1); 29. Enlarged figure

of ditto.

nL large exotic species from Java, placed here to shew the large
size to which the species reach in tropical climates, and thereby
to shew the characters of the Juli more distinctly.

SPIROSTREPTUS ANNULATIPES (Vews. ?).—80. Specimens (2); 31. Enlarged
- figure of ditto.

Spirostreptus annulatipes (natural size).

This is probably a climatal variety of Newport’s Spirostreptus
annulatipes. That species comes from West Africa, this from
Natal. The banded legs and other characters agree, but the fine
rugze on the segments spoken of by Newport are less numerous.

Genus PoLypEsmus (Latr.).

This genus is the transition link between the Snake Millipeds
and the Centipeds. The species are flat and compressed, and
the segments are usually more or less granulated or nodose on the
back. The British species is small, but the exotic ones reach two
inches or more in length. Their exterior is very hard and im-
penetrable, but the joints and limbs are very fragile and easily
detached. They have the same mode of development as the Juh,
the early three pair of legs, however, appearing on the second,
fourth, and fifth segments, instead of on the second, third, and
fifth. They have also the same habits, and like them, have been

20 SULIDE.

CASE found in numbers eating the roots of various plants. Anemones,

Nos.
32, 33.

Nos.
34, 35-

pansies, and onions are mentioned as having been injured. The

treatment indicated is the same as that for the Juli.

POLYDESMUS COMPLANATUS (Linn.).—82. Specimens (5); 33. Enlarged figure,

In its earlier stage it is
SEI from a quarter to half an
Polydesmus complanatus (young and full grown, inch long, and when mature

natural size).

reaches nearly an inch in
length. It is of a pale whitish lilac colour. It has a worse
character among horticulturists than even the Juli.

POLYDESMUS DORSALIS, (Zur. n, s.) (aff. THomMsont) (Zac.).—34, Specimens
(1); 85, Enlarged figure,

Polydesmus dorsalis (natural size).

A large tropical species two inches in length—not unlike the
West African species P. Thomsoni; of similar dimensions, but the
segments are almost free from granulations, and a whitish stripe
runs up the middle of the back the whole length of the body,

Family SUGENTIA.

Parts about the mouth ponconaeyl into a tubule fitted for sucking up liquid
food.

Most authors have regarded this modification of the parts of
the mouth as of so much importance that they have treated the
species possessing it as a distinct order or family equal in value
to the Chilognatha, or Chilopoda. The importance of such a
modification is not the same in all orders, and the lower we go

% Nos.
36, 37-

_ tionately reduce the value of the sections composing it.
been divided by those who regard it as an order into the families

MYRIAPODS. 34

in the scale the less is its value. In this case, too, the insects

_ themselves are to all outward appearance so similar to the Poly-
_ desmi that we have difficulty in separating them from that genus,

and cannot accept the idea of giving them any higher rank than
a family of the Chilognatha. In like manner we must propor-

It has

of Polyzonidze, with simple eyes, and Siphonophoridz, without
eyes ; which again has been subdivided into the genus Siphono-
phora with a long rostrum, and Brachycybe with a short one ;
but as the reader goes along he will learn to distrust the value
of modifications of the eyes as a character of any importance.
Eyes in fact seem to be a sort of unessential accident that
may be present or absent, large or small, few or many, without
much disturbing the harmony of the relations of the rest of the
creature’s economy. In some cases such modifications are not
even of generic value. The other characters of this section, how-
ever, are of more importance.

Genus BracHycyBE (Wood).
Head very short, much shorter than the antennz, rostrum acute. »

BRACHYCYBE ROSEA, (MZurr. n.s.).—86. Speci-
mens (1); 37. Enlarged figure.

This is a very beautiful species that we
It
is white with a rosy blush, very flat, and

found in California in rotten stumps.

with the segments numerous, broad, and

Ves,

tf
Old 7

very short (in other species 47 in number) ;
it reaches from a quarter to one and a

g lise ie /

half inches in length; the segments are
compacted very close together, and so
broad that they wholly conceal the legs Z
below; there is a slight but handsome
granulation on the back of the segments.

ww
sea valbisbley ff

sul

Brachycybe rosea (natura
size and magnified).

CAS
is,

Nos.
Op ar,

5 SCOLOPENDRID.

Section CHILOPODA.

Mouth provided with foot jaws.

Family SCOLOPENDRID (Centipeds).

GEOPHILIDZ.—Small, long, and narrow species, with numerous feet (40 or
more). Eyesnone. Antennze with 14 joints.

. MECISTOCEPHALUS PUNCTIFRONS (/Vew?.).—1. Specimen (1).

This is an East Indian species, bearing considerable similarity
to our own British kinds.

GEOPHILUS LONGICORNIS (Leach).—2. Specimens (2); 3. Enlarged figure of
ditto.

eS qeclleeeennenat' REX
eargneuitetta NTT TTT

Geophilus longicornis, magnified.

This is a common species in Britain. The insect itself is like
a long yellowish or whitish thread, a couple of inches or so in
length, with a multitude of minute feet on each side. It
moves along with an undulating and sinuous motion. It has
no eyes. ! ae

The female sits upon her eggs like a snake, coiling herself round
them in a little cell, which she makes for them in the ground, and
according to Newport’s observations never leaves them until they
are hatched. The period of incubation is about a fortnight or
three weeks.

MYRIAPODS. 23

‘ASE GEOPHILUS SUBTERRANEUS.—4. Specimens (several in phial) ; 5. Enlarged

figure of ditto ; 6. Vignette illustration of its phosphorescence.

This species is one of those which have the remarkable property
of occasionally (more especially in spring and autumn) secreting
a phosphoric light, which seems to exude from the body, and is
left like a shining trail on the spots over which the insect has
passed. It soon fades and disappears, seldom being seen for a
longer space than a couple of feet behind the insect. ‘This is the
species whose luminosity has been most frequently observed in
Britain, but there are reasons for believing that the property is
common to all the section of centipedes known as Geophilide,
and that it is evolved only at the breeding season. Mr. Newport
mentions having found two individuals of this species on the
- ground in contact with each other at midnight, on the 25th of
September, which shone almost as brightly as the glow-worm, for
which, at the instant, he mistook them. On taking them into his
hand the luminous matter was exuded and adhered to his fingers,
and continued to shine for some time, like phosphorus, The
individuals appeared to be able to give it forth at pleasure, This
property appears to be common to some tropical, as well as
European, Geophili. Oviedo, the friend and companion of
Columbus, as quoted by Newport, mentions it in his account of
the island of St. Domingo:—‘“ There are in this island (St.
Domingo) many kinds of Scolopendra or hundred legs ; some are
slender, and as long as one’s finger, and like to those of Spain,
and these bite and cause considerable pain. There are others of
these worms about half the length of the finger and slender, with
many feet, and these shine much by night, and leave a light where
they go, and may be seen 50 or even 100 feet off. Yet the whole
animal does not shine, but only the joints where the legs spring
from the body, and the light is very bright.” From this property |
this species, or the G. longicornis (it is doubtful which he meant)
was named by Linnzeus, Scolopendra electrica.

Numerous observations are recorded of Myriapods of this

24 SCOLOPENDKID ZZ.

oe section, after having caused lingering headache, having been
sneezed forth by men from the nose. As Van der Hoeven says,
‘it is easier to reject these observations than to explain the
continued life of these insects in such an unusual situation.

Scolopendra morsitans (natural size).

Genus SCOLOPENDRA.

Eyes, four on both sides. Feet, almost
always twenty-one. Antennze with from
seventeen to twenty joints.

This genus consists chiefly of large

exotic species, which can inflict a

painful and poisonous bite with their
powerful nippers. The structure of
the poison apparatus has been per-
fectly well ascertained, and the
poisonous character of the secretion
sufficiently proved by experience. As
to the latter, the larger the species
naturally the more powerful should
the poison be expected to be, and
the bite from one of them causes
pain and suffering, even to man
himself. Brown, in his “ History of
Jamaica,” says of one of the larger
species (S. morsitans )}—“ This insect
is reckoned very venomous; the
prongs of the forceps are very strong,

bending and pointed, which enable

them to bite very hard, and they
probably emit some venomous juice
also, as some who have been bit by
them informed methat the part bitten
is very painful for two or three hours,

and turns frequently of a livid colour. I have seen them often kill

MYVRIAPODS. 25

L cockroach with a single nip.” Another example of the severity
a of the bite came within our own personal knowledge. The sufferer
was the manager of a sugar plantation in Jamaica in the bygone
_ days, when there were still slaves, and Jamaica was still Jamaica ;
and in the “boiling season,” when the juice of the cane is boiled
to produce the sugar, it was his duty or practice to visit the boilers
during the night to see that the fires were kept up and no inter-
mission allowed in the process. On these occasions he merely
threw on a dressing-gown and thrust his naked feet into slippers
while he took a hasty round through the works. While thus
engaged he was once bitten on the leg a little above the ankle by
one of these large centipeds. They are nocturnal animals, and
of course most lively and alert at night. He described the pain
as sO excruciating that he almost fainted on the spot, and had to
be assisted into the house. As to the structure of the apparatus
for poisoning the wound made by the bite, that was satisfactorily
made out by Mr. Newport, the eminent entomologist, whose loss
is still deplored by our older naturalists. Until he worked it out,
the gland by which the poison of the centiped is secreted had not
been shown. Leewenhoek discovered at the apex of the man-
dibles an orifice that communicated internally with an elongated
cavity, and he also saw a drop of fluid exude from the orifice, but
he did not discover the true secreting gland—which, however,
Newport did. He not only confirmed Leewenhoek’s observation
in regard to the existence of a longitudinal opening at the inner
margin of the apex of the mandible, but also traced it backwards
to a sac with which it communicates, and discovered the gland of
which it is the reservoir. It is to be observed, that the effect of
“ the bite of a centiped in warm climates is very various ; sometimes
excessively virulent and painful, at others causing little incon-
‘ venience. It is, no doubt, in a great measure due to the state of —
health and constitution of the individual sufferer and his conse-

quent susceptibility to disease ; but, moreover, from experiments

on venomous snakes, we now well know that the virulence of the

26 - SCOLOPEND Klip,

oa poison, and the degree of injury inflicted by it, may depend much >
on the circumstance, whether or not the animal has recently
bitten and expended its venom on some other object, in which
case, the injury occasioned is less severe; and, the reason is
obvious, for not only may the reservoir of venom be exhausted, but
it may also be satisfactorily accounted for by what we now know
of the manner in which the secretions of all glands are elaborated,
viz., by the growth, bursting, and diffluence of successive series
of epithelial cells that line the interior of these organs, the fluid
contained within, and into which these cells and their nucleoli
are resolved being the proper secretion. When this is expended
too frequently, and the organ in consequence is excited by what
may be called the stimulus of want, the secreting epithelial cells
are hastened in their development, and the fluid into which they
are resolved is imperfectly elaborated and its properties are
doubtless less active. |

No. 7, SCOLOPENDRA CEYLONENSIS (JVewfort ?).—7. Specimens (2).

This is one of the larger Centipeds above spoken of. They are
probably all to be equally avoided. It is from Ceylon.

No. 8. SCOLOPENDRA PLATYPOIDES (/Vewp.).—8. Specimens (2).

Another large and hurtful species. It is from Brazil.

No. 9. SCOLOPENDRA PLACE (/Vewp.).—9. Specimens (2).
From Brazil.

No. 10. SCOLOPENDRA VARIEGATA (Vew/.).—10. Specimens (2).
A handsome species from Brazil.

Scolopendra variegata (natural size).

MYRIAPODS. — 27

eee eos POLL ts (Murr. vs. J-11. Specimens (2). From

me of the Australian species, such as S, sulcidens,—a curious
mblance which has been observed in other species of this
family from these far-separated lands. Denticulations of labium
small. Antenne 17-jointed. Body of 22 segments, including the
- cephalic segments. ‘The scutes at the neck are short and narrow ;
_ those that are farther back gradually become broader. The third
4 segment (that immediately behind the cephalic), the fifth and the
7 seventh, are shorter than those between them. ‘The teeth on the
_ femoral joint of the terminal legs are on the inner side, one rather
- large one at the posterior angle; then three small ones nearer the
_ Dbody, and a lower row of three other small ones; on the outer

- side three in a lower row. |

zz. SCOLOPENDRA LEAcHII (/Vewf.).—12. Specimen (1).
_.-___- From the Cape Verde Islands.

13. ge OP ENDRA TUBERCULIDENS (/Vew/.).—18. Specimens (2).

This species derives its name from the tooth on the inner angle
_ of the thigh of the last legs, being composed of five smaller teeth.
‘It is from the East Indies.

s: SCOLOPENDRA C@RULEO-VIRIDIS (Murr. n.s.).—14. Specimens (2) ; 15, En-
_ larged figure of ditto. From New Holland.

_ This is one of the middle-sized species, about 23 to 3 inches
long; of a rich bluish green, with head and terminal feet orange-
red. Antennz 17-jointed, of a lovely turquoise green, and legs
of a pale semi-transparent light green. Body of 22 joints. Ter-
2 minal legs rather compressed and tumid, and with a tooth at the
inner angle of the femoral joint, two small ones in a row farther
Pback, two more in a lower row, and two again below them. In

28 SCOLOPENDRIDAZ,

CASE small and not full-grown — specimens these teeth are absent, or |
only showing indications. ‘This was presented to the collection |
as giving a very venomous bite. It does not appear to have been
hitherto described.

Genus Cryptops (Leach). No eyes.

as CRYPTOPS HORTENSIS (Leach).—16, Specimen (1); 17. Enlarged figure of
16, 17. -
ditto.

Cryptops hortensis (slightly enlarged).

This is one of our British species. It is yellowish brown in
colour; has no eyes; 21 pair of feet; and antennz with 17 joints.

Genus LitrHosius (Leach).

Bs LITHOBIUS FORFICATUS (Zizz.).—18. Specimens (4); 19. Enlarged figure ot
a ditto.

Head of Lithobius forficatus. Lithoblius forficatus (natural size).

Antennz with numerous joints tapering to the tip; in adults
above forty. Fifteen pair of feet and two groups of eyes in the
external margin of the head behind the antenne. It is about an
inch in length, and broader than any other British species.

MYRIAPODS. 29

> Geer practically watched the proceedings of this species,
and says of it, ‘‘I have seen a fly after being bitten by one of the
~ Scolopendree die almost Matar Sapa which would seem to
indicate that their bite is venomous.” The jaws may be seen in
_ the enlarged woodcut of the head of this species.

Genus CERMATIA (JZ@.).

The genus Cermatia, or Scutigera as it was called by Lamarck,
is distinguished from all the rest of the Myriapods by its long legs,
bringing it, in this respect, near to the spiders, which it resembles |
____also in its very rapacious and carnivorous nature. The eyes are
| two, compound. One pattern of colouration runs through the
whole of the Cermatize, viz., longitudinal stripes on the body and
annulations on the appendages. The colour varies in different
species, and although very evanescent after death or when ex-
____ posed to alcohol, is probably a good specific character. Mr,
Wood mentions that he has seen specimens of one of the North
American species, C. forceps (which is greenish brown with longi-
tudinal stripes of dark green), changed almost immediately to
green or blue, or, still more commonly, to bright purple by al-
cohol. ‘The legs in all the species are banded. ‘They are also
__ very easily detached, it being almost impossible to preserve a
___ specimen without losing them, which prevents the use being made

of the relative proportions of their parts which might otherwise be

done. In one respect the Cermatidz seem to form an excep-
tion to a character which is universal in the family in which it is
q placed ; but it is only apparent, not real. The head in the Chi-
___ lognaths is composed of only one segment ; but in the Chilopods,
_____ to which Cermatia belongs, it is always developed into two sepa-
rate segments, the posterior of which gives origin to the immense ©
foot jaws of the family. In apparent contradiction to this, the
____ head of the Cermatidze, when viewed from above, appears to con-
sist of but a single segment ; but this is merely because the two

1 {2 Sat Se ee
iar Ve Nas
‘ sg as)
7 - LS %

‘ i

e
‘ nd

Pee cephalic scuta are fused together and consolidated, just as two
body scuta are, to form one segment. ‘The sternum of the pos-
terior segment is entirely separate, and leaves the foot jaws as in
other families. It was from observations on one of this genus ©
(Scutigera araneoides) in the south of France that Latreille satis-
fied himself of the poisonous nature of the bite of this family.

30 SCOLOPENDERTDZ,

Nos. CERMATIA CAPENSIS (Westw.).—20. Specimens (1); 21. Enlarged figure.
orc. From the Cape of Good Hope. ee

[Nos. CERMATIA SMITHII (Mewfort)—22. Specimens (1); 23. Enlarged figure.
[ 22, 23. From New Holland.

Cermatia Smithii (natural size).

MYRIAPODS. 31

Section PAUROPODA.

_ The little creature which alone composes this section can be
a. brought neither into the ranks of the Chilognaths nor into those
of the Chilopods; and there seems no help for it but to make a
separate section to receive it. It certainly is a very insignificant
object to be entitled to so much honour. It is a semitransparent
little animal, only the twentieth of an inch in length, and with
much more of the appearance of the Thysanura (among whom
and in whose haunts it lives) than of a Myriapod ; and only one
species of it seems yet to have been found. Sir John Lubbock,
to whose researches we owe our knowledge of the creature at all,
indeed describes wo species, and gives, as the only character that
he could find, some difference in the antennz. He thinks that he
has found both sexes in one of his species; at least, in some that
had organs, which he was unable to trace in all, he found sperma-
tozoa, and these consequently must have been males, although it
does not absolutely follow that the rest were not. If he is right in
this, the present will be the first case that we can call to mind of
the antennz differing materially in species of the same genus.
It is a very common thing for them to differ in the sexes of the
same species; but the generic character, as a rule, subsists
through all the species of the same genus. ‘This tiny and solitary
species, although it looks so like the Thysanura, cannot go with
them ; for although it has only six feet in the earlier stage of its
life, it ends by having eighteen (9 pairs). Now, as Mr. Wood, the
American myriapodist, has well put it, when a spider, an insect, a
Thysanura, or a Crustacean, leaves the egg, its body has its maxi-
mum number of segments, and development takes place by the
coalescence and disappearance of some of these. ‘The embryonic
Myriapod, on the contrary, has its minimum number of segments,
and develops by their increase ; so that while the adult insect has
generally fewer, never more segments than the young, the adult
Myriapod may have eight times as many, and never fewer than

Sz SCOLOPENDERID A.

CASE its young. ‘Tried by this test, the Pauropus must be a Myriapod; |
but it cannot be a Chilopod, because it has no foot jaws, but
feeble mandibles. It is apparently a herbivorous, not a carnivo-
rous Myriapod, and has a better nght otherways to be placed
among the herbivorous Chilognaths ; but although it at first sight
appears to have two legs to each segment in the middle of the
body, still they are not placed together as in the Julidz, and the
difference of the antennz is very great. ‘The latter partake more
of the crustacean character than those of any insect that we are
acquainted with. It has ten segments, the first two of which
compose the head, or if they be reckoned from the under side,
counting a segment for each pair of legs, there would appear from
Sir John’s cut to be 13, the same number that is possessed by
true hexapod insects. It has also 18 legs, the smallest number
in any species yet described being 26, For other details we must
refer to Sir John Lubbock’s paper.

PAuROPUS HUXLEYI (Lubéock), Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. 26.

A bustling, active, neat, and cleanly little
creature, living throughout the year in consider-
able numbers among dead leaves and other.
decaying vegetable matter in company with the
various species of Thysanura, mites, &c., that
frequent similar situations: found throughout
the winter on the warmer days, about half a

line in length.

Pauropus Huxleyi
(magnified).

PAUROPUS PEDUNCULATUS (Lubbock), loc. cit.

Perhaps the female of the above. It cannot be the male, for
it was in the other that Sir John Lubbock found spermatozoa.

ARACHNOIDEA. 33

Order ARACHNOIDEA.

(SCORPIONS, SPIDERS, AND MITES.)

THE system of classification which is adopted for the chief
part of this collection, viz. that of beginning with the lower orders
and advancing to the higher, has been departed from in the
spiders ; first, for the sake of making a natural connection with
other orders, and second, for reasons special to Economic Ento-
mology, such as keeping together as much as possible those
species that attack a common class of objects, and separating
those that attack a different class.

In the present case (the arachnoids), the arrangement has been
made from above downwards, commencing with the scorpions
and terminating with the mites, instead of the reverse; this brings
the mites into closer connection with the lice, with which it will
be found that they have certain points of analogy if not of
affinity.

The arachnoids are generally considered by zoologists as a
group apart, belonging neither to the crustaceans nor the insects.
Like crustaceans, spiders possess the- property of reproducing
such limbs as have been detached or mutilated; and this curious
physiological phenomenon is intimately connected with the cast-
ing of their skin, for legs, palpi, and spinners, which have been
amputated, are observed to be restored, and afterwards to have
their dimensions enlarged, at the period of moulting only; but
there are much more important grounds for removing them from
the crustaceans and classifying them with insects. For example,

_ the crustaceans breathe by gills, the spiders do not. The sepa-

ration of the spiders from insects is not nearly so well marked.

Insects breathe by trachez, that is, air-tubes opening on each side

of the segments of the abdomen. Spiders breathe by something

called pulmonary sacs, which are placed at the base of the abdo-

men. But not only are these pulmonary sacs (although fewer than
c

34 ARACHNOIDEA.

CASE the trachez) placed in the abdomen as in insects, and not only
are they in many respects analogous to the trachez, but in some
spiders they are supplemented by one or two trachez. Again,
one distinction between insects and spiders is, that the former —
have never more than three pairs of legs, while the spiders have
four pairs; but the first pair in the spiders are only modifications.
of the palpi. Again, insects are divided into three parts, head,
thorax, and abdomen. Spiders consist of only two or one part,
as in some mites; but all this is a mere modification of parts.
The head of the spider is merged in its thorax, so that no line
of separation can be drawn, but we know that the front belongs
to the head, and the back part to the thorax, by the organs
which they respectively bear. The mouth and its parts (along
with the anterior legs) in the one case, and the rest of the limbs
in the other case. It seems to us, therefore, that the arachnoids.
are to be regarded as modified insects.

Family SCORPIONID: or PEDIPALPS (Scorpions and their allies).

Anterior palpi elongated like legs, and provided with nippers like the claws.
of a crab.

Sub-Family, PsEuDo-ScorPIONES (False Scorpions).

The cephalothorax is united to the abdomen, which is divided into segments.
No tail.

Genus CHELIFER (Zaz).
Cephalothorax parted in two by a transverse furrow.

Nos. CHELIFER MUSEORUM (/ad.).—1. Specimens (8) ; 2. Enlarged figure. -
i, 2.

The chelifers are harmless minute insects, like scorpions in
appearance, but which, although possessing their nippers, are
destitute of the armed tail; as in this species, the fore-legs (palpi)
are sometimes very long. They live in dark and moist places,

CHELIFERS. 35

1 and feed on mites and wood-lice. ‘The present species has re-
ceived its name from being often found in neglected books and
museums. Found in Britain and throughout Europe.

Chelifer museorum (magnified.) Chelifer cancroides (magnified and natural size)..

CHELIFER CANCROIDES (Koch).

Found throughout Europe.

CHELIFER GEOFFROYI (Koch).—38. Specimens
(3); 4. Enlarged figure.

2 SX ‘
y

Another British species, but with less % L\ A

fh
elongated anterior legs. iE as
cae WER WE
A's: We
fas a Ta oe
}

Genus OsisiuM (//iig.).

Cephalothorax not divided by a transverse
furrow.

OBISIUM CARCINOIDES (Herm).
Obisium carcinoides (magnified and

Found in Germany and other parts natural size).
of Europe.

CASE
JONG

36 ARACHNOIDEA.

Sub-family ScorPIoNneEs (True Scorpions).

Tue characters of the family are two large ocelli, placed close
together in the middle of the cephalothorax, smaller lateral ocelli,
various in number, distributed along its anterior margin, and the
six last joints of the abdomen narrowed into a tail terminating in
a sting. ‘They have also two curious comb-shaped appendages on
the under side at the base (anterior part) of the abdomen, the use
of which is doubtful.

They live in tropical regions in all parts of the world, extending
their range more or less into the warmer districts of the tempe-
rate zones. ‘Their sting is not barbed, but its point is perforated,
and it wounds simply by penetrating the skin, and conveying
poison into the wound through two orifices from a poison bag.
The poison is said sometimes to be as white as milk. Although
the scorpion is much dreaded, and widely renowned for its sting,
there is no doubt that its injurious effects are much exaggerated.
According to Kirby and Spence the only means of saving the
lives of our soldiers who were stung by them in Egypt was
amputation ; and they add that one species was said to occasion
madness, and that the black scorpion, both of South America
(Query South Africa, Buthus afer,) and Ceylon, frequently inflicts
a mortal wound. All this is very doubtful, but it may be true
that, as is stated on good authority, the sting of certain kinds
common in South America causes fevers, numbness in various
parts of the body, tumours in the tongue, and dimness of sight,
which symptoms last from twenty-four to forty-eight hours. It
is curious, however, that the only approach to personal authentic
information on the subject which Kirby and Spence had, is
against the sting-being so hurtful. Mr. W. S. MacLeay told them
that soon after his arrival at Havana he was stung by an immense
scorpion, but was agreeably surprised to find the pain con-
siderably less than that of the sting of a wasp, and of incom-
parably shorter duration.

SCORPIONS. 37

in their hands and make them run along their naked arm, turning
_ them back as they came to the edge and threatened to topple
over. | 7

They do not lay eggs, but are viviparous. They are, however,
most unnatural parents, for they devour their offspring as soon as
they are born.

Mr. Riley, the State entomologist of Missouri, says of the
American species, that the boys sometimes call them teetotallers,
from the fact that they cannot endure alcohol; and that a drop of
whisky deposited upon one of them will cause it to immediately
commit suicide by stinging itself to death.

They have been divided into a number of sections, according

iy,

A)
or! ¢ ff
EZ ARLES:

Buthus afer (natural size, small specimen),

to the number and position of eyes on the head. The big black
species, with thick, heavy, hard claws constitute the genus Buthus.

CASE
ETT.

38 ARACHNOIDEA.

Some of the narrow yellow species, with slender long pincers, form
the genus Androctonus, signifying in Greek ‘Man-killer,” and
other genera, Ischnurus, Brotheas, Opistophthalmus, Vzejovis, &c.,
have been established on the shape of the cephalothorax, the
number and position of the eyes, the characters of the tail (as
square, or round, &c.), and the form of the back.

Vejovis, sp. (natural size).

ANDROCTONUS (Sf.), from Rangoon.—5. Newly-born specimens (3); 6. En-
larged figure of do.

ANDROCTONUS PRIAMUS (Koch) (?), from Java.—7. Specimens of do.

ANDROCTONUS (Sp.), from East Indies.—8. Specimen of do. (1).

_ BurTuus (SZ.) from the Cape.—9. Specimens of do. (2).

This probably should form another genus.

_ BUTHUS C4SAR (och), from the East Indies.—10, Specimens of do, (2).
. BUTHUS AFER (Koch), from East Indies. —11. Specimen of do. (1).

. BUTHUS IMPERATOR (Xoch).—12. Figure natural size, copied from Koch’s

Araneide.

This is the largest species we have seen described. It is at
least six inches in length ; but it seems nothing but an unusually
large immature specimen of B. afer.

PHRYNID : 39

a | ee _ Sub-Family PHRYNIDA.
Abdomen separated from thorax by a slight constriction. Tuil either absent
_ or unprovided with a sting.

PHRYNUS CEYLONICUS (Koch).—18. Specimen (1); 14. Figure (natural size).
From Ceylon.

We have placed this and some of the following species here,
~ not as being either hurtful or beneficial to man, but as showing
the passage between the Scorpions and the Spiders; and as
Phrynus ceylonicus is too large for our page, we give a figure of a
smaller species, Phrynus palmatus.

Phrynus palmatus (natural size).

TELYPHONUS GIGANTEUS (Xoch).—15. Specimen; 16. Figure of natural —
__ size. From the East Indian region.

The tail in this genus is in the form of a jointed bristle, but
unarmed.

40 | ARACHNOIDEA.

eee TELYPHONUS PROSCORPIO (Koch).—17. Specimens (2) ; 18. Figure of do.,

Nos.
17, 18.

Nos.

19, 20.

natural size. Another species from Java.

Telyphonus proscorpio (small specimen, natural size).

Family SOLPUGIDA.
Cephalothorax distinct from abdomen, which is segmented. No tail. Has

the aspect of a spider.

GALEODES ARANEOIDES (fa//.).—19. Specimen (0) ; 20. Figure of do. slightly
magnified ; 21. Illustrative vignette—camel.

This is a large spider-like animal, which reaches nearly two
inches in length, and has a pale thorax and legs, and dark abdo-
men. It is easily distinguished from the spiders by its abdomen
being segmented, as well as by having a different kind of breath-
ing apparatus, viz.: tracheze instead of pulmonary sacs.

The genus is chiefly found in the Old World, and for the most
part in Africa and the borders of the Mediterranean, but species
have also been found in the New World. They live in sandy

GALEODES. 41

Jeserts, and their bite is said to be venomous, and even dangerous,
_ but proof is wanted of this. There seems to be no doubt, how-
ever, that they are a great torment to the camels in the countries
where they abound, and from the formidable nature of their man-
dibles, and the ready ferocity with which they present them for
attack when interfered with, they have obviously both the will and
_ the power to inflict a severe bite, whether any poison is instilled
into it or not. They feed upon other insects, particularly a kind
of Acridium (grasshopper), of which they are fond. They dig great

Galeodes araneoides (natural size).

galleries or pits in the sandy soil, removing the déris to a distance
by means of their mandibles, and using the stiff hairs which ac-
company them as a sort of broom to sweep them away. ‘The
present species has been found in the South of Russia and Greece,
but its chief range is further south, extending from Egypt and one
or more of the oases in the desert, to India, where it is common and
troublesome. It there reaches a large size, its body being some-
times two inches long without its legs, or with them ten inches.

It is seldom seen except by night, and runs with great rapidity,
more like a mouse than a spider, but covering much more space.

42 ARACHNOIDEA.

oe The Rev. J. J. Wood, in his Natural History Illustrated, mentions
the following particulars regarding this insect, which were com-
municated to him by Lieut.-Gen. Sir J. Hearsey :—

‘When the Galeodes approaches any creature that it desires to
attack, it thrusts out its long palpi, touches the body with the
rounded tips of those members, and immediately raises them
aloft, as if fearful lest they should be injured. ‘The whole action
is wonderfully like the manner in which an elephant flings its pro-
boscis in the air after touching anything of which it is not quite
sure. ‘The tips of the palpi are rounded and soft, and when they
are applied to any object, a sort of phosphorescent flame seems to
be emitted from them. Having satisfied itself by the touch, the
creature rushes in at once to the attack.

“In order to ascertain whether the Galeodes would really attack
and eat vertebrated animals, an ordinarily-sized | specimen: was
captured and placed under a bell-glass. A very young musk-rat
was then inserted under the glass, the Galeodes being on the
opposite side. As the creature traversed its transparent prison it
came suddenly on the young musk-rat, which was quite a baby
and could not open its eyes. Without hesitation it sprang on the
little animal, killed it, and in a short time had eaten it.

“The manner in which the Galeodes kills its prey is really re-
markable. ‘The double set of pincers are sharply hooked, hke the
beak of an eagle, and are capable of being separately opened and
shut like lobsters’ claws, and of being used conjointly to secure
prey between them ; and, moreover, the upper joint of each claw }
can be pushed far over the lower. When the creature seizes a
large animal, such as the musk-rat above mentioned, it buries the
pincers in the flesh, and deliberately shears its way onwards, each
pair of pincers working alternately,.one pair being engaged in
holding the prey and the other in cutting.

“The same Galeodes was then pitted against a little bat, about
three or four inches across the wings. ‘Though small, it was full-
grown and lively. When placed under the glass shade it fluttered

GALEODES. ; | 43

C feud not ce shaken off. In vain did the bat try to bee
the enemy with its wings, or to rid itself of the foe by flying in
the air. Nothing could shake off the Galeodes ; the long legs
clung tightly to the victim, the cruel fangs were buried deeper and

deeper into its flesh, the struggles gradually became weaker, until
the point of a fang touched a vital spot, and the poor bat fell
- lifeless from the grasp of its destroyer.

“The next antagonist of this redoubtable warrior was a bogplee
about four inches in length. The Galeodes seemed nothing

~ daunted, seized the scorpion by the root of the tail, just where it
| Beould not be touched by the sting, sawed its way through the tail,
severed that deadly weapon from the body, and then killed and
q ate the scorpion, together with its tail.

: _ “There was, however, much uncertainty as to its mode of attack
in this instance, for no one could exactly ascertain whether it was
- directed to the one point of safety by chance or instinct. Another
; similar scorpion was then procured and placed in the glass bell.
_ The Galeodes darted as usual to the attack, but unfortunately
_ seized its foe by the front. The scorpion immediately grasped the
q Galeodes in its nippers, quickly brought its tail over its back, and
% _by a well-directed stroke succeeded in stinging its enemy. At
the moment of receiving the stroke, the Galeodes started back,
_ opened all its limbs, began to quiver throughout its whole frame,
and rolled over quite dead.”

Family ARANEIDE (Spiders).

_ THE spiders come strictly within the limits of Economic Ento-
: — as beneficial insects. ‘They are among the most powerful
- insect-friends of man, and they contribute more perhaps than any
- other family to check thé too rapid multiplication of insects.

| aa SD irney derive their chief sustenance from them, securing them in
| : various ways, some by pure hunting and speed, others by watching

44 ARACHNOIDEA.
CASE in corners and out of the way holes, but a large proportion by
forming the webs for which the family is best known. Their vora-
city is extreme, and the numbers they consume are consequently ©
very great ; a quality, however, which is sometimes directed against
themselves, for they make no exception in their search for food,
often devouring one another, the weaker falling a prey to the
stronger; and as the females are, with few exceptions, larger and

stronger than the males, a courtship among the spiders is a service
by no means unattended with danger. Like other carnivorous
animals whose prey is precarious, and like the venomous snake,
which lies in wait for its prey, and must often have a long and
weary vigil before it comes, the spider, although so voracious, 1s
capable of long abstinence from food. Mr. Blackwall notices the
case of a female Theridion quadri-punctatum, which still survived
after being eighteen months without food corked up in a phial, a
period exceeding the usual natural duration of most spiders’ lives,
which is said to be about twelve months ; some, however, have a
longer time, individuals having been known to live four years.

All spiders at present known have either two, six, or eight
smooth eyes, which vary much in size and relative position,
supplying characters which have been much used in the sys-
tematic arrangement of species. The falces or modified mandibles
or jaws with which the spider seizes its prey are inserted immedi-
ately under the anterior margin of the cephalo-thorax, and have
usually at the extremity of their inner surface a longitudinal groove, —
provided with sharp teeth on the sides, which receives the fang
when in a state of repose. The fang, or last joint of the falcis, is ~
very hard, curved, acute, and has a small fissure near the point,
which emits a colourless, more or less venomous, fluid secreted
by a gland.

The palpi occupy the same place and relations as in other
insects, but they are distinguished by those of the male being
swollen at the extremity into a curiously twisted, variously formed
organ. Those of the females remain simple. In most other

SPIDERS, — 45

respects, the general form and structure of spiders is that of

_ insects. There is one important peculiarity however, viz., the

spinnerets by which they spin the webs, which are the most dis-
tinguishing and remarkable feature of the family.

The spinnerets are placed at the tail end of the abdomen, and
consist of two, three, or four pairs, according to the kind of spider.
They vary also in form, being round, cylindrical, or conical, and
their tips and under surface are pierced with numerous minute
holes, like the rose of a watering-pot, through which the liquid
that becomes the thread is pumped out. It is a liquid glue, and
each jet of it comes out as a thread of infinitesimal tenuity; and
the whole multitude of fine threads is compacted together into a
single line of extreme fineness, but great comparative strength.
That this is so may be easily proved by taking any of the
large spmning spiders, say one of the diadem spiders (Epeira
diademata), and after pressing its abdomen against a leaf or other
substance so as to attach the threads to its surface—the same
preliminary step that the spider adopts in spinning—drawing it
gradually to a small distance. It can then be plainly perceived
that the proper thread of the spider is formed of four smaller
threads, and these again of threads so fine and numerous that
there cannot be fewer than a thousand issue from each spinner,
The glue is a viscid fluid, which is secreted by glands in the
abdomen, and is conducted to the spinneret orifices by tubes :
when exposed to the air—and it is very probably for the purpose
of exposing it all instantaneously that it is made to issue in such
fine threads—it hardens into a most elastic silk, so elastic that its
apparent rapid lengthening or shortening has given rise to the
erroneous belief that the spider can retract it into its abdomen.
This it cannot do; after it has once come out and hardened,
there it remains. But there must either be more than one kind
of glue or silk secreted, or else the one kind must be capable
of modification by the animal in its passage out, for while the
spider’s thread itself becomes immediately hard and unadhesive,

CAS

46 hone -ARACHNOIDEA.

it is studded all over with minute globules, which do not imme-
diately dry up, and remain viscid to the touch; and it is by
means of this sort of bird-lime that its prey is detained and.
attached, until the spider has time to spring upon it from its
ambush. This viscid gum is not distributed over all parts of

“the web alike. That would interfere with the spider's own

freedom of motion. It therefore forms the main radii or stays of
the web of threads free from this gum, and on these it runs freely,
while the prey, ignorant of these safe bridges or gangways, flounders
hopelessly in the net itself. It is probable that the glue that
forms the viscid globules is supplied by different tubes from the
kind that hardens, and that the tubes of both kinds are inter-
mingled, so that as the threads are forced out they come in con-
tact with this viscid secretion, which runs together in globules
through the elasticity of the thread, drawing it out more than it
can bear without division.

The silken threads of which the webs are thus made are used
by many species belonging to various genera for other purposes
besides catching their prey—one is to enable them to take aerial
excursions. Some have thought that the creatures could dart out
their threads from their spinnerets to such a distance as to use
them like rafts to float on in the atmosphere. That they do float
through the air so supported is true—but not by darting out the
threads. Experiments have proved that it is the rarefied air of
fine weather that wafts the thread away from the spider, and that
it only avails itself of their support to take the journey. Such
threads, or webs, broken from their moorings, compose the filmy
webs named gossamer, which, on being brought into contact by
the breath of gentle airs, adhere together until, by continual
additions, they accumulate into irregular white flakes of surprising
quantity.

Efforts have been made to turn the spinning powers of spiders
and the silk they secrete to practical purposes, but without much
success. In the beginning of the last century an ingenious

SPIDERS. | 47

Frenchman, M. Bon of Languedoc, succeeded in manufacturing

Some stockings and gloves of spider silk. The silk was grey, and
was said to look well, but not to be equal in lustre or so durable
_as silk from the silkworm. M. Bon did not attempt to wind the

silk, but passed it through the carding machine (treating it ‘like
shoddy or broken cocoons). He published an account of his

discovery or manufacture, and the Royal Academy of Paris

appointed Reaumur to report upon it. His report was not
favourable ; the thread of the spider was eighteen times weaker
than that of the silkworm, and it was found extremely difficult
to obtain it in sufficient quantity to Operate on. It was calcu-
lated that 27,648 female spiders were required to make a pound
weight of silk, for it appears to have been only the silk bags con-
taining the eggs that were used, and, owing to the natural ferocity
and voracity of the spider, it was found impracticable to get the
silk in sufficient quantity. It seems that some thousands of spiders
were placed together in cells containing from fifty to two hundred
each, but these were soon reduced to one or two in each, the rest
having been all killed and eaten by the survivor, who, if the fittest
in One sense, was at any rate not the fittest for the manufacturer’s

‘purpose. A similar manufacture is mentioned by Mr. Blackwall

as having been tried by Mr. Tremeyer, a Spaniard, also without
practical success. It should be mentioned, however, that D’Azara .
in his Voyage dans Americ, (quoted by Kirby and Spence), states
that in Paraguay a spider, which is found near the thirtieth de-
gree of South latitude, forms a spherical cocoon for its eggs, an
inch in diameter, of a yellow silk, which the inhabitants spin on
account of the permanence of the colour.

Some specimens of M. Bon’s manufacture, or of that of some

_ one else, are said to be still in existence; and we should have

liked to illustrate our cases by a specimen. Not knowing, how-
ever, where to get one we made an attempt to get samples spun
and woven for ourselves, but without success. A quantity of
webs was collected and washed, with the intention of being carded

CASE
VE

48 ARACHNOIDEA.

and spun, as was done by M. Bon. But we never got the length
of carding. Our difficulty was not in carding them or spinning |
them thereafter, which we believe can be perfectly well done, but
in cleaning them for carding. The webs collected were full of
impurities, straws, chaff, dirt, portions of insects, Xc. ; and the
process adopted for cleaning waste silk did not answer for the
webs. ‘The process for getting rid of extraneous matter in the
broken cocoons of the silkworm is boiling, but in the boiling,
the spiders’ webs boiled all away to nothing.

Another economic use of the spider’s web, is the use of the
strongest thread (the one that bears the web) by astronomers and
microscopists for the divisions of the micrometer attached to their
telescopes and microscopes ; the thread is drawn in parallel lines
and at right angles across the field of the eye-piece at equal dis-
tances, so as to make a multitude of cross square divisions scarcely
visible to the naked eye and so fine as to be no obstacle to the
view of the object.

Among other merits, both spiders and their webs have been
supposed to be possessed of certain valuable medical properties,
for an account of some of which see Dr. Watson’s lectures on the
principles and practice of physic, where he treats of ague and
intermittent fevers. To this day in some parts of the West of
England, notably the low lying districts bordering the mouth of
the Severn where fever and ague still maintain themselves, a
spider’s web rolled up into a bolus and swallowed is still held
to be a sovereign specific for these diseases. Even yet in
some countries they have not been wholly expelled from the
regular practitioner's pharmacopeeia. We have seen a work on
Leprosy (Mal de San Lazaro), published so lately as 1352, in
Mexico, by Dr. Rafael Lucio, and another medical man, the
one the professor of medicine, and the other of surgery in the
university there, and in that work the authors recommend
pounded Mygales (as per prescription) as a medicine for that
disease, which is common in some parts of that country, and

a i ee

SPIDERS. 49

for which there is a special hospital in the city of Mexico, of ©
which these two professors had charge ; the said medicine being

sanctioned by the authority of their experience in the hospital.

Leprosy there, for there are other forms of it elsewhere, is a

disease of the inner coats of the arteries, which produces

obstruction in the circulation and suppression of perspiration.

They considered that this indicated the exhibition of sudorifics, and
tincture of tarantula (mygale), and sarsaparilla were the sudorifics
they adopted. The medicine is given either as an alcoholic

tincture, or one of ether. If alcoholic, it is compound of twelve

ounces of alcohol to one of tarantula (ze. mygale), the tarantula
powder having been made by pounding up the spiders, and after
washing the powder in strong spirits of wine, macerating it for fifteen
days in the alcohol, and then filtering it. In the ether tincture,
sulphuric ether is substituted for alcohol, and it is then treated in
the same way ; an ointment and lotion are in like manner prepared

from it. The dose varies, but four drops of the tincture is stated

to produce powerful sudorific effects, although he adds, that it
sometimes operates in a few minutes, and in other cases not until ,
after many hours. But the concurrent effect of various symptoms
and cases enumerated by him, is to show that the tincture does
produce the desired effect, if not in all cases, at least in the great
majority. But there remains the question whether it is due to the
supposed specific—the tarantula—or, to the medium in which the
dose is given, that is, the alcohol or ether. Everyone who has
swallowed a bowl of punch, or a tumbler of toddy, knows that one
of its properties is to induce perspiration, and all medical men at
least know that ether has a like effect. We have, however, no
reason to suppose that the constituent particles of a spider’s body
have any such effect. It is too obvious to have induced anyone
to prove it, that, except the poison gland and its contents, there is.
no essential difference in composition between a spider and any
other insect. The poison is no doubt an active principle, but it
is infinitesimally minute in quantity, and if it bears any analogy to
D

CA
IV.

50 ARACHNOIDEA.

the poison of other venomous animals, it is inert and innocuous,
unless introduced into the circulation by a wound. The credit,
therefore, of the tincture of tarantula as a sudorific appears to be
due to the alcohol or ether, in which the inactive constituents of
the spiders are administered. Their real medical value is now,
at least in European practice, restricted, if it even remains to that
extent, to that of a styptic for stopping the bleeding of slight cuts
by external application.

Indirect advantage has been taken of the habits of spiders to
supply the place of a barometer. There is a story of this having
been done during the War in Holland, after the great French
Revolution. Some years previously, when the Stadtholder had
been re-instated in his dominions by the Prussian arms, a M.
Quatremere d’Isjonval, a Frenchman (during the commotions
which then occurred) was arrested and imprisoned at Utrecht,
where he passed several years in captivity. To amuse the tedium

of confinement he was wont to watch some spiders that happened

to make their abode near him, and to cultivate their acquaintance.
Whether he succeeded in taming them may be doubted, but he, at
all events, satisfied himself that hke many of the lower animals
they were very sensitive to meteorological changes, and he got to
know what changes their different behaviours portended. ‘The
information so obtained came to be useful by and by. In January
1795 he was released by the advance of the French. An intense
frost had enabled them to pass the watery defences of the place.
They had, however, scarcely taken possession when a rapid thaw
commenced, and the French Commanders found their communi-
cations about to be compromised by the melting of the ice on the
various streams across which it had allowed them to advance.
In much anxiety they were about to retreat, when M. d’Isjonval,
who had noticed the behaviour of his spider friends, commu-
nicated to the officers his confident assurance that the frost was
about to set in again with greater intensity than ever. Whether
relying on his assurance, or on other grounds, they suspended

SPIDERS. SI

‘SE their movement, and the very next day the frost recommenced

with great severity, and continued long enough to allow the
Republican troops to overrun the whole of the then undefended

country. Perhaps the consolation spiders have afforded to poor

prisoners like M. d’Isjonval by giving them some object of interest —
to occupy their minds, or the support to their courage which they —
have supplied to men in difficulties—such as Bruce’s watching

the seven times repeated efforts of his spider to attain its object

—is even more deserving of commemoration; and although doubt-
less it is only the very few who have had patience and ability to

get the spiders to recognise them or to establish friendly relations

with them, some men would appear to have actually succeeded in
doing so, or at least to have thought so, which was perhaps, just as
good. Not all, however; M. Alphonse Karr, in his “ Guépes,”
tells that when he was consigned to prison for a few days for
some infringement of the laws of the press ih the reign of Louis
Philippe, he tried the experiment without his usual success. “In
imitation of divers celebrated prisoners,” says he, “I searched for
a spider in order to instruct it—I found a little black one, but it
shows little capacity.”

Spiders may be very naturally divided into two sections—the
large, mostly tropical species, which have four breathing sacs and
four spinnerets, and the ordinary spiders, with which we are
familiar, that have only two breathing sacs (where there are
apparently four, two of them are not sacs but tracheze) and six
spinnerets. The first constitute the family of

ee AIDS dt Caan Soinmes:

As already said all spiders have a large claw or poison fang |
hinged on to the front of their mandibles, but this family is dis-
tinguished by this claw being very large, hard, and polished—so ©

much so that in Brazil it is sometimes set in gold and used as a

toothpick, and it is thought to have some specific value in
keeping away toothache. In the other section the fang moves
D2

52 ARACHNOIDEA.

rad laterally. In the Mygalide it moves vertically as if it were

pinning the creature it seizes to its own breast or like the claws of —

a lion closing on its prey. Species of these gigantic spiders are
found in the Tropics all round the world.

Nos. MyGALE AVICULARIA (Walck).—1. Specimen (0) ; 2. Sketch, natural size.

I 2.

Mygale avicularia (natural size).

This spider inhabits tropical South America. It is the species
which has sometimes been called the bird-catching spider, (whence
the name avicularia, which originated with Mme. Merian) from
the idea that it occasionally caught or entrapped in its nest small
birds, such as humming birds. The tale has never received
actual confirmation, indeed it has been wholly denied. Langs-
dorf insists that it only eats insects, and Kirby and Spence give
Mr. W. S. MacLeay’s authority to the same effect from his own
observations on Mygale avicularia, which was very common in
his garden in Cuba. It did him great service by devouring the
mite, achete, cockroaches, &c., which are so injurious there to
cultivated vegetables. It issues from its hole in the night only

MYVGALIDA. 53

CASE (never in the daytime) to attack these insects; and so far from
"its having any bird-catching propensities, Mr. MacLeay having
placed a living humming bird in the tube of a Mygale, it deserted
it, leaving the bird untouched. Still, the size of the spider is
sufficiently great to render it not impossible, and the deleterious
effects of its venom have been sufficiently proved to render it
likely that if employed on small birds it might kill them. And
if we cannot cite direct proof that its prey is often small verte-
brate animals, we can at least give some indirect circumstantial
evidence to that effect. As we write we have received an envoi
and a communication from our friend the Rev. Dr. R. H. Nassau,
one of the American missionaries on the coast of Gaboon. He
sends an enormous Mygale, of which he says, ‘It was caught
here” (Akele country, 200 miles up the river Ogove, and 150
miles from the sea) “‘last June. One of the boys in pursuing it
struck it and smashed its body. I was exceedingly disappointed
at its mutilation, but the head is complete. J/ was amazed at the
amount of blood that flowed from iz.” It is plain that Dr. Nassau
here uses blood in its ordinary sense, viz., red blood ; and if so,
then it is equally clear that the blood could not be the spider’s
blood, which is colourless. It was obviously blood freshly sucked
from some small vertebrate animal, such as a mouse or a bird.
It is not uncommonly supposed that the way in which the spider
obtains the humming-birds is by catching them in its web, which
was imagined to be of proportionate strength and size to its own
dimensions as compared with those of other spiders. ‘This at
least is a mistake. It spins no such web. It does indeed spin a |
cocoon of white silk to contain its eggs, but not aweb. It is a
hunting spider, and lies in ambush in its nest or in crevices or
burrows, which it makes for the purpose, and catches its prey by
rushing out upon it or hunting it.

Nos. MYGALE CALIFORNICA.—3. Sketch, natural size. From California. 4.
a as Specimens of do.

The genus extends from Tropical America northwards on the

CASE
Ve?

Wos.
5, 6.

Nos.
7, 8.

Nos.

Q, 10.

Nos.

rity ated

NO, 13.

54 ARACHNOIDEA.

west coast of America to California, in the south of which the
present species occurs. It is of a pale colour, between fawn and
madder, and is comparatively small. It is usually found under
stones.

MYGALE FASCIATA (Aoch).—5. Sketch, natural size; 6. Specimen (0).

This is a very remarkable looking spider on account of the
contrast between the white bands which cross the legs and the rest
of the colour of the insect. The colour is produced by a thick
felt of white hairs.

MYGALE KLUGII (Koch).—7. Specimen from the Eastern Andes ; 8. Sketch
of do.
This specimen was taken in the dry country of the Eastern
Andes, lying on the western side of the Pampas between Mendoza
and San Juan, where it is dreaded as extremely venomous.

MYGALE VERSICOLOR (Aoch).—9. Specimen from Brazil; 10. Sketch of ditto,
natural size.

The name versicolor is not well chosen, for there is no great
variation in the colour, it only being black with tawny hairs. In
addition to its biting powers, its hairs, which readily come off and
adhere to the skin, may give annoyance.

MYGALE ERICHSONI (Koch).—11. Specimen from Java; 12. Sketch of do.

This has considerable resemblance to the Mygale fasciata,
No. 5, and is also from Java.

MYGALE CONVEXA (Koch) —18. Specimen from Old Calabar.

This species is from Old Calabar on the west coast of Africa, is
smoother, more convex, and clothed with shorter and finer hair
than most others.

Mien (Po

MYGALIDA. ne
GALE coke (Koch).

. _ Mygale detrita is a Brazilian species, but in a subsequent case
_ (VI) a specimen will be found from London docks. There is,
___ however, nothing surprising in any species from any quarter of
__ the world being found under favourable circumstances in London
docks.

] 0. x4. ATYPUS SULZERI. (Zatr.)—14. Sketch, natal size.
| Although none of the genus Mygale
are found far beyond the limits of the
Tropics, one or two allied forms occur
in the temperate regions, and among

Meeierite present species, which 18 — ~ jryoussulzeri (magnified twice),
found in Britain. It is one of our

larger spiders, but is by no means common. It excavates, in
humid situations, a subterranean gallery, which is at first hori-

FR ee
i ANU SNI OS ee
JONG

Nest of Atypus sulzeri.

zontal, but inclines downwards towards its termination. In this
gallery it spins a tube of white silk, of a compact texture, about
half an inch in diameter, and the female deposits between thirty
and forty eggs in a cocoon of white silk attached to its extremity,

56 ARACHNOIDEA.

EAE Part of the tube hangs at the outside of the aperture to protect
the entrance, as shown in the wood-cut.

TRAP-DOOR SPIDERS.

Some of the spiders belonging to the family Mygalidz, form
subterranean burrows like the last species, which they line with a
thick silken web, and, in addition, provide them with a door which
opens on a hinge and fits closely. ‘These trap-door burrows were
first described as observed in Jamaica by Mr. Patrick Brown in
1756, and afterwards in the south of Europe by the Abbé Sauvages
in 1763, and an account of them with figures was given by Mr.
Saunders in “The Transactions of the Entomological Society of
London,” vol. 3, 1839.

There is a difference in the character of the doorjomtiese
spiders ; some have it falling loosely like a flap, others fitting into
the tube like a cork or stopper.

Nos. CTENIZA IONICA (Sazsders).—15. Nest of do., from South Europe; 16. Sketch
Mer: of spider of natural size.

Trap-door of Cteniza ionica,

This belongs to the section with cork-fitting trap-door, and was
given to us as coming from the Ionian Islands.

Nos. ACTINOPUS NIDULANS (Arownz).—1i7. Nest of ditto, with specimens in the
tes nest ; 18. Sketch of insect enlarged; 19. Specimens of ditto, male and
female.

The door of the nest of this species is an example of the kind

TENIZA FODIENS (Camér.).

This is a round-bodied blueish spider, from the south of

France, which, as already said, makes nests with cork doors.

Cteniza fodiens
a. | (slightly magnified).

Diagram of tube of Cteniza fodiens, or of an allied species.

More recent observations have shown that there are several
species of different genera that make these remarkable structures,
an interesting account of which will be found in Mr. Moggridge’s

recent work on “ Harvesting Ants and Trap-door Spiders.” From
_ this work it appears that the contrivances of these creatures are
= more complex than was formerly supposed. ‘The first known
i piece of ingenuity was that the insect stoppered the hole into its
J burrow by a trap-door fitting like a cork, which was loaded with
ier earth on the outside, sufficiently heavy to make it shut of its own
weight, a contrivance which facilitates its concealment when
mosses, etc., grew on the earth so placed. One of these is here

CAS
IV.

58 | ARACHNOIDEA.

represented. This kind is very often overgrown by mosses. ‘The
flap, or wafer-door kind made by Nemesia eleanora, is much slighter,
and the door not usually loaded with earth, nor has it anything grow-
ing onit. There was at one time a doubt whether the insect did not
hoid down the door with its claws, and some have thought that
they observed foot-holds on the door for this purpose. It certainly,
when it is near the door, and the door is then attempted to be

LOD

eS
bp WS

Trap-door of Nemesia czementaria, overgrown

i 7 und,
‘iy suse Trap-door of Nemesia eleanora, on the bare ground

opened, does hold it back to the best of its ability, but there
does not seem to be any mechanical or structural preparation for
such a contingency. Then it was ascertained that in Jamaica,
at least, the nest had sometimes two doors, a front and a back
door, as it were, that is, the nest was made in a raised bank which

it entered at one side and came out at the other. This was

supposed to indicate a deliberate selection of such a site, on the

calculation that, whichever door was forced, it could then escape

out at the other; but this implies a greater stretch of foresight
than the circumstances warrant. It seems more likely that the
spider commenced its burrow in ignorance, that it would break
out on the other side of the bank, and that when it found it
had done so, its trap-door-forming instinct came into operation,

and led it to build a door at that opening as it had done at

é Vogeridge has since shown that some of the
south of Europe, near Mentone, carry their
One species there named, Nemesia.

= eae ee

7st
Mgae
"ae

Diagram of tube of Nemesia
meridionalis.

ridionalis, makes a tube into the ground lke the others,
d with the usual trap-door, but a short way down it makes
another shorter tube sloping obliquely for a short distance
upV ards and downwards and at the junction of this it places

another trap-door, only in this instance less solid and more

‘
Bey

flexible, and like a hanging curtain. It is, moreover, so con-
ted as to suit the convexity of the tube in which it lies,
so that, when in its natural position, shutting the entrance
of the second tube there is no appearance of the door at
The eye on looking in penetrates to the bottom, and sees
parently nothing but an empty tube, whilst all the time the
er may be reposing securely in the second tube protected
| view by the concave door. But that is not all; the spider |

CAS
EV.

’ No. 20.

ec ARACHNOIDEA.

passage, the effect of which is, that on looking in at the upper
door one only sees a short tube with nothing in it, while the
spider is behind the termination, ready to fly up the oblique tube
if the door at the bottom should be forced, which would neces-
sarily fall back and conceal from view the entrance to the upper
tube, leaving to all appearance nothing but a silk-lined tube
uniform throughout.

NEMESIA CAMENTARIA (ZLazz.).

This is a rather large yellowish fawn-coloured spider, of which
specimens are put in the next case.

Nemesia ceementaria (scarcely magnified), Nemesia eleanora (slightly magnified).

NEMESIA ELEANORA (Camé.).—20. Diagram of the double-branched nest
of, with an outer and inner trap-door, from Mentone, as above described.

This is a yellowish spider, very similar to Nemesia ceementaria.

Mr. Moggridge describes and figures various kinds of trap-door
nests that he observed near Mentone, and no doubt if the rest of —
the shores of the Mediterranean were equally well searched, a
greater number of species would be found.

During the last year two or three specimens of a trap-door
spider’s nest, constructed on another fashion in a peculiar locality,
viz. in the bark of a tree, have been received in England from
South Africa. The nest and lid are as nearly like the bark it-
self, as those from the ground are Jike the soil where they are
made. It would appear from more than one of the same kind

Peicterial as bark or wood, and from the Tee canre of the place
_ itself, where the nest that we have seen was made, it seems

more probable that the spider had taken possession of the empty
cocoon of some moth that, as many do, makes its cocoon in the
bark of trees, and had woven a lid to it with silk and fragments
of bark ; it may be a habit of this particular trap-door spider to
select such situations. |
Since the preceding case was prepared, and the above remarks
written, the museum has received from Lady Jardine, relict of the
late Sir William Jardine, the celebrated naturalist, the donation of
a number of trap-door spiders and their nests, of the kinds found
and described by the late Mr. Moggridge, in the neighbourhood of

Mentone, Cannes, and other points on the French or Italian

littoral of the Mediterranean. As Mr. Moggridge’s work has

excited a good deal of interest in these creatures, an additional

case has been added for their reception. Before describing
them, however, it may be desirable to satisfy the reader’s curiosity
on two points on which it is likely to arise. If he looks at
the specimens in this case, he will acknowledge that without the
key, which we have added to each, to indicate the position of the
trap-door, he would have great difficulty in finding it for himself,
even when his field of search is reduced to a couple of inches, and
he will naturally ask how in an open country any one could ever
detect them ; and his surprise will not be diminished when he is
disabused of an erroneous impression, very likely to be created by

the specimens of larger exotic trap-doors exhibited in last case.

These would lead to the impression that their nests are much
larger, and consequently more conspicuous than they actually are
in the south of France, and its neighbourhood. The fact is that
there, they are often very small, for both young and old spiders

ies
: y : .

62 ARACHNOIDEA.

AAS make these nests, and the young ones, which are the most — |
numerous, seldom go deeper than a couple of inches below the
surface, and thus although the mechanism and structure of the
nest is not far to seek when the entrance is once found, the
dimensions are so small as greatly to increase the difficulty of
finding them out. We have had the advantage of an explanation
of the mode of procedure adopted by the late Mr. Mogeridge
from his father, now in England, himself an adept not less
skilled in observing them than his talented and lamented son ;
and we do not think that we can better illustrate it, than by
repeating a little anecdote told us by that gentleman.—It
appears that not long since, Mr. Moggridge and one of his
sons had occasion to visit Marseilles. Familiar as they were
with the appearance of ground that was likely to be inhabited
by trap-door spiders, it appeared to them that the neighbour-
hood of Marseilles looked a likely place in which to find
them. Consequently, one of. their first enquiries of the Ento-
mological Curator of the museum there, to which they naturally
paid an early visit, was whether trap-door spiders were found
in the neighbourhood. ‘The Curator replied that he thought he
might confidently answer that they were not, for he had taken

much interest in them, and had devoted a great deal of time to
seeking for them without success. Mr. Moggridge said nothing
in reply, but when they left the museum he said to his son, “ Now
let us go and try what we can do.” ‘They agreed to take different
routes, so as to go over most ground, and separated on their
search. Now itis plain that if these nests were scattered indif-
ferently over the ground, a search for them would be a very hap-
hazard affair, but there happen to be two circumstances which
do not leave the searcher absolutely without a guide. In the
first place they do not make their nests on the level ground, or if
they do, the difficulty of finding them there has not hitherto been
overcome ; but on the sides of earthen banks, like the banks
on each side of a deep worn road or lane, which constant use has

TRAP-DOOR-NEST SPIDERS. 63

fenenth the level of the surrounding country, or in roads
ed on each side by turf walls or embankments. And the
they affect in such banks is from two to four feet high, or a
little below the line of vision of an average sized man. And in
“the next place it turns out that the hinges of doors are very
- slightly made (in London we should say that the work had been
& _scamped), that they very soon wear through and give way, and
"the doors then drop off and roll down the bank. It is probable
that a strong and lasting hinge would not be sufficiently flexible.
But the frequent loss of the doors is made up for by the ease
with which they are renewed. If we remove a door to-day, a

_ new door, hinge and all, will be hung by to-morrow at the same.
_ hour; it may not be quite perfect, and may take another day
’ ‘or so to complete it to the spider’s mind ; but the door is on.
_ The result of this insufficiency of hinges, is that doors that have

_ dropped off and rolled down the bank, remain as tell-tale wit-
’ nesses, to indicate that there is a nest in the bank a foot or two
q above, which only requires a careful search to be found. Some-
times they are so ingeniously like the surrounding earth, that
_ they defy detection, but generally speaking, they can be found,
at all events by an educated eye. Acting on this plan, Mr.
Moggridge and his son spent the morning in reconnoitring the
lanes in the vicinity of Marseilles, and next day were each able to
surprise the Curator with a donation of several specimens that had
rewarded their search.

When found, the next difficulty is to get them out entire, and
for the purposes of such a museum as this, to bring them to’
England without crumbling to pieces. Here again care in cutting
out, putting aside, and packing, and then, after filling the tubes
with cotton, paying the earth around them again and again, with
a weak solution of gum arabic, overcomes the difficulty. The
nest can even be dissected out, so as to show the double tubes —
and chamber door, &c., if sufficient skill and neat-handedness be
| brought to bear upon it. We tried, but it would appear that we

CASE
Vie

i, 12,

13,
14,15,

HC, 4047/5
18,

IQ, 20,

21, 22;
23

24, 25,
26,

64 ARACHNOIDEA.

have not got these qualities in the requisite degree. We did not
succeed to our satisfaction.

Section I.—NESTS WITH CoRK Doors.

Nest preserved in the ground, with relative key to show where the door is.
From St. Cassien, Cannes, collected April, 1875.
Specimens of its maker, Nemesia czementaria, male.
Another nest of ditto, and key.
Ditto Ditto.
Specimens of Nemesia czementaria, female.

Another nest of ditto, and key. —

Section IIL—NESTS WITH WAFER DOORS.

Nest with two doors and key. A portion of an old nest or door lies in the
right hand corner. | |

Diagram of double-doored nest, made by Nemesia eleanora.

Another nest, with two doors, old inner door lying in the lower left-hand
corner.

Ditto Ditto.*

Specimens of the maker, Nemesia eleanora, male.

Another nest, with two doors close together, and key. A portion of inner
door or tube lies in upper left-hand corner.

Another two-doored nest, and key.

Specimens of Nemesia eleanora, female.

Single door, removed from No. 17.

Magnified sketch of Cteniza fodiens, a cork-nest spider.

* The specimen No. 17 was the one that we attempted to dissect, but, not
succeeding, we were glad to restore it to the best of our ability. There was a
third door close beside the other two, which we have put as a separate speci-
men in No. 24. Nos. 17 and 24 are the only two where the ground has been
meddled with, further than gumming together.

- + ei edaaeanaaES

in London Docks. See above (p. 55).

THERIDIIDA.

Europe, more particularly in
Catalonia, and it possesses
the dangerous power of in-
flicting a poisonous wound
that kills small insects instan-
taneously, and affects the
larger animals seriously—man
himself having sometimes suc-
cumbed to the stroke.
Previous to 1830 its veno-
mous properties appear never
to have been noticed or heard
of by any of the old inhabi-
tants, but in 1830, 1833, and

E MYGALE DETRITA (Koch).—1. Sketch of insect ; 2. Specimen of ditto, taken

_ THE characters of this and the next group (Lycoside), will be
noticed when we come to speak of them as British spiders. At
present we take in separately here one or two of them that are
not British, but have acquired an ill reputation as pene dangerous
and venomous. ‘They are the following, viz. :—

LATRODECTUS MALMIGNATUS (Walck).—8. Enlarged figure of do.

This spider is black, with ten blood-red spots, which are more
or less semilunar. It is common in some parts of the south of

Latrodectes malmignatus (slightly magnified).

1841 many dangerous accidents from its bite occurred, which —
directed attention to it. The enquiries consequently made esta-

blished beyond doubt its venomous properties.

The spider was
E

66 ARACHNOIDEA.

CASE seen to despatch any insects detained in its toils, though as large
as a locust or a cicada, by a bite, which was usually inflicted in
the joints between the armour of the head and neck. The insect,
if small, died instantaneously ; if larger, it appeared at first to
undergo something like a convulsion, which presently gave way
to a state of total prostration, rapidly terminating in death.

It may be the same species, or at any rate an allied one, that
is referred to by Kirby and Spence in their “ Introduction to
Entomology,” of which they say: According to Mr. Jackson, a
spider called there the Zendaraman is found in Morocco, which
has formidable but no doubt much exaggerated venomous powers.
It is about the size and colour of a hornet, and spins a web so fine
as to be almost invisible. Its bite is said to be so poisonous that
the person bitten survives but a few hours. In the cork forests
the sportsman, eager in his pursuit of game, is said frequently to —
cairy away on his garments this fatal insect. | |

The insect is black, with ten blood-red mostly crescent-shaped
marks on the abdomen. - | |

There is an allied species found in Corsica, where it also is
known by the same name, or at least a provincial modification of
it, viz, Marmignatto or Marmagnatto (Theridion tredecim-gutta-
tum). Although it does not there seem to be so formidable as in
Catalonia, its bite is said to cause much pain, even to man, and,
according to Rossi, induces serious symptoms, which require
sharp treatment, copious perspiration being one of the best cures.
Grasshoppers and locusts seem to be its favourite food, and it is
said to stretch long threads across the furrows in the fields to
entangle the feet of its more active prey. When it catchesa locust
it, like other spiders, secures the insect by spinning threads round its
limbs, when it inflicts a fatal wound at the junction of the head with
the neck. Assoonas the locust has received the bite, it is attacked
with a violent convulsion, and dies almost instantaneously.

This species is black, with thirteen round blood-red spots on
the abdomen. |

oy exe

LYCOSIDA. - 67

~~ Another species of Latrodectes, from the south of Russia, having
‘similar properties, has been described by Motschulsky, and he has
given it the name of Latrodectes lugubris. The same noxious

properties are found in. a species of the same genus, called the

Kalipo, that inhabits New Zealand. An account of the effects
of its bite, and of the remedies used against it, will be found in the
_ Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 18609.

‘THERIDION BENIGNUM (Walck.).

Another species of Theridion (called benignum from its being

so unusually benignant in disposition that husband and wife are

actually able to live together without eating each other up) is

‘interesting to man from an economic point of view. In the south
of Europe it is common in gardens, especially in autumn. Where

the grape vine is cultivated its webs are thought to be useful in
preserving the clusters of grapes from the attacks of other insects.
Its webs, though of slender texture, are very plentiful in some
places, so much so that almost every bunch of grapes has its
protecting network of web thrown over it. |

LYCOSID (Wolf Spiders).

The wolf spiders are a family of rather large spiders that take

their prey not by lying in ambush but by regular chase. The
most celebrated of them is the Lycosa Tarantula, which was

supposed to give rise to the disease Tarantismus or Tarantula
dance. It was named after the town of Tarentum in Italy, where
it is common, and where no doubt it occasionally bites people.
So far as actual scientific observation has gone, the result of the

ite appears either to be nothing at all, or to be limited to some
‘uneasiness or swelling. Kirby and Spence mention that Dr.

Cavitro submitted to be bitten by this animal, and no bad effects
ensued, and that the Count Deborch, a Polish nobleman, bribed a

man to undergo the same experiment, in whom the only result was

a swelling of the hand, attended by intolerable itching. The
E 2

68 ARACHNOIDEA.

CASE fellow’s sole remedy was a bottle of wine, which charmed away his
pain without the aid of
pipe or tabor. . That it
does this extent of injury
is probably the true ver-
sion of the tale, because
Count Motschulsky de- j
scribes another species, —
from the south of Russia,
to which similar offensive
properties are ascribed.
But such moderate an-
TL ycosa tarantula! chantiyescened)! noyance is by no means
the effect which in the
last century was popularly supposed to be produced by the bite
of this spider. The Tarantismus either affected anyone bitten by
throwing him into a profound and moody melancholy similar to
what is often to be seen in our lunatic asylums under the name
religious depression, or in frantic dancing and gesticulation, which
often terminated in convulsions. ‘The remedy was music, which
timed the dancing, and the curious thing was that it did not
seem necessary that each patient should be bitten by the
Tarantula—a Tarantula patient infected all that came near
him. ‘The consequence was that the disease ran through whole
districts and villages like an epidemic. There is no reason to
dispute that it did so, and that hundreds were affected at the same
time by this dancing disease, but the Tarantula had nothing to do
with it. It was one of those examples of the results of unnatural ex-
citement which in all countries, and especially under the influence
of religious impressions, has produced similar consequences. ‘The
dancing dervishes of India, the shakers of America, and individual
examples at religious revivals in our own country, probably all

suffer more or less from something allied to the Tarantula of Italy.

No. 4. LYCOSA TARANTULA (Zinz.)—4. Sketch of ditto, slightly magnified.

BRITISH SPIDERS. , 69

BRITISH SPIDERS.

In order to give some general idea of the different kinds of
spiders that inhabit Britain, we have next displayed a series of
examples and illustrations of the different families and most of the
genera of British spiders. The arrangement is that of the Rev.
O. P. Cambridge, published in the Linnean Society’s Transactions
1874, which seems in some respects an improvement upon that
adopted by Mr. Blackwall, our great British arachnologist, in his
important work, “The Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland,”
published by the Ray Society.

Family MYGALIDA,

Sub-Family THERAPHOSIDA.

ATYPUS SULZERI (Latr.),—See Case IV., No. 14.

Family DYSDERID.

The Dysderide, along with the genus Scytodes, which will
be found further on, are the only British spiders that have six
eyes, the rest all having eight, and they have consequently been
placed in a separate division by themselves, but they are
clearly nearly united to the genus Atypus, on the one hand,
and the Drasside on the other, which shows that too much
value must not be placed upon the number of eyes as
a character of natural affinity. The Dysderidz live in holes
in the ground and crevices in rocks and walls or in cells and
tubes of silk constructed under stones and take their prey by
hunting.

No. s. OONOPS PULCHER (Zemfil.).—5. Sketch of ditto, enlarged.

This is a minute fawn-coloured spider.

CASE
VI. «

Nos.
6, 7-

No. o.

No. 10.

Ome: ARACHNOIDEA.

DYSDERA CROCATA (Koch), D. rubicunda, 47.—6. Specimen from near
London; 7. Sketch of ditto, enlarged. ;
Rather a large reddish spider, about
half an inch in length, with a whitish
abdomen. |

HARPACTES HOMBERGI (Scog.), Dysdera |
Hombergi, 47.—8. Sketch enlarged.

A smaller species with black thorax,
fawn-coloured abdomen, banded legs,
black and pale, plentiful.

Found in the wooded districts of
Denbighshire, Carnarvonshire, Lanca-
shire and Yorkshire, living in crevices
in rocks and walls, and under lichens
growing on trees. -

Dysdera crocata (slightly magnified).

SEGESTRIA SENOCULATA (Li7z.).—9. Sketch of, natural size.

About the same size as Dysdera crocata, with a rich brown
thorax, and fawn-coloured legs and abdomen.

Family DRASSIDA.

The Drasside are rather. narrow spiders of moderate size,
which obtain their prey by hunting. They conceal themselves in
silken cells, often open at each end, which they construct under
or among the leaves of plants, in the crevices of rocks and walls
and under stones and decaying or exfoliating bark.

MICARIA PULICARIA (Suzd.), Drassus micans, G/.—10. Sketch, enlarged.

Some few spiders, more especially from tropical countries, are
as brightly polished and burnished with metallic colours as beetles
often are. This. one has a moderate share of such bulla on
the abdomen.

ey ‘ ;
BRITISH .SPIDERS. 7%

D. sericeus, B/,—11. Sketch, enlarged.

fe. BL. —12. Enlarged sketch,

a rather large brown species with ; a
Peik abdomen.

—13. Enlarged sketch.

Pale species, with a darker abdomen |
7 bearing a high longitudinal marking. Drassus sericeus = (very slightly
magnifie cd).

9.14. HECAERGE Macutata (/.).—14, Enlarged sketch,

_ Pale fawn- coloured ; thorax longitudinally striped, and abdomen
spotted with black.

Family DICTYN IDA,

g This family is a new one, proposed by Mr. ‘Cambridge, com-.
4 posed of the genera Eresus and Ergatis of Blackwall (Dictyna of
_ Sundeval). These genera do not in
all respects combine well together.
_Eresusis a hunting spider; Ergatis
a kind that spins aweb. There are
also material differences in the struc-
ture, and the family may probably
notstand. Blackwall places Eresus
among the Salticide and Ergatis
among the Ciniflonidee, a family that
Mr. Cambridge suppresses, and
distributes its members in other
families.

Eresus cinnabarinus (slightly magnified).

| s ERESUS CINNABARINUS (Oliv.).—15. Enlarged sketch. :
Above black, with a scarlet patch at the base of each side of-

CASE
VI.

Nos.
16, 17.

No 18.

72 7 ARACHNOIDEA.

the thorax; abdomen, bright scarlet above, with six black spots
on the scarlet abdomen, each of which is surrounded by a ring of
white hairs: below, all black except a white patch near the
posterior extremity.

DICTYNA ARUNDINACEA (Ergatis benigna, 4/.).—1€. Enlarged sketch ; 17.
Do., sketch of cocoons of do,

This is a dark-coloured spider, with a sort of herring-bone
pattern on the back of the abdomen. It spins an irregular web
at the ends of the twigs of heath and gorse, and the female con-
structs two or three lenticular white cocoons of a compact texture,
which she attaches to the stems surrounded by her web, envelop-
ing them with the refuse of her prey.

Family AGELENID/A.

Mr. Cambridge proposes some alterations on this family. He
removes the water-spider (Argyroneta aquatica) from the Drassidee
and places it here. Its aquatic habits had already suggested to
other authors to place it by itself—but there are species in other
families which take to the water in the same way as it does. He
includes with it the most of the Ciniflonidz of Blackwall and his
Agelenidz or house spiders (Tegenaria). They all spin webs, and
lie in ambush for their prey; but the fabric of the web is not the
same in all. In the Ciniflonidze it is peculiar, and they have a
special apparatus on the hind leg called a calamistrum, which is
used in the manufacture. On that account we hesitate as to the
propriety of absorbing the Ciniflonidz ; but on the other hand it
is to be acknowledged that the whole of the spiders composing
the group as adjusted by Mr. Cambridge have all the same
general type and facies.

