The education of the negro; its rise, progress and present status: being an address delivered before the National Educational Association at its late meeting at Chautauqua, N. Y.

THE

EDUCATION OF THE NEGRO

ITS RISE PROGRESS AND PRESENT STATUS :

BEING AM ADDRESS DELIVERED BBTOKB THE

NATIONAL EDUCATIONAL ASSOCIATION

AT ITS LATE MEETING AT CHAUTAUQUA, N. Y.,

BY

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HON. GUSTAVUS J. ORR, LL.D.,

STATE SCHOOL COMMISSIONER OF GEORGIA.

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ATLANTA, GA. :

JA8. P. HARRISON <fc CO., PRENTER6 AND PUBLISHERS.

1880.

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ADDRESS.

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Mr. Pi-esident, Ladies and Oentlemen: <

I come before you to-night to discuss a subject of the deepest public
concern ; and I am happy to know that nay audience is composed of per-
sons with minds broadened by culture, liberalized by learning and
capable of weighing properly whatever may be advanced. I am happy,
moreover, to believe that sufficient time has now elapsed for reason to
begin to assert her sway, and that men of all sections of our common
country are now prepared to hear with candor. This I shall expect of
my present audience; and I do not believe I shall be disappointed. I
promise on my part to exercise the same candor which I look for
in you.

African slavery, either fortunately or unfortunately, was introduced
into the colony of Virginia in the year 1620 — two hundred and sixty
years ago. Soon after, this example was followed by the other colonies;
and not a great many years had elapsed before every one of them be-
came slaveholding. The laws of climate, the laws governing the remun-
erativeness of negro labor, and other influences caused slavery soon to
begin to gravitate Southward; and this movement continued till at lie
time the colonies declared themselves independent in 1776, the great bulk
of the five hundred thousand, negroes then in the couutry were to be
found in the Southern States The existence of slavery in the South
formed the basis of a civilization in that section entirely distinct in
many particulars from that found in the Northern portion of the
Union. It early became evident that, as in the celebrated instance
recorded in sacred history, two tuitions, as it were, were struggling to
the birth.

The difference in social influences, the difference in moral teachings,
the difference in interest, the diffeiences in the theories of the con-
stitution generally held in the two sections, and, indeed, the difference
in the entire surroundings separated very widely the two peoples.
Each section misunderstood the other in. a hundred particulars; and
the obstacles to a better understanding constantly grew in magnitude
as time moved on. The terrible war which followed, in which men of
a common origin, priding themselves in a common history, cherishing
the same glorious traditions, and of equal bravery met in deadly strife,
—I do not propose to trace. Would that the horrors of that fearful
period could be buried forever in oblivion, or, if remembered at all.
that they might be, recalled only for the useful lessons which they
teach ! I do not refer to the subject to-night for the purpose of locating

the blame of the fratricidal strife, — for Heaven knows there was wrong
enough on both sides. I have to do. rather, with the harmless race
who were the innocent cause of the unhappy struggle and of ail the
terrible sufferings which it entailed. Was it a mercy to that people
that they were brought to these shores anil subjected to so many long
years of servitude? Was it one of the purposes In the Divine mind
to prepare them, by the stern discipline of slavery, for something bet-
ter? Was slavery, indeed, the divinely appointed tutelage by which
they were to be brought forward to a higher plane of civilization?
These are questions which deserve mir thoughtful consideration, now
that we have reached the period of calm, philosophic redaction. In
order to give them a proper anwer, let us first consider the condition
of the race in their native home; and, secondly, the influences, civil,
social, and religious, brought to bear upon them in their long period of
slavery. We shall thus be led to see that slavery was a great educa-
tor, perhaps the greatest and most wisely conceived that could have
been devised

As to the low condition of the Negro tribes near the western coast
of Africa, whence the former slaves of this country were originally
brought, all authorities are agreed. They were simply savage*, practis-
ing Fetichism, the very lowest form of idolatry. They were the slaves
of the most degrading superstitions, believing in spell?, charms, and
incantations, and having no system of rules of conduct deserving the
name of a moral code. In regard to their intellertunl condition, one
author says, "It is impossible to name a region tolerably peopled,
where any progress at all has been made in the arts, which is so com-
pletely illiterate as Negro Africa. It is not enough'to sav that it has
neither books, authors, nor learned men. In no part of this extended1
region is there an alphabet or a heiroglyphic, or even H picture, or
symbol of any description. All those refined processes by which the
ideas of one mind are to pass into the minds of others are entirely un-
known ."*