ARGYRONETA AQUATICA (Zivz.).—18. Enlarged sketch.

About half an inch in length; thorax, dark reddish brown ;
abdomen, olive brown.

BRITISH SPIDERS. 73

interesting habits of this species are well known, and have
0 their being often kept as pets. Indeed a few years ago it
became so much a fashion that, like sea anemones during the
"rage for aquaria, they have become scarce, even in localities such
; as the ditches about Oxford or Cambridge, which are most adapted
for them, and where they were formérly plentiful, they having
been caught and sent up to London in quantities for sale by
_’ dealers in objects of Natural History.

2 They can live indifferently either on dry land or under water,
but practically they spend the greater portion of their time in the
Jatter. Their eggs are moored in
_ silken cocoons to the stems of
aquatic plants, under a dome-shaped
cell, which is filled with air like a
_ diving bell, by the spider carrying
down successive globules of air be-
tween its legs, which it liberates
‘under ‘the dome until it is filled,—
and the young are hatched there.
_ The spider on its way through the
water never gets wet. It is clothed
with hair, which, combined with its
respiratory organs, enable it to sur-
round itself with a halo or envelop-

Argyroneta aquatica, water spider,

ing bubble of air in which it moves female (shghtly magnified).
about protected from wet and well

supplied with air to breathe. It can be drowned for want of air,
however, as well as any other animal. Mr. Blackwall mentions
such a case. One of these creatures which had been got in
the fens of Cambridgeshire was given to a friend. On being
placed in a large goblet more than half filled with water, it
speedily formed its dome-shaped cell beneath the surface, attach-
ing it to the side of the glass by means of numerous silken lines,
and being well supplied with insects, it lived in this state of

ARACHNOIDEA.

From Messrs. Blackie and Son’s work ‘‘The Universe.”

Water spiders under the water.

BRITISH SPIDERS. — Ri oe

- entered the cell and remained there in a state of
7 with its head downwards. A gentleman on a visit at
se, whose curiosity to examine the spider minutely in its
aculum was greater than his prudence, inclined the glass
wich that the air escaped from the cell, the water flowed
and before information of the circumstance was given the
ant spider had perished. The spider feeds upon any insects
t can catch, whether water or land species ; and whether she gets
them on shore or not she generally carries them into her cell to
suck their juices there.

Aw UROBIUS FEROX (Walck.), Ciniflo ferox, B/.—19. Enlarged sketch.

| Pale brown; abdomen darker, with pale pattern on its
- ck,

. | The web of this species, and of three or four others, considered
by some a distinct family, under
the name of Ciniflonidz, is pecu-
liar. It escaped notice for long,
for it presents at first sight an
irregular, ‘ragged, and generally
a ‘dirty appearance, and might
e sily be passed by with little
otice, as an old or deserted
web. Mr. Blackwall pointed out,
owever, that even with the naked
ye ‘it can be seen to differ
greatly from the webs of other
| 2 ders, which—whether as in the
Theridide they are a mass of
fear distinict lines; or, as in the Ciniflo ferox (twice magnifiee).

| Agelenide, of a close even texture ; pt
ss in the Zfeiride, open nets, constructed on a regular plan—

76 ARACHNOIDEA.

CASE are all composed of simple threads ; (more correctly, of threads -

composed of many strands, which become entirely united), whereas
the web of the Czzzflo is a loose, irregular open net, formed of

Fabric of the web of the Ciniflonidz.

flocculous compound threads. ‘These are very beautiful under
the microscope. One straight line usually forms the foundation of
the compound thread, and this is accompanied by several lines of
extreme fineness, some of which are merely slack, while the rest
are curled and twisted in every direction, by the operation of the
spines forming the calamistrum.
When newly spun, these threads
have to the naked eye a bluish
colour, but being very apt to en-
tangle dust, the net is most fre-
quently found in a foul and dis-
coloured state. When handled, it
clings to the fingers with remark-
able tenacity. This is said to arise
from the structure, rather than from

any peculiar viscidity of the thread.
Cae cate. ‘The bluish colour of tie qwemmiacm

been already noticed, and viewed in
the microscope with the help of the parabolic condenser, the com-
pound thread appears to be enveloped in something like a bluish
cloud or vapour. Whatever this substance may be, (and it is so |
transparent as easily to escape observation under even the most

LO
SON ea

FEZ

———

i
}
|

BRITISH SPIDERS. Ty

Fawn-coloured ; about half an inch in size.
a : :
AGELENA LABYRINTHICA. (Clerck.)—21. Enlarged sketch.

_Agelena labyrinthica, female (slightly magnified).

Brown, with a paler herring-bone pattern on the back of the
abdomen.

_ The specific name of this species (labyrinthica) is probably
derived from the form of its web or nest. In autumn we often
see in hedges or heaths a rather considerable and thick mass of
eee strong compact spider’s web, from part of which a sort
f funnel or cylindrical tube runs downwards; the mouth opens
wide and extends outwards usually for some distance as a simple
‘single horizontal web, but gradually narrows at the inner end
-unti it ends in a tube or tunnel large enough to admit one’s
finger. This tube frequently opens into one or more tubular

78 - ARACHNOIDEA.

cae chambers. The walls also gradually get thicker until they look :|
like a complicated mass of irregular web running in every direc-_ |
tion. ‘This is the nest or web of an Agelena.

No. 22. TEGENARIA GUYONII ee ), Tegenaria domestica, B/,—22, Enlarged
sketch.

Not unlike the nreeecins but with larger legs.

Tegenaria guyonii (somewhat enlarged).

The Tegenariz are the spiders that spin their webs in the _
angles of walls, in outhouses and neglected rooms, and come
especially under the cognizance of the house-maid. From their |
position their web is usually a horizontal triangular sheet with
a short little tube or nest at the inner angle. With occasional
repairs it will last a considerable time. . |

Family SCVTODIDA,

The Scytodidee prefer warm countries. They are of moderate
size and have long legs, but are slow in their motions and feebly
armed. One or two females have been taken 1 in ‘Britain, but as
yet no males,

he ae

THORACICA (Latr.).—23, Enlarged sketch.
lowish. The abdomen is spotted with black.

Family PHOLCID.

1 -PHOLCUsS PHALANGIOIDES (Waélck.).—1. Enlarged sketch.

Easily recognised by its long body and very long legs. It is
of a pale colour, with irregular faint markings; the knee joints
are thick and dark. It forms a loose hanging web in the corners

Pholcus phalangioides (slightly enlarged).

of rooms, &c. Like many other spiders, the female carries about
with her the cocoon containing her eggs: it is of a slight texture,
and the eggs and young when newly hatched may be seen through
its walls. |

Family THERIDIIDA.

The species of this genus are distinguished by the abdomen
being large rounded or angular, and overhanging the thorax.
They form snares composed of fine threads crossing each other
in all directions, attached to the surrounding bushes or herbage,
and the general character of the snare is constant throughout the
family, however it may vary in individual species. Some of them
also form curious delicate tents for the protection of their cocoons
from the weather. To this family belongs the venomous species
Latrodectes malmignatus, &c., already described.

80 ARACHNOIDEA.

CASE THERIDION TEPIDARIORUM (Koch).—2. Enlarged sketch.
VII.

No. 2.

Theridion tepidariorum (magnified twice). #

Dark brown, with a paler abdomen mottled with dark brown
and black. : |

Not uncommon in conservatories in this country, but as it is
confined to them there is little
doubt that it is an exotic species
which has been imported. ‘The
colour is brown and black, with
a wavy marking. It makes one

of the curious tents for its cocoons
of which we have above spoken.

THERIDION RIPARIUM (JS/.). — 8.
Sketch of nest.

Reddish brown, with abdomen
variegated with black and white.

This is another species which .
fabricates a curious tent, or nest,
of which a figure is given. It is’
a slender conical tent of silk,
something like a flat cap, mea-
suring from one and a half to two |
and a half inches in Iength, and

Nest of Theridion tepidaviorum, Coniedfom about half an imei (@iaueemen

at its lower extremity. It is

ss BRITISH SPIDERS. 2

irregular snare. In the upper part of the tent the female spins
_ several minute globular cocoons of yellowish-white silk, of a slight
_ texture, containing each from twenty to sixty small spherical eggs,
of a pale yellowish-white colour. The young remain with the
mother for a long period after quitting the cocoons, and are
provided by her with food, which consists chiefly of ants.

THERIDION LINEATUM (Walck.).

Usually pale greenish or yel-
lowish white, tricked off with
delicate black lines; but it is
__ variable in colour, and in some

RR.) Qs
a cae 2 a DAN Sn Qe ii
individuals has a bright crimson S

oval or linear space on the abdo-
men. It provides for the safety
____ Of its cocoon (which is globular
and formed of blueish white or
greenish blue silk) by fastening
it to the surface of a leaf and
curling the edges of the leaf over Cocoon of Theridion Tineatum, (Copied from
it, as here shown.

THERIDION PALLENS (£/.).

A small pale-coloured species. The female has a brown irre-
gular semilunar mark enclosing white on the back of the abdo-
____ men; the male has a dark stripe down
the middle of the thorax, and a dark
brown irregular mark on the abdomen.

We notice this species for the sake
| —sof its cocoon, which may often be seen
in on the under side of leaves of shrubs

Cocoon of Theridion pallens, on part
of an oak leaf.

CASE
Wit.

82 ARACHNOIDEA.

and trees. It is white, of a close fine texture like plaster of
Paris, and is somewhat pear-shaped, with several little points
projecting from its surface.

Family LINYPHIIDz.

This family is included by Mr. Cambridge among the
Theridiidz, but in this instance we prefer to follow Mr. Black-
wall’s arrangement. ‘They are small insects, many of them black
or brown and others grey, and often the abdomen is more or
less barred with black. ‘They frequent foliage or overhanging
banks or other projections, and fabricate a fine horizontal
sheet of web, supported by its margin and threads like guy-ropes
stretching out in various directions, on the under side of which
they take their stand in an inverted position:

LINYPHIA MONTANA (Wailck.)—4. Enlarged figure.

A very common species. It constructs, in hedges and rank
herbage, a large horizontal web, which is connected with sur-
rounding objects, especially above by numerous fine lines, that not
only serve to support the web, but also to precipitate such insects
as strike against them, on to the horizontal sheet, where they are
quickly seized by the vigilant occupant.

WALCKENAERIA PRATENSIS (A/.),—5. En-
larged figure of male; 6. Enlarged figure
of female.

The genus Walckenaéria is composed,
with very few exceptions, of minute dark
brown or black glossy spiders, without
any pattern or variation of colour on
the body. They are the tiny creatures
that everyone must remember to have
come against in autumn, hanging by a
thread from door lintels or branches,

Walckenaéria pratensis, female

(magnified). when they become entangled in our

BRITISH SPIDERS. — 83

» hair or garments, and are rather difficult to be brushed away from
the adhesiveness of the thread by which they hang.

There is another genus named Neriene, that comes next to
this, and is similar to it in appearance, and has similar habits—
also one named Pachygnatha, which is of a brighter colour (red-
dish-fawn), and is distinguished by having very thick diverging
mandibles.

Family EPEIRID-.

Facsimile of web of Epeira diademata.

The Epeiride are the hump-backed, globose looking spiders that
are usually found in gardens, often watching in the centre of a
radiating geometrical web placed vertically. -Many of them are
very beautifully marked on the back of the abdomen. ‘Their web
differs from that spun by any other spider. The thread consists of
an elastic spiral line, thickly studded with minute globules of
liquid gum, whose course is crossed by radii converging to a
common centre, which is immediately surrounded by several
F 2

CASE
VI

No, 7.

No. 8.

84 ARACHNOIDEA.

circumvolutions of a short spiral line devoid of viscid globules,
forming a station from which the toils may be superintended by
their owner without the inconvenience of being entangled in
them. ‘The spiral thread is also peculiar. It presents the appear-

Threads of web of Epeira.

ance of a string of glittering beads, sometimes uniform in size, and
sometimes of different dimensions. These glittering beads are
globules of gummy matter, which does not harden on exposure to
the air, as that of which the other threads are composed does.
The nets are renewed either wholly, or at least their concentric
circles, every twenty-four hours, even when not apparently injured.

EPEIRA QUADRATA (Wailck.).—T. Enlarged figure of ditto.

This is a large and handsome species. The colour of the
abdomen varies, in different individuals, from sage-green, through
orange yellow, to dark brown with white marking. It is not
uncommon in some of the uncultivated districts of England
and Wales. It spins a yellow cocoon for its eggs, which looks
very soft and flossy, from being formed by a succession of loops,
exactly on the same principle as that adopted by ladies for making
a similar texture in their silk or worsted work.

EPEIRA ARBUSTORUM (Koch), Bicornis (Waick.), Bl.—8. Enlarged figure of
ditto.
A rare species, remarkable by its having two humps on its
back. . The thorax and back of the abdomen is brown, the rest
green.

BRITISH SPIDERS. 8s

se EPEIRA DIADEMATA (Clerck), Diadema, 47.—9. Enlarged figure of ditto.

_ This is the species known as the “ garden spider.” In France
it is the “* Porte-croix” or ‘‘ Croix de St. Denis.”

It is common in our gardens in September. The cocoon is
formed in October, and is about 2 in. in diameter, of a roundish
shape and yellow colour, and contains a
flattened mass of eggs. When the eggs
are newly hatched, which takes place in
spring, it is said that the following curious
sight may be seen. ‘The little spiders,
almost as soon as they leave the egg, spin

a small irregular mass of almost invisible

lines, in the middle of which they cluster BR aoe ne
together, forming themselves into a little

ball about the size of a cherry stone. This hangs apparently in
mid-air, and if an observer, approaching it to discover its nature,
touches some one of the slender lines by which it is suspended, or
some twig near enough to communicate the motion to them, in
an instant some six or eight hundred living atoms begin to dis-
perse—the solid little ball seeming for a moment to be turning into
smoke, so minute are the animals, so rapid their motions, and so
invisible the means of their dispersion. After a few seconds, if
the disturbance be not repeated, the little creatures begin to sub-
side again into a cluster, but this is not at once restored to its
former small size ; and, indeed, it is easy to understand that up-
wards of six thousand legs, however small, must require some
time in the packing, not to mention six or eight hundred pairs of
poison fangs, which perhaps, even at this early age, may exact
due observance on behalf of their respective owners.

This spider has, like some others, a habit of quivering rapidly
in its web. It has, also, a mode of disabling a victim, by twirling
it, and at the same time winding threads around it, till it is
entirely swathed in a strong silken covering. By this means large
and strong insects are reduced to a meekness of demeanour which

CASE
VII.

No. ro.

86 ARACHNOIDEA.

enables their host to keep them alive in the web, and so secure
himself a supply of fresh provision.

Family ULOBORID/E.

This section has been proposed by Mr. Cambridge for two
genera, which it is difficult to arrange elsewhere, Uloborus (Veleda —
of Blackwall) and Hyptiotes.

ULOBORUS WALCKENRIUS (Za¢r.), Veleda lineata, G/.—10. Enlarged sketch
of ditto.

A small fawn-coloured species marked with longitudinal lines
on the abdomen. The length of the female is 4 of an inch. It
is very rare in England. It is said to form a web like the
Epeiridee.

Family THOMISID/Z.

This is the most crab-like family of British spiders. Like many
crabs, the body is short, broad, depressed, and angular, and their
two anterior pairs of legs are long and powerful, while the two
posterior pairs are generally small and feeble, and the whole are
so constructed that the spider moves backwards, forwards, or side-
ways, with equal ease. ‘They live by hunting, and some run with
extraordinary celerity ; others are more tardy, and lie in ambush in
holes and crevices, to spring upon any prey that may come within
their reach. They are generally pale with darker markings and
waving black Jines round the margin of the abdomen.

XYSTICUS CRISTATUS (C/erck).

Pale, with a dark stripe on each side of the thorax, and a zig-
zag border on the abdomen. :

This is a very common and variable species, found on the
ground and in old pastures. One of its habits is that of rising
in the air by the help of fine silken threads spun by it, and
which, being carried upwards and onwards by currents in the air,

Bk PISE SPIDERS. 87

: ise the spider, and enable it to float to considerable distances.
These threads must not be confounded with gossamer, which is >
e “composed of numerous lines or webs, brought together by gentle
currents of air, and adhering by the viscid properties of the web.
There is nothing remarkable in this; but the circumstance that

Xysticus cristatus (twice magnified), : Xysticus audax (twice magnified),

excites our surprise is the vast quantity of gossamer that may be
seen ON a warm misty morning in autumn, covering every bush
and tuft of grass for miles. It is only in autumn that it occurs,
when the young broods of spiders are in full numbers, and. it
shows not only their great numbers but the rapidity of their
manufacture. This, however, we already knew, for it is matter
of common observation that a large web of the garden spider
may be swept away and replaced in a few hours. In fact, there is
not anything more industrious in the matter than in the Great
Eastern ploughing its way through the ocean, and paying out a
deep-sea cable as she goes. The whole industry of the spider
consists in its walking from one point of attachment of the web
to another, no doubt guiding the line with her claws as she goes,
and of course to make a large geometrical web there must be a
good deal of walking ; but there is no industry in spinning the
web. It is manufactured and payed out by nature as fast as it is
wanted.

88 , ARACHNOIDEA.

CASE XysTIcuUs PINI (Hahn), Thomisus audax, B/,—11. Enlarged sketch of ditto.
Vil.

No.rr. Similar in appearance to the last. \

No. 12. THomisus onuSTUS (Waick.), Th. abbreviatus, Bi,—12. Enlarged sketch of
ditto.

A yellow species with the ab-
domen so much turned down as —
to appear abruptly truncate.

D12@A DORSATA (fad.), Thomisus flori-
colens, B/.—18. Enlarged figure
of ditto. '

Found in chalk and limestone
districts; the male and female
differ much in appearance. ‘The
female has the cephalo-thorax

Thomisus abbreviatus (slightly magnified). and legs green, the abdomen

yellowish, with a large brown

mark on the back. The male is slenderer, has the cephalo-thorax

red, and the abdomen yellowish, with oblique brownish bars.
The legs are reddish and green.

No. 14. PHILODROMUS MARGARITATUS (Clerck), Ph. pallidus, 4/7,—14. Enlarged
figures.

Rather a large species (more than } of an inch in length), pale
greenish olive, barred a little with brown, and with pale brownish
legs mottled with light brown.

Nos. MICROMMATA VIRESCENS (Clerck), Sparassus smaragdulus, B/,—15. Enlarged
25; 26. figure of male. 16. Ditto of female.

The female and young male of this spider are entirely green, but
the full grown male has the abdomen with a broad yellow longi-
tudinal stripe down the upper side, bordered by two bright red
lines, and a bright red angular pointed one in the middle. Like
its congeners, it is a hunting spider, and is very rapid in its

my BRITISH SPIDERS. 89

d large, but slight in texture, by rolling together two or three
es, and tying them together by threads.

Family LYCOSID.

G
ont,

large. They construct no snares, but lead a vagabond and
j hunter's life. ‘The cocoon is peculiar, like two flat cups or
saucers joined together, which give way at the suture, and allow

of the escape of the young, which hang about the body of the
mother for about a fortnight, being dependent on her for food
until they are able to provide it for themselves. ‘There are two

broods in the course of the year.

a. DOLOMEDEs FIMBRIATUS (Clerck).—17. Enlarged figure.

Dolomedes fimbriatus (slightly magnified).

spider from its habits. It is one of the largest British spiders, is
of a brown colour, with a broad orange band encircling the upper

go ARACHNOIDEA.

surface of the thorax and abdomen. A double row of small
white spots are ranged longitudinally on the back of the abdomen,
and the legs are pale red. It is only to be found in fenny or
marshy places, and its best known habitat is the fens of Cam-
bridgeshire, where its remarkable habits have long been known,
Mr. Wood, in his “ Homes without Hands,” gives the following :
Not content with chasing insects on land, it follows them to the
water, on the surface of which it runs freely. It needs, however,
a resting place, and forms one by getting together a quantity of
dry leaves and similar substances, which it gathers into a rough
ball and fastens with a silken thread. On this ball the spider
sits, and allows itself to be blown about the water by the
wind. Apparently, it has no means of directing its course, but
suffers its raft to traverse the surface as the wind or current
may Carry it.

There is no lack of prey, for aquatic insects are constantly
coming up to breathe the air, and although they may only remain
on the surface for a second or two, the spider can seize them
before they gain the safe refuge of the deeper water. Then
there are insects, such as the gnat, which attain their wings on the
surface of the water, and can be taken by the spider before they
have gained strength for flight. Also there are insects which
habitually traverse the water in search of prey, and which are
themselves seized by the more powerful and equally voracious.
More than this, moths, flies, beetles, and other insects, are con-
tinually falling into the water, and these afford the easiest prey to
the raft spider, who pounces upon them as they vainly struggle to
regain the air, and then carries them back to its raft, there to
devour them in peace. The spider does not merely sit upon the
raft, and there capture any prey that may happen to come within
reach, but when it sees an insect upon the surface, it leaves the
raft, runs swiftly over the water, secures its prey, and brings it
back to the raft. It can even descend below the surface of the
water, and will often crawl several inches in depth. This feat it

BRITISH SPIDERS. gt

often the means of saving its life ; for, when it sees an
'y approaching, it quietly slips under the raft, and there lies
rfect security until the danger has passed away. There
i in the same localities a closely-allied species, the
e Spider (Lycosa piratica), which has similar habits, chasing
rey on the water, and descending as well below the sur-
It does not, however, possess the habit of making a

It carries its cocoon about with it, like other spiders,

" od 2

ROCHOSA CINEREA (fadé.), Lycosa allodroma, 4/.—18. Enlarged figure.

A rather large grey and white species. It has been found in |

Family SPHASID/L.

A separate family has been made for a single transition-
cies Oxyopes lineatus, which unites three groups, the Lyco-
the Thomiside, and the Salticide. It has the principal
cters of the first, the appearance of some of the second
(- ae and the habits of the third, of leaping bik,
on its S prey.

OXYOPES LINEATUS (Za¢r.), Sphasus lineatus, B/,—19,. Enlarged figure.

It is light brown, with pale markings on the back, and black
spots on the legs.

% Family SALTICIDAL.

‘This family derives its name from its habit of leaping on its
pr ; (Saltus, a leap). They run with great velocity, and move
sideways with ease. They are easily recognised by their oblong

CASE
Vil.

’ No. 20.

No. 21.

No. 22

No. 23.

92 ARACHNOIDEA.

form, the cephalo-thorax being massive, truncated in front with
parallel sides, and large in proportion to the abdomen. Mr.
Blackwall keeps the whole of the family in one genus, but other
authors have sub-divided it into several genera, of which it will be
sufficient to notice the more remarkable.

EPIBLEMUM SCENICUM (Clerck), Salticus scenicus, 47.—20. Enlarged figure.

This is the type of the family. A grey
species with transverse oblique whitish
bars on the back and legs, very common.
When it springs upon its victims, it, by
the act of leaping, draws from the spinners
a line attached by its extremity to the
station whence it took its spring; an ar-
rangement which has been supposed to be
a precaution against falling should it miss
its alm.

Epiblemum scenicum
(magnified twice).

HELIOPHANES CUPREUS (Walck.), Salticus cupreus, 4/.—21. Enlarged
figure.
Easily distinguished by its colouring and markings. The
cephalo-thorax is dark brown and green with white markings
behind ; the abdomen dark green with a white margin in front,

and four short transverse white lines on the back. Not common ;
found in Wales.

BALLUS DEPRESSUS (Walck.), Salticus obscurus, B/,—22. Enlarged figure.

A minute dark brown species; very scarce.

SALTICUS FORMICARIUS (Za/r.).—28. Enlarged figure.

Also very rare. It is remarkable from its great resemblance to |
an ant ; a character possessed by several exotic species.

ited like the ee nor pedunculated (that is, joined to
the body by a narrow point of attachment) like the spiders. It is
always in one piece, and united without any well-marked groove
of separation to the last of the segments that bears the legs.

_ Asa tule all mites have eight legs when mature, some indeed
have their posterior legs atrophied and apparently absent, but
traces of them can always be discovered, or their absence is an
exceptional peculiarity. In their earlier stage they all have six.
This statement may be made with confidence, for numerous
- species in every section and in almost every genus have been
reared or observed, and in every instance the young were hexa-
pod. ‘The only apparent exception is the Phytopti, which in all
stages appear to have only four, the two hinder limbs being ab-
“sent ; but, as we shall hereafter show, even this is in all proba-
bility only an apparent exception, not a real one.

_ The following is the arrangement which we propose for this
order. It is very nearly the same as that generally adopted by
naturalists, some few modifications, which recent researches seem

_ to have rendered necessary, only having been made.
eee
1, TromsBiIDIIN&, containing— 8, ACARID :—

1. TETRANYCHI, spinning mites, I. HYPODERID#, subcutaneous
2. TROMBIDIIDA, harvest mites. mites.
_ 2, BDELLID&, snouted harvest mites. 2. HypoprD&, ichneumon mites.
_ 8. HypRACHNIDA&, water mites. 3. TYROGLYPHID&, cheese mites.
: 4 GAMASIDA&, insect mite-parasites. 4. SARCOPTID&, itch and louse
_ 5, IxopIpa&, ticks. mites.
j 6. HALACARID&, marine mites. 5. PHYTOPTIDA, gall mites.

7. ORIBATIDA, beetle mites.

We shall not go into any minute scientific description of the
_ characters of these different mites; but they have hitherto been
so little studied in this country that we feel sure we shall

J
i

CASE
VIII.

94 ARACHNOIDEA.

render an acceptable service to naturalists by giving a general 4
resumé of the state of our knowledge regarding them in more
detail than we shall do for any of the other orders of insects. We
shall first offer a few hints which may be useful in assisting the
reader, in a general way, to determine the place or genus of aay
species he may have in hand.

In the first place, the locality where they are form will be a
great assistance.

The first section of the Trombidiinze or spinning mites belong
to the genus Tetranychus, or red spider of gardeners. ‘These are
found on plants, and are readily distinguished from their con-
geners by their very minute size, and by being semi-transparent ;
some species have little colour, and, to one unacquainted with
them, might seem not unlike the cheese mites, but the form of
their palpi and other characters, which will be found noticed as
we go along, at once distinguish them from that group. a

The Trombidiide, or harvest mites, are distinguished by their
brilliant colouring, which is generally scarlet or some modification
of red. Some, however, are marked with black or brown. They
are usually found on the ground or under stones.

The Bdellidz, or snouted harvest mites, have the same character
of colouring, but are distinguished, among other things, by their
mouth being protruded like a snout, and usually narrowed behind
the palpi, giving them the appearance of having a head and neck,
and still more by their palpi being bent at right angles in their
midst like those of many weevils.

The Hydrachnidee are merely Trombidiidz converted into ae
mites, and adapted for their different spheres of life. ‘They have
the same general arrangements of structure, and retain the brilliancy
of their colouring ; some being as bright scarlet as the harvest
mites, and others having a distribution of colouring still more
startling.

The Gamasidee are, for the most part, parasitic, chiefly on in-
sects, but some on other animals, or ranging about free. They

SPINNING MITES. 95

some peculiarity on their second pair of legs, such as
being much enlarged or provided with hooks, &c.

_ The Ticks, or Ixodide, are at once known by their jer any
abdomen, by having a sort of shield on the back, immediately
behind the head, and by their fastening on warm-blooded animals
a and sucking their blood, for which they have a specialized mouth-
a

_ The Halacaridz are marine, and the Oribatidze have a chitonous
_ skin, like beetles.

__ The Acaridze are semi-transparent, and nearly colourless. The
cheese mite section may be distinguished by having the skin smooth,
and the tarsi usually terminated by a single claw with or without
a sucker, which when present is not conspicuous. In the Sarcop-
tides the sucker is conspicuously the chief organ of locomotion,
and the skin is always covered with more or less transverse lines
or wrinkles. The Phytoptidz also have the skin wrinkled, but
only four legs, the two posterior pairs being replaced by bristles.
They are excessively minute, and only found in buds or leaf-galls.

Family TROMBIDIIN.
Besides the general aspect and habits which we have already
noticed, this group is to be distinguished by its palpi, which have

2)
4
Palpi of Trombidium fuliginosum, Typical palpus of Trombidium. Copied
from Dugés.

generally the second joint longest, and the last bearing an append-
age which with it serves to act as finger and thumb ; sometimes it
is like a claw, and at others is diminished to a hair, but is almost |
always present in some form, and usually easily enough dis-
tinguishable. It is however not absolutely confined to this family,
_ similar appendages sometimes reappearing in the Gamaside.

CASE
VIII.

96 ARACHNOIDEA.

The types of this group are the red spider of our hot-houses,
and the harvest mites of our fields. These form two distinct
sections ; the former consisting only of vegetable feeders, while
there is little doubt that the latter are predacious and carnivorous.
One would naturally expect from this that they should be easily
distinguished from each other, and so for the most part they are, so
far as general facies goes, the former being very minute semi-
transparent, and not what is called very loud in their colours:
white, pale yellow, pale orange, pale flesh colour, pale rust-
coloured, or pale red ; while the harvest mites are larger, velvety,
and opaque, rarely semi-transparent, and of the most brilliant and
decided colours, generally some shade of scarlet, vermilion, or

red lead, varied sometimes with black.

Some species have seven joints in the leg, others only six; and
Koch has used that as a distinctive character for separating a
portion of the family-from the rest. All have two claws to their
tarsi; but the Tetranychi have them short, rigid, close together,

Claw of Tetranychus prunicolor. Copied from Dugés. Claw of Trombidium holosericeum.

so as to look like a single claw, and much curved; the others
not so much so. The woodcuts show the forms of these claws.
The eyes have been used as a character, but they seem to have
no more than specific value. The comparative length of the palpi
and legs, as well as that of their different joints, has been more

relied on, but this too fails to keep obviously allied species
together.

SPINNING MITES. 97

on IL—TETRANYVCHID (SPINNING MITES).

Genus TETRaNnycuus (Dufour).
Legs with seven joints.

This genus shows a special affinity with its allies
the spiders, some of the species at least being
endowed like them with the power of spinning a
web, for which purpose the claws of the feet are
specially adapted,
‘being very short and
much curved, and
provided with long
stiff hairs, some of
which have globular

Bi: Tarsus of Tetranychus terminations, and are Mouth and palpi, and one mandible of

Bb telari''s, Copied from Tetranychus telarius. Copied froim
Claparéde. th ou ght to b Qnaneet Claparéde.

essential part of the spinning apparatus. The mouth has a

_ barbed sucking apparatus, and the palpi are chelate.
TETRANYCHUS TELARIUS (Zizz.). The red spider. 1. Magnified sketch of

larvee (with six feet). 2. Ditto of perfect male (with $ feet). 38, Ditto:
of perfect female.

Tetrinychus telarius ; young state. Tetranychus telarius, perfect insect, male.
Copied from Claparéde. Copied from Claparede.

98 ARACHNOIDEA

This species has been found on a great variety of plants, and
from its form and manners, it was supposed to be the same on
all of them long before this had been
proved by breeding them—a conclusion
which could not have been arrived at had
reliance been placed upon their colour,
for some are greenish, and marked only
with brown specks on the sides, but
variable, and evidently dependent on the
alimentary matter within them; others
are rust-coloured, or reddish, or brick-red,

and that is the colour with which horticul-

Tetranychus telarius (female).

eee Re ce turists are most familiar. Upon the holly-

hock Dugés found at the same time individuals presenting almost
all shades of colour, a circumstance probably connected with some.
peculiarity in the nutrition derived from that plant. On the vine,
Dr. Johnston found the colour to vary in intensity in different
individuals. So far as our own observation goes, the rusty colour
is an indication of greater maturity than the green. This, and most,
if not all the species of the genus, spins a web on the back of the
leaves of the finest and most delicate texture. The threads of its
web are secreted from a conical nipple situated underneath, and
very near the extremity of the abdomen. ‘They are drawn out
and guided by the motions of the insect, and by the action of the
minute claws and hairs of the legs, which seem to be only used
for this purpose. The threads are so slender that we fail to see
them, even with the assistance of a magnifier, until after they are
woven into a web, or network. In the construction of this web,
all the feet are moved with great agility; but the movements of
the mite itself are not quick, and it moves with difficulty over
smooth and polished surfaces, as over glass. Upon leaves, espe-
cially on the under side of them, it finds a fitter hold, for, sup-
ported on the bristles that jut out beyond the claw, it spins its
web, affixing the threads to the prominences and hairs of the

SPINNING MITES. 99

oo | in its ae yellow hue: the sap is sucked by
“myriad insect mouths from the vessels of the leaf, its pores are
"choked by excremental fluids, and the gardener mourns the inefil-
_ cacy of his remedies and the loss of his cherished flowers. The
mode i in which they feed is by eating their way into the leaf with
% ‘their nipping mandibles (shewn in the woodcut), and then plung-
__ ing in its barbed sucker and sucking the juice.

The egg of this mite is spherical, colourless, and proportionably
4 large. The larva which comes from it is minute, transparent, and
in shape not unlike the parent; but it has six legs only, and
_ creeps very slowly. M. Dugés says that it undoubtedly passes
_ through the immovable nymph or pupa state before the full com-
plement of legs is acquired. M. Dugés believes that these mites
pass the winter under stones, concealing themselves there when
_ the infested leaves have fallen. In a garden near Paris he found
_ several individuals thus concealed in the month of October ; they
_ were of a uniform brick-red colour, and had lost as yet none of
_ their agility, nor of their spinning power; and on them he ob-
_ served most distinctly the secreting papilla of the thread.

The leaves which are attacked have a languishing air ; they are
_ yellowish or greyish above, with some patches of a lighter shade,
_ forming a kind of marbling; their edges are slightly folded back,
and as if they were slightly rolled on the under side; the lower
side is whitish and slightly shiny.

If in that state we examine with the microscope the under side

of a leaf, we find hundreds of individuals of all ages, as well as
the eggs, pasted to the warped stuff on the leaf.
_ The remedies that have been found by our horticulturists most
effectual against such enemies as the red spider are various pre-
parations of soap, sulphur, and quassia water; sulphur being the
active principle and most efficient agent. Gishurst Compound,
G2

CASE
VIII.

100 ARACHNOIDEA.

Veitch’s Chelsea Blight Composition, Frettingham’s Liquid Com-
pound, are all good. Sulphur, in any form, seems potent. Laying
flour of sulphur upon the pipes in the greenhouse or hothouse is
much recommended. It has been used with very decided success
also against the growth of microscopic fungi, as in the case of the
Oidium Tuckeri (vine fungus). Mixed with soap, as is done in
Gishurst Compound, and applied to the leaves by the syringe, it
is also very useful. Even plain soap and water is said to be an
effectual remedy if it reaches the insect. A quarter of a pound of
soft soap whisked until it has become dissolved, is to be applied
with the syringe so as thoroughly to wet the leaves ; but in water-
ing and bathing the leaves, we must remember that if we content
ourselves with watering the upper side of the leaves we have done
nothing, because the mites remain very quiet during the opera-

tion and in perfect security on the lower side. It is necessary, to

secure success, to use a bent syringe to send the water upwards,
and to wet the under side of the leaves well with the decoction used.
The gardener is assisted in his war against them by other mites
and insects, that help to keep them in check by preying on them.
The grub, or larva, of the Hemerobiidze, or lace-wing flies (the
same which prey on the Aphides), devour them in such numbers
and so fast that entire colonies quickly disappear before them.

TETRANYCHUS TELARIUS Var.; CINNABARINUS (Borsd.), Ent. Hort., p. 88.

We can see nothing in the following account of this species,

which is from the pen of M. Boisduval, to distinguish it from the ~

red spider, Tetranychus telarius :—

“Tt was in the warm greenhouses of M. Savage that we
became acquainted with this acarus on the tufts of Draceena
australis. ‘Thanks to that able horticulturist we have been able
to observe it from the egg stage to that of the perfect insect.
When it hatches it is then green or a yellowish green ; later it is
variegated with black and green; after its last change of skin, it
becomes a beautiful aurora red in colour. It is a little larger

SPINNING MITES. vehr

SE than that of the camellia ; it carpets the under side of the leaves
of the Draczena with threads of silk, on which it walks like a
| - spider. _ It does a great deal of harm to the leaves that it sucks,
_ stopping their vegetation and causing them to become diseased.
It is not difficult to destroy them ; to do so it is sufficient to place
_ the plants attacked by this vermin in a cold house during two or
three days. M. Savage brought us a Draczena australis on which
these parasites could be counted by hundreds. It had scarcely
remained twenty-four hours in our cabinet, when all had disap-
peared ; the change of temperature had completely killed them.”
The only specific character here given is the colour, which, as we
have already said, varies much in the red spider.
The following for the same reasons does not appear any better
entitled to rank as a separate species.

TETRANYCHUS TELARIUS Var.; HAEMATODES (Boisd.), Ent. Hort., p. 88.

M. Boisduval says that this little parasite was observed by
M. Riviére on the leaves of the red variety of the Ricinus
(Ricinus communis), frequently cultivated now-a-days in the
squares and gardens of Paris.

It is rounded oval, of a deep blood red; it spins under the
leaves, between the divisions of the first nervures, a slack tissue
like little spiders’ webs. It is very small, and only visible with a
strong magnifying glass. M. Boisduval suggests that his hzema-
todes approaches a good deal to the Raphignathus ruberrimus,
which Dugés discovered under stones, and which he described as a
new species ; but there is nothing in his description that supports
this except the colour, and that may depend on the food-plant.

TETRANYCHUS TELARIUS Var.; TINI (Boisd.), Ent. Hort., p. 91.

The laurustinus, which grows naturally in the south of France, »
and those which are cultivated in the gardens of Paris, are
subject to a kind of grise, as it is called, occasioned by a little red-
dish mite, which multiplies in a prodigious way on the under side

CASE
VIIl

102 ARACHNOIDEA.

of their leaves. M. Boisduval calls it Acarus tini, but we see

nothing in his description to distinguish it from telarius.

M. Boisduval, in his “ Entomologie Horticole,” also mentions,
without much description, a number of other Acari, which he
thinks have probably been erroneously confounded with telarius,
but which from their different forms and habitat he regards as
distinct. The above, in our opinion, do not differ from that
species. Others we have allotted elsewhere. As to the following
we are in doubt, although it seems not improbable that they too,
or at least some of them, may be merely varieties of T. telarius.

TETRANYCHUS CUCUMERIS (Zorsd.), Ent. Hort., p. 84.

This mite lives on the cucumber and the gherkin ; it is more
globular than telarius, a little smaller, of a uniform shade. In some
years it is common enough in the kitchen garden. When the Cucur-
bitaceze are attacked by the grise, the best plan is to take out the
sick plants. We must not confound the grise with a species of Myce-
lium, a kind of Erysiphe, which forms milky white spots on the leaves.

TETRANYCHUS ROSARUM (ZSoisd.), Ent. Hort., p. 84.

This, according to Boisduval, is more elongated than the pre-
ceding ones, and is of a very pale green colour, almost trans-
parent ; it lives under the leaves of certain varieties of rose trees,
and is found sometimes alone, and sometimes together with
another little red mite which he designates under the name of
Acarus puccinize. 3

He says that he never met with these two Acarids but on
diseased leaves, of which the lower surface was covered by the
Uredo roses and the Puccinia rosze growing pell mell one beside
the other. They seemed to be living at the expense of these two
hypophyllous fungi. The rose leaves invaded by these two vege-
table parasites are underneath of a yellow-ochre colour besprinkled
with large brown dots; on the upper side variegated with spots
and marblings of different colours, in which we may sometimes
see the little larvee of a tenthredo eating the parenchyma.

SPINNING MITES. 103

RANYCHUS FERRUGINEUS (Bo7sd.), Ent. Hort., p. 90.

_ This mite lives in greenhouses on the Cyclamen Coum and

ey persicum, and often makes great ravages. It pricks the leaves

underneath, beginning at the base of the petioles. When these
are attacked by the little insect they take a violaceous or reddish
hue above ; their vegetation is stopped, they fade and fall. In
examining them with the glass, the underside is seen to be
covered with small blackish dots caused by the prickings of this
microscopic parasite. It is excessively small, of a more or less
dark ferruginous red. When the cyclamen begins to be attacked,
which can be seen at the first glance, the only remedy, according
to M. Boisduval, is to lift the pots and burn the tubers in order to
prevent these little beings spreading over the neighbouring plants.
Flower of sulphur has been tried as a remedy with little success.

TETRANYCHUS RUSSULUS (Boisd.), Ent. Hort., p. 89.

This is a little mite mentioned by M. Boisduval, which he thinks
has probably been imported from Mexico, or from some other
country of Central America. It is only found on cacti, particu-
larly on the mamillaria, the echinocactus and neighbouring kinds,
and is known to amateurs of succulent plants under the name of
rouget. It is ferruginous red and almost microscopic, and does
much damage to the plants on which it establishes itself, and if
remedies are not promptly applied, it soon destroys them.

Fumigations of tobacco, or powdering the plants with it, have
been used in such cases with success.

TETRANYCHUS VITIS (Loisd.), Ent. Hort., p. 92.

M. Boisduval gives the following description of this species :—
“When towards the end of summer we see the leaves of the
vine marbled above with broad yellow blotches, it is often the
indication of the presence of a very small parasite, which lives in
family on its under side. On examining such a leaf with a very
powerful lens, we see at first that it is carpeted with a rather loose

CASE
VIII.

No. 4.

104 ARACHNOIDEA.

silken tissue like very small spiders’ webs, in the midst of which
we can see numerous Acarids of very small size moving about.
They are greenish yellow, transparent, a half smaller than the
Tetranychus telarius, to which they bear some resemblance.
We have not found this minute insect mentioned in any of the
authors that we have consulted. Can they have confounded it
with that which produces the ‘grise’ (the red spider, T. telarius) ?
It is extremely unlikely, because the red spider clothes the under
side of the leaves with a close tissue which adheres very closely,
while this species spins a very loose web like that of a spider.
For gardeners this malady is a species of ‘grise.? As it only
appears towards the end of summer, it
does not do much harm to the ripening
of the grape or to the vine itself.”

TETRANYCHUS LINTEARIUS (Duff, Ann. Sc.
Nat. 1832). Acarus coccineus, Schrank and
Lois%., Ent. Hist., p. 87? 4. Magnified sketch
of ditto.

M. Dufour was the first who observed
this species. He lived in the suburbs of
St. Sever, and in the course of his rural
excursions, his attention was often drawn.

to clumps of gorse ( Ulex Europeus) some
Tetranychys Anteanus(copied from feet in diameter, which he ftoumesemme
loped completely in a spider’s web of

milky or opaline white, which was visible from a distance. He
describes it as being exactly as if a web of fine muslin had clothed
this thorny shrub in every direction, and penetrated by adherent
folds into the space between the branches. In spite of repeated
poring over these tufts to discover the artificers of this delicate
tissue, they eluded his researches for a long time. He sometimes
met here and there upon them various spiders, such as Epeire,
Linyphize, Ulobore, and Dolomedes ; but he was too familiar with
the works and the kind of life of these Araneides to allow himself

SPINNING ALITES. - 105

to suppose that it was produced by them, and he remained thus
several years without being able to resolve this entomological pro-

- blem. At length, during the autumn of 1830, which was remark-

able for the long continuance of fine weather, these white webs
being still more numerous than usual, he again took his place of ob-
server. He then perceived upon this web a kind of red dust, some-
times disseminated, sometimes gathered together, or agglomerated.
He at first took this for inert or excremental molecules. But the
magnifying glass came happily to dissipate this illusion, and crown
his wishes, for it showed him that these red dots were living.
The extreme abundance of these animalcules, for there were
thousands of them, made him presume that they were the makers
of the tissue which supported them, and his presumption was soon
changed into certainty. He shut up in cornets of paper crowds
of these little Arachnides, in order to examine them in the silence
of the study by the aid of the microscope. Scarcely had he
placed them in a little glass bottle, than they began to separate,
to scatter, to examine their new habitation, and at the end of two
hours, there were already some hundreds of these workers estab-
lished on a web, and working under his eyes with ardour. Some
were placed under the web in such a way as to present the under
side of the body to the observer, others were above it; some
went down, some came up; he often saw them cross each other
obliquely, but far from running against each other, from entangling
themselves, they mutually yielded the way, so that no gap, no
fault in the fabrication of the web resulted.

He found that the tissue fabricated by these myriads of pigmy
weavers was not a net or thread, but a fine and well-joined web.
The threads of this are a little oblique to the horizon, and cross
at very pointed angles. When their cloth is finished, they keep
themselves generally under it, as if to put themselves in shelter —
from the direct influence of surrounding bodies. He satisfied
himself that the thread which they emit comes from underneath
the abdomen, and probably from imperceptible papille. But he

CASE
VIII.

106 ARACHNOIDEA.

was not able, owing to the diminutive size of these Acarides, to
establish the fact of their existence by direct observation. He
could not ascertain what they fed on; but their great numbers
indicate that they, like their congeners, are herbivorous. Animals
that are social are very rarely predaceous.

M. Lucas mentions (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1869) that it is much
rarer in Normandy than, in Brittany, ice it may be doubted
whether it is likely to be met with in this country. Being desirous

of carrying off a souvenir of this able weaver, he cut some

branches of gorse on which a few millions of this species had
established themselves, and, putting them in a box, the mites set
themselves to spin a web of milky white, which he exhibited to
the Entomological Society of France, and he draws attention to
its thickness and its extreme delicacy and fineness, and its quality

of not adhering to the touch, justifying entirely M. Leon Dufoutr’s ~

comparison of it to a piece of the finest muslin.

In the environs of Marseilles, where the camellia is cultivated
on a great scale, the underside of the leaves is often observed to
be disfigured by white spots or blotches. M. Laboulbéne (Ann.
Soc. Ent. Fr., 1865) ascertained that these were caused by Tetra-
nychus lintearius. The largest individuals are scarcely the third
of a line im length, obtuse, oval in shape, of a vermilion red, more
or less intense, and with the legs pale, one or two obscure patches

on the back at the sides, two or four ranges of long white hairs |

run down the back. In the fresh individual, in which the body

is plump and the skin well stretched, no trace of a division —

between abdomen and thorax is visible, but when somewhat
shrunk a slight constrictive division becomes visible. M. Dufour
gives a figure of this species, which we have copied, although we
do not think it has the look of being a good portrait.

M. Boisduval observed it under the leaves of the syringa or
sweet pipe. It is possibly, too, the same species that is noticed
by him under Schrank’s name of Acarus coccineus. He says that
it makes a tapestry of fine silk, very light, to which the dust sticks,

‘

SPINNING MITES. 10)

It is of a deep

upper side of the leaves of the camellia.

Rarcines it, one sees that it is Ocha from place to vibes and
that the points where this little parasite had inserted its sucker had
di become of a reddish colour. He observed it in the autumn in
several gardens on the camellias, and also on some other plants
of the greenhouse.

fo 5. TETRANYCHUS Sp.—5. Magnified sketch of ditto.
| This is a species which we found inhabiting a slightly decayed
crack in the twig of an oak-tree. It has several points of resem-
‘blance with T. telarius, but is not dull or downy-like in texture
like it, but somewhat shiny. It was rubicund, transparent, and had
a dark patch on each side, and an indistinct division between the
thorax and abdomen. It may, however, only be a variety of telarius,
and we have therefore refrained from proposing a name for it.

TETRANYCHUS FICI (d@wrr.n.s.).—6. Sketch of leaf attacked by ditto. 7.
Enlarged sketch of insect.

Found in great numbers on the leaves of fig-trees, near London,
‘probably imported. It is ovate, dull yellowish, and not glabrous
or very transparent.
TETRANYCHUS TILIARUM (J@u//.), Flexipalpus tiliarum (Schewten).—8.
Enlarged sketch of ditto. 9. Lime leaf covered by ditto.

Claparéde considers this species to be only a variety or synonym
of T. telarius. We have not met with it since we learned that this
was his opinion, so as to subject it to a careful comparative
examination ; but our remembrance of a more superficial exami-
nation some years ago is opposed to their identity. It especially
attacks the lime tree, but it is not confined to it, having done con-
f siderable mischief to many crops in France in 1874—as French |

t beans, cucumbers, and melons. It is a minute yellowish or orange-
coloured species ; and it occasionally occurs in such numbers as
almost to denude the trees of their foliage ; and it has been noted

CASE
Vili.

Wo. 10.

108 ARACHNOIDEA.

that the stems and branches of such trees seemed covered with
a bright glaze. Can this be a fine web? It is similar to the red
spider in form, but a trifle smaller, more elliptical, slightly broader
in front, and pale whitish vellow instead of reddish. Like it, it
is seml-opaque and velvety, the con-
tained food being at times visible
through the skin. The figure here
given is a magnified representation
of it. It covers the under side of
the leaves with a slight web of silk,
which gives it a brilliant surface.
On this the mites move about with
a good deal of quickness. They
do not gnaw or eat away the leaves.

Like their fellows, they merely suck —
the juice of the leaf; but although
almost microscopic in size they make up for their minuteness by
their numbers, and under their attacks the leaves rapidly shrivel
up and die. They chiefly congregate on the under side of the leaf,
those found on the upper side being mere wanderers, while on the
under side they are sometimes crowded together in vast numbers ;
for example, we have seen them so thick on the leaves that they
looked as if they were not merely sprinkled with a yellow orange-
coloured powder, but as if it was actually in parts heaped up on |
them, so that none of the green colour of the leaf was visible.
Their appearance in such excessive numbers is said to follow —
certain peculiar states of the atmosphere.

Tetranychus tiliarum. The Lime Tree mite.

TETRANYCHUS SocIUS (Herm.), Acarus sociarius,
Mull.—i10, Enlarged figure of ditto.

This species also is regarded as a sy-
nonym of T. telarius by Clapareéde, as to
which we give no opinion. It was first
described by Hermann, and the most pro-

Tetranychus socius. Copied

eae eee minent character given was that the palpi

SPINNING MITES. 109

und facing a little outwards, so as to make the mouth look
It is semi-transparent, with a faint blush of flesh-

The eggs of these mites are garnet-red in colour, and are to be

seen early in the spring on the young buds of clover. The larve
which are out spread themselves over the hairy underside of the
leaves, which, in consequence of continued sucking, become
covered with yellow punctures.

In buds injured by Phytopti we have found in place of them,
in July, what we suppose to be this
Tetranychus ; but instead of hundreds
in a single bud we have only met one

or two here and there.

Nos. 21, TETRANYCHUS ERIOSTEMI (J/urr. n..s.).—
11. Specimen of leaves of Eriostemon
neriifolium attacked by ditto. 12. Mag-
nified sketch of leaf showing the mischief.
13. Twig showing mischief on ditto. 14.
Magnified sketch of ditto. 15. Magnified
sketch of insect.

Tetranychus eriostemi.

This species is found on plants of
Eriostemon neriifolium in greenhouses in the neighbourhood of
London, and, no doubt, elsewhere. It injures the plant consider-
ably, making unsightly ulcerous-looking scars on the stems and
branchlets, and white blotches on the leaves. It is a more
clumsy thick-legged species than the others.

: Nos. TETRANYCHUS AUTUMNALIS (Saw) (the harvest

36, 17 bug—le rouget of the French; the Leptus au-
tumnalis of authors); 16, Magnified figure of
larva. 17. Magnified figure of perfect insect
on under side.

Until Claparéde drew attention to the

fact, that all the characters of this species

_-__—-were those of a Tetranychus, it was gene-

= Tetranychus (Leptus) autumnalis
larval form

- rally regarded as a Trombidium—and in

CASE
VIII.

IIO ARACHNOIDEA.

its six-legged stage as a Leptus—we think that any one who ex.
amines the palpi will acknowledge that Claparéde is right, and the
wonder will rather be how it ever came to acquire a settlement
among the Trombidii.

It is of a brick-red colour, and is so minute as to be scarcely
visible to the naked eye. T hough bred upon plants, such as
French-beans, currants, raspberries, gooseberries, and other
vegetables, yet it deserts them whenever opportunity presents
itself to fasten on animals, and it has apparently a particular pre-
dilection for the human species, especially women and children.
They fasten upon their skin, chiefly where any part of the dress
fits closely, adhering by their claws and palpi so firmly, that
when once fixed they can scarcely be detached without violence.
When disengaged their motion is quick, though not so rapid as —
that of some other species of mites. On the part where one of
them fixes it causes a tumour, generally about the size of a pea,
sometimes much larger, accompanied with severe itching. ‘The
point of a fine needle is best calculated for removing them with
the aid of a magnifying glass. Different persons suffer in different
degrees from these attacks, and some persons they pass over alto-
gether. For instance, a case is mentioned (see notes to White’s
Natural History of Selborne, Brown’s Edition (9th) p. 113) of two
persons who had been together during a day’s nutting in the
woods, and who afterwards slept in the same bed-chamber, one of ©
whom was entirely covered with red blotches from the attack of
this mite, while the other was untouched. White also, when
mentioning their uncommon abundance in the chalky districts of
Hampshire, relates that he had been assured, that they swarmed
to so infinite a degree in the rabbit warrens on the Downs, as to
discolour the nets of the warreners, and give them a reddish tint,
whilst the men were so bitten as to be cast into fevers.

In some parts of Scotland (East Lothian for example) we have
known them so numerous and troublesome in the fruit gardens
as to deter ladies and children from gathering gooseberries. The

‘

SPINNING MITES. 70x |

Dr. Johnston of Berwick also mentions (Acarides of Berwick-
| ire, in “ History of Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club,” p. 221) that
} in Berwickshire this mite was very troublesome to horses, cattle, .
_ sheep, dogs, and rabbits, and to the “herds’ bairns,” and people
j ~ engaged about the infested animals in that county. It adhered to
_ the skin, and in numbers occasionally so great as to be collected
- into small clusters, hanging like a drop of congealed blood from
the hairs. They produced extreme itchiness ; and his correspon-
dent says, ‘in the worst case I have seen, that of a horse, the
skin seemed exactly as if it had been rubbed with a liquid blister.”
Hence he inferred that the mite had penetrated beneath the skin,
as it is known that it easily does into that of man. When
examining it, some individuals got upon his hands, over which
they dispersed themselves with considerable quickness, and in a
few seconds they had burrowed in the skin so deep as not to be
perceived, but the place in which they had burrowed was indicated
by itchiness, and by a blister that exactly resembled the pustule
occasioned by the sting of a nettle. One individual was watched.
Its race over the hand and the moment of its fixation was unfelt ;
neither was any uneasiness felt by its penetration of the skin. On
getting under the cuticle it was killed by a strong squeeze. No
itchiness ensued, nor blister, and the dead insect remained after
an interval of more than three months unaltered, the red speck
_ then still marking the spot of its death and burial. Latreille com-
pared the symptoms to those of the itch. M. Greeby calls the
affection the autumnal erythema; M. John has observed an exan-
thema due to this cause; and M. Moses cites a case of vesicular
and papillar inflammation, with unsupportable itching produced in a
family by this insect. Perhaps its effects are more severe in France,
where these cases occurred, than in this country. M. Megnin says
that the insects are got rid of by means of sulphur ointment, by
friction with benzine and oil of petroleum or phenic acid, which
we may say in passing are also common remedies for the itch.
And here we may put the question. What do these little creatures

Lia ARACHNOIDEA.

CASE do when they burrow under the skin? Do they suck the blood
or not? Some entomologists of eminence have thought so;
_ and certainly the Trombidii have a double tubular sucker, and
no doubt can do it if they choose. a
This troublesome insect most prevails near the sea-shore, where |
the soil is light. It begins to appear in the early part of July,
and is very troublesome in August. Then great numbers may be
observed crawling upon and over all green things,—on turnips,
grass, and corn. Cats suffer greatly from them through their
prowling habits in gardens, so much so, that they are sometimes
thought to be suffering from the itch, when it is only from daily
reinforcements of this tick. It can always, however, be easily dis-
tinguished from the itch insect. It attacks the cat’s head, while the
harvest mite has no particular point of preference, but is naturally —
found chiefly on the feet and legs, which are most exposed to it.

When examined under the microscope, the lower part of the
body appears to be coated with stiff bristles. It is provided with
a tubular snout, formed by the two mandibles, which is generally
concealed or sheathed, but which may sometimes be distinctly
seen. On the top of the head are two little processes, or sharp
implements, which turn outward each way.

The larval form is that in which this species is generally en-
countered ; and, although it has for long been supposed that it ©
was merely the larva of a similar mite, yet it is only a few years
since the fact was determined by direct observation. ‘This, how- —
ever, has now been done, and we find a figure of the perfect
eight-footed insect, in “ L’Insectologie Agricole ” (1868), by M.
Megnin, who observed them.

Kirby and Spence mention a similar insect which occurs in
Brazil, abounding in the rainy season, particularly during the
gleams of sunshine or fine days that intervene, as small as a
point, and moving very fast. These animals, say they, get upon
the linen and cover it in a moment; afterwards they insinuate
themselves into the skin, and occasion a most intolerable itching.

SPINNING MITES. 113

y are with difficulty extracted, and leave behind them large
_ livid tumours, which subside in a day or two. An insect very
Eto rmenting to the woodcutters and settlers on the Mosquito shore
j ind Bay of Honduras, and called by them the Doctor, is thought
a to be synonymous with this. They add, on authority which they
Bt give, that more serious consequences have been known to follow
_ the bite of another mite related to the above, if not the same
species, common in Martinique, and called there the béte rouge.
When our soldiers in camp were attacked by this animal, dangerous
ulcers succeeded the symptoms just mentioned, which in several
instances became so bad that the limb affected was obliged to be
taken off.

_ TETRANYCH us TLALSAHUATE (Lemaire).

To this irritating group also probably belongs a small insect that
occurs in Mexico, called by the Indians Tlalsahuate. It lives.
among the herbage, and is almost imperceptible to the naked
eye. It attacks man, and fixes itself upon the eyelids, or arm-
pits, &c. Its presence is announced by an itching sensation on the
part where it is, which is followed by redness, swelling, and some-.
times suppuration. These morbid phenomena usually last for six
days, and always remain local, which would seem to indicate that
the insect does not propagate. All that is required, in order to get
rid of the morbid sensations, is ‘to remove the insect. ‘This is
done by the Mexicans by a needle or fine stalk of grass. The
insect appears only to occur in ‘the temperate lands of Mexico,
being unknown in the hot regions. An instance is recorded in
the “ Annales de ’Académie des Sciences,” ( 1867), of its importa-
tion into France. “On Saturday last (15 July),” says M, Lemaire,
who reports the circumstance, “ Madame Biart brought me her
daughter, about four years of age, who complained of a smart
itching in the eyelid of the left eye. I found there, between the
eye-lashes, some redness and swelling. From the information
given me, it occurred to me that this might possibly arise from the

CASE
VIII.

No. 18.

No. 19.

II4 ARACHNOIDEA.

Tlalsahuate, inasmuch as M. Biart, who had passed a long time
in Mexico, had recently received numerous boxes from thence,
the packing and contents of which had remained for a good
while close to the lawn on which his children habitually played.
I, therefore, looked for the insect, and, by the assistance of a
magnifying glass, discovered it fixed between two eye-lashes in
the middle of the redness. Its form is oblong and its colour
bright orange yellow. M. and Mdme. Biart, who had been
familiar with it in Mexico, at once recognised it.” The specimen
was unfortunately dropped and lost, so that we are still without
a scientific description of it.

It is possible that this species may have some relation to that
in a case quoted by Kirby and Spence, from Sir Joseph Banks,
who, in a letter to Dr. Adams, related that some seamen belong-
ing to the Axdeavour brig being tormented by a severe itching
round the extremities of the eyelids, one of them was cured by
an Otaheitan woman, who, with two small splinters of bamboo,
extracted from between the eyelashes abundance of very minute
lice, which were scarcely visible without a lens, though their
motion when laid on the thumb was distinctly perceived. Older
authors quote similar phenomena, but as their knowledge of the -
subject was imperfect, and we cannot cross-examine them, it 1s
perhaps best to ignore them.

TETRANYCHUS TROMBIDINUS (Dwg., Ann. Sc. Nat. 1834. Trombidium
glabrum, Dug., Ann. Sc. Nat. 1834).—18. Enlarged figure of ditto.

This has all the appearance of a Trombidium, but it is smooth
and not velvety, and M. Dugés found that it had two spinning
papillz behind.

Genus RaPpHiGNATHus (Dugés).

Tarsi thick, palpi long, and mandibles sharp-pointed.
RAPHIGNATHUS RUBERRIMUS (Dwg., Ann. Sc. Nat. 1834).—19. Enlarged

figure of ditto.

This is a Tetranychus, with long palpi instead of short ones,

Raphignathus ruberrimus.
Copied from Dugés.

_ RAPHIGNATHUS RUBER (Koch, Ubers ).

aoe, vee aoe”

SPINNING MITES. Irs

ms the chief character of Dugés’ genus Raphignathus.

The structure of the mouth is adapted for
living on plants.

M. Dugés found, moreover, in the hinder
part of the body, two papillz adapted for
spinning. We have no hesitation therefore
in regarding Raphignathus as belonging
to the Tetranychide.

Tetranychus ruberri-
mus is of a bright red
colour, but smooth.
Dugés found it fre-
quently under stones
and in shady places, but
it doubtless would also

Raphignathus ruber.

be ound, on plants: at “Pye.

the proper season.

__ Described by Koch first under
__ the name of Caligonus ruber.

Genus MEGAMERUS (Duzgés).

A genus, established by Dugés,
of which the more important
_ characters are, that the palpi are
long, the mandibles provided
with nippers, and the hind
thighs enlarged.

The Megameri live in nume-
rous families, running swiftly and
occasionally leaping, which their
large hind thighs enable thfem to
do- and they appear to spin a

i \ fr
es Y

Megamerus celer. Copied from Dugés’ figure.

HI 2

116 ARACHNOIDEA.

wa network of fine threads of silk, in which they suspend themselves.
M. Dugés says that some of them are certainly carnivorous; but
there are some, the green colour of whose intestines indicate a
vegetable diet. The larvee, like those of all the others, have been
proved to be six footed. He places the genus among the Trom-
bidii ; but its spinning qualities seem to show that its proper place

is with Tetranychus, with which its other characters do not disagree.

No. 20, MEGAMERUS CELER (Dug., Ann. Sc. Nat., 1834).—20. Magnified figure of
ditto.

SPECIES INCERT SEDIS.

No, 21. TETRANYCHUS? AMERICANUS, young (Lep-
tus americanus, A2/ey, Sixth Ann. Rep.
Missouri, 52).—21. Magnified sketch
of ditto, copied from Mr. Riley’s_
woodcut.

Mr. Riley states that this species
is found along with Leptus irritans
in North America, and that both are
there called Jiggers, or harvest mites.
They are red like their congeners.
Our information regarding both is

Tetranychus? (Leptus) Americanus. in sufficient to en able us to fix their
Copied from Mr. Riley s figure.

place.

No. 22, TETRANYCHUS? IRRITANS, young (Leptus irritans, /z/ey, loc. cit. supra).—
22. Magnified sketch of ditto, copied from Mr. Riley’s woodcut.

This is the Jigger of the Mis-
sissippi valleys, where it is ex-
ceedingly irritating—whence its
name. It acts as one of the
representatives in that country
of our Tetranychus (Leptus) au-
tumnalis; but until the perfect
insect is known its place must

Trombidi Leptus), irritans. i ° 1
idium (Lep eB roe Copied from Mr be conj ectural.

HARVEST MITES. 117

£ -— SECTION II.—TROMBIDIIDAZ. (Harvest mites.)

_ M. Dugés divides this section, like the last, into two sub-
_ sections, according to whether the tarsi are long or short, and
_ makes further generic divisions depending upon whether the
_ mandibles are hooked or pointed, and upon differences in the
_ claws of the feet.

Koch has divided the whole of the Trombidiine, including
Tetranychus, into two groups; the one having seven joints in the
leg, the other only six, and he has used the comparative length of
the legs, and the presence or absence of a line of separation
between the cephalothorax and abdomen as characters for further
subdivision. We have disposed of Tetranychus, and shall now for
the remainder of the family borrow what seems best from each
of the above authors, and propose the following system of
arrangement :—

1. Subsection. Legs composed of six joints (Eupodidee of Koch).

A. Cephalothorax distinguished from abdomen by a more or less
distinct line of separation. Bryonia, PETROBIA, TYDEUS,
EUPODES, PENTHALEUS, SCYPHIUS.

B. Cephalothorax not distinguished from abdomen by a line of
separation.

§ Anterior legs exceedingly fine and long. LINOPODES.
§§ Anterior legs normal, PRENTHALODES.

2. Subsection. Legs composed of seven joints.

C. Cephalothorax distinguished from abdomen by a line of separation.
STIGMZUS, CALIGONUS.

D. Cephalothorax not so distinguished. ‘TROMBIDIUM RHYNCHO-
LOPHUS, SAMARIDIA, PACHYGNATHUS, ERYTHRUS,

We shall briefly notice and figure each of these genera.

Ist SUBSECTION.
Genus BryouiA (Koch).

Anterior legs longer than the others. Eyes moderately large,
near the hinder angles of the cephalothorax. The margin of the
abdomen is studded with short, somewhat triangular, widely
separated papillee.

‘3 "ta oe
Po, © ee
ie ae ae,
, eh
vex
Bo

118 ARACHNOIDEA.

BRYOBIA SPECIOSA (Koch), Ubers., 61.

Genus PETRoBIA (AZurr., n.g.).

Characters the same as those of Bry-
obia, but with three eyes in the posterior
angles of each side of the cephalothorax,
and abdomen without triangular margi-
nal papille. Dugés hesitated whether
to place the species from which we have
named this genus among the Tetranychi
or Raphignathi. It appears to us to
come so near Bryobia that it would not

Bryobia speciosa. Copiedfrom figure be well to place it apart from if and

ge aia yet too different to be put in the same
genus. We have therefore thought it better to make a separate
genus for it.

Nos, PETROBIA LAPIDUM (Koch). Trombidium lapidum (Herm., Apt. pl. vil.);
43> Pie Tetranychus cristatus (Dugés, Ann. Sc. Nat. 1834).—28. Magnified
figure of larva. 24, Magnified figure of perfect insect.

ihe Vie.

Senet

Petrobia lapidum, young. Ditto, full grown.

This is easily recognised by a sort of crest or rid ge which crosses
the back like a girdle, as shown in the woodcut. It, however,
disappears when the insect is very well filled. The presence of

HARVEST MITES. TIQ

e eyes in a triangular cluster in the posterior lateral angles

of the thorax is a good character, but Dugés failed to see these
Reyes. Should there prove to be any error about them, and should
the marginal papillz on the abdomen of Bryobia not be present

in all the species of that genus, then there would be nothing to
prevent this species taking its place among them; or for that
matter, if we once begin to speculate on the possibility of errors
in the figures, there is not much to say against its being the same
species as the preceding Bryobia speciosa, or the following Tydeus
mutabilis. Without some special ground of suspicion, however, this
is not warrantable and we must act according to our lights. The
young is rose-red, the perfect insect varies from dirty red to dark
brown, with a tinge of red with some white spots on the back and
on the margin. Its anterior legs are much longer than those of the
young. ‘The male is smaller and redder than the female. Dugés
found isolated individuals on many plants and under stones. In
the south of France he found it in families in the light down
which clothes the under side of the leaf of the plane-tree. In
autumn he found it under the stones in the public walks, in entire
families, which led him to think that, at that season at least, it
quitted the trees in order to multiply more securely. In this —
country, Mr. Albert Miiller mentions (Entomological Monthly
Mag. 1867-8, p. 71) that it occurred when he wrote (August) in
countless numbers on the flint gravel covering the approaches to
Elmer's End Station, near London.

It is also probably this species to which the following notice in
Cooper and Busk’s Aficroscopic Journal refers. ‘Vhe pebbles of the
gravel, say they, on Blackheath and the neighbourhood were at
the time they wrote abundantly covered with the ova of the Acarus
lately described by Mr. White, and formerly considered as a fungus
under the name of Craterium pyriforme. Before the late rains
these bodies were to be seen on pieces of wood, and many other
substances, as the stalks of plants, etc., as well as on the pebbles.
They add that they had seen specimens of the same deposit on

CASE
VIIl.

120 _ARACHNOIDEA.

pebbles from Lincolnshire, and from Devonshire or Cornwall in
the neighbourhood of Plymouth, from which it would appear to
be very generally distributed throughout the country.

Genus TypEus (Koch).

Similar to the preceding, but without eyes.
The anterior legs only slightly longer than
the rest. ‘This species is very minute, being
no larger than a fine pin’s point.

TYDAUS MUTABILIS (och), Ubers.

Tydcus inutabilis. Copied from

figuve in Koch's Ubersicht, Found in damp moss, or on moist earth.
Koch has described thirteen species of Tydzeus.

'RHAGIDIA GELIDA ( Zhorell, Oefv. Sv. Ak. xxviil. 700, 1871).

This is a new genus and species described by Thorell from’
Spitzbergen. He says it belongs to this section, but gives no
figure of it or its characters.

Genus Europes (Koch)
Shoulders of abdomen prominent. Eyes on the posterior margin

| of the thorax.

EUPODES HIEMALIS (Koch, Ubers.).—Size, a small pin’s head.

fLupodes hiemalis. Copied from figure in Koch’s Ubersicht.

I2!

Eupodes celer, young. Copied from Hermann’s Di to, perfect insect.
Mem. Apt. 2 Copied from Hermann’s
Mem. Apt.

__ The larva is scarlet, and the perfect insect pale brown. M.
Dugés placed this among the Tetranychi,
but we think the figure of the perfect
insect will justify our having placed it
here. Koch has described twenty-eight
4 ‘species. They are found in damp moss

_and under stones, &c.

Genus PENTHALEUS (Xoch.).

_ Somewhat elongate. Anterior legs
_ rather slender and long, and the poste-
rior thighs thickened.

PENTHALEUS HMATOPUS (Koch).
‘ _ Koch divides this genus into three ? enthalus, bene eaae
sections, which should probably repre- |
ee . °

y sent as many genera. In the first the legs are filiform (eight
_ Species), in the second gradually thickened towards the extremity

122 ARACHNOIDEA.

oa (two species), and in the third there is no line of separation on —
the back between the thorax and abdomen (two species). In this
latter Koch includes Dugés’ Megamerus ovalis. Our arrange-
ment, however, will not admit it here, and we have made a new
genus for it elsewhere. It is exceedingly minute.
Thorell describes a new species, P. insulanus, from Spitzbergen.

Genus ScyPHIuS (Koch).

This genus also reminds us of Megamerus by its elongated

narrow body. It is very minute, but not quite so much so as the
last genus.

SCYPHIUS DIVERSICOLOR (Koch).

ees \\ t
oS \a\
AHL Wa
SONS TA {us ——
= i l/ \ =k ry << | tf Wh
Ze Wi ZA NS x f \ is pS a d
Pp EN A Ge LZ SS NG BURST
EE E Yt Veen
SLA = ae
Be Za
a RNG
fi KK WSs CZ
it Nees WE 4
= sy A \ IN ve
= eK Se
A\
A

Scyphius diversicolor. Copied from figure in Koch’s Ubersicht.

Found in damp moss, and under decaying leaves, &c.

Genus LINOPODES (Aoch).

Legs six-jointed ;. anterior pair excessively long and slender.

One hesitates whether to regard these long-legged mites as
the representatives of Phalangium among the spiders, or of the
exotic tribe Gonyleptes, which have legs more than a foot in

length, and scarcely thicker than a pin. The Linopodes are all
extremely minute.

No.1. LINOPODES LONGIPES (Zerm., Apt.).—1. Magnified figure of ditto, copied
from Hermann’s figure.

HARVEST MITES. 123

a INOPODES RAVUS (Koch, Ubers. Arach. ). \
ie Magnified figure of ditto, copied _
Fiom Guerin.

3. Magnified figure of ditto, copied from
_ _Walckenaer.

The elongated and thickly haired
palpi of this species would seem to
call for its separation from the two
preceding.

All the above are bright in colour,
but more inclining to orange than
to scarlet.

Genus PENTHALODES (JZurr., n.g.).
A new genus made to receive the \_
following species.

PENTHALODES OVALIS (Megamerus ovalis,
Dugés, Ann. Sc. Nat. 1834).

This species having only six joints
to the legs, falls into the section of
_ Eupodide, instead of the Trombi-
_ diidz, where Dugés placed it (in rinopoaes longies,, Copied from Hermanns
_ Megamerus) ; but it has no line of se
separation between the thorax and abdomen, and
cannot therefore go into Penthaleus (where Koch put
4 it), or any of the other genera having that for a cha-
acter. The only other place for it is the section with
six legs, and no throracic line of separation ; but the
“a only genus yet known of these is Linopodes, with
which it obviously has no relation, all its legs being
_ moderate in their proportions. Anew genus,therefore, —_Penthatodes

ovalis.

is required for it, which we have named Penthalodes. “pied /rom

124 ARACHNOIDEA.

CASE 7 Genus Sticmus (Koch).
No eyes.

STIGMAZUS CRUENTUS (Koch, Ubers.)

S V4 We
MNAWE
LA Ee

Stigmzeus cruentus. Copied from Koch. <A mere pin's point in size.

Genus CaLiconus (Koch).
Figured but not characterized by Koch.

CALIGONUS PIGER (Koch, Ubers.).

Caligonus piger. Copied from Koch. Almost iavisible.

2ND SUBSECTION. Legs with seven joints.

Genus RHYNCHOLoPHUS (Du/gés).

This genus has its feet swollen or not diminished at their ter-
mination, the hind legs very long, and the body square or diamond
shaped.

M. Van Der Hoeven unites the genus with Erythreeus ; but it is
rather with Smaridia and Trombidium that its affinities lie, some
species of these genera having the tarsi swollen like Rhyncolophus.

125

Ya
Rhyncholophus cinereus. Copied from Dugés’ figure.
Common in the neighbourhood of Montpellier. It is purplish
or brown madder in colour, with a pale stripe down the back.

RHYNCHOLOPHUS PHALANGIOIDES (Trombidium phalangioides Herm., Apt.).
—5. Magnified figure of ditto.

Rhyncholophus phalangioides, Copied from Hermann’s figure,

ee A RACHNOIDEA.

CASE This is perhaps the Acarus phalangioides of Degeer, which
occurs under the bark of trees in the forest of Ardennes. It is
black, with a scarlet stripe down the back, and scarlet legs and
eye spots.

No.6, RHYNCHOLOPHUS MAJOR (Dug., Ann. Sc. Nat. 1834).—6. Magnified figure
of ditto.

Rhyncholophus major. Copied from Dugés’ figure.

M. Dugés places this among the Tetranychi. It seems to us
more allied to. this form, and perhaps a sex of one of the long-
legged species. Black, with red on the back.

Genus SMARIDIA (Dzzgés).

M. Dugés establishes this genus chiefly on the extensibility of
the beak, in the single species on which he found this character.
As this, however, requires pressure to be observed,
and as without subjecting all the other species to the
same test, to see how it affects them, it can scarcely
be assumed to be peculiar to it, we do not think it
is a character that can be trusted to alone. ‘There
is another minor character that is present in Dugés’

species that might do to establish a section upon,
‘Kestrum! Copied Namely, that instead of hairs the body is covered with

from Dugés

papillae. In Pachygnathus velatus he describes the

Smaridia papillosa,

Nearly half a line in length. Brick-red, with a longitudinal
dorsal line somewhat paler. Found in numbers on the sandy
banks of the streams near Marseilles.

A species from Chili, with the characteristic papille, but with
the swollen tarsal joint of Rhyncholophus, is figured by Gay in
his Historia Physica of Chili.

Genus PACHYGNATHUS (Dugés).

This is another genus founded by Dugés on a single species.
_ It has short palpi, and the mandibles chelate, that is, furnished
with nippers.

128 “ARACHNOIDEA.,

CASE PACHYGNATHUS VELATUS (Dug., Ann. Sc. Nat. 1834).—8. Magnified sketch
IX.

No. 8.

of ditto.