Now, I say nothing of the manner in which these Africans were in-
troduced into this (jountrv, or of the motives of those who introduced
them. With matters of this kind, this discussion has nothing to do.
I simply put this question: Suppose a population of the kind above
described had been set down in considerable numbers in the midst of
a community well advanced in Christian civilization, and a body of
wise, philanthropic men had been convened to consider and report
upon the question as to what should be the relations of this new popu-
latioo to the community in which they had been introduced, what coo-
elusion do you suppose would have been reached? Would they have
advised that these strangers be incorporated into the body politic with
rights equal to those of other citizens? It seems to me that, intelligence
and virtue being the recogni/ed foundation stones of liberal govern-
ment, the wise men supposed, even looking to the interest of the new
comers nlone, would have advised a probationary tutelage hedged"
about with salutary restraints, and backed by the strong arm of power.
The ablest writers on government of modern times, with all the les-
sons of the past before them, and enjoying nil the advantages of the
advanced thought of thn age. tiave taught us that governments must
be arbitrary or liberal, stronger or milder, according as the people to
be governed are ignorant or intelligent, of feeble or strong moral prin-
ciples. Tno wise men supposed, in making the recommendation sug-
gested, would have been but conforming to these well known teacq-
mg3 of our philosophic thinkers. Now, the condition to which th«

"Encyclopedia of Geography.— Murray .

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slaves of the South were ultimately advanced did not differ very largely
from the supposed condition advised by the hypothetical wise men.
The slavery of the South was often denounced bv Northern writers
and speakers as chattel slavery, and many persons throughout that sec-
tion doubtless fully believed that slaves were treated, under the law,
simply as things. Mo greater mistake was ever committed. The
slavery of the South was very far removed from absolute or pure
slavery. I hope you will allow one reared in the midst of the things
which he describes, to speak freely and frankly to you of what lias
been familial- to him from childhood. I think, perhaps, that 1 shall be
able to show you that the relation of the slave of the South to the
society of which he formed a part, whether so intended or not. was
really that of a species of inchoate citizenship. It was a state of
slavery, indeed, but a slavery with many benign modifications. The
three great absolute rights of Englishmen— rights which belong to all
to whom English institutions have descended as an inheritance — are,
according to Blackstone, the right of personal security, the right of
personal liberty, and the right of private property. While it is not
pretended that the Southern slave was permitted to enjoy these rights
in the sense in which you understand them, yet I propose to show that
he did enjoy them all in a modified sense. I am not a lawyer, and there-
fore do not feel myself capable of presenting a professional view of
this part of my subject; nor do I thiok that a presentation of that
kind would be appropriate or interesting to an audience such as the
one before me. 1 hope, however, that I shall be able to give such a
view, though unprofessional, as shall make good before you the declara-
tions made.

" The right of personal security consists in a person's legal and un-
interrupted enjoyment of his life, his limbs, his body, his health, and
his reputation :" so says the authority ^ust referred to. In a state of
absolute or pure slavery the subject of it is divested of this right in all
its specified details. In the slavery of the South, it was secured to
him by legislative enactment in most of the particulars enumerated.
The murder of a slave was punished with death; and the maiming of
him was visited with very heavy penalties. Indeed, resistance to the in-
fliction of these wrongs by a slave, even to the homicide of him seeking
to do them, was considered by our law as justifiable. An examina-
tion of our Southern codes will further show that all other injuries
done to the person, not amounting to deprivation of life or limb,
such as assaulting, beating, wounding, etc., when done to slaves were
made penal. It is true that the master had the right to correct his
slave for disobedience, idleness, petty theft, quarreling, fighting, or
other offense of a sufficiently serious character; but for all cruelties, or
needless and wanton punishments inflicted by masters severe penalties
were provided; and so tender was our law of the rights of the helpless
slave, that in a contest with his master it was made the duty of the
court to assign him competent counsel. For injuries done the reputa-
tion of the slave no redress was provided; but even this omission was
not without its reason as one of the main grounds for providing redress
in such cases, viz., the injury done to one's business and the conse-
quent abridgment of his means of support, did not exist at all in his
case.