Pachygnathus velatus. Copied from Dugés’ figure,

Brick-red, body like that of Smaridia. Found by Dugés in con-
siderable numbers under moist stones.

Genus TRoMBIDIUM (faé.).

The chief distinguishing characters of this genus is that the
body is divided into two parts ; one small, anterior and inferior,
bearing the eyes, the mouth, and the two first pair of legs; the
other much larger, swollen and velvety, and bearing the two last
pair of legs. ‘The two anterior and two posterior pairs are thus
at some distance from each other, as shown in the woodcut of the
under side of Trombidium holosericeum. |

The legs are seven-jointed, and, like all the other mites whose
development has been traced from the egg, the early stage of the
life of the harvest mites is passed in a form not unlike the mature
insect, with the exception that the posterior pair of legs is wanting.
These six-footed mites were by the earlier observers supposed to
be species of different genera of a division of the Acaridee, which
they designated Microphthiridz, possessing only six feet, and the
different types received different generic names. Three of these
belong to the present group, viz.:—Leptus, Ocypetus, and Atoma.

Achlysia belonged to the Hydrachnide, and Caris was the larva
of Argas,

HARVEST MITES. 129

— TROMBIDIUM PARASITICUM (Atoma parasiticum, Za¢r.).—9. Magnified

— ' . 7) e

. a
ee

sketch of under-side of ditto, copied from Riley’s Seventh Missouri
Report.

Latreille, in establishing a genus for this mite,
proposed the name Atoma for it, by which we
suppose he meant an atom; but he subsequently
(in 1806) altered it to Astoma. It may be more
euphonious, but is not so correct, Astoma mean-
ing without a mouth, which is certainly not the
case with this creature. The alteration has not
been universally adopted (Dugés, for example, still calls it Atoma
in 1834), and seeing that the rigid rules of priority admit (for
there seems no good reason under it why the author of a name
should have the right to change it subsequently any more than
any one else), we shall stick to the first name for the reason above

Atoma parasiticum.

given.

The creature to which the name was given is a minute blood-
red mite, parasitic on the house-fly. In this country they do not
seem so prevalent, but Mr. Riley mentions that in North
America in some seasons scarcely a fly can be caught that is not
infested with a number of them clinging tenaciously round the
base of the wings. Neate

It is only six-footed, consequently we may be certain that it
is the larva of some other species, probably of Trombidium,
although what species has not yet been ascertained.

TROMBIDIUM HOLOSERICEUM (/aé.), (T. phalangii, Dugés’s Ann. Sc. Nat.
1834).—10. Magnified figure of young; 11. Magnified figure of perfect
insect, agreeing with Dugés’s figure, and No. 13; 12. Specimen of
perfect insect in microscopic slide; 18. Magnified figure of perfect
insect as figured erroneously by Walckenaer and others,

This also is a species that in its young stage is parasitic on
another insect. It is then found adhering to the long-legged
harvest spider, Phalangium opilio, and there is no doubt as to its
transformations, Dugés having carefully observed them. He

CASE
IX.

130 ARACHNOIDEA.

collected in the month of June some of the long-legged spiders
named Phalangium, which had specimens of this mite adhering to
them. They especially torment the females, and place them-
selves upon them generally behind the
posterior haunches, where the palpi of
the female (which are much shorter than
those of the male), cannot reach them.
When they settle on the male he fre-
quently gets rid of them by the help of
; his longer palpi. The mite at this stage
Pai is of a fine orange scarlet, and scarcely
soa einnn noloceriecum: equals a grain of mustard seed when at
ete its greatest development, and has an oval,
swollen, shining body, which may be compared to that of a full
fed tick (Ixodes), but without any shield on the back behind
the head. It has six legs, which seem placed more and more
to the front the bigger the animal is. It preserves the use of
them, however, as long as it lives as a parasite, and can change
its place on its victim even with some agility. It has nothing
resembling the anterior portion of the body of the full-grown
Trombidium. If detached from its victim, when ready to un-

——

fas

i |

—_—-

Trombidium holosericeum, perfect insect. Ditto, under-side of ditto.

HARVEST MITES. £2

a dergo its transformation, it hides in the interstices of the soil,

becomes a yellowish red nymph, like an egg, and rests immov-
able for about twenty days. During that time Dugés was
able to see, through the semi-transparent skin, the gradual for-
mation or development of the eight legs, the additional pair
being the last. When perfect it emerges a bright scarlet Trom-

Trombidium holosericeum, Trombidium fuligmosum,
hairs on upper side. hairs on sides.

bidium. In these insects the hairs with which the body is
clothed are peculiar. Those on the back have beads like pins,
and are barbed with numerous spinules; those on the under
side are also spinulose, but are sharp-pointed, as shown. in the
woodcut.

We have been much puzzled to know whether the Trombidium
phalangii of Dugés is really distinct from the Trombidium holo-
sericeum of authors or not, and the impression that remains on
our mind is that they are one and the same. There are three
styles of figure of a Trombidium given by different authors, which
must be either this or closely allied to it. ‘There are two extreme
ones—the one figured by Dugés with slight and slender legs.
This is what we find in this country, and it is figured above, and
it is what is usually known as holosericeum here. Then there is
the figure of T. holosericeum given by Walckenaer (Apteres), in
Gniffith’s Cuvier’s Animal Kingdom, and in Guerin Meneville’s
Icones, and no doubt other works that may have copied from
them, as being reliable authorities. This figure differs from Dugés’s
in having the legs thick, and them as well as the body very hairy.
In one or more of these works there is also given a copy of
Dugés’s T. phalangii as another species. Lastly, there is the

figure of T. holosericeum in Hermann’s Memoire Apterologique,
12

CASE
IX.

132 ARACHNOIDEA.

which, though we mention last, was first in order of date. This
is intermediate between the two others, the legs are not so slight —
as in Dugés’s figure and our species, nor so heavy as in the other
works. It is near enough to pass for either, but seems to us at
least as like Dugés’s as Walckenaer’s. Now it is to be observed
that Hermann, whose original researches after this class of animals
were very careful and extended, does not figure the satiny harvest
mite in more than one of the above forms. His figure implies
that there was only one that he knew. Dugés also knew only one
form; but being unable absolutely to reconcile the form he knew
with Hermann’s figure and description, he, to remove any doubt
as to the identity of what he was describing, names it his “ Pha-
langi.” His remarks may be of use in clearing up this obscurity.
He says, “Several of the species referred to this genus greatly
resemble each other, although differing much in size. We know
a gigantic species from the East Indies” (West Africa is its true
locality), ‘‘the Tr. tinctorium. With us the satiny Trombidium (ze.
T. holosericeum) reaches a line and half in length. It appears
to be rare in the south, at least I have only found it of that large
size in our northern departments; but it must be acknowledged
that the harvest mite that I have observed in the south, seems in.
no respect to differ from it but in size, although indeed I might
have also been able to refer it to the Tr. triangulare (clerical
error for trigonum) of Hermann, which may perhaps not be
distinct from the holosericeum. These are uncertainties which
the brief descriptions of Hermann cannot dissipate.” These
two authors were both original observers, and their works re-
ferred to are original productions. ‘Those that follow (or at alk
events the works they wrote) were more literary compilations
than original observations, and it has appeared to us possible
that, instead of taking their figures anew from authentic specimens,
they have merely copied the figures of the authorities who had
already treated of the subject. Finding a difference between
Hermann’s holosericeum and Dugés’s Phalangii, they have

CASE
IX.

No. 14.

HARVEST MITES. 133

supposed them to be distinct species, and copied them, perhaps
unconsciously exaggerating the differences. Our belief is that
there is only one species, and that Dugés’s figure is the correct
representation of it, although it is possible that a slight difference
in the degree of silkiness of the legs may occasionally occur,
which would give them a thicker appearance. We do not
apologise for wasting time over this point. Our explanation
may save time to many who might otherwise, like ourselves,
have spent weeks in trying to make out two species where there
is only one.

We have said that the Trombidii feed not on the juices of plants
but of animals. Curtis indeed mentions that in France this
species is said to injure the spikes of the corn. But this is
explained away by Mr. Walker and others, who say that, although
it is often abundant in the corn fields of England, it resorts
there, not to feed upon the ears
but upon the Aphides that infest

them. Mr. Stewart says that it Pa

feeds on young caterpillars on their My ok
ta LY i=

emerging from the egg state. ne

\ és

TROMBIDIUM TRIGONUM (erm.).—14.
Magnified figure of ditto, copied from
Hermann.

This is so far like holosericeum
that Dugés’s conjecture, that it is
only a variety of it, may possibly Erg eae
be correct. Hermann, however,
figures the hairs on its back as
different, as shown above; and to
assist in its determination we also Wh
give a copy of Hermann’s figure of
the species.

Ditto, hairs on back,

134 ARACHNOIDEA.

CASE TROMBIDIUM cURTIPES (Herm.).—15. Magnified sketch of ditto, copied

IX.

No. 15.

from Hermann’s figure.

SUL?

Ditto, hairs on back,

Da fates) Hil i y
i a Wy My
i \y

mit cu a
a}

Ai)

AN vy Tt
nt Sy ) ay
7

Trombidium curtipes. Ditto, hairs on sides.

This is very like Tr. holosericeum, but it is only half the size,
a, little less brilliant, and the legs are perceptibly shorter. Hermann
adds that the hairs on the sides are shorter and differently shaped
than in holosericeum and allied species. We give figures of
these hairs copied from his. This last character, however,
was not observed by Dr. Johnston in specimens found in Ber-
wickshire by Mr. Hardy. We have no assurance, however, that
Dr. Johnston had the true curtipes under his eye, neither do we
yet know the extent of variation in the Trombidii, and it is
perhaps premature to say that this is a good species. It may be
only a stunted form of holosericeum.

TROMBIDIUM MILIARE (Walch., Aptéres.).

There is another Trombidium figured under the above name
by Walckenaer, as distinct from holosericeum, although very
like it. In form it agrees with it, as figured by us above,
but is bespattered with small dark or obscure spots or depres-
sions.

No.16, TROMBIDIUM FULIGINOSUM (Herm., Mem. Apt.).—16. Magnified sketch of

ditto, copied from Hermann’s figure.

This species diverges more from holosericeum than the last.

Nos.
18, 19.

Nos.

20, 21.

HARVEST MITES. 135

It is more elongate, more smoky and dusty in colour; and the
hairs on its body are of a finer and more slender type.

TROMBIDIUM BICOLOR (Zerm., Mem. Apt.).—11. Magnified figure of ditto,
copied from Hermann’s Memoire.

Very like fulginosum in form, but colour of body black with a
bluish reflection, and legs scarlet.

TROMBIDIUM FASCICULATUM.—18, Enlarged figure of ditto ; 19. Specimens
of ditto (4).

This species, which is a giant
among its brethren (being about
one-third of an inch in length), is
common in the East Indies and
East Indian Archipelago. It is
bright red when fresh, and deeper in
parts, but soon fades, especially if
it has been in spirits. It is tufty i 2
with velvety reflections. Trombidium fasciculatum, magnified and

natural size (small specimen).

TROMBIDIUM TINCTORIUM (/ad.),.—20. Enlarged figure of ditto; 21. Spe-
cimens of ditto (0).

From the West Coast of Africa, of
the same size and appearance as the
East Indian species. Kirby and Spence
say (on we know not what authority)
that this species, or some allied species,
(they call it “a species of mite (Trom-
bidium tinctorium) from Guinea and
Surinam”) is employed as a dye; and
Reeeterest that it might be worth © = Trombidium fnetorium | Nrerly as

large as the preceding.

while to try whether our own T. holo-
sericeum would not also afford a valuable tincture. We are sceptical

CASE
IX.

136 ARACHNOIDEA.

about T. tinctorrum ever having been used as a dye, still more sc

of T. holosericeum ever being obtained in such quantities as to be
utilized, and quite certain, from what is to be seen of the insect
when preserved in cabinets, that if it were, the colour of none of
them would stand, unless some suitable mordant to fix it were

also found.

TROMBIDIUM BULBIPES (Packard), 3rd Ann. Report on injurious and bene-
ficial Insects of Massachusetts, 1873.

as an unexpected enemy of the Aphis,
which he found in July and August in
considerable numbers in his garden
in Massachusetts, busily engaged in
devouring the plant lice on the rose
bushes. It is scarlet-red, like most of
the rest of the Trombidii, and we re-
tain it among them provisionally; and
although its palpi without appendage,
here figured, may seem
to call for a new genus
for its reception, its
Trombidium bulbipes. Copied Palpi of ditto. Copied swollen tarsal joint and
from Packard’s figure. from Packard. elongated anterior legs
seem to indicate an affinity with Rhyncholophus.

TROMBIDIUM GRYLLARIUM (Astoma Gryllaria, Ze Baron,
Illin. Ent. Rept., 156).—22. Enlarged figure of larva.

As in other insects the same class at once fur-
nishes us with friends and enemies, so the mites
are not entirely to be regarded by man from a
hostile point of view. If they carry on warfare
Trombidium gry. ON their own account it is not always against our
sues" interests. It is sometimes as our allies and against

Dr. Packard (loc. cit.) describes this —

HARVEST MITES. 137

CASE acommon enemy. It is so with this species. Mr. Harris, in his
treatise on some of the insects of New England, injurious to vege-

tation (1852), drew attention to the fact that the locusts of the
eastern coasts of America were much infested by little red mites,
“belonging apparently to the genus Ocypete” (which is a synonyin
for Atoma), and that these so much weakened the insects by suck-
ing the juices from their bodies as to hasten their death. Ten or a
dozen of them would frequently be found pertinaciously adhering
to the body of a locust beneath its wing covers and wings. The
dread of the locust has now passed from New England. It is in
the western prairies that it now reigns, where immense swarms of
locusts descend from the Rocky Mountains where they breed, and
spread desolation and famine over thousands of square miles.
But the little red mite that helped to reduce their numbers in the
East, or an equivalent species, is there at its post in the West,
employed on the same duty ; and the value of its services has been
recognised and acknowledged by numerous observers. In 1872 and
187 5, respectively, it was described by Mr. Le Baron, State Ento-
mologist of Illinois, and Mr. Riley, State Entomologist of Missouri.
In their opinion it is as formidable an enemy to the Rocky Moun-
tains locusts as it was in former years to that of the East. These
locusts are often more or less covered with them, especially round
the base of the wings. We reproduce Mr. Riley’s figure of one
of the mites. They are small red creatures, no bigger than the
head of a pin, soft and extensible, and they swell like a tick, so
that their six legs, though easily visible when the animal first
attaches itself, become more or less invisible as it swells; although
on careful examination they will always be found. The mite
when so attached presents itself as a bright red, swollen, ovoid
body, immovably attached to its supporter. So far as is yet
known it has not been traced beyond the six-legged larva stage,
but it will certainly be found to be developed into an eight-
legged scarlet mite. Very probably the next species, which is
found in the same localities, and whose mission is also to keep

138 ARACHNOIDEA.

— down the numbers of the locusts, may be its further stage, and it —
would be curious if it were so; then it would be the young mite
attacking the old locusts, and the old mite attacking them in their
youngest stage: viz., in the egg. Seeing how little mischief the
larvee of Tr. holosericeum seem to do to the Phalangium, on
which they fix themselves, it was scarcely to be expected at first
sight that they would have any great effect in diminishing the
number of the locusts ; but it appears to be otherwise. Mr. Riley
quotes various informants who speak to their destroying them in
perceptible numbers; and one paper, Zhe Prairie Farmer, which
has acquired renown for its accurate entomological news, says
(August 21, 1869), “‘the course of the locusts was brought to a
sudden halt here by the operation of some parasites, appearing in
the shape of small red mites, which attach themselves to the body
under the wings, where they suck the carcass to a dry shell; the
dead bodies of the grasshoppers almost covering some plants,

where they have taken hold of a leaf or a stalk, and clasped it |
with a dead embrace ; many others fall to the ground, too weak
to rise again. Ina half-day’s examination, where they were very
thick, we failed to find more than two grasshoppers not so attacked,
and this was not local, for a distance of thirty |
miles across the country they were found
similarly affected.”

TROMBIDIUM SERICEUM (Say).—28, Magnified sketch
of ditto, copied from Mr. Riley’s Seventh Missouri
Report.

No. 23.

Only two species of North American Trom-
bidium having been hitherto described by
Say, and these only in brief terms, it is very

Trombidium sericeum.

possible that this is a new species; but Mr.
Riley has wisely declined (although not without hesitation) to
run the risk of adding to the synonymy—and as he has given a
good figure of it, this will in future be the type of Say’s imperfectly

HARVEST MITES. 139

CASE described sericeum: we reproduce his figure, and have only to
add that the colour is pale red. It was found in Iowa and Min-
nesota in great numbers, creeping into the holes in which the
locusts’ eggs have been deposited, and eating the contents of the
eggs voraciously.

“No 24. TROMBIDIUM MINIATUM (Herm. Mem. Apt.).—24. Enlarged figure of ditto,
copied from Hermann.

Very similar in form to the species already described as
Megamertus celer, but of a pale red lead colour.

0.25. TROMBIDIUM AURANTIACUM (Walch. Apt.), (Tr. Aphidis, ? De Geer).—
25. Enlarged figure of larva, copied from Walckenaer’s Apteres.

Trombidium aurantiacum.

A squat obtuse orange-coloured mite, of which the perfect |
form is not known with certainty, but it has been supposed to be
a species described by De Geer, under the name Trombidium
aphidis, which feeds on the black Aphis, which is so abundant in
beans, poppies, and other plants.

CASE
IX.

140 _ ARACHNOIDEA.

Genus CALYPTOSTOMA.

CALYPTOSTOMA HARDYI (Cambridge Ann. Nat. Hist. 1875).
As these pages are passing through the press, a new genus and

Upper side. Under side. Side view. Leg.
Calyptostoma Hardyi. Copied from Mr, Cambridge's figure.

remarkable manner from any known type of Trombidium, and

running counter to all the characters hitherto used-to define that
family, but still unquestionably belonging to it. It will be seen
that the mouth in this species is a mere hole on the anterior part
of the underside of a bladder-shaped body, and the parts in it
seem, in Mr. Cambridge’s figure, too indistinct to be depended
upon. It has all the aspect of a larva with eight legs, the larvee
of Trombidium having little or no appearance of a head or mouth.
If it had been a six-footed insect with the form of a mature
species, that might have been explained away by supposing that
all the changes of skin were not over, and that, as sometimes
happens, the mature form was anticipating the final change and
complete perfection of form; but here the signs of maturity that
last appear are present, while the form of the body still remains
that of a larva. It was found by our old friend Mr. Hardy in
the Cheviot Hills.

Genus ERYTHRAUS.
This genus is distinguished from Trombidium, by having no
division of the body, and by the last joint of the legs being very

long and slender. It is glabrous, semi-transparent, and has a
pink or carmine shade of colour.

HARVEST MITES. 7am

“CASE ERYTHRAUS RURICOLA (Dug. Ann. Sc. Nat. 1834 ).—26. Enlarged sketch

of ditto copied from Dugés’s.
No. 26.

Erythrzus ruricola.

This species is of a beautiful carmine colour, but it is so small
that it could scarcely be observed by the naked eye were it not
for their whirling course, like a particle of dust blown about by
the wind. ‘They chase smaller acari than themselves, and carry
them off in their palpi, not sparing, probably, even the smaller in-
dividuals of their own species. They are found near Montpellier. |

No 27. ERYTHR2US CORNIGERA (Actineda cornigera, Koch.).—27, Magnified sketch
of ditto, copied from figure in Koch’s Ubersicht.

Wes

Sh}
A

a, = ane K+
anes
oe

Actineda cornigera
Koch’s genus Actineda seems to us not to differ generically from
Erythrzeus. Some species are broadest behind, others in front,
and in Erythreus both are equal.

CASE
X.

142 ARACHNOIDEA.

Family BDELLID (Snouted Mites).

The habits and livery of this long-nosed group are entirely that
of the Trombidii, and there is little doubt that their affinity is
much greater with it than with any other tribe. Still it differs so
much in the parts of the mouth and palpi, that there can be no
objection to following the general opinion, and regarding it as a
distinct section. Many of them (indeed, all in the section as
originally constituted, Scirus of Hermann) appear to have a
head; but itis only the mouth that usurps this appearance; the
real head is still merged with the thorax, as is obvious from the
fact that it still carries the eyes. There are some species that
have all the above characters except the constriction into a neck
behind the mandibles ; and we think that there are indications
that this absence of a neck has been used by Dujardin for a
genus Molgus proposed by him for a species found on the coasts
of France, and said by Gervais (Apteres, i. 253) to have been
described by him in a paper laid before the Institute in 1842, but
which would appear never to have been published, for there is
no appearance of it either in its ‘“‘ Memoires,” or ‘ Memoires
présentées.” M. Gosse thinks that it must have been a marine
species, but the term coasts on which he founds seems to us rather
to refer to the shores.

A more essential character of the family even than the quasi.
head or snout, lies in the long projecting narrow mandibles, and in
the extension and abrupt bending of the palpi, so as to look like
antenne. —The mouth consists of a rostrum, composed of a central
conical tube, supported on each side by a valve, which together
form a sheath. ;

The species known are not numerous, but several genera have
been proposed for them, chiefly founded upon the presence or
absence of eyes, their number and their position. There is one
species with no eyes, one with two, which makes the genus
Cunaxa of Heyden: another with three (the genus Cyta of Hey-
den), another with four (Bdella), and another with six. The mere

SNOUTED MITES. 143

CASE statement of such diversity, accompanied with no corresponding

. MOLGUS LONGICORNIS (Zinzz.), (Ac.

differences of other structure, would seem to show that in this
group the presence, absence, or number of eyes was not a matter
of generic importance; and as we go along we shall see other
instances of the same thing in other families of mites and insects.

There are many species of insects found in the deep and
obscure recesses of limestone caverns, or other dark places, which
have no eyes. ‘The spot where the eyes should be is smooth, and
to the naked eye identical with the neighbouring surface, but some
of them beyond doubt belong to well-known and unmistakeable
genera which have eyes. ‘These organs would appear, therefore,
not to be entitled to rank among the structural organs which dis-
tinguish important divisions of living beings.

Genus Motcus? (Dard).
Mouth or quasi-head without a constriction or neck behind it.

Basteri, Fohuston), Acarides of Ber-
wickshire, in History of Berwick,
Nat. Club, ii. 227.).—1. Magnified
sketch of ditto.

As already said this probably
belongs to Dujardin’s genus Mol-
gus. It occurs in Berwickshire,
in Northumberland, and other
parts of England, where it is
common on the sea-shore during
the summer months, running quickly about among stones above
high-water mark.

It is scarlet, with the body blood red, and as if divided into
several: large subquadrangular compartments, formed apparently
by a thickening of the skin, pear-shaped, about an eighth of an
inch in length: in fact very like the small weevil called Apion ir
shape and size.

Mouth of Molgus longicornis. Copied from Dr.
Johnston’s figure.

144 ARACHNOIDEA.

CASE —_— There are two species that bear the name of longicornis : the
present, and one a Bdella longicornis—which were confounded by -
Linnzeus, this being the species so called
in his Fauna Suecica ; the other, that in
the Systema, which is easily distinguished |
from this by its palpi, terminating in two
long bristles, viz., like the palpi in Scirus
vulgaris. See next species. |

Genus EupaLus (Koch).

EUPALUS VITELLINUS (Koch. Ubers).

This seems to come near Molgus, if
Eupalus vitellinus. Copied from :
Koch’s Uberscht, not actually to belong to it.

Genus Scirus (Hermann).

Apparently with a head and neck.

The name Scirus, although only second in date, must be
adopted for this genus, because the original typical name, Bdella,
has been diverted from its more general application to those
species having four eyes.

SCIRUS VULGARIS (Herm.) (Bdella egregia, Koch, Ubers.).

Scirus vulgaris (Bdella egregia). Copied from Koch's Ubersicht.

SNOUTED MITES. 145

The characteristic break in the palpi, of which we have just
spoken, is well shown in this species. It is scarlet, and found
among mosses.

| No. 2. SCIRUS INSECTORUM. (Herm. Mem. Apt.), (Leptus Phalangii, Curtis, in
, Farm Insects).—2. Magnified sketch of larva of ditto.

Scirus insectorum. Copied from Hermann’s Scirus insectorum (Leptus Phalangii, Curtis).
Fes opied from his figure,

This insect is ‘described by Curtis, in his “ Farm Insects,” as
one of the correctives of the wire-worm beetle. He found it on
Elater ruficaudis, and it attaches itself to various other insects.
Hermann says he found it on Elater, Tipula, and spiders. This
habit has led to its being confounded with the larva of Trom-
bidium holosericeum, which attaches itself, as already said, to the
harvest spiders (Phalangium opilio). De Geer took it for the
Acarus phalangii, and Curtis followed him, but seeing that it was
only six-footed, rightly put it in the old genus, Leptus, proposed
for the six-footed Acari, before it was known that they were
only the young of other species. The true genus to whith this
belongs, however, is easily gathered from the snouted mouth and
extended palpi: and Curtis’s figure, which we give here, is un-
mistakably only an individual of the Scirus insectorum figured
by Hermann, not so well filled up as his specimen. It occurs
both in this country and on the Continent.

146 ARACHNOIDEA.

CASE SCIRUS HEXOPHTHALMUS (Gerv., Ann. Sc. Nat. 1841).—3. Magnified sketch
7 of ditto, copied from Gervais.

ah et

This is the species with six eyes, for which another genus would
have to be established if every change in the number of eyes is to

call for one. It is reddish orange coloured.

Scirus hexophthalmus. About the size A ane
of a pin’s head. Scirus obisium.

No. 4, SCIRUS OBISIUM (Gerv., Ann. Sc. Nat. 1841).—4. Magnified sketch of ditto,
copied from Gervais. |
This has no eyes, and would behove to have a genus for itself -
too, if they are important as characters. As already said, they
co not appear to be so. |

No. 5. SCIRUS VESTITUS (Bdella vestita, Koch).—5. Magnified sketch of ditto, copied
from figure in Cuvier’s Regn. Anim., French illustrated edition (without
date), Arachnids, edited by Dugés and M. Edwards.

A species with red and black marks disposed in patches.

WATER MITES. 147

Family HY DRACHNID: (Fresh Water Mites).

These, as already said, are merely Trombidii modified to suit
the different element in which they live, and with other variations
that might be expected from sucha modification. |
They have the same predominance of bright colour,
scarlet and various shades of red preponderating
some of them have the same finger and thumb
termination of the palpi, although others have it
either entirely absent, or nearly so; but almost all
have the last joint hooked so as to serve as an
anchor or a grappling hook. Divers of them in
one stage or other fasten themselves upon other pajpis of nyarachna,
insects, like the larvee of the harvest mite. They
are probably all carnivorous, perhaps living on minute Infusoria;
but this we believe is not known with certainty. In all, the tarsi
have two claws, with a very short shank, or almost none at all.

Claw of Atax Bonzi, seen from front and side, retracted and expanded. Copied from Claparede.

Their transformations are very remarkable, but for them and the
anatomical details of their structure, we must refer the reader to
M. Dugés’s Memoirs in the “Annales des Sciences Naturelles,
Zoologie” 1834. We have no space for these, and can only briefly
glance at a few of them as we go along. The whole group being
very homogeneous, there is not much room for the creation of
genera, but the remarkable difference in the transformations has

in many instances supplied this. The following are the more
remarkable -— —

CASE
X.

Ne. &

148 ARACHNOIDEA.

Ist Section.—BocG or MUD MITES. |

Feet adapted for walking, not swimming.

This group is the link between the swimming water mites and
the harvest mites. Like Trombidium holosericeum, they are soft
and velvety, and mostly of a scarlet red colour.

Genus LimNocHaReEs (Lair.).

LIMNOCHARES AQUATICUS (Lizz.) (L. holosericeus, Latr.). —6. Magnified
sketch of ditto.

This species is vivid scarlet. Its young is also very like that of
Trombidium holosericeum, has only six feet, and adheres to
Gerris lacustris, a water bug, and other water insects, generally
near the head, and although a water insect, has no ciliz to its

Limnochares holosericeus. About 13 lines in length.

legs or swimming powers, but creeps slowly over the mud and
plants under water. The body is irregularly oval, cone-shaped
in front, but from its softness is susceptible of accidental or
spontaneous deformation, so that it varies in appearance and
form.

Genus Tuvas (Koch).

More nearly resembling a Hydrachna, but feet adapted for
walking.

EE ene

WATER MITES {49

aa THYAS VENUSTA (Koch).

Thyas venusta. Copied from Kochs Ubezs.

Our knowledge of this genus and the succeeding two genera, as
well as various others of Koch’s genera noticed in this work, is
confined to what we gather from his Ubersicht ; and its meagre-
ness 1s not to be ascribed to us, but to the source whence we have

drawn it.
Genus SMARIS.

Distinguished by the absence of palpi. Its skin is clothed wit
papillz like Smaridia, and some of the Trombidii.

SMARIS EXPALPIS (och).

Smaris impressa. Copied from Kochli’s Ubersicht

150 ARACHNOIDEA.

Se Genus ALYCUS.

Clothed, like the preceding, with papilla, and otherwise formed
like a Trombidium.

ALYCUS ROSEUS (Koch).

Alycus roseus, Copied from Koch’s Ubers.

2nd Section.—PoND WATER MITES,

Feet adapted for swimming. Four eyes.

Genus Ey.ats (Zaér.).

Nos. EYLAIS EXTENDENS (Zatr.).—7. Magnified sketch of larva; 8. Ditto of
7, 8. perfect insect.

Eylais extendens, young form. Copied from Dugés, Ditto perfect insect.
Size of a mustard seed.

Of this genus only one species has been described. Its main
characters are, that the palpi have the basal joints short, the penul-

WATER MITES. Ist

timate large, and the last armed with spines. The feet are long
and slender and ciliated, except the two last, which are only pilose.
Its colour is pale red, and iis size about that of a mustard seed.

Genus HYpDRACHNA,.

The genus is restricted by Dugés to those fresh water mites
that have palpi with the third joint largest, a beak of the same
length as the palpi, and mandibles with |
sharp blades. Their transformations
have been fully observed, and are very
interesting. From the eggs which have
been laid in spring in the stems of water

plants, perforated for the purpose, little
hexapod animals come to view, with a
large heart-shaped sucker in front, which
might be taken for a head, but that the
eyes are situate behind it on the anterior
margin of the back. Subsequently they
attach themselves to different water
insects (Nepa, Ranatra, Dytiscus, &c.);
and whilst the abdomen is growing and
extending itself inte an elongated sac,
the feet and the sucker remain of the

same size. After a time, however, the Enlarged sketch of hinder part of
ieee drop Oi, and the creattire remains © 7v™Phs of Hydrachna adhering
like a bag hanging from the inseci to which |

it is affixed. For long these bags were thought to be the eggs of the
Nepa, and it was described as being like the frog of Surinam, that
laid its eggs on its own back, and hatched them out of its skin.
This stage corresponds apparently to that of the pupa in other
insects, the perfect insect being formed within the skin, like a fly
in its pupa. ‘The wood cuts show its various stages in the species.
Hydrachna globulus, now Hydrochoreutes globulus, a little further
on.

152 ARACHNOIDEA.

CASE HypDRACHNA GEOGRAPHICA (Koch).—9. Magnified sketch of ditto, copied
from figure in Koch’s Arachnidee.

abe

No. 9.
This is a very handsome species, with something like a geo-
graphical distribution of patches of scarlet and black.

iil

Hydrachna geographica. Copied from Miiller.

Koch breaks up this group into three additional genera, chiefly
founded upon the dimensions and proportions of the palpi. They
do not appear to deserve separation from Hydrachna. They are-—
LIMNESIA, HYDRYPHANTES, and HYDRODROMA.

Limnesia fulgeda. Copied from Koch.

3rd Section. —RIVER WATER MITEs.

Legs fitted for swimming. Two eyes.

WATER MITES. 153

Genus DirLopontus (Dugés).

Nos. DIPLODONTUS SCAPULARIS (Dug., Ann. Sc. Nat. 1834).—10. Magnified
o> figure of larva ; 11. Ditto of perfect insect.

This genus has the mandibles chelate, or quasi chelate, that is,
provided with a nipper or its equivalent. Other characters are
drawn from the different relative proportions of the joints of the
legs. The legs are ciliated, but the ciliae are so fine, and their

Diplodontus scapularis, larva, Ditto, perfect insect. About the size of a sweet pea.

motion so rapid, that although tolerably long, the naked eye
cannot see them when in motion, and the animal at the first
glance seems to move by some interior hidden mechanism. There
are several species of this genus. The colour of the present
species is red behind, interrupted in the middle, and black in
front, with some specks of red scattered through it. Dugés places
this species in the genus Diplodontus. Koch removes it into his
genus Hygrobates. We have preferred to follow Dugés.

Genus HyprocHoreuTeEs (Koch).

Nos. HyDROCHOREUTES GLOBULUS (Hydrachna globulus, JZu//.).—12. Magnified
Sm sketch of first stage of larva; 18. Specimens of Belostoma grandis,
Linn. (the large water scorpion), with nymphs of Hydrachnidz ad-

hering to various parts of its body ; 14, Enlarged sketch of hinder part

of British water scorpion (Nepa cinerea), with nymphs of Hydrochoreutes

globulus adhering to its body ; 15. Sketch of nymph of ditto still more

154 ARACHNOIDEA.

CASE highly magnified ; 16. Magnified sketch of Hydrochoreutes globulus,
ot perfect insect.

Ditto, perfect insect, under side. About the size of a No. 5 lead drop.
for an explanation of the above figures, see p. 151.

This species is pale red in the larval stage, dirty white in the
nymph, and rich maroon or purple in the perfect stage.

Genus AtTax (7a0.).

In the genus Atax the palpi are subulate, with the last joint
falcate or inguiculate. In the males of some species the body is
truncate behind. These M. Dugés supposed to belong to a
different genus, which he named Arrenurus, of which Koch
describes no less than forty species, many of which, no doubt,
must be referred to other genera besides Atax.

WATER MITES. Iss

A TAX Bonzi (C/aparede, Studien an Acariden).—17. Magnified sketch of newly
developed larva, copied from Claparede’s figure.
Atax Bonzi, which formed the subject of careful study, and an
j admirable memoir by M. Clapareéde, is a parasite, which lives
_ within the shell of the fresh-water mussel. It is semi-transparent
and pale yellowish, with some brown.
ATAX GLOBATOR (JZu//.)—18. Magnified sketch of male; 19. Ditto of female ;
both copied from Miiller’s figures and descriptions.

The male has a prolongation of the body behind like a tail.
It is virescent, except this prolongation, which is pellucid. The
female is round and pale blue, with virescent legs.

o. HYDRACHNA BUCCINATOR (JZ//.).—20. Magnified sketch of ditto, copied
from Muller’s figure and description.

Another tailed species. The body is red, black behind, and the
tail yellow.
. ATAX MINIATA (Koch).—21, Magnified figure of ditto, copied from Koch’s
Arachnidee,
Of a rich red-lead colour.
ATAX VARIPES (Koch).—%. Magnified figure of ditto, copied from Koch’s
Arachnidee.

_ Body pink with dark markings behind, legs varied with white
and brown. .

CASE
ba

Nos.
£3, 24.

No. 25.

156 ARACHNOIDEA.

ATAX HISTRIONICUS (Herm. Mem. apt.).—23. Magnified sketch of male,
Arrenurus viridis, Dug. ; 24. Ditto of female, Atax histrionicus, Dzg.,
copied from figures by Dugés, in Ann. Sc. Nat. 1834.

Atax histrionicus (Arrenurus viridis, Dzce.), male. Atax histrionicus, female.
About the size of a mustard seed.

The male is pale yellowish green, the female a rich purple, with
four large black blotches.

Besides the foregoing, Koch proposes several other genera for
species of this group, viz.:

NEsEA, Piona, HyGROBATES, ATRACTIDES, ACERCUS, and MaRICca;

but neither his figures nor his descriptions are sufficiently precise
to allow of our judging as to their value, especially in a family
where the general resemblance and the sexual differences are both
so great.

e Genus PONTARACHNA (/7/zp7).

PONTARACHNA PUNCTULUM, /7/.—25, Magnified sketch of ditto, copied
from drawing a. d description of Filippi.

This is a very minute and inconspicuous Hydrachna, with a
madder-brown irregular shaped patch covering the back; but
it 1s interesting from its having been found in the sea at Naples,
instead of in fresh water. Since then another from the North
American Seas has been described by Dr. Packard. Filippi made
the separate genus for his species, which we have adopted on his
responsibility.

GAMASIDS. | 157

Family GAMASIN.

_ THE members of this family are either found on the ground in
damp places or parasitic on some animal or other; and subject to
_the usual qualification of occasional exceptions, the palpi are fili-
form, that is, of nearly uniform thickness throughout; they usually
_ project forwards on each side of the mandibles, and have the ter-
_ minal articles bent downwards. The mandibles are chelate, that
is, provided with minute nippers. There are no eyes. The legs
are not ciliated, but adapted for motion on dry land. They have
seven joints, and there is a tendency in the second pair of legs in
some species to become larger and thicker than the others, often
with knobs or excrescences on different parts of them. The tarsi
have two claws, which emerge, as it were, from or alongside a kind
of frill or bag, which is called a caruncle, and which no doubt ful-
fils to some extent the office of a sucker. The accompanying
figures show some of the different forms this caruncle assumes.

Claw and caruncle of Claw and caruncie cf Claw and caruncle of
Gamasus tetragonoides. Dermanyssus avium, Sejus auris,

In some species the skin is chitonous, like the covering of a
beetle, but not so hard; and the colour is usually pale brown or
fawn. In certain species the skin is chitonous only in part, the
rest being soft, pliant, and colourless ; and in others it is entirely
soft, and naturally white or yellowish, but showing the colour of

CASE
XI.

Nos.

I, 2.

158 ARACHNOIDEA.

the food it has taken (as for instance, blood) through the walls
of the body. With few exceptions they are parasitic, at all
events at some period of their life, the majority being so on in-
sects; but there are others that are troublesome to birds and other
animals, forming the passage to the next section, the Ticks. They
form a very natural and easily recognised group. If we capture

a “‘shard-borne beetle” or a humble bee, we shall, very often, find

them infested by a large number of yellowish mites hanging about — :
their legs or adhering to their abdomen. ‘These are almost sure
to be Gamasidz. They are sometimes of large size compared to
that of the animals on which they are parasitic. Did the same
proportion exist on man, we should have lice as big as our fists or
our hats.

Sub-Family GAMASID/.

When not free, parasitic on insects.

Genus Gamasus (Laiv.).

i In this genus the body is covered
Ne Wy either in whole or in part by a
Wa smooth and even chitonous shell.

The labrum is trifid. The second

| pair of legs often thickened ; the first

Wass as pair usually the longest, but also the
; \\ — slenderest.

* GAMASUS COLEOPTRATORUM (Linm.).—1.
ih Enlarged figure of ditto ; 2. Specimens (2).
‘ This species has only part of its
say iss Wins ee outer skin hard and chitonous ; there

is a soft white space between the

upper and under surface, and also a similar band across the back.
Its colour is fawn. Found on various beetles. In winter it is
found under stones. It is a peculiarity of all these parasites on
insects, that they soon die after being removed from the insect or

GAMASIDS. 159

from the stone under which they have taken refuge, unless they
are kept moist. The insects on which they live are chiefly sub-

_ terranean, making burrows in damp soil, or under cow dung, &c.

GAMASUS MARGINATUS (Dug.).—8. Enlarged figure of ditto; 4 Specimens.

NNO at col
SA S i
yy x
By RS
d ! 7 ! "4 .
A tn
{ !
Gamasus marginatus. Gamasus (Laelaps) hilaris. Copied from Koch's figure.
About 3 line in length. : out the size of a pin’s head.

Broader, rounder, and darker in colour than the last, and with-
out the transverse soft white space across the back, but with the
marginal space wider, especially behind. ‘This species is also
found on beetles more frequently even than the last, and some-
times along with them; but, generally speaking, more than one
3 species of mite is not found on the same beetle. Hermann, in
his Mémoire Apterologique, reports that this species lives on dead
bodies, and cites the curious fact that one was observed by his
artist running on the corpus callosum of the brain of a soldier
who died in the military hospital at Strasburg, which had been
opened but a minute before, and the two hemispheres and the pia
mater just separated. Hermann thought not, but we have no
doubt that it was merely a case of first come, first served.
Prompt as the doctors had been with their examination, the mite
had been prompter.

Koch has established a genus which he has named Laelaps,
and the only character wherein it differs from Gamasus is in not

CASE
XI.

160 ARACHNOIDEA.

having the anterior legs slenderer and longer than the rest; in
other respects it corresponds with the section containing Gamasus
marginatus ; but the elongation of the anterior legs does not seem
a generic character, but rather one of degree; indeed, Koch’s
own figure of Laelaps hilaris, of which we give a copy, does not
bear out his own diagnosis, the anterior legs in it being both
longer and slenderer than the other legs. We have, therefore, not
adopted the genus Laelaps.

GAMASUS HILARIS (Laelaps hilaris, Koch, Ubers., p. 88, t. x., f. 48).

Koch says that this species and three others belonging to the
same genus Laelaps are parasitic on mice, although he never
found any on the house mouse. He regards them as specially
assigned to mice, and only to be found upon them. This figure,
however, looks so like other Gamasi which are found wandering
at times, that it may be well to wait for confirmation of Koch’s
assumption before definitely adopting it. |

There are several species formed upon the same plan as these,
which are difficult to distinguish from each other. Koch describes
about a score. One is the G. testudinarius of Hermann. We
possess another of comparatively large size and very pubescent,
with a fringe of long hairs on each side, especially in front. It
was taken from the under side of the neck of Phanzeus lancifer,
a large South American dung beetle. The portion disclosing
the soft skin is in it larger than usual. Dugés mentions a
very large species which he, too, found on a Brazilian Copris-
(C. mimas), and which, from its size, he called Gamasus gigas.
He says it was as large as our common Ixodes. If he means.
the male Ixodes, it may be the species of which we have been

' speaking, which then would sufficiently correspond with his

description. If a replete female Ixodes, then it must be some-
thing different. We have several other species taken from
beetles from different countries differing but slightly in size, but
probably distinct.

GAMASIDS. 161

US QUADRIPUNCTATUS (n. s.).—5. Enlarged figure of mite; 6...

Specimen (t1).
This species is more than a half larger than our common

a species. It is more elongated, shows less of the white margin at |
i. ES through the brown hard skin of the back, four black round spots.
It is from Old Calabar.

Gamasus crassipes, About Fy a line in length, Gamasus tetragonoides.
Copied from Hermann’s figure. Copied from Dugés’ figure,

; v0. s. GAMASUS TETRAGONOIDES (Dug.).—8. Enlarged figure of ditto.

Nos. GAMASUS PODAGER (JZurr. n. s.).—9. Enlarged figure of ditto; 10. Epeci-
:. men (1).

i | iF : ; ) | i . ‘
= i \ ill 1 Hi Aer Citi | f / =
a Pua Ne
Fe Gamasus podager. About 1} line in length.

CASE
XL

Nos

x1, 12

162 ARACHNOIDEA.

_ The preceding three species are all distinguished by the curious
thickening of the second pair of legs to which we have above
alluded. They have, also, all got more or less of the knobs or
projections upon them which often accompany the thickened legs.
The last species, which we have called podager, will be easily
recognised by the figure. It is fawn coloured, and nearly 2 lines
in length. From the mouth being under the projecting body, this
may probably be taken as the type of a new section or genus.

Genus Uropopa (La?r.).

The chief character of this genus is the existence of a cord
attaching the mite to the beetle on which it is found. The other
characters are like those of Gamasus, only slightly modified by
the buckfer-like form of the body, which also entails a shortening
of the legs.

UROPODA VEGETANS.—11, Magnified sketch of ditto; 12, Specimens.

The young naturalist is sure to
be puzzled with this species ; when
a beetle is infested by it, it seems
covered by a multitude of minute
fawn-coloured shining convex
scales (convex above and flat be-
/jow) gummed on to various parts
of the under side of theMbectlews
like tortoises or cocci, allowing
none of the parts of the body they
a{ilbthe eee ora aug iohetd! cover to be seen. They are not

easily detached, and when by

washing or scraping they are made to move, they do not fall off,

but still hang on to the place where they were fixed, by a fine
thread, which is attached by the one end to the beetle and by
the other to the under side of the Uropoda. The older natu-

cA
> xr.

GAMASIDS. 163

E ralists, De Geer, Latreille, &c., thought that this was something

of the nature of an umbilical cord, by which the mite drew
nourishment from the beetle, or from others of its own species,
on which it might be fixed, for they are sometimes found in
clusters, one piled above the other. Others imagined that it wa.
a silken cord by which the parasite attached itself so that the
beetle could not get rid of them by brushing them off. The latter
may be the purpose of it, but it is neither an umbilical tube nor
a silken cord. Examination of the cord shows that it-is not silk,
and not a tube, neither can it be used in any way for conveying
nourishment, fer the mite can, at will, detach itself from the beetle.
De Geer knew this, but supposed it was the end of the cord next
the beetle that became detached. He says that they are able to
remove when they please by crawling in a certain direction until
the cord is sufficiently strained to cause the end to be detached

from the beetle. This is a mistake: it is the end of the cord next

the mite that becomes detached. Dugés ascertained its real
nature. He says that he has found the Uropoda free under
stones in bad weather as well as fixed to burrowing beetles. The
pedicle or cord he describes as a horny filament, stiff, elastic when
dry, soft, becoming flexible in water without dissolving ; and in it
there is to be found neither cavity, nor fibres, nor any organic
structure. Fixed firmly on the coat of the beetle by a sort of
spreading base, it is attached to the mite at the other end bya
similar base, which exactly covers the anus of the mite, which, as
in the other Gamaside, is situated on the under side, a short dis-
tance within the posterior margin of the body; and hence he con-
cluded that it is not a silken matter spun by special organs, but
the viscous and dried excrements of the animal, and of which it.
can get rid whenever it makes a new excretion.

Dugés knew only one species, but we have two or three from
beetles in different parts of the world which differ in the propor-
tions of the buckler or back, some being more rounded or more
oval than others. In other respects they all look very much alike,

164 ARACHNOIDEA.

Genus ZERCON (Koch).

Koch describes and figures a genus under the name of Zercon.
It has parallel sides, and a transverse
line across the middle. We give a copy
of his figure.

Genus SEyus (Koch).

Without any separation on the back
between the thorax and abdomen, and
without any soft portion exposed behind.

This is a genus of Koch’s which we adopt

Zercon dimidiatus (copied from

pe oen eur) with satisfaction for a well-known portion

About the size of a pin’s point.

of the Gamasidz, which is usually referred
by naturalists to the genus Dermanyssus. Deducting Koch’s twe
genera, the Gamasidz above noticed are limited to those Gama
side in which the body is enclosed in whole or in part in a chito-
nous skin. They are all parasitic on insects. There are other
species which have the skin soft and not chitenous, for which the
genus Dermanyssus was established, and its original type was a
species (D. avium) that infests fowls. But there are many species
of soft-skinned Gamasidz whose affinity is greater with those that
are parasitic on insects than with those that feed on warm-blooded
animals. We find it a great convenience to remove these from the
latter, and to bring them alongside Gamasus; but in a separate
group confined to the soft-bodied species that are either parasitic
on insects or found free. The other characters by which they may
be distinguished from Dermanyssus are, that the posterior two
pair of legs are placed further back than in that genus, the body
less elongate, and not so swollen behind. The facies of the two
are sufficiently distinct: Dermanyssus reminds us of Ixodes, with
which its habits correspond ; Sejus reminds us of Gamasus, with
which its habits agree. Dermanyssus will then be confined to
the soft-bodied Gamaside parasitic on warm-blooded animals.

GAMASIDS. 165

Sxyus vipuus (Koch, Ubers., p. 92, t. x. f. 50).

The shoulders longish, rounded
behind and without projecting

ip
——<

bristles. Ny, ‘ ; J
It is to this genus doubtless that SQ ha) YF yb ,

| another species found by M. Dugés = 4 Q we

| upon the leaves of Bindweed should \

: be referred. He had gathered a Wy PS
quantity of these leaves on account _ ‘i fe SS
of the great number of Tetranychi 16:
with which they were covered, and f \

amone tiem he found also a certain «seus viduus. rhe size of a small pin’s head,
number of what he has named the

Dermanyssus of the Bindweed ; they walked freely upon the water
where these leaves were soaking. ‘Their size, their general form,
that of the feet and the palpi, resembled those of the Dermanyssus
avium ; but their colour was of a greenish grey, and the intestines,
and even the prolongations of its feet up to the sixth joint, were
full of a green matter. He asks, was this matter the result of the
suction of the vegetable juices directly from the leaf itself or indi-
rectly from it after having been first swallowed by the Tetranychi
on which the Gamasi fed.

The same difficulty as to their food occurs in a species which
M. Megnin has described (Insectologie Agricole, 1868) under the

name of the Forage mite, which is found in great quantities among
old hay, and which, when shaken down from the rack on the head
and neck of the animals feeding on it occasions them considerable
annoyance.

The species of this genus infest various insects as much as the
other Gamasidze of which we have already spoken, and many
species also occur in all sorts of places, and some of them even
lead an amphibious or semi-marine life.

In the species with such habits, we naturally feel a more parti-
cular interest, for mites being land animals we may expect to find

«166 ARACHNOIDEA.

CASE some peculiarities of structure in those that have deviated into

an aquatic mode of life, and still more when the aquatic mode of
life is marine. No other insects have ever been found inhabiting
the sea; certain beetles indeed live under high-water mark, but
they are no more sea-beetles than divers are sea-men. Both are
terrestrial, and their existence under the sea is exceptional, and
provided for in both by special contrivances for breathing. Some
mites that have of late years been described as found in the sea,
are the nearest approach that we have to insects living in the sea.
The first notice we have of any with this peculiarity, either
real or supposed, is one which, in 1842, M. Dujardin is said
to have found under the sea. It seems to have belonged to this
group. Next, three species were described and figured some
years ago by M. Laboulbene (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1851), which
had been found (like the above) living between tide marks.
He named them Gamasus salinus, G. maritimus, and G. halo-
philus. The accompanying wood-
cut represents his G, maritimus.
They all live in the chinks of
rocks that are submerged at high
water. M. Labeulbene says that
the two first hke to congregate
together in great numbers, which

_ may perhaps be partly owing to
a whole colony of eggs having
been deposited at the same place.
These two have a series of tooth-
comb-like appendages on the
third and fourth articles of the
palpi, which are suggestive of the
raptorial palpi of the Trombi-

Sejus maritimus, Ry pled trom have ul bene sae uve: diide ; but the curious prolonga-
tions or excrescences which occur

in other Gamasi (as in G. tetragonoides) forbid our attaching so much

GAMASIDS, 167

importance to them as we otherwise should have done. One
of M. Laboulbéne’s species (G. halophilus) is imperfect, the palpi
being wanting. It looks very like M. Hermann’s Trombidium
celer, and it may prove a Trombidium when its whole structure
is known. In the meantime it has this amount of resemblance with
4 them, that when in life it is said to have been of a fine red colour.
a _Mr, Brady, of Sunderland, has recently added the following
4 quasi-marine species to those above spoken of, which he has
described under the name of G. marinus.

No. 13 SEJUS MARINUS (Gamasus marinus, Brady, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875). 13.
4 Enlarged sketch of ditto, copied from Mr, Brady’s figure.

Found pretty commonly in crevices
of magnesian limestone rocks, between
tide marks near Sunderland ; Mr. Brady
has also a specimen that was washed
4 from among the roots of algae dredged

off Cumbrae in the Frith of Clyde. It
is very like, but distinct from, one of
the species described by M. Laboul-
bene, and both it and they are obviously
a parallel case to the species of A‘pus,
Trechus, Bembidium, and other beetles

i uik is eS a
that have been found in similar places. (a ieuem) vie

SEJUS AURIS (Gamasus auris, Ze/dy, Pr. Ac. Phil., 1872).

Professor Leidy describes a species under this name from the
ear of anox. He gives a figure of the claw to prove that it is a
Gamasus, but no figure of the insect itself. A copy of his figure
of the claw will be found on page 157.

Genus HALARACHNE (A//i2.).

Nos. HALARACHNE HALICH2RI (A//m., Ann. Nat. Hist. 1847).—14. Enlarged
— figure of larva of ditto; 15. Enlarged figure of perfect insect.

This is another claimant to the title of ocean mite, whose claim

168 ARACHNOIDEA.

CASE cannot be allowed. It is an extraordinary species of mite, which

was found on the posterior nares of the seal named Halicherus
gryphus, in the Irish seas. Both larvae and perfect insects were
found in abundance; we give copies of the figures, which will
save description. It is no doubt most interesting and most

Halarachne halicheeri, larva, Ditto, perfect insect.
Copied from Allman. About $ of:an inch in length,

curious, but it is not an ocean mite, any more than the seal
on which it is found is a fish. It is merely a parasite on an
amphibious mammal, which spends much of its time in the sea.
Notwithstanding the name which he imposed upon it, Professor
Allman, whose acute discrimination of affinity is second to

none, at once referred it to its proper place. In fact, as soon

as he got possession of the young mites there was no room to

doubt—they are soft-bodied Gamasi (Seji), as plain as possible,’ |

but the perfect mite would have been much more puzzling.
Guided by the light of the larvee, we see that it belongs to this’

section of Gamaside, although the elongate form of the perfect in-
sect suggests an approach to the Dermanyssi, and notably of one
nearly if not quite as long and narrow as itself, that is found in the
nostrils of the common goat-sucker. It is curious to speculate on
the causes which led to the selection respectively by two species of

GAMASIDS. 169

the same genus of the same place of abode in two animals living
under such different conditions, a selection apparently followed or
attended by a certain similarity of appearance, due no doubt to the
equally restricted and confined limits of their place of abode. We
can imagine the Gamasus of the animal that became a seal, being
driven to take shelter in its nostrils to escape from being drowned
by the washing of the seas, to which it would be exposed if it
stuck to any unsheltered part of the body; and the Dermanyssus
of the nostrils of the goat-sucker may have taken refuge there as

its only place of secure retreat from the danger of being scratched

off by the pectinated claw of its host.

Sub-family DERMANYSSIDA,
Genus DEermanyssus. (Dugés.)

Soft-skinned ; parasitic only on warm-blooded animals.

‘No 16. DERMANYSSUS NITZSCHII (Giebe/, in Zeit. ges. Naturw. iv. 29).—16. En;
4 larged figure of ditto, copied from Giebel’s figure.

This is the species from the nostrils
of the goat-sucker, of which we have
above spoken. It feeds on the blood of
its victim; it is as big as a head-louse,
and as many as twelve to fifteen were
found together in the nostril of the same

bird.
Nos. DERMANYssUS AVIUM (Dug.)—1%. Enlarged
= x8, — figure of ditto, empty ; 18. Specimens thereof;
21, 19, Vignette of chickens (realistic chick); 20. apeeermanyssus nitzschit,
Enlarged figure of ditto fed; 21. Specimens Copied from Giebel.

thereof.

The so-called ‘‘tick” that infests domestic poultry, canaries, and
Other cage birds. It lives especially in fewl houses, and on their

CASE
Al.

170 ARACHNOIDEA.

inhabitants, and they sometimes migrate from the birds to the per-

sons of those who have charge of them, and occasion them much»

annoyance. Alt (a German observer) saw these mites, or a mite
which he supposed to be of thes same species, upon the neck and

4 wpe oe eC
ae
anh ‘NAN A
Mt MANN
a at
CHF!
\\

we i I

Dermanyssus avium, full fed (upper side). Ditto, empty (under side).
About the size of the cheese mite.

m Wy

A ead
Sb ‘i ‘ i (
in

nie

arms of a cachectic old woman. According to him they were
white, of the size of a grain of sand, extremely agile, and slipped
out of little excavations (occupying the space of 14 square
line), ran over the skin, and back again into their holes.

Simon narrates a case in which the mite nestled upen the skin
of a woman, who was otherwise healthy. She was constantly
infested with little louse-like animals, notwithstanding great clean-

liness and many attempts at extirpation of the mites, which were

recognised by Erichson as the Dermanyssus avium. It was

found at last that the woman went several times daily into the

cellar, over which the hen-roost lay. As often as this was the
case, the fowls flew up into their roosting-place, and by this means
the woman was sprinkled with mites. The removal of the hen-
roost cured her of her supposed phthiriasis. (Kuchenmeister,
Manual Parasites, vol. 2, p. 64.)

It also infests dove-cotes ; although no doubt it is sometimes

GAMASIDS. 170

- confounded there with the Argas reflexus, which is more specially

assigned to pigeons.

It may be most easily observed in the cages and aviaries
of singing birds, and they may harbour there, even although the
most scrupulous cleanliness is exercised, especially if the perches
used for the birds are made of hollow canes, and not solid wood.
It is in these hollow canes that they most particularly harbour, and
we may generally find them there at all seasons of the year. But
it is very probable that, although it is in these recesses that we
find them when we seek them during the daytime, they sally out
during the night, and settle on the sleeping birds, in order to
suck their blood. ‘That they do so, is shown by their digestive
organs being generally full of it in all individuals, both young
and adult. It is this blood which gives to these animalcules
their colour, which is dark purplish or brown, when they are
filled; when empty, they are colourless. In the same retreats,
are found a multitude of excessively fine exuvice, or white cast
skins, attesting sufficiently numerous moultings. In this heap
are seen also colourless eggs, ellipsoid, nearly equalling in length
the fifth part of the adult animal, which is scarcely a third of a
line at the most.

These eggs are said to become larger in maturing, and to take
gradually, like those of the spiders, the form of the young one
which is coming out. ‘The young have only six feet ; the body is
much longer and more inflated than that of the individuals of the
same size which have already their eight legs; these last are
slenderer, and more agile, and the posterior pair are much longer
than the body, and continue pellucid and colourless as at first ;
but it is not long before they go and fill their stomachs, and the
blood that they swallow makes them bright red at first, then dull,
then brownish, in proportion as it becomes more altered and
digested.

Bory de St. Vincent (Ann. Sc. Nat. rst Ser. xxxv.) relates that
a woman of forty years old, who felt the most intolerable itching

172 ARACHNOIDEA.

CASE all over her body, had only to scratch herself to see minute mites
come out of her skin, but none of them spread to, or propagated
the disease to, her attendants. Gervais named this species Der-
manyssus Boryi, ¢ compliment to the narrator.

DERMANYSSUS HIRUNDINIS (//ermann, Mem. Apt. 84.)
About the size of a large pin’s head. Found on the swallow
with other vermin.

No. 22, DERMANYSSUS PIPISTRELL& (Gerv., Ann. Sc. Nat. 1841).—22. Enlarged
sketch of ditto, copied from Gervais’ figure.

The Dermanyssi are not abso-
lutely confined to birds—they are
also found upon bats. The present
is a species found upon the smallest
of European bats (Vespertilio pipis-
trelle). It is very like the common
bird species, but more oval, and
the colour (reddish brown) is more
diffused.

It would even appear, from M.
Dugés’ observations, that some
species attack snakes also. He
speaks of two so attacked that had

Dermanyssus pipistrellz.

Copied from Gervais’ figure. come under his observation; one, —
the common Coluber natrix, which

he kept domesticated for several months, and which perished
exhausted by these parasites nestled under its scales, which all
his efforts had failed to destroy. .

There are other Dermanyssi found on bats—new species
from new countries almost always furnishing them, as well as
new species of Pteroptus. Kolenati has described a number
of these, and proposed various genera for their reception, under
the names of Liponyssus, Ichoronyssus, Macronyssus, J.epro-

GAMASIDS. 172

nyssus, Steatonyssus, and Pimelonyssus:—some of these are

_ smooth, some heavy, others rough, and some with shields on
the back and under side similar to those on the Pteroptide,

to which these species have perhaps as much affinity as to the
Dermanyssi, and Kolenati has made use of these differences to
characterise his genera. We shall not follow him into these
species. It may be a sufficient indication of their character
to quote the names of the groups into which he divides them.
He calls the whole group of Dermanyssi skin mites, and these he
divides into the fat mites, the dirty mites, the big mites, the rough
mites, the broken-shield mites, and the jointed-shield mites.
We merely figure three of the principal types of these genera to
give the reader an idea of them, but not having seen them or any
carefully enlarged figures of their parts, we would refer the reader
who wishes further information about them to Kolenati’s own
works. From Kolenati’s figures and descriptions they seem to us
(at least those with shields) to form a tribe apart midway between
the Dermanyssi and the Pteroptide.

LIPONYSSUS SETOSUS (Xolen. Sitz. Acad. Wiss, Wien. 1859, p. 172.)

Liponyssus setosus. Copied from Kolenati, Macronyssus longimanus. —
o’oorz2 of a Parisian metre in length. 0'0007 to o’oorr of a Parisian metre in length

From the Rhinolophus euryale in Banat and Servia.

MACRONYSSUS LONGIMANUS (olen., loc. cit. 178).

On Xantharpyia «egyptiaca in Egypt.

174 ARACHNOIDEA.

CASE LEPRONYSSUS RUBIGINOSUS (Kolzz. loc. cit.).
XI.

Reddish white, chiefly found on Myotus murinus but also on
all other bats that hibernate with it. Moravia and Silesia.

LEPRONYSSUS LOBATUS (Kolenati, loc. cit. 182).

Lepronyssus rubiginosus. Copied from Kolenati. Lepronyssus lobatus. Copied from Kolenati,
o'0008 of a Parisian metre in length. o‘oor5 of a Parisian metre in length.

Cherry red, and with an overlapping after-expansion, inclining
to that of Periglischrus in the Pteroptide. On Myotus murinus
in the Moravian Caverns. ,

PIMELONYSSUS BISCUTELLUS (olenatz. loc. cit. 188).

This is one of the jointed-shield mites, the
shield on the back is, as it were, cut trans-
versely across the middle, and on the under
side there is a corresponding fold which ob-
viously serves as a hinge allowing the body to
bend back and forward in a way that could not
have been done had there been a stiff shield
without joint. On Rhinolophus ferrum-equi-

Pimel s biscutelius, :
Can ee eeae num in the Golubaczer Cavern. |
00005 of a Parisian metre 5
in length. We shall conclude our notices of the

Dermanyssi with a doubtful species.
No. 23. DERMANYSSUS(2) AGILIS (obi), (MELICHARES AGILIS, Hering, Nov. Act.
Xxviil.).—28. Enlarged figure of ditto.

Hering, who figures this species, says that it vas found on old
dates and figs along with Glyciphagus pruncrum. The figures

GAMASIDS. - 175

iven by him in his paper are in general very accurate and
_ characteristic, especially considering the time when they were
- made ; but this is not equal to the rest. There are various critical
g points left unnoticed, and amongst others the number of joints te
_ the legs seems left uncertain. Professor Robin, however, before
whose knowledge of this subject we bow, regards it as a Der-
manyssus. If it be so, it must be one of the Gamaside which
come under the genus Sejus, and ought to be removed from those
that are parasites on vertebrate animals.

Sub-family PrEROPTIDAE.
Genus PrEeRoptus (Dufour).

Readily distinguished by their very thick, short, and conical
legs, which are thicker and the joints shorter than in Dermanyssus.
The majority of the species composing it are either more or less
lozenge-shaped or baggy behind. All the species are parasitic on
bats, to which they are confined, and they are sprinkled with
bristles, which are j ointed in a manner not unlike the hairs of the
bats themselves. |

The resemblance between the structure of the hairs of the bats
and those of their parasites is certainly very remarkable. We give
a comparative view of a different kind of each in illustration cf
this.

Magnified hair of a species of Vampire, Magnified hair of Diplostaspis dasycnem®.
after Queckett. a European Fteroptus.

Here of course there can be no question of the resembiance

CASE
XI.

176 ARACHNOIDEA.

being due to affinity, but the teleologist may perhaps say that it
indicates that there is some condition of life shared by both,
which makes it necessary or advantageous for the animals exposed
to it to be so provided.

The genus Caris of Latreille was established upon the six-footed
young of the Pteropti, and the names Celeripes and Spinturnia,
given respectively by Montagu and Heyden, are synonyms of
Pteroptus.

Kolenati has paid much attention to this group, and has pub-
lished important contributions to our knowledge of its species in
various works, of which the more important are ‘“ Die parasiten
der Chiroptern,” his “ Bietrage zur Kentniss der Arachniden,”
published in the “Sitzungs. Akad. Wissenchaft. Wien,” and
various papers in other scientific journals, such as the ‘‘ Wiener
Entom. Zeitschr.,” the “Stettiner Entom. Zeitung,” the “ Bulletin
of Imp. Acad. Nat. Moscow,” &c. In these she has described
and figured many species and established so many new genera,
that he found it necessary to make a separate family for the
group (Pteroptidz). We have thought a sub-family sufficient.
His two most important new genera are no doubt rightly put
apart—indeed we do not think that either of them belong to the
Pteroptidze at all—but the rest of his genera seem all very close
to each other, and, although we note and figure them, it is for the
reader’s information, not because we believe them to be good
genera.

The two genera (Otonyssus and Peplonyssus) which differ in
a marked manner from the species among which Kolenati places
them, are only six-footed, and therefore probably the young of
some eight-footed species. The natural supposition would be
that, being parasitic upon bats, they are the young form of some
Acaroid parasite of that class of animals—such as Dermanyssus,
Pteroptus, or Ixodes—and Pteroptus being, par excellence, the
bat parasite, it is most natural that it should be the genus looked
to. But there are such material differences here, and equally

GAMASIDS. 177

for doing so more in detail.
_ The sub-family divested of them may be divided into two
sections, those which are so constructed as to attach them-
__ selves by the inferior margin of the body all round, lke a
a limpet to a rock, and those which are not so organised.
_ The first of these sections constitutes the genus Periglischrus
of Kolenati, and is also characterised by the posterior end of
the body being more or less baggy.

Section I.—ADHERING BY THE EDGE OF THE BODY.

PERIGLISCHRUS RHINOLOPHINUS (Koch. Arachnid, 38, tab. 21). (Periglischrus
asema, Kolenat?, Sitz. Ak. Wiss. Wien. 1858, p. 81).

Kolenati’s species seems to be the same as Koch’s. It is
yellowish white in colour, and is found on Rhinolophus ferrum-
equinum throughout Europe.

PERIGLISCHRUS CALIGUS (Kolenaii, Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien. 1858, p. 79).

‘fF Periglischrus rhinolophinus. Copied from Koch’s Periglischrus caligus. Copied from Kolenati.
+ Ubersicht. o*0006 of a Parisian metre in length. o‘oorx of a Parisian metre in length,
A Brazilian species found on the wing of Glossophaga amplexi-

caudata. It is dull yellow.
M

178 ARACHNOIDEA.

CASE TINOGLISCHRUS PUNCTOLYRA (Kolenati, Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien. 1858.

XI.

No. 24.

p- 82).

Tinoglischrus punctolyra. Copied from Kolenatt. ; Do. underside.
o0'0005 ef a Parisian metre in length.

This differs from Periglischrus in having the body attenuated
both before and behind. It is found on Rhinopoma macrophyllum
in Egypt.

TINOGLISCHRUS AUDOUINII.—24. Enlarged

sketch of ditto, copied from figure by
M. Audouin.

This species was found by Audouin
on Rhinolophus unihastatus. It was
described and figured by him in the
Annal. Sc. Nat. 1832, but without
name. We have appended his own
to it. There seems little doubt that it
belongs to this section and this sub-
genus.

Tinoglischrus audouinii Copied from
Audouin’s figure.

Section II.—NoT ADHERING BY THE EDGE OF THE BODY.

Almost all the species of the genus Pteroptes have, in some
form or to some extent, a horny shield over the upper or under
side of the body, and this applies both to this and the preceding
section. The latter, being small, called for no further subdivision,
and in it no genera have been proposed founded upon variations
in these shields. In this section, however, Kolenati has used
them as characters for a number of genera that he has founded

GAMASIDS. 179

‘upon them. -Of those that have a single shield on the back and

__none on the belly, he makes the genus Monostaspis. Those that
have one shield on the back and one on the belly, he makes

Diplostaspis. Of those that have one on the back and two on
the belly, he makes Tristaspis. Those with a divided shield on
the back and one below, he calls Heterostaspis. One that has
remarkably thick anterior legs, with the claws developed into
something like an anchor without a caruncle, he calls Leiostaspis,
and so on. ‘These have all very: much the same facies, and require
careful examination to distinguish them from each other. For
our purpose it will be sufficient to notice the commonest and the
most remarkable. |
The commonest is perhaps :—

DIPLOSTASPIS VESPERTILIONIS (Acarus vespertilionis, Herm. Apter. p. 84,
pl. 1, fig. 14, 1804; Pteroptus vespertilionis, Duwf Ann. Sc. Nat.
1832; Sarcoptes vespertilionis, Koch. in Herrich-Scaff. Ins. Deutsch.
Heft 167, tab. 23 ; Dermanyssus albatus, Koch. Deutsch. Crust. Myr.
and Arach. h. 24, 168, 5 (young state) ; Dermanyssus arcuatus, Koch.
id, op. h. 24, 168, 2; Diplostaspis arcuata, Kolenatz, Sitz. Akad. Wiss.
Wien. 1858, 166).—25. Enlarged figure of ditto ; 26. Specimens of
ditto (r slide).

a,
Gi d
we

6 AN)
BP ANONG

ZS ip

Diplostaspis vesp2rtilionis. Ditto (D, arcuata Kol.)
Copied from Hermann’s early figure, Copied from Kolenati’s better and later figure,
Half a line in length.» o’oor5 of a Parisian metre in length.

Yellowish cream coloured, with dark or purplish markings ; very
frequent on Panugo noctula throughout Europe. We have noted
what appear to be synonymes given to it by various authors.

M 2

180 ARACHNOIDEA.

CASE LEIOSTASPIS ZELEBORII (Kolenati in Sitz Akad. Wiss. Wien. 1860,
= Ancystropus zeleborii, Ao/enazi in Parasiten der Chiroptern, p. 25).
Dull yellow, with brown legs, and blackish
markings. Found on the eyelids and eye
corners of Xantharpia egyptiaca (seed eating
bats) in Egypt ; not rare.

Sub-family ARGASIDAE.
Genus Arcas (Laér.).

: The skin in this genus is leathery and
Copiesisstanpis zeleborti. flexible, but not smooth, being coarse and
oroo09 of a Maren metren covered with granulations or depressions.
The anterior part of the body projects over
the mouth, so that none of its parts are visible at least in the
perfect insect. The first joint of the palpi is larger than the rest.
In some species the joints of the legs
e Sy, 4 are more or less nodose, and in the
perfect insect there are no caruncles
en ee oe to the claws of the tarsi, although in
the young there would appear to be so, at least they are so figured
in Audouin’s drawing of the young of Argas pipistrellze.

No. a7 ARGAS PIPISTRELLA (Audouin, Ann. Sc. Nat. 1832).—2%. Enlarged sketch
of young of ditto from Audouin’s figure.

Argas pipistrellae (young, under side). Claw of ditto.
Copied from Audouin's figure. ~ Copied from Audouin.

Found on the body of the little pipistrel bat, with its snout

No 29.

GAMASIDS. 181

deeply buried in the skin. The woodcut shows the young,
which was the stage on which Latreille’s genus Caris was
founded.

ARGAS REFLEXUS (/aé.), (Rhynchoprion columbe, Herm.).—28 Enlarged

figure of ditto.
The present species occurs on A y
pigeons (whence it was named Rhyn- WEN

choprion columbe by Hermann). wtooeoiA
It is chiefly met with in the south ke \\
of Europe. In the north it does je \
not appear to be very frequent ; Gee
although, no doubt, if search were
properly made for it, it would be
found much too common. Some
years ago it was found swarming in
a house in Frankfort, and latterly siegn ges rene.
(1872) has been detected by Mr.

Gulliver on pigeons near Maidstone, in Kent (Quarterly Journ.
Microsc. Scc. and Ann. Nat. Hist. 1872).

ARGAS PERSICUS (Fisch.).—29. Enlarged figure of under side.

In Persia the present species has long been known and dreaded
as an annoyance. It is there called Malleh de Mianeh, and has
been noticed by travellers under the name of Teigne de Miana, or
venomous bug of Miana. It lives in houses, and it is reported
that its puncture occasions disagreeable or even serious conse-
quences to man—producing convulsions, delirium, sometimes
followed by gangrene of the part, and, as is asserted, even death
—a statement which it is now said is very much exaggerated, if
not wholly incorrect. The body is flat and thin, of a clear blood-
red, spotted on the back, with a great many white spots or granu-
lations. The feet are pale yellow.

182 ARACHNOIDE A.

CASE ARGAS AMERICANUS (Riley). —80, Enlarged figure of ditto.

Ne. ° Found in Texas along with the common cattle tick (Ixodes
bovis), but has not yet been recorded as troublesome to man.

Argas Miniatus.
Copied from Koch.

Its form is similar to that of the
Persian species, but the granulations
are smaller, and on the back radiate
from a central point outwards, av
cially behind. |

ARGAS MINIATUS (Koch).

Said by Koch to be from “ Dama-

rara” (whether intended for Demerara

or Damara Land not known).

No. 31. ARGAS MOUBATA (JZurr, n. s.).—81. Enlarged figure of ditto.

This insect is a native of Angola. Specimens were brought
home by the late lamented Dr. Welwitsch, and it is figured from

those in his collection.

Argas moubata (magnified and natural

It is called by the natives Moubata,
and we have preserved the name. It
attacks both man and beast, and,
according to Dr. Welwitsch, gets at
man in bed like a bug. The pain of
its bite is not felt until two hours after
it has been inflicted, but it makes up
for the respite by continuing painful
and inflamed for from twelve to
twenty-four hours thereafter. It is

oblong, coriaceous, coloured something like a shark’s skin, or
slate-colour, speckled with white spots or granulations all over it,
which are larger and more dispersed than in the other species.

It is obviously akin to the Argas Savignii of Egypt, which, how-
ever, does not, from the figure in the “ Description de l’Egypte,”

GAMASIDS. yes 183

appear to have the paler spots or granulations of this species.

Tie colour of A. Savignii is not mentioned in the description.
No. 3 ARGAS (ORNITHODOROS CORIACEUS) (Aoch).. 82 Enlarged sketch of ditto,
‘a copied from Koch’s figure.
.
‘ Koch, in his “ Ubersicht,” pro-
‘ poses a genus under the name of
|

Ornithodoros for those species of
Argas that have eyes. We have
already pointed out the insuff-
cient nature of this character,
and therefore hesitate to adopt
it.

The present is the species on Ree
which he founds it. The front ieee fouesiiedsros) corageds:
is a little projecting ; the colour ar Aca aadent|
is pale yellowish brown, with vermilion spots speckled over it.
It is from Mexico.

No. 33. ARGAS (ORNITHODOROS) TALAJE (Guer.).—83.
Enlarged figure of ditto.

A very irritating substitute for, or rather
addition to the flea, in Guatemala. M.
Sallé, the well-known French entomologist,
who collected largely in Central America,
thus describes the annoyance caused by
this insect :-—

“Being at Casa Vieja de Gastoya, on Argas (Omithodoros)talage.
the road from Guatemala to Zacapa (Cen- :
tral America), about fifteen leagues from Guatemala, the 6th of
May, 1847, I was awakened several times out of a profound sleep
by atrocious itching on the hands and face, and my companion,
M. Jules, suffered still more than I did. At three o’clock, irritated
by these painful bites, I lighted a candle, and found that I had

CASE
XI.

184 ARACHNOIDEA.

my hands covered with blood and blotches like large bites of
bugs, which I supposed must belong to some particular species
of monstrozis size. My companion told me that we had been
stung by wasps lodged in the walls of the house. On arousing
the muleteer who conducted us, he told us that we were the
victims of an animal called Talaje, which they considered a large
flea. On seeking for the insect, I found this Argas, which appeared
to me very disgusting. Some were distended with blood, others
had the skin rugose and wrinkled. I then remembered having
taken some of them on my face during the night, and having
rolled them between my fingers, taking them for some of the ticks
with which my mule was covered to such a degree that some
people told me it would be killed by them.