The second great right of the citizen, the right of personal liberty,
"which consists in the power of locomotion, of changing situation,
or moving one's person to whatsoever place one's own inclination may
direct, without imprisonment or restraint, unless by due course of
law " it was not even sought to guarantee to the southern slave by leg-

islative enactment. The main design of slavery .being to secure to
the master the services of the slave, the theory of the institution
seemed to require that the former should have the right of directing and
controlling the movements of the latter, and the law was so framed as
to secure him in this right. Almost universal usage, however, required
that this right should be exercised in kindness and mercy; and in a
thousand ways the theoretical rigor of the law was abated in practice.
The very largest liberty of locomotion compatible with the ends of sla-
very ana the best interests of the community as constituted was allowed
by all humane masters to slaves who were faithful and who could be
trusted. It may be further added that while the master had the right
to control the liberty of the slave, no other person could do so with
safety; for the master was the legally recognized protector of the slave
and always appeared upon ihe scene when an unlawful attempt was
made to interfere with the personal liberty of the latter, either to en-
force such legal remedies as were provided or to extemporize remedies
of his own where the law had provided none. One good effect of this
control exercised by masters— good in its influence upon the slave —
stands out and is patent to ever}' observer, now that slavery has been
abolished. I refer to the habits of industry thus generated. Obser-
vers from other portions of the Union, Southern men, and even the
former slaves themselves, all unite in bearing testimony to the fact that
the freedmen trained up in the days of slavery are far more industrious,
much more thrifty, and far better laborers than those who have grown
up under the influences of their newly obtained freedom.

It remains now to consider the last of the three great absolute rights
of the citizen, viz., The right of private property, which has been said to
consist "in the free use, enjoyment, and disposal of all his acquisitions,
without any control or diminution, save only by the laws of the land."
This right, like the last considered, did not belong at all to the slave
under the law. All the acquisitions of the slave, or every kind, vested
in and belonged to the master, who could use them and dispose of
them in whatsoever manner seemed to him best. This is the way
theory put it. There is a law, however, in the presence of which op-
posing human enactments have, in all countries, and in all ages of the
world, been impotent. I allude to the law of a generally received,
well established public opinion. What the commonly received opin-
ion requires to be done, in any community, is always done in the ab-
sence of laws which require it, and even in the face of such as forbid.
The general sense of all communities in the South required that the
slave have the right to the full enjoyment of acquisitions made in
time allowed him by custom, or in time specially granted to him ; and
depriving him of these acquisitions on the part of the master would
have been universally regarded as an act of ineffable meanness. No
man could do such a thing in the face of the outraged sense of right
in the community. In practice, the condition of our slaves in respect
to the wants usually supplied by the full enjoyment of the right of
property was far better than that of the laboring poor in many free
communities. In the first place, the supply of all their physical wants
was assured Their masters were required by the law to furnish them
with a sufficiency of wholesome food and comfortable raiment, and to
support them in infancy, in sickness, and old age. The law requiring
this was enforced by heavy penalties, and the records of the courts in
my own State will show, within my own knowledge, that these penal-
ties have been enforced with the approval of entire communities,
addition to this sure support, it was a universal custom for planters to
assign certain plots of ground to their slaves, giving to each the usu-

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fruct of the part assigned him, and the time, work-animals, and agri-
cultural implements necessary for its cultivation. It was a comnlon

'thing for the slaves to realize from the sale of ttie produce of .these
plots of ground from ten to o»e hundred dollars each, and, in rare
instanceSj'thesL' annual accumulations have been known to reach sev-
eral hundred dollars. Slaves were now and then permitted also to
own a few swine, some fowls, and sometimes a cow. Their right *to
these little acquisitions was considered sacred, .and any disposition
made of their effects by verbal will was most religiously executed.
Even as I now speak, one dusky face comes up before me, the face of
an humble playmate of my childhood, who, in the days of slavery,
returned from a neighboring State to receive at the hands of my good
Step-mother, acting as voluntary executrix, a considerable sum of
money and other effects left him by the nuncupative will of his dying
mother. But I need say nothing further on this head.

I will next speak briefly of the educational effect upon the slaves of
the social life of the South. I feel conscious of my inability to give to
those who were not of us a thoroughly true view of the domestic and
social relations subsisting between the slaves of the South and their
masters. Perhaps I can make the nearest approach to this by throw-
ing together a number of seemingly disjointed particulars, trusting to
the effect wtiich they may produce as a whole. The domestic govern-
ment prevailing upon the plantations was largely patriarchal. All dif-
ferences among the slaves, and all minor offences even, such as would
now be referred to the courts, were brought before the master for adju-
dication, and were patiently heard and determined by him, and with
much more of justice than can often be reached, in the present condi-
tion of things, before the civil tribunals. In cases of sickness, the
very best medical aid was summoned, and the mistress of the house-
hold often administered the medicines in person, ordered such delica-

'cies as might be needed, saw that necessary attendance was furnished,
and frequently, in extreme cases, watched in person through the weary
vigils of the night, with the tenderest solicitude, by the humble bedside
of the sufferer. Throughout the bill country of the South, embracing
nearly one-half of that extensive territory, the labors imposed on the
slaves were light ; and the farms yielded but little, if anything, more
than a support, the owners relying for their profits solely upon the natu-
ral increase of their slave property. The boys, white and colored,
hunted and fished together, and mingled in the same rural sports with
great freedom, the former, however, always exacting a deferential obe-
dience and respect, which the latter were taught, from the very cradle,
by their seniors of both races, to yield. The colored youth could not fail
thus to take on some of the bearing, to imbibe some of the spirit, and
to acquire, to some extent, the moral tone of hie white associate. In
like manner, female domestics, by rendering service in families of
culture, often acquired much of the refinement of those upon whom
they attended, and, by having a good example constantly before them,
learned much as to the proper use of the English language. From the
intercourse between young masters and mistresses and their domestics,
as I have sketched it, ties of the tenderest affection and life-long in
duration were often formed. ,

Among the educational agencies brought to bear upon the slaves of
the South, I speak, lastly, of the influence of the labors of the various
Christian churches among them. In these labors all the .churches of
the South took a very deep interest. Among these churches I may
mention, of my own knowledge, the Protestant Episcopal, the Presby-
terian, the Baptist, and the Methodist, as being especially active. I

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cannpt, perhaps, in any other way give you as correct a view of the
character and extent of this work as by stating certain great facts. ' I
may say, then, that it was the universal custom of all the churches of
the South to receive slaves into full and regular memfcership, that the
spiritual welfare of the colored church members was looked after with
great solicitude by the official members of the different churches; that
the slaves and their masters worshipped in the same houses, the only
distinction being that different portions of these houses were assigned
for occupancy toi the two races; that, at the holy communion, they
partook of the same elements, administered by the same hands, at the
same time, but always at different tables; that the ministers were uni-
versally expected to visit and labor with the slaves pastorally, adminis-
tering to them the consolations of our holy religion in sickness and
burying them when dead; that, in many places, special services, at
least once" on the Sabbath, were appointea for the excjusive benefit of
the slaves: that very generally Sabbath schools were established for
the religious instruction of the slaves in which they were taught orally
from catechisms Carefully prepared by the ablest divines of the different
denominations, such men, for instance, as Dr, Winkler, of Charleston,
from, among, the Baptists, Dr. Jones, of Georgia, of the Presbyterians,
and the sainted Bishop Capers, of South Carolina, from among the Meth-
odists; and, lastly, that it was the custom on many of tl^e plantations
for cultivated Christian mistresses to assemble, with their own smaller
children, the younger servants of the household on the afternoon of
the Sabbath, and to read to them and expound the sacred oracles, and
drill them catechetically for the purpose of fixing in .their memories
the precious .truths therein inculcated. I had hoped to be able to give
you statistics, Showing the scope, the extent, and the character of this
great work. In this I have been disappointed, as I have found it im-
possible to procure the necessary records from which to obtain the re-
quisite data._ I find, however, in the life of the late Bishop Capeia
certain definite information in respect to the Miss'sionary work of the
Methodist church among the slaves in the State of South Carolina. I
will occupy your time with only two or three great facts from this
record. The good Bishop's heart was early touched with Christian sym-
pathy for the colored people, and he ceased to feel and labor for their
welfare only when he ceased to live. But to the facts. At the earnest
solicitation of this good man, the South Carolina Conference sent two
of their number, for the first time, to labor as Missionaries to the
blacks on the southern plantations in the year 1829. . At the time of
the Bishop's death, in 1855, there were twenty six colored missionary
stations in South Carolina alone, comprising a membership of 11,546,
served by thirty-two missionaries; and the annual revenue raised for
the support of these missionaries had reached, that year the large sum
of $25,000. The Methodists in Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia,
Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana did, their respective circumstances
considered, about as well. The effective work of the same kind done
by the Baptists did not, perhaps, fall a whit behind that of their Meth-
odist brethren^ while the Presbyterians, Episcopalians and other Pro-
testant churches did less, in the aggregate, only because they were
weaker numerically and financially. Eternity alone will disclose in
full the grand results of these heroic Christian labors by the, devoted
men and women of the South.