“ These Talajes keep themselves in the crevices of the walls of
old houses. These walls are made of bamboos, roughed with
mortar. They bite like fleas, and return to their holes before
morning, for they are nocturnal. My hands and ears were much
swollen, and I suffered horribly. On piercing some of the
pustules full of blood occasioned by these, a drop of blood issued.
I washed myself, and put in the water some drops of volatile
alkali, but in place of allaying the pain, that only added to the
swelling and inflammation.

“‘M. Jules did nothing, and suffered as much as I did, only the
swelling was less, and did not last so long.” M. Sallé passed
two bad feverish nights after this. On the third he began to
get better, but it was not until a fortnight afterwards that he
was entirely cured.— ev. ALag. Zool., 1849, 342. é

The figure is copied from Guerin, and from its appearance it
seems not unlikely that it may belong to the same section as the
preceding.

An insect belonging to this group has been described under the
name of Eschatocephalus gracilipes. It is said to be only an
aberrant form of Argas.

TICKS. 188

Family IXODID (Ticks).

in, which, in the female, is capable of much extension. The
strum and mandibles are adapted for sucking. They have
| ~_valvate palpi sheathing the rostrum, which is composed of two
BY lateral parts, and a middle part covered with recurved barbs,
“s which prevent its retracting when once driven into the flesh ; but
Professor Busk ascertained by his researches on the living young
of the Catapato (Amblyomma rotundatum) that the sucking

Claw of ditto. Copied from figure by Megnin,

apparatus (in it at least) lies not in the middle part or rostrum,
but in the mandibles on each side of it, up each of these run two
tubes designed for this office. The feet terminate in two claws,
and a caruncle or vesicle which acts as a sucker. An important

CASE
XII

186 ARACHNOIDEA.

character is their having a small carapace or shield on the back
behind the head. Some have eyes, and some none. ‘The habits
of the species must at first be herbivorous, for it is from the
herbage that they find their way to the creatures on which they
fix; but when mature, they greedily avail themselves of every
opportunity of settling on vertebrate animals, whose blood they
suck instead of sap. It is a remarkable feature in the economy
of these minute animals, that the same species at different stages
of its life should thus be at one time phytophagous, and at another
carnivorous. The usual special adaptation of structure to kind of
food would seem to be absent, but the anomaly is only apparent.
Carnivorous mammals are provided with a different apparatus for
obtaining their food from that of vegetable feeders ; not no account
of the difference in the chemical constituents of their food, but on
account of the different form in which it is presented to them for
consumption and assimilation. If, for example, the food of both
was presented to them in a liquid state, in the one case blood,
and in the other juice of plants, we may be sure that the carni-
vorous Canines in the one case, and the vegetarian molars in the
other, would be alike dispensed with, and both would be furnished
with a sucking-up or pumping apparatus, which might be identical,
if no speciality in the mode in which the liquid presented itself
called for a difference. There might be a difference in the
structure of their viscera, adapted to the chemical character of the
liquid food, but there is no teleological reason why the external

and oral structure should not be the same in both. ‘This is what ~

we find in all suctorial insects—bugs, gnats, acari, &c. All are
provided with a sucking apparatus, constructed on a similar plan,
which some use upon animals, and others upon plants. It has
been even said that some, as the bed-bug, feed upon the juice of
plants and blood of animals indifferently, and the impossibility of
immense swarms of mosquitoes ever tasting foocat-all in the perfect
state, if they are restricted to the blood of mammals, has been
adduced as an argument in support of their doing so too. It is to

TICKS. 187

: = be remembered, too, that in some of these blood-suckers, as the

mosquito, it is only the female that attacks us, or indeed that is
provided with the sucking apparatus, and there is a very good
reason for this. The mission of the male is done as soon as
he has impregnated the female, and he may get about his busi-
ness, and_die as soon as he pleases. Nature has no further use
for him ; but the female has still to lay her eggs, therefore she
must be fed. In, like manner so is only the female tick that
we find with its large abdomen distended with blood. The
abdomen of the male is not capable of distension like that of the
female.

Eyes are absent in many species of this genus (for example,
in our own ticks), but present in others.

The group is very homogeneous, and although there are various
types that may serve for subsections, it does not appear thai
as yet any very good sectional characters have been found to
enable us to break it up, and distribute its numerous species into
genera. Koch has tried to do so by the eyes ; thus he reserves the
name Ixodes for those without eyes; then he makes a genus
Hyalomma for those with clear distinct cone-shaped eyes, and
palpi as long or longer than the head ; one named Dermacentor,
with small flat moderately clear pale eyes, and very short broad
palpi ; one named Amblyomma, with flat muddy dull pale eyes.
Starting from these, he uses other characters to differentiate the
species still farther ; Hzemalastor has the eyes of Hyalomma, but
the body straight in front, without any emargination for the recep-
tion of the head, and very long hind legs, and the whole upper
surface covered by the shield; Rhipicephalus has the eyes of
Amblyomma, but with the palpi as broad as long, and with an
external angle, and so on. But we have already seen the little
value of the eyes as a character in some of the other groups, and
the whole family is so homogeneous, especially the females, that
although some of Koch’s sections may be of use as artificial aids
to the recognition of species, we cannot regard them as of much

188 ARACHNOIDEA.

oe use in arriving at a correct view of their natural relations to each
other. Notwithstanding this. we shall for the sake«of facilitating
the task of any one who may be disposed to make a study of the
family, give, in their natural places, a figure of each of Koch’s
genera above mentioned... There stems to be at least three
pretty well defined types of form. The oblong oval one that
we have in this country, and which extends over the whole of
the northern temperate regions, which may be regarded as the
true Ixodes, the more erbicular species like a coin, generally with
eyes, almost exclusively tropical, and principally composed of
Koch’s genus Amblyomma, and the small, very flat variegated
species, which as yet have only been found on snakes.

The Ixodidz that we have in this country live in woods and
herbage, and attach themselves to different animals as they pass ;
from sucking the blood, the body of the female swells in the form
of a pea or bean. It has indeed often been supposed that they
are actually parasitic-on the animals on which they are found, and
that a separate kind is appropriated to each animal, and that they
breed either upon them or about them. Thus, one is called the
dog-tick, another the cattle-tick. One of the American represen-
tatives is called the ox-tick (Ixodes bovis), and Leach described
six British species, one as being appropriate to the swallow,
another to the hedgehog, two to dogs, another to dogs and hedge-
hogs, and a sixth (Nycteribia), which turns out to belong to another
order (the flies), to the bats. It is an undoubted fact also, that
vast numbers of the present species have been found in dog-kennels,
swarming so in the chinks of the wood, as to render it necessary
to pull them down and burn them. Nothing, however, in this is
inconsistent with the natural habitat of the ticks being in herbage
and foliage, or with their being carried by dogs or cattle from their
proper habitat to the places where they live, and there propagating
themselves.

There is no getting over the fact, which every one accustomed
‘to a country life knows, that dogs will go out in the morning

TICKS. 189

perfectly free from ticks, and after a few hours’ hunting or rambling
come home with a quantity upon them; that cattle and horses
combed and curried and sent out to grass clean are soon loaded
with them ; and that man himself, especially in haytime, is often
seriously annoyed by them. So far then as regards our British
species, it is impossible to suppose that they are bred on the
creature on which they are found.

It is to be noted, however, that a good many exotic species
show indications of being limited to one animal, and even of
passing their lives upon them: some of these have been taken no
where else but from between the scales of various serpents from
warm climates, such as the python, the boa constrictor, etc., living
(or dying) in captivity in menageries, etc. These of course have
come with them from their native countries; but none of them
have as yet been found on any other animal from these countries—
an exception which loses some of its force when we remember
that no.animal is so helpless and powerless to get rid of ticks as a
serpent, especially when they once get between its scales. It
may be that, nevertheless, this section has some special habit
adapting them for attachment to scaley reptiles. They are all of
a flat circular type, admirably adapted for getting between the
scales, and in their very colour they imitate the colours of the
serpents on which they live. To be sure that colour is usually
that of tangled herbage, but other species of Ixodes have not this
combination of colouring. On these accounts we propose to
make a separate section for them under the name of Ophiodes ;
although, so far as we yet know, there are no other characters by
which to separate them.

Another case in which it seems probable that ticks are truly
assigned to one class of animals, is where they are found on bats.
Kolenati has described some half dozen species as peculiar to them,
and it is very probable that they are so, for not only have they
been found nowhere else, but the most of them are distinguished
by a special character, namely, the possession of long and slender

190 ARACHNOIDEA.

a legs. Itis to be noticed. too, fhat two specimens of a species of
Ixodes (named Ixodes longipes by M. Lucas—Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. »
1872); were lately taken in one of the subterranean caverns of
the Pyrenees, viz.,‘the upper cavern of Mas-d’azil in the Ariege
and it, too, was distinguislied by the length and slenderness of its
legs. There can be little doubt, we imagine, that they were
individuals that had dropped from some kat that had made the
cavern its place of retreat ; and it is, perhaps, not wholly irrele-
vant to remark that disproportionate length and slenderness of the
legs is a very common modification of the parts in blind insects
inhabiting such caverns: for example, Anopthalmus, Aphzenops,
Leptoderus, etc.

Genus IxopEs—without eyes.

Nos. IXODES ERINACEUS (Amd., Ann. Sc. Nat. 1532).—l. Enlarged figure of

4 ey g male; 2, Specimen of ditto (5); 3. Enlarged figure of female, half fed ;
4, Specimen of ditto in phial, ditto (11); 5. Enlarged figure of female,
full fed ; 6. Specimen of ditto in phial (4).

Ixodes erinaceus (raale). Ditto omnia
3 lines in length. Magnified and natural size.
This is a common species in Britain, and is found in rough
herbage, woods, and on dogs, cattle, foxes, hedgehogs, &c. It is,
we believe, the species that is commonly, although erroneously,
taken for Ixodes ricinus, at any rate generally known as the dog
tick:

TICKS, IQI

IXODES FODIENS (JZeniiz, Insect. Agric. 1867, p. 107). (IL. pustularum,
Luc., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1866, Bull. lvii.)

ixedes fodiens (female), under side. Magnified and natural size.
Reduced from figure by M. Megnin.

This species appears to be nearly allied to the preceding. But

in addition to its colour, which M. Megnin says is black, the legs

seem to be placed at greater distances from each other. The
difference in the form does not go for so much, because that
depends in the female a good deal on the degree of distension
of the body.

Its habits, or we should rather say, the results which M. Megnin
relates as following upon its attack, are moreover quite different
from anything that is recorded of any other species of Ixodes,
and we cannot help thinking that they must have proceeded from
some abnormal state of the health of the animal attacked, or
from some special circumstances which do not appear in his narra-
tion. His account is as follows :—

“Towards the 15th of last June (1866) a mare, fifteen years
old, belonging to Captain Pinard, of the 1st regiment of dragoons
in garrison at Versailles, presented all at once a disease of the
skin of a very unusual form, which affected the legs exclusively.
This disease was characterised by a pustular eruption, which
occupied the lower part of the limbs, without ascending above
the knees or houghs, and was accompanied by much itching.
Each pustule rested on a hard inflamed base, and was covered by
a crust of dried purulent matter, which was easily detached, taking

192 ARACHNOIDEA.

along with it a bundle of hairs, and then disclosed a small ulcer.
At the bottom of.that ulcer, and completely concealed by the
crust, the parasite was found, and it was clearly the determining
cause of the pustule, because it healed up spontaneously as soon
as the insect was removed ; but as it would have taken too long
to destroy all the individuals one by one in this manner, they were
disposed of e masse, by lotions of an infusion of tobacco. Eight
days after its appearance, the malady, thanks to this treatment,
completely disappeared, leaving in the place of each pustule a
small smooth white scar.”

Previous to M. Megnin’s publication, M. Lucas had given a
preliminary notice of the matter to the Entomological Society of
France, from M. Megnin’s information, and stated that M.
Megnin proposed for the insect the name I. pustularum, but he
gave no description. M. Megnin would appear to have forgot
this, and gave it the above name when he described it.

IXODES MARGINATUS (Leach) (testudinarius, JZurr.).—7. Enlarged figure of
male; 8. Specimen of ditto (8); 9. Enlarged figure of female; 10,
Specimen of ditto.

Ixodes marginatus (male). Ditto (female) unfilled.
1} lines in length.

We believe that this is the I. marginatus of Leach. The Ixodes
marginatus of Fabricius is said to be Argas reflexus.

It also is a British species, and sometimes has swarmed in such
great numbers on lawns and hay-fields, as to have made the

TICKS: 193

mowing and drying of the grass a very troublesome and disagree-
able operation to the labourers. We imagine that this is the species
spoken of by Mr. Gulliver as troublesome in Kent, and which he
supposes to be Ixodes Dugesii.

. IXODES RICINUS (Koch, Arachnidz),—-11. Enlarged figure of ditto, copied
from Koch’s figure.

A great deal of confusion seems to exist as to which species is
the true Ixodes ricinus of Linnzeus. We have endeavoured to
unravel it without much success. On examining the species in
the Linnzan Collection in the possession of the Linnean Society,
we find that the specimens stand almost without exception
unnamed. Among them, however, there is one (unnamed) that
corresponds with Koch’s figure of Ixodes ricinus, and we there-
fore fancy that that figure may be taken as representing the true
ricinus,

. IXODES REDUVIUS (Aud., Ann. Sc. Nat. 1832.),—12. Enlarged sketch of
ditto, copied from Audouin’s figure.
A French species, which comes near that which we have above-
named marginatus.

IXODES TRABEATUS (Azd. loc. cit.),—13. Enlarged sketch of ditto, copied
from Audouin’s figure.
Another French species, distinguished by the anterior half of
the body being black, and the posterior red.

IxopeEs Bovis (A/ey).—14. Enlarged figure of male; 15. Enlarged figure of
female ; 16. Specimen of ditto (1).

We have taken our sketch of the male from a figure given by
Mr. Riley, in the appendix to Professor Hayden’s Geological |
Report on Montana, Utah, &c., for 1872. And that of the
female, from a specimen (No. 16) that we took off the neck of a

miner in Utah, a portion of whose skin may still be seen adhering
N

CASE
XII.

Nos.
17, 18

Nos.

1g, 20.

194 ARACHNOIDEA.

to the rostrum. Koch has figured and described (in his Uber-
sicht) another American tick, under the name of Ixodes Ameri-
cana (Acarus Nigua, Deg.) It is rounder and smaller, and is
probably more confined to the southern districts. This latter is
spoken of as being known in America by the name of pzques, and
as being very distressing, and sometimes dangerous to man and
cattle. That it is very annoying is beyond doubt, especially
where men habitually sleep and live in the open air. |

Mr, Riley says of his species that it occurs in great abundance
at times on cattle in the West, and in Texas and Central
America, and that it had also been detected on a porcupine and
on a hare, which is confirmatory of the view we have above
taken regarding their habitat and habits.

It is probably this tick to which Captain Campbell Hardy
alludes in his “ Forest Life in Acadie” (1869). > tiem
(Ixodes) affects the moose, especially in winter and early spring.
The animal strives to free itself from their irritation, by striding
over bushes and brambles. ‘The ticks may often be seen on the
beds in the snow, where moose have lain down, and whence they
are quickly picked up by the ever-attendant moose birds or
Canada jays (Corvus Canadensis). ‘These vermin will fasten on
the hunter when backing his meat out of the wodds. The Indian
says, ‘bite all same as a piece of fire’” (p. 80).

IXODES BREVIPES (AZwr. n. s.).—1%. Enlarged figure of female of ditto;
18. Specimens (2).

A rather broad and comparatively short species from Ceylon

distinguished by the legs being more slender and shorter than in

the allied species.
IXODES DISTIPES (AZurr. n. s.).—19. Enlarged sketch of female of ditto ;
20. Specimen of ditto (1).

This is a species we have received from Tunis, and we made
sure that we should find it described either in the “ Description

‘
Nos °

Per, 22.

LICKS. 195

¢ CASE de Egypte, or in Lucas’ entomological part of the “ Exploration

de lAlgerie.” We cannot, however, identify it with anything there,
and therefore have named it as above, provisionally. It is like,
but more than twice the size of Ixodes erinaceus, at least the
female is (which we have alone seen), and instead of having all
the feet, as in it, close to the head, has a greater distance between
their origins, a peculiarity from which we have given it its name.

IXODES TRANSVERSALIS (Zwc.).—21. Enlarged sketch of ditto; 22. Sketch
of head of python, showing groove under eyebrow in which it is found.

This is a species which was described
by M. Lucas from specimens found in the
deep groove under the eyebrow of one of
the West African pythons kept in the
menagerie of the Jardin des Plantes. It
will be seen from the figure that it is very

Ixodes transversalis.

like the female of any common species of

Ixodes, with the exception that the abdomen is transverse instead
of longitudinal, and it suggests the idea that it possibly may be
the same as one of these with the abdomen pressed into a trans-
verse position from the confined and constrained situation in
which the animal has been living. It would appear that it has
been found more than once in the same spot of the python’s head
in different individuals, and never anywhere else, and if we
imagine an ordinary Ixodes to fix itself in the groove below the
eyebrow of the python, and to fill itself in that constrained posi-
tion, the abdomen might certainly not have room to distend itself
in the usual longitudinal direction, but be forced to spread itself
sideways, and if the insect remains fixed for a sufficient time, the
set of the abdomen might become permanent.

Genus Sarconyssus (Kolen.).

Terminal joint of the palpi rounded or oval.

196 ARACHNOIDEA.
CASE SARCONYSSUS NODULIPES (Ko/enati, Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1860, p. 576).
XI.
Kolenati describes four species of Ixodes found on bats under
the generic name of Sarconyssus, but we can find no difference in

his characters from those of the typical Ixodes, except that above
noted.

X,
XA
\

SS Ss
be IW KX 2 YS =
GyA,' <f i \ ne
a 7k = hyd

NY
ANNI ‘On
ih ait) ilies
Lee

(

MANN t Me, &

Nyy Mini AY, : \

SF
Ff"
Ti eri

a 4 aN \
i {\ @R S i
Ne SS a,
g 4 NaN
i i
NS
js aN
y

Sarconyssus nodulipes: Copied from Kolenati’s figure.

The .present species is distinguished by its long and slightly
nodular joints, but another of his species has not long legs.
pike-grey with brown legs and palpi.
in Moravia.

It’ is
Found on Myotus murinus

The other bat species of Sarconyssus, with one
exception, also have long legs.

Genus HyaLtomma (Koc/).
Eyes clear, distinct, and cone-shaped.

No, 2; HYALOMMA CORNUGER (Kolenati, Meletemata).—28. Enlarged sketch of ditto,
copied from Kolenati’s figure.

This, and two or three other species like it, occur in the

TICKS. 197

8 ag Caucasus and neighbouring regions. In form and appearance it
is similar to a species from Syria, described by Koch under
the name of Hyalomma syriacum, and from the locality it is pos-
sible that this too may belong to the section of Ixodes, to
which he has given the name Hyalomma; although that section
depends on its having eyes, of which Kolenati makes no
mention.

HYALOMMA HISPANICUM (Koch, Ubers. Arach.).

Hyalomma hispanicum (male). Copied from figure in Koch’s Ubersicht.
Magnified and natural size.

Ditto (female) unswollen. Magnified and natural size.

Dark wine red, with a thin margin of yellowish-white ; legs light

198 ARACHNOIDEA.

CASE red, the angles and tips of the joints whitish-yellow. From Spain
and Portugal.

Genus Harmaastor (Koch).

Body of male entirely covered by shield, no emargination in
front, with conical clear eyes.

HAEMALASTOR LONGIROSTRIS (Koch).

SS Uy
——— ——

SSS
4

Nii |
iN, Mit i {
Secatin vy \

Haemalastor longirostris. Copied from figure in Koch’s Ubersicht. Magnified and naturalsize. ,

Leather yellow—scutellum brownish-red, with a lozenge-shaped
blotch dark in the centre ; legs brownish-red, with the tips of the
joints yellow. From Brazil.

TIAEMALASTOR GRACILIPES, Frauenfeld, Verhand. Zool. Bot. Gesellsch. Wien,
iv. 28-9, (Kolenati, Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1860; Eschatocephalus
gracilipes; vauenfeld, id. Band iii. 5763; Sarconyssus hispidulus;
Kolenati, Die Parasiten der Chiroptern, 1857, p. 22, 9).

One of the species confined to bats. Found on Rhino-
lophus euryale, and other species in Hungary, Moravia, &c. It

TICKS: 199

ASE is blood-red ; the male sometimes reddish-yellow, or yellowish.
' brown. It is long-legged, like most of the bat species.

q
R

Haemalastor gracilipes. Copied from Kolenati’s figure.
070023 to 0'0044 of a Parisian metre in length.

Genus DERMACENTOR (Koch).

With small, flat, pale eyes, and
very short broad palpi.

DERMACENTOR PARDALINUS (Koch).

Oval; legs thick, the thighs of
the posterior pair toothed below,
rust-red in patches, in a sort of ©

network of yellowish-white. From

Dermacentor pardalinus. Copied from figure in
Hungary. Koch's Ubersicht. Magnified and natural size.

Genus HarmapuHysatis (Koch).

No eyes; palpi very small, almost broader than long, three-
cornered, the posterior margin of the second joint expanded
outwards.

200 ARACHNOIDEA.

'HIAEMAPHYSALIS ROSEA (Kach).

Shining yellowish-red;, palpi and
legs yellow; scutellum blood-red ;
abdomen with three elongate grooves.
From the West Indies.

Genus RHIPICEPHALUS.

is rosea. ied fi ©
Dee Ac rouse cae Eyes flat and muddy; palpi as broad

Magnified and natural size.

as long, and with an angle
on the external side.

RHIPICEPHALUS SENEGA-
LENSIS (Koch).

Flat; the scutellum
Fat showing tawny wine-red ;
ssl K abdomen dark wine-red ;
: mouth and legs blood-

red. From Senegal and
Rhipicephalus senegalensis. Copied from figure

in Kochs Ubersicht. Magnified and ‘
natural size. Egy p t.

Wik
A

a
. alls )

ADENOPLEURA COMPRESSUM (JMacalister, Quarterly Journal of Micr. Science,
n. Ss. xii. p. 287, pl. xiv. 1872.).—24. Enlarged sketch of ditto, copied
from Prof. Macalister’s figure.

No. 24.

The specimens from which Pro-
fessor Macalister described this new
form of Ixodes were obtained from
between the scales of the pangolin of
West Africa (Manis multiscutata); it
is minute for an Ixodes, being only
the sixteenth of an inch in length. It
is perhaps with reason, therefore, that
A a Professor Macalister has made a new

genus for it.

Copied from Prof, Macalister’s figure.

Nos.
‘ay, 28.

TICKS. aed

XIPHIASTOR (JZurr. n. g.).

Flat, mouth provided with a long projecting rostrum and long
palpi applied to it; abdomen with posterior margin beaded.

XIPHIASTOR ROSTRATUM (JZurr. n. s.), specimen (1).—25, Enlarged sketch
of ditto ; 26. Specimen (1).

We received this species from Old
Calabar from Mr. C. W. Thomson, for-
merly one of the missionaries to that
coast, whose contributions were the
most important of any made to natural
science by that mission. Its habits
are no doubt similar to those of other
species. It is brown, somewhat cir-
cular, and with a smooth upper surface. X.phiastor rostratum.

From 2 to 3 lines in length.
About one-fourth of an inch in length.

Genus AMBLYOMMA (Koch).

More or less rounded, flat, and with flat, muddy, pale eyes.

AMBLYOMMA ROTUNDATUM (Koch, Arachn.).—27. Enlarged figure of ditto ;
28. Specimen (1).

This is a handsome species,
nearly flat, with the scutellum,
or carapace, whitish speckled
with small red and dark spots
here and there over its surface,
most so on the depressions on
each side. Slightly larger than
the last.

j Amblyomma rotundatum. Magnified and natural size.

This may be taken as the
type of a multitude of ticks that infest South America, where they
are known by the name of Carapato, being so called in conse-
quence of their resemblance to the Ricinus which bears that
name in Portuguese.

202 ARACHNOIDEA.

CASE There are many species that go by this name, but no doubt the
majority belong to the genus Amblyomma. They are common in
all parts of South America where cattle abound; and they not
only attack cattle but also horses, dogs, and sheep, and occasionally
man himself. Like our own ticks they are found on plants, and
when cattle become infested with them it is generally after feeding
on open and exposed pastures, where the sun’s heat is great ; and
they increase most in dry seasons.

It is generally, but we may be sure erroneously, supposed that
the insect was not seen in the Brazils previously to an excessively
hot and dry summer, about 1824 or 25, since which it has multi-
plied amazingly. It is remarkable that cattle feeding in shady
pastures and coppices are frequently quite free from the carapato,
but will acquire it by infection from others. The mode in which
it appears to cause destruction to the animal infested by it, is by
the incessant irritation, which prevents the animal feeding or rest-
ing, and in consequence it becomes worn out. Many thousand
head of cattle are annually carried off by them, and even a scarcity
of food has been caused by them. Prof. Busk, from whom we
take some of these details, in describing the young of one species
(Trans. Micr. Soc., vol. I.) and the mischief that they do,
mentions that ‘they first appear on those parts of the skin un-
covered by hair, and are then not larger than a pin’s head, and
make the part quite black by their numbers. They adhere so
closely, that scraping them off would tear off the skin. In a short.
time they increase to the size of a bean, or common tick, as seen
in dogs, and fix themselves promiscuously on all parts of the hide,
where covered with hair.

“The same species appears to insinuate itself in its incipient
state, upon the human body, but is not known to assume the tick
form there (doubtless because not allowed to remain). ‘They
adhere most tenaciously to the skin; and, he says, they are
believed to introduce themselves below it, and are very harassing
and even create soreness and inflammation. They generally

LICES: F208

affect persons who have been passing through woods, although
not often seen or found on trees or plants.”

Cuvier, after noting that “‘ they are found in thick woods, abound-
ing in brushwood, briars, etc., states that they attach themselves to
low plants by the two fore-legs, extending the other feet so as to
seize anything that brushes against them, and their claws being
provided with caruncles that act as suckers, the slightest touch is
sufficient to give them a hold. Besides fastening upon dogs, cows,
horses, and other quadrupeds, they even lay hold of the tortoise, |
burying their suckers so completely in its flesh, that they can
hardly be detached by force and by tearing away the portion of
skin to which they are fastened. They deposit a prodigious
number of eggs.”

Prof. Busk incidentally mentions that the specimens that he
received of his species came in a letter from Rio Janeiro, which
had been sixty or seventy days on the way, and that the insects
were still living—a fact more in favour of their being likely to be
exposed to long privation before they find a victim, than of their
being bred on it with food constantly at their mouth.

AMBLYOMMA PACIFICUM (Murr. n. s.).—29. Enlarged figure of ditto;
30, Specimen (1).

This species came from the Sandwich Islands. It has con-
siderable resemblance to the Carapato of Brazil, but the scutellum
has only a small part white (the anterior angles), the rest is
reddish brown, the same as the rest of the body. About the
same size as the last.

Genus OpHiopes (JZurr.).

The following species, found on snakes, seem to us sufficiently
distinct to warrant their separation into a different genus. Their
very thin, flat, circular and somewhat transverse form; their pecu-
liar distribution of colour ; and their apparent restriction to snakes,
seem to mark them as a distinct and special type.

204 ARACHNOIDEA.

CASE OPHIODES OPHIOPHILUS (M/iil/., Nov. Aet. Nat. Cuv. 1831).—81, Enlarged
“aad sketch of ditto, copied from Miiller’s figure.
A species from South Africa which was found upon captive
snakes. The colour of its body is pale bluish green like
turquoise.

Nos, OPHIODES GERVAISII (Lucas, Soc, Ent. Fr. 1847).—82. Enlarged sketch
32, 330 of male of ditto ; 38. Ditto of female.

This was found under the scales of the boa constrictor.

No. 34. OPHIODES GRACILENTUS (Zzcas, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1846).—34. Enlarged
sketch of ditto.

This species has also been described by M. Lucas from living
specimens taken on the Python Sebze, on which it fixes itself in
the intervals between the ventral scales, which it resembles in
colour, its abdomen being yellowish, and head and _ thorax
brownish yellow.

Nos. OPHIODES FLAVOMACULATUS (Zwcas, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1846).—85. Enlarged
35, 30. sketch of ditto; 86. Sketch of Python Sebz on which it was found.

M. Lucas says that this
species is very agile, and ap-
pears to be rare. He “never
met with any but a few indi-
viduals that he found living
and fixed between the scales
of a boa constrictor newly
arrived from Senegal.” As
the boa constrictor is a South
American species, and does
not occur in Africa, we must
read python instead of boa
constrictor, for the python is the only large serpent that occurs in
West Africa, where it represents the boa.

Ophiodes flavomaculatus. Magnified and natural size.

MARINE MITES. 205

Family HALACARIDE (Marine Mites).

WE have already spoken of the interest attaching to the
occurrence of mites in the sea, and we have seen that one or two
that have been found there were only terrestrial species, so
constituted, as, like various other insects, to bear temporary
submersion without inconvenience. We now come, however, to
a group which seems rightly entitled to the name of marine
mites. But although we bring them in here, it is not as a
transition between the Ixodide and Oribatide, but rather as a
link between the Bdellidz or Trombidiidz and Oribatide. We
can only repeat that there is no linear arrangement in Natural
History, and any attempt to make one is constantly interrupted
by the necessity of bringing in collateral issues, which the reader
must learn to look upon as temporary digressions from the main
thread of the story. .

These marine mites were first brought under the notice of the
scientific world by M. Dujardin in the Journal de l'Institut (1842,
p- 316), for we pass over the brief notices of Linnzus and Fabricius,
of species living among the sea-weeds on the coasts of Norway,
as either not belonging to this group, but more probably to the
inter-tidal Gamasidz of which we have already spoken; or if
really belonging to this, then not recognisable from the too
vague descriptions unaccompanied by figures. But the species
indicated by Dujardin seem really to belong to this group. He
speaks first of an Oribates that he found in the sea at L’Orient,
and which seems very probably one of those to be presently
mentioned, and two other species which he thinks constitute a
new genus Molgus near the Bdellidz, coming the one from the
coasts of Bretagne, the other from the Mediterranean, which,
as already said, are probably the neckless Scirus described by
Dr. Johnston as Acarus longicornis or something allied to it; and
lastly, a species that does not swim in the water, and approaches

206 ARACHNOIDEA.

CAsE more nearly to the Acari properly so called ; doubtless Gamasus

ow marinus, or one of its allies above mentioned. a
The next author who noticed them was Mr. Gosse (Ann. and
Mag. Nat. Hist. 1855), who described three species, and subse- —
quently Mr. Hodge (Trans. of Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club,
iv. and v.) and Mr. G. S. Brady (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875) have each
added one to our list, so that in all we know five species. Both
Mr. Hodge and Mr. Brady describe more, but Mr. Hodge’s other
species seem to be larval forms or varieties of one or other of the
known species, and Mr. Brady’s come in elsewhere. We speak
here only of those we include in this section. We have been
induced to make a separate family for them partly on account of
the peculiarity of their habitat, and partly on that of their structure,
which, notwithstanding that the above authors refer their species to
already known terrestrial genera, does not seem to agree with that
of any already described family. They refer some of them to the
genera Raphignathus and Pachygnathus of the family Trombidude, —
and others to the family of Oribatide, and undoubtedly they
have some points of affinity with both ; but they also differ from 4
both in important characters, and agree among themselves in
others that are peculiar. The chief character given by Duges for
the Trombidiide is the appendiculated (or unguiculated finger
and thumb) palpus. In only one of the species referred to it by |
the above authors is this present, and then only in a very
modified degree. Another constant character of the Trom-
bidiidee is the soft pliant silky or velvet-like texture of the skin.
The marine species, on the contrary, have either a leathery or a

hard skin inclining to crustaceous. In the Trombidiidz the legs
are all set well under the body, and their origin is not near the
outer margin. In all the sea mites they proceed from the |
margin. In this latter respect the Oribatidze come nearer to |
these, as also in having a hard outer skin; but the hard outer ,
skin in the Oribatide is chitonous like the covering of a beetle, |
while in the marine mites it is liker that of a crustacean. But |

MARINE MITES. 207

ASE independent of that, the Oribatide have a very remarkable

*
a ;
: a

breathing apparatus, which is either absent in the Halacaridze, or, if
present, has not yet been ascertained to exist. The latter seem
to us to have more affinity with the Bdellidz than with the Trom-
bidiide ; for most of them (not all) have a projecting snout, and
some of them antennz like palpi, and the Bdellide have their
legs starting nearer from the margin of the body than the Trom-
bidiidze, although not from the edge like the marine mites. But,
in fact, they have points of resemblance with several families ; and,
what is curious, characters which, in other families, are of primary
importance (as, for instance, the transverse division between the
thorax and abdomen), seem here to have lost their value, some
having it and some not. Looking at the group altogether, how-
ever, we have no hesitation in coming to the conclusion that it
belongs neither to the Bdellide, the Trombidiide, nor Oribatide,
and still less to any other less similar group. We, therefore,
propose to establish a new and distinct family for its reception ;
and not-to hamper it with more characters than we can help, or
with any that are difficult to find, we shall define it as mites living
habitually under the sea, having either a stiff or a more or less
rigid, cuirassed skin, and with their legs springing from the outer
margin of the body.

These little creatures have been chiefly obtained by dredging,
or from seaweeds in rocky pools of sea water, weeds between tide
marks, &c. They have also been observed creeping on the stems
of seaweeds or zoophytes, or on the sides of marine aquaria, a
mode of obtaining them, which has the great advantage of allowing
their form, ways, and habits to be studied while they are alive.
Where they do occur, it appears to be in considerable numbers.
Mr. Brady remarks, that in some dredgings made off the coast of
Durham and Yorkshire, the number of individuals was very con-
siderable, almost leading one to the belief, that they must, in favour-
able spots, colonize the mud almost as thickly as their better
known relatives do a decaying cheese.

CASE
XIII.

No z

No. 2

208 ARACHNOIDEA.

‘We do not propose to make any separation of genera, for the
species that have been so treated by Mr. Gosse and Mr. Hodge.

The extremes, indeed, where on the one hand the insect is entirely

enclosed in a hard cuirass, and on the other in a pliant leathery
skin, would seem to give good characters for generic sub-division ;
but there are species that combine these two qualities, being soft-
skinned, with patches of head armour, so that, on the whole, as
there are only five of them altogether, and the difficulty of making
them out is not sufficiently great to call for subdivision, we think
it better to keep them as one genus; the more so, that they all
have a common facies indicative of belonging to the same type.

\ ( \ f Genus Hatacarus (Gosse).

XY he A , f . Characters same as those of family.
KAU |
7 HALACARUS CTENOPUS (Gosse).—1. Magnified sketch
f of ditto, copied from Mr. Gosse’s figure in Ann.

Nat. Hist. 1855.

qh, \ Body, smooth, granulated, divided below

q , ‘al only. The colour is variable, usually dark

v4 s AS red, or yellowish brown, with a whitish line
i i ) down the back. Two large eyes, or supposed
eyes, on the back near the base of the second
| ‘\ pair of legs. Common, and generally distri-
Balser ris ptencnns buted around the British coast. Dredged up

Length 1-324 of an inch.

from seven to thirty-five fathoms.

FIALACARUS FALCATUS (Leptognathus falcatus, Hodee).—2. Magnified sketch

of ditto, copied from Mr. Brady’s figure in Proc. Zool. Soc.

Colour, orange brown. Palpi very long and slender, extending
beyond the tip of the rostrum, and bearing towards the extremities a
few fine setee. Eyes, or supposed eyes, three ; one behind the base
of the head, the others near the origin of the second pair of legs.
Upper surface of the body divided by delicate furrows or strlee .

MARINE MITES. 209

CASE into four symmetrically arranged areolz ; two lateral, one anterior
"and one posterior.

5 onsets
Sct

Halacarus falcatus. Length 128th of an inch, Claw ot d:tto Mandibles of ditto,
Copied from Brady’s figures,

Dredged off the East and South Coast of England, at from ten to
7 thirty fathoms’ depth.

No.3. HALACARUS SCULPTUS (Pachygnathus sculptus Arady).—3. Magnified sketch

Mandibles and palpi of ditto,

of ditto, copied from Mr. Brady’s figure.

Halacarus sculptus, upper side, Length r45th Ditto, side view,
ofaninch, Copied from Brady’s figures.

Colour, reddish brown. Palpi consisting each of a short, shghtly

curved stem, which is furnished with two small sete and a wart-
O

CASE
XIII.

2TO ARACHNOIDEA.

like tooth on the concave margin. The dorsal surface of the
body is mapped out into distinct areas, characterised by pitted

and corrugated systems of sculpture, which extends to the second, —

third, and fourth joints of the legs. Eyes not observed.
Dredged from various localities off the coast of Durham and
North Yorkshire, in twenty-five to thirty-five fathoms.

HALACARUS RHODOSTIGMA (Gosse), (Halacarus granulatus, Hodge ; Halacarus
oculatus, odge).—4. Magnified sketch of ditto, copied from Mr.
Gosse’s figure.

Colour, pellucid whitish, stained with pale red on the anterior
half. Palpi of four joints, the terminal one slightly curved. Body

Halacarus rhodostigma, upper side.
Length 1°72nd of an inch. fs i
Copied from Gosse’s figure. Halacarus rhodostigma, under side.

divided above and below, and studded with punctures, which
under a high power take the form of rosettes, or the spots on a
panther’s coat. Nothing is said as to the eyes, but two large
spots are figured on the back, near the origin of the second pair
of legs. |
Not uncommon, found by dredging, and among seaweeds at

low water, on the sea coast at Weymouth, Durham, Northumber-

ee ee

MARINE MITES. 211

ease land, York, and Firth of Clyde, and, therefore, probably all round
England and Scotland.

ir, 5. HALACARUS NOTOPS (Gosse) (Pachygnathus notops, Gosse; Pachygnathus
seahami, /Yodge; and Pachygnathus minutus, /Yodye, larval form).—
5. Magnified sketch of ditto, copied from Gosse’s figure.

_ The body is flat, lozenge-shaped, hyaline and colourless at the
margins, but the interior is almost filled with flesh of a deep blue-
black hue, perfectly opaque, and of a defined sinuous outline. In
the centre of the back, just behind the head, is a bright ruby-like
round eye placed in front of the opacity and between the first legs.

Taken by Mr. Gosse, at Ilfracombe, and by Mr. Norman abun-
dantly on weeds in rock pools, Balla Sound, Shetland.

The reader may have observed,
that in speaking of those eyes on
the back of some of the preceding
species, near the origin of the second
pair of legs, we have called them
eyes or supposed eyes; we did so,
because we remembered that in
the Oribatidz (the next section of
mites), there is an organ placed very

much in the same position, which

for long was supposed to be their

A : Halacarus notops. Copied from Gosse’s figure,
eyes, but which, when its true nature
was ascertained, turned out to be not eyes, but breathing pores.
We do not say that it is so in the Halacaridz, but as it may be

so, we thought it as well to qualify the term with a point of
doubt.

Family ORIBATID/, or BEETLE MITES.

The Oribatidze are mites which have a hard chitonous integu-
ment like that of a beetle, and they are generally brown or black.
globular, and shining. In their young state, some of them ( Hoplo-

0 2

CASE
MII,

212 | ARACHNOIDEA.

phora) have been ascertained to have a similar structure to that
of the young of the family to which the cheese mites belong
(Acaride). They differ, however, in having no vesicle attached
to their feet, but they correspond with a portion of them, in having
a remarkable breathing apparatus, consisting of two tubes, which
open on the back part of the thorax, adding another to the different
variations in the mode of breathing in insects. This may be seen
in the accompanying woodcut of the cephalothorax of one of
them (Damezus auritus). They are also furnished with curious
appendages, such as plates or lamellz,
and differently formed hairs and tu-
bercles on different parts of the body.
They have no eyes. As already said,
for a long time the two singular breath-
ing apertures near the posterior angles
of the cephalothorax, were supposed
to be eyes, but now that the function
of sight has been found not to belong

Head of Damaeus auritus, showing

breathing pores and lateral projec- to them, nothing else of the nature of

tions. Copied from Nicolet.

eyes has been discovered in their place.
They have tarsi bearing one, two, or three claws, according to
the species, but no suckers in any.

Their development has been traced in many species from the
egg. ‘The young larve are hexapod when hatched.

Authorities are not at one as to whether these insects should
be classified as hurtful or not. M. Nicolet, who has monographed
the Oribatidee found in the neighbourhood of Paris, says that they
never cause any damage either to man or the products of his
industry, but Mr. Curtis classes at least one of them as hurtful to
fruit trees. In one respect, in which he differs from Nicolet, he
certainly is right. Nicolet says that they are essentially vagabond
and solitary, inhabiting the moist mosses in forests and the sheltered
banks of waters, that they are found sometimes under stones resting
on a humid soil, and in decomposing vegetable matters, but that

BEETLE MITES. 213

Sieg the shelter of mosses is what they prefer, and it is there that they
are found in greatest number.

According to Curtis again, whose statement we can confirm
from personal observation, at all events the commonest and most
typical species of them, Damezeus geniculatus, is found chiefly
under bark, and specially under the bark of fruit trees, and,
instead of being solitary and vagabond, it is gregarious, and con-
gregates in the spring in great numbers at the base of the twigs,
so much so, as to look like a gummy exudation. Mr. Curtis, in
consequence of their prodigious numbers, thinks that by extract-
ing the sap they must weaken the trees, and in all probability
reduce the size of the fruit. But M. Boisduval has been able to
show authoritatively that this idea is erroneous. He says :—

“Tn 1858, M. Riviere brought here a great number of indi-
viduals of the Oribates geniculata (the black stone tick of Geoffrey),
which had multiplied in a prodigious manner in the hothouse of
the old garden of the School of Medicine, to such a degree that
several orchids were covered by them. ‘This clever observer was
rather alarmed at the sudden apparition of all these ticks on a
family of plants which he particularly affected; but he was soon
re-assured when he saw that not a single leaf had suffered the
slightest alteration, and that these little animals were hunting
acarus, thrips, etc., of which they were eating the eggs and larvae.
At the end of some months all had disappeared. From whence
came this legion of Oribates? He thinks that the eggs, or indi-
viduals recently hatched, had been brought in the moss and
sphagnum of which horticulturists make use for the culture of
exotic orchids, and that the development had taken place in

_ the panniers and baskets containing these plants. The horti-
culturist is therefore to regard them as friends and not as
enemies,

The more important characters used in subdividing the species —

of this group, are drawn from the number of claws to the tarsi,

aS RS

and certain peculiar plates or expansions, which are borne by

214 ARACHNOIDEA.

case the cepnalothorax and abdomen. ‘These, however, only serve
Sau

the purpose of an artificial arrangement, and we have disregarded
them in our attempt at a more natural classification ; but for the
benefit of those who wish a little help in making them out without
referring to Nicolet, we here give the heads of his arrangement :—

ist Section. —Tarsi with three claws.
Subsect. 1.—Cephalothorax with lamellar appendages.

A. With lateral wing-formed movable expansions to the abdomen,
and with heterodactyl tarsi, that is, with the middle claw
larger than the two others.

a. Hairs on the vertex, spatula-shaped. 1. Peops.
b. Ditto, ditto, bristle-shaped. 2. Ovibata.
B. Without lateral wing-shaped expansions.
a. Tarsi homodactyl, z.e. claws alike.
a, Tectum attached to the cephalothorax only by its
base. 3. Cepheus.
8. Tectum confounded with the cephalothorax.
4. Notaspis.
6. Tarsiheterodactyl. 5. Lezosoma.
Subsect. 2.—Cephalothorax without lamellar appendages.

A. Legs slender, with flexible hairs and fusiform joints, terminated
by a heterodactyl tarsus. 6. Zvemceus.

B. Legs thick, with rigid hairs, and subcylindric joints, terminated
by a homodactyl tarsus. 7. MVothrus.

2nd Section.—Tarsi one-clawed.
Subsect. 1.—Cephalothorax with salient apophyses, or nervures (ribs).

A. Legs longer than the body. 8. Dameus.

B. Legs shorter than the body. 9. Zeseocranus.

Subsect. 2.—Cephalothorax, without apophyses.

A. Cephalothorax, soldered to the abdomen, and immovable. 10.

fermannia.

B. Ditto, articulated on the abdomen, and movable. 11. Hoplophora.

Although few of the species of the family of Oribatidee have been
recorded as found in England, we have figured and noted the chief
genera, believing that if they are properly sought for, the species
commonest in France will also be found in Britain. Species of at
least four of the genera have been met with in Spitzbergen, so the
coldness of the climate should be no obstacle to their living here.

BEETLE MITES. amy

Genus Damaus (och).

This genus has only one claw, as shown in the woodcuts, and
has ribs on the cephalothorax, as shown in the cut of the head of
Dameus auritus, on page 212.

2 Za

Damaeus auritus, leg of. Copied from Nicolet. Claw of ditto. Copied from Nicolet.

DAMEUS GENICULATUS (Koch), (Acarus corticalis, De Geer). —6. Magnified
sketch of embryo fresh from the egg of ditto; 7. Magnified sketch of
larva; 8. Magnified sketch of perfect insect ; all copied from Nicolet’s
figures.

iG it}

at . i

Newly hatched larva of Damaeus geniculatus Damacus geniculatus, size of a pin’s head,
Copied from Nicolet. Copied fiom Nicolet.

The young differ very much in appearance from the mature

CASE
XIII.

No. 9.

216 ARACHNOIDEA.

individuals in most of the Oribatida, and M. Nicolet traced the
changes in a number cf them. We show the difference in the
present species in the above cut.

This species is found from November to March, beneath the
slightly detached bark of fruit trees, such as the pear, where they
live in society, remaining very quiet during the winter months ;
they also secrete themselves and breed under the lichen, which
often covers the trunks and branches of fruit trees. Various reme
dies have been recommended for getting rid of this mite, but as
it is a friend to be encouraged, and not an enemy to be repressed,
it is unnecessary to detail them.

M. Boisduval, in his “ Entomolgie Horticole,’ speaks of an
Acarid, which he calls Acarus Pyri, as being relatively very large,
globular, vesicular, of a red brown, rather transparent, very visible
to the naked eye. It, says he, lives on the large branches of the
pear-trees which have been gnawed inside by the Leopard moth;
they are usually found in small crowded groups at the bifurcation
of the branches. It may possibly be an Oribatid, although it is
not likely that it could be this species, with which M. Boisduval,
was obviously familiar.

DAMUS AURITUS (Mic.).—9. Magnified sketch of ditto, copied from M.
Nicolet’s figure.

This species is as common as the preceding species in France,
and very probably may also be found in this country, although
probably hitherto confounded with the D. geniculatus.

Genus Lrtosoma (Koch).

Cephalothorax with plates, and tarsi with three heterodactyl
claws.

No. rc, LEIOSOMA NITENS (Gerv.\.—10. Magnified sketch of ditto, copied from

Nicolet’s figure.

Occurs near Paris.

BEETLE MITES. 205

CASE LEISOMA OVATA (Nicol.).

| XII. 2

The larva differs materially from the

perfect insect, which is very similar to an
Onbata.

Near Paris.

Genus Noraspis (Hermann).

Cephalothorax with lamellar append-

Larva of Leiosoma ovata

ages, tarsi with three homodactyl claws. Genie a omNicolees aera.

_No.tr NoraspPis BIPILIS (/erm.).—11. Magnified sketch of ditto, copied from
Nicolet’s figure.

Notaspis bipilis. om‘oco67 in length. Copied from Nicolet.

Very common in France.

Genus OrIBata (La/r.).

Cephalothorax, with lamellar appendages; tarsi with three
heterodactyl claws ; hairs on vertex bristle-shaped.

_ No. 12. ORIBATA ORBICULARIS Aoch).—12. Magnified sketch of ditto, copied from
Nicolet’s figure.

Common near Paris.

218 ARACHNOIDEA.

CASE

=e. ORIBATA PUNCTATA (iVicolet); O. ovalis

(Koch).

The difference between the young
and the perfect insect of Oribata
' will be seen by comparing the figu:e
of the larva of this species with that
of the perfect insect of the next.
Common near Paris.

Larva of Oribata punctata. Copied from Nicolet.

No. 13 ORIBATA GLOBULA (JVicol.).—18. Magnified sketch of ditto, copied from
Nicolet’s figure.

Oribata globula. 0.™oorzo in length, Mand'kle of ditto,
Copied from Nicolet. Copied froin Nico.et.

Found near Paris.

ORIBATA Notata (Zvhorell), Oéfv. Sv. Ak, xxviii. 695 (1871).

A new species found in Spitzbergen.

Genus PELOPS (Koch),

Differs from Oribata in the hairs on the vertex being flat or
spatula-shaped.

Pom

fae:

6. ht eet eee

ages

wHnaeS

Wos.
£6, 17.

BEETS MILES, 219

_ PELOPS ACROMIOS (Herm.).—14. Magnified sketch of larval form of ditto ;

15. Sketch of perfect insect. Both copied from Nicolet’s figures.

Larva of Yeops acromé 15 Pelops acrum‘os,
Copied from Nicolet. : om.oooto in lenyth. Copied from Nicolet.

TS 2
Ss

Leg and claw of ditto. Copied from Nicolet.

Found by M. Nicolet near Versailles.

Genus Noturus (Koch).

Cephalothorax, without lamellar appendages. Tarsi with three
homodactyl claws.

NOTHRUS SPINIGER (och).—16, Magnified sketch of larval form of ditto.
17, Ditto of perfect insect. Both copied from Nicolet’s figures.

The genus Nothrus is one of the most curious of this family.
It is a heavy, slow, quadrangular creature, irregular in shape, with
the back oftener concave than convex, a peculiarity of which it
profits by using it as a sort of basket to contain or carry a pile of
dirt, with which it fills or covers it. The abdomen has expan-
sions or spines which are used for the same purpose. Eminently
tardigrades, says M. Nicolet, these Acarids move with the most
extreme slowness, they raise their legs with difficulty, and their

2209 ARACHNOIDEA.

pe heavy body, rendered still more unseemly by the filth with which

they cover themselves, upsets them at every
step they take when they walk on a flat
surface. ‘Their larvee are like the perfect

insect. i ouly softer and whiter, and they are
always covered
by a layer of
soil or dirt, pel-
lets of which :
they appear to |
be to the on-
looker. The
tarsi are mo-

Larva of Nothrus spiniger. Claw of Nothzus spiniger. nodactylous in
am,ooo8o in length. Copied from Nicolet. | Copied from Nicolet’s figure. .
the larva, tri-

dactylous in the perfect insect. The present species is of a violet
brown colour, like the lees of wine. It is common everywhere
near Paris, but is difficult to detect on account of its earthy cover-
ing, which, moreover, it is difficult to remove from its back, on
account of its lateral spines being interlaced and mixed up with it.

No. 18, NOTHRUS HORRIDUS (Herm.).—18. Magnified sketch of perfect insect, copied
from M. Nicolet’s figure.

Nothrus horridus, covered with its cloak of d’rt. Nothrus horridus, om.oorr2 in length.
Copied from Hermann’s figure. Copied from Nicolet.

Nos.
19, 20.

BEETLE” MITES, 22T

Another very curious species like the preceding. It also is a
very common species in the neighbourhood of Paris. We are rot
aware that these have yet been found in Britain—but they are
worth looking for on account of their remarkable structure and
habits. This one is especially found in damp moss—and no
doubt the covering of dirt on its back is designed as a protection
from too much dryness or heat. A species has been described by
Thorell from Spitzbergen, under the name of Nothrus borealis.

Genus HERMANNIA (WVicole?).

Cephalothorax without ribs, soldered to the abdomen ; tarsi

with one claw.

HERMANNIA CRASSIPES (/Vic.).—19. Mag-
nified sketch of larva ; 20. Ditto of
perfect insect. Both copied from
M. Nicolet’s figures.

Larva of Hermannia crassipcs, Hermonnia cra sipes, o™.o0080 in length.
Copied from Nicolet’s figure. Copied from Nicolet’s figure.

Another curious, heavy, lumpy insect common in the neighbour-
hood of Paris. It is distinguished by rows of flat spatula-shaped
hairs on its body and legs. It also affects mosses.

This genus also is represented in Spitzbergen, a species named
H. reticulata having been described by Thorell.

Genus CErPHEuS (Koch).

Same character as Notaspis, but the tectum attached to the
cephalothorax only by its base.

Ze ARACHNOIDEA.

CASE CEPHEUS VULGARIS (JVic.).—21. Magnified sketch of ditto, copied from M.

XU. Nicolet’s figure.
Nisei. °
Very common everywhere near Paris.

Genus EREeM#£us (Koch).

Cephalothorax simple, without lamellar appendages ; tarsi with
three claws, heterodactyl.

No. 22, EREMAUS TIBIALIS (/Vic.),—22,. Magnified sketch of larval form of ditto,
after Nicolet’s figure.
The species of this genus are rare,

\ / but are interesting from the form of the
| / larva, from their having concave backs
| like Nothrus, and from their general
resemblance to Hoplophora.

A species (E. lineatus, Zhore/7) has
been found in Spitzbergen.

Larva of Eremaeu tibinlis. Eremaeus tibialis.
Copied from Nico.et's figure. Copied from Nicolet’s figure.

Genus HopLopuora (Koch).
Cephalothorax articulated to the abdomen, and folding upon
the body ; tarsi monodactyl.

Nos. ELOPLOPHORA CONTRACTILIS (C/af.), (Hoplophora nitens, Vic. ; Phthiracarus

4 ef contractilis, Pertz.).—28. Magnified sketch of nymph ; 24. Ditto perfect

BEE TLEYMIPES. 223

insect not shut up; 25. Ditto contracted. All copied from figures by
Claparéde, in Zeitsch. fiir Wiss. Zool. xvii.

Hoplqphora contractilis, Ditto, shut up. Claw of ditto.
perfec. insect, not snut up. Copied from Claparéde. Copied from: Claparede.

-M. Clapartde of Geneva, not long before his death, made a
series of studies of the Acaridz, one result of which was to revéal an
affinity between the Oribatide and the Acarids proper (cheese mite
tribe), which, if suspected, had, at all events, not been previously
established. The older writers, Gervais for example, instinctively,
perhaps, felt that it was so, and so arranged them; but in the
most recent handbooks (such as those of Gerstaecker and Claus),
the Gamasidz and Ixodide are placed between the Oribatidze and
the Acarids proper, but Claparede has given good reasons for
regarding this as an unnatural arrangement. The arrangement
of Gervais was better. He placed the Acarids next the Ixodidz,
and the Oribatidz last ; but we wish to close the arrangement of
the mites with the parasitic Sarcoptidz as a passage to the lice,
and therefore place the Oribatidz before the Acarids instead of
after them, it being indifferent so far as any other affinity is
concerned, where we place them. The present species was the
medium which led Claparéde to these conclusions. It lives in
moist and decaying fir wood, burrowing in and feeding on the
wood, the burrows for the most part running parallel with the
vessels of the wood, but also occasionally running into one another.
Its habits thus give some facility for observation. A morsel of
wood inhabited by them could be put in a glass tube and kept at
the proper degree of moisture, while their development is being
watched. ‘The perfect mite is very minute, clothed with a thick,
hard, rigid, brown coat of mail, and with a curious power of

CASE
XII.

224 ARACHNOIDEA.

bending the head down upon the under side, so that when it
chooses it can, like some beetles, retire entirely into its shell and
shut it up, looking then like a tiny, oval, brown speck, without
head, legs, or any other members visible. Claparéde found this
little creature in the burrows or borings in rotten fir wood ; but
he also sometimes found in them, but rarely together, another
larger, semi-transparent, soft, white mite, like a cheese mite. The
idea which would naturally occur to anyone would be that this
might be the larva; but then it had eight legs, and therefore
it was assumed must be a perfect insect; and, moreover, by
watching the hatching of the eggs deposited by the Hoplophora,
Claparéde soon ascertained that, as usual, the first stage was a
six-footed soft white mite, bearing a close resemblance to the
eight-footed, soft, white Acaroid form. What relation did the
latter bear, then, to the Hoplophora with which
it was associated? M. Claparéde solved this by

’ the following experiment: He took twenty speci-
mens of the soft white Acaroid mite, and placed
them upon a morsel of decaying pine wood, first
taking care to see that there were no other mites
present. He then put the wood in a moist flask,

Hoplophora contractitis Which he allowed to remain undisturbed for three
“Claparéde's figure weeks. After that time he took the wood out of

the flask. The mites were scarcely to be seen.
They had penetrated by boring, and he had to dig them out. On

examination he found only twelve specimens resembling Acarus
against seven Hoplophora. A transformation of seven had thus —

taken place, and one individual was missing. However, the nature
of the transformation was not yet clear. He repeated the experi-
ment in which he, at the same time, included a larger number of
specimens. So he followed the traces of the transformation. His
researches into the development of Hypopus, of which we shal]
presently have to speak, suggested to him that as its colourless
Tyroglyphus-like larva enclosed a brown Hypopus on its way, as

BEETLE. .MITES. 22.5

CASE he thought, to complete development, so in the same way he might
"find here the brown Hoplophora in the Acarus-like larva. But he

found that from the pale-coloured larva a perfect colourless Hoplo-
phorus proceeded, within which the intestinal canal retained the
same milk-white appearance as in the larval condition. Those
which were becoming Hoplophora appeared very light to the eye.
The perfect soft animal leaves in this condition the larval skin.
All peculiarities of the Hoplophora are visible. The parts are,
however, peculiarly tender. The insect lies for a long time seem-
ingly immovable. By degrees the coat thickens, which also
becomes firm; in which it still remains colourless. At first it
becomes pale rose colour, then reddish, and at last quite brown.

The question was thus set at rest. ‘The Acarus-like form and
the Hoplophora stand in a genetic relation to one another,
and the Hoplophora proceed from the already eight-footed
Acarus, showing that that cannot be regarded as an adult mature
state. Avery important point remained doubtful, however. In all
his experiments several Acari, and these the largest specimens,
did not change. How are these individuals to be looked upon?
Perhaps as males. It is very striking that he did not find in the
Hoplophora any difference of sex, and that the plurality of indi-
viduals contained eggs. Nor could he with any certainty discover
anything distinctive of the male sex. The important fact ascer-
tained by M. Claparéde is, that the Hoplophora goes through an
Acarus-like, soft stage, which proves its relationship to the real
Acarids (cheese mites, &c.).

HopLePHoRA ARCTATA (Ai/ey, 6th Missouri Report).

Hcplophora arctata. - Copied from Riley’s figu-es,

CASE
> JU0E

226 ARACHNOIDEA.

We have found this species in England about the roots of the
vine, along with Phylloxerzee, Hypopi, and Gamasidz.

Mr. Riley found this curious species in America associated with
a Tyroglyphus which he found in the perfect state feeding on the
Phylloxera vastatrix at the roots of the grape-vine, and he sup-
posed it possible that it might in some way be related to these
Tyroglyphi, because in studying their habits he had frequently
filled vessels with vine roots from which all but Tyroglyphi and
Phylloxerze had, to all appearance, been carefully excluded, only
to find, on subsequent examination, a number of these mussel-
like Hoplophoras, and a corresponding decrease in the number
of Tyroglyphi. It is not unlikely, however, that he is in error in
this. Our woodcut of the larva of Hoplophora shows how similar
they are to the larve of the Tyroglyphs, and how easy it would
be, in sweeping in a number of Tyroglyphs of all ages, unwit-
tingly to include some of the larvze of Hoplophora among them.
Mr. Riley, however, remarks that from his results happening in
the fall of the year, he could not help suspecting that the former
might prove to be a hibernating form of the latter; but with wise
discretion he has preferred to explain the facts by supposing that
at first the Hoplophora were buried, and consequently invisible
within the roots examined, and that the decrease in the number of
Tyroglyphs was owing to death and other causes~an explanation
which (says he) is all the more plausible from the fact that he sub-
sequently found the same narrow-bodied Hoplophora swarming in
decaying cotton wood logs—an explanation, however, which does —
not meet the circumstance he mentions, that the new Hoplophore
corresponded in number to the missing Tyroglyphs, although it ©
might be sufficient had no such correspondence been observed.

The present species differs from the other members of the genus
in the form of its chitonous coat, which is so narrow that the
animal topples over on its side the moment the limbs are with-
drawn.

ACARIDS. i

Family ACARID.

Authors have hitherto been in the habit of including in one
division, called Sarcoptidz, the whole of the old genus Acarus, or
- soft-bodied semi-transparent fleshy mites. By far the larger
portion of these seems to us, however, to be capable of division
into two tolerably distinct and easily distinguishable sections:
One, the cheese mites and their allies (Tyroglyphide), and the
other the Sarcoptide, Itch mites, and their relatives the louse mites.
This, however, does not exhaust the list of those usually ranked
under the Sarcoptide. There are at least three minor groups, the
Hypoderide, the Hypopidz, and the Phytoptidz, which are all so
peculiar in their appearance and mode of life, that we propose to
rank them as separate secondary sub-divisions. We would suggest
as a c@nvenient arrangement that the whole of the old genus
Acarus should be divided inte the following sub-families—viz. :
ist SECTION.—Surface of skin smooth, shining or velvety ; tarsi usually with

claws.

1. Hypoderidz.—Leng bodies and very short legs, with a great distance
between the two anterior and twe posterior pairs; parasitic under
the skin of birds ; mouth not made eut.

2. Hypopide.—Without any apparent mouth; anterior pair of legs
generally much developed ; posterior often almost atrophied.

3. Tyroglyphide.—Cheese mites, with chelate mandibles and stout legs,
and the tarsi in some with and others without a sucker.

2nd SEcTION.—Surface ef skin more or less transversely striated; tarsi usually
with suckers instead of claws.

4. Sarcoptide.—Itch mites, which are rounded or quadrate, with legs
short and feeble; and Dermaleichidz.—Louse mites, usually elon-
gate, and often with some of the legs monstrously developed.

5. Phytoptide.—Gall and bud mites.

We know that no definition can be given which will absolutely
and sharply separate any group of insects, but the above charac-
ters will, we think, answer the purpose of a natural arrangement,
provided a few transitional exceptions on either side be allowed.
The species of the first group, Hypoderide, are internal parasites ;
the next group, Hypopidz (as we believe), are Ichneumon para-

P 2

CASE
XIV.

228 ARACHNOIDEA.

sites; the third, Tyroglyphide, not parasitic; the fourth, Sarcop-
tidee, are burrowers in or parasitic on the skin of mammals; the
Dermaleichide are feeders on fur and feathers of living animals ;
and the Phytoptidz browsers on the skin of buds and leaves, pro-
ducing excrescences like galls on the latter. With scarcely an
exception, all of the first section have a smooth skin not marked
by minute stric, lines or wrinkles. Of the second, on the other
hand, all have the skin marked by fine strize or lines like wrinkles,
the lines being distributed after a definite pattern, differing in
each species. In the former the legs are usually terminated by a
single claw, more or less distinct, and although in many species
this is accompanied by a sucker or vesicle, it is usually small, and
generally surrounds the claw, ike a sleeve; while in the latter the
suckers, with rare exceptions, are present as a prominent feature,
while claws are either absent or only slightly developed.

Sub-Family HyPODERID.

Parasitic sub-cutaneous mites living between the skin and the
muscle of certain birds. They are oblong oval, almost trans-
parent bags, with the two anterior and two posterior pairs of legs
placed a long way from each other ; the claws of the tarsi seem to
be two fine hairs, and we do not think that the parts of the mouth
have been deciphered.

Montague seems to have been the first to notice these creatures;
at least, the species named by him Cellularia bassani, which lives

in the air cells under the skin of the solan goose (Sula bassana), .

must have been one of this genus. Nitzsch next observed the

same species, which he named Sarcoptes subcutaneus. Then, in

1843, Miescher described two found in the common swift (Cyp-
selus apus), one in the bronchial tubes, (which, notwithstanding
that Erichson, from the description, thinks must have been a Der-
maleichus, from the habitat most probably belongs to this group),
and another from the air tubes and lungs of the Butcher-bird
{Lanius Excubitor) in immense quantity.

HYVPODERIDA. 229

That author had also formerly observed, on the inner surface of
the skin taken off a common mouse, small milk-white knots of
about the size of a pin’s head, which, under the microscope
tummed out to be nests of mites, containing 20 or 30 small mites.
He also met.with flat angular mites many times larger, under the
____ skin of a fox. Whether both or either of these belong to this genus
there are not sufficient materials to determine—nor, indeed, have
we met with any carefully described and figured record of the
presence of the genus Hypoderas anywhere but under the skin of
, various species of birds.
_ There is no doubt, however, as to a species described by Dr. |
Gros, in a paper in the “ Bulletin of the Imperial Society of
_ Moscow” (1845, s. 397, tab. 11), which he found under the skin
and even in the muscles of a heathcock. Thereafter, in 1864, V.
Frauenfeld described a species (Hypoderas unicolor) that was
found in great numbers massed together in a ball forming a sub-
cutaneous tumour under the wings of a grosbeak (Verh. Zool.
Bot. Gesell. in Wien, XIV., 385).

Since then a considerable number of species have been described
and figured by Giebel in the “Zeitschr. Gesamm. Naturw. III.,”
from which we have taken the illustrations of this group.

Genus HypoDERAS (/rauenfed), Cellularia, Montague.
Characters same as those of the sub-family.

No. HYypPoDERAS BREVIS (Gicb.).—1. Magnified sketch of ditto from Giebel’s
figure.

LE,

Hypoderas brevis. Copied from Giebel’s figure.

230

CASE Found in
XIV.

No. 2.

Hypoderas lineatus.
Copied from Giebel’s
figure.

ARACHNOIDEA.

the cellular tissue of the Night Heron (Ardea
nycticorax), a bird very common in many coun-
tries of Europe, in Africa, and also in Asia and

Japan.

HYPODERAS LINEATUS (WVitzsch).—2. Magnified sketch of
ditto from Giebel’s figure.

Nitzsch found this species in meconceivable
numbers in an old night heron (Ardea nycticorax)
in various places, but especially in the fatty masses.
which lie in the arm-pit on the outer margin of the
pectoral muscle. They were in abundance in
the cellular tissue, and there was no perceptible
opening communicating with the exterior.

HYPODERAS COLUMB, Cellularia sp. (Robertson,
Journ. Micr. Soc. N. S. vi. 201).

Mr. C. Robertson has described and figured
a species without name, but to which we have
provisionally given the name of Columba,
after the animal in which it was found. It.
is obviously a species of this genus, and as
Mr. Robertson points out it is very near
the species above-mentioned, described by
Montague under the name of Cellularia bas-
sani, from the Solan goose. By the rules.

Cellularia columbz (under

mide). (Coated trom of priority Cellularia should therefore take

Robertson's figure.

precedence of Frauenfeld’s modern name
Hypoderas; but the former name has for
long been appropriated to a genus of

Ditto, onvein of pigeon. | Polyps, and the present is a type of too

Nearly natural size,

abnormal a nature to allow a double em-

ployment of the name to be admitted.

AAV POPRTDZE: 231

Mr. Robertson reports of his species that it is a small maggc.
' like animal, distinctly visible to the naked eye, and that it was
found chiefly amongst the connective tissue of the skin, on the
large veins near the heart, and on the surface of the pericardium.
When few were observed, these were generally found adhering
closely to the large veins near the heart. If the veins have been
previously injected with size and vermilion, the white transparent
acatl are seen very distinctly on the red delicate walls. All the
examples which he examined were very transparent, without any
trace of well-defined digestive or generative organs, even when
examined with the highest powers. He adds that he had
examined a considerable number of both the wood and tame
; pigeon and seldom found them free from these or similar Acari.

Sub-family HyPoPID.

The characters of the sub-family are the same as those of the
genus, for although it contains two or three different forms, which
probably may hereafter be resolvable into separate genera, we
have not as yet thought it necessary to introduce these.

Genus Hypopus (Duges).

Until recently the study of this genus was attended with no
particular interest beyond that attaching to its fellow mites ; but
in 1868, an element of doubt and uncertainty was introduced by
M. Claparéde, who announced, as the result of his researches
(“Studien an Acariden”), that the genus hitherto known as Hy-
popus was only a male form of certain Tyroglyphide evolved
out of the larve in the same way that we have seen the perfect
Hoplophora appear. To enable the reader to understand the
position of this curious question, we must give him a short history
of the observations on Hypopus.

In August, 1735, De Geer observed great numbers of very little
mites on the house-fly. They were in such large numbers, that
the neck and back were entirely covered with them. They were

CASE
XIV.

232 ARACHNOIDEA.

perfectly still, but when touched, began to run with much quick.
ness. Their colour was reddish ; the body oval, and the head
furnished with a little trumpet, in front of which were several
rather long hairs. The first two pairs of legs were large, the third
much shorter, and the posterior very long and filiform. Linnzeus,
after this author, described it in his “Systema Nature,” under the
name of Acarus muscarum; Geoffrey, who seems also to have
seen it, called it the brown Fly-mite. This was the first notice we
have of the Hypopus.

Subsequently, in April, 1797, Hermann found in great numbers,
on the underside and feet of a larva of a Lamellicorn beetle (Os-
moderma eremita), very small, oval, fleshy mites, of a brownish
yellow, with short stiff feet, and the tarsus with prickles bent
outwards, which he called spinitarsus (Acarus spinitarsus).

Dugés, long afterwards (in 1834), found on a Hister an Acarus,
which he thought was identical with that of Hermann, and made
a genus (Hypopus) for it, to which he transferred the Acarus —
muscarum of De Geer, and which he thus characterised in placing
it in his family of Acarus. “These Acarids have a narrow
sucker, provided with two rigid bristles, directed outwards, and
seeming to be composed of a lip soldered to the palpi.” He
adds, that the mandibles were not seen by him. By the crushing
of the only specimen he had in his hands, he saw that the anterior
bristles started from a moveable part, in the form of a parallelo-
gram, membranous in the middle, and thick at the edge, like the
lip soldered to the palpi in the Acarids, properly so called. He ~
could find no other palpi, nor perceive the mandibles.

Leon Dufour, in 1839, discovered two other species of this —
genus ; the one (H. feroniarum), lived in crowded groups under
the head, corslet, and abdomen of beetles belonging to the genus
Feronia ; the other (H. sapromyzarum), lived on diptera of the
genus Sapromyza. .

Thereafter, Dujardin, in 1843, described an Acarus, which
from the mouth and abdominal suckers, cups, or sucking appa-

HVPOPIDE. An

ratus, he called Ancetus, from the Greek word meaning incom-

' prehensible. He found a number of individuals upon the under-

wing of a bee. All that he saw of its organisation, its haunches
drawn near each other, and contiguous to the median line, and
occupying more than two-thirds of the whole length, the head
rudimentary or null, and replaced by a short blade, with two
bristles in front, but without any trace of mouth, its feet quite
unfit for walking, and the four posterior ones almost rudimentary ;
finally, the ten or twelve sucker-cups on the underside of the
abdomen, behind the haunches, prevented his suspecting the
slightest analogy with that which has been so imperfectly _
described, and figured under the name of Hypopus.

M. Gervais, in 1844, in the Apteres (‘Suites 4 Buffon”), looked
upon Hypopus as a sub-genus of Tyroglyphus, and characterised
it by the ellipsoid, flat, coriaceous body, the absence of palpi, by
an oblong lip, short feet, without claws, terminated by vesicular
caruncle. But M. Dujardin says, this last character is opposed to
what Duges saw of the feet of his Hypopus spinitarsus, neither
does the flattened form agree with the former species, as Her-
mann had already described.

Koch, in his great work on the Arachnidz of Germany
(‘ Deutschland’s Crustaceen”), had taken no account of the
genus Hypopus; but later, in 1843, in his “ Ubersicht,” he
takes up the genus, and places in it two other species, which he
had formerly included under Uropoda.

That was the state of affairs when M. Dujardin, who had made
a profound study of the subject, satisfied himself that his Ancetus
was only a Hypopus. He found, like De Geer, the Acarus
muscarum on flies, and in such abundance on the abdomen and
thorax, that these parts seemed clothed as if with a granular
tissue. All these Hypopi hold themselves there immovable,
fixed indifferently on different parts of the skin of the animal by
the suckers on the after-part of the abdomen, which seem to have
no purpose but to fix them solidly, and being placed posteriorly

CASE
XIV.

234 ARACHNOIDEA.

on the underside, make them all take the same position, slightly
inclined, with their anterior feet in the air. If they are touched,
they set a-running ; but in place of finding these mites on the
house-fly, as De Geer had done, it was exclusively on the stable-
fly, Musca stabulans, that Dujardin found them in Paris, in 1846
or 1847, in a neighbourhood where there were many stables.
That fly appeared infested by the Hypopus in such numbers, that
out of three, it was rare that two or more were not found charged
with them, while the house-fly, and several other species of flies,
and of Anthomyia, which were quite as abundant, never furnished
him with a single individual. In the species on that fly the four

anterior feet are disproportion-
ately robust, and terminated by
a single strong claw; the legs of
the third pair are
couched in a for-
ward ___ direction,

of the body, which
conceals them en-
tirely, and those of
the last pair termi-

instead of a claw;
Lip of Hypopus. C
Hypopus muscarum. Conied from but in other species

Copied from Dujard.n's figure. figure by Dujardin.

all eight legs have -

aclaw. The haunches are contiguous, and usually form a thick

median line, but the most extraordinary part of the whole is the —

head, which is produced into a flat and narrow blade, cut square at
the extremity, and from the angles of which proceed two diverging
bristles or hairs, but without any trace of mouth or even rudimentary
oral organs. Still, although no trace of opening can be seen in this
blade, it occupies the place and has a good deal of the appearance
of a sucking apparatus. Near the posterior margin of the under

under the margin

; \ nate in a long hair, .

AIVPOPID A, 290

E side of the abdomen are the suckers by which it attaches itself.
' Subsequently, M. Dujardin found other species on other insects,
but still without understanding them any better; at last, in the
month of September, while searching for Tardigrades on mosses
and fern (Ceterach officinarum), he found a Hypopus in sufficient
abundance, very similar to the other, but quite distinct, and which
lived fastened by its suckers on the shin-
ing leaves of that fern, as the other is
fixed on the polished coats of insects.
But one very remarkable thing came
under his notice in studying this mite,
namely, that amongst those that he so
observed several were narrower, more
transparent, and completely empty ;
some, much more rare and completely

immovable, showed in the interior
another form of mite, soft, and curled- Ue

up like an embryo, and occupying the

whole of the internal cavity of the Hypopus, as if the latter
had been the shell of an egg, but of an egg living and provided
with feet, as the nymph: of flies is contained in the shell formed
of the hardened skin of the larva. The little mite inside had,
according to Dujardin, palpi and chelate mandibles like the
Gamasi and Dermanyssi, and he thence arrived at the conclu-
sion, that these Hypopi, without mouth, without possible means
of growth, living fixed by their suckers on. polished surfaces,
from which no nutriment could be derived, must be larve, or
rather, if the phrase were allowable, eggs furnished with feet,
and endowed with motion, in the interior of which, without
aliments derived from without, the young Gamasus had to form
itself at the expense only of the nourishment contained within.
Consistently with this view, Hypopi should be found wherever
the Gamasi live, and he maintains that that is just what is the
case. On Geotrupes, Necrophorus, and Humble bees, which are

CASE
XLV.