You now have before you the educationsry agencies brought to bear
upon the negroes in the days of slavery.' The education thus im-
parted was not an, education of books, taught ija, ordinary schools,
under regularly employed teachers. Large numbers of the best men

of the South believed that this latter kind of education ought to have
been *uperadd«d. We did not believe that any man ought to b« de-
nied intelligent, unaided access to the sacred Scriptures, out of which
lie must at the final day be judged, or to the statutes of the State to
iwhlch he was held amenable; but views of public policy and of what,
in my opinion, it was erroneously believed the public safety demanded,
.prevailed, and the education of books was withheld. The education,
however, which was imparted was an education of ^habits of industry,
of habits of obedient subordination, of habits of reverence for .author
ity, human and Divine. Its fruits have been seen in a hundred forms.
They are seen in the evident fact that the negroes, as a race, were far
advanced in the arts of civilization during slavery — in the fact that con-
siderable numbers of the men had become good farmers, good carpen-
ters, good shoemakers, good blacksmiths, good tailors, good artizans,
in short, in most of the ordinary branches of usefuljnduatry; and in
the fact that many of the women had become first-class cooks, seam-
stresses, house servants, laundry women, etc. It was seen, further,
that large numbers of them had become members of the various
Christian churches; and notwithstanding their defective views of
moralsi in some particulars, considerable numbers of these church
members were orderly in their walk and gave unmistakable evidence
of genuine piety. The most striking evidence, however, of the good
results of the ante helium oducationary methods pursued in respect
to the negro was furnished during the late civil war. When the
the South was largely over-run by a hostile soldiery, when every able-
bodied white man of that section had been hurried to the front, when
none were left for the protection of our women and children but mere
boys and iniflrm old men, our slaves cultivated our fields, protected
our property, and stood by our families in their helpless condition,
thus becoming an element of strength instead of weakness, of security
rather than danger. History nowhere furnishes a more striking pro:>f
of the effectiveness of the "methods of education pursued toward a
people.

-•'"I have sometimes been asked by my Northern friends if the slave-
Iwldersof the South, in peaceful and quiet times, did not occasionally
feel qualms of conscience in respect to their connection with the in-
stitution. I answer that we did not. We inherited the institution of
slavery and -could not have got rid of it if we had desired. We
saw it protected in the fundamental law; and when we opened
our Bibles we read in the Old Testament that God himself com-
manded his chosen people to make slaves of the heathen captured in
war and to transmit them as an inheritance to their children ; and when
we turned to the' New we saw that our Saviour did not condemn the
.slavery by which he was surrounded; and that those left by him to
•propagate the religion which be came more fully to expound, left on
record rules for the government of boih mastei and slave (for so I
•translate douloa), in their intercourse with each other, without utter-
ing a word of condemnation. I do not say that we were right in these
vdews, for I do not -propose to re-open the argument upon a subject
mow forever settled practically. I simply affirm that we were honest.
viWe would not be worthy of the respect of honest men if we had not
been. Whether slavery was right or wrong, the slaveholder who
*tood in his lot, doing his duty as he saw it. ought to stand acquitted
before men, as I am assured he does in the high court above.