236 _ ARACHNOIDEA.

usually so infested by Gamasi, he found almost always Hypopi
on the parts of the body which the attacked insect had most
difficulty in reaching. He adds, “but as is always the case, I
found more than I sought for, more especially larve of Acari, of
which I had no idea, and whose ulterior form is precisely that of
the Acarids that live in the perfect state on the same insects.
Thus, the Bombus lapidarius furnished Hypopi quite different
from those of Bombus terrestris.” By beating the branches or
trees, on which certain Gamasi and Dermanyssi live, he found
other Hypopi; and lastly, on at least one subterranean rodent, a
field-mouse (Arvicola subterranea), which has Gamasi as parasites,
he found corresponding Hypopi, but with the remarkable peculi-
arity, that, as the abdominal suckers would not answer in their
case to fix these mites, they were replaced by two salient striated
tubercules, as shown in the woodcut, which can approach each
other like two lips, so as to lay hold

aS of a hair of the mouse, and so answer
ee ; the purpose fulfilled by the suckers
er in the others. In conclusion, he
thinks, that he has shown that there
are Acari with eight feet, which are,
nevertheless, only the first age of
other well-known Acari, the Gamasi,

which differ from them as much, at

il
i

Vv;

ae
2) Dai 2)
Ie)

Hypepueaiedlas, Copied Romulan TDC CHIONS, ONE with the back divided

least, as the Hydrachnide differ from

their larve. He describes eleven
\ species, which he divides into two

by a transverse line near the arti-
culation of the second pair of legs, in this respect resembling the
Tyroglyphi; the other not so divided. His Hypopus arvicola
has the transverse line across the back, but not the abdominal
suckers of either of the others, having, instead, the two tubercles
above described.

AVPQORTD A... 237

For nearly twenty years the above conclusion was accepted by
" the scientific world as the true account of the development of
these Acarids; but in 1868, M. Claparéde published the result of
his observations on them, which led him to challenge the sound-
ness of Dujardin’s view. Claparéde found his observations correct
to a certain extent, but carried them further, and drew different
conclusions. To begin with, he objected that the Hypopus form
is eight-footed, which is against its being a larval form; for, as
the reader knows, the larvz of all known Acari appear at first
with six feet. Then he took exception to the idea of its being
produced from an egg with feet, remarking, with reason, that the
exceptional included form had much more analogy with the
nymph or pupa stage of other insects. Passing these, which are
only theoretical objections, M. Claparéde next took a stronger
objection, founded on actual observation of the development of
the Gamasidz from the egg. Dujardin had not traced this, but
Claparede had, and found that the Gamasus left the egg as a six-
footed larva, which already possesses the main characteristics of
the mature animal, and in no respect shows any resemblance to
Hypopus. He adds, “ This objection of mine I will later, I hope,
confirm in a treatise upon Gamasidz ;” but, unhappily, his la-
mented death occurred before he had done so. The observations
that he does record are the following. He says that in the neigh-
bourhood of Geneva an Acarus is met with in great numbers, which
multiplies itself, in vegetable substances, in great quantities, as in
hyacinth bulbs, potato and dahlia roots, half-rotten cabbage-stalks,
etc. It was new, but he determined it to be closely allied to the
species Tyroglyphus siculus of Robin and Fumouse, and the Tyro-
glyphus entomophagus of Laboulbene, and described and figured
it under the name of Tyroglyphus Dujardin. He set himself to
study this species, and presently he was struck by the remark-
able fact that he could find nothing but females. He examined
hundreds and hundreds of individuals without coming across a
single male. He was hence inclined to think that he had to do

CASE
XIV.

238 ARACHNOIDEA.

with a form of Parthenogensis, which we otherwise know does
occur among Acarids. In the course of this examination a Hy-
popus, which continually appeared with Tyroglyphus, attracted
his attention, by means of which he hoped to establish Dujardin’s

hypothesis. But he never succeeded in doing so. He founda —

Hypopus in the act of metamorphosis, and thereby satisfied him-
self that it could have no possible relation with Gamasus ; and
he speaks with confidence, because for three years he brought up
Tyroglyphi and Hypopi from hyacinth bulbs in his work-room
without ever a single Gamasus making its appearance from or in
connection with the others. ‘The Hypopi were in thousands, but
they were all of the same size; and the young stage, or individuals
in the act of transformation, were not to be found. Neither did
he observe any difference of sex, as all examples resembled one
another throughout. Nor could any imdividuals with eggs be
found, ‘The manner of increase of the Hypopus thus appeared
in the highest degree enigmatical, the more so that the extreme
stiffness of the mail-like skin renders the idea of growth after it
has acquired it inadmissible. ‘The conclusion forced itself upon

Young larva of Rhiz-glyphus echinatus Young stage of Tyroglyphus develo ++

(Tyroglyphus dujardinii, Clap.), the inside of Tyroglyphus dujardinii. ~
posterior legs not visible from above. Copied from Gleave: wae

Copied from Claparéde’s figure.

him, that the young stage of the Hypopus must be sought for
under quite another form. It next occurred to him that he might
succeed better by following the development of the Tyroglyphus
from the beginning through its various stages. ‘This he did, and
first he found the six-footed larva proceed from the egg, bearing,

HIV POPLDZE.. 239

SE as usual, a close resemblance to the mother Tyroglyphus, as well as
’ to the corresponding six-footed stage of other Tyroglyphi, such as
the cheese mite; and he observed in them the development of the
second larva, which appears with eight feet, and which bears an
even greater similarity to the perfect female Tyroglyphus. There-
efter he followed the further develop-
ment of this second larva, and traced
the progtess of its included nymph or
quasi nymph, and was witness to the
appearance of mature female Tyro-
styphi from many of them; but from
others, on the contrary, there emerged
Hypopi. ‘“ There could no longer be

—=
ae

ea |
any doubt,” sl HA |
AN
thought he, iN i ip
; iy i ~
that the RN
Hypopus g
belongs to rr ie
the cycles Ee 2 ae ae eh tes aR ee na
Copied from Ciparede! Copied from Claparéde.
of develop-

ment of Tyroglyphus,” and seeing no other way of explain-
ing or reconciling the facts he had observed, he arrives at
the conclusion that Hypopus must be the male form of Tyro-
glyphus.

That Claparede was wrong in this conjecture was very quickly
proved. ‘Two observers of the highest competency, Professor
Robin and M. Fumouse, had been studying the same Tyroglyph
as Claparéde at the very same time, and in the same year they
published the result of their researches, and we believe their paper
had the priority by a few months.*

* It appeared in the Journal de l’Anat. and Physiol. de C. Robin, in the
number for May and June 1868 ; Claparede’s appeared in the Zeitschrift fur
Wiss. Zool. Bd. xviii., 1868. We do not know the month, but presumab!y at
the end of the year.

CASE
XIV.

240 : ARACHNOIDEA.

They described the species under the name of Tyroglyphus
echinopus, and Claparede’s name, dujardinii, must give way to
it but, unlike Clapartde, they found both males and females,
and figured them in their paper, and both are of the normal form
of other Tyroglyphi. It is therefore impossible that the Hypopus
can be the male of Tyroglyphus.

Up to this point, however, there does not appear to be any-
thing in the facts observed by Claparétde that is incapable, or
even very difficult of explanation. Hypopus is already known as
an external parasite on insects. May it not also be an internal
parasite in its earlier stage ; and might not Claparéde’s supposed
male, seen first inside the Tyroglyph, and afterwards emerging, be
that stage. Such a double phase of parasitism is not without pre-
cedent in insects, Rhipiphorus paradoxus passes its earliest stage
inside the grub of the wasp, then emerges while still minute, and,
fastening on its outside, finishes off its victim. Subsequent dis

coveries, however, have introduced new and surprising elements,

apparently inconsistent with such an explanation. In 1873, M.
Megnin (first in the ““ Comptes Rendus,” and then in M. Robin’s
“Journ. Anat. Phys.”), published the results of a long continued
and careful observation, undertaken to solve the true relations of
the Hypopi and Tyroglyphs, taking for his subject another Tyro-
glyph (which he named Tyroglyphus rostroserratus), which was
very plentiful in the common mushroom (Agaricus campestris), and
very destructive to the mushroom cultivation around Paris ; and
in 1874 he published, in the same work, further researches on it
and another mushroom-feeding species (which he named T. my-
ceticola). The importance attached to his researches may be
judged from the fact, that for them he received from the Academie
des Sciences the Thoré prize of 1873. He placed his specimens
in cages specially provided for them, supplying them with shreds
of mushrooms which served both as food and lodging for them.
In observing these, one of the first facts that struck M. Megnin
was, that so long as the mushrooms were moist and in full decom-

IV PARED. . 2ar4

“ASE position, myriads of Tyroglyphi swarmed in his boxes; when, on

the contrary, the mushrooms on which they lived began to dry
up, his numerous Tyroglyphs disappeared in great part, and were
replaced by legions of a particular Hypopus, having all the
characters of Hypopus feroniarum of Dufour, or the H. dugesii
of Claparéde.

On renewing the provision of mushroom, which restored the
moisture, it was the Hypopi which disappeared in their turn,
replaced by myriads of Tyroglyphi. Twenty times the same
phenomenon was reproduced before his eyes. Persuaded that
these Hypopi must change their form in moulting, he had
isolated them at different times in small cages of glass, but with-
out success: they remained inert, sticking to the walls of the
cage, and as if deprived of life. ‘The idea then occurred to him
to place them in contact with fresh mushrooms, and accordingly
he placed in their cages fragments of mushrooms completely
freed from eggs and animalcules. ‘“‘In these new conditions,”
says M. Megnin, “the Ilypopi moulted and transformed them-
selves under our eyes into small octopod Tyroglyphi, not yet
adult. This fact shows,” says he, “that the Hypopus is a transi-
tion stage of Tyroglyph ; but does the Hypoyus come from the
eggs, or is it the result of the transformation of hexapod larve, or
of nymphs?” and he gives the figure in the accompanying wood-
cut of the act of transformation which he saw.

In pushing his researches further, he succeeded in finding an
inert octopod nymph, containing in its inside a Hypopus, ready
to change, in other words, he re-discovered what Claparéde took
for the male. The result of his observations is thus stated:
“Here is what has been well shown. There are nymphs of
Tyroglyphus which transform themselves into Hypopus; and,
reciprocally, Hypopi which re-become nymphs of Tyroglyphi.”
And the conclusion deduced from it is that ‘‘ Hypopus is nothing
but a cuirassed adventive heteromorph, charged with the con-
servation of the dissemination of the species of Acarid which

242 ARACHNOIDEA.

CASE passes through that form in its evolution.” The rationale suggested
Xi » °. e .
“for such an unusual phenomenon is, that Hypopus is a stage with

Sketch of Tyroglyphus mycophagus emerging from
ypopus. Copied from Megnin’s figure.

a harder skin in the development of Tyroglyphus, specially
provided for it to compensate for its softness and aptness to be
dried up on the failure of moisture which, but for this provision,
might extinguish the race. 2h

The above is, we think, a statement of the facts and inferences
relating to this puzzling phenomenon, and the reader must form.
his own judgment upon them. We shall only point out how
far M. Megnin’s observations really go, where they seem to
correspond or differ from those of Claparede and other observers,
and what blanks still remain to be filled up before we have a
complete knowledge of the life-history of Hypopus and Tyro-
glyphus.

In the first place we have mature Tyroglyphi, male and female,
the latter of which lay eggs.

LAV POPPI ZE. 243

CASE Next, these eggs produce young Tyroglyphi, exactly after the

type of their parents, but with only six legs. See first figure on
p- 238. ‘This is the usual first stage of development in all
acarids.

It is not until the young animal has passed from the six-legged
into the second or eight-legged unsexual stage that either Claparéde
or Megnin begin to see any other form inside either Tyroglyph
or Hypopus. ‘The figures they give of such incidents all repre-
sent both outer and inner animal as eight-legged.

It is only when it approaches the nymph stage (towards the end
of the first sexual eight-footed stage, which is the third stage of
development) that the internal transformation is first seen. At
that stage Claparéde saw and gives the figure of a young eight-
footed Tyroglyph with another Tyroglyph inside, which we have
reproduced (second figure on p. 238) ; and Megnin saw and gives
a figure of a Hypopus with a Tyroglyph inside, and another figure
of a Tyroglyph bursting its way out from the shell of a Hypopus,
both eight-footed, which we have copied, p. 242. Both agree that
it isa Tyroglyphus that is within, and that comes out; but Claparéde
Says it is inside a Tyroglyphus, and Megnin, inside a Hypopus,
and Dujardin that it is aGamasus inside a Hypopus. Have these
gentlemen been looking at the same thing, or do their figures
represent different events happening at different stages in the life
of the same individual? If the former, then it seems clear that
it can only be determined by further experiments made by some
other equally competent observers. If we take both as happening,
but happening at different stages, then it is clear that by doing
so we diminish the probability of one of them; for changes by
development are only accomplished at the periods of moulting,
and as these are limited in number, each additional change intro-
duced reduces the opportunities of effecting it. We presume that
it will never be possible to ascertain, by actual observation,
the exact number of times that these mites change their skin ; but
the number of times is said to be four, and at all events there are

Q 2

244 ARACHNOIDEA.

CASE only four recognised stages of progress, besides the egg, as proved
‘by Robin in his paper on the Dermaleichi (1868); the six-footed
stage, the young eight-footed stage without sexual organs, the
eight-footed nymph with internal but without external sexual
organs, and the perfect mature insect, with both internal and
external sexual. organs. If to these we are to add two Hypopus
stages, and two shiftings back to Tyroglyph, as required by
M. Megnin’s hypothesis, it complicates the matter considerably.
The only at all feasible way out of the difficulty is by supposing
that M. Dujardin and M. Megnin on the one hand, or Claparéde
on the other, had made a mistake in the kind of species that
contained the other. That may be possible, and if that is the
only alternative offered us, men must judge for themselves whether
they think it more likely that M. Claparede or M. Megnin (and
we ought to add M. Dujardin) shall have made such an error.
Either will remove much of the difficulty. If it be the latter
who are in error, all the phenomena seem explicable on the
supposition of Hypopus being an internal insect parasite. If it
be M. Claparéde, then MM. Dujardin and Megnin have got their
way cleared of at least one stumbling block. If neither have been
in error, we have the following curious succession of development.
1. Egg of Tyroglyphus. 2. Six-footed young stage. 3. Eight-
footed unsexual stage. 4. The eight-footed form seen by Claparéde
within the preceding, and which must have been the nymph without
external sexual organs. 5. The Hypopus with a totally different
system of nutrition. ‘The change from the preceding to this has
not been seen, and is yet to be proved, indeed, no connection ~
between the Hypopus at this stage and any precedent form of
Tyroglyphus has been shown. ‘This has next to turn into, 6. An
eight-footed Tyroglyph, presumably a nymph, and, 7. Back again
to a Hypopus, which has been traced no further, but which must,
on the hypothesis of its being a phase of development, in turn
change into the final change (which would make the eighth), the
perfect insect.

CASE
XIV.

FIVPOPIDA:. 245

It humbly appears to us that there must be some error here.
We render all justice to the painstaking truthfulness of M.
Dujardin and M. Megnin’s observations. ‘They are no doubt two
to one, but we must remember who the one is. Clapareéde was
one of the most distinguished physiologists, and most careful and
accurate microscopic observers of the present generation ; and as
Claparede’s observations, now in the balance, lead to no incon-
gruous or unprecedented results, we own that we feel a preference
forthem. If MM. Dujardin and Megnin are in error, its extent
would be the mistaking the containing mite for a Hypopus while
it was only a Tyroglyphus ; and the very considerable resemblance
that there is on a superficial view between the earlier stages of
Hypopus (so far as known) and Tyroglyphus, is the more sug-
gestive of the possibility of such a mistake.

As regards the observations of Dujardin, he is either in error
in supposing that the contained mite was. a Gamasus; in which
case his authority as to identity of the containing mite is weakened,
or if he is right and M. Megnin right, then Hypopus forms not
only a stage in the development of Tyroglyphus, but also of
Gamasus. We must always remember that we are investigating
the development of an animal so minute, that it passes the portion
of its life now in question in the inside of a mite no larger than
its relative the cheese mite.

As to M. Megnin again, his own account of his observation
contains one or two facts which seem to lend support to our
suggestion that, in its early stage, Hypopus is an internal insect
parasite. In his paper above mentioned he says, ‘On the r4th
of April, 1869, while preparing a Trombidium holosericeum for
anatomical study, we were much surprised to find, among the
red and branched hairs of this large Acarid, three Hypopi, in all
respects similar to that found on an ox by M. Deyrolle. In fine,
eight days later, having collected in a truss of old decaying hay a
great quantity of Gamasi and other Acarids, we found a female
Gamasus, to which adhered two Hypopi, in all respects similar to

CASE
XIV.

246 ARACHNOIDEA.

the preceding. One of these Hypopi was fixed on the back, and
the other on the abdominal face, in such a manner, that looking
at the Gamasus from its upper side, its parasites both appeared
as if in the abdomen, and we entertained for a moment the con-
viction that we had, under our eyes, the proof of the truth of the

_assertion of Dujardin that our Gamasus was about to bring forth

a living larva with a Hypopial form. We know, says he, that
some Gamasidee, the Pteropti amongst others, bring forth living
octopod larvee.

- “ Opportunity having permitted us to meet several times Hypopi
attached to Gamasi, and to study them in all their phases, after
having also encountered the veritable larva of Gamasi, always
similar to their parents, whether hexapod or octopod, we have
thus acquired the proof that we had been the plaything of an ilusion
and that the Hypopi are not the normal larve of Gamasi as
Dujardin supposed.” We have quoted this passage entire, and
in Megnin’s own words, first to show the wide dispersion of the
Hypopi among insects, which, according to our view, is consistent
with its being a general parasite seeking whom it may devour, but
inconsistent with its being a phase of developement of a particular
insect ; and, second, to show, by the words we have printed in

italics, that M. Megnin really did see a Hypopus inside of a

Gamasus, but disbelieved his eyes, and regarded himself as
the plaything of an illusion, not from any correction of his obser-
vation, but from abstract reasoning that it could not possibly be
correct. He reasoned himself out of his own senses. It looks as
if he had made up his mind that anything inside the Gamasus
could only be a phase of Gamasus; and as from independent
observation he was sure that its larvee was different, he came to
the conclusion that what he saw was not there, but somewhere
else, and only appeared to be there by an optical illusion.

This is not the only insect besides Tyroglyphus, that the
Hypopus has been found in. Mr. Tatem described and figured
(Monthly Micro. Journ., 1872) a Hypopus under the name of

HVPOPIDA. © 247

GSE Acarellus muscz, which he took from “ the abdominal cavity of a

dead flea.” Quallait-il faire dans cette galére, if it was a phase
of a vegetable-feeding Tyroglyphus ; neither could there be any

question of development between a flea and a Hypopus. But it

was a very natural place if the creature is an internal parasite.
Again, Dr. Maddox (Monthly Micr. Journ., 1871) describes and
figures a Hypopus that he obtained from a bat’s ear, that was
swarming with the larvee of a parasitic tick that we have already
and shall again have occasion to speak of. If a phase of Tyro-
glyphus, it could hardly have mistaken a bat’s ear for its natural
food, a hyacinth bulb. If a parasite, it might very naturally be
found among the ticks on which it preys; and what adds value to
these two observations is that they were both made by observers
who appear to have made no special study of the Acarids and
who were ignorant of Hypopus and its points of interest. Mr.
Tatem supposed that his Acarellus might perhaps have something

to do with Phytoptus, and Dr. Maddox goes no farther than to

call his a single minute insect found free amongst the hairs along
with specimens of the other mite he there found and adds “‘(? im-
mature male)”:—but the figures given by both Mr. Tatem and
Dr. Maddox are unmistakably Hypopi. It is also not irrelevant
to remind the reader of Dujardin’s observations regarding a
Hypopus found on or in connection with a parasite of the field-
mouse, which, from his description, is doubtless Myobia musculi ;
and to add that a careful examination of the description of Dr.
Maddox’s mite found in the ear of a bat, has satisfied us that its
generic place is not with the Pteropti, but with the Sarcoptide,
and next to Myobia musculi.

Another circumstance observed by M. Megnin in his study
of the Tyroglyphi and Hypopi, the successive disappearance
of Tyroglyphi, appearance of Hypopi, and re-appearance of
Tyroglyphi in his boxes, suggests the remark that, on our hypo-
thesis, it presents none of the difficulties of explanation which
attend it on his. On the mushrooms becoming dry in his cage

CASE
XIV.

248 ARACHNOIDEA.

(which shews an insufficiency of moisture for the wants of the
Tyroglyphi), they disappeared, that is, dried up and died. On
the death of an insect containing parasites, these latter usually, if
they can, make their way out and anticipate their period of pass-
ing into the pupa state; so here on the death of the Tyroglyphi
the Hypopi made their way out, but only to die ;—“ they rested
inert on the walls and as if deprived of life.” He never says that
they revived, but he says they disappeared on (but it does not

follow that it was in consequence of) fresh mushrooms being

introduced into the cages. Our understanding of this would be
that they had really died when they seemed deprived of life. But
fresh swarms of Tyroglyphi now succeed them. Why not? ‘There

might still be plenty of Tyroglyphi living to replenish the stock

now that fresh food was introduced; for in speaking of their

first disappearance, he does not say that they wholly disappeared,

but ‘‘disappeared in great part.” But besides this, in introducing |
fresh mushroom-food, even with every care to exclude eggs or

Acari, there is always a great chance of their getting admission in

spite of every precaution.

Further, if our hypothesis be right, it helps to explain how
Claparéde and others have failed to find any six-footed larve of
Hypopi going about free. At that stage we assume them to be
in the inside of other insects. Other puzzling points in the
economy and life-history of these creatures still remain awaiting
elucidation. As yet no sexual organs have been found in them,— -
which, so far as it goes, is a point in favour of M. Megnin as
indicating immaturity and progress of development.

Again, what are the great clusters of them that are seen ad-
hering to other insects, doing there? They are not on the insect
for purposes of feeding, for they have no mouth, or if they had,
they could extract nothing out of the polished armour of such
insects as the Histeridz, to which they cling. They cannot be
there for the purpose of laying eggs in the insect’s body, even
supposing that mature males and females are there, although no

HVPOPID. 249

‘ice from a crowd of arash insects selecting the same insect as the
¥ host in which to deposit their eggs, they carefully avoid placing
| them in any insect that has already had eggs placed in it by
another ; their instinct in this matter teaching them contrary to
the axiom acted on by many human couples, that what is enough
for one is not enough for twa They must, moreover, leave their
host at some time or other, and when they do so, they may, of
course, be found elsewhere than on insects. Can they be indi-
viduals that have passed their parasitic life inside the insects, and
are now enjoying their oftwm cum dignitate idly on its outside?
But how did they get out, having no mandibles? They could not
eat their way out. It is not like the thin shell of a Tyroglyphus,
which may be cracked by muscular action. And whence come so
many? It is true that although a Tyroglyphus may only hold
one, a fly might hold many.

Yet again, how come one or more species of Hypopus to be
found habitually, not on insects, but on ferns? In speculating
on this we must remember that we have plenty of instances,
among insects, of species of the same genus having different
habits. In this very group we have one section of Tyroglyphi
living on vegetable and another on animal matters—we have
inost of the species of Glyciphagus feeding on sugared fruits, but
other species parasitic ; and it adds to the probability of its being
so here that there have been two species of Hypopus found on
ferns, and that they both, although distinct, have the same

~ cachet or type of make. ‘They belong to a separate sub-genus of
Hypopus. The same remark applies to the specially endowed
species found on the field-mouse. It may have special habits
as well as special structure.

Passing from the consideration of this very curious and puzzling
animal, let us now glance at some of the different species of the

genus.

250 ARACHNOIDEA.

CASE HyYPpoPpus MUSCARUM (Zizz.). See figure on page 224.

XIV. ‘
On flies.

HYPoPusS ALICOLA (Dzw/.),

On the wing of a bee.

No. 3. Hyporpus musc4 (Acarellus musc, TZarem.,
Monthly Micr. Journ. 1872, pl. xl. 263.).—38.
Yy \ Magnified sketch of ditto, copied from Mr,

| Tatem’s figure.

Dujardin obtained his specimen from the
humble-bee; Mr. Tatem his from a small
[eee dipterous fly.

U 3 An elongate form, like H. alicola Duj.
a7 oa

VLAN ALY rT 1
wy Withee

Wty

No. 4. a al, Hypopus PULICIS (Acarellus pulicis, Zatez, loc.
\ i, cit.).—4. Magnified sketch of ditto, copied from
S, Mr. Tatem’s figure.

Found by Mr. Tatem in “the abdominal

Cond ee ein. cavity of a dead flea.” It comes very close

to Hypopus levis of Dujardin, the chief

difference seeming to be that its posterior pairs of legs are scarcely

quite so robust; but as Mr. Tatem mentions that these legs were

only visible through the skin, and not yet free, it may be that his

specimen, not being yet closed, was not perfectly developed,

and that the legs might afterwards have become somewhat

stronger. We have already alluded to the significance of the
locality in which it was found by Mr. Tatem.

Hyporus FILIcuM (Duj.), See figure on page 235.

On the fronds of Celerach officinalis.

HYPOPUS ARVICOLA (Duj.). See figure on page 236.

On the field-mouse.

HV RORID AY 251

There have been about twenty species of Hypopus described,
Dujardin having subsequently added a few more to those pre-
viously mentioned.

Here, perhaps, should follow one of Hering’s species found by
him on dried figs, and which he named Acarus passularum (Nov.
Act. Cur. 1838). It has been supposed to be a Hypopus, but the
uncertainty in which many points have been left by him, which
have since been found to be of importance, prevents more than
probable conjecture as to the genus to which the species he has
figured belongs. The figure he gives certainly does not look like
one.

Genus TRIcHopactyLus (Dufour, Ann. Sc. Nat., 2nd Ser.
XI. 1830).

This genus was proposed in 1839 by M. Léon Dufour for one
or two species of parasitic mites found on bees. The name is
derived from the last pair of feet terminating in one or more long
hairs, instead of in a tarsus or claw. They have obviously much
affinity with Hypopus, both in habit and structure, the posterior
legs of which terminate in something the same manner ; so much

Leg of Trichodactylus Osmize. Copied from Donnadieu’s figure.

so that Dujardin regards them as belonging to the same genus.
But we think that the more powerful make and claws of the first
three pairs of legs in Trichodactylus, combined with the rudi-

CASE

XIV.

No. 5.

252 ARACHNOIDEA.

mentary character being confined to the last pair of legs, is suffi-
cient to make a sub-genus for their reception necessary. We
give figures of the two that have been described: nothing is
known of their development as yet.

TRICHODACTYLUS OSMIA (Luif-).

t Kf
1 Up =
it
VN in Ca
Ly NS FU 2

—~

Trichodactylus osmize. Copied from Trichodactylus osmiz. Copied from figure by Donnadieu,
original figure by Dufour.

Found on a species of Osmia. It will be seen that it has the
mouth-piece of Hypopus with its two projecting bristles.

TRICHODACTYLUS XYLOCOP#.—5. Magnified sketch of ditto, copied from
figure.

Found on Xylocopa violacea. There is some appearance of
transverse lines on the surface of this and the preceding species,
but we have had no means of ascertaining how far they are of
the same character as those on the Sarcoptidz. The hair ter-
mination of the last pair of legs undoubtedly has some affinity to
that group, and it is obvious that we are approaching its terri-

HVPOPIDE. 253

SE tories; but in several true Hypopi the last legs likewise terminate
' in a long hair, and the other more
important characters indicate that its YK?
____ nearest relations are with them. a
" Another species was described in
3 1845 by Dr. Gros in the Bull. Soc.
d Imp. Mosc. S. 397, under the name of
Scutacarus femoris. He found it, he
says, in the nests of Hornets, and
% _ beside the mites of Hister unicolor.
q The description shows that it belongs
i to this genus.
Another form which may perhaps also be connected with Hy-
popus is the

N-\* \
ty VY Wy
my
ill! Vayly
rl Ui hs
V4 \
NY

Trichodactylus xylocopz.

Genus Homopus (/urst.).

No. 6. HomMopus ELEPHANTIS (/wrst. Kratz-milben, 222), (Symbiotes elephantis,
Gerl.).—6. Magnified sketch of ditto, copied from Furstenberg’s figure.

The only claim that this has to
be called “elephantis,” consists in
its having been found on the hide
of a stuffed elephant; but we do
not even know how long the skin
had been stuffed. Gerlach thought

_ Homopus elephantis.
Copied from Furstenberg’s figure.

it an itch mite, and named it Symbiotes elephantis; but it
wants the suckers to the tarsi and the transversely striated skin ;
and in Furstenberg’s figure it is provided with chelate mandibles

CASE
XIV.

254. ARACHNOIDEA.

and palpi, and with the characteristic chitonous bands which
support the legs in the sarcoptide, although in a less degree.
Claparéde, although he does not say that he has seen the insect
itself, boldly says (loc. cit.) that Furstenberg is wrong, both in his
figure and his description, and disputes the existence of these
mandibles, and declares it to be a Hypopus. ‘There is certainly
much in it that is characteristic of Hypopus, but unless Furstenberg
has been incredibly careless and inaccurate, and we are at liberty
to. re-draw it in accordance with our own notions of what is most
probable, it seems impossible to bring it in the same line with
that genus. We quite agree with Claparéde, however, that it
must be near it, and have dealt with it accordingly.

Furstenberg mentions that he found a similar mite under a

number of Horse Mites (Dermatokoptes), which he got from a

horse suffering from the itch. The same species turned up again

in Paris in 1867. In the Universal Exposition of that year a —

magnificent ox, splendidly stuffed, was a conspicuous object in
the glass-case of M. Deyrolle, the naturalist. Regarding this ox,
M. Megnin learned from M. Deyrolle that when he was occupied
in mounting the skin, which had been left for eight days ina
bath of alum, he was witness of a singular phenomenon. The
skin became covered with myriads of very small white Acarids
scarcely visible, and which gave the effect on the skin of a dusty
matter. He collected numerous specimens which he gave M.
Megnin, who on seeing them immediately recognised a Hypopus

which resembled line for line the Homopus of Furstenberg,
only its carapace was finely granulated, a detail which he sug-

gests the German author had perhaps neglected, and moreover he
found it impossible to make out the jaws and palpi which he de-
scribes. The mouth was simply a ‘‘rounded opening, closed as by
a ‘clapet’ by a movable lip furnished with two hairs.” *

* Probably here should follow the genus Heteropus, which we have placed
at the end of the Tyroglyphidz as of uncertain position, not being able tomake
up our mind as to its most suitable place.

aa P

CHEESE. MILES, ETC. 25.5

Sub-family TyRoGLYPHIDA (Cheese Mites and their allies).

The general characters of this section are a soft, smooth, fleshy,
whitish body, without any system of striz, or lines, disposed
around the body, but with a slight furrow, depression, or line of
separation, on the back between the second and third pair of legs
marking off the thorax from the abdomen—Mandibles chelate.
The tarsi in most species, although not in all, have only a single
claw, which is surrounded by a vesicle, or fine sucker, like a
sleeve. In a few species there is only a claw and no sucker.

The group consists of the following genera—Rhizoglyphus,
Tyroglyphus, Glyciphagus, and Cheyletus, which may be distin-
guished by the following characters :—

Rhizoglyphus, Tyroglyphus, and Glyciphagus have the typical
characters above mentioned, but are distinguished from each
other by the two former having the hairs on the back smooth,
while in Glyciphagus they are hairy, plumose, or feathered, and
in it there is also a posterior appendage in the females, like a knob
at the tail, or an os coccygis. Rhizoglyphus again is distinguished
from Tyroglyphus by having tarsi with claws, and without suckers,
while Tyroglyphus has both a claw and sucker.

Cheyletus is distinguished by its enormous mandibles, by a
_ peculiar tracheal system, and by having two claws, and other
appendages to the tarsi.

Genus TyRoGLypHus (Zaz).

Sub-genus RHIZOGLYPHUs.

Tarsi with claws and without suckers. Feeds on vegetable
substances.

Claparéde (loc. cit.) proposed in 1868 a genus under this
mame for a species of Tyroglyphus, which we shall presently

256 ARACHNOIDEA.

notice ; but although we adopt his section and his name, we do |
not adopt his character, nor confine it to his species, and, there-
fore, cannot quote it as his genus.

The chief characters, as defined by Claparede, were that the
two right and left abdominal suckers are present both in the
male and female, instead of being so only in the male, as in
the normal Tyroglyphi, and that the third pair of legs are dis-
proportionately large. Both of these characters seem to us
merely specific. We have seen, when speaking of Hypopus, that
the number and distribution of abdominal suckers vary in every
species, and an abnormal thickening of legs in one sex is a not
uncommon variation in species of many genera of insects. But
Messrs. Fumouse and Robin, in describing this Tyroglyphus (T.
echinopus), pointed out that it had no sucker annexed to the
tarsi. They did not propose to make a new genus for the
species on that account, but proposed to alter the character of
the genus Tyroglyphus to admit their species. Hitherto the
character ascribed to the tarsi had been a claw with a sucker.
Now the T. echinopus of Fumouse and Robin has no sucker,

Tarsus of Rhizoglyphus. Tyarsus of Tyroglyphus

neither has Clapartde’s Rhizoglyphus robini (his Hypopus
dujardimi is the same as T. echinopus) ; both with similar habits,
viz., feeding on hyacinths, and, what is more, having the com-
mon character of living on vegetable substances; whilst the
others (the Tyroglyphi) affect animal remains, cheese, dead
insects, &c. For the former we suggest that Claparéde’s name

CHEESE. MITES, ETC. 27

and Fumouse and Robin’s character should be taken. Claparéde’s
characters will not apply to ¢4er species, but ther character will
apply to both, and distinguish the little group composed of them
sharply from Tyroglyphus.

RHIZOGLYPHUS ECHINOPUS (Hypopus dujardinil, C/ap.), —7. Magnified
sketch of larva and pupa ; 8. Magnified sketch of supposed male (Hy-
popus) ; 9. Magnified sketch of female. All copied from Claparede’s
figures. (Tyroglyphus echinopus, /um. & ob., Journ. Anat. and
Phys. de M. Robin, 1868) ; 10. Magnified sketch of ditto, copied from
Robin’s figure. (? Acarus hyacinthi, Boisd. Ent. Hort., p. 86.)

Besides the generic character above
noticed, the most notable points in
this species are more numerous bristles
about its feet than in other species, and
a more globose body, there being no
drawing in of the flanks, as is often,
more or less, seen in other species. As
we have already said, under Hypopus,
Claparéde’s and Robin’s species are the -
same. There can be little doubt that — Larva of Rhizoglyphus echinopus

Copied from Fumouse’s figure.
the species noticed (in the same year)
by Boisduval in his ‘‘ Entomologie horticole,’ under the name of
Acarus hyacinthi, also belongs to this, although the absence of any

description prevents our saying so with certainty.

The habits of their species, as observed by all three authors,
were identical. They live between the scales of some species of
Liliaceze, principally hyacinths. M. Boisduval adds, that in some
years they are very abundant in autumn, and occasionally cause
itching and irritation to those persons who handle a great number
of the bulbs.

It is not improbable, however, that it is only because the

hyacinth bulbs are more exposed to view than the roots of other
R

25§ ARACHNOIDEA.

oer plants that the mite has been observed chiefly on these bulbs.
’ We have observed in numbers, on the roots of vines attacked
by Phylloxera, a species which we cannot distinguish from T.
echinopus ; and it seems not unlikely that it may hereafter be
found on roots generally. We found Hypopi in its company on

vine roots. ;

RHIZOGLYPHUS PHYLLOXER& (Tyroglyphus phylloxerze, Planchon and Kiley,
6th Report, 1874, p. 52).

Mr. Planchon in his work on the Ametri-
can vine, and Mr. Riley (loc. cit.), records
the presence of this allied species in North
America. They found it in association
with the Phylloxera of the vine, feeding in
its young state on the juices of the roots
injured by Phylloxera ; and, when older,
preying extensively on the root-inhabiting

type of that insect. Mr. Riley mentions

Copied from Riley's figure, that when this fact was published, it was

hoped that the introduction of the Rhi-
zoglyphus into Europe might be of service in reducing the
numbers of Phylloxera, and he received orders from vine growers

in France for a supply of the cannibal. Mr. Riley, however,
although he endeavoured to comply with the request, did not
anticipate that it would do much good ;—in which we agree with
him, chiefly because they have already in France commonly asso-.
ciated with the Phylloxera a Rhizoglyphus, which we believe to be
the preceeding species; and the one should certainly be as good
as the other as an exterminator, if that class of mites really did
feed upon other insects ; but the statement of Messrs. Planchon
and Riley to that effect has been received with doubt by some
French entomologists. We have not seen M. Planchon’s statement,
and we observe that Mr. Riley does not say how he ascertained
the fact ; but he makes the assertion broadly, and as he is well-

. CHEESE MITES, ETC 259

known to be a careful and accurate observer, any statement of his
is entitled to great weight ; but, like all of us, he is liable to error,
and may have been deceived (as sometimes happens), by abnormal
conduct under abnormal circumstances. There are many instances
of insects that are vegetable feeders having eaten their neighbours
when shipwrecked into an entomologist’s box or breeding cage.
Dr. Fumouse, who has studied the habits of the Tyroglyphi more
closely than perhaps any other living naturalist, objects to the idea
as being opposed to the habits of all other Tyroglyphi, which
never attack living animals ; and, further, because although not
rare in France on vine roots attacked by Phylloxera, there never
has been any appearance of their number being diminished by
them (see Ann. S. Ent. Fr. 1874, Bull. 98). It is, moreover, op-
posed to the habits, so far as hitherto known, of the section of
Tyroglyphi to which it belongs ; for that section feeds exclusively
on vegetable food.

Both M. Planchon and Mr. Riley have found Hypopi in this
species.

2
q ®-11. RHIZOGLYPHUS ROBINII (C/af. loc. cit.).—11. Magnified sketch of female,
copied from Claparede’s figure.

Found by M. Claparéde in company with his H. dujardinii
upon hyacinths, and also on potato and dahlia roots, and, as he
himself says, capable of being easily confounded with dujardinii
in its course of development; but when mature, the female is
readily recogniseble by her very thick and clumsy third pair of
legs, which occupy so much space that they throw the fourth pair
further back than usual.

RHIZCGLYPHUS (?) FECUL (Tyroglyphus fecule, Guer., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.
1867).

It is probably to this genus that the species named Tyro-

glyphus feculz belongs. M. Guerin-Méneville records its sudden

appearance in very great numbers in some heaps of Australian
R2

260 ARACHNOIDEA.

CASE potatoes shut up in a barn of the annex to the imperial farm at’

“IV. Vincennes. What was most remarkable was the immense
quantity of them that were developed in less than eight days.
The soil of the ground floor, where the potatoes had been placed,
was covered with a bed of this little Tyroglyphus, which looked |
like an animated dust of a grey colour. A sample of this living
dust, which M. Guerin-Meneville had collected, was composed
of myriads of millions of these little animals, and was swept to-
gether in some minutes and simply by the help of the feather of
apen. ‘This mass of beings was composed of a reunion of indi-
viduals of all different ages and degrees of development.

This innumerable assembly had attracted, as is always the case,
many other little hunting insects, who had found there an
abundant and easy prey. There were larve and perfect insects
belonging to several genera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera
Diptera, etc., on which these mites had attached themselves in
commensurable quantities, literally covering them and giving them
a most singular appearance.

The potatoes, which looked quite sound and healthy, were all
covered with these Acarids. As these latter could no longer all
hold on to the surface, they accumulated between the paving-
stones, thence even on to the pavement, where they formed a
bed of several millimétres in thickness on a surface of about four
square métres.

RHIZOGLYPHUS ROSTRO-SERRATUS (Tyroglyphus rostro-serratus, J/eguin,
Tourn. Anat. Phys. 1873 ; Acarus fungorum (?) Borsd. Ent. Hort. 1867,

Pp. 90}.
his is the species on which M. Megnin made the observations
bn the development of Hypopus, which we have above recorded.
We have already mentioned that around Paris the cultivated
mushrooms, more especially the common Agaricus campestris, are
often attacked by a moist black rot, which, until lately, had been
regarded as spontaneous. M. Megnin has shown that it is caused,

CHEESE .MITES, ETC. 261

‘CASE or at all events actively aided by, two parasites, an Anguillula and

a ‘a Tyroglyphus, which are remarkable for their prodigious fecundity

Tyroglyphus rostro-serratus, under-side. Copied Ditto, side view. Copied from Megnin’s figure.
from Megnin’s figure. About size of cheese-mite. ;

when they find themselves in conditions favourable for their

. development. ‘The proof that these creatures are the very active

although indirect agents of this putrid decomposition, is that
mushrooms on which they have been placed are, in less than
forty-eight hours, reduced to a state of black and deliquescent
putrescence, on which myriads of these animalcules swarm ; while
other mushrooms in the identically same condition, which have
not been subjected to that inoculation, and which have been iso-
lated from the spoiled mushrooms, dry up or become mouldy, and
take from eight days to a fortnight to decompose spontaneously.
The Tyroglyphus rostro-serratus is a sociable Acarid. It is
always, in great troops, in which all the ages are represented, that
it lives on the mushrooms in course of decomposition. It has a
life in some sort amphibian; for from the moment when the mush-
room begins to decay, to take a brown colour and become humid,
it is in the stratum of liquid half a millimétre in depth which |
covers the surface of the fungus that the Tyroglyphi in question

‘move about completely bathed in this liquid, and in the midst of

262 ARACHNOIDEA,

myriads of anguillule which often swarm there. It looks some-
times as if they darted their sharp mandibles into these creatures ;
but this is an illusion, and it is truly the vegetable cells that they
shear asunder with their scissors-like mandibles. These are shown
in the woodcut.

The species is at once distinguishable by its rather rectangular
form and by the back being raised‘ in humps as shown in the
figures.

It seems very probable that this species, described in 1873 by
M. Megnin, is the same as that noticed by Boisduval in 1867 ; but,
as the notice by the latter contains no description, it is impossible
to give the preference to his name even although it should turn
out that he meant the same species as M. Megnin. All that
Boisduval says of it is, that he had observed, when he had
descended into certain parts of the catacombs or in the quarries
occupied by mushroom growers, that the common mushroom
Agaricus edulis, was often invaded by an Acarus visible to the
naked eye, which covered the pedicule and spread itself even
between the folds of the pileus. It is, he adds, along with a small
brachelytrous beetle, which the mushroom growers call capuchin,
a scourge for this kind of culture. All the description he gives of
it is that it is roundish and of a feeble rusty grey colour.

RHIZOGLYPHUS MYCOPHAGUS (Tyroglyphus mycophagus, J/ggnin, Journ.
Anat. Phys. 1874).

This is another mushroom- feeding Acarid from which M.
Megnin obtained some of his more important facts regarding the

CHEESE MITES, ETC. 263

| ose transformations, or supposed transformations, of Hypopus. It is

Nos.
12, 13.

a long smooth species with a projecting sow-like snout. In
accordance with his opinion that Hypopus is only a stage of
Tyroglyphus, he gives as a synonym of it the Acarus spinitarsus
of Hermann, which is undoubtedly a Hypopus.

Figure of Tyroglyphus mycophagus. Copied from Megnin's figure.
Sub-Genus TyroctypHus (Lafr.)
Feeds on animal products. ‘Tarsi, with suckers and claw.

TYROGLYPHUS ENTOMOPHAGUS (Ladould., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1862.)—12.
Sketch of a particle of dust from an insect drawer much magnified,
showing the mite in various stages, eggs, broken fragments, &c. ; 18.
Magnified sketch of insect.

The Tyroglyphus entomophagus is the smallest of all the
known species of this genus. It is remarkable for the parallelism
of the sides, and cylindrical appearance of the body, and for its
narrowness, especially in the female. Its legs are shorter than in
the other species.

It is a species only too well known to Entomologists. It takes
up its abode in entomological collections, in the interior of the
body or on the surface of the insects, and in the dust which
gathers at the bottom of the drawers or boxes. Large insects,
with the body full of fatty particles, those which have not lived
long or which have been brought up in captivity, and which have
not paired, and those which have become greasy, (to use the tech-
nical expression), are the most liable to attack. Certain families
of Coleoptera, the large Scarabzeide, like Oryctes and Geotrupes,
the Lucanide, the Carabide, the Dytiscide, and the Hydro-
philidz, the Cerambycide, the large or badly dried Blaptidze, may
often be seen covered on the surface with excrement and eggs,

254 ARACHNOIDEA.

CASE under the form of white dots, and sometimes contain a consider- ‘
able number of these Tyrogiyphi in the interior of the body.

The body of the large, especially the nocturnal Lepidoptera, the
Cicade amongst the Hemiptera, the Earwigs, etc., etc., have
them likewise, and the quantity sometimes furnished by such
insects, where the mites have once obtained a footing, is truly
enormous.

The Tyroglyphus entomophagus may be found running upon
the back of dead insects, and may be seen without the aid of the
microscope. According to M. Perris it gnaws the down and the
hairs of the insects attacked. It is, however, chiefly in the
inside of their bedy that it lives: it gnaws and dilacerates all
substances that are soft or deprived of chitine; hence they are
specially destructive to Lepidopterous insects. In handling in-
sects that have been attacked by these Tyroglyphi, we are apt
to cause the articulated pieces of which the ligaments have been
destroyed to fall asunder, and then there issues from the body a
friable matter in which the living Acari swarm.

The friable matter which falls out, when the body of insects
gnawed by the Tyroglyphus entomophagus is shaken, is composed
(as shewn in the sketch in this case): 1st, of the excrement of these
animals in the form of little rounded greyish masses; 2ndly, of
the eggs in course of development, and of empty shells of hatched
eggs, of open and bent shells, cracked often longitudinally ;.3rdly,
of young larve and of nymphs always more numerous than the
adult animals ; 4thly, of tegumentary envelopes proceeding from —
the moulting of a great number of larve and nymphs; 5thly, of
visceral or muscu.ar remains of the body, of pieces of trachez, of
striated muscular fascie, of dried fragments, sometimes of eggs
which have not been laid, and which have become loose in the
body of the females of the attacked insects. _e

In the dust at the bottom of the boxes, amongst the remains of
all kinds, antennee, feet, palpi, broken or fallen, one sometimes
finds the envelopes of Gamasus, of Glyciphagus and of Cheyletus,

CHEESE MITES, ETC. 265

E Acarids which live also in collections. Upon the insects them-
’ selves, and devouring the excrements and the remains of the
Tyroglyphus, M. Perris has found, at Mont-de-Marsan, the larvee
of the Cecidomyia entomophila. The walk of the Tyroglyphus
entomophagus is slow. It walks with the head bent down, in
such a way as to allow the ridge of contact of the two mandibles
which go beyond the hairs of the nape of the neck to be seen in
front. The males are as numerous as the females and a little
4 more agile.

It remains to say a few words as to the best means of keeping
these mites out of collections, and of getting rid of them when
they have once effected an entrance. The insects which are most
liable to be attacked by the Tyroglyphus entomophagus are, as

i already said, those which have not been well dried, or which have
____ been placed in ill-fitting boxes in a damp room.
e' When the Tyroglyphus has attacked an insect, one perceives

outside little whitish points on the bodies of those with smooth
teguments, or on another kind a sort of greyish white powder
mingled in the hairs of cottony or downy kinds. Soon under the
insect invaded, or on the corresponding sides of the box, one
notices a matter of a greyish pulverulent aspect, recalling the
efflorescence of saline matters not deliquescent. This dust is said
to be quite different from the organic pulverulent débris which
results from the ravages of the Anthrenus or Dermestes; these
latter produce a fine sawdust, blackish: or brownish, but dry and
non-adherent. Collections in the south of France, exposed to
damp, are very rapidly attacked by Tyroglyphus entomophagus.
The mouldiness which shows itself in a coilection makes one
suspicious of mites, for mould and mites almost always go
together.

When an insect is known to be attacked by Tyroglyphus it is
best to isolate it in a very dry box. If the insect is glossy the
‘mites which have got into it should be removed with a fine camel
hair brush. If the insect is scarcely attacked, it can be replaced on

CASE
XIV.

266 ARACHNOIDEA.

condition of being watched. But very often one sees reappearing
on the body of an insect which has been simply cleaned or
brushed, new Tyroglyphi which come from within or from the
cavities of the joints where they are apt to gather in large
numbers. This shews that the cleansing has been insufficient.
One can then have recourse to the heat of the stove or oven.
This proceeding is inconvenient when the insect turns out to
be what is technically called ‘‘ greasy.” Besides, although the
Tyroglyphi may not resist the effect of a high temperature, the
eggs often do, especially when they are situated in the interior of
the body, and the mites swarm again soon after.

We can scarcely recommend pure water, for if the utils of
the dirty insects is washed, it penetrates into the inside, leaving a
humidity unfavourable to the object in view.

Alcohol is good for all the insects which can stand its action
without being hurt, in their colours, hairs or scales. It will not
do for Lepidoptera, but we have often placed beetles that are hard
and polished in a flask with a large mouth without taking the
trouble of cleaning them. ‘The pin holding the insect is stuck
into the under-side of the cork, and the body soaks in alcohol
without going to the bottom of the vessel. An immersion of
several hours or a day is sufficient. Either simple alcohol, or
alcohol containing a small solution of corrosive sublimate, will
answer. After a bath of an hour in the latter, the insect should
be washed in pure alcohol to carry off the sublimate, which, with-
out this precaution, forms a whitish crust and corrodes the pins.
We prefer to use alcohol with arsenic or saturated with strychnine,
which, in ridding the insects from the Tyroglyphi, has the ad-
vantage of preserving them also against the Anthreni.

Besides alcohol, there are liquids which scour the insects per-
fectly, killing the Acarids and carrying off their favourite aliment.
These very useful liquids are ether, benzine, essence of naphtha.

Dr. Leconte has utilized the “atomiser” for thoroughly and
imperceptibly besprinkling the insects with such liquids.

No. 14

CHEESE MITES, ETC. 267

MM. Grenier and Aubé devised an apparatus for exposing the
insects without removal to the vapours of such chemicals. It is
a large necrentome of tin, with fastenings, made with a trench to
be filled with water, so as to submerge the edge of the cover, and
is well adapted for museums and large collections, where the
labour of individual cleaning would be too great. But so far as
regards mites this is not necessary if the drawers or boxes only fit
moderately closely. Then it will be found sufficient to expose a
few chrystals of pure naphthaline for an hour or two in the drawers.
This is the simplest, easiest, and most effectual of all contrivances
to destroy mites.

Where it is necessary to treat the insects in detail, another effec-
tive but more troublesome plan is to expose the infected insect to
the vapour of liquid ammonia—by placing a morsel of sponge in a
paint saucer and moistening it with a few drops of powerful liquid
ammonia. The insect is placed on a bit of cork alongside the
sponge, and the whole covered by a tumbler or small bell-glass,
so as to keep in the vapour; and in ten minutes or a quarter of
an hour the cure is generally complete. Sometimes it must be
repeated ; but this is rarely necessary.

Insects should never be put away until they have been well
dried, and, if necessary, freed from fatty visceral matters. This
is particularly necessary for kinds brought up in captivity or full
of juice at the moment of their capture.

TYROGLYPHUS SIRO (Lizz., Latr.), (Acarus farinze, Z2.; A. lactis, Lizn.;
A. favorum, Herm. ; T. domesticus, Gerv., haud De G.).—14. Mag-
nified figure of ditto.

It is usual to hear the flour and the cheese mite spoken of by
naturalists, described in books, and mounted by microscopists
as two different and distinct species—but they are not so. It
was Linnzus who commenced the blunder by judging from the
two different kinds of food, instead of from the mites themselves,
and describing those which he found on cheese as the Cheese Mite
(Acarus siro), those on flour as the flour mite (Acarus farinz), and

268 ARACHNOIDEA.

case those in milk as the milk mite (Acarus lactis). It has also received -

IV. other names. It is the Acarus domesticus of Gervais, but not of
De Geer, his domesticus being a Glyciphagus, as is the Acarus
destructor of Schrank. The reader will not suppose that we mean
that every species found on cheese, or every species found on flour,
is this species. ‘There is more than one that feeds on cheese, and
doubtless also on flour. All that we mean is that the common
cheese mite is found upon flour as well as on cheese, and that the
authors above mentioned had made two out of the same species.

Tryoglyphus siro, slightly magnified. Ditto, more igh magia. Cupied

It is unnecessary to give any description of the mite. The
small figure will give a fair idea of its general aspect, and the
larger one will supply the place of a description. As to its habits
and mode of life, there is little to add to what every one knows.
It lives in almost every kind of cheese when a little decayed, and
especially the harder parts. The individuals gather together in
winter in groups or heaps in the hollows and chinks of the cheese
and there remain motionless. As soon as the temperature rises a
little, they gnaw away at the cheese, and reduce it to powder.
The powder is composed of similar debris to that mentioned as
composing the dust made by the T. entomophagus—excrement
having the appearance of little greyish microscopic balls; eges,

~~ ae ae a leah ath dh 7 - Pe rrr nee re ie ee ee Sere ee pe ye
eo Neen ie at ’ wast es ae :

CHEESE MITES, ETC. 269

oA E old and new, cracked and empty; larve, nymphs and perfect
~ mites, cast skins and fragment of cheese, to which must be added
_ numerous spores of microscopic fungi. M. Laboulbene mentions
_ having met with these mites in considerable quantity in some
very old linseed meal, that gave forth a very strong ammoniacal

odour mixed with that of rotten cheese. . . On different occasions
two medical men had sent him and M. Robin for determination
specimens of this mite that had been found on wounds that had
been dressed with poultices made of linseed meal. On one occa-
sion a specimen had been found in urine. Human nature is apt
to prefer the most marvellous way of accounting for such things,
but it is the part of science to point out how easily the mites
might have found their way to the wound or urine in a perfectly
simple and natural way. Professor Robin proved by experiment
that it was easy to transfer a colony of this species from a cheese
to flour where it throve and flourished. The same means answers
to inoculate an uninfected cheese—a few mites transferred from a
mitey cheese to an old one not mitey will soon make it as good
(or as bad) as the other—only in respect of mites of course.

It is to this species that the following case of dysentery caused
by raites has been referred. Rolander, a student of Entomology,
while he resided in the house of Linnzus, was attacked by
that complaint, which quickly gave way to the usual remedies.
Eight days after it returned again, and was as before soon
removed. A third time, at the end of the same period, he was
seized with it. All the while he had been living like the rest
of the family, who had nevertheless escaped. ‘This, of course,
occasioned enquiry into the cause of what had happened. Lin-
nzus, aware that Bartholemy had attributed the dysentery to
insects which he professed to have seen, recommended it to his
pupil to examine his feces. Rolander, following this advice,
discovered in them innumerable animalcules, which upon close
examination proved to be mites. It was next a question how he
alone came to be singled out by them; and thus he accounted for

CASE
XIV.

No. 15.

270 ARACHNOIDEA.

it. It was his habit not to drink at his meals ; but in the night,
growing thirsty, he often sipped some liquid out of a vessel made
of juniper wood. Inspecting this very narrowly, he observed
in the chinks between the ribs a white line, which, when viewed
under a lens, he found to consist of innumerable mites, precisely
the same with those that he had voided. Various experiments
were tried with them, and a preparation of rhubarb was found to
destroy them most effectually. He afterwards discovered them in
vessels containing acids, and often under the bung of casks. In
the instance here recorded, the dysentery or diarrhoea was thus
apparently produced by a species of mite, which Linnzeus thence
called Acarus dysenteriz.

Latreille thought it might be the cheese mite, or one of its
allies. It is against the probability of its being so that no re-
corded instance of this or any other mischief from cheese mites

has ever been recorded, although they are daily eaten in quan-

tities too great and too carelessly to leave a doubt that hundreds
of living individuals must be swallowed which escape the grinding
of our molars. If they did any harm there should be thousands
of cases of suffering from them in our medical works, but there

is none.

TYROGLYPHUS LONGIOR ( Gervais, in Walckenaer’s Apter. ili, 1844),
(Acarus dimidiatus, Herm. ; Acarus horridus, Zzrpin ; Acarus Crossi,

of English writers).—15. Magnified sketch of ditto, copied from Robin’s

figures.

, Very easily distinguished from T. siro (with which it associates),
by its more rapid movements, larger size, longer and more cyiind-
ric body, and longer and more shining hairs sticking out on
every side. Its habits, however, are very much the same, al-
though T. longior does not quite adopt all the partialities of T.
siro. It lives upon old and decaying cheese along with it, but
not equally on all; for instance, MM. Fumouse and Robin
mention that only one per cent. was found by them to belong to

Tyrogiyphus longior.
Copied from Fumouse and Robin's figure.

and Robin tried the experiment of placing some of this species
along with T. siro, taken from Roquefort cheese, on flour in a
state of putrefaction, but the T. longior did not take to it or
multiply as T. siro did, but all died in the course of a day or two; a
circumstance the more to be noted that they can fast with ease.
M. Fumouse kept them for more than a month without food, and
they were as lively at the end as at the beginning of their fast.
This is the species that is most commonly met with in stores of
Cantharides, which are very subject to the attacks of mites (T.
siro among others). M. Fumouse has followed the development
of this species. In order to observe them, he placed a certain
number of individuals with small portions of Cantharides between
two plates of glass, separated the one from the other by a circular
band of cardboard. He had thus a small glass cage, whose trans-

CASE
XIV.

272° ARACHNOIDEA.

parency permitted him to study the life of his little captives under

the microscope. ‘The females laid eggs (regularly oval) from the

very commencement. The eggs hatched in ten or fifteen days,
splitting longitudinally. When the young mite came out, it was
hexapod. They cast their skin several times, and it is after the
first or second change that they get their additional pair of legs.
The skin splits behind, and they come out of the old skin
creeping backwards. It is usually considered that they are
mature and full-grown when they have got eight legs; but in
speaking of other mites we have already explained that this is
only partially true. They cannot be called adult until they are
provided with complete sexual organs, and this does not take
place until later. At first no sexual distinction is visible.

This is the species that gave rise to a good deal of talk among
scientific people some forty years ago, as having been supposed to

be produced by electricity. It may be remembered that in the ~

beginning of the present century, there was a sort of vague idea in
the scientific or semi-scientific world in favour of electricity being
the source of many of the phenomena of life. The limits and
extent of its power were of course even less known than at present,
and all sorts of wild experiments were tricd in the search after
truth. One gentleman set up lines of electrical wires over
portions of his estate, with the view of ascertaining whether the
plants would not thrive better under what he supposed would be an
increased flow of electricity. Others tried similar experiments in

different directions, and among them two gentlemen, Messrs. Cross —
and Weckes, set themselves to ascertain whether by the contitiuous

use of electrical apparatus they could not produce organic beings,
either plants or animals. Mr. Cross’s process was to operate on
volcanic stone kept moist by a weak solution of silicate of potash,
super-saturated with muriatic acid, constantly subjected to elec-
tricity. After carrying on this for a time, he at last found some
mites wandering about his apparatus or chemical solutions, and ar-
rived at the conclusion that they had been produced by his electrical

CHEESE MITES, ETC. 273

; es. The present was one of the species so dignified, and
r some time enjoyed an ephemeral fame as a human creation.
was sent to M. Turpin in Paris (then one of the experts in
lowledge of Acari), and, notwithstanding that he had only a single
dead specimen in spirits to work from, he (erroneously as it after-
_ wards turned out) determined it to be new, and described and
; figured it under the name of Acarus horridus (Comptes Rendus,
1837). But although he considered it to be new, he by no means
endorsed the idea that it was created by Mr. Cross, or his elec-
trical apparatus. It was not only a highly organised animal, and
nearly allied to well-known species, but it proved to be a female
containing eggs, which, as he dryly remarked, seemed an unneces-
Sary complication in a new creation. Turpin’s figure was not a
very good one, as the reader will see from the copy of it that we
give. It bore to be a fac-simile, and the specimen having been

Copy of Turpin’s figure of Acarus horridus, Acarus, found by Mr. Weekes. Copied from:
se found by Mr. Cross. figure in Smee’s work on Instinct.

‘put out of shape by immersion in spirits, it appeared distorted
and uncharacteristic. Gervais afterwards, misled by the length
and strength of the hairs figured on its body, did not discern that
it was actually a species described by himself (the present), but

took it to be a Glyciphagus, although there was no trace of the
S

CASE
XIV,

274 ARACHNOIDEA.

feathered hairs or the other essential and very distinctive characters

of that genus. Gervais no doubt supposed that these must merely

have escaped Turpin’s notice ; but Professor Robin has authori-
tatively settled all dispute about it. He says, “The Acarus
horridus of Turpin is only a female of Tyroglyphus longior, Gerv.,
badly described, and imperfectly figured from want of sufficiently
precise taxinomic notions upon these articulates. The tarsus, for
instance, is represented and described as composed of two articles,
because on account of its length, the little support that is pro-
vided for one of the hairs starting about its middle has been
divided in two by the draughtsman.”

Mr. Weekes believed that. he had made a similar discovery, and
his mite has been figured too, but still more unsatisfactorily. We
give a copy of it also.

TYROGLYPHUS SICULUS (fam. & Rob., Journ. Anat. Phys., 1867).

Tyroglyphus siculus. Copied from Fumouze and Robin’s figure.

The only remaining European species of Tyroglyphus as yet
described is this one named T. siculus, by MM. Fumouze and
Robin, which was found in great abundance in Cantharides in
Sicily, and is distinguished from the preceding by, inter alia, the

shortness of its legs, the greater comparative breadth of its body,
and its squat form.

275,

Tyroglyphus malus, side view. Copied from Riley’s figure. Ditto, under side. Copied from ditto.

A North American species, said to have been useful in some
places (Georgia) in clearing away the mussel-shell Bark louse
(Mytilaspis pomicorticis of American authors) from the bark of
apple trees. From the figure it appears to be narrower and more
elongate than any of our species. There is no doubt, however,
as to the genus to which it belongs; the smooth body, trans-
verse line dividing it, the tarsal claw, &c., all sufficiently indicate
it to be either a Tyroglyphus, or a Rhizoglyphus. Mr. Riley’s
beautiful figure is not on a sufficiently large scale to allow us to
make out which.

TYROGLYPHUS TRANSLUCENS (Acarus translucens, Vietner ; Enemies of the
coffee tree, 1861).

It appears that other mites with similar beneficial tendencies are
found in other parts of the world. M. Nietner mentions one
under the name Acarus translucens, as preying on the cocci that
infest the coffee plants in Ceylon, and his notice would seem to
indicate that this is most probably its proper place. He says it is.
a very minute whitish translucent mite, that is mixed up with the
scale insects, and no doubt injures them. On examining old full-
grown scale insects, the shells were often found to be filled, not
with eggs, but with a white flakey substance, among which the
above mentioned mite moved about.

S 2

276 . ARACHNOIDEA.

ae Genus GLycipHacus, Hering, Kratz-Milben in Noy. Act. Cuv.
ee: (1838); XVIII. a. 575.

A genus, established by Hering, for a mite allied to Tyroglyphus
which he found feeding on the sugar of dried fruits, such as figs,
prunes, cherries, &c. It derives its name from yAveos, sweet, and
gayw, I eat. Without going into minute details, its chief
characters are a pointed snout (chelate mandibles), a dorsal depres-

Mouth of Glyciphagus spinipes, Hair of Glyciphagus. Claw of Clyciphagus spinipes.

sion instead of a distinct transverse line, dividing the body
between thorax and abdomen, a number, not all, of the hairs on
the back long and feathered, particularly behind, and the body
terminated by a short button or anal projection at least in the
female, a character which occurs in no other type of mites.
The legs are five-jointed, and the tarsi terminate in a sucker
and very fine almost undecipherable claw, so that they generally
look as if provided with simple suckers like the Sarcoptidee.
The skin is neither striate, as in the Sarcoptide, nor-smooth
and shining as inthe Tyroglyphi, but has a sort of granular texture
that makes it look velvety. ‘The males are greatly rarer than
the females, This is a. very easy genus to diagnose. It may
scem a very trifling matter whether the hairs of an almost invisible

ttheless a most reliable character, as is the little terminal
ojection at the tail and the velvety skin. Sometimes the one
the other may be in a position where they cannot be seen, but
_two out of the three present and the third doubtful is generally
sufficient warrant to say that the bearer isa Glyciphagus. If seen
_ in life they are at once known by the rapidity of their movements,
if they run; the Tyroglyphi walk or creep. The hairs are a most
ia ee cordinary part of their structure, for it is not only in downy
hairs that the deviation from normal hairs shows itself, but in the
most wonderful feathered and flat pennate transparent spatula-
like plumes with a transparent membrane uniting the side and
midribs. These different types of hair structure enable the
genus to be separated into two sufficiently marked sections,
the one having long-downy hairs and very swift in their
motion, the other short feathered or membranous pennate
plates, and comparatively slow in their motions. At least two
of each are well described; but there are also a number more
of the first section which have been less satisfactorily described
although they may be good species.

SECTION I.

Body somewhat elongate, and with long downy hairs.

2. 3 . GLYCIPHAGUS PRUNORUM (Hering, Nov. Act. xviii.).—17. Enlarged sketch
of ditto, copied from Hering’s figure.

Hering’s description and figure is not sufficiently minute in its
details to allow us to be sure of his species, but as it was the first
described, and if we were sure about it, ought to be its type, we
have placed a copy of it in the case.

Found by Hering in dried plums preserved in sugar. The
sugar merchants and grocers in this country are sometimes

278 * ARACHNOIDEA,

oe troubled with swarms of either this or some other species of
Glyciphagus in their stores of sugar. ‘These mites wander to the
hands of shopmen and those that handle the sugar, who suffer
considerable annoyance from their presence, which causes a tem-
porary inflammation or irritation known as the grocer’s itch.

No. 13. GLYCIPHAGUS CURSOR (Gerv., Ann. Sc. Nat. ; Acarus domesticus, De Geer).
18, Magnified sketch of ditto, copied from Gervais’ figure.

This species has been found by M.
Fumouze, in numbers, in a parcel of
Cantharides in company with species
of Tyroglyphi (entomophagus and
longior) ; Gervais found it among the
feathers of dead birds and in the
bodies of insects in collections. It
is also found on the earth and dust
of cellars, and especially “Gn ihe
moulds which grow there.

We have said above that the Acarus

il | domesticus of De Geer was different

Glyciphagus cursor. from the Acarus domesticus of Ger-

vais, the latter being the same as

Tyroglyphus Siro. The former is considered_by M. Fumouze
and Robin to belong either to this species or to Tyroglyphus
longior, but they give the preference to this or to some allied
form of Glyciphagus. Signor Moriggia (Atti. Acad. Sci. Torino
I. p. 449, 1867) mentions a case which would seem to support
their view, for none of the Tyroglyphi have been found parasitic,
although some of the Glyciphagi have. He figures a singular
horny excrescence of great length growing from the hand of a
lady, and containing in its cavities great quantities of what he
calls “‘Acarus domesticus.” ‘The excrescence was nearly eight

inches in length, tapering upwards from a wide base and curved
towards the wrist.

although young and in other respects sound, it

SUGAR MITES. | 279

CIPHAGUS HIPPOPODOS (Hering, Nov. Act. 1$38).—19. Magnified sketch
of ditto, copied from Hering’s figure.

¥ Hering, who described this species, and who, so far as we know,
=. is the only author who has met with it, placed it among the
a Sarcoptidz, but although the habitat where it was found makes
‘it not unnatural that he should have done so, there can be no
_ doubt that its characters are all those of a Glyciphagus. It was
~ obtained by Hering from a horse, whose hind feet had for several

months had itch mites to such a degree, that

was so useless that it had to be killed. Both
the hind hoofs were quite disorganised, the
frog and the sole consisting of a soft fibrous
mass, in the wrinkles of which a stinking liquid
was secreted. The cracks in the hoof arose
from the destruction of the edges of the hoof
which became separated and soft, and the animal
became unable to go on hard ground. In the
end the sore spread at the back from the ball to the flexors
and muscle of the fetlock. In the lifetime of the animal very
few mites were perceived, but when it was dead, the hoof, in
order that its abnormal form might be modelled, was covered .
with plaster both outside and inside to the frog, and then they were
found to be in numbers. ‘They had, as is usual after the death
of the harbouring animal, left their retreats and congregated to
the edge of the sore and the hardened hide. Although at this
time the temperature was several times below the freezing point
(in the night it fell to 10 R.); still after several weeks living
mites were found. It appears that the cold hindered a further
decomposition in the soft parts, and therefore the mites continued
to live on in their wonted element.

Glyciphagus hippopodos.

GLYCIPHAGUS BUSKI (see Cooper and Busk’s Microscopic Journal, 1842).

It is probably here that an unnamed species made known by

280 ARACHNOIDEA.

Prof. Busk ought to come in, which we have taken the hberty to
nominate after that eminent naturalist.

It was found beneath the cuticle of the sole of the foot of
a negro, who had been admitted into the Seaman’s Hospital
Ship on the Thames, in 1841, with large sores of a very peculiar
character, and confined to the soles of the feet. On examining
the secretion of these sores the
insect in question was found, but
dead, and partially crushed or

Lie

EK QiSSSS- 3° www

w “AY

| Pa broken, as represented in the
cual a a woodcut. It appeared that the
un | : :

at ' disease was caused by its burrow-
ing immediately beneath the thick
cuticle, which thus became irregu-

Glyciphagus Buski ; ie
Gopicditon Pict Busk’s hours larly detached, being, as it were,

undermined by galleries branch-
ing in all directions. ‘The disease was attributed to the wearing
of a pair of shoes which had been lent to another negro, whose
feet had been similarly affected for nearly a year, and who
wore the shoes thus lent for a day or two. The negro under
Mr. Busk’s care was a native of, and came from the West
Indies, and was not aware that a disease like his was ever known
to occur there, but the negro to whom he had lent the shoes came
from Sierra Leone; and Mr. Busk stated in conjunction with
this, the remarkable fact that in some water brought by Dr.
Stanger from the river Sinoe on the coast of Africa, one nearly
perfect specimen, and fragments of others very similar, if not of |
this identical Acarus were found, rendering it, as he thought,
probable that the first man contracted the disease under which
he had laboured so long from some external source. Mr. Busk
thought it not a very unlikely explanation that the insect might
eventually prove to be the parasite of some aquatic bird, or other
animal frequenting watery places; and he adds as pertinent to the
subject, that he had been informed by Staff Assistant Surgeon,

[| much doubt that this is a Glyciphagus. It undoubtedly
8s either =a = Eiyseeyphide or the Sune us Gene 1S

cannot Bice it among the Sarcoptidee, the striated skin ee
absent, and the legs made on the principle of the Tyroglyphide.
But the presence of the posterior button, so characteristic of the
_ Glyciphidee, seems to us conclusive. So far too as one can judge
from Mr. Busk’s lithographic drawing, which seems uncommonly
good, its skin has a velvety structure. In a dead, crushed
“specimen we should not expect to see the suckers of the tarsi.
There remains only the hair on the body to complete the
evidence: if they were feathered, there could not be a doubt
remaining ; but they are not so figured. We do not, however,
regard this as conclusive against the other probabilities. It
was only in 1838 that Hering drew attention to this character,
and it would not be very surprising if in 1841 and 1842, when
there were, no doubt, very few students of Acarids in Eng-
land, its value or existence should not be generally known
_ there—and if not known it would be very apt to be overlooked
_ by observers and draftsmen who had paid no special attention
_ to the subject.

20, GLYCIPHAGUS SPINIPES (Fun. G Rob., Journ. Anat. & Phys. 1867).—20.
g Magnified sketch of ditto, copied from Fum. & Robin’s figure.

Easily distinguished from G. cursor by its smaller size, more
conoid form when in life, and by the comparative shortness of its
anal appendage ; males and females are nearly equal in size. Its
‘ legs are longer, owing to the length of the tarsi, and its hairs
_ are considerably larger and more feathery. It moves with extreme
_ velocity, carrying one or two of its posterior hairs on each side

282 ARACHNOIDEA.

2B crosswise, and drawing the rest after its body. In the length of

its hairs and the similarity in size of males and females, it repre-
sents in this the Tyroglyphus
longior in its genus, Found
among Cantharides from Tri-
este, in company with Tyro-
glyph.

There only remains one
other Glyciphagus of this sec-
tion still to notice, which is
remarkable for the peculiarity
of its habitat.

GILYCIPHAGUS BALAZNARUM, Aca-

ridina balzenarum, (Vaz Bened.,
Bull. Acad. Brux. 1870).

Glyciphagus spinipes. M. Van Beneden, in a paper

Copied from Fumouze and Robin's figure.

on the cetacea and their para- |
sites, (loc. cit.) mentions that several individuals of this species
were found on a Southern Right whale (Balena Australis),among |
the cirripeds that incrusted it. He
describes it as having the head, thorax,
and abdomen, separated from each
other, and the body with numerous
and long silky hairs, that are plumose.
He could not have said in more ex-
plicit terms that it was a Glyciphagus ;
for these, as the reader knows, are its
special characters. No anal appen-—
dage is represented in his figure, but
Glyciphagus balenarum. Copied fom we know that this only oscars qamamme
females, and the specimen figured by
him might be a male, or the posterior termination might not be
in a position where it could be seen in the drawing.

SUGAR MITES. — 283

SECTION II.
dy short and more granular, with short hairs, either very
se, or converted into flat pinnz, with transparent membrane.

IPHAGUS PLUMIGER (Fum. & Ro3.), (Acarus plumiger, Koch).—21,
ES Magnified sketch of ditto, copied from M. Fumouze & Robin’s figure.

Body pale reddish-white, and flat. The larve hexapod.
Nymphs octopod, but not sexed; in other respects as in the larve.
For the special details, we must refer the reader to Messrs.
-Fumouze and Robin’s beautiful memoir on this and the next
“species in “Robin’s Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, 1868.”

“
«
a

Glyciphagus plumiger. Smalier than the cheese mite.
Reduced from Fumouze and Robin’s figure.

Found in the soil and moist dust of the walls of cellars, especially
in the mouldy parts, also in stables, granaries, and the chaff and
dust of fodder. They are easily distinguished from the other Acarids
with which they live, by their slower motion, more circular form,
_ by the transparent aureole surrounding their body, caused by
their projecting lateral hairs, and by their smaller size. The
_ young Tyroglyphi, Glyciphagus cursor, the Sciri, the Cheyletes, the ©
_ Gamasi and Uropodes, which are of the same size as them, may

__ be recognised by their more rapid movements, their narrower and
4 more oval body, and by the absence of the aureole just spoken of.

284 ARACHNOIDEA.

CASE GLYCIPHAGUS PALMIFER (fum. & Rob., loc. cit.),—22. Magnified sketch

XIV. ditto, copied from MM. Fumouze and Robin’s figure.
No. 22. :

Glyciphagus palmifer (male). Smaller than the cheese-mite. Reduced from Fumouze and Robin's figure.

<i
ARNHOSS
Tw

Clyciphagus palmifer (female). Smaller than the cheese-mite. Reduced from Fumouze and Robin’s figure.

CHEVLETUS -— 285

nnecessary to dwell upon or describe this most remarkable
The beautifully-executed woodcuts of it by Mr. Whymper,
wel: are scarcely less remarkable in their way than the mites
nselves, will give the reader a fair idea of it.

is more common than the preceding, and found in the same
ces and associated with it. As both have been found in
France and Germany, they may possibly also be found in the
s outhern parts of this country, if properly sought for.

Genus CHEYLETUS (Latr.).

A very remarkable type ; distinguished by enormous, rapacious
F palpi. It is unquestionably carnivorous, its palpi being contrived
for holding its prey, while its rostrum is sharp, and well suited
Siar plunging into the body of its victim, whose juices it is to suck
up. Apart from the formidable palpi, its general appearance 1S
2 that of a Tyroglyphus. Its palpi, although so differently shaped,
are composed of three joints, like those both of the Tyroglyphide
and the Sarcoptidee, but thick and broad as in the latter, instead
of small and inconspicuous as in the former. It has a fleshy,
q semi-transparent body, like the Tyroglyphide, but on examination
under a powerful glass, it is seen to be not smooth like them, but
_ striated, as the Sarcoptidee are, only much more finely than them.

_ The legs are five-jointed as in both, and the tarsus has two claws,
q ith a divided smaller claw between them, looking like two. The
_ transparent tarsal sucker, too, is not so visible as in Tyro-
, glyphus, and it wants the conspicuous separate suckers of the
_ Sarcoptide. One of its most remarkable features, is the posses-
sion of a tracheal breathing apparatus on a plan, which forms a
_ double anastomosing system through the body, and communicates
_ with the air by a joint median stigmatic opening at the symphysis
_ of the two jaws, and by another lateral one on each side at their
__ base, on the outer side, the air probably entering by the middle
_ Opening and taking its exit by the lateral ones. This, as well as_
_ the whole of the anatomy of Cheyletus and its allies, is beautifully

ia
fi
"

‘®
5

286 ARACHNOIDEA.

XIV. ; eae
in the “Journal de Anatomie et Physiologie, 1867.”

The true position of this genus has been the subject of dis-
cussion. Latreille, while placing it in the Gamaside, felt inclined
to approach it to the Sarcoptidz ; Gervais could not follow him.
Koch places it at the end of the Bdellidz ; but it is only in its
general predacious structure that it resembles them. The
Bdellidee have long and slender palpi, with five joints; this has
them strong and thick with three joints, as in the Sarcoptidee,
and it is to be noted that the genus Myobia has a tracheal
respiratory apparatus not unlike that of Cheyletus. To our mind,
it has more affinity with the Acaridz (including Tyroglyphide and
Sarcoptidze) than with any other group. It has the surface stricz
of the latter; but it has not their suckers, and it has got the
facies of Glyciphagus or Tyroglyphus and some of their cha-
racters. On the whole we think it will be best to regard it as a
transitional type between the two.

CASE shown in Messrs. Fumouze and Robin’s memoir on the subject —

No, 23. CHEYLETUS ERUDITUS (Za¢v., Hist. Nat.

f d. Crust. et d. Insect.); (Chieacatice
Koch; Ch. robertsoni, Srady),—23.
Magnified sketch of ditto, from’ figure
by Prof. Robin.

These little animals have a charac-
teristic manner of walking, which is
neither like that of the cheese mites
(Tyroglyphi), nor of the sugar mites..
(Glyciphagi). When they advance they
: have not, like them, the head lowered

Cheyletus erudits, pace between their first pair of legs ; they

hold it, on the contrary, directed straight
in front, their maxillary palpi being always extended, as if to be
ready to seize and embrace any prey they might meet. ‘Then,
in place of walking like cheese mites, or running like the sugar

CHEVLETUS. 287

ley advance by making repeated little bounds, which
an execute backwards as well as forwards. They seem
un the society of their brethren, and when they meet them,
give themselves up to combat, in which their chief aim is to
> one another by their enormous maxillary palpi. These soli-
habits are only what one would expect from the possession
of such powerful offensive weapons. Whenever an animal has
powerful offensive weapons, it lives by rapine, and whoever
li yes by rapine must be solitary. Any effort at making them gre-
garious would meet the fate of M. Le Bon’s spiders. They were
oregarious only until they had all eaten up one another, when
‘the last survivor resumed the solitary life for which he had been
intended by nature. Cheyletus forms no exception to the rule.
_ Koch, when he left these animals together between two glasses, ob-
"served them seize the cheese mites between their palpi, and plunge
their rostrum into their body and suck the soft parts, and Mr.
Beck, who has kept them in confinement, and studied their
_ habits, speaks positively to their carnivorous habits, and it would
almost appear that they must have something similar to the
q poisonous powers of the spiders, and that if so a part of the
palpi, probably the outer and more formidable of the projecting
_ jaws, in which may be a poison gland, must be equivalent to
the falces of the spider. Mr. Beck says that when this Acarus
7 seizes another one of a different kind, which it does by its
falces laying hold of a leg or any other part indiscriminately,
the prey, after a lapse of about fifteen or twenty seconds, be-
comes poisoned or paralyzed, the legs bend up under the thorax,
and no part of its body makes any resistance to the pulling of the
: devourer, who, when it finds this passive condition of the prey,
_ deliberately sucks out the fluids with an apparatus at the mouth,
and does not leave it until it is entirely empty and shrunken. The
poison does not operate, however, when tried on its own species.
_ It frequently feeds upon them, and in that case the prey continues
_ to move and show signs of life so long as any fluids appear to be

CASE
XIV.

288 ARACHNOIDEA.

left in the body. They seem pretty generally distributed. They

are found in the dust of hay, fodder, and straw, in old chaff, old

crain, old meal, old flour and old linseed meal. M. Fumouze met —

them occasionally in different parcels of Cantharides collected in
France. They were very rare in foreign parcels. Prof. Robin
mentions that several times specimens have been sent to him,
which had been found on the surface of the human body, or in
stools, &c., without their having caused anyaccident. He suggests
that they doubtless came from some of the preceding objects, or
from the linseed flour used in cataplasms. They are also met with
in the feathers and hair of animals preserved in collections, and
in insects that have been attacked by Glyciphagi or Tyroglyphi.
Mr. Brady also figures a specimen of this species, which he found
in his dredgings, and described as C. robertsoni, which had no
doubt been blown into them or otherwise introduced from with-
out. We thus see that although in itself solitary, it is met with
in all sorts of places, more especially in those where other gre-
garious Acari most do congregate. But we should no more think
that it was there for the purpose of feeding on these vegetable
stuffs in which it is found, than we should admit that a cat eats
hay, because it was found in the midst of a rat infested-haystack.
Mr. Beck, by keeping this species in confinement, was enabled
to ascertain the remarkable fact that the phenomena of Partheno-
genesis occur among Acarids as well as in other orders of insects.
He began by finding that some broods of other Acarids which he
kept in confinement were mysteriously disappearing, and at last
traced the mischief to one individual of this species. It proved
to be a female, which laid eggs, and from them he reared
numerous individuals, which, however, all proved females. Find-
ing that they laid eggs he suspected Parthenogenesis, and tested
the fact by isolating a single individual in a glass cage immediately
after it had been hatched. It laid eggs, and it ended by his
rearing three successive generations from it without any interven-
tion of the male. The female of this species is very careful of her

’ CHEVLETUS. _ 289

Cur YLETUS MERICOURTI (Laboulbine, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1851. Acaropsis
Mericourti. Moq. Tand.).

Cheyletus Mericourti, probably female. Copied from Laboulbéne’s figure.

M. Laboulbéne (loc. cit.) has described this species as very closely
| allied to the preceding ; but the woodcut shows that in the armature
_ of the palpi it differs considerably from it. Three specimens of it
_ were found in the pus which flowed from an abscess in the ear of
_ a naval officer, consequent on an inflammation of the auditory
passage. It was near the Bank of Newfoundland that the incident
_ happened, but where the Cheyleti may originally have come from
_ does not appear, nor how they reached their singular destination.

Koch, in his Deutschlands Crustaceen, has described four other
. species of Cheyletus. Ch. casalis, which he regards as being
_ probably a variety of eruditus, Ch. venustissimus, Ch. hirundinis,

and Ch. marginatus.
f T

CASE
XIV.

Nos.
24, 25-

290 ARACHNOIDEA.

We should now pass to the Sarcoptidze, but before doing so, we
have a form to dispose of, that we have not known very well where
to place. Probably it should come in beside Hypopus, but it
would have disturbed the sequence we were following, and we
bring it in here as an insect zcert@ sedis.

HETEROPUS VENTRICOSUS (Newport, Linn. Soc. Trans. 1850).—24, Magnified

sketch of perfect insect newly developed ; 25. Not so much magnified
sketch of impregnated female, copied from Newport’s figure.

This anomalouslooking insect was found by Mr. Newport,
parasitic in the nests of the bee Anthophora retusa, in England.

Heteropus ventricosus mature (either Heteropus ventricosus, im- Leg of ditto.
male or unimpregnated female). pregnated female. Copied from
Copied from Newport’s figure. Copied from Newport's figure. Newport.

The leg, which we also figure, is also puzzling in its affinities.
The female with eggs, attains a size four times that of the male, or
unimpregnated female. For a full account of its anatomy, we
refer the reader to Mr. Newport’s paper. It is no doubt the same
species, or a similar one, to that alluded to by M. Lichtenstein in
Bull. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1868, under the name of Physogaster
larvarum, described as having a vesicular abdomen, and living on
larvee of Hymenoptera.

ITCH MITES. 291

_ Family SARCOPTIDA. (Itch and Louse Mites.)

a Skin striated ; tarsi generally provided with suckers; no eyes,

Section L—Itcu Mires INFESTING THE LARGER MAMMALS.
A Genus Sarcopres (Latreille).

Body flat ; shape rounded or quadrate ; legs short, not reaching
far from the body, supported by chitonous appendages like the gar-
_ ters of an Italian bandit ; tarsi provided with suckers ; mouth with
chelate nippers; but whether four or only two is still sub judice,

_ The accompanying woodcuts show the striated surface of the
skin, the bandaged legs, and the suckers on the feet and chelate
nippers, described under the generic characters, and admirably
adapted for nipping and mining away the skin, through which they
make their galleries. It is a similar adaptation of structure to
purpose that they are eyeless; their life being, as it were, sub-

terranean, they need no eyesight, and therefore are provided with
none.

Anterior leg and sucker of Sarcoptes scabiei. Mouth of Sarcoptes scabici.
Reduced from Furstenberg’s figure. Ditto.

The above figures are taken from F urstenberg’s admirable draw-
ings. There is only one point on which some doubt as to their
accuracy may be said to rest, viz., the four nippers. Claparéde
_ assumes that these must be all mandibles, which is double the
number of mandibles found in any other known articulate, and is
; q surprised that Furstenberg should not have been startled by this
i anomaly ; and he casts about to find some explanation by which

CASE
XV.

Nos.

I, 2,3, 4-

292 ARACHNOIDEA.

to reconcile it with the general accuracy of Furstenberg’s repre-
sentations. He thinks he may have been misled by having made
his observation by crushing some individual that was about to
cast its skin, so that he saw both the mandibles in the old skin
and in the new ; and, having once determined the fact, of course
it would not be necessary that he should trace it in every indi-
vidual or species that he figured of the genus. In all, young and
old, and of every species, he certainly represents the four nippers
as present. ‘The light in which we felt disposed to regard them
was, that although all four are alike, one pair represents the
mandibles and the other the maxille, of which there is no other
trace. On the other hand, in both the genera, Symbiotes and
Psoroptes, Furstenberg figures only one pair of mandibles as
present (chelate in the one and divided in the other), and no
trace of maxillz ; consequently we think it best to reserve our

judgment, merely noting the point as one deserving the examina-_

tion of some of our good microscopists.

SARCOPTES SCABIEI (Laér.).—l. Two eggs of ditto, one closed and one
opened, to show the embryo within, ready to be hatched ; 2. Magnified
diagram of the burrow in the human skin, with the insect at the further
end, and the gallery encumbered with eggs and broken egg shells,
debris, &c. ; 8. Magnified sketch of male—upper side ; 4. Magnified
sketch of female—under side. Copied from figures by Furstenberg.

Sarcoptes scabiei, male. The itch mite.

Ditto female. Reduced from Furstenberg

ITCH MITES. 293

aT he specific characters are chiefly drawn from the bristles and
hooks on the tarsi, the number of short stumpy thorns or spines
on the back, and the proportions of the different chitonous bands
and other parts. This species, for example, has six thorns on the
back of the thorax, and fourteen on the back of the abdomen.
These have some resemblance to a short Roman sword. There
are also a great number of smaller papillz or raised projections, the
form and disposition of which are used as subsidiary characters.
When examined with the naked eye, the mite looks white and
shining, and was aptly described by Bonomo, one of its first
observers, as like a little bladder of water; when. seen running,
__ however, upon the surface of a plate of glass, it may be perceived
that its anterior margin presents a dusky tint of colour, and the
examination of this part of the creature with the microscope
brings into view a head not unlike that of a tortoise, and a pair
of large and strong legs on each side of the head. ‘These organs
are more or less encased in a moderately thick layer of chytine,
and have consequently the reddish-brown tint of the cases of certain
insects, or of the bright part of a thin layer of tortoise -shell.

i ior legs of the female of
Two of the posterior legs of the male of Sarcoptes Two of the posterior legs h
patie. Copied from Furstenberg. Sarcoptes scabiei, Ditto.

CASE
XV,

Poy ae | ARACHNOIDEA.

The most apparent difference between the male and the
female is, the smaller size of the former, and the different forma-
tion of the two posterior pairs of legs. In the male, the third.
pair are terminated by a long bristle, and the fourth by a pedi-
culated sucker, whereas, in the female, both third and fourth pairs
are terminated by a long bristle. On the under side of the male,
moreover, there is a complicated series of chitonous bands, which
are not present in the female. When newly hatched, the young
Sarcoptes has only three pairs of feet, and the hind pair terminates
in a long bristle; the complicated chitonous bands have not yet
appeared.

Burrow of itch mite in human skin with mite at further end. Copied trom Furstenberg.

The insect lives in the human skin in little tunnels eaten
away by itself. ‘The female, as she works her way, lays her eggs
behind her, as may be seen in the accompanying illustration,
copied from Furstenberg’s work on Itch Mites. We do not know
how many she can lay, nor do we well see how that could be
ascertained ; but it is said that she lays some every day, and that -
she may lay as many as fifty. Neither do we see how it can be
found out how long they take to hatch, but again it is said, from
seventy hours to six days. If Furstenberg’s illustration may be
depended on, which shows a considerable number of empty egg-
shells dropped irregularly all along the burrow, and only one
unhatched close to the mite, we should imagine that the shorter
period was the most probable.

The mite changes its skin four times Pee it attains

“LTCH MITES, 295

rity, and it is a few days after one of these changes that it —
ains its additional posterior pair of legs. This pest was
nerly much commoner than it is ‘now. Soap and water, or
their synonym cleanlier habits, have rendered it comparatively
7 ‘scarce, but whenever numerous bodies of men are crowded
_ together without time and opportunity to attend to their personal
4 _ cleanliness, then it reappears and spreads like wild-fire. All
armies are great sufferers from this and louse vermin. The
_ Americans found it so prevalent during their wars, that the
common people supposed it was something special and peculiar.
_ “The army itch,” “the seven years’ itch,” “the Jackson itch,”
are all only the common itch developed by the special circum
stances of the case into a peculiarly flourishing condition.

Our great English authority on skin diseases, Dr. Erasmus
Wilson, gives the following as the indications of an attack by
this insect, viz., firstly, a peculiar scaliness and undermined state
of the epidermis, which is not met with in other cutaneous
affections; secondly, the presence of conical vesicles, with
acuminated and transparent points; and thirdly, and principally,
_ the presence of the mite itself, which may be extracted from its
retreat beneath the loosened epidermis with the point of any
sharp instrument. The diseases which he mentions as apt to be
_ confounded with it, are eczema, prurigo, lichen, meee and

~ ecthyma.

When one of the early vesicles of the itch is examined with
attention, a minute spot or streak may be observed upon some
one point of its surface. This is the aperture originally made
by the insect on its first entrance within the epidermis, and
from this spot or streak a whitish fluted line may be traced,
either in a straight or a curved direction into the neighbouring
epidermis.

The whitish line is the cuniculus, or burrow of the acarus; and
_ the fluted or dotted appearance is due to the eggs, the white dots
_ indicating the points where the eggs lie. The burrow necessarily

CASE
XIV

296 | ARACHNOIDEA.

varies in length, being sometimes as much as five of six lines in
extent, and at its termination, under a slight elevation of the skin,
the little inhabitant lies concealed. The mite may be easily dis-

tinguished by the experienced eye, as a small dark point at the

end of the burrow, and if a thin capsule of skin be raised in this

situation with the point of a needle, the little creature is brought

into view.

The spot or streak, which is here described, is not met with on
all the vesicles, for the same animal may excite a series of these
in its course; and a number may be developed in the vicinity of
its habitation, while it is in the primitive vesicle alone—that
formed by the entrance of the mite—that the trace of its entrance
can be expected. The aperture again, does not communicate
with the interior of the vesicle; it is the too close neighbourhood
of the little grubber that acts as the cause of the formation of the
vesicle ; the vesicle is consequently a provision of nature to

protect the inner skin from the nearer approach of the cause of |

Irritation.
The itch mite, therefore, is never situated within the vesicle, or

within the pustules, and there is no communication between the

vesicle and the burrow.

There is no difficulty in extracting the mite from the skin; the |

burrow is seen without difficulty ; the end of the burrow is per-

ceived to be a little raised, while a greyish speck is seen beneath it.

As soon as this little eminence of skin is lifted, if the end of the

needle or pin with which the operation is performed be examined,
the minute, white and shining globe will probably be observed

attached to the instrument. If there be no such object, the point
of the needle placed again beneath the raised capsule of epidermis
will pretty certainly draw it forth. This facility of extracting the
little creature is due to its great power of clinging by its suckers
to any object with which it comes in contact.

The proximate cause of the appearance of itch is of course the
presence of this mite, which is transferred by the infected to those

ITCH MITES. 297

who are sound by actual contact. In some instances, it may be
conveyed to the person in its adult state; while in others, ova,
or embryos suspended in the fluid ‘of the vesicles, may be the
_ mode of transmission. Certain it is, that the application of one
_ of the mites to the skin of a sound person will give rise to the

disease. ‘The precise mode of its transmission, however, was for .
atime a puzzle. Its contagious nature could not be disputed,
but it was remarked with surprise that infection among doctors
and hospital attendants was comparatively rare. Dr. Aubé set
himself to find out the cause of this, and he learned from a great
number of inquiries at patients as to the manner in which they
had contracted the disease, that it was almost always by having
slept in the same bed with an infected person. He found that
the number of those who had so contracted it was to those who
had acquired it by manual contact as 100 to 5. Dr. Aubé
inferred from this, that the mite was a nocturnal animal, and his
other observations and an experiment made upon himself con-
___ firmed this view. The animal hides under the skin during the day,
_____ but walks about at night, perhaps excited by the greater warmth
| of the body in bed, and pricks the skin in various places. This

explains the rarity of contagion during the day and the small

number of burrows that may be remarked on the skin even where

there are a great number of pustules, and also why the violent

itching only occurs during the night. In confirmation of what we

have said, we may quote the statement (Amer. Ent. ii. 118) that
in the great hospital at Vienna, 1500 cases are treated yearly, and
} no attempt at disinfecting the clothing is found necessary. The
under clothing should be washed thoroughly, but outside garments,
contrary to the general opinion, do not need anything to be done
to them.

The best mode of treatment for getting rid of the parasite is
very simple. So long as it was supposed to be some mysterious ©
disease whose cause was unknown, it was not.to be expected that
it could be successfully treated, but now that we know all the

CAS
XV.

298 ARACHNOIDEA.

particulars above related, its treatment is as clear as day. It is
produced by an insect, and all that we have to do is to kill it.
But what will kill it without hurting the patient or rather the
impatient, especially when the skin is almost scratched through to
the raw flesh beneath? Fortunately we know one substance that
seems to be almost invariably poison to insects in whatever —
shape it be given—sulphur. You can get rid of the green fly ;
you can banish the scale; you can free your kitchen from cock-
roaches ; you can extirpate almost every insect pest by the use of
sulphur. The form in which it is administered does not seem to
matter much. It may be powdered dry over the leaves as when
we attack the red spider or green fly. It may be administered in
smoke, it may be given in solution, it may be mixed up into a
soap like Gishurst Compound and various other similar prepara-
tions, or it may be administered in an ointment as in the case of
the itch, and in all it is alike effectual. It is only necessary to get
at the insect so as to expose it to its influence and the insect dies ;
and surely if there ever was a case in which it was easy to put salt
on a bird’s tail, it must be where the creature is in a tunnel that
you can trace, and where there is neither opportunity nor temptation
for it to come out and move off. There is no doubt a little difficulty
in getting at it, for the tunnel in which it is lodged is sinuous and
too small for injection or infiltration and up which the sulphur, in
whatever form administered, must have difficulty in penetrating; but
if we cannot reach it through the tunnel, we can, by removing the
surface of the skin so that nothing but a thin permeable roof lies
between our application and the mite. By bathing and steeping
the parts affected in hot water or vapour, and then rubbing off the
skin as much as possible, the Sarcoptes is laid sufficiently bare to
allow the sulphur to act through the skin upon it. But although
it may be killed, the eggs may not, and that explains how one
application is rarely sufficient; but never mind, after a day or
two’s pause, during which any surviving eggs may be hatched, let
the process be repeated. The newly-hatched ‘insects will thus be

ITCH MITES. 299

| before they have had time to begin to lay eggs, and as soon
e old crop of eggs is exhausted the cure is complete.

-is not alone on man that this species establishes itself. It
g been found on the lion, on the dog, the lama, the sheep, the
ox, the horse, and the sow, and although it is very possible that
some of the observations on which this statement is made are
_ erroneous, and that some allied species peculiar to the animals in |
_ question may have been mistaken for the S. scabiei, still there is
_ ho reason to doubt that it is the species which is most universally
_ distributed, and which is found on the greatest number of mam-
_ mals. We hear of old mangey lions in a wild state, but it is most
probable that it is only in captivity that they are really attacked
py the itch, which no doubt they owe to the dirty attendants that
wait upon them. ‘They succumb rapidly to its attacks, dying in a
few months, and become miserable objects before they die. The
head is the part chiefly attacked. It becomes covered with a
thick crust, the nostrils closed, the skin of the head and neck
_ swollen into hard folds, and the whole animal in the last stage of

_ debility.

___ There remains one point for consideration regarding these mites,
not less curious than any of the preceding, viz. :—How they
produce the physiological effects that characterize the malady. It
is a problem that will often recur to us as we go along through
the other classes of insects. We shall find the larva of one kind

_ of insect feeding in some part of a plant without giving rise to any

i. symptoms that can be called inflammatory or envenomed, while
others of the same size, of a different kind, feeding alongside of
them produce immense growths or galls. In speculating upon
the cause of the itching sensation and inflammatory symptoms
: 4 _ of the skin in attacks of the Sarcoptidz, the first and most natural
supposition is that they are caused by the incessant minute nib-
bling going on just at the termination of the smallest ramifications
of the sentient nerves terminating in the skin. Undoubtedly a
constant gnawing of this kind must not only produce irritation,

CASE
XV.

300 ARACHNOIDEA.

but irritation of a kind quite different from any less continuous
and minute shaving. But then we have different symptoms pro-
duced by different species ; the scurfy inflamed surface of the S.
scabiei; the coarse leprous crust of the S. scabiei-crustosze ; the
deep ulcers of Glyciphagus hippodos ; and so on. It is possible
that there may be some difference in the kind and degree of me-
chanical irritation to produce such different results ; but it is also
possible that there be some special poisonous or irritant virus
in the bite of the different species, to account for the variation in
the phenomena observed in each.

There are several other species of itch mite. One of the most
formidable (producing a much worse complaint than the common
itch) is the following :—

SARCOPTES SCABIEI-CRUSTOS (furstenberg Kratzmilben).—The Norwegian .
itch mite.

This is very like the common species, but smaller and some-
what darker. It likewise is attached to man, but fortunately
is much more rare. It was first described from Christiana in
Norway, and seems to be more particularly special to that
country, although examples of the disease have occurred in other —
countries.

It was first noticed by MM. Boeck and Danielssen in Chris-
tiana, in their Treatise on the ‘‘Spedalskhed,” Elephantiasis, &c.,
published in 1848. Among the diseases of the outer skin they
found a kind of tubercles covered with thick brownish crusts, in
which they discovered an Acarus, which presented itself in
millions, not only on the surface of the tubercles, but even in
the softened tubercular mass. When the mass was examined
with a lens, it appeared to consist of nothing but small white
round points, which, placed under the microscope, proved to be
Acari in every stage of development. The tubercular mass
consisted of softened tissue, and on the inner surface of the crust
an innumerable crowd of the little animalcules appeared. The

ITCH MITES. 301

|
y seem to be composed in some sort only of the skeleton skins
of dead mites, superposed and bound together by a viscous
matter; in truth, it is a little world of animalcules, one generation
“upon another, and their skeletons compose this most remarkable

a form of ‘‘Spedalskhed.” This description does not accord with
__ the usual work of a Sarcoptes ; but Messrs. Boeck and Danielssen
seem to have had no doubt on the subject, and only to have had
a difficulty in making up their minds whether it was the common
S. scabiei or a different species. They inclined to the latter, in
which view they were confirmed by the opinion of Norwegian
naturalists, to whom they showed specimens and a figure. That
figure has been published in their work, but we have not seen it,
and only obtained the above knowledge of its contents from M.
Furstenberg’s account of the literary history of the itch mites
given in his valuable work, Die Kratzmilben. 7

The description, however, quite agrees with that of subsequent
observers who have met with the disease. Fuchs describes two
cases, and M. Second-Fereol one that he observed in Paris, which
place the symptoms in even a worse light than those recorded by
M. Boeck.

The complaint, as described by him, was chiefly seated in the
hands and fore-arms, and was characterised by crusts of a dirty
yellow colour of considerable thickness, especially on the hands,
where they formed a stratum that reached, and even exceeded
half an inch in thickness. They were traversed by broad and
deep cracks, which corresponded more or less with the articular
folds. The bottom of these cracks was moist but whitish, and by
no means bloody; the fingers and back of the hand covered by

. this sort of cuirass, looked like the bark of a rugged rifted tree,
| but of a yellow colour. On the rest of the body it lost, or
perhaps it would be more correct to say, had not yet attained,
its character of continuous envelope, but it was dispersed over

CASE
XV.

302 ARACHNOIDEA.

almost the entire body in patches or spots. The smell was re- q
pellant, and the patient suffered from an incessant and extreme
itching. Itch mites were found in the crust, but never in the
substance of the skin. ‘Two attendants who applied dressings to
the patient were attacked, and their symptoms were at first those
of the common itch. One was speedily cured by sulphur baths.
The other was still under treatment, six weeks after the entrance
of the original patient, and symptoms of lichen and prurigo were
showing themselves in addition to the regular furrows of the itch,

SARCOPTES VULPIS (Fvjst.).

Obtained from an infected fox in the island of Rugen ; has
slight differences of the same nature as in the preceding species.

SARCOPTES CAPR (furst.).

Differs slightly from S. scabiei in the same way as the preceding.

SARCOPTES SQUAMIFERUS (fzrst.), (S. suis, Gerl., and S. canis, Ger7.).

Found on the sow and the dog, still very like the S. scabiei,
and with the same number and disposition of hairs and spines, &c.

SARCOPTES CATI (Hering and Gerlach), (S. cuniculi, Ger/., and S. minor,
furst.).—5. Magnified sketch of male.

On the cat and the rabbit. The species is a good deal smaller
than the Sarcoptes scabiei. The thorns or spines on the back
begin to alter; on the, thorax they are absent, or turned into
hairs, and there are now only twelve thorns on the back of the
abdomen.

Both in the cat and the rabbit this parasite takes the head as
its point of attack, and more particularly the base of the nose,
the lips, the ears, and the eyes. Even when the animal is
inoculated elsewhere by putting the mites upon other parts of the
body, and after they have actually taken possession and begun to

— ITCH MITES. 303

W, they soon leave these parts and, making for the head,
lish themselves about the nose and ears. In its early stage ©
burrows, when sought for, can be easily seen, but the obstruc-
tion, caused by the more numerous hairs, makes them more
ot tortuous and often interrupted. As the mites increase, so do the
~ burrows and the itching, and the cat scratches itself, and tears the
skin: then the hairs fall off, and the parts around the eyes, nose,
and ears, become covered with hard crusts spread over and
adhering to the suffering parts.. The time that the mischief takes
to reach this stage varies according to the age, strength, and
condition of the cat; as a rule, the young and strong resist
longer than the old and feeble. In them, by the twentieth or
thirtieth day, it may have spread over the head, ears, nose,
shoulders, and even the back and the loins. The crust becomes
harder and grey and agglutinated to the hairs; and under the
crusts specimens of the Sarcoptes may be found. By degrees,
as the malady progresses and the animal becomes weaker, the
skin increases in thickness, becomes hard, stiff, and forms volu-
minous folds round the neck. The swelling of the tissues and
their inflammation extend to the nostrils, obstruct the respiration,
and give the head of the cat that elephantiasian appearance that
occurs also in the lion, and is indeed a constant character in
cases of itch among feline animals.

When it has completely covered the head, it extends by
degrees over the whole body ; it is then impossible to describe
the miserable condition of the poor animal, which the parasites
are devouring as if it were a dead carcass—the feebleness is so
great that it totters on its limbs, and can scarcely drag itself along.
All its skin is a focus of infection, where crusts and entangled
hairs form pieces like hideous shells, and which pieces tear off in
plates. It is true that they rarely reach this extreme stage, being
usually destroyed before the disease passes through all the stages
of complication. Still plenty of dead cats that have had the
disease bad enough may be seen in the dust carts and on the

CASE
XV.

304 ARACHNOIDEA.

manure heaps of all great towns. The most of them are either
killed or die in the cellars of houses where they have taken refuge.

In the country the complaint is much rarer, the opportunity of
contagion being so much less ; but when it appears there it runs ©
its course as rapidly as in towns. M. Delwart, of Brussels, said,
in 1830, that he had seen in large farms, where a great many cats
were kept, the malady spread itself with such rapidity that in four
or five weeks all the cats had been carried off by the affection ;
and in 1827 M. Sajous, a veterinary surgeon residing at Tarbes,
related that a very intense epizootic itch had raged in that district
among the cats for several years, and it proved so murderous that
entire villages remained wholly deprived of cats. The malady
seems to vary in virulence at different times, and when very bad
it is called epizootic, when milder, sporadic: differences which
may be due to the character of the season or general robustness
of the animals’ health at different times.

The symptoms are the same in the rabbit when it is infected.

The same remedies that are used for the itch in man should be
used for this variety, and of course modified in their administra-
tion to suit the different characters of the patient.

In the country the cats may occasionally in autumn be seen
suffering from great iritation, and people are apt to jump to the
conclusion that they have got the itch. But it is always easy to
tell whether it is so or not, for if the itch it shows itself about the
head, nose, and ears, and if instead of that the irritation is about
the feet, ten to one it is caused by the harvest mite, Leptus
autumnalis, which the cat has caught in wandering about the
garden, and usually on examination the matter can be put beyond
doubt by finding the little red mite in the fur, or between the
claws of the cat. If kept from getting a fresh supply it will
soon get better, for the mites will by and bye leave it of their
own accord: but if it is allowed to get a fresh supply every
day, it will of course get worse and worse as long as the supply
is renewed.

305

5 RUPICAPRAE (Hering).
he chamois.

if 1841).
- Procured by M. Gervais in the mangey
ists of a dromedary which had newly
ved at the Jardin des Plantes from
frica. As soon as it was found that it
_ was suffering from the itch it was killed :
an extreme measure which would not be
thought of now. From the figure given
_by Gervais, it appears to have been a seecoe Genel Gans
_ very well marked species, but belonging pene ees

‘ F to the same genus as S. scabiei.

; SARCOPTES MUTANS (Robin and Lang., Comptes-Rendus, xlix. 1859; and
8. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. xxxiii. 1860).—6. Magnified sketch of
male, upper side ; 7. Ditto of male, side view 3 8. Ditto of female,

under
side. All taken from M. Robin’s figures,

Sarcoptes mutans (male), under side. Reduced Sarcoptes mutans, female. Reduced
e . from Robin’s figure.

trom Robin's figure,
The joints of the palpi are omitted,
"
_ This species is a parasite on the domestic fowl. We Owe our
knowledge of it to MM. Lanquetin Reynal, and Professor Robin.

CAS
XV,

306 ARACHNOIDEA.

A full description, with careful figures, will be found in the Bulletin
of the Society of Moscow, 1860. It is a very flat, broad species;
and the absence of spines on the back at once distinguishes it ~

Sarcoptes mutans, side view. Copied from Robin.

from all the preceding. The ailment produced by it, is observed
most frequently on the hen and the cock, appearing first on the
feet, on the comb, and about the beak. No premonitory symptoms
indicate its approach. The fowls preserve their appetite and live-
liness ; although sometimes a careful observer may see that the
sick animals shake their heads, raise and stretch their legs in
a convulsive manner. If the examination is followed up, some
white points and lines traced in zigzag, covered by very small
scales, which the least rubbing knocks off, may be seen on
the comb. The skin, covered by them, is lightly chagrined
and of a brown colour, which contrasts with the red colour
of the rest of the comb. At that period no lesion of the
tissues is observable. The malady remains stationary for fifteen
days or even a month, at the end of which time the base
of the comb thickens and becomes darker, and the linear tracings
assume the appearance of true burrows of the itch insect, and at
the bottom of them the Sarcoptes mutans is to be found. At
a later period the feathers of the head and about the beak
undergo a remarkable change: they turn back, stand on end,

ITCH MITES. 207

‘lose their briliancy: they become white and atrophied
as if there were some perversion of the secretion of the skin
: of the bulb. At the point where the feather detaches itself
r from the skin, there is found a mass of epidermic matter in a bed
_ of the thickness of some millimetres, and all around are lines or
Woirrows formed by the raising of the skin.

As the malady proceeds, the feathers of the head and upper
part of the body become atrophied ; their free extremity bends,
twists, and rolls upon itself, and ends by disappearing in the
midst of the epidermal products accumulated at the base of
the quill. The head and neck of the fowl have at that period a
very peculiar aspect ; they are despoiled of all the feathers that
decorate them in their normal state. The comb is brown with a
tugged surface, drawn back upon itself, broad at its base and
spotted with whitish mealy patches. On various parts crusts, of
some lines in thickness, appear, which, when detached, leave a
slightly scaly surface, which recalls to mind the disease named
phthiriasis. The complaint does not always begin on the head.
Tt sometimes makes its first approaches on the feet. Similar
symptoms occur there, but they proceed more slowly, but by-and-
by the scales on the feet and legs begin to come off, and a crust
forms upon them, more especially between the toes. Sometimes
it envelops the whole of the foot and tibia, forming a crust a third
of an inch in thickness. Bits as large as a hazel nut, or a walnut,
may be broken off. This faffection has much analogy with the
Norwegian itch above described. It can be communicated both
to man and to the horse.

Genus PsoropTes (Gerv.). (Dermatodectes, Gerlach;
Dermatokoptes, First.)

Palpi soldered to the mandibles, of which there is only one
pair, which is adapted for piercing and not chelate ; stem of the
suckers or ambulacra three jointed.

308 ARACHNOIDEA. — * .

CASE PSOROPTES EQUI (Gerv., Ann. Soc. Nat. 1841), the horse and sheep cae

sale insect (Dermatodectes equi, Gerl. ; Dermatodectes bovis, Ger?. ; Der-.
matodectes ovis, Gev/. ; emnatokontce communis, /rst.).—9, Mag-
nified sketch of male, upper side.

No. 9.

Mandibles of Psoroptes equ Ditto anterior leg and suckers.
Copied from Furstenberg’s figure. Copied from Furstenberg.

Furstenberg shoves aside
the old names with rather too
much nonchalance. If every
one were entitled to change
a name merely because he
thought he could give it a
better or more appropriate
one, there would be no end
to new names. Or if every
time that a specific name was —
picked off, the generic name —
that accompanied it must go

Psoroptes equi. Copied from Furstenberg’s figure. too, matters would be still
(Striation on body not sufficiently fine.) =

worse. It seems a very ques-
tionable step to change the specific name equi into communis,
merely because the insect has been found on other animals besides
the horse ; and the substitution of his new generic name (Dermato-

| ICH MITES, 309

a The eens is ee foe It is not a burrowing mite ;
and, ‘in. accordance with its habits, it has lance-like mandibles

Psoroptes equi. Two posterior Psoroptes equi. Two of the posterio
legs of male. legs of mature female.

instead of dentate nippers, and the palpi are soldered on each
side of them, so as to make them form a sort of tube. The jointed
or telescopic suckers or ambulacra, as they are called, as shown
above, also easily distinguish it. The difference in the sexes is of a
similar nature to that in Sarcoptes. The above cuts show the
difference between the two posterior pairs of legs in the mature

male and female. ‘There are other differences in the immature
stages.

CASE
XV.

3I0 ARACHNOIDEA.

This species occurs most frequently on the horse and sheep ;
but it is also found on the ox. It is also said sometimes to stray
to man; but this is an error. We read, indeed, in Hering, of two
cases where the itch was transferred from diseased horses to men,
and others are cited elsewhere; but as the insect was not
identified, and the symptoms do not correspond with those
produced by the Psoroptes equi, it is most probable that the
horse was only suffering from an attack of Sarcoptes scabiel,
and communicated it back again to the class from which it
received it.

Still the cases are instructive, therefore we quote them. The
first case is taken from the Italian journals :—

“In January, 1820, a farmer, Magni, bought a mangy horse at
the market in Bergamo (in the province of Mailand), on which he
rode home. The morning after his arrivai he felt a strong itch

_ over almost the whole body, as also his son and a friend, who

had accompanied him from the market. The stable-boy, who
had to attend to the horse, scratched himself very much the
following day, as well as another who had worked some hours in
the field with him. At last more than thirty persons on the
farm had the itch, as well as some horses, all directly or indirectly
from this horse. Magni sold the animal to a joiner, who was
soon attacked; not less so his boy, who ‘had laid his hand on
the horse’s back, and a cow that had rubbed against the collar
and crib of the horse. It is noticeable that all the individuals
who were attacked felt the itch in twenty-four or thirty-six hours
after coming in contact with it; this is the more remarkable as it
was in January. ‘The itch character of the sores is confirmed by
credible physicians and surgeons.”

The second instance is related by Sydow, and is to the
following effect :—

“In the summer of 1808 we had a horse in our Animal
Hospital suffering from the so-called Grecian Mange, which is a
very obstinate disease, and defies the best medical treatment.

ITCH MITES. 311

TI is horse, with the view of seeing the so-called scab mite (Acarus
ex ulcerans), was exposed to the sun. The scab on the hide was
: loosened with our hands, and we took a magnifying glass to exa-
7 ‘mine the scab with, but saw no scab mites. Then we took some
of the scab and laid it on white paper, and searched amongst it
again with the magnifying glass without seeing what we wished,
put instead, five days after the examination, we had scab pustules
on both hands. That we could not have got them in any other
way was certain, and a proof was, that five veterinary surgeons
besides ourselves were attacked from the same horse.”
- In both of these cases (the latter more especially, for the itch
‘pustules are mentioned) the mites burrowed in the skin of the
horse. The way in which the Psoroptes equi proceeds is quite
different. As already said, the mandibles are not adapted for
burrowing, but for lancing—and accordingly it makes no burrow.
It lays its eggs on the skin to which they adhere by a gluey matter.
The mites themselves move about among the hairs, often crowded
in great numbers, and they feed by plunging their sharp mandibles
_deep into the skin, and sucking out its juice, although they do not
and cannot penetrate so deep as to pass through the skin or reach
the blood. It is thus easy to say whether an itch infection is that
of the man or the horse mite. Indeed, from experiments made,
the horse mite does not seem capable of establishing itself
on man. Specimens have been transplanted on to him, and
all that he has felt has been a slight uneasiness from the mites
plunging their mandibles into the skin; but that soon passed:
the mites went their way and disappeared, and no itch complaint
followed.

On the sheep it is said by M. Delafond to give rise to the
disease called “black muzzle.” ‘The sheep attacked has the skin
of the face, lips, around the eyes, and the external surface of the
ears covered with a great quantity of furrows and mangy papille
forming thick hard adherent greyish crusts under which the mites
live and breed, and the fleece falls off in great flakes.

312 ARACHNOIDEA.

CASE Genus Symprores (Gerlach), (Chorioptes, Gervais ; Sarco-derma-

todectes, Delafond and Lourg. ; Dermatophagus, Furst.).

The ground for Furstenberg’s cancelling Gerlach’s generic name
here (Symbiotes) is that there is a genus of beetles previously so —
named by Redtenbacher. Purists do not allow such duplication
of names. ‘The same generic name, they say, should never be
twice used in the animal kingdom ; but the general world rolls
on its way, making language as it goes, introducing this new word,
rendering obsolete that old one, corrupting this and modifying
that, without regard to critics and grammarians, and they have
to accept the language, and words thus altered whether they are
vulgar or genteel, grammatical or ungrammatical. So the scien-
tific critics and grammarians may rest assured that they must do
the same thing. Names will acquire currency whether they like it
or not, and whether they are in accordance with their rules or not,
and so long as no confusion is produced, it is right that it should
be so. Names are a mere means to an end, and not the end
itself. Therefore we say that while we think every author should
be careful not to introduce a generic name that has previously
been used in some other branch of zoology, yet when by
chance a double employment has crept in, it should be allowed
to stand, unless it is one that may reasonably be thought likely
to produce confusion. A double employment of the same name>
for a genus of beetles, and for a genus of mites can hardly be
expected to do so, and therefore we retain the name Symbiotes,
inadvertently used by Gerlach, in preference to the new Der-
matophagus proposed to be substituted for it by Furstenberg.
The mandibles are made on the same principle as those of the
itch mite of man (Sarcoptes scabiei), being chelate nippers, with
which it snips its way through the skin, and, having made a raw,
lives under the scabs or crusts that the serosity oozing from it
forms.

ITCH MITES. 313

OTES zovys (Gerlach), (Sarcoptes bovis, Hering ; Chorioptes caprze,
Gervais ; Symbiotes equi, Gerl. ; Sarcodermatodectes caprez, Dela/.
and Sour. ; Dermatophagus bovis, Fzzs¢.).—10. Magnified sketch of
male, under side. | |

__ The characters of this genus do not differ greatly from those of
_ Sarcoptes. It has only one pair of chelate mandibles, and other

i differences will be seen in the accompanying woodcuts, which
a

_ show the figure of the mite and of its suckers or ambulacra,
which also furnish a good generic character ; in the female the

Ri MM Eee
ZN LG

Sa
Z,

Symbiotes bovis. Copied from Furstenberg’s Symbiotes bovis, anterior leg and
figure. sucker. Copied from Furstenberg.

two posterior pairs of legs terminate each in two long bristles.
| The suckers are remarkable for their great development in this
species. In many other species of mite (as in the Hydrachnidz
and Hypopi, for example) they are more numerous, but here they
are larger. There is a large pair at the posterior part of the
male, and like those of the feet they are bowl- and cup-shaped.
It really seems as if Nature in making these creatures, had her
head so full of sucking apparatus that she scattered them about
in various places out of pure prodigality, and for all sorts of uses |
—for walking, for sitting still, for holding on, and for adhering to
one another.

314 ARACHNOIDEA.

CASE Delafond and Bourguignon figure this species as the itch mite |
of the goat, but there is no doubt that it is the same as that of
the goat and ox, and that it is found on all three is due, as in
the species that infests the tame rabbit, to the frequent and
close communication between domestic animals. It generally
attacks the goat about the sides of the neck, behind the
ears, on the back and loins, the base of the tail, &c.; but also
wherever the mite happens to have effected a lodgment. It is
found also on the horse, attacking it at first about the pasterns.
It sometimes makes great havoc among goats. Delafond and
Bourguignon found that in the valley of Prattigau, in the Grisons,
Switzerland, in the years 1851, 1852, and 1853, out of upwards of
2500 goats the half was attacked, and 500 died.

Genus SARCOPTERUS (WVifzsch).

Confined to birds. In the two anterior pairs of legs the suckers
are replaced by claws, and in the posterior pairs by hairs.

No, 1x. SARCOPTERUS NIDULANS (WVi¢zsch), (Giebel, Zeitsch. Ges. Naturw. iv. 29).—
11, Magnified sketch of ditto, copied from Giebel’s figure.

This species, which is
closely allied to the genus
: sa se 4. Sarcoptes, was first asec
Ligh and figured by Nitzsch in
Ersch and Graben’s Ency-
clop. 1818, I. 249 ==alter:
wards by Giebel in his paper
above quoted.—It was found
on the lark (Alauda arvensis)

7
NI L Ie

and green linnet (Fringilla
chloris). It lives in the skin
alone, and makes regular
and irregular thick yellow
knots, eight lines long by six lines broad. These yellow knots

Sarcopterus nidulans. Copied from Giebel’s figure.

ITCH MITES. | 315

single skin cover, and their contents consist partly of
: débris made by the mites, and partly of a dry white
ly mass, composed of eggs and shreds of stripped-off skin.
- body is striated as in the other Sarcoptide. The embryo
young are orange yellow.

Section I].—Lousr MITES INFESTING THE SMALLER MAMMALS.

Genus Myopia (C7a.).

_ The next sections of the Sarcoptide consist of two tribes,
neither of which burrow under the skin, but merely live on it. One
of the sections is found on the smaller mammals, and the other
confined to birds, both of which again may be further subdivided
into genera. Both sections have been by some referred to the
genus Dermaleichus, but it will be seen that there are very
material differences between them. Of those that live on small
mammals (on which we now enter), some have a styliform suck-
ing rostrum, and these, no doubt, live by sucking the juices of the
skin, while others are provided with minute mandibles, and these
must therefore feed by browsing either upon the fur or the skin of |
their hosts. To the former sort belongs the genus Myobia; to
the latter, Listrophorus and Myocoptes. Both sections exhibit
remarkable modifications of various parts to suit their special con-
ditions of life.

“Myopia Muscutt (Pediculus muris musculi) Schrank, (Myobia coarctata,
Heyden).—12. Magnified sketch of male ; 18. Ditto of female. Both
taken from figures in Claparede’s Studien an Acariden.

The woodcuts show the form of this species, both young and

full grown, and of its mouth and anterior legs. The latter are con-

verted into thick stumps, so near the mouth that they may be
mistaken for palpi, with a curious flexible twisted clasping appa-
ratus at their termination, by which the mite holds on to the
hairs of its host. Consequently the species is so transmogrified
that it appears only to have six legs; but the figure of the

316 ARACHNOIDEA.

CASE young shows as if z# had only four legs, and the position of the |
claspers sufficiently proves that these in reality are the anterior |

Myobia musculi (young). Myobia musculi (female}
Copied from Claparéde’s figure, Copied from Claparéde.

Ditto, mouth and anterior legs more highly magnified.

I f Ditto, tarsus and claw,
Copied from Claparéde,

posterior leg.
Copied from Claparéde.

legs. The tarsi of the other legs have no suckers, but a long thin
feeble claw.

LOUSE MITES. 317

“species, according to Claparéde, is almost entirely con-
to” the house mouse. He on one occasion, but only once,
with two examples on the field mouse. He notices a
uri ‘ous fact regarding the distribution of it, and Myocoptes
musculinus on mice, which cannot fail to remind the reader of
e assignment of two different species of lice respectively to the
sad and body of man. He says that this distribution in mice is
regular to a degree. The Myobia musculi lives only upon the
snout, the head, round about the ears, and, in an exceptional way,
down towards the throat, but scarcely ever further down. The
N yocoptes, on the contrary, confine themselves almost entirely
to the abdominal region, although sometimes they wander to the
back and sides. Usually there exists a somewhat broad neutral
-tegion or zone which separates them from one another ; where
no parasites are to be found. This species is more easily found
_than the other, because of its greater size; in this respect
reversing the rule with the Pediculi on man, when the smallest
_ species is found on the head, and the largest lives on the body.

Genus OTonyssus (Ko/enati, Kentniss der Arach. in Sitz. Zool.
Bot. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1858, p. 69).

_ This genus was founded by Kolenati for a type of acarids that
- seem specially told off for living on the ears of bats. While
_ placing it among the Pteroptidee he seems to have regarded it as
: a link between the Dermanyssi and them, and it certainly has
some of the characters of each. It has the saclike body of
the Dermanyssi, and at least one character of the Pteroptide,
_ the possession of bristles formed after the fashion of those of
_ that genus, that is, jointed like the hairs of the bats themselves ;
and if we had nothing to go by but the details given by Kolenati,
_ we should have been greatly puzzled where to place them if not
_ where he has. But we have the advantage of an exhaustive
_ account, and very careful facsimile sketches in all its parts of a
_ species which we cannot doubt to belong to this genus, published

318 ARACHNOIDEA.

. a 7

ean by DE Maddox in the Monthly Micro. vote 1871, obtained
from the ears of a pipistrel from Scotland, and from these we _
see that Kolenati has fallen into error on some important points.
He was one of the curators of the museum at Vienna, and it is

Magnified hair of English bat. Magnified hair from the body of Otenyssus
Copied from Queckett. ticholasius. Copie from Kolenati.

not unreasonable to conjecture that he got most of his species of
bat-mites from the dead or dried specimens of bats in the museum,
which, of course, are less favourable for accurate observation than
fresher specimens. Whatever be the cause, however, he
has fallen into the mistake of saying that the legs of
Vy this genus are eight-jointed when they are only five-
jointed ; its palpi four-jointed when they are only three-
jointed, and figures them as projecting instead of lying
close to the mandibles; and the other parts of the mouth,
as described by him, are not recognisable when com-
q pared with those figured by Dr. Maddox. ‘The reader

may say ‘‘ They cannot: be the same.” So we thought at

first ; but after studying them again and again, and find-

: ing that they agreed in every point on which error was

BS , difficult, and only differed on those where error was
Brite ofpalpi easy, we have come to the conclusion that they are the

holasi ° see .
Copicdrom Same, and that Kolenati’s description is not so accurate
as that of Maddox. The place of their occurrence is

Kolenati.

LOUSE MITES. 319

same; their form and general appearance the same; they _
are transversely striated like the Sarcoptide ; both bear a number |
=r of feathered bristles like those of Glyciphagus; they have a
a somewhat similar disposition of claws—no caruncles—but a long
_ one with two short ones, while Myobia has a long one with
hairs approaching to spines, and the same form of legs, for
a Kolenati figures a part of the leg, and that corresponds with
Dr. Maddox’s, and both have the mandibles chelate. Kolenati
indeed speaks of a ‘‘pelotte,” by which we understand a caruncle,
but his enlarged figure shows none. Maddox does not figure,
and no doubt did not observe the Pteroptine hairs figured by
Kolenati from his species; but they may have been there not-
withstanding.

With such remarkable coincidences in unusual points of structure
it seems more likely that Kolenati has erred in regarding the number
of joints in the legs as the same as that of the Pteroptide and
_ Dermanyssi with which he placed them, than that there should be
two types with the same unusual points of structure on the bat ;
the one with eight joints to the legs, and the other with five. It is

Tarsus of Otonyssus. Leg of Otonyssus.
Copied from Kolenati. Copied from Maddox.

not difficult to see how this error may have originated. The last
joint in Dr. Maddox’s figure of the leg is very long, and it has
more than one projection, which might easily be taken for the
margin of a joint, which would make the last joint short like
Kolenati’s. As regards the difference in the number of joints of |
the palpi, that may be merely a difference in the mode of calcu-
lation; Kolenati reckoning the basal elevation, from which they
Start, as a joint, which we do not; and their projecting away

320 ARACHNOIDEA.

ee from the mandibles may be an error of the draughtsman,
produced by attempting to show them more clearly. eh

Accepting then Dr. Maddox’s’
species as belonging to the genus
-Otonyssus, and taking his charac-’
ters as the true ones where they
are positive, and ignoring cha-
racters not mentioned on either

Palpus of Otonyssus sticholasius. side, we find that the only family

Meer es eS which possesses the same charac-
ters is the Sarcoptide. The five-jointed legs, the three-jointed:
adpressed palpi, the mouth with a camerostome, and the striated
surface, all are characters of that family and that family only,
and the form of the legs and claws are those of the section of
it to which the mouse-parasite Myobia belongs. It holds out —
a hand to the Pteroptidz in the form of its hairs, and to Glyci-
phagus in that of its bristles, and it may be the connecting link
between them and the true Sarcoptidz respectively, although it
may be said that there is no more reason why Otonyssus should
be allied to Pteroptus because they have got hairs on the same |
plan, than that both or either should be allied to the bats them- __
selves, which have them too.

We have said that its mouth has the camerostome of the Sar-
coptidz ; but this gives rise to a question that has puzzled us a
good deal, namely, the true meaning of Dr. Maddox’s figure of,
the mouth. We have given an exact copy of it so that the reader
can judge for himself whether we interpret it aright. In the first
place Dr. Maddox has not said whether the mouth is represented -
from above or below ; but the context and a portion of the back
figured along with it (which.we have not thought it necessary to
reproduce), shew that it is meant to represent it as seen from
above. But if so it seems to us physically impossible that it can
be correct. It makes the opening of the mouth to lie upwards,
although the beast sticks on, and feeds ventre a terre, and it puts

Mouth of Otonyssus sticholasius, t
Copied from Maddox. I Ditto, more highly magnificd.

figure shews the mouth as looked at from beneath, or as if the
animal were lying on its back and we were looking down its
throat. That Dr. Maddox looked at it from above we do not
doubt, but we imagine that in looking through them he has
been deceived as to the perspective of the parts. Itis to be
remembered that we are looking at the mouth of a creature only
a fifty-eighth of an inch in length and whose tissues are trans-
parent. Moreover, Dr. Maddox tells us that his specimens were
not examined in life, but after being in glycerine and spirits of
wine and then treated with liquor of potass, and the laxity of the
tissues, after being in it and the great displacement that occurs in
neighbouring parts from slight compression, almost prevent the
possibility of assigning to each the proper position, while in the
natural state being often covered with exudation from the wound
that the parasite itself has made and filled with dense grumous
matter, exactitude in the description is by no means easy. Dr.
Maddox has little reason to complain, for the drawing of the
parts generally is admirable ; but in this instance we think he has
failed to recognise the relative depth at which the different parts
of the mouth stood from his eye. We would correct his reading
Xx

CAS
AV

Bae ARACHNOIDEA.

of his figure as follows: He calls the large curved claspers the

superior maxillz, (his nomenclature is more anatomical than en-

tomological) by which he no doubt means the mandibles (a term
he does not use) and the small hooks in the middle front of all the
inferior maxille. We regard the latter as the mandibles and the
former as metamorphosed maxillz; and it is to be said in support of
this view, that in the genus Listrophorus which also has a part of
the mouth metamorphosed into a clasper that part is the maxille
too. The central shred of membrane in front of these small
hooks he calls the lingua (ligula), we should call it part of the
camerostome ; as to what we regard as the palpi on each side, he
simply styles them two short conical chelicerze supporting a long

bifid claw. ‘The species described by Dr. Maddox sticks on to >

the ear of the bat so firmly that they had to-be detached by force,

and they appear to fix themselves by the mouth or head sticking -

to one spot, and by their presence causing a considerable amount
of mischief and inducing much congestion and thickening of the
tissue beneath. Dr. Maddox figures the swollen spaces around
their point of adhesion. All the specimens that he saw were six-
footed, and he argued ftom so many as fifty being present that
they surely could not all be immature. Kolenati’s specimens
were also six-footed, but he nevertheless regards them as mature,
and speaks of a blank being left between the second and fourth
pair of legs for the appearance of the absent pair which he
assumes to be the third. In this he is misled by assuming that
they belong to the Dermanyssi; the system observed in all the
other known instances of the later appearance of an absent pair
of legs, is opposed to their being the third. These are invariably
the fourth pair and take their place behind all the rest, and the
blank of which he speaks after the second pair is merely a
character common to all the Sarcoptide, although not to the
Dermanyssi. We do not exactly gather whether Kolenati ever
saw any with four pairs of legs. He says something that would
seem to infer at least that such have been met with: “hitherto all

1% aa othe

CASE
XV.

i ge III Se PIO ig ORT

LOUSH MATES. 323

the species of ear mites have been to me six-footed, very rarely
eight-footed have been met with.” If they are the young of any
other bat parasite, with eight legs, we are at least not able to
indicate its probable parent.

OTONYSSUS STICHOLASIUS (olen., Sitz. Akad. Wissench. Wien, 1858,
p- 73. Acarussp. Maddox in Monthly Microsc. Jour., 1871, p. 144).
This species has been obtained by Kolenati from the pipistrel,

and it seems to be the same as the species seen and so well

described by Dr. Maddox. One of Kolenati’s specific characters

Otonyssus sticholasius. Copied from Kolenat.. : Ditto, copied frou: Maddox.

of it is that his species has four transverse rows of four or five
bristles each on its back. In this it agrees with the species of
Dr. Maddox. ‘They differ however slightly in colour, that of the
latter being brown while Kolenati’s is deep cherry red, which
may probably be due to the difference in freshness or degree of
digestion of the contained food.

On the pipistrel—Austria. Scotland.

Kolenati describes five other species of Otonyssus from the ears
of different bats.

Genus Peptonyssus (Xo/en., Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1858, p. 74).

This is a genus nearly allied to the preceding and which has
been styled the top shaped mites by Kolenati. He says that the
legs are eight-jointed, which we presume must be an error because
of its obvious affinity to the preceding, and from his description
of the legs and claws being the same as of its allies, but we have

x 2

CASE
XV.

324 ARACHNOIDEA.

never seen any of the species, and merely hazard its location here
as a probable conjecture. He has described six species, and
we copy his figures of two of them. The bristles or hairs are —
somewhat peculiar, varying in each species, but apparently of the ~
same type in all. From the figures the texture of the skin would
appear to be transversely striated as in the preceding genus,
although this is not specially mentioned by Kolenati.

PEPLONYSSUS SEMINULUM (Kolenati, Sitz. Akad. Wissen. Wien, 1858, p. 75/.

Yellowish brown. From the ears and skin of Nycteris thebaica,
in Egypt.

Peplonyssus seminulum. Copied from Peplonyssus pee Copied from
ati ‘ isi i olenati.
Kolenati. o'002 Parisian metres in length. o'0088 Parisian HOES Ta oe ten

PEPLONYSSUS PAGURUS (‘olen., loc. cit. p. 78).
Yellowish brown. On Rhinopoma microphyllum, Geoffr., 1m
Egypt.
Genus ListRopHoRuS (Lagenstecher).

The Listrophori are another type of parasitic mites found upon
small mammals. Claparéde speaks as if they were confined to the
rodents such as field mice, but it would appear not to be wholly so.
We have specimens of Listrophorus gibbus from the ferret, and
another species from the polecat ; and seeing that these beasts of
prey must often feed on field mice, it is not very difficult to imagine
that they may more or less frequently be invaded by their parasites.

This genus furnishes a scarcely less remarkable instance of
modification of structure to purpose than Myobia. In Listro-
phorus the maxillz are transformed into two flexible shovels or

LOUSE MITES. 325

’ cA = claspers, as shown in the woodcut, with which the creature clasps
____ the hair of the mammal on which it lives.

Mouth of Listrophorus Leuckarti. Leg of ditto.
Copied from Claparéde. Ditto.

From the general resemblance of the snout to that of Myo-
coptes, which we figure below, it is probably formed on the same
plan, although we do not know that it has been actually de-
ciphered. Full details of their structure are given by Pagenstecher,
(loc. cit.) and especially by Claparéde in his Studien an Acareden,

No. 14. LISTROPHORUS GIBBUS (fagenst., Zeitschr. fur Wiss. Zool. XI., 156).—14
Magnified sketch of ditto, copied from Pagenstecher’s figure.

——

Listrophorus gibbus. Very minute. Copied L1strophorus leuckarti. Very minute,
from Pagenstecher’s figure. Copied from Claparede.

Found on field-mice and in England on the ferret.

Bo.1r5. LisTROPHORUS LEUCKARTI (Pagenst., Zeitschr. f. Wiss. Zool. XI. 109).—
15. Magnified sketch of ditto, copied from Claparede’s figure.

Found on mice.
Genus Myocortes (C/af., Zeitschr. f. Wiss. Zool. XVIII).
This genus supplies the bridge which leads us to the Bird-louse-

326 ARACHNOIDEA.

CASE mites, and has much of their appearance, although also much of
that of the foregoing mouse-mites.

Nos. MYOCOPTES MUSCULINUS (Pediculus muris nusculi, Schrank. ; Dermaleichus
Be T- musculinus, Koch).—16. Magnified sketch of male and female insects.
17. Ditto of female. Both copied from Claparede’s figures. .

}

| |

Myocoptes musculinus (male), very minute. Myocoptes li 2
Copied from Claparéde. aa erry emilee

Ditto, seen from in front. Copied from Claparéde. Ditto, mouth.

Koch, in describing this species, says that it is not abundant.
M. Claparéde at Geneva found it very much the reverse. Every
mouse without exception swarmed with them in great numbers,
and under two forms, for the male differs from the female very
much. Koch appears only to have known the female. This mite
Claparéde found also here and there upon Hypudaeus arvalis, and
still more numerously upon the shrew-mouse. We have already
noticed under Myobia the peculiar limitation of this species to
the body of the mouse, while Myobia is assigned to the head.

BIRD LOUSE MITES. 327

Section III.—Lovuser-MITES INFESTING BIRDS.
Genus Derma.eicuus (Koch). (Analges, /Vitzsch).

There is no doubt as to the place of this section, although
the striation or wrinkling of the skin is so fine that it requires
a good microscope to see it. We are, however, somewhat in
doubt whether its right name should be Dermaleichus or Analges.
General consent has approved the name Dermaleichus, which
was proposed for it by Koch, as a genus of Sarcoptide in
1839; but we see from a note by Claparede, in his “ Studien
an Acariden,” that while he adopts the name Dermaleichus,
he considers that the priority belongs to Analges, a name given
to the genus by Nitzsch. We cannot lay our hands on Nitzsch’s
notice, but the name is again brought forward by Giebel in
1871, in a paper in the “ Zeitsch. Gesam. Naturw., iv.,” where
he describes and notices seventeen species parasitic on various
birds. His application of the name Analges is confined to
Bird-mites that feed on feathers ; but, as we believe they all
do so, it follows that Analges and Dermaleichus, as restricted
to birds, are synonymous terms for the same thing. In the
previous year (1870), Buckholz had described and figured a
still larger number under the name Dermaleichus (“Verh. L.
Ges, xxxv., 1870”). The number of species is very great,
almost every bird having a distinct species allotted to it, and
some two or three ; almost every collection has a number of un-
described species; and no general monograph of them has yet
been attempted. We were in hopes that this would have been
done by Professor Robin, the most competent authority ; for in
1868, he gave an account of his observations on mites infesting
Sirds, a preliminary resumé of which appeared in the “ Comptes
Rendus,” lxvi., but we have waited with impatience for its further
publication, which has not yet taken place. He proposes four
new genera — Pterolichus, Pteronyssus (type Dermaleichus

CASE
AV.

Nos.
13; 19.

328 ARACHNOIDEA.

picinus), Proctophyllodes (type D. glandarinus), and Pterodectes,
but the characters are still to follow. He found that the males
pass through four, and the females through five stages—the ‘egg,
the hexapod larva, the octopod larva or nymph without sexual
organs, sexual males or females without external sexual organs,
and sexual and fecundated females. These two last stages explain
the meaning of a fact, that had been previously observed, that in
Dermaleichus there were two forms of females. ‘There is very
considerable difference in form between the sexes, the male
being the largest, and often being provided with monstrous and
exaggerated limbs, especially the third pair. There is also much
difference between some of the species, although others are very
close to each other. Some idea of these differences may be
gathered from the species that we have represented in the case,
and from the accompanying woodcuts. |

DERMALEICHUS BIFIDUS (Luckholz, loc. cit.)

Dermaleichus bifidus (ale). Di f
Copied from Buckholz. A red

DERMALEICHUS, Sf. From the rook.—18. Magnified sketch of male ;.19
Ditto of female.

No. 22

' Nos.
(23, 24

BIRD LOUSE MITES. 329

20. Magnified sketch of male; 21. Ditto of female. Copied from
Buckholz’s figures.

DERMALEICHUS CHELOPUS (Herm.; D. passerinus, Kock), From the
sparrow.—22, Magnified sketch of male.

Dermaleichus chelopus (male). : Ditto (female).

This is very like, although in some respects it slightly differs
from, the Acarus passerinus of Koch ; but these discrepancies are
probably only differences in maturity, or drawing.

Genus INCERT# SEDIS.

DEMODEX FOLLICULORUM (Simon, Owen, &c.) —23. Magnified sketch of
bulb of a human hair, with the sebaceous follicle attached, in the tube
of which a minute speck represents the insect ; 24, Magnified sketch of
the insect.

This minute animal which is from 1-soth to 1-100th of an inch
in length, is a parasite that lives in the sebaceous sacs and hair
follicles of the human skin. Considerable difference of opinion
has existed amongst naturalists as to its proper place in the
animal kingdom—pbut there seems little doubt that it is an Acarid,
although the mode of articulation of its thorax is anomalous.

330 ARACHNOIDEA.

CASE Professor Owen considers that it represents the lowest organised
form of the class Arachnide and that it makes a transition from the
Anellids to the higher articulates. If an Acarid it comes nearer the
Sarcoptidee than any other, and we have thought the present as
proper a place as we could find forit. Still we own that it comes in
awkwardly, and as Dean Swift once said, if the judicious reader can

assign it a fitter place, we do

here empower him to remove
it into any other corner he
pleases. The more important
points of'affinity are the struc-
ture of the mouth which is
suctorial, the transversely stri-
ated skin, and its larval de-
velopment, “Vhewlattersas

hexapod.

Its habits are in some re-
spects similar to those of some
of the Sarcoptidz. It is not
Re ao ve Ge eee 2 Bonn ee

hair follicles or sebaceous
glands, but appears to make its way into them from without.

Either the same or an allied species has been found in the |
contents of the pustules of a mangy dog, when they occurred in
such abundance that thirty or forty were frequently seen in a
single drop of pus. It has not been discovered whether the
insect had anything to do with originating the mange, or had

merely taken advantage of its previous existence to establish
itself in the pustules, nor does it appear whether the instance
referred to was an isolated case or not (see Owen’s Lectures on
Invert. Comp. Anatomy, 2nd ed., p. 444).

In 1872 Pennetier described a species which he named D.

caninus (Bull. Soc. Rouen), which is probably the same as the
above,

GALL. MITES: 3

Lop}
&

Sub-Family PHYTOPTID. (Gall Mites.)

This is a most abnormal and exceptional group, which has
puzzled and continues to puzzle entomologists more than have
any of the other mites, difficult as it is to determine the true
affinities and place of some of them. We think that this is its
proper place, but we speak with bated breath and becoming diffi-
dence. We shall presently explain the different positions that
have been or may be assigned to them, with the reasons for or
against their adoption. But we must first let the reader know
what the Phytopti are, and something about their peculiarities and
mode of life.

Most of our readers must have noticed curious galls, excres-
cences or growths, upon the leaves or other parts of various piants.
These are produced by various kinds of insects; and the dis-
covery of the species of insect by which they are produced has
occupied the attention of entomologists ever since entomology
became a science. Many of them are not difficult of determina-
tion, in this respect, that, if they are cut open, a single grub is
usually found to be inhabiting the gall which could be referred
to the particular family with whose larvee the tenant corresponded,
these being all pretty well known ; or, to make perfectly sure, the
perfect insect could be bred from the gall. The larvze in such
galls are usually solitary ; or, when the gall contains more than one
individual, each individual occupies a separate cell in the gall.
There are some growths, however, which look like galls, and
some which look like dust or powder, the origin of which has
puzzled naturalists, because, whether shaped like a gall or not,
no grub was to be found; and, in its absence, they jumped
to the conclusion that they were cryptogamic growths or minute
fungi. This idea once received, botanists took them under
their charge and described the various kinds under the name
of Erineum, etc. Subsequent discoveries, however, have shown

CASE
XVI

332 ARACHNOIDEA

that these species of Erineum, in almost every case, are growths
or products caused by some species of the small mite which
we have now under consideration; a mite so small and some-
times so crystalline and transparent (as in the Phytoptus of the
ash for example) that it cannot be seen in the gall at all, and
it is only by washing out the galls and searching for them in the
water in which they have been washed that it can be known that

Leaf of lime-tree bearing nail-galls (work of a mite), Section of nail-gall of lime leaf.

there has been a living creature there at all. The first step
towards a knowledge of them was made nearly a hundred and
fifty years ago, by Reaumur, the celebrated French entomologist.
There sometimes occurs on the leaf of the lime-tree a number
of upright projecting small growths, varying from green through
red to brown in colour, and which look very much as if a

\ GALES MITES. 333

‘ ASE number of small tacks had been driven through the leaf from
the under side, whence it was named either by him or others
the lime-leaf nail-gall. Now this nail-gall, when cut open and
examined, usually appears empty of any living inhabitants, not
empty in itself, but filled with a mass of fine vegetable hairs of the
nature of those that cover the under side of the leaf, but longer,
and exaggerated in size and number. Reaumur, like many others,
for long examined hundreds of these galls without finding any in-
.sect in them; but he records that at last he found that his failure
was due to his searching for them too late; and that, when he sub-
sequently examined them at an earlier stage while they were still
green, he found insects in almost every gall examined. He adds,
that he never saw more than one in each; although there was an
appearance as if they might be in company ; and he describes them
as long; under a strong glass not appearing thicker than the stalk
of asmall pin. ‘They were yellowish, like the interior of the gall.
What makes them more difficult to find, says he, is that they do
not like to walk. ‘“‘I often saw one, but was uncertain whether
it was a grub or not, until it pleased to put itself in motion. It is.
towards the base of the gall that we find them: when the galls get
old, some opening or crack takes place, by which mites. and
strange insects introduce themselves. I have seen, for example,
mites ensconced there.” It is now ascertained that mites are not
only ensconced there, but are the makers of the gall; and
Reaumur’s observations had been quoted to show that it was
them that he discovered. We cannot agree with this: the closing
words of his remarks which we have quoted seem to show that he
was perfectly alive to the distinction between a mite and a smail
grub ; and although Reaumur might be, and probably was correct
in assigning the early time of these galls as the date when their
makers were to be found inside, yet, we believe the grubs that he
saw were not themselves Phytopti, but possibly some carnivorous
larve that had come in to feed upon them. We suspect he never
saw the Phytopti themselves, for he only found one grub in each

334 ARACHNOIDEA.

CASE gall ; whereas, wherever Phytopti do occur, it is not in single file,
but in battalions. Besides, they are so very small that we doubt
very much, if only one were put inside a nail-gall, whether
we could find it again in such a comparatively spacious hall.
Moreover he speaks of the cottony hairs filling up the interior.
It is true that, where he does so, he is speaking of his ineffectual
search for them, and its absence may have escaped his notice
when he found the grub ; but if phytopti were feeding in the gall,
the hairs would have been mowed down. We never saw hairs, or,
at all events, long crowded hairs, or indeed anything but their
remains, in mite-galls in which Phytopti were present ; and we

saw Phytopti in mite galls in which hairs were abundant.

We may also in passing correct the misconception which
Reaumur has expressed as to a crack taking place in the gall. 3
Strictly speaking, the mite-galls are not galls in the sense of
being enclosed portions of vegetable tissue in the midst of which
the larva lives. They are merely abnormal thickened growths of
a portion of the leaf; and the thickening being unequal, usually
greatest on the upper side of the leaf, it there expands like a
round gall while the under side is drawn up in the interior like
the open mouth of a purse. By this character, mite-galls can
always be known: they always have an opening leading into them,
and generally from the under side or margin of the leaf. The -
importance of this distinction will be more evident when it is
remembered that there is nothing to hinder galls made by other
insects from assuming a form similar to the growths caused by
mite-galls ; and, in point of fact, some of them are remarkably
alike: for example, we have above given a figure of the lime-leaf
covered by nail-galls made by a mite; and here is that of a North
American vine-leaf covered by similar nail-galls (called by American
entomologists the trumpet grape gall) made by a Cecidomyia (a
small gnat-like fly). They look identical, and aay one would
naturally expect that they were both made by a like architect ;
but sections of them respectively show that the former has an

GALL MITES. 335

= ‘pening to tke interior from the under side of the leaf, while the
latter has none, but is a closed sack.

Leaf of American vine bearing trumpet galls (work ofa Section of ditto, drawn trom
Cecidomyia). Copied from Mr. Riley’s figure. description,

But to return to the history of the discovery of the makers of
these gails: Whether Reaumur saw them or not, at least no one
else did for about roo years after. About 1832 and 1834, how-
ever, the publication of M. Dugés’ valuable papers on the classifi-
cation of the Acaridz to which we have already had so often to
refer, gave an impulse to their study, which led to fresh discoveries;
and M. Turpin observed in the nail-galls of the lime-leaf, a quan-
tity of very minute semi-transparent fleshy mites of a new and
hitherto unknown form—a narrow creature with two pairs of small
legs at its head, and some kind of: sucker apparatus at its tail, on
which it rests and raises itself, swaying about its body. He
regarded it as a species of Sarcoptes.

The different views enunciate& on each successive discovery by

CASE
XVI.

436 ARACHNOIDEA.

the best authorities are very instructive, and the reader will there-
fore excuse our going a little into detail regarding it.

‘M. Dugés, then, the first authority of the time upon mites,
remarked in two papers upon M. Turpin’s discovery. In his first
observations, he mentions that M. Turpin’s drawings were un-
fortunately not published, and he only knew his descriptions from
insufficient extracts ; but, from some verbal explanations which
he had received from him, he had learned that it was not by a
complete analysis of the mouth that this distinguished naturalist
had formed his diagnosis, which besides, even although made,
must still have been very uncertain. M. Dugés had then himself
set to work to find M. Turpin’s mite, but failed, altho’ he met with
some Tetranychus teliarius laying their eggs at the very door or
entrance of the galls; and he then suggests that it may have been
its offspring that M. Turpin had seen, acknowledging at the same
time that M. Geoffrey St. Hilaire, who had seen M. Turpin’s
drawings, could find no identity between it and the specimens of
Tetranychus teliarius shown him by M Dugés.

Not long afterwards, however, M. Dugés was more successful in
his search. Abundant rains had fallen, and he profited by the
first fine days in searching on the black poplar for the galls said
to occur on it, and he found some on the white willow, but not
on the poplar. These were smaller, rounder than those of the
lime; green or reddish, and covered with down outside: they pro-
ject on the upper and under side of the leaf, but more on the
upper side. Like those of the lime, they open un: erneath by a
hole, which is obstructed by the villose filaments which are
found inside. In the interior, however, these filaments were !ess
abundant; and there he easily found, in great numbers, the mites
of M. Turpin. He again searched and found them also in the galls
of the lime. As to the more advanced galls, he found the walls
often quite covered with these supposed Sarcoptes : they were
very small, whitish, vermiform; and, as he supposed, very probably
one of those which Reaumur speaks of having noticed, and which

GALL MITES. 337

ASE he said, with reason, were scarcely to be distinguished from the
vegetable filaments but for their movements. No doubt, says he,
£ it was the outer form or habitus of this animalcule that induced

Satlow leaves with galls produced by Phytoptus salicis, Section of sallow mite gail.

Latreille to refer it to Sarcoptes when M. Turpin furnished him
with his drawings ; but a more minute research, although very diffi-
cult by reason of the excessive smallness of the animal, showed :—
first, that the conical sucker was flanked by two thick short ap-
pendiculated palpi, similar to those of Tetranychus ; secondly,
from this sucker there sometimes (once) came out by compression
a curved plate or blade, narrow and long ; thirdly, the feet were
in seven parts, of which the third, or the thigh, was the thickest
and longest, and the seventh on the contrary much reduced,
very short and probably terminated by two claws, but certainly
not by acaruncle. Thus, if the form of the palpi, the mandibles
and feet, were considered, he said this mite ought to be classed
¥

338 ARACHNOIDEA.

in the family of the Trombidiide, near Tetranychus ; or again
the number of feet would prove that it was only a larva and
not a perfect mite, because there were only two pairs, and the
other larvae have usually one more. But if that were so whence
came the eggs that were also found in the galls? He felt no
doubt that they were deposited by adult individuals, who had
come there to lay their eggs. The free entrance to these galls —
would allow them to come in, just as it would allow insects ;
newly arrived at maturity to go out. The latter point he proved ,
by the following facts :—first, that many of these little beings —
were seen to become motionless, changed into elongated pupee, 5
in which the body was already seen to contract, abandoning the :
extremities of its cutaneous case ; secondly, two or three times —
small mites with eight feet had been seen in the galls, white,
short and agile, having all the characteristics (palpi and feet) of
Tetranychus, Now and then, these little things resembled per-
fectly the larger reddish Tetranychus, which had been found
several times in the large galls. These Tetranychus were not at
all of the same species as those on the lime, which live on the ©
back of the same leaves with their eggs and young. ‘They were |
of a much smaller shape, and differed in some details of form and —
in the greenish colour of the one, and light red of the other.

In conclusion he acknowledges that a good deal of doubt rests
upon the supposed affinities either with Sarcoptes or Tetranychus;
and even upon the share they have in the production of the galls
they live in.

Along with these remarks M. Dugés gave a figure of the mite
he found, which quite corresponds with those of subsequent —
authors. :

The next step was made by M. Dujardin, in 1851, when he
also detected the same mites in the nail-gall of the lime-leaf, and
published an account of them with a figure more highly magnified
than that of M. Dugés. Under higher power, the body of the
mite is seen to be transversely striated ; but it is time that the

GALL) \MATES: 339

reader should see a representation of this curious creature. The
accompanying woodcuts shew it respectively as it appears under a
_ moderately strong lens, and under a higher power, and the smaller
figure that looks as if it were casting its skin, is a copy of a figure
of an individual supposed to be young, given by Professor
Westwood. Up to this time it had always been taken for
Ta a that these mites st be the larvee of some other mite.

Phytoptus salicis, as it Young of Phytoptus ribis,
appears when mode- Phytoptus tiliz, after Dujardin. Copied from Westwood’s | figure ;
rately magnified. possibly only the insect in pro-

cess of casting its skin.

_and consequently it was assumed must be larve. But it was over-
‘looked that no larval form of mite had ever previously been found
‘in which the legs were fewer than six: consequently, if these
were larva, they were larvee of some new type, and the difficulty
_of placing them was all the greater. M. Dujardin was alive to
this ; and, on careful examination, he thought he saw, through
the semi-transparent skin, appearances of eggs within the body
of some of them. He consequently regarded them as a new
type of mite which he called Phytoptus.

_ If he is right in thinking the bodies he saw to be eggs, the
Mites must either be fourfooted in their mature stage, or the
young must have the power of reproduction before attaining it,
a power which no doubt does exist in some types of insects.
_ The woodcut is a copy of Dujardin’s figure with the supposed eggs
¥ 2

CASE
XVI.

340 ARACHNOIDEA.

in them. We have never seen them in the mite of the lime-leaf
nail-gall, because we have never been lucky enough to detect
mites there at all; but, in other Phytopti, they are easily enough |
seen, and the impression left on our mind is in favour of their
being eggs. It is not so with all observers, however, and notably —
it is opposed to the views of the author, M. A. Scheuten, who
makes the next important contribution to the history of the
Phytopti, and which if correct should settle the question of their
true nature and affinity.

M. Scheuten’s account of his observations was published in

Phytoptus pyri. Gamasus sp. Copied from Schcuten,
{Typhlodromus pyri of Scheuten.) who supposed it to be the pertect
Copied from his figure. insect of Typhlodsomus pyri.

Wiegman’s “Archiv” for 1857, and translated into our own
Annals and Magazine of Natural History in the same year. The
leaves of the pear trees in his garden were attacked by black
pustular inflated spots, under the epidermis of which he found
the species of Phytoptus, which he named Typhlodromus pyri.
On examining a large number of spotted leaves in his garden,
in which all the pear trees were similarly attacked (one tree
having a third of its leaves affected), he always found the same
four-footed larvze in the interior of the leaves, and, in most cases,
on the exterior a species of eight-legged mite, which he took to be
the perfect form of the Phytoptus. He gives figures of these,
and from them it is plain that the so-called larva is a Phytoptus,

GALL MITES. 344

: and the supposed perfect form a Gamasus. These are here shown.
- But, beyond the fact that he found these mites at times in the
vicinity of each other, one within the gall and the other without
it, he gives no explanation how he arrived at his conclusion.
To be sure, we cannot expect very close evidence of the progress
of development in such minute ani-

mals; but something better than mere

contiguity or proximity should be given. os

There is not even similarity or analogy

in any of the parts. He thinks, indeed,

that he saw the half-developed larva, tao =

and gives a figure of it, which we here ho *

epi, but the reader will see that this rigureofa Hypopus, badly drawn:

Supposed by Scheuten to be the un-

Eyouly 2 badly seen and badly drawn developed larva of T yphlodremus
figure of a Hypopus.

_ It is to be remarked, however, that in another species, oT
by him Flexipalpus tiliz, which he observed on the lime trees,
not in the nail-gall, but in a rust, or Erineum, on the under side
of the leaves, named Erineum rubigo, there is a certain outward
similarity of appearance between the larva and what Scheuten
calls the perfect insect, as may be seen in the woodcuts; but here
we agree with Claparede in thinking that this is merely a badly
figured and badly described Tetranychus of the lime tree. We
shall return to the consideration. of, whether these mites are really
the perfect form of the Phytopti, presently ; but we must not omit
his objection to Dujardin’s notion that the rounded bodies, visible
under the skin of the Phytopti, were eggs. He objects that
Dujardin’s only evidence that ova were in them was that he
saw roundish structures shining through the skin of the animal.
“Even with transmitted light,” says he, ‘‘a very indistinct view
of the interior can be obtained; and this is shown by his own
figure. In this we see what he regards as eggs, but no trace
of other viscera, for which, however, there is plenty of space.”
In the interior of 72s larvee, on the other hand, various rounded

342 ARACHNOIDEA.

oS outlines were seen by M. Scheuten, especially when glycerine
" was employed. In the upper part of the body particularly there

Phytoptus, from Erineum rubigo Badly drawn. Tetranychus tiliz, erroneous'y sup- |
on hme tree leaves (Flexipalpus posed by Scheuten to be the perfect form of ditto
tilie of Scheuten). Copied (Flexipalpus tilise of Scheuten). Copied from
from his figure. his figure.

is constantly a round clear space, which also occurs in the same
spot in the mite: then follow irregular roundings which, says he,
are certainly nutritive organs. But merely to assert this is no
proof, and the objections to Dujardin’s statement are obviously
weak. He objects that it could not be transparent, because
Dujardin has described it as white and striated ; and yet he him-
self immediately, not only confirms the transparency, but describes
the very bodies that Dujardin saw. All who have seen these
creatures know that they are semi-transparent, and that you may
see the interior, as it were, through a milky glass.

It is not irrelevant to the question to add that M. Scheuten
describes and figures another Gamasus under the name of Sannio
rubrioculus, both in what he calls its young and mature stages,
and that both the young and the old are furnished with eight
legs. From this and some other minor indications, it rather
seems to us that M. Scheuten had only taken up the study of the
Acaride incidentally, and that his statements can hardly be
accepted as right interpretations of what he saw, without con-
firmation.

Next, in 1864, Von Landois described from a new species

q GALL MITES. 343

CASE (Phytoptus vitis), four stumps on the under side of the body,
which he supposed were the aborted remains of the two missing
feet. ‘The extent and meaning of his statement rather than the
accuracy of this observation has been questioned.

Since that time the Phytopti have become tolerably well
known: that is, many observers have made themselves acquainted
with them; and a few have, from time to time, described various
species and the galls in which they have been found. The more
important contributions of this nature have been furnished by
Frauenfeld, who, in the years 1864, 1865, 1869, 1870, and 1872,
has published papers on the subject in the “ Verhandlungen
Zoologische und Botanische Gesellschaft in Wien;” by Dr.
Thomas in the “Zeitschr. Gesam. Naturw. (xxxill),” and on °
Swiss Phytopti in the “Verh. St. Gall. Ges., 1870—1871,” and
by Dr. Franz Low in “ Verhand. Zool. and Bot. Ges. Wien” in
1874. In our country they seem to have been very little noticed.
Apparently the first original observation was by the Rev. M. J.
Berkeley, the eminent vegetable physiologist, to whom specimens
of currant-buds, injured by a species of Phytoptus, had been sent,
in 1869. These he brought before the scientific committee of
the Horticultural Society; and, from these and other specimens
Professor Westwood shortly afterwards described the species in
the “ Gardener’s Chronicle.” His description agrees with that of
other authors, and need not detain us, but he has added, appa-
rently on the authority of his correspondents, that at a later
period of its life it acquires six legs. This is an important point,
and deserving of further examination, for it has not been observed
by any other author. He says, “ From this statement it is evident
that this creature retains its juvenile two-legged form for a con-
siderable period, but at a later period (as we learn from T. C. of
Glasgow, a good microscopic observer) they acquire six legs, as
was seen in specimens from old buds sent to us near the end of
October, when some had two well-developed bristles at the tail.
These two bristles we believe to be the rudimental fourth pair of

CASE
SGV:

344 ARACHNOIDEA.

legs; whilst another writer (D. B., in the ‘West of Scotland
Horticultural Magazine’ for November, 1865) states that on
examining some of the dried-up buds of the same season’s growth
still remaining on the black currant bushes, he found the insects
in a further state of progress. A good many of them had three
pairs of legs, some of them with a pair of stout bristles, others
with several stout hairs, and some of them with two projecting
appendages at the termination of the abdomen. A few were also
seen with four pairs of legs, being probably another species. Both
of those having the six legs and the eight legs walked very nimbly,
and speedily made their way out of the field of the microscope,
and being so minute they could not easily be detected by the
unassisted eye. The young larvee were already to be found in the
buds forming for the next year’s crop.”

It does not quite appear from this narrative whether Professor
Westwood himself saw the six-footed species spoken of above as
observed by his correspondent, T.C. This is an important point,
for on it must depend how much weight is to be given to the
observations which he reports. In a class of animals so minute
and so little studied, and where to an uninstructed eye most
different creatures may seem alike, we cannot be expected to ac-
cord the same faith to observations by anonymous correspondents
that we should give to those of Professor Westwood himself,
especially when these conclusions are unsupported by, not to
say opposed to, the observations of other eminent naturalists.
Professor Westwood, indeed, speaks of them as important,
but from some remarks which he goes on to make on the egg
question, it is obvious that he did not regard them as in any
respect conclusive.

The Rev. Mr. Berkeley, whose strict accuracy and highly
educated eye gives unusual weight to any statement he makes,
was obviously inclined to believe in the round bodies being
genuine eggs. He says (“Gardener's Chronicle,” 1869) that, if
he mistook not, he saw very frequently, within the body of the

GALL MITES. 345

ME mite, an egg - just ready to be protruded accompanied by one ot

;

two others in a state of progression, on which Professor Westwood
suggests that this may be one of those cases in which the ordinary
proceedings of insect life are departed from. ‘‘ Parthenogenesis,”
says he, “ or the production of offspring by a virgin or unmatured
female, has been already observed among the Acaride, and we
now know that the young larve of certain Cecidomyz, or gall
midges, are capable of producing fertile eggs, whilst others
of the same larve are transformed in the usual manner into
midges. Is it possible that this is a similar case of larval pre-
cocity? If, on the other hand, the creature produces eggs as a
normal condition of its existence, we have here the case of a
perfect Acaridan never assuming more than two pairs of legs, and
which would require for its reception, not only a distinct generic
name, but a distinct family of mites.”

The latest contributor to our knowledge of the Phytopti is Dr.
Franz Low, who, in 1874, in the “ Verhand. Zool. Bot. Gesells., in
Wien,” has published two important papers, giving an account of
many mite-galls and their producers. He gives a figure of Phy-
toptus (part of which we here reproduce), in which, in place of the
four stumps of feet that V. Landois thought he saw, there are seen
four bristles springing from four warts, and he argues that it was
by some displacement or ocular illusion proceeding from them,

that V. Landois was deceived (if he was deceived). For our-

selves we rather think that he was not, and that the difference
between the observations of Landois and F. Low is one of words
rather than reality. V. Landois’s four stumps of legs are doubt-
less F. Low’s four warts, which he regards as the homologues
of legs.

These are the main circumstances connected with the past history
of the Phytopti so far as we know them, but it is right ta.say that
there may be others which have escaped us. Kaltenbach, in his
Pflanzenfeinde, makes frequent reference to Dr. Amerling, of
Prague, and Dr. Kirchner, of Taplitz, two Hungarian naturalists, as

346 ARACHNOIDEA.

coe authorities for various names of mite-galls, whose papers, however,
"we have not succeeded in procuring.

Phytoptus. Copied from figure by Liw. Head of Phytoptus. Enlarged from figure by Dr. Low.-

The reader may probably now ask what inference he is to draw
as to the affinities and nature of Phytopti from the facts above
mentioned. We have seen four conclusions drawn from their
observation by respective authors. Dugés has suggested that they
are the young forms of a species of Tetranychus. Scheuten, that
they are the young of species of Gamasi. Latreille thought they
belonged to the Sarcoptide ; and Dujardin, that they were a special
tribe by themselves. Let us take tach of these alternatives by
itself, and see what is to be said for and against it. Dugés sup-
ported his notion that they might be the young of Tetranychi,
first, on the ground that the conical sucking apparatus is flanked
by two large short appendiculated (finger and thumb), palpi

=
Z

GALE MITES: 347

CASE similar to those of the Tetranychi. Now the mandible-like objects

may be short, stout palpi, but in no other description or figure of
Phytoptus that we have seen, is there any sign ever given of them
being appendiculated ; indeed they are not represented at all in
any highly magnified figure of the head that we have seen. Nor
can we find anyone who has seen this. His next argument, that,
by compression, a curved, long, narrow blade was made to project
from the mouth, requires more elucidation. His last, that the
legs are composed of seven articles, which are proportioned like
those of Tetranychus, is erroneous; the legs of the Phytopti being

only composed of five articles. But independent of this alto-

gether, there is one fact that seems fatal to
the idea of these being Tetranychi, or allied
tothem. The development of the Tetranychi
and Trombidiide, as well as of their allies Hy-
drachnidze and Bdellidz, has been thoroughly Leg of Pontus, |
wrought out. Many species have been
traced through all their stages, and not one has been found
whose early stage has not been six-footed, and very like the
mature insect. The Tetranychi and their allies may, therefore,
we imagine, be eliminated from the number of possible parents
of the Phytopti.

Next comes M. Scheuten and his Gamaside. The same objec-

tion applies to his view as to that of Dugés. The development

of most of the types of Gamasidze is perfectly well known, and has
been ascertained to be six-footed in the young, and there is no
reason to suppose that those types which have not yet been traced
differ from the others in this respect.

As to the Sarcoptide again, the outward resemblance to them
is much greater than to any other family of mites. Like them
the Phytopti have short thick palpi flanking the mandibles. The —
number of joints in the legs of both is the same. As the structure
of the legs is a point of some importance, we may quote Dr. Low’s
description of those of the Phytopti. “The legs are distinctly

348 ARACHNOIDEA.

(2 five-jointed” (as shown in the above woodcut, copied from Dr.

Low’s figure), “which five joints comprehend the coxa, femur, a

Tail of Phytoptus.

very short tibia, and two-jointed tarsus. The terminal joint of
the tarsus, which is longer than its first, and somewhat knobbed
at the end, bears a long round claw, which is only a little thickened
and obtusely rounded at the tip. Beside this claw, inclined
towards .the inner side, is a feathered organ for holding on by,
which has on each side five gradually diminishing branches.”

Claw of Phytoptus (Typhlodromus) pyri. Claw of Phytoptus (Flexipalpus) tilize.
Copied from Sc.euten,. Copied from Scheuten.

This “haftorgan,” or boat hook, as it were, differs in different
species. The two figures taken from Scheuten, which we here
give, show respectively its different forms in the different Phytopti
specified under each, viz., with one hook in Typhlodromus pyri,
two in Flexipalpus tiliz, and there are five in that of the gall
of Bromus mollis. We are strongly inclined to suspect that
the right interpretation has not been put upon these organs.
What does the animal want with another soft claw alongside
the harder boat-hook? As we read it, the boat-hook is the
claw, and the longer so-called claw is a sucker, like those of
the Sarcoptide. We can point to an exact parallel to this ar-
rangement of sucker and claw, and nearly in the same pro-
portionate dimensions, in the termination of the leg in Symbiotes
bovis, and Psoroptes equi among the Sarcoptide (see the wood-
cuts of these species). Again, the reader knows that it is an
almost universal peculiarity of the Sarcoptide (so much so, that
we have used it as a family character) to have the body finely

GALL MITES. 249

; CASE furrowed and striated, more or less, in a transverse direction.
The Phytopti have the same peculiarity too. Notwithstanding all
this, the great stumbling-block (four feet instead of eight) which
has choked off the preceding alternatives, would extinguish the
idea of connection here also, were it not for the light thrown
upon the subject by Von Landois and Low, through the bristles
and warts or stumps of feet that they have seen on the underside
of the Phytopti. To appreciate the full import of these obser-
vations, we must remember that in the Sarcoptide, especially in
those truly parasitic species that live under the skin of other
animals, there is a tendency to abbreviate and do away with the
organs of locomotion, which shows itself now by contracting the
length of the legs, again by the almost entire absorption or
atrophy of one or more of the pairs, or by reducing them to the
dimensions and form of a wart with a bristle proceeding from it.
In Sarcopterus nidulans, all eight legs are contracted to mere
eminences, from which spring a number of bristles. In Sarcoptes:
scabiel, the female has each of the four anterior feet terminated
by a sucker, but there are none to the four posterior feet, instead
of which, each is terminated by a stout bristle. The way in
which the legs are in these instances contracted, so as to cease
to look like anything more than a wart, while still retaining

all the parts of a leg, may be seen in the hind legs of many
species of Sarcoptes, ¢g., in Sarcoptes squamiferus (S. canis of
Hering). In Trichodactylus, and in some Hypopi, the pos-
terior legs are reduced to a long bristle. Our minds are thus
prepared for the substitution ot a wart, with a bristle springing
from it for a regular leg; and when we find that there are four
warts with bristles on the underside of the Phytopti, just about
where the missing legs should be, one is very apt to accept
them as their representatives, without caring very much whether
they are only in the shape of a wart and bristle, or the actual
“fusstummel” that Von Landois thought he saw. Professor
Westwood suggested that the two long bristles at the tail of

CASE
XVI.

350 ARACHNOIDEA.

the Phytopti might be the homologues of the missing legs, but
their position is not favourable to that view, and now the
discovery of the right number of warts and bristles on or near the
right place, gives greater probability to the view first taken by
Latreille, that the Phytopti form part of the section Sarcoptide.
Nor can Dujardin’s discernment be passed over without acknow-
ledgment. If his Phytopti belong to the Sarcoptidz, they are
not the less a very distinct and special section of that tribe.

We must not, however, be too confident in the absolute cer-
tainty of the above conclusion. All that we can say is, that it
seems the most probable solution of the difficulty ; but we must
remember that the premises are but imperfectly established.
The warts and bristles have not yet been observed on all species,
nor in every individual. - But, on the other hand, we must
remember that even although competent observers should fail
to find them, they may be sexual, and only present in one sex;
or the bristle may be hyaline and not always distinguishable, a
thing which, under the most favoured circumstances, must always
be of extreme difficulty. Moreover, one positive observation by
a reliable witness should carry more weight than a hundred
negative ones. And lastly, when the insect is alive it is restless
and keeps swaying its head about, so that a confirmed long look
at any part of it is impossible. When it is dead the parts become
flaccid, and it is still worse, so that while there is plenty of apology
for not being able to make out all the parts, that very fact should
make us slow to form an opinion, and open to change it should
fresh argument or discovery give a new aspect to the case. _

There are other puzzling difficulties connected with these mites
and with the production of their galls. One of these is, whether
the same mite makes more than one kind of gall, or does more
than one kind of mischief. We think not ; but according to more
than one author who has searched for Phytopti, the same species
is found in different galls on different plants, and indifferently in
galls and in ungalled buds. Dujardin states that he found the

GALL MITES. 351

CASE same species of Phytoptus that he detected in the lime tree
nail-gall also in the malformed and distorted buds of the hazel.
Dugés found the same mite (or at least what has been supposed
and assumed to be the same mite) in a similar gall, or Salix alba,
and Siebold found it among the hairs of some species of Erineum,
and named it Eriophyes. Now if these were really the same
species there would be here a want of that restricted and definite
relation between the gall produced, the plant on which it is pro-
duced, and the insect producing it, which we have hitherto found
to be constant in the relation of gall and gall-maker. An insect
that is found at one time in the distorted buds of the hazel,
and at another in the galls of the willow leaf, and at a third in
the galls of the lime leaf, cannot, one would think, well be the
maker of all three. In all cases that we know of, where galls of
a special and distinct form are produced, they are invariably the
work of some specific insect, told off, as it were, for that special
purpose. In other words, the same insect does not make two
different kinds of galls, and the same gall is never made by two
different kinds of insects, nor on two different kinds of trees, nor
does it at one time make a gall and at another time make none:
its habits of life are fixed. It is either always a gall-maker or
never. On the other hand, as we have seen, the galls made by
Phytopti differ somewhat from other galls, and it may be that the
same irritation which produces one form of excrescence on one
plant may produce another on a different one, through the differ-
ence in their constitution ; or, it may even produce a gall on one
and not on another; but the more probable conclusion seems to
be that the observers referred to may have confounded different
species.

Another very difficult point of inquiry, especially with a view
to preventing or curing their attacks, is to ascertain their habits.
How does such an insect which, apparently, is entirely a vegetarian,
and depends for its food on the sap of young leaflets or leaves, pass
the winter when the leaves are all gone? This we are able to

CASE
oey

352 ARACHNOIDEA.

answer, at least to a certain extent, viz.,so far as regards those that |
live in buds. These have been found already established in No-
vember in the young buds of the currant, which are then elabo-
rating for development in spring, but whether they are torpid
through the winter or not we do not know, most probably they are.
But what becomes of those that live in galls on leaves, and not in
buds, and what becomes of some of them, at least between spring,
when they are in myriads, and autumn? In summer we see none
of the bud species; the buds are gone, destroyed by these
creatures—but what becomes of them then? Again, how do they
spread ? we may assume that they do so very slowly, for although
when a tree has once become attacked by these Phytopti it
continues to be so year after year, other trees of the same kind
standing around it are often perfectly free and untouched. ‘The
same circumstance has been observed of other galls; some species
of oak-galls having been known for many years to be confined
to individual trees, and not to have spread to others at no great
distance. ‘This is not without its advantages for observation ;
anyone who has a tree that is once infested with mite-galls near
his house should be able to watch for their very earliest appear-
ance, and study the whole course of their development under the
most favourable conditions; and one of the most curious and
important of these points must be how these slow-moving, almost
stationary animals manage to spread themselves all over the buds
of a tree, or over a whole hedge, or to any solitary individual tree.
We do not see them moving about during the day, but they may
wander at night, the sun’s rays might be too strong for such im-
palpable globules, and dry them up. Anyone who has tried to
examine them under the microscope knows how likely this would
be. But here again there is a difficulty, they seem incapable of
continuing to move in any definite direction for any time. They
waggle about in an aimless way, turned from their path by any
obstacle, such as meeting one of themselves ; and it is difficult to
conceive them spreading any distance from the spot where they

GALL MITES. 353

CASE were hatched, a fact which there is no denying is in’ favour of the
maternal parent being a differently formed animal, with a more
active disposition, and better means of indulging it.

_ The mischief that these creatures do to plants is very consider
able. As already said, they attack them in two different ways;
one, through the bud, the other through the leaves ; of the two the
former seems the most injurious. In spring the buds attacked are
seen to languish and decay, or to assume a rounded swollen form
without pushing out; on tearing a bud open hundreds of minute
semi-transparent moving things may, by the help of a lens, be seen
between the leaflets ; these are the Phytopti, but it takes a good
glass to see them at all. The surface of the leaflets on which they
are scattered has a moist, raw-like appearance, in fact the Phytopti
have browsed on it until they have flayed it to the quick. It is
unnecessary to say that these buds produce nothing. When it is
the leaves that are attacked, the excrescences or galls of various
kinds, of which we have above spoken, are formed upon them.
Sometimes the Phytopti are to be found in great numbers inside,
and, as already said, in that case the inner surface is free from
hairs, unless, perhaps, a few stumps, and looks raw like a galled
wound, like the surface of the leaflets in the bud; but more
frequently no Phytopti are found in these galls, or, perhaps, it
would be more correct to say that in some kinds of plants they
are found commonly enough, in others very rarely indeed, and
when not present the inside is grown up with hairs.

There remains to say a word as to the nomenclature of these
creatures. The galls themselves have received the general
denomination of Acarocecidium. Then the different kinds have
received different generic names, besides the old botanical names
of Phyllerium and Erineum, which have been preserved. As, so
far as we yet know, no other genus of mite than Phytoptus is en-
gaged in the production of these galls, we do not propose to follow
this nomenclature, further than to note the names when they occur.
For us they are all galls of Phytopti, and nothing more.

CASE
XVI.

Nos.
1, 2, 3; 4-

Nos.
5, 6.

No 7.

354 ARACHNOIDEA.

Section I.—Sprecies LiviING IN Bubs.

PHYTOPTUS TAXI (Tetranychus taxi, J/urr., in Gard. Chron. 1875).—1.
Sketch of twig with buds attacked by it; 2. Magnified figure of the
insect ; 8. Magnified diagram of section of injured bud; 4, Microscopic
slide containing this section.

This species was first noticed in the spring of 1875 by Professor
Thistleton Dyer, who found it doing considerable damage to the
yew hedges in the neighbourhood of London, by destroying the
young buds and preventing a fresh growth. The buds looked as if
they had been frost-bitten, and on breaking them open they were
seen to be swarming with Phytopti—so minute, however, as not
to be discernible with the naked eye. The texture of the skin
of the leaflets in the bud was seen to be injured, and it made no
progress. We described it, with doubt, as a Tetranychus, it being
at the time we did so, the general opinion that Phytopti were the
larvee of that genus. We are no longer of that opinion.

PHYTOPTUS CORYLI (Frauenf., Verh. Zool. & Bot. Gesel. in Wien. xv. 895),
(Calycophthora avellanz, Amer/., Lotos, 1863, p. 44).—5. Specimens
of twigs with buds attacked by it (2) ; 6. Sketch of ditto.

This was first observed by Dujardin (Ann. des Soc. Nat. 1851).
It is also not improbable that it is the same as Dr. Amerling’s

Calycophthora avellanz, of which Kaltenbach says :—“ This mite,

according to the observations of Dr. Amerling, M. Kirchner, and

ourselves, deforms the leaf buds into cone-shaped scaly galls,
which fade early, and never unfold or produce fruit.” The buds
here are swollen and rounded.

PHYTOPTUS PERSICZ.—%. Sketch of twig attacked by this species.

At Montreuil, near Paris, which is celebrated for its cultivation
of peaches, the peach trees are at times attacked by a disease,
which is known there by the name of “the miller” (le meunier).
The disease consists of a sort of white dust, which covers all the
peach trees. In 1851 M. Guerin Meneville pointed out (Ann.

GALL MITES. 355

=a Soc. Ent. France) that this° was probably due to imnuimerable

Nos.

8—II.

quantities of the larvee of a mite, which, from his description, can
be no other than a Phytoptus. ‘The dust is probably the exuviz,
or cast skins of the vast numbers of this mite.

PHYTOPTUS RIBIS (Westw., Gard. Chron. 1869).—8. Specimens of currant
buds attacked by ; 9. Sketch of ditto; 10. Magnified sketch of first
stage of mite ; 11. Magnified sketch of next stage.

For some years past the currant bushes in England and appa- .
rently still more in Scotland, have suffered much from the de-

Currant buds attacked by Phytoptus ribis.

struction of the immature buds by this species. It is found in
hundreds in the buds in spring between the young leafiets that
overlap each other, feeding on the sap in them, and causing the
buds to shrivel up, thus destroying the future flower or branch.
One of the few points beyond the above that we know of their
economy, viz., that they are already present in the month of
November in the buds forming for next year’s crop, suggests close
and severe pruning as a likely means of destroying, and, if not
extirpating, at least diminishing this pest.
Z2

CASE
XVI.

Nos.

r2—16.

Nos.

ay 23.

356 ARACHNOIDEA.

Section II.—SprEcires LIVING IN GALLS.

PHYTOPTUS TILI4, which produces the lime-leaf nail-gall (Ceratoneon ex-
tensum, Bremi).—12. Specimen of leaf bearing these galls ; 18. Sketch
of ditto; 14, Magnified sketch of galls; 15. Magnified section of gall,
showing the interior full of hairs; 16. Magnified figure of the mite,
copied from Dujardin’s figure.

We have already given a figure of this gall and its maker in
illustration of our general remarks. ‘The gall is green when young
and then becomes yellowish, and passes successively through red,
crimson, purple, into brown. This gall also occurs on the Tilia:
argentea. There are two or three other mite galls that occur on
the leaf of the common lime tree or its allies on the Continent, and
may, perhaps, also be found in this country. One is a yellow, red
hairy, half-cone-shaped gall, which appears in the angles between
the ribs; very rarely elsewhere. On a section being made, it is
found to be divided into two, forming a double-roomed house.
Another one, very like this, but dark coloured, is also described

There is a fourth species named Legnon crispum by Bremi, which:
makes a marginal swelling on the leaf; a fifth, which we shall calk

Bract of Tilia parvifolia with margin of leaf rolied t in py Ebytopbisit tiliarius
Copied froin figure by

Phytoptus tiliartus, makes knotty, curled-in margins on the bracts.
of the flower of Tilia parvifolia ; and a sixth (Phyllerium tiliaceum,
Pers.) which makes little lumps on the under side of the leaf.

PHYTOPTUS ACERIS (Volvulifex aceris, Amerling, which produces Ceratoneon:
vulgare, Bremz, on the leaf of the sycamore).—17. Sycamore leaf bear-
ing galls of ditto ; 18. Sketch of ditto ; 19. Sketch of leaf of variegated’
sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus, var. Leopolan, bearing galls of ditto ;.
20. Specimen of ditto; 21. Leaf of sycamore bearing galls on under
side, showing the woolly entrance to the gall; 22. Sketch of ditto ;.
23. Magnified section of gall of ditto.

CASE
aVI.

GALL MITES. 357

The remarks which we have made as to the extreme rarity of
the occasions on which the Phytopti have been observed inside
the lime nail-gall apply equally to this gall. Very few people
have seen them in it; but still they have been observed. The
appearance of the gall on the leaf, and a magnified section of the
gall (full of hairs) is shown in the woodcuts. ‘The colour of .the
gall is bright red carmine or even purple, and when it grows on

&
‘
<
N
\
\

Volvulifex aceris produced by Phytoptus, Section of gall of Volvulifex
aceris.

the variegated sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus, var. Leopoldi),
the contrast of the bright carmine galls with the pale yellow leaf
is very beautiful and attractive. The Phytopti that are found in
these galls are yellowish-white.

PHYTOPTUS MYRIADEUM (Cephaloneon myriadeum, Bremi).—24, Specimen
of leaves of common maple covered with these galls; 25. Sketch of
ditto.

These have usually been considered the same as the preceding
gall on the sycamore; but we have little doubt that it is Bremi’s
species above named, with which it agrees.

358 ARACHNOIDEA.

CASE There is another mite gall which is found on the sycamore
"and various maples. It produces cottony clusters of hairs on

ip phe T

Lilly rae’ Se
AS

—S>=

‘4
4 ry Ve SY Ss
CUS 2 4- l f~F——E

i ESS

Cepkaloneon myriadeum on maple leaf.

the underside of the leaf, and has been named by the older
botanists, Erineum acerinum, Pers. ‘The mite that produces it
is whitish. Erineum purpurascens is considered by Herr Low >
to be distinct from this; Kaltenbach and others think it the
same. Another species, named by Bremi Cephaloneon solitarium,
is described as growing on the upper side of the leaf in the angles
of the ribs.

oat PHYTOPTUS PyRI (Typhlodromus pyri, Scheuten).—1. Sketch of leaf of pear
Nos. tree bearing galls of ditto; 2. Specimens of ditto ; 38. Magnified section
I—5. of gall of ditto ; 4. Magnified sketch of Phytoptus, the supposed larva
of Typhlodromus pyri, copied from Scheuten’s figure; 5. Magnified
sketch of a Gamasus, supposed by Scheuten to be the perfect form of

Typhlodromus pyri.

This is a common affection on the leaves of the pear tree in

GALL MITES, 359

PASE this country. It is also common on the Continent. Kaltenbach

in his Pflanzenfeinde tells us that, according to Kirchner,: the
mite lives on the small yellow shining young leaves, where they
cause red swollen places, which later on become dark red and

Ge y a (4 y

j ty
-s

Pear leaf with galls produced by Typhlodromus pyri. Section of gall of ditto,

black. On the under-side of the leaf a small hole can be
seen with a lens in each of the swellings through which the
old mites go in and out. When one cuts through one of
these swellings horizontally, the cellular tissue seems to be
loosened yellowish and blackish, and between and under the
loosened part are found the eggs and mites. We have already
given a figure of the latter in speaking of M. Scheuten’s
observations.

PHYTOPTUS ATTENUATUS (Ceratoneon attenuatum, Bye ?).—6. Leaves of
sloe tree bearing galls of ditto; 7. Sketch thereof.

This is perhaps the same species as the following, which is
entitled to precedence as first described. The gall however is

360 ARACHNOIDEA.

CASE smaller, appears more confined to the margin of the leaf than in
"the plum tree, and is more aggregated and velvety.

S . e > = SSA 5 tl
SS “Gia,
—— = US DESO DS ao

Ceratoneon attenuatum on leaves of sloe Section of gall on sloe leaf.

Bee PHYTOPTUS PRUNI (Voivulifex pruni, Amerl.; Cephaloneon pruni, Bremz ;
; Bursifex pruni, Amer.).—8. Leaves of plum tree bearing galls of ditto;
9. Sketch thereof ; 10. Magnified section of gall of ditto, showing in-

terior filled with hairs and no mites.

These are galls like purses, made by Phytopti on the under
side of the leaves of the plum tree; there soon appears on the
upper side little purses or club-shaped galls of the size of a hemp
seed, on the outside of which grow Phyllerium and Erineum-like
white hairs. The top of the gall is red in the beginning; later
it becomes chestnut brown. This Acarocecidium is usually found
on the second or third leaf of the twig. Dr. Amerling (“Ges.
Aufsatze,” p. 159) noticed these galls in Bohemia, but took the
gall mites found in them for larve of a mite, which he named

Bursifex pruni. (See also ‘* Dr. Thomas, l. c. 23, Bd., TOGG) Pp. Goes
No. 2.”)

GALL MITES. 361

*
c BSE Its appearance is shown in the woodcut. It is common in this

c
x
| country on the plum tree. In Bohemia Drs. Amerling and

Twig of plum tree with galls of Volvulifex pruni. Leaf of plum tree with galls of Volvulifex pruni.

Kirchner thought that it only appeared there on those trees that
were growing old; but there is no such restriction in this country.

It is already formed in the month of May, and afterwards becomes
harder

Nos. PHYTOPTUS SALICIS.—11. Leaves of sallow, tree bearing galls of ditto;
— 12. Sketch of ditto ; 18. Magnified sketch of leaves with ditto; 14.
Magnified section of gall ; 15. Magnified figure of insect.

The insect in this case is exactly like those found in other galls
of this kind, but is not yellowish-white, but a distinct yellowish
orange colour, although still pale. The woodcut on page 337
represents the appearance of the leaves when attacked, and a
magnified section of the gall itself, This is one of the galls that
we have found swarming with the mites, and then there were no
hairs or cottony matter growing inside, although appearances of
its having grown.

CASE
XVII.

362 ARACHNOIDEA.

Many other Phytopti, which are as yet desiderata in the collec-

tion, have been described as occurring on the Continent, mest of —

which are no doubt also found in Britain. We may note one or
two of the more important of these.

ON THE APPLE TREE.
ERINEUM MALI, Azz.

This causes hairy spots on apple leaves, described as a crypto-
gamic growth by the earlier botanists. In these, where the hairs
spring, the larvee of the mites are distinctly to be seen.

TYPHLODROMUS MALI, Am.

Dr. Amerling found this on the young leaves of the apple tree,

in the orchards at Prague. May it not be same as T. pyri?

ON THE PEAR TREE.
VOLVELLINA MARGINALIS, A772.
Of this Amerling says, the larvee move about the edge of pear
leaves that are just opening from the buds.
PHYTOPTUS SP.
A flat pustule, like galls in the parenchyma of the leaf, such as
those on the leaves of Sorbus torminalis.

PHYTOPTUS Sp.

The edges of the leaves rolled up sometimes all round the leaf.

This rolling has more than one round, is very thick and firmly
rolled ; the inside quite smooth and shining, the outside somewhat
lighter coloured than the leaf, and are for the greater part found
on the first leaf in the shoot. It harbours the Phytoptus in small
numbers ; it is white at first, and then becomes red.

ON CYDONIA VULGARIS.

ERINEUM AUCUPARIA, Kzzz¢.
Flat pustules, like galls in the parenchyma of the leaves, which
are often like those on the leaves of Pyrus and Sorbus. The
entrance to this gall is, as usual, on the under side of the leaf;

GALL MITES. } 363

SE only on leaves such as those of Cydonia and Sorbus, which have

a very felt-like underside, have they been found on the upper.
The old botanists described these lea. pustules also under the
name of Erineum (E. pyrinum, Pers., and E. torminalis, Fée).

ON THE THORN.

ERINEUM OXYACANTHA, Am.

Every here and there the edge of the leaf is turned up; under-
neath it is of a greenish yellow colour. These turned up parts
are full of Erimeum rust, in which lives a transparent whitish,
conical cylindrical mite, 4 of a millimetre in length. The mites
appear in May. Besides the thickened edges, they form light-
brown egg-shaped bells, and club-like galls.

ON THE PLUM.
CECYDOPTES PRUNI, 472.

This, according to Dr. L. Kirchner, produces galls on the young
twigs of the plum tree. Dr. Amerling discovered them at Prague,
and although they usually only appear on trees that are growing
old, and whose death is approaching, Dr. Kirchner has besides
noticed them on young and healthy plants, whose death they
cause.

ON THE VINE.
PHYLLERIUM VITIS, /7.

This was well known to the earlier botanists. It consists of
warty simple or divided transparent spots, scattered over the under
side of the leaves of the vine. It may very possibly have in some
instances been confounded with the work of Phylloxera vastatrix.
The mites that produce it are so small that they can only be seen
by means of a strong magnifying glass. They are fully described
by Von Landois, to whose papers we have already referred.

A peculiarity in regard to the appearance of this Phyllertum
was noticed every year in succession in the botanical garden at

CASE
XVII.

364 ARACHNOIDEA.

Vienna, in which large old plants of Vitis vinifera, L., V. vinifera,
var. Vesuviana, from Vesuvius; var. Alexandrina, from North
Africa; var. Lacrima Christi, from Naples; var. Carinthiaca,
from Armenia and Taurus; and vars. Arizonica, Eng. estivalis,
Mich. and cordifolia, Mich., from North America, were trained
in espalier on a wall. Of these the Vitis cordifolia, V. vinifera,
var. Alexandrina, and var. Lacrima Christi, were not touched by
gall mites, whilst the leaves of ali the rest were every year
covered with Phyllerium spots.

ON THE ASH.

The so-called clusters of the ash. They are the monstrous
deformed styles of the flower, which gather into a ball, brownish
green at the beginning, later on a dark brown, causing rough
masses on the upper part, which have on the outside a great
similarity to fragments of the upper part of a cauliflower. Its
upper side is clothed, as it were, with colourless hair cloth, froin
which come stick-like hairs. ‘They are solid, without any hollow
space, and, in a drv state so hard, that they can be sawn and cut
like wood.

It was until now unknown frorn whence these Cecidiums derived
their origin. The circumstance that they were always found on
the same trees and boughs left very little doubt of the gall mites -
being the author of them, but still certainty was wanted. Herr
Low’s researches have now shown that gall mites cause these
clusters, and live in great numbers in them. ‘They are almost as
clear as glass, and the smallest animals of this family, inasmuch
they cannot be seen even with a strong glass. But if a gall is
washed in water and examined with the microscope the living
mites will be found in the sediment in considerable numbers.

ON THE MULBERRY.

TRICHOXYREUS, SP., Am.

Dr. Amerling discovered upon the mulberry.a new kind of mite,

re
&
i

§
4
é
hb

GALL MITES. 365

ASE of which the larve break down the hairy covering of the leaves,

and the cells become yellow and scarred through the sucking out
ef the leaves.

On THE ELM.

PHYTOPTUS, Spr.

G. V. Frauenfeld (“ Verh. and zool. bot. Ges. Wien., 186s,

_ p. 897”) without indicating where it was found, described small

green, very solid leaf-galls, which stand out like pegs on the upper
and under side of the leaves. Very often they are found singly
on the first leaf of the shoot, most numerously on the second and
third leaves.

PHYTOPTUS, SP.

Globular purse-shaped galls, pale green in colour, with rather
coarse hairs, and very thin walls from 14 to 2 millimétres in thick-
ness. ‘They are scattered often in great numbers over the upper
side of the leaf, The walls are so thin, that the slightest touch
leaves an impression, and they can best be compared to a bubble
that has not been completely blown. ‘The inside is bare and
shining. The entrance to the gall on the under side projects
scarcely or not at all beyond the surface of the leaf, and is closed
by a loose white Erineum, which is also continued in the gall
stalks. The small number of gall mites in it are light brown.
This Acarocecidium is occasionally found on the first, but, as a
rule, principally on the second leaf of the shoot.

ON THE ALDER.
ERINEUM ALNEUM, /£e75.
Most frequent on the under side, very seldom on the upper side
of the leaf. The gall mite living in it is transparent white.
CEPHALONEON PUSTULATUM, Lremi.

Upon the upper side of the leaf. In spring, shortly after the

CASE
XVII.

366 ARACHNOIDEA.

buds of the alder unfold, one can see on the still tender leaves
already the beginning of these Cephaloneons. It shows as a
small round yellow little spot, which has in the middle a green
point. On every such spot a gall developes itself in a short time,
so that by the middle of May it is already one millimétre in size
in which at that time is to be found two to four brownish white
Phytopti, 3 of a millimetre in length.

PHYTOPTUS SP.

This species produces blisters of the upper side of the leaf, in
the angles of the nerves on both sides of the middle nerve,
harbouring a pale honey-coloured cylindrical mite, 4 of a milli-
metre in length.

It frequently happens that the three above-mentioned mite
galls are found on one and the same leaf. Besides these there
1S :—

PHYLLERIUM ALNIGENUM, Lz.

On the under side of the leaf of Alnus incana.

ON THE BircH TREE
ERINEUM BETULINUM, Schum.
Very short, spherical, and thickened at the end, like white trans-
parent pegs placed here and there over the surface of the leaves
and leaf-stalk, which appears, to the naked eye, to be strewn over
with fine white morsels of quartz. The Phytoptus belonging to
it is one-sixth of a millimétre long, and transparent white.

ON THE HoRNBEAM.
PHYTOPTUS SP.

This species forms crumpled foldings of the ribs of the under
side of the leaf, which, according to Frauenfeld, contain no hairy
formation. In May a yellowish Phytoptus is to be found in
them scarcely one-eighth of a millimétre in length, with two com:

GALLE MITES. 367

SR paratively long bristles at the back. V. Frauenfeld states that he
~ found this Phytoptus at the end of July and August of a reddish-
brown colour.

ERINEUM PULCHELLUM, Sch/, ?

Oblong, bare, stool-like dots, more or less raised, on the upper
side of the leaf and up in the angles of the rib, and along the mid
rib of the leaves, like those already mentioned on the leaves of
the alder. ‘They are occasionally but seldom found by themselves
on the side of the leaf near the edge between the leaf nerves.
They are to be found on the first leaves of the young shoots, are
darker coloured than ‘the leaf, and filled inside with a long brownish
Erineum, which consists of worm-shaped short hairs, harbouring
brownish mites it no great numbers.

PHYTOPTUS CARPINI, Am.
This occurs on the side-rib of a leaf, in a fold between which
the larvze live, oftenin thousands. ‘This is probably the Phytoptus
carpint of Frauenfeld (Kirchner).

MALOTRICHUS CARPINI, Ay.

This mite is found on the underside of the leaves in the axil of
the leaf nerve, and causes there a hairy cushion-like formation.

VOLVULIFEX RHODIZANS, Am.
Another kind of mite gall appearing on the upper side of the
leaves of the Hornbeam, like purses, with carmine-red and rose:
red hairs.

ON THE WILLOW.
PHYTOPTUS SP.

Narrow rollings of the edge of the leaf upwards, which resemble
those’which occur sometimes on the leaves of the pear tree.
They extend always only on a short part of the edge of the leaf,

CASE
XVII.

368 ARACHNOIDEA.

do not change colour, are quite loosely rolled in the spring, later
on harden, and become firm and brittle. Inside there is an
abnormal hairy lining; the gall mites living there are of a yellow-
ish colour. |

PHYTOPTUS SP.

Pouch-like deformities on a small part of the edge of the leaf
of Salix alba, L. The edge of the leaf is for a short extent much
drawn out, then much turned up, through which a closed, some-
what swollen pouch appears, which almost always stands on the
edge of the leaf, often projecting far over it, rather cartilaginously
thickened, wrinkled on the upper side, and usually of a light green
colour. This pouch, many of which appear on one leaf, have a
very scanty lining of hair, and contain reddish gall mites in small
numbers.

PHYTOPTUS SP.

Dr. Thomas described (1. c. 33, Bd. 1869, p. 332, No. 5) similar
galls on the leaves of Salix fragilis, L. in the herbarium of Professor
A. Braun, which were otherwise furnished inside from those de-
scribed above, therefore not entirely agreeing with them ; they had
been before met with and were described (1. c. 39 Bd. 1872, 465,)
by him in the Swiss Alps on Salix herbacea, L., from # to 14
millimetres in size.

On THE POPLAR.
HELIACZEUS POPULI, A7zrch.

This is one of the mites observed by Dr. Leop. Kirchner: it
appears at the petiole, close under the base of the leaf; orange-
coloured, of the size of a lentil, with small red wart-shaped galls
on Populus tremula.

BATONEUS POPULI, A77ch.

These mites are said to be gregarious, living in many-chambered

GALL MITES. 369

“ greenish-red galls, from the size of a hazel nut to that of a man’s

fist, on the ground, on the rootlets, and also under the earth, on
Populus tremula. This certainly looks much liker the work of
some other insect than a mite; but one can hardly suppose Dr.
Kirchner to have made a mistake of that kind.

PuytTortus Sp.

According to Kaltenbach, this little white mite is invisible to
the unaided eye. It lives on the straggling bushes of the aspen.
It makes its appearance early; even when the swelling leat
buds throw off their scales and the young twigs with the tender
little leaves appear, the numerous mites aiready begin their attack.
They appear on the young twigs, fear the axil, then suck the un-
folding little leaves at the edge, which thereby get a thickened,
crinkled, somewhat rolled-up edge. At last, they lay hold of the
surface of the leaf and stop the development. The normal young
twigs so encumbered form numerous roundish wrinkled balls, until
the leaf is deformed past recognition. They are very crowded
round the shortened axil part. .

Kaltenbach found these striking monstrosities in the beginning
of July on a hedge in a meadow, in a light situation, and by sub-
sequent research noticed also the small originator of the deforma-
tion, besides single immature, wingless plant-lice on the healthy
leaves of the twigs and between the head of the leaves crawling
about, which, he says, had certainly no share in causing the mal-
formation.

ERINEUM POPULINUM, £ers.

Flat, pale green (4—10 of a millimetre long and 2—4 broad),
elevations of the upper surface of the leaf, the underside filled
with an extremely short Erineum, yellowish in the beginning, later
of a browner colour, harbouring a Phytoptus 4th of a millimetre
in length, rather conical, and reddish. Found on the aspen, but

not in large numbers.
AA

CASE
XVII.

370 ARACHNOIDEA.

PuyTOPTus SP.

This causes a deformity of some of the lateral twigs and leaves
of the aspen, at the beginning of a reddish colour, later, however, —
spotted with black, very striking, even at a distance. Dr. Thomas
(I. c. 33, Bd. 1869, p. 341, Anm. 17) calls them remarkable rollings
and crinklings of the leaf. Such lateral twigs are shortened, the
leaf-stalk extraordinarily drawn near to one another, and the
leaves wrinkled beyond recognition, the edges in various ways,
either turned up, wrinkled, or rolled back to the middle of the
leaf. On many of these deformed lateral twigs, which are often
pyramid-shaped, one or more normal leaves may be found at
the base ; however, almost all the leaves on such a lateral twig
are attacked. This bare Acarocecidium is full of numerous
Phytopti.

ON THE WALNUT.

PHYTOPTUS SP.

Numerous brownish-red galls, about one millimetre in diameter,
are scattered in the parenchyma of the leaves, and project on
both sides ; beneath they are somewhat more wart-shaped, so that
their height is about 14 millimetre. The outside is not hairy,
rather rough, and uneven, the inside is filled with loose parenchy-
matic cellular tissue, in which a gall mite lives in astonishingly —
large numbers. ‘The entrance to the gall is on the underside bare
and narrow. The Phytoptus which lives in this gall measures
about one-sixth of a millimetre, and is either of a brownish or
yellowish colour.

ERINEUM JUGLANDINUM, fers. (Erineum juglandis Ug. Phyllerium juglandis,
Schleich).

Oblong, the surface of the leaf strongly raised between the side
nerves, underneath a short first white, then brown, Erineum, in
which the gall mites live.

GALL MITES. a, een

On THE Horse CHESTNUT.
ERINEUM SCULI, Zuzd/. (Phyllerium axillare, O7zz.)
Small, brown, roundish, oblong tufts of hair on the underside
of the leaves, in the angles of the nerves. Kirchner described
_ these tufts of hair (“ Lotos,” 1863, p. 47), but took the gall mites
found in them to be the larvee of a mite which he called Phyllereus

hippocastani.
ON THE OAK.
ERINEUM QUERCINUM, Pers.

On the leaves of the Turkey oak. Round or oblong, more or
less raised portions of the surface of the leaf, of very various thick-
ness, and on different places on the leaf, of the same colour as it,
or, when older, somewhat yellow or brownish colour. They are
to be found on the first leaf of the twig, and are inside, that is to
say underneath, filled with a moderately long but thick growth of
hair, white at first, then reddish brown, out of which come five
different kinds of hair, long, curled, pointed, awl-shaped, and
‘short thick sausage or club-shaped. In rare cases, little spots
of this hairy growth are found on the upper side, without the
remarkable raising up underneath on the leaf stalk. On search-
ing this deformity, its author was found to be Phytopti, which
were here almost of one thickness, cylindrical, and of a pale
wine yellow colour. The Erineum quercinum, /ers., therefore,
belongs, like all the other Phylleriacia that have been examined,
to the gall mites. It is confined to Quercus cerris ; for trees of
Quercus cerris, L. pedunculata, Z/7r., and sessiliflora, Sw., were
_ growing close to one another, and this Acarocecidium was only to

be found on Quercus cerris.

ON THE BEECH.
PHYTOPTUS SP.
Galls resembling little brown tufts of hair in the angles of the

ribs, on the underside of the leaf, lke those which have been
AA2

CASE
XVII,

372 ARACHNOIDEA.

described on the maple and horse chestnut. They consist of
long pointed hairs, which agree with the normal hairs of the
bearded angles of the leaf nerves in appearance and colour.
Upon the upper side of the leaf a scarcely perceptible raising of
the lamina shows the presence of such hair tufts. Dr. Low
found Phytopti in these.

LEGNON CIRCUMSCRIPTUM, Sremz.

A very narrow rolling of the edge of the leaf on the upper side,
almost all the way round. It begins in May, when the leaves of
the beech are still tender and long, and deeply notched at the
edge. Through the rolling up of the edges, the notches are rolled
in with it, and these are the only vegetable contents of the roll,
which soon appears thickened and cartilaginous.

ON THE Sconce 4m:

PHYTOPTUS SP.

These are bark galls described by Von Hartig (“Forstl.
Conversat.,” Lex. IL, Aufl. 1836, p. 737), which are filled with
exceedingly numerous gall mites. They are dirty white, almost
equally thick and cylindrical, + millimetre long, having a remark-
ably long snout, out of which they can stretch the piercing
apparatus far.

On CLOVER AND OTHER PAPILIONACEOUS PLANTS:
VOLVELLA CORONILLA, Am.

The larvee of these mites live between the close clapped pinne,
and by these means, the little misformed leaves get a pod-like
appearance. Kaltenbach states that he has noticed similar de-
formations, in consequence of the sucking mites, in Vicia sepium,
and Trifolium repens.

_GALL MITES. 373

ON THE COMMON STRAWBERRY.

PHYTOPTUS SP.

By this species spherical short and thickly-haired purple red
galls, at the most 13 millimetre in size, are produced in such
numbers on the upper side of the leaf, that the whole surface of
the leaf seems to be covered with them. The entrance to the
gall on the underside is small and somewhat hairy. Inside are
some single scattered short pegs, no doubt remains of hairs, but
with no actual hairs. The gall mite living in it is yellowish.

On SALVIA PRATENSIS.

PHYTOPTUS SP.

Kaltenbach mentions that in the middle of July he found galls
on the lower leaves of Sylvia pratensis, which appeared sometimes
as simple, sometimes as groups of galls. They appeared both on
the upper side of the leaf, and on the edge. The gall is puckered,
uneven, and very convex, and the under aperture is covered with
white felt. Of mites, he says that he only found one small larva
between the inner hairy coverings.

Frauenfeld, in 1865, in the “ Verhandl. Zoi. Lot. Gesellsth in
Wien,” describes the following additional species, viz., Phytoptus
granulatus, campestricola, and euonymi. And in the same
journal, in 1869, vol. xix., a species found on Bromus erectus.

Thomas gives an account of the mischief done by different
' species in Switzerland (1869 and 1871).

In America, Dr. Shimer found what was obviously a Phytoptus
on the leaves of the white maple, and made a new genus for it,
which he called Vasatis.

Another aid to the study of these gall-making mites remains to
_ ‘be tendered. Many cryptogamic growths on leaves are so like
the work of insects, that those who are unacquainted with them
are very apt to be deceived by them. We have constantly such

CASE
XVII.

Wo. 16.

Nos.
17, 18.

Nos.
319, 20.

Wos.
21—24.

374 ARACHNOIDEA.

specimens sent to us to know what insect has done the mischief
We have therefore appended two or three examples of these at the
termination of the mite galls, and it may be advisable at some
future time to display a larger collection of them. In the mean-
time,.the following will serve to put the student on his guard.

ERINEUM TILIA‘,—16. Specimen on leaf ofslime tree.

A small woolly patch in the corners between the ribs on the
underside of the leaf of the lime tree. It is somewhat like the
work of Phylloxera vastatrix on the underside of the vine leaf. It
does not appear, however, to be the work of an insect ; nor is it
a fungus, but is merely an instance of hypertrophy, or overgrowth
on the leaf.

ZECIDIUM ABIETINUM.—17. Specimen of leaf:of- Abies Cephalonica, bearing
open cells of Acidium on its underside ; 18, Magnified sketch of ditto.
This is a fungoid growth, which occasionally occurs on the
leaves of fir trees.

RESTELIA LACERATA.—19. Hawthorn leaf, with cells of Reestelia laceratw
upon it ; 20, Magnified sketch of ditto.

This is another fungoid growth, and looks like a congregation .
of the cells of a Zoophyte. It is confined to the hawthorn, and 1s
not uncommon on its leaves.

RGSTELIA CANCELLATA.—21. Specimens of pear leaves, showing first stage
of growth of this fungus, making the leaves look beautifully mottied
with orange, 22. Sketch of ditto ; 28. Leaves of ditto, showing second
stage of growth, as seen on the upper side ; 24, Ditto on showing ditto.
from the underside.

The illustrations in the case show the different appearance of
the pear leaves at the different stages of growth of this fungus. It
is said to be another form of Podisoma sabinz, which is found in
orange-coloured jelly-like masses on Juniperus sabina.

DICE 375

ANOPLURA (Lice).

The natural transition from the Acari or mites, is to the
Anoplura or lice. The step, however, isa wide one. It is from
the spiders to the true insects, from the eight-legged to the six_
legged class, and a good deal of the apparent affinity or similarity
of habit between the two is not real affinity, but mere coincidence
in power and place of annoyance. Entomologists have felt diffi-
culty in deciding to what class of insects the lice most nearly
belong, and the majority have placed them apart as an indepen-
dent order. Theoretically, we prefer the views of those who place
them among the Hemiptera or Bugs, although practically it is
more convenient to treat them as one of the sections of the
Aptera. Like the bugs, they have no true metamorphosis, and
the points on which they differ are all capable of reconciliation
with affinity with them. They have no wings ; but the females of
the scale insects (which are Hemiptera) are also wingless ; one
difficulty which has puzzled some is, that those lice that feed on
the blood of animals have, as is most fit they should, a sucking
apparatus instead of jaws or mandibles, while those that feed on
feathers or hair have mandibles, so that systematists, of whom we
speak, have been driven to break up the order into two, and carry
the sections with different feeding apparatus into different orders
standing wide apart. It is well known, however, that all the
parts of the mouth of an insect, whether they be adapted for

cutting, grinding, biting, or sucking, are all modifications of the

same parts. We therefore are not influenced by this adaptation
of structure to purpose to separate insects which in all other
respects are so obviously closely related to each other. We take |
the biting species as exceptional deviations for the sucking ones.
These insects are parasitic on vertebrate animals, to which they
are confined. As just said they consist of two groups, one of
which (Mallophaga), feeds on the hair and feathers of the animals
on which they live, for which purpose they are provided with

CASE
XVII.

Nos,
I—3,

376 ANOPLURA.

mandibles, and are principally, although not entirely, confined to
birds. The other (Hematopina) subsists on the blood of the
animals they infest, for which purpose they have the usual sucking
apparatus of the Hemiptera. These are restricted to mammals.
We left off the parasitic mites at the feather-eating species, and

we naturally commence the lice with the species having similar

habits.

For the most part these insects have two simple eyes, but some-
times, as in Gyropus, they are without any. The antennz vary
even in the same genus, but the tarsi and claws are constant, and
furnish the best characters for dividing the family into groups.
We have accordingly given figures of the different variations in
these.

Family MALLOPHAGA (Feather and Hair Eaters).

The name of this section was given to it by Nitzsch with.

reference to their food, and is derived from the Greek word uadXos,
a fleece, and ayo, I eat. It has been subdivided into several
genera depending upon the form of the ae, and the number
of joints composing them, &c.

Sub-family LioTHEIDZ (Buzm),

Antenne four-jointed, mouth with strong mandibles. This sub-

family is divided into two sections ; the one with one claw to the

tarsi (genus Gyropus—the louse of the guinea pig), and the other

with two claws, containing among others the following, viz. :—

Genus MENnopon (WVitzsch).

Head semilunar or trapezoidal. No deep sinuosity on the
tateral margin.

MENGPON PALLIDUM (Witzesch).—1. Specimen ot ditto; 2. Enlarged figure ot
ditto ; 3. Illustrative vignette (cocks and hens).

‘ Ly snelee
Domestic poultry seem to have more than their fair share of

BIRD LICE. 377

annoyance from parasites. We have seen how they suffer from the
_ Dermanyssus avium, the Argas reflexus, the Sarcoptes mutans,
__ probably from Dermaleichi also, and now we find that they have

Menopon pallidum (from the fowl).* 3 to # ofa line in length,

a disproportionate allowance of lice, no less than five species
being allotted to them. ‘This is the first and commonest.of the
five, and few fowls are to be found free from them. Indeed they
often swarm among the feathers to such a degree, that the hands
of those that rear them cannot be kept free from them when the
fowls are plucked or even lifted up. They cling very tightly, and
are not easily brushed away, as their bodies are smoothly polished
and offer scarcely any resistance.

MENOPON PERDRICIS (Denny).—4 Specimens; 5, Enlarged figure of ditto ;
6. Illustrative vignette (partridge),

infests the partride, but specimens are also taken on the
pheasant.

MENOPON FULVO MACULATUM (Denny).—. Specimens ; 8. Enlarged figure ©
of ditto; 9. Illustrative vignette (quail).
Infests the quail.

* Where not otherwise stated the figures of Anopiura are copied or reduced

from the magnified figures in Denny’s Anoplura. m

378 ANOPLURA.

CASE
ee Genus TRINOTON (LVéfzsch).
Head triangularly rounded, with a deep sinuosity on lateral

margin.

Nos. TRINOTON LURIDUM (MVitzsch).—10. Specimens ; 11. Enlarged figure of ditto ;
ch a 12. Illustrative vignette (ducks).

‘Trinoton luridum, from the duck. Anterior leg of ditto.
2 lines in length.

Infests various wild ducks, besides the domestic species.

Sub-family PTILOPTERIDZ (Lurm.).

Antennz five-jointed ; mouth with strong mandibles.

Genus DocopHorus (iVitzsch).

The most notable character by which this genus is distinguished
is a small movable projection or tooth called a trabecula in front
of the antennz, as shown in the woodcut.
The only other genus in which this occurs
is Nirmus (which has so many other points
of coincidence with Docophorus that we

should prefer their being consolidated into

Head of D horus isig- ° >
natus (from the carrioncrow), One genus); in Nirmus the trabeculz are

to show the trabeculz.

sometimes, but not always, present ; but when
present they are very small and rigid. Nearly all the species of

-
oe
a

BIRD LICE. 379

ac E Docophorus are characterised by two dark-coloured lines, which
pass diagonally from the trabeculz to the occiput, and by the
segments of the abdomen having a dark-coloured triangular or
oblong patch on each side, which very rarely meet in the
centre.

DOCOPHORUS ICTERODES (/Viézsch).

Common on ducks, geese, teal, &c.

‘Genus Nirmus (JVitzsch).

Distinguished from Docophorus by the ab-
sence of trabecule, or, if they are present, by
their small size and immobility. Mr. Denny,

7 however, admits that while these are admirable

. : - : : Docophorus icterodes
2 diagnostic signs for the extreme species at the (from the duck, goose,
: &c.). 4 line in length.

opposite ends of the line, still there are some

which have minute trabeculze which belong to the debatable
ground between the two genera, and that it is extremely difficult
to decide to which genus these should be referred.

com NIRMUS CAMERATUS (WVifzsch).—18. Specimens; 14. Enlarged figure of ditto ;.
15. Illustrative vignette (black cock and grey hens).

Infests the black cock and grouse.

ie NIRMUS CLAVIFORMIS.—16. Specimens ; 17. Enlarged
; figure of ditto; 18. Illustrative vignette (carrier

pigeon).

Infests pigeons.

Genus GontocoTes (Burm.).
Nirmus claviformis ( rom

f hing i X 3
Head large; posterior margin triangular on et ae
each side ; abdomen broad, no trabeculz.

380 ANOPL URA,

GONIOCOTES HOLOGASTER (Aitzsch).—19. Speci-
mens ; 20. Enlarged figure of ditto; 21. Ilus-
trative vignette (fowl dusting itself).

Infests the domestic fowl. The subject
of the vignette, a fowl dusting itself, is an

alleviative of nature against vermin, adopted
by the bird to dislodge and shake them

Goniocotes hologaster (from the ff
domestic fowl). ii]ine inlength. Olt.

Genus GonropEs (itzsch).

Head large; temporal angles prominent and acute; antennze
in males cheliform; no trabeculz ; abdomen very broad and flat.

GONIODES FALCICORNIS (Vitzsch).—22. Specimen
of the young insect ; 28. Enlarged figure of
ditto; 24. Specimens of the mature insect ;
25. Enlarged figure of ditto; 26. Illustrative
vignette (peacock).

Infests the peacock. The young differs
considerably from the full-grown insect.

Nos. me GONIODES STYLIFER (WVitzsch).—27. Specimens ; 28.
ae Goniodes falcicornis (mature).
re 1} to 2 lines in length. Enlarged figure of ditto ; 29. Illustrative vig-
nette (turkey).

Infests the turkey.

Sha GonropEs NUMIDIANUS (Denny).—80. Specimens ; 31. Enlarged figure of
ditto ; $2. Illustrative vignette (guinea fowl).

Infests the guinea fowl.
Nos. GONIODES CoLcHIcI (Denny).—83. Specimens ; 34. Enlarged figure of ditto ;
ee: 35. Illustrative vignette (pheasant).

Infests the pheasant.

IMRD? LICE. 331

ONIODES DISSIMILIS (/Vitzsch).—38. Specimens ; £7. Enlarged figure of
ditto ; 38. Illustrative vignette (domestic cock). )

Goniodes dissimilis (from the domestic fow!). Anterior leg of ditto,
1% line in length.

On the domestic fowl ; not common.

GONIODES TELRAONIS (Dezzy).—389. Specimens ;
40. Enlarged figure of ditto; 41. Illustrative
vignette (grouse).

Common both on the black cock and
grouse. ‘This is the insect that sometimes,
especially in bad seasons, does so much
eeeroetie young grouse when they are Gonicdes tetraonis (from the
feeble and unhealthy.

Genus Lipeurus (iVitzsch).

Body long and slender, and legs usually very long. It has in
the antenne of the male a little of the
character of Goniodes, the third joint being
slightly recurved. The greater breadth a
of that genus, however, with its large and -
emarginate head and more pronounced Antenne of male Tipenmns, to show
antennee, readily distinguish them.

LIPEURUS STELLARIS (Denny).—42. Specimens; 48. Enlarged figure of ditto;
44, Illustrative vignette (pigeons). _

Infests pigeons (rock dove, stock dove, and turtle dove).

Nos.
.48—50.

Nos.

lmaoo:

382 ? ANOPLURA.

LIPEURUS VARIABILIS
(Witzsch). —45. Speci-
mens; 46. Enlarged
figure of ditto; 47. Illus-
trative vignette (newly
hatched domestic chick-
ens),

Infests the domestic
fowl.

LIPEURUS SQUALIDUS
(Mitesch).

Infests the duck.

Lipeurus variabilis (from Lipeurus squalidus (from the
the fowl). 2 to z line in length. duck). 3 to 13 line in length.

LIPEURUS JEJUNUS (WVitzsch).—48. Specimens ; 49. Enlarged figure of ditto ;
50. Illustrative vignette (geese).

Infests the goose.

LIPEURUS POLYTRAPEZIUS (Vizzsch).—51. Specimens ; 52. Enlarged figure of
ditto; 53. Illustrative vignette (teal).

Common on the turkey. ‘Their mode of progression,” says
Mr. Denny, “‘is rather singular as well as rapid. They slide, as
it were, sideways, extremely quick from one side of the fibre of a
feather to the other, and move equally well in a forward or retro-
grade direction, which, together with their flat, polished bodies,
renders them extremely difficult to catch or hold.” He has
observed, he also remarks, “ that when two or more genera infest
one *bird, they have each their separate localities, for while the
Goniodes stylifer will be found on the breast and neck of the bird,
the Lipeurus polytrapezius will be congregated in nunc on the
webs and shafts of the primary wing feathers.”

Genus ORNITHOBIUS (Denny).

Scarcely differing from Nirmus, except in having two horns to
the clypeus.

-TRICHODECTIDE. 383

ORNITHOBIUS CYGNI (Zizz.).—54, Specimens ; 55. Enlarged figure of ditto ;
56. Illustrative vignette (whistling swan).

Infests the swan.

Sub-family TRICHODECTIDA.

This sub-family differs from the other Mallo-
phaga or bird-lice, in attacking mammals. Its
species are all restricted to them, as all the
other genera of the Mallophaga are to birds.
It contains only two genera, Trichodectes (the
form found in Britain), and Gyropus, which is osnitnobius cyeni (from the
found on the sloth and cavies (South American epee tak
mammals).

Genus TRICHODECTES.

Antenne three-jointed, and tarsi with only one claw.

. TRICHODECTES SIMILIS (Denzy).—1. Specimens; 2. Enlarged figure of

ditto; 8. Illustrative vignette (red deer).
Infests the red deer.

TRICHODECTES LONGICORNIS (Witzsch).—4. Specimens (4); 5. Enlarged figure
of ditto; 6. Illustrative vignette (fallow deer).

Not uncommon on the fallow deer, and found in greatest
numbers on the inner side of the thigh.

TRICHODECTES SPHROCEPHALUS (WVitzsch).—7. Specimens ; 8. Enlarged
figure of ditto ; 9. Illustrative vignette (sheep).

Trichodectes sphzerocephalus (from the sheep). Posterior leg of ditto.
: # of a'line in length.

Found on sheep ; not common.

384 ANOPLUKA.

CASE TRICHODECTES SCALARIS (iVitzsch).—10. Specimens; 11. Enlarged figure of
ee ditto; 12. Illustrative vignette (cow).
z10—1I12. E

Common upon cattle, and also found on the ass.

Trichodectes scalaris (on the ox). Trichodectes equi (on the horse), :
2 line in length. r line in length. ‘|

Nos. TRICHODECTES EQUI (‘Zzz7.)—18. Specimens (eggs and insects); 14, Enlarged
13—15. figure of ditto; 10. Illustrative vignette (horse). |
Common on the horse and ass, especially when fresh from
pasture—in other words, when the parasites have had time to pro-
pagate undisturbed by the currying comb.

Nos, TRICHODECTES LATUS (/Vitzsch).—16, Specimens (4); i7. Enlarged figure of
16—18 ditto; 18. Illustrative vignette (spaniel).

Infests the dog, and is commonest on pup-
pies. The male of this species in walking
curves back its antennee.

TRICHODECTES SUBROSTRATUS (JVitzsch).—19. Speci-
mens (4); 20. Enlarged figure of ditto; 21. Illus-
trative vignette (cat),

Trichodectes latus (onthe Infests the cat on the Continent; not yet

cog). 4to ? line in length.

recorded in Britain.

Family HAEMATOPINA. (Blood-suckers.)

Antennz with five joints; mouth with a fleshy sucking appa
ratus.

LICE. 385

Like the preceding section, this also has derived its name from
its food, viz. from Greek word diya, signifying blood. The genera
belonging to this section are few, and so far as known have five
joints to the antenna, and only one claw to the tarsi.

Genus H#matomyzus (fiag.).

Head rostrate ; antennz lenticular; legs moderate in thickness.

HMATOMYZUS ELEPHANTIS (Piaget, Tijdschr. voor Ent., 2d Ser. iv. 254).
—22. Specimens; 28. Enlarged sketch of ditio; 24. Illustrative
vignette (elephant).

Texture of skin hard and chitonous,
antenne lenticular five-jointed, head with
a long slender rostrum like that of an
Apion but less curved, body ovate and
convex on the back, scutellum broad and
narrow, tarsi with only one claw.

Colour reddish madder brown, smooth
and shining, impunctate. Dale

Infests the elephant.

Genus Hamatopinus (Leach).

Head not rostrate ; legs thick.

This is the principal genus that is parasitic on mammals. With
the exception of the preceding insect taken on the elephant, it
includes all the blood-sucking lice that attack mammals other than
man. Those that attack man have been separated from the rest,
but in truth cannot well be separated, especially when regard is
had to the louse of the monkey, which is excessively like that of
the human species, and indeed forms a transition between them
and the other species of this genus.

They leave the body much sooner after death than the mallo-

phagous species, which adhere to the feathers or fur for days.
BB

CASE
XIX.
Nos.

25—27.

Nos.

2330,

Nos.
31-33.

Nos.

34—36.

Nos.

Siimmoos

386 ANOPLURA.
HAMATOPINUS ACANTHOPUS (Auri.).—-25. Specimens (2); 26. Enlarged
figure of ditto ; 27. Illustrative vignette (field mouse).

Infests field mice.

HMATOPINUS SPINULOSUS (Burim.).—28. Specimens (eggs and insects) ;
29. Enlarged figure of ditto ; 30. Illustrative vignette (brown rat).

Infests the brown rat.

HMATOPINUS VENTRICOSUS (Denzny).—81. Specimens (2); 32. Enlarged
figure of ditto ; 38. Illustrative vignette (rabbit).

Infests the rabbit.

HMATOPINUS LYRIOCEPHALUS (Guvm.).—84, Specimens (2) ; 35. Enlarged
figure of ditto ; 36. Illustrative vignette (hare).

Infests the hare.

HAMATOPINUS SUIS (Leach).—87. Specimens (3); 38. Enlarged figure of
ditto ; 39. Illustrative vignette (sow).

This species, says Mr. Denny, is found in great abundance on
swine ; but it does not appear so generally spread as might be

Hzematopinus suis (on the sow). Anterior leg ot ditto
rj to 1$ line in length.
expected from the dirty habits of the animals. It most frequently
occurs on those freshly imported from the Sister Isle. It was
many months before he could obtain a single example. He had

CASE

sx OS
5 —45-

applied to both farmers and their butchers, neither of whom
seemed to approve the idea which he had conceived of their pigs
being lousy, but referred him to those of the Emerald Isle as
being sure to gratify his wishes, forgetting that the Irish pigs
come to this market to meet English buyers. He accordingly
visited a colony just arrived, when he most certainly met with a
ready supply; but here they were confined almost entirely to
lean animals, and wherever he found a pig fat and healthy,
no parasites were to be seen. In walking, this species uses the
claw and tibial tooth with great facility, which act as finger and
thumb.

_ HAMATOPINUS VITULI (Linn.).—40. Specimen; 41. Enlarged figure of

ditto ; 42. Illustrative vignette (calf).

This is said by Denny, in his great work on this subject, to
have been taken only on the calf. It seems, however, very un-
likely that a particular species could be restricted to the young
of any animal; but the figure given by Denny is too unlike that
of the ox (H. eurysternus) to allow us to suppose it an abnormal
or exceptional variety of it.

HA:MATOPINUS EURYSTERNUS (MVilzsch).—48. Specimens (several) ; 44. En-
larged figure of ditto: 45. Illustrative vignette (cattle).

Hieniatopinus eurysternus (on the ox).
1 to x} line in length,

Infests the ox, and seems to be especially troublesome on the
BB 2

CASE
AX.

Wos
40—48.

Nos.
49—51.

388 ANOPLURA.

mane and shoulder, which are often rubbed bare in the efforts of
the animal to get rid of its irritating parasite.

There is an allied species (H. tuberculatus, Burm.) that occurs in
Italy on the buffalo. M. Lucas gives a description and figure of
itm the Ann, Soc. Ent. Mr. 2nd sera oe
H&MATOPINUS ASINI (Lizz.).—46. Specimens (4); 47. Enlarged figure of

ditto ; 48. Illustrative vignette (ass).

Infests the ass.

HAMATOPINUS PILIFERUS (Burm.).—49. Specimens (4); 50. Enlarged
figure of ditto; 51. Illustrative vignette (dog).

Infests the dog.

When the dog tick, Hzematopinus piliferus, establishes itself on

a dog, it is apt to be extremely troublesome, being very difficult

A
cid 3
rs ie

Hematopinus piliferus (on the dog). 1 to 14 line in length.

to get off its hairs, and harbouring in its bedding, and almost:
defying all attempts at destruction. White precipitate, or ammo-
miated chloride of mercury, the preparation used for cleaning
off lice from the human patient, applied in the form of ointment
well rubbed in, and afterwards well washed off with soap and
water, is the best solid substance for this purpose, and a very
weak solution of nitric acid answers well as a liquid. But in
both cases the dog must be muzzled to prevent it from nibbling
at its fur, and thus imbibing some of the poison. It is ashy
flesh-coloured, with a slight chequering. ‘The skin is so trans-
parent that the food (the blood) shines through its skin, and

Nos,
<= 2.

LICE. 389

the intestines can plainly be seen of a dull red colour. This
species has also been taken on the ferret.

HAMATOPINUS QUADRUMANUS (Murr, 2. sf.).—52. Specimens (4); 53. En-
larged figure of ditto ; 64. Illustrative vignette (monkey).

From a species of Ateles.

Monkeys are notoriously lousy creatures,
as any one may convince himself by entering a
monkey-house, where he is sure to see one or
more of them busily engaged in searching for
vermin amongst the fur of their companions,
and eating the captured prey. _The specimen
here figured was taken from a species of Ateles
(a prehensile tailed monkey from South Ame- Hematopinus quadrumanus
tica), and it will be seen that it has many
points of resemblance with the Pediculus humanus.

Genus Putuirius (Leach).

The genus Phthirius is a very distinct and peculiar one, the
essential character of which is that the grasping or scansorial claws
are on the hind feet instead of on the fore feet as in the Pediculus.

_— PHTHIRIUS INGUINALIS (crab louse).—1. Specimens ; 2. Enlarged figure of

ditto.

ed wit spl

iN AN \
NSS

Phthirius inguinalis. 4 to z line in length. Scansorial claw of ditto.

39° ANOPLURA.

cask ‘This species confines itself to the hair on other parts of the
os body than the head. It is the only species of Phthirius that has
been described. Other species or varieties may, however, exist,
for a parasite is spoken ef as infesting the eyelashes of some of
the natives of the East Indies, but it has never been described,
although it may only be this species, as, from the following
account, which we quote from Denny’s Anoplura, it also would
appear to infest the eyes in persons on whom it has established
itselfi—‘“ The accompanying insects were sent to me by a lady
whom I attended for some years in Devonshire. The following
is a slight sketch of her case: She was about fifty years of age,
spare in person, of a highly susceptible temperament, and long
subject to disordered digestion: suffering from severe headaches,
attended by biliary vomiting, and often followed by boils on or
about the head. After a time, she informed me that she had
been for some time troubled by insects coming apparently from
the natural orifices of the body and infesting the surface, parti-
cularly when warmer than usual. She complained especially of
the annoyance caused by their presence in her eyes and ears.
She said that they were often numerous in her throat, and that
they were more than once discovered adhering to matters ejected
from the stomach, after having been for some time troubled
by these parasites. They did not make any permanent lodg-
ment on the surface, from which they were stated to be at times
removed in great numbers: nor did they get among the hair of
the head. The lady was a person in whose veracity I had much
confidence, very intelligent, well-informed, and religious. Her
statement was in all its parts confirmed by a young woman who
lived with her partly as servant, partly as companion. She said
that being now and then called upon to sleep with her mistress,
she was at such times greatly tormented by these insects, which
she caught in numbers on her skin, but which had no tendency
to continue or to breed there. The only parts on which I ever:
saw them myself were the inner angles of the eyes, on the tarsal °

Gate 0 ens eee ee =

~ _ e Aleve

LICE, 391

ESSE conjunctiva, and in the ears. The application of those external

remedies, which readily destroy the common species of Pedicuii,
failed entirely in extirpating these: a variety of internal means
were likewise used unavailingly, and the insects were not admitted
to be sensibly diminished in number at the time of my quitting
Devonshire.” ?

The reader, no doubt, recollecting what we have already said
on some of the acaroid diseases, will be able for himself to
eliminate from the above what is essential, and what is doubtful,
irrelevant, and accidental. Such cases only occur in private
practice, and usually in the country. If the lady had been
brought to a London hospital, we would undertake to say that
everything mysterious would immediately have vanished, and the
patient would have been discharged cured in a week.

Genus PepicuLtus (Zzzz.), ‘True Lice.

No one can examine the figures of the Hzematopini above given
without seeing that they are exceedingly close to the Pedicuhi,
so much so that that of the monkey might almost be equally
well placed in either genus. We need not discuss whether more
than one genus should be made for them, but a more interesting
question, viz., whether different species of lice are appropriated to
different races of men, can hardly be passed over without a word
or two of consideration. The interest of the point lies in its
bearing on another vexed question, the unity of the human race,
on which it may throw some light. On the one hand it is main-
tained by those who are of opinion that all men are not of the
same species that the parasites which infest the different races of
man are distinct ; and because we usually find that distinct species
of parasites are allotted respectively to the different species of the
iower animals, they infer that the same rule must hold with man,
and that therefore each different race possessing a distinct
parasite must be a distinct species. Their opponents, on the

392 ANOPLURA.,

os other hand, deny the fact that these parasites are distinct, assert-
ing that one and the same species of Pediculus, and no other,
infests all the races of man in every quarter of the globe; and I
believe they add, that, even although they were found to be
distinct, the inference thence drawn is neither necessary nor
warranted.

The enquiries, the chief results of which are displayed in this
Case, were undertaken for the purpose of ascertaining what the
facts, in this respect, really were. Specimens were got from
different races all over the world, and the result of the exami-
nation was published in a paper that we read to the Royal Society
of Edinburgh a number of years ago (1861). ‘That result was
to leave the matter very much as it was before. It proved suffi-
ciently that there were differences between the parasites of diffe-
rent races. They differ in colour according to the colour of the
people they inhabit. Those of the West African and Australian
are nearly black ; those of the Hindoo, dark and smoky ; those of
the Africander and Hottentot, orange ; those of the Chinese and
Japanese, yellowish brown ; of the Indians of the Andes, dark
brown ; of the Digger Indians of California, dusky olive, and
those of the rnore North American Indians near the Esquimaux,
paler, approaching to the light colour of the parasites of the
European. Difference in shape is not so easily made out, for

Claw of Pediculus capitis, from European. D:.to, from Indian of Andes

the body being soft allows considerable variation, but there is
considerable difference in size, and also some in the proportions

i i

EICE. 393

=e of the hard parts, such as the claws, and especially in their

teeth.

In some, as in those from the European, the Caffre, and the
Japanese, the teeth are scarcely visible. In others, from the
Hindu, Indian of the Andes, &c., they are numerous, large, and
almost tubercular. In others, from the negro and King George
Sound Australian, they are limited to two or three well-marked
serrations. ‘The form and proportions of what may be called
the thumb, are also different. In some, as the Mozambique
Africander, Californian Indian, and Indian of the Andes, it is
excessively developed ; in others, as the European, the Japanese,
and Australian, only moderately so. The form of the penultimate
joint also varies to a very considerable extent, in some being
long, narrow, elongate and straight ; while in others it is conical,
curved, short, and broad at the base.

But then comes the question, what is the value of these
differences as bearing upon the unity of the human species? It
has been proved that there are differences, and that these differ-
ences are constant and permanent—that is no doubt something,
But, unluckily, these differences are most singularly similar to the
differences in the races whose unity is the question in dispute,

Claw of Pediculus capitis, from North American Ditto, from Australian,

Indian of Slave Lake.

and to solve which this evidence has been adduced. If we can-
not believe that the negro is a different species from the European,

CASE
XX,

Nos.
3—6.

394 ANOPLURA.

on account of his being black instead of white, neither should we
believe that the Pediculus of the Negro is different from that of
the European because it is black instead of white. If we cannot
believe that the Australian is different from the Esquimaux
because he has proportionally a much longer leg, neither can we
believe that the Australian Pediculus is different from the Slave
Lake Pediculus, because it has a longer and straighter penulti-
mate joint to its tarsus. If the curved tibia of the African does
not constitute him a different species from races with straight
tibias, neither should the greater or less curvature of the joints
of the tarsi in the Pediculi be considered to form specific dis-
tinctions in them. It so happens, that not only are the differ-
ences, both between man and man, and Pediculus and Pediculus,
very similar in degree, but they are also differences of the same
kind. They are differences in colour and proportion of the very
same, or, at all events, analogous parts in both. To attempt to
draw any deductions from these differences in the Pediculi, would,
therefore, be something like begging the whole question.

PEDICULUS VESTIMENTI (body louse).—38. Specimens from Britain; 4, En-
larged figure of ditto; 5. Specimen on glass slide ; 6. Enlarged figure
of anterior claw.

Pediculus vestimenti. 1} to 1? line in length. Sucker of ditto.

This is cistinct from the head-louse, but it is not easy to give

LICE. | 395

any very good specific characters. It is the larger and broader
of the two. It is greyer and more uniform in colour, wants the
spine at the top of the thumb, and has few or no projections on
the inner side of the penultimate joint, characters which accord
with its less scansorial mode of life, which requires less powerful
appliances for seizing and tenaciously retaining hold of the hairs
through which it passes. The concurrent opinion of those who
are practically familiar with the animals and their habits also con-
firms the view that they are distinct species. We remember the
remark of a young private soldier on his return, wounded, from
the Crimea, who, in speaking of the sufferings of the troops before
Sebastopol, dwelt upon the annoyance experienced from these
parasites ; and in reply to some suggestion as to the specific
virtues of a small-toothed comb, which was understood to form
part of a soldier’s necessaries, answered, ‘‘Oh! we did not mind
the head ones; it was the body ones,”—thus implying a clear
and well recognised distinction between the two in power of
annoyance. The remark of “‘a certain great personage” quoted
by Leewenhoek as made to him when he exhibited to him this
creature under the microscope, to the effect that his soldiers,
who were infested with lice, found them more troublesome in
rainy than in dry weather, also obviously applies to the body
species.

They are exceedingly prolific. Leewenhoek ascertained the
rate of multiplication by actual experiment. He disbelieved the
vulgar saying that a louse might be a grandfather in twenty-four
hours, and the mode in which he settled the question was this:
He at first proposed to hire some poor child to wear a clean
stocking for a week with two or three female lice in it, well tied
or secured at the garter, in order to see how many young ones
would be produced in that space of time; but he afterwards
considered that he could make the experiment with much more
certainty on his own person, at the expense only of enduring in
one leg for a week or two what many people are obliged to suffer

CASE
XX.

396 AW OPPURA,

in their whole bodies during their whole lives. It must be ey
remembered that, if this looks like a calumnious aspersion upon r:
those whom he calls “poor people,” it was written two hundred — a
years ago, and that Leewenhoek was a Dutchman. Let. | the
galled jade in Leyden wince. In London here our withers are
unwrung. He cannot mean to reflect on us. But to proceed.
He accordingly put on one leg, instead of a white understocking
that he usually wore, a fine black stocking, choosing that colour
in order that the eggs and young lice might be more easily seen.
Into this stocking he put two large female lice, and cutting another
black stocking into long strips, he bound it over the first, we
presume in two places, so as to keep his studs apart, as it were,
in two paddocks, to prevent their escaping. After wearing this
stocking six days he took it off, and found that one of the lice
had laid fifty eggs and the other about forty, and in the body of
one that he opened he found at least fifty more, besides un-
doubtedly having in its body many more that his powers of vision
could not reach. Having tied them up again and worn the stock- _
ing ten days longer, he found in it at least twenty-five lice of three
different sizes, and, not to make a long story of it, the conclusion
he arrived at was that two female lice might in eight weeks be
grandmothers, and see ten thousand of their own offsprmg—“ and
who can tell whether in the heat of summer these creatures may
not breed in half the time.”

This cumulative increase will sufficiently explain the vast
numbers that we read of as occasionally swarming on. those
persons of whom the louse has taken posession, as it were. But
it will not account for some of the cases where there has been no
sufficient time allowed them to establish a colony by legitimate
process of succession—as, for example, the following case men-
tioned by Denny :—“ The sudden appearance of these creatures
(says he) in vast numbers in places where they were not known
before, and upon individuals previously free from such com-
panions, is a circumstance not easy to account for. This, like |

LICE. A

E many other occurrences, has been viewed by the superstitious,
and is still, as the prognostication of some impending evil, as
sickness or misfortune to the individuals so visited. Without
endeavouring to clear up the mystery, I can only bear testimony
to the fact of their sudden occurrence, having known an instance
when this species appeared in such quantities, that it was neces-
sary to cleanse the bed linen twice a day for several days, at each
of which visitations there appeared no visible decrease in their
numbers, though at last they as suddenly disappeared. A late
medical friend of mine says he held the opinion that the Pediculi
migrate, and stated to me the following fact in confirmation of his
belief :

** His father, who was also a medical practitioner in the West
Riding of Yorkshire for fifty years, had frequently in the course of
his practice to enter the cottages of the poor in his neighbour-
hood (z.e., colliers and cloth weavers). On one occasion, having
a case which required his attendance near the bed for about half

an-hour, he found himself on his return home literally swarming,

with these gentry, both his coat and waistcoat, and beneath the

. collar of the former: to use his own words, ‘you might have

actually scooped them out with a teaspoon.’ Now whether this
was owing to his coming in contact with a legion on its march, or
whether it might not be that a fresh subject has superior attrac-
tions for these puny persecutors, is a question for the decision of
competent judges: of one thing, however, we are certain, that
this locality was well stocked with this peculiar species of game.”
(Denny’s Anoplura, p. 17). The latter suggestion is, no doubt,
the true explanation of the case of the Yorkshire doctor and
similar stories that we have heard. We do not think there is any
warrant for the idea of migrations, and as for those cases that
seem persistently to defy cleanliness and remedies, we believe that
all they want is sifting. If properly sifted, there will always be
found some dirty nurse or unclean garments that unwittingly
supply fuel to the flame we wish to extinguish. Such a case fell

j
.

CASE
XX.

398 ANOPLURA.

within our own limited experience, and we may quote it as a fair
example of the kind of cases out of which the third kind of Pedi-
culus (Pediculus tabescentium of authors), said to be peculiar to
diseased persons, has been made up. Modern naturalists do not,
we think, believe in it; and if Denny, in his work on the Ano-
plura, still gives it a place, he acknowledges that he has no
actual knowledge of its occurrence. Our little experience of it
was this: Dr. Jackson, of Edinburgh, some years ago consulted
us regarding a case of the kind, where a patient, a young lad,
was supposed to be infected with the Pediculus tabescentium.
Repeated washings seemed to have no effect. A few hours after
washing, the unfortunate victim was found again to be swarming
as badly as before; and Dr. Jackson could speak to this fact from
personal observation. We expressed our disbelief in the supposed
disease, and recommended a more searching inquiry into collateral
circumstances, and, above all, the securing specimens for exami-
nation. Dr. Jackson soon procured these; and neither of us will,
we think, readily forget the examination of the specimens. Not
being supplied with entomological apparatus, he had put them
into an old pomatum pot, which happened to be at hand. With
justifiable pride he announced that he had secured the desiderated

specimens, and had three in this pomatum pot, which he had .

carefully enveloped in several folds of brown paper. On removing
the paper, however, and opening the pot, to our dismay, instead of
three specimens we found only one. The other two had escaped
from the insufficiently secured vessel ; but whether in Dr. Jack-
son’s pocket or in our room we could not tell. Friendship has its
limits ; and we confess we were unfriendly enough to hope that

the escape had taken place before the pomatum pot reached us. °

Fortunately their comrade remained to settle the question, that
the supposed Pediculus tabescentium was only the common
Pediculus vestimenti. Dr. Jackson had further ascertained the
fact that, although the patient was frequently and carefully
washed, he was always immediately thereafter re-indued in his old

Ji) a ie 399

ASE dirty flannel jacket, whence the swarms were successively supplied
which astonished beholders ; and the further history of the case
was, that so soon as the dirty flannels were burned, the mysterious
disease disappeared, and the patient recovered. Such, we have no
doubt, would be found to be the rationale of Lady Penruddock’s
case, and of all similar recorded cases of the disease of P. tabes-
centium, which have obtained credence from not having been
examined at the time.”

Before leaving this subject, it may be desirable to say a word
or two as to the best mode of getting rid of these vermin. The
treatment employed in the metropolitan hospitals and poorhouses,
which has the recommendation both of ample experience and
complete success, is the application of ‘‘ white precipitate,” which
is the bicarbonate of mercury in the form of an ointment. It kills
them at once.

Nos. PEDICULUS CAPITIS (Head Louse).—%. Specimens from Britain and Russia;
at 8. Enlarged figure of ditto; 9. Specimen on glass slide ; 10. Anterior
claw of ditto, much magnified; 11. Illustrative vignette.

Pediculus capitis. % to 1} line in lerg:h.

Nos PeEpIcULUS CAPITIS (Varieties from the Esquimaux).—12. Specimens, and
- > Enlarged figure of ditto; 13. Specimen on glass slide ; 14. Anterior
claw, much magnified ; 15, Illustrative vignette.

Nos.
26—30.

Nos.
3I—35-

Nos.
30-40.

Nos.
41—45.

Nos.

46—50.

Nos.
51-54

400 ANOPLURA.

PEDICULUS CAPITIS (Variety from Californian digger, Indian).—16. Spe-
cimens ; 17. Enlarged figure of ditto; 18. Specimen on glass slide;
19. Anterior claw, much magnified ; 20. Illustrative vignette.

PEDICULUS CAPITIS (Variety from Indian of the Andes of Quito),—21. Spe-
cimen ; 22. Enlarged figure of ditto; 23. Specimen on glass slide ;
24. Anterior claw much enlarged ; 25. Illustrative vignette.

PEDICULUS CAPITIS (Variety from Tierra del Fuego).—26. Specimens ;
27. Enlarged figure of ditto ; 28. Specimen on glass slide ; 29. Anterior
claw much enlarged ; 30. Illustrative vignette.

PEDICULUS CAPITIS (Variety from West African Negro).—31. Specimens ;
32. Enlarged figure of ditto ; 83. Specimen on glass slide; 34, Anterior
claw much enlarged ; 35. Illustrative vignette.

PEDICULUS CAPITIS (Variety from Mozambique Africander).—386. Spe-
cimens ; $7. Enlarged figure of ditto ; $8. Specimen on glass slide ;
39. Anterior claw, much enlarged ; 40. Illustrative vignette.

PreDICULUS CAPITIS (Variety from Hindoos).—41. Specimens ; 42. Enlarged
figure of ditto; 48. Specimen on glass slide; 44 Anterior claw, much
enlarged ; 45, Illustrative vignette.

PEDICULUS CAPITIS (Variety from Australia).—46. Specimens; 47. Enlarged
figure of ditto ; 48. Specimen on glass slide; 49. Anterior claw, much
magnified ; 50. Illustrative vignette.

51. Causes of vermin, illustrative vignette ; dirt and overcrowding ; 52. ditto ;
misery ; 53, ditto; disease ; 54. remedies, cleanliness, &c.

og ail

SPRING TAILS. 401

Order THYSANURA, Latr. (Spring tails).

This order of insects is certainly not in its natural position here.
We do not pretend that it is; but unless we were to abandon the
great convenience of bringing all the Apterous insects into one
group, we do not see where else we could put them. Their
natural position is between the Crustacea and the N europtera
(the lace-winged flies). Some entomologists place them among
the Neuroptera, some among the Orthoptera, but this seems to us
a stretch of arbitrary power, even worse than putting them here.
Perhaps we should have begun with them, but they would have lain
like an isolated lump as much at the beginning as here, leading
to nothing, and would have interfered with the natural transition
from the Isopodous crustaceans to the Myriapods ; and Sir John
Lubbock’s interesting discovery of the genus Pauropus, which
seems at once to connect the Myriapods with the Thysanura, and
both with the Crustaceans, seems to warrant us at least in bringing
this group into the Aptera. The reader, therefore, will regard
their interpolation here as one of the digressions that we have
more than once been forced to adopt as a choice of difficulties.

We do not say that it would not be more philosophical to do
away with the Aptera as a distinct division altogether, and to
have carried the Pediculi to the Hemiptera, the Thysanura to the
Neuroptera or Orthoptera, and treated the remaining groups not
as Aptera, but simply as Arachnids and Myriapods; but the
course we have taken has its conveniences, and its adoption does
not in any way interfere with the proper understanding of the
different groups, or put any obstacles in the way of studying
them.

Until 1873, this order was always regarded as a single group,
sufficiently homogeneous. Sir John Lubbock, however, in that
year published an able and exhaustive monograph of them, and
gave it as the result of his researches that there was so much

difference between two parts of it that they could not be included
CC

CASE
XXI.

402 THYVSANURA.

in the same order, and consequently broke it up and made two
orders of it—one, the Spring tails, which he called Collembola,
and the other the Lepismidz, for which he retained the name
Thysanura. No one can dispute that there is a marked distinc-
tion between the two—the one with its jumping apparatus, and
the other with its projecting terminal, jointed bristles, besides
other distinguishing characters—and effect must be given to these
differences in some shape; but whether it is sufficient to warrant
the establishment of two orders seems doubtful. This is not the
place to go into a discussion as to the value of the differences and
resemblances, but we may point to one that, although trifling in
itself, seems to us very suggestive. It is the identity in type of
the peculiar scales with which they are clothed, and which are
common to, although not universal in, both sections, and are met
with in no other order of insects. These scales have another and
an economic interest for us: they have for long been employed as
tests for the quality of object-glasses of the microscope, from the
facility with which they display both the spherical and chromatic
aberrations. ‘The woodcuts show the scale of Tomocerus (one of

Scale of Tomocerus longicornis, much magnified, Scale of Machilis, mucn magnified, and portion of
and portioi of it still more enlarged. it still more enlarged.

the Collembola) and that of Machilis (one of the Lepismidee—
Lubbock’s Thysanura), and it will be seen that the type is the
same in both. We also show the more common form of the scale

CASE
XXI.

SPRING TAILS. 403

of species of Collembola, being that of a scale of Lepidocyrtus
curvicollis, which, no doubt, deviates from the others, but still

Scale of Lepidocyrtus curvicollis, much magnified, and portion of it still more enlarged.

bears the same cachet. We therefore propose to retain the name
Thysanura for the whole order, and to take Sir John’s name Col-

_ lembola for the first section, and leave the other under its old

name of Lepismide.

Tribe COLLEMBOLA.

Horticulturists, at least those who possess “ frames,” still more
those who have cucumber-frames or hot-beds, are pretty familiar
with the insects of this family. If we place a cloth over the
glass, we shall probably find next morning, on removing it, that
the place where it lay is swarming with a quantity of minute soft

' delicate insects, some of which will take to their heels and endea-

vour to escape by running, and others will spring upwards with
considerable force, taking bounds which, were we able to take
them proportionately high, would carry us over our highest
steeples. These surprising leaps are not made like those of the
flea and most other jumping insects, by means of powerful muscles
placed in very thick thighs, but by means of a sub-abdominal
forked organ, which acts as a spring very much in the same way
that the toy familiar to our boyhood called a jumping-frog does.
These are Collembola. But it is inside the frames that we see them
in greatest numbers ; they often swarm there as thick as powder,

Cie 2

CASE
XAL

404 THVSANURA.

in the chinks and corners, and we find too that they are not harm-
less tenants. .Our young gherkins will be found shrivelling, and
on examination, it will be seen that they have been stripped of
great portions of their skin, that have been browsed or rasped
away by these little creatures. Nor are their ravages confined to
frames, although the greater heat there, seems to suit their
delicate semi-transparent bodies. But in the open borders they
carry on the same work on succulent roots and plants, especially
where anything has happened to dinunish the vitality of the plant.
On carrots, for instance, that are suffering from rust, they will be
found browsing on the sound parts.

Mr. Curtis (farm insects) mentions that in Nova Scotia, the
crops of turnips and cabbages are principally destroyed whilst in
the seed-leaf by some species of this tribe, the size of a pin’s head,
and nearly globular. It hops with great agility by means of its
forked spring, and may be found on every square inch of all old
cultivated ground, but it is not plentiful on new land. He adds,
probably from Nova Scotian information, that, “‘as these ‘ground
fleas,’ will not remain on damp ground, they may be expelled by
sprinkling salt over the land after the seed is sown and well rolled
down, or a thin layer of sea-weed spread over the drills, is a
perfect security against them.” In some respects, this information
must be erroneous, for it is especially in dampish places that the
spring tails luxuriate. Drought kills them. Some few species
(Podura aquatica, Smynthurus aquaticus, and Isotoma aquatilis)
frequent the surface of standing water. Some species of Smyn-
thurus live on the leaves of plants; Seira domestica frequents
houses ; Lepidocyrtus curvicollis, is found in cellars; and Lipura
maritima occurs on the sea-shore between tide marks ; but the
species of this group are chiefly to be found in loose earth among
dead leaves, under bark, and in similar situations, and that as a
rule, their food is vegetable matter, and most frequently decaying
vegetable matter. |

We do not however know much of the habits of these creatures.

SPRING TAILS. 405

= We do not even know what is the special purpose for which their
most striking peculiarity, their spring tails, is given. }

As Sir John Lubbock says, the possession of a powerful salta-
tory apparatus appears to be a fantastic provision, for a species
which lives in the chinks and crannies of bark, in the interstices of
fungi, or buried among decaying leaves, in other words, in places
where the saltatory power can only be occasionally exercised, and
the anomaly is by no means diminished by the circumstance that,
as a matter of fact the jumping and non-jumping species are con-
tinually found together under the same old board, or in the same
decaying heap of leaves. Still we know that it must serve a pur-
pose, and one useful to the creature endowed with it.

The Collembola are divided by Lubbock into six families, for
the scientific characters of which we must refer the reader to his
work. It is only exceptionally that we give detailed characters in
this work. As far as they go we endeavour to supply their place
by illustrations, and we shall merely note one or two salient
t points which may serve to guide the reader to the family to
which his species belongs. And here let us begin at the begin-
: ning. Supposing we have in our hands a species of Thysanura,
. how are we to tell whether it is one of the Collembola or one of
the Lepismide? If it has either two- or three-jointed bristles at
the tail, then it belongs to the latter—if not, then to the former.

In the next place it may have a jumping apparatus, or it may
not. It is not, however, to be taken for granted that it is not a
jumper, because it has not jumped and no jumping apparatus is
visible. This is packed away under the body from the tail:for-
wards, and will be seen when searched for. Let us suppose then
that our species has got the jumping apparatus. It then belongs
to the first section of Collembola. Further, it may be of an elongate
cylindrical shape, or it may have a globular body, seemingly
composed of a head and a bag. If the latter, it must either be a
Smynthurus or a Papirius. In both the antennz are four-jointed,
but in the former the terminal joint is long, in the latter short.

CASE
XXI.

No. 1.

406 THYSANURA.

But suppose, on the other hand, that the species is elongate
and not globular, then it must either belong to the Degeeriadze
or to the Poduridz. If to the former, it has its jumping apparatus
attached to the fifth abdominal segment; if to the latter, to the
fourth. Supposing it to belong to the former, it is an Orchesella
if its antennze have six joints, if only four or five it may belong to
one or other of eight genera which we shall mention below.

If the jumping apparatus is attached to the fourth abdominal
segment (Poduridz) it may have either one or two claws to its
feet. If two claws, it is an Achorutes—if one, a Podura.

But it may have nothing of all this and be without a jumping
apparatus at all. Well, in that case it will be found either to
have mandibles or not. If it has them, it is a Lipura. If it has
none, but a suctorial mouth instead, then it must be Anoura.

Family SMYNTHURID&,

SMYNTHURUS FUSCUS (Zzz.).—1. Magnified sketch of ditto.*

Smynthurus fuscus. Copied from T emple Smynthurus viridis. Copied from Templeton’ ur
; 2 = y 5 p T ton's figure.
ton’s figure n Tr. Ent. Soc. I. o.z2sth Ps 7 eile ;
( anfnichanilcucey: 5 1-12th of an inch in length.

ce Where not otherwise stated, all the sketches of Thysanura are taken from
Mr. Hollick’s figures in Sir John Lubbock’s monograph,

SPRING TAILS. 407

338 This is the largest of the Smynthuri, about 1-roth of an inch in

length. It is common about London, and no doubt elsewhere,
on pieces of wood and bark in damp situations. It feeds prin-
cipally on the spores and first shoots of fungi, and Sir J. Lubbock
mentions that many specimens are infested by a small mite which
adheres to its under side in considerable numbers.

SMYNTHURUS VIRIDIS (Zzv7.).

Green;eyes on a black patch; common.

Lubbock describes eight species of Smynthuri as found in
England, and notices several others from the Continent and
foreign parts. In his “ Farm Insects,” Curtis describes a species
which he calls Smynthurus Solani as possibly or probably inju-
rious to the potato crop by browsing on the parenchyma of its
green leaves, on which it may be found in quantity running and
skipping about their under side and often falling down on its
back. He says it is not bigger than a small grain of sand, and
either entirely of a deep ochreous colour with black eyes, or as
black as soot with ochreous horns. He gives a figure of it, but
neither his figure nor his description is sufficiently detailed to
allow of its accurate determination, and it is not impossible that
he may have confounded two species. If so, his species would
most probably be S. luteus and 3. niger, viz. :—

SMYNTHURUS LUreEusS (Lubd.).

Yellow ; eyes on a black patch ; apical part of antennze violet.

Sir John Lubbock gives the following account of the courtship
of this species, the only one whose amours have been observed :—
“Tt is very amusing to see these little creatures coquetting to-
gether. The male, which is much smaller than the female, runs
round her, and they butt one another standing face to face, and
moving backwards and forwards like two playful lambs. Then
the female pretends to run away and the male runs after her with

408 . LH YVSANORA.

CASE a queer appearance of anger; gets in front and stands facing her

SX. ; ' j
again ; then she turns coyly round, but he quicker and more active,
scuttles round too, and seems to whip her with his antennz.
Then for a bit they stand face to face, play with their antenne,
and seem to be all in all to one another.”

S. NIGER (Zwd0.).

An ugly little species, bluish black.; feet, terminal segment of
spring, and a spot at inner corner of eye-patch, pale. Said by
Lubbock to be not common.

No. 2. PAPIRIUS ORNATUS (JVicolet).—2. Magnified sketch of ditto.

Found in the latter part of November, Decembez, and January,
among leaves and under logs of wood, with Smynthurus fuscus
and Papirius fuscus. It is of livelier colours than either of these
(black, green, and various shades of brown), and of more active
habits, running freely and jumping more lightly and gracefully.

No. 3. PAPIRIUS FUSCUS (Zuc.).—8. Magnified sketch of ditto.

Papirius fuscus. 00.5 of an inch in length.

Brown. Common.

Family DEGEERIADA.

Roe ORCHESELLA CINCTA (Linz.).—4. Specimens of ditto; 5. Enlarged sketch
aan of ditto ; 6. Enlarged sketch of another variety of ditto.

A very common, pretty, and variable species found under fallen

i i

CASE
XXI,

Nos.
8.

. TOMOCERUS PLUMBEUS (Linz.).—9. Magnified

SPRING *ZAILS.

409

boughs of trees, in moss, among decaying leaves and similar

situations. There are only two species of this
genus found in Britain, the present and another
named O. villosa. The latter is yellow, and has
the entire body, mottled with black, whereas O.

‘cincta, although very variable and often yellow

mottled with black, has always the third seg-
ment of the abdomen black. The whole insect
is sometimes almost entirely black. The body
in this genus is without scales.

TOMOCERUS LONGICORNIS (JZiiller).—7. Magnified
sketch of ditto; 8. Magnified sketch of scale of
ditto.

The antennz in the genus Tomocerus are
long (in this species very long and rolled up

Orchesella cincta.
0.25 of an inch in length,

at the apex like a piece of tape) four-jointed, the two terminal
segments being multiarticulate or ringed. The body is clothed

with scales and the eyes are seven in each group.

The colour of T. longicornis is leaden unless where the scales
are removed, when it is yellow. The antennz are longer than

the body. It is a large species, being
one-fifth of an inch in length, found in
England and on the Continent, under
logs, &c., throughout the year.

sketch of ditto.

Similar to the last species, but the an-
tennz are shorter than the body; the
body where the scales are removed is
leaden-coloured. Found with the pre-
ceding ; common all through the winter,

‘even during sharp frosts.

Tomocerus plumbeus. 1-sth of an
nch in length,

No. 12.

No. 1

Nos.

14, 15.

410 THYVSANURA.

> SEIRA BUSKII (Zudb.).—10. Magnified sketch of ditto ; 11. Magnified sketch

of scale of ditto.

The antenne of Seira are four-jointed, the body clothed with
scales. The terminal segment of the antennz is simple ; it has
eyes, and the head is not concealed under the thorax.

The species S. Buskii is dark violet with metallic reflecticns.
Lubbock found it only in green-houses and hot-houses, whence he,
with apparent justice, infers that it is probably an exotic species
introduced.

TEMPLETONIA CRYSTALLINA (Zudd,.).—12. Magnified sketch of ditto.

Templetonia is an interesting genus combining a number of
characters belonging to different genera. Its scale is peculiar to
itself, and its antenneze are five-jointed instead of four-jointed like
its allies. The first joint, however, is small, and may be over-
looked if not sought for. Its eye consists of one lens in each
eye-patch. The species when alive is silvery white, but when it
has been a few days in spirits it becomes pale with innumerable
reddish brown streaks and spots. It has figured in no less than

six different genera, a sufficient indication of the difficulty of

placing it in any of the old ones and of the necessity of a new
genus for it. Said to be common in Kent.

3, BECKIA ARGENTEA (Zuzé0.).—18. Magnified figure of ditto.

Beckia may be said to be a Seira without eyes. The species
argentea is silvery with metallic reflexions.

LEPIDOCYRTUS CURVICOLLIS (Bovwrlet).—14,. Magnified Sass of ditto ;
15. Magnified sketch of scale of ditto.

Lepidocyrtus curvicollis. 2} millimétres in length.

Lepidocyrtus is a Seira with its head overshadowed by the

SPRING TAILS. AIL

BSE projecting front of the thorax. When full grown and unrubbed it

reflects the most gorgeous metallic tints. As remarked by Sir John
Lubbock, its general appearance is most singular; the depressed
position of the head, and the gait gives it a most ludicrous resem-
blance to a hippopotamus, and at the same time the body does
not look as if it belonged to the head and legs, but rather as if it
were some foreign object supported on the animal’s back. Mr.
Beck the microscopist speaks of the scales of this species, or of a
variety of it, as being a superior test for object glasses. This
species seems uncommon, but another L. lignorum is very common.
There are a number of British species of this genus.

. DEGEERIA ANNULATA (/ad.).—16. Magnified sketch of ditto.

Degeeria has no scales, and the segments of the abdomen are
unequal. Its antenne have four joints, and
2 minute basal ring. There are eight eyes in
each eye-patch. We have followed Sir J:
Lubbock’s arrangement in placing Degeeria
here, but we cannot help thinking that the
natural place, both of Degeeria and Isotoma,
is next Orchesella. They are smaller, but
similar in make to it, and, like it, have no
scales, and their general appearance and
system of coloration are disposed very much
on the same pattern.

This species is pale greenish yellow or

Deegeria annulata. t-roth Oa

stone colour, with brown transverse markings. an inch in length.
Under logs in Kent throughout the year.

- IsoToMA VIATICA (Linn.).—17. Magnified sketch of insect.

This genus is very like the preceding and Orchesella, differing
from Degeeria in having the segments of the abdomen sub-equal.
The present species is bluish black. It is not common, and
January to April is said to be its period of appearance.

CASE
LOE
No. 18.

No. 19.

No. 20.

No. 21.

4x2 -THYSANURA.

ISOTOMA GRISEA (Zud0.).—18, Magnified sketch of ditto.

Uniform grey ; common in winter and spring.

Family PODURIDA,
ACHORUTES PURPURASCENS (Zwdd.).—19. Magnified sketch of ditto.

One of the Poduridz with two claws, of a brownish-purple
colour.

Achorutes purpurascens, 1-reth of an inch in length

“On a hot bed, and under branches of trees. Throughout the
year.” —(Lubbock).

PODURA AQUATICA (Lzzz.).—20. Magnified sketch of ditto.

One of the single-clawed Poduride; opaque blackish-blue.
Common on the surface of standing water throughout the north of
Europe to Switzerland. Also found in Greenland.

Podura aquatica. 0.08 of an inch in length. Lipura fimetaria. 1-zoth of an inch in length,

LIPURA FIMETARIA (Zzi7.).—21. Magnified sketch of ditto.

We have now left the jumping Collembola. The following
species only run. This species is very common, and may be
found in damp earth throughout the year, often engaged in

LIPURA. 413

sE browsing upon carrots, potatoes, or other roots. It is white, and
' of a velvety texture, as are several other species.

The Lipurz as a genus are interesting from an evolution point
of view. We have, in speaking of marine mites, alluded to the
fact that certain insects, and more particularly certain beetles,
passed their lives under the very exceptional condition of spending
half their time under the sea. They live between high and low
water-mark, in the chinks of rocks, under beds of sea-weed, and
similar places of shelter; and this is a manner of life not peculiar
to one country alone. Wherever there are suitable sea-coasts,
there we shall doubtless find some of these beetles; at any rate,
we know that they occur on the coasts of Europe, Madeira, North
America, Chili, New Caledonia, and Australia, different species in
each, but all belonging to the same two contiguous families, the
Trechidse and Bembidiide. Now it is worthy of note that it is
the same family that supply some (not all) of the eyeless species
that live under another peculiar and abnormal condition, viz., in
the dark limestone caverns of Carniola, Kentucky, &c. It is as
if they had a special facility of adaptation given them for accom-
modating themselves to any condition of life. If it were not so, why
have thousands of other families of insects not done the same?
We cannot suppose that no Carabidze but the Trechide, although
there are four or five hundred genera, were subjected to the same
trial, and that they alone were subjected, not only to the trial by
darkness, but also to the trial by sea. If we did, the present
genus would help to confute the idea. It also contains a species
that lives under the sea, and another that lives in dark caverns.
One family thus furnishing a double adaptation in both instances,
implies that there is something special in them favourable to their
accommodating themselves to unwonted conditions.

LIPURA MARITIMA (Guwer.).

Dark lead coloured, and of a velvety texture that throws off

CASE
XXI.

No. 22.

No 2S

4l4 THVSANURA.

water. Found under young sea weed and between layers of shale
between tide marks in the Firth of Forth, and along the coast
both to the north and south, also at Kinsale in Ireland, and
on the French coast, occurring no doubt wherever there is a
suitable habitat.

LIPURA STILLICIDII (.Sc/.).

A white species, very common in the Adelsberg caves. Either
it or a closely allied species also lives in the Mitchelstown cave

near Cahir, in Ireland. It is eyeless ; for although there are two

rows of seven prominences in the place behind the antennee, and

before that where the eyes should be, which have been called —

eyes, we think that their very unusual profusion in a medium
where no other insect has any eyes at all, or any use for them, is
not favourable to the idea of their being eyes. They also occur in
other species where eyes are present.

ANOURA MUSCORUM (Zemp.).—22. Magnified sketch of ditto.

This is another of the non-saltatorial genera,

has no mandibles. It is suctorial. The species
is of a dark purple colour, and is found under
wood and bark. It is common.

ANOURA GRANARIA (WVic.).—28. Magnified sketch of
ditto.

This is of an alabaster white, and has occurred

Anoura muscorum.

0.07 ofan inch inlengh, UWOder detritus in France and England) (bare
has not been often met with. These are the

only species of Anoura that have been found in Britain.

and it is the only one of the Collembola that

LEPISMIDA. 4ts

Tribe LEPISMIDA,

The Lepismidze are composed of two well-marked divisions, the
one without scales and also without eyes; the other with both
scales and eyes, and the scales of the same type as those of the
Collembola. ‘They have all got mandibles ; farther than that, we
do not know much of their habits. Unlike the Collembola they
prefer dry and warm or even hot localities.

Sect. I—WITHOUT SCALES.

Sir John Lubbock takes this division first, and we have followed
him, although we should have preferred to bring them last, as we
think the genera Lepisma and Machilis are more closely united
to the Collembola than it is. Their scales, aspect, and coloration,
which often reveal affinities, which the actual structure has not
prepared us for, all, we think, indicate that the nearer relationship
is with the second section. But it is for everyone’s convenience
to follow a recognised authority, even when we differ from him
(unless the difference be extreme), and therefore we proceed first
with the section which contains the two latter genera. This is
represented in Britain by only a single species.

CAMPODEA STAPHYLINUS (Westw.).—24. Magnified sketch of ditto.
An elongated parallel soft white insect, which is common in

loose damp earth. The chief interest, both in this species and
the next, lies in its structure and affinities.

. JAPYX soLiFruGuS (Halliday).—25. Magnified sketch of ditto.

This is a species of another genus (Japyx), which is as well
entitled to a section for itself as Campodea. It has a pair of
forceps at the tail fashioned like those of the earwig. It occurs
in the Mediterranean district, and as far north as Paris, but has
not been found further north, nor in Britain.

Nos.
28, 29

lLepisma saccharina.
z-3rd of an inch in length.

THYSANURA.

Sec. II.—WITH SCALES,

LEPISMA SACCHARINA (Lz77.).—26. Magnified sketch
of ditto ; 27. Magnified sketch of Stale of ditto.
An easy distinction between this genus and
Machilis (the only British members of this
section), is that Lepisma is not saltatorial,
Machilis is. This species is silvery white,
with a yellowish tinge about the antennz
and legs. Common not only in Britain, but
over the greater part of the Continent.
There is no other species in Britain.

MACHILIS MARITIMA (Leach),—28. Magnified sketch
of ditto ; 29. Magnified sketch of scale.

Brown, mottled, with bronze reflections.

Common on the rocky shores of England, Ireland, and France.

Machilis maritima. 0.5 of‘an inch in length.

This and Machilis polypoda (a brown species, which is found
in woods and dry places) are the only two that have been found

in Britain.

fit OF

ONISCUS asellus

antenna of .

Porcellio scaber

antenna of .
Armadillo vulgaris

rolled up

antenna of

Glomeris limbata .
Sphezeropzeus glabratus
castaneus, antenna of .

Julus in young stage with only
six legs ‘ .
older, with 14 legs
pulchellus, full-grown
terrestris
antenna of
Londinensis
nitens :
Spirostreptus annulatipes
Polydesmus complanatus, young
and full grown
Brachycybe rosea .
Polydesmus dorsalis .
Geophilus longicornis
Scolopendra morsitans
variegata
Cryptops hortensis
Lithobius forficatus
head and antenna of
Cermatia smithii .
Pauropus huxleyi
Chelifer muszeorum
cancroides
Obisium carcinoides

PELs TRE TIONS:

Buthus afer.

Veejovis, sp..

Phrynus palmatus
Telyphonus proscorpio .
Galeodes araneoides .
Mygale avicularia .
Atypus sulzeri

nest of

teniza ionica, trap-door of
fodiens

nest of

| Nemesia czementaria, trap-door of

eleanora, trap-door of .
nest of
meridionalis — .
ceementaria, figure of
Eleanora
Latrodectes malmignatus
Lycosa tarantula .
Dysdera crocata

Drassus sericeus

Eresus cinnabarinus
Argyroneta aquatica

| Water-spiders under water.
| Ciniflo ferox.

Ciniflonidz, web of .

| Calamistrum of Ciniflo .
_ Agelena labyrinthica .

Tegenaria guyonii
Pholcus phalangioides
Theridion tepidariorum
nest of
lineatum, cocoon of
pallens, cocoon of

418 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS:

PAGE

Walckenzeria pratensis . af e ROe
Epeira diademata, web of . Be
— threads of web of ate a
— diademata . : 1935
Xysticus cristatus . : boy 2 teO7.
— audax . : . Sy,
Thomisus abbreviatus . ed eames
Dolomedes fimbriatus é 4. 89
Epiblemum scenicum . : 92

Trombidium fuliginosum, palpi a 95
— typical palpusof . - 95
Tetranychus prunicolor, claw of 96
Trombidium holosericeum, clawof 96
Tetranychus telarius, tarsus of . 97

— mouth, palpi, and man-
dible of . é eh Oy,

— young . A : aie Oi,
— male. : : le Ey
— female . : : HGS
— lintearius . s sae OM
— tiliarum . : : . 108
— socius. : : Fs KOS
— eriostemi : ‘ . 109
— autumnalis. . Feet LOG
Raphignathus ruberrimus . . 115
— ruber. 5 : Rr esa IS
Megamerus celer : 3 ae © @
Leptus americanus , Poca
-— trmitans . : ‘ Gye 6)
Bryobia speciosa . 5 Jo See MLS
Petrobia lapidum, young . SLES
— full-grown . : peat te
Tydeus mutabilis : : ZO
Eupodes hiemalis . : en, -(0)
— celer, young . : BP §
SS SS ayn ne ° eo) ee eT
Penthaleus hematopus . Lon
Scyphius diversicolor . SMe?
Linopodes longipes . : “el28
Penthalodes ovalis ; oP ee
Stigmzeus cruentus . 5 oy ee
Caligonus piger . : Ser i!

Rhyncholophus cinereus. A 25

Rhyncholophus aes.

— major

Smaridia papillosa, rostrum of .

— papillosa
Pachygnathus velatus
Trombidium parasiticum

— holosericeum, young

— — mature
— — wnhder side.

— — hairson upper side .

— — hairs on sides
— trigonum

— — hairs on back of

— curtipes.

— — hairs on bape

— — hairs on sides

— fasciculatum

— tinctorium .

— bulbipes.

— gryllarium, young

— sericeum.

— aurantiacum
Calyptostoma Hardyi

— — underside .

— — side view.

— — leg
Erythrzeus ruricola

— cornigera

Molgus longicornis, mouth a

Eupalus vitellinus .
Scirus vulgaris .
— insectorum, young

— — (leptus phalangii)

— hexophthalmus
— obisium .
Hydrachna, palpus of
Atax bonzi, claw of .
Limnochares aquaticus .
Thyas venusta .
Smaris impressa
Alycus roseus
Eylais extendens, young
—— == iklurS

LIST: OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE
Hydrachna, nymphs of, adhering
to hinder part of nepa cinerea 151
/— ' géographica’ . ; Eas

Limnesia fulgida . : Sahise.
Diplodontus scapularis, young . 153
— -— Mature .- me - 153
Hydrochoreutes globulus . . 154
— — nymph . : 154
— — perfect insect, ide
side : ere 7!
Hydrachna EpEator, male 1 155
— — female : Serene ys
Atax histrionicus, male. . 156
— — female : : 156

Gamasus tetragonoides, claw of. 157

Dermannyssus avium, claw of . 157-

-— auris, claw of . ee) SS Y,
Gamasus coleoptratorum re GS
‘— ‘marginatus . : - 159
Lelaps hilaris : : oe 159
Gamasuscrassipes .. . « 161
'— tetragonoides . See LOL
-— podager. Ban TOK
Uropoda vegetans : a je LOZ
Zercon dimidiatus. : . 164
Sejus vidius . 7 : s° a: TOS
“— maritimus : : . 166
‘— marinus. 2 Pee TO
a halicheri, young . 168
— — mature 3 oe LOO
Dermanyssus nitzschii ; . 169
— avium : : Het BO
‘—— — under side : Ei (0)
‘“— pipistrellz . . pets Ye r-
Liponyssus setosus . : be
Macronyssus longimanus Sie DTS
Lepronyssus rubiginosus_ . Pe ty!
— lobatus - Mei Se
Pimelonyssus idenitellis P 174
Vampire, hair of . P Pers iy i

Diplostaspis dasycnemi, hair of . 175:

Periglischrus rhinolophinus . . 177
UE PS iy

419
PAGE
Tinoglischrus punctolyra . 178
— — under side: = 198
— audouinii . 178.
Diplostaspis vespertilionis . . 179
—— arcuata: - 179
Leiostaspis zeleborii . . 180
Argas reflexus, tarsus of . 180
_— - pipistrellee, young . 180
— — legof. . 180
-— reflexus . . 181
— miniatus . 182
— moubata : 5 pits
-— (ornithodoros) coriaceus . 183
— — talaje : : A giro
Ixodes, rostrum of - . 184
— clawof . . 184
— erinaceus, maie . 190
— — female . 190
— fodiens . I9L
— marginatus, male . = 192
— — female : -- 3 EQOZ
— transversalis'. . pe
Sarconyssus nodulipes . . 196
Hyalomma hispanicum, male . 197
— — female : oe OT
Heemalastor longirostris . . 198
— gracilipes: . : = « 'QG
Dermacentor pardalinus . . 199
Hzemaphysalis rosea . 200
Rhipicephalus senegalensis . 200
Adenopleura compressum . 200
Xiphiastor rostratus . . 201
Amblyomma rotundatum 208
Ophiodes flavomaculatus 2 204:
Halacarus ctenopus . 208
— falcatus . . 209
— — clawof . 209
— — mandibles of . 209
— sculptus . : 2 20g
— — underside . 209
— — side view - 209
— — mandible and pallptis
of ‘, 209

DD 2

420 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE
Halacarus rhodostigma . ery 52)
— notops . . : . 211

Dameeus auritus, head of fee aes

— — legof . : . 215

— — claw of ; eaitysk 2S
— geniculatus, young . . 215
*— — mature ° see 4) Hs
Leiosoma ovata, young stage . 217
Notaspis bipilis, mature pone) 4
Oribata punctata, young . « 218
— globula, mature . ae t2US
— — mandibleof . ~ 218
Pelops acromios, young Suivi) BRO
MUTE . ~ 219
— — — leeof. ine e2LO
Nothrus spiniger, young . 24220
— — claw of : singe eeo

— horridus, mature. 5 220
— — covered with its cloak

Olidirt 4/4 By 220)

Hermannia crassipes, young . 221

inate . ie. 22
Eremzeus tibialis, young. i222
AALS ° Sid) Bee
Hoplophora contractilis . 228
— — shut up : ey 22753
— — legof. : 21222
— — larva of 5 sed
Sa cau A - . 29225
Ilypoderas brevis . ; JyetZ2o,
— — under side ; 229
— lineatus, under side . . 230
— columbe, under side ae2g0
=a ==) ON Wellleh pigeon..ai. 1230
Hypopus muscarum . 5 = 234.
— — lipcf. 4 ske 234
— filicum . : . 235
— arvicola . : . 236

Rhizoglyphus echinopus, young. 238
— — with young developing

inside . : 7238

Hypopus, inside of ditto Sue 1280

— removed from ditto . 5 2309

PAGE

Hypopus, with Tyroglyphus mycopha-

gus emerging fromit 242
— alicola 4 : «,, « 250
Trichodactylus osmize, leg of . 251
— osmice | 252
——— : . 252
— xylocopze « 253
Homopus elephantis . 253)
— — mouth of = 252)
Rhizoglyphus, tarsus of . 256
Tyroglyphus, tarsus of . . 256
Rhizoglyphus echinopus, young. 257
— phylloxere. ~. 25e
— rostroserratus . . 261
— — side view ~ 26%
— — mouth of. TREE
— mycophagus 263,
Tyroglyphus siro . 268
— — more magnified . 268
— longior . 271
Acarus horridus 278
— weekesii. 278
Tyroglyphus siculus , 274
— malus, under side ares
— — side view » 275
Glyciphagus spinipes, mouth of . 276
— — hair of . 270
— — claw of . 276
— cursor . 278
— hippopodos . 279
— buski . 280
— spinipes . 281
— plumiger . 283
— palmifer, male . 284
— — female . 284
Cheyletus eruditus, male . 286
— mericourti, female . . 289
Heteropus ventricosus . . 290
— — impregnated female . 290
— — leg ofditto. . 290
Sarcoptes scabiei, anterior leg
and sucker = 208

— — mouth.

. 201

LYST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

Sarcoptesscabiei, male,under side 292

female, ditto 202)
two of posterior legs

of male -, 203
two of posterior legs

—_—_

of female . 2203

— — burrow of . 294
Sarcoptes dromedarii 305
— mutans, male . - 305
— — female on 305
— — side view. - 306
Psoroptes equi, mandibles - 308

anterior leg and sucker 308

— — figure of. . 309
— — two of posterior legs
of male - 309
— — two of posterior legs
of female . - 309
Symbiotes bovis 313

— — anteriorlegand Bicker 313

Sarcopterus nidulans wegt4:
Myobia musculi, young 316
— — female 2 SiG,

mouth and anterior
legs more highly
magnified - 316
— — posteriorlegandtarsus 316
English bat, magnified hair of . 318
Otonyssus sticholasius, magnified
hair of . 2318
magnified bristle of . 319
tarsus of, copied from

—_—_—_ —

Kolenati . » $59

— — — copied from aa
dox. 5 919

— — palpus, copied Healt
Kolenati . fuse G9)
— — mouth of do. Bes PL!
— — — more magnified. 321

copied from Kolenati 323

— — — — Maddox . 323
Peplonyssus seminulum nazA
— pagurus . e324

42.

PAGE

Listrophorus Leuckarti, mouth of 325
— — legof : 4 325
— gibbus - 325
— Leuckarti 2325
Myocoptes musculinus, male. . 326
— — female . . 326
— — _ seen in front . 326
— — mouth of. . 326
Dermaleichus bifidus, male . 328
— — female : 2 as
— chelopus, male «329
— — female . 329
Demodex folliculorum ; +320

in bulb and follicles

of human hair 27.330)
Lime tree leaf with nail galls) A332
Section of gall on do. om 3G2

American vine leaf with trumpet
gall formed bya Cecidomyia 335

Section of gall on do. ° - 335

Sallow leaves with galls produced

by Phytoptus salicis - 307
Section of gall on do. Bee e7¢
Phytoptus salicis - 339

— tiliz . - 339

— ribis aga9)

== PYEIM. - 340
Gamasus, supposed by ‘Sthenten

to be perfect insect of ditto. 340
Hypopus, supposed by Scheuten

to be larva of ditto. «| Sax
Flexipalpus tiliz . 7) 942
Tetranychus tiliz, augusta Be

Scheuten to be perfect Flexi-

palpus tilize - 342
Phytoptus, after Low - 346

— headof — - 346
— legof — - 347
— tailof — . 348
— pyri, claw of - 348
— tiliz, claw of . - 348

Currant buds attacked by Phy-
toptus ribis - » 355

422 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE ? PAGE.
Bract of Tilia parvifolia attacked Haematopinus, anterior leg . . 386
by Phytoptus tiliarius . - 356 — quadrumanus . . . 387
Volvulifex aceris on sycamore | Phthirius inguinalis .. . . 387
leaf : é BA 9 | — posterior leg of a 3 307

— section of } : . 357 | Pediculus capitis, anterior claw
Cephaloneon myriadeum . .. 358 a of European . . 392
Pear leaf with galls of Typhlo- — — Andian Indian. - 392
dromus pyri. : - 359 — — North - American :
Section of gall of ditto . - +» 359 Slave lake Indian. 393
Ceratoneon on leaves of sloe . 360 — — Australian : «3938
Section of ditto . : ae. BBO — vestimenti . A aie GOH
Volvulifex pruni on plum twig . 361 — — sucker of ditto. - 394
— onplumleaf . . . 361 | Pediculus capitis . é =» «3399

Menopon pallidum. : . 377 | Tomocerus longicornis, scale of,
— posteriorles . Be ated ir, - magnified . ; as . 402

Trinoton luridum . 1278 — — part of. -do., more
— anterior leg . «ay 378 magnified . : ol AZ
Docophorus semisignatus, ae Machilis, scale magnified . . 402
Ob eke é : 370 — part of do., more mag- ,
== icterodes ; SP PeeeH ie — nified . : . 402
Nirmus claviformis . . - 379 | Lepidocyrtus curvicollis, scale,
Goniocotes hologaster . .. 380 magnified . ap 1403,
Goniodes falcicornis . A « 380 _. = ‘part of) ido. mone
— dissimilis . + Li SOIL | enlarged : - 403,
— — anteriorleg of . 381 | Smynthurus fuscus ‘ «eng OG
— tetraonis . : i) BS — viridis . 5 ; . 406
Lipeurus, antenna of male. . 381 | Papirius fuscus . : . . 408
— variabilis . 2 . . 382 | Orchesella cincta . “1 a Oo!
— squalidus - . » 382 | Tomocerus plumbeus . | 92 e04e9)
Ornithobius cygni : - 383 | Lepidocyrtus curvicollis . : 410:
Trichodectes sphicroscoraing - 383 | Degeeria annulata : Pee
== — posterior les cf ye. i3eg Achorutes purpurascens. . Az
— _scalaris : : : - 384 | Podura aquatica . z . cee:
— equi . 3 se aod Lipura fimetaria : ‘ 4 412
ie atus | hye : : . 384 | Anoura muscorum : < sae
Heematomyzus elephantis . . 385 | Lepisma saccharina . : . 416

Haematopinus suis . 5 - 386 | Machilis maritima : Pee)

INDEX.

PAGE

ACARID&. : A ‘ ~ 227
Acarina 5 2 ; 3 ales 2S
Acarocecidium . 355
Acaropsis mericourti. yt 280
Acarus basteri . : ‘ - 143
— crossi. ZF 273)
— dimidiatus 270
— domesticus. : 3a 267
— farine . ; 5 =») 267
— favorum . ; akira 207
— horridus. 270s 272
— hyacinthi . : en 27
— lactis. : , . 207
— nigua. 4 : a | #194
— passularum . : 2 ol
— spinitarsus . 2 ato 8-
— translucens . : « 275
— vespertilionis . ee Hy (6,
— weekesii ? : Pea Ge
Acarellus muscz . ; ani DA
Acercus . : . P . 156

Achlysia ; 5 op vtZe

Achorutes purpurascens 2 452
Actineda cornigera : Aen
Actinopus nidulans . ; a gD
Adenopleura compressum . . 200
fEcidium abietinum . 374
Agelena labyrinthica . ahs SE
Agelenidz ; : : tie Ge
Alycus . : , - ape ERO

— roseus . ‘ , 2 ESO
Amaurobius ferox . ‘ Paar aes

— mordax . , ; « gy

PAGE
Amblyomma 187, 201
— pacificum : ; “203
— rotundatum : or On
American vine trumpet gall 335
Ancystropus zeleborii . ede oC)
Androctonus . ‘ ‘ ego
— priamus . . Se ee)
— sp.. : : : a 38
=e SP 38

Anoplura . : ; : - 395

Anoura granaria 414
— muscorum : . 414
Arachnoidea. : ; si) a aa
Araneide . : : ; 43
Argas . : : : wget LOO
— americana. : . 182
— coriaceus . : a Tee
— miniatus. : : . 182
— moubata . : 2.5 kO2
— persicus . : : lox
— pipistrelle . ; «= Venlo
— reflexus . 4 ; . ESI
— savignii . : ie. Moe
— talaje . : : ales
Argaside . - : sos a EEO
Argyroneta aquatica . . ny 2
Armadillo vulgaris ; ip) SO
Arrhenurus viridis. ; . 156
Ash clusters . 364.
Astoma . : ‘ ; «Sg
— gryllaria . - ‘ieee
— parasiticum . : 2) ¥29

|) Abase : ; : Bt et ea

424 INDEX.
PAGE PAGE
Atax bonzi . 155 | Cephaloneon solitarium . 358
- — globator - 155 | Cepheus 221
— _histrionicus . 156 — vulgaris . 222
— miniata - 155 | Ceratoneon attenuatum. 359
— varipes ~ 155 — vulgaris. 356
Atoma. 128, 129 | Cermatia 29
Atractides. . 156 — capensis . 30
Atypus sulzeri - 55, 69 — smithii 30
Cheese mites 227
BALLUS depressus ‘92 | ‘Cheliter 34
Batoneus populi . 368 — cancroides 35
Bdella egregia . . 144 — geoffroyi 35
Bdellidze . 142 — muszeorum 34
Beckia argentea. - 410 | Cheyletus 285
Beetle mites . oi 2UT — eruditus . 286
Bog mites. . : ‘ . 148 — mericourti . 289
Bon, M., his manufacture of — robertsoni 286
spider silk. 47 | Chilognatha . 14
Brachycybe rosea 21 | Chilopoda. 22
British spiders 69 | Chiracanthum nutrix 71
— mygalidze 69 | Chorioptes 312
Brotheas 38 | Ciniflo ferox 75
Bryobia I17 — mordax . Hib
— speciosa 118 | Ciniflonidze We
Buthus afer ay — web of ; 1 76
—— )Gecsal 38 | Classification, general system of. 12
— imperator 38 — of aptera 13
— sp. 38 — — arachnoids . 23
— — mites 93
CALAMISTRUM of Ciniflo . 76 | Clubiona epimelas 71
Caligonus : 124 — pallidula. 71
=) PIGEE as 124 | Collembola . - 4OR
Calyptostoma, Hardyi . 140 | Craterium pyriforme . 11g
Campodea staphylinus 415 | Cryptops hortensis 28
Carapato 201 | Cteniza fodiens . 57
Caris : 128 — ionica 56

Cecidoptes pruni . 363

Celeripes . 176 | DAMAUS . 215
Cellularia 229 — auritus 212, 216
— bassani . 230 — geniculatus. . 205
Cephaloneon myriadeum 357 | Degeeria annulata . - 4Il
— pruni 360 | Degeeridz . 408
— pustulatum. 365 | Demodex caninus » 330

Demodex folliculorum .

Dermacentor . :

— pardalinus .
Dermaleichide .
Dermaleichus

— bifidus

— chelopus

— musculinus

— passerinus .

— pici majoris

—'sp. .
Dermanyssidee .
Dermanyssus

— agilis

— albatus

— arcuatus.

— avium

— hirundinis

— nitzschii .

— pipistrellze
Dermatodectes

— bovis

— equi.

— ovis
Dermatokoptes

— communis
Dermatophagus

— bovis
Dizea dorsata
Dictyna arundinacea .
Dictynide .
Diplodontus scapularis
Diplopoda .
Diplostaspis arcuata .

— vespertilionis
Docophorus

— icterodes

— semisignatus

Dolomedes fimbriatus .

Drasside .
Drassus blackwallii
— micans
— sericeus

INDEX.

PAGE

- 329

186, 199

. 199
e227
- 327
e225
x 320

- 326 |
- 329 |

29
«328
. 169
SOO
- 174
- 179
- 179
. 169
2 be
= 169
azz
Poy,
. 308
. 308
- 308
307
. 308
312
2 BUS

71
- 153
yy!
- 179
- 179
Beye:
a19
Bes arc

Dysdera crocata
-—— rubicunda: .
Dysderidze

EPEIRA arbustorum
— bicornis .
— diadema .
— diademata
— quadrata
— web of

Epiblemum scenicum

Eremecus .
= fiialis

Eresus cinnabarinus .

Ergatis benigna
Erineum .
— acerinum
— eesculi
— alneum
— aucuparice
— betulinum .

— juglandinum .

— juglandis
— mali

— oxyacanthee
— populinum
— pulchellum.

— purpurascens .

— quercinum .

— tilize
Erythrzeus

— corniger.

— ruricola

Eschatocephalus gracilipes.

Eupalus

— vitellinus
Eupodes

— celer

— hiemalis
Eylais extendens

FALSE scorpions ,

- 331;

426

Flexipalpus tiliz
Fresh-water mites.

GALEODES araneoides
Gall mites
Gamaside.
Gamasinze
Gamasus .
— auris .
— coleoptratorum
— crassipes
— gigas
— halophilus .
— hilaris
-— marginatus.
—— marinus .
— maritimus .
— podager.

— quadripunctatus .

— salinus

— testudinarius

— tetragonoides .
Geophilide .
Geophilus longicornis

— subterraneus
Glomeris limbata
Glyciphagus .

— balenarum

— buski

— cursor

— hippopodus

— palmifer .

— plumiger

— prunorum

— spinipes
Goniocotes

— hologaster .
Goniodes .

— colchici

— dissimilis

— falcicornis .

— numidianus

INDEX.

PAGE

+944, B42
ay

i 4O
6 Be
. 158
- 157
ansS
< 167
. 158
. 161
. 160
. 166
- 159
» 159
2 167
. 166
oor
. 161
. 166
. 160
J rOT
nee
Dib 2
23
14
21276
. 281
- 279
275
Sy kes
m2o3
. 282

5 BaF
{1286

- 379
- 380
- 380
. 380
- 331
. 380
- 380

Goniodes stylifer .
— tetraonis.

HALACARIDZ
Halacarus.

— ctenopus

— falcatus .

— granulatus .

=) NoOfops

— oculatus

— rhodostigma

— sculptus
Halarachne halicheeri
Heemalastor .

— gracilipes

— longirostris
Heemaphysalis .

— rosea.
Heematomyzus .

— elephantis .
Heematopina
Hzematopinus

— acanthopus

— asini.

— eurysternus

— lyriocephalus

— piliferus .

— quadrumanus

— spinulosus

— suis

— tuberculatus

— ventricosus.

— vituli
Harpactes hombergi
Harvest bug

— mites.
Heczrge maculata
Heliaczeus populi.
Heliophanes cupreus .
Hermannia crassipes

— reticulata

Heteropus ventricosus .

Homopus.

187,

a
t
a
at
‘
¥
f
r
ic
a

INDEX.

PAGE
Homopus elephantis sn2g3
Hoplophora S222
— arctata ~ 225
— contractilis “222
Hyalomma . 186, 196
— cornuger. 196
— hispanicum 197
— syriacum. 197
Hydrachna . | I5I
— _buccinator <n B55
— geographica 152
Hydrachnidee 147
Hydrochoreutes globulus 153
Hydrodroma 152
Hydryphantes 152
Hygrobates 156
Hypoderas . 229
— brevis 229
— columbe 230
— lineatus . 230
— unicolor 229
Hypoderidze eo
Hypopidze 227, 231
Hypopus . 231
— alicola Pe. SRO
— arvicola. 4236, 250
— dujardinii . 257
— feroniarum ese
— filicum 235, 250
— muscze : 250
— muscarum . 232, 234, 250
— pulicis 250
— sapromyzarum 232
ICHORONYSSUS. 172
Ischnurus 38
Isopoda syne
Isotoma grisea ryt
— viatica oo 4X
Itch mites 291
Ixodes - 190
— americanus. 4 AOA
— bovis

Ixodes brevipes
— distipes .
— dugesii
— erinaceus.
— fodiens
— marginatus
— reduvius
— ricinus
— testudinarius
— trabeatus
—- transversalis
Ixodidze

JAPYX solifugus
Julidze

- Julus

a eablg rsh ae
— londinensis.
— nitens

— pulchellus .
— terrestris.

| KALIPS .

| Lascaps hilaris.

Latrodectes lugubris
— malmignatus .

| Leiosoma

— nitens
— ovata.
Leiostaspis zeleborii .

Legnon circumscriptum .

— crispum .

Lepidocyrtus curvicollis .

Lepismadze
Lepisma saccharina
Lepronyssus
— lobatus
— rubiginosus
Leptus. ;
— autumnalis—
— phalangii

- I93 | Leptognathus falcatus

1 250
+ 250)
eae a ty,
. 180
Te
350
. 410

427

PAGE

- 194
. 194
- 193
. 190
. IQ
. 192
- 193
- 193
«| 102
- 193
- 195
. 185

Bryn

14
15
16

iy tS

18
16

ae a wa)

67
65

415

. 416
> es
- 174

- 174
» 128

. 109

- 145
. 208

428

Lice :
Limnesia fulgida .
Limnocharis

— aquaticus

— holosericeus
Linopodes

— cursorius

— longipes

— ravus
Linyphiide .
Linyphia montana
Liotheidze
Lipeurus .

— jejunus

— polytrapezius .

— squalidus

— stellaris .

— _ variabilis
Liponyssus °

— setosus
Lipura fimetaria

— maritima

— stillicidii
Listrophorus

— gibbus

— leuckarti
Lithobius forficatus
Louse-mites infesting birds
Lycosa allodroma

— tarantula
Lycoside .

— British

MACHILIS .
— maritima
— polypoda

Macronyssus

Mallophaga

Malotrichus carpini

Marica

Marine mites

Marmignatto

Mecistocephalus punctifrons .

INDEX.

PAGE
O15
, E52
. 148
. 148
. 148

Megamerus

— celer.

— ovalis
Melichares agilis .
Menopon . ; :

— fulvo maculatu

— pallidum

— perdricis
Micrommata virescens
Microphtheridze
Micaria pulicaria

Moggridge, Mr., researches on

trap-door spiders
Molgus

— longicornis
Mud mites
Mygale avicularia

— californica

— convexa

— detrita

-—— erichsoni

— fasciata .

— klugii

— versicolor
Mygalidze

— British
Myobia

— coarctata

— musculi
Myocoptes

— musculinus
Myriapods
NEMESIA czementaria

— eleanora

— meridionalis
Neriene
Nesea
Nirmus

— cameratus

— claviformis
Notaspis .

— bipilis

. 22,8

Nothrus
— horridus.
— spiniger
Norwegian itch

OBISIUM .

— carcinoides
Ocypetus
Oniscidze .
Oniscus asellus
Oonops pulcher
Ophiodes

— flavomaculatus

— gervaisii

— gracilentus

— ophiophilus
Opistophthalmus
Orchesella cincta .
Oribata

— globula

— notata

— orbicularis .

— ovalis

— punctata
Oribatidze
Oribatinze
Ornithobius

— cygni
Ornithodoros

— coriaceus

— talaje
Otonyssus

— sticholasius
Oxyopes lineatus .

PACHYGNATHA
Pachygnathus
— minutus.
— notops
— sculptus.
— seahami
— velatus .
Papirius fuscus .

- 317
- 323

- 2II
PAS

209

eA
ize
- 408

INDEX.

Papirius ornatus
Pauropus huxleyi .

— pedunculatus .
Pediculus

— capitis
Andian
Australian
British
Californian

Fuegian .
Hindoo
Mosambican
Russian
West Africa
— muris musculi
— vestimenti
Pedipalpi

Pelops

— acromios
Penthaleus

— hematopus
— insulanus
Penthalodes .

— ovalis
Peplonyssus .

— pagurus .

— seminulum.
Periglischrus asema .
— caligus

— rhinolophinus
Petrobia

— lapidum
Philodromus pallidus
— margaritatus
Pholcide .
Pholcus phalangioides
Phrynidzs . :
Phrynus ceylonicus
— palmatus
Phthirius .

— inguinalis .
Phyllerium

Esquimaux .

429

PAGE

- 408

32
32

. 391
- 399
. 400
- 400

= 599

. 400
- 399
. 400
. 400
. 400

3155

. 218

399
400
326
394

. 219
1 12k
er
Mee
w112R
a o
aoe
«324
« 32d:
- 177
- 177

«AT
Paes fa te

é RLS

. 389

88
88
79
79
39
a7
a9

- 389
- 353

430 INDEX.

PAGE PAGE

Phyllerium alnigenum . . . 366 | Pontarachna punctulum » GS
— axillare . : ; . 371 | Porcellio scaber : : .. xO
— juglandis . | 1 9370) Proctopaydladesi : «See
— liliaceum : : . 356 | Pseudo scorpiones . : a
— vitis . : ; = 248303 seSOroptestam. 5 : oo BOR
Phytopti on alder. 303,804: — equi 3 ; : » 308
— onbeech . : » .. 971 | “Pterodectes: : : 5. ay B28
— onelm. : : . 365 | Pterolichus : Pa ey,
— onhornbeam . . . 366 | Pteronyssus . ; : a Rain
— onpeartree . : - 362 | Pteroptidee : 2 ; - Las
— onScotch fir. - . 372 | Pteroptus vespertilionis Paint 7(6)
— onwalnut : : 13704) ) Puiloptentdas mm. 5 : : 379

— onwillow 367, 368, 369, 370
Phytoptidze . : ‘ 227, 331 | RAPHIGNATHUS . : onal

Phytoptus aceris é : = 350 — ruber . d : Ath f=
— attenuatus . . «359 — ruberrimus. : see Le
— onBromus . : - 373 | Rhagidia gelida 5 : . 120
— carpini . : - . 367 | Rhipicephalus . 5 187, 200
— coryli. : ; - 354 — senegalensis . ‘ . 200
— myriadeum : - + 357 | Rhizoglyphus : : - e255
— onmaple : : ety — echinopus ; F - 257
— on mulberry : Mea (ay.t — feculz , : 2 2 2EO
— on salvia . : e713 — mycophagus . : - 202
— onstrawberry . Sree — phylloxeree : - 25S
— persicae . ; ; - 354 — robinii . p f . 259
— pruni. 5 : 2. eo BOO — rostroserratus . «we hE
= yet : : - 358 | Rhyncholophus 5 5 . 224
— ribis . : 339, 343, 355 — cinereus . : Peru ies
— salicis . Reem wien 2 opt — major. ss alee
— taxl . : - 354 — htalanmotdies : Papen)
— tiliz A ese: ao. 356 | Rhynchoprion columbe . J SE
— tiliarius . : . 356 | River-water mites ; oe eRe
— vitis : ; § - 343 | Reestelia cancellata . : 2 Bn

Physogaster larvarum . AaB 0 Vo) — lacerata . : a a

Pimelonyssus . , 72
— biscutellus. ; oe NAY) CARCI PE: ty ates : 5 2, ROE

Piona : 3 j ! . 156 | Salticis cupreus . : i bo)

Podura aquatica . : Meh db.) 107 ==) fOMmmICarius as ; «0 192

Poduride . ; . : mae: | — ‘obscurus . . » feo

Polydesmus . , 5 Bae iro) — scenicus . 5 ‘ «Oz
— complanatus . 5 . 20 | Sarcodermatodectes . 2 5 ee
— dorsalis . : 20) 0 = eapress |. d : « 35g

Pond-water mites. : eR 5O i SareOnyssus ecu) ee eae . OS

Sarconyssus nodulipes
Sarcopterus nidulans
Sarcoptes .

— bovis.

— caprze

— cati

— cuniculi.

— dromedarii

— minor .

— mutans

— rupicaprze

— scabiei

— scabiei-crustosz

— squamiferus

— subcutaneus

— vulpis
Sarcoptidze
Scirus .

— hexophthalmus

— insectorum.

— obisium .

— vestitus .

— vulgaris .
Scolopendra,

— angusticollis

— cceruleoviridis

— ceylonensis

— electrica

— leachii

— morsitans .

— placeze

— platypoides

— tuberculidens .

— variegata
Scolopendridz .
Scorpionidz,
Scorpions.
Scutacarus femoris
Scyphius .

— diversicolor
Scytodes thoracica
Scytodidz
Segestria senoculata .

INDEX.

PAGE

. 196

314

. 291
= 303
1.302
2302

302

3 405
2302
» 305
* 305

290,

292

- 300
302
+, 228

= BODE:

2 201
- 144
ZS)
- 145
. 146
ETAG
. 144

24
27
27
26
23
27
24
26
26

Seira buskii
Sejus

— auris

— halophilus .

— marinus .

oy antchalubnol yous

— salinus .

— viduus .
Smaridia .

— papillosa
Smaris :

— expalpis

— impressa.
Smynthuridze
Smynthurus fuscus

— niger.

— viridis
Snouted mites
Soipugidee
Sparassus smaragdulus .
Sphaside .
Sphasus lineatus .
Sphzeropceus castaneus

— glabratus

— heterostictus . :
Spiders :
Spiders, British.
Spiders’ nests with cork doors

— — with wafer doors.

— — silk of

— — trap-door . .
Spinning-mites .
Spinturnia . ; ;
Spirostreptus annulatipe

— javanicus
Spring tails
Steatonyssus
Stigmczeus .

— cruentus
Sugentia .
Symbiotes

— bovis

— elephantis .

432

Symbiotes equi

TARANTISMUS .
Tarantula
Tegenaria domestica .

— guyonii
Telyphonus giganteus

— proscorpio .
Templetonia crystallina
Tendaraman.
Tetranychidze
Tetranychus.

— americanus

— autumnalis.

— cucumeris

— eriostemi

— ferrugineus

— fici .

— irritans

— lintearius

— prunicolor

— rosarum

— russulus .

— socius

— sp..

Sax,

— talsahuate

— telarius

— — yar. cinnabarinus
var. heematodes .

var. tini .
— tillarum .
— trombidinus
a VLEs ia

Theraphoside .

Theridiidz .

Theridion benignum .
— lineatum
— pallens .

— riparium

— tepidariorum .

— tredecimguttatum
Thomiside

INDEX.

Thomisus abbreviatus

— audax

— floricolens .

— onustus .
Thyas . .

— venusta .
Thysanura
Ticks A
Tinoglischrus audoninii.

— punctolyra
Tomocerus longicornis .

— plumbeus
Trap-door spiders
Trichodactylus .

— osmiz

— xylocopze
Trichodectes

— equi

— latus.

— longicornis

— scalaris

— similis

— spheyrocephalus .

— subrostratus
Trichodectidze
Trichoxyreus, sp.
Trinoton

— luridum.
Trochosa cinerea .
Trombidiidze
Trombidiine
Trombidium

— aphidis

— aurantiacum

— bicolor

— bulbipes.

— celer.

— curtipes .

— fasciculatum

— fuliginosum

— gryllarium

— holosericeum

— miliare

402,

PAS

955

96,

INDEX.
PAGE

Trombidium miniatum . 139 | ULOBoRIDA

— parasiticum ‘ . . 129 | Uloborus walckenaerius

— phalangii : : . 129 | Uropoda .

— sericeum . : saa SO — vegetans

— tinctorium . 5 » 135

— teOnum . : Se ah 33)" VASATICN
Tydeus . : ; : - 120 | Vzejovis

— mutabilis . : ' = £20,)) Veleda lineata —-
Typhlodromus mali . 362 | Volvella coronille

= : : 340, 358 | Volvellina marginalis
Tyroglyphide . : . 227, 255 | Volvulifex aceris .
Tyroglyphus : : 255, 263 — rhodizans

— echinopus 257,

— entomophagus . . . 263 | WALCKENAERIA pratensis .

— fecule . ; : . 259

— longior . Sh a 270) | KIPHTASTOR

— malus . : . e275 — rostratus

— mycophagus : 242, 262 | Xysticus audax .

— phylloxere . : . 258 — cristatus

— siculus : ; a 27a — pini

— siro ; ‘ ; > 267.

— translucens . : » « 275 | ZERCON dimidiatus

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