I have already said enough, perhaps too much, upon the first stage
of the progress of the negroes of the South. I come now to speak of
the new era which has dawned upon ire. The four 4ong years of fratri-

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cidal slaughter, -which had filled the whole land with blood *nd every
houae with mourning, were at length ended, and with them slavery
was also at an end. No road could have conducted to this result but
that which led through blood and fire. But the result :was reached.
The doom of the institution was sealed, and " tetel? was written upon
it. It soon began to seem as if it had but run the brief career intended
for it in the beginning. Providence, like prophecy, is a thousand fold
better interpreted as we look back upon it in the past than when we
attempt to scan its^ future purposings. Men, who had hitherto looked
upon the institution of slavery as intended by the Divine Mind to be
perpetual, soon began to suspect that the purpose was to make it sim-
ply disciplinary from the beginning. To trace this surmise from the
stage of the conjectural till it ripened into firm conviction in the
minds of many of our best thinkers, would constitnte a pleasing psy-
chological study ; but the work before me ia practical, and it willbe far
more, profitable and instructive, perhaps, to trace the difficulties
through which the white people of the South had to pass before they
ha,G' obtained their full consent for the negro to go forward from- the
education of habits, of kindly influence and of oral methods to the
higher education of btioks and- of whatever ia opened up to the mind
therein; and this I shall now attempt to do.

It will be recollected that under the reconstruction policy of Presi-
dent Johnson, the principal thing required of the Southern States, in
order to their restoration to their former relations, to the federal gov-
ernment, was to call conventions and formally acquiesce in the aboli-
tion of slavery. The right to frame their own fundamental law as ta
other particulars, and to fashion their own institutions, was fully con-
ceded. Outsiders are but poorly prepared to appreciate the great hard-
ship of acceding to the condition in respect to the abolition of slavery.
It required Southern men to give up the firm conviction of their minds
— a conviction which had become a part of their religious faith — that
slavery was a Divine institution and intended to be perpetual. It in-
volved the sacrifice of property which had always been protected by
the sacred guaranties of the Constitution, and which, in many cases,
constituted the accumulations of a lifetime. It was the passing from
affluence to poverty, from a life of ease and plenty to a life of priva-
tion and hardship; from honor, as it appeared in the eyes of many, to
dishonor. The people, howover, rose to the requirements of the emer-
gency, and the sacrifice was made with cheerfulness and resignation.
The Southern States generally called conventions, as required, and
made the change in the fundamental law which was demanded.

This reconstruction, which, at the time, was considered a finality,
was hardly consummated before it was followed by the Congressional
plan which contained much harder exactions. The new reconstruction
set aside all that was done under the presidential plan, established tem-
porary military governments, enfranchised the recently liberated slaves
and disfranchised perhaps a third of the white citizens, including- large
numbers of the best men among us, required the calling of new con-
ventions the delegates to which were to be chosen by the constituency
created under the act forming the plan, while the conventions thus to
be called were notified in advance that, as a condition precedent- to the
exercise of future self-government, they must put all the changes
above set forth into the fundamental law. The; hardness of these
terms which were clearly extra-constitutional and which rested for
their validity solely upon the rights of. the conqueror, was intensified
by the fact that men from the States recenly hostile to QB — not liberal,
cultivated gentlemen like those before me— but, in many cases, very

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bad men came down among us and took control of the newly created
political neophytes for the purpose of using them to promote their
own selfish ends. I do not refer to these things in any spirit of bitter-
ness; for whatever of bitterness I may have felt, thank God, has long
since given way to a better state of feeling. I refer to them simply
from their necessary connection with my subject. "Now I put 'this
question to the intelligent audience before me. Is it surprising that
among a proud-spirited people, a people that had gloried in their free-
dom, hot-headed men were to be found, who, in their desperation,
were driven to acts of violence? There were such acts; but their num-
ber and atrocity have been magnified a thousand fold. Is it surprising
that the feeling of bitterness toward the authors of this new plan of
civil re-habilitation should have been transferred, to some extent, to
the people whom the plan suddenly lifted from the condition of
slavery to the condition not only of voters but of legislators and office-
holders? It is very plain to all, now that the passions of the times
have to a large extent subsided, that mistakes, grevious mistakes,
were made. Candid northern men will now admit that the bestowal
of the full rights of citizenship upon a people, ninety-nine out of every
one hundred of whom were wholly illiterate, whose habits of subordi-
nation, however valuable they may have been in a state of slavery,
constituted but a poor preparation for the exercise of the functions of
freemen, was badly judged and entirely premature. It was a hazard-
ous experiment and was relieved from fatal results, perhaps, only by
the kindly feeling between the white and colored races, still subsisting
to a considerable extent, which had been engendered and nurtured in
the days of slavery. I know that the problem before the people of the
North was a very difficult one, and that some allowance ought to be
made on that account. I know, further, that it is but candid to admit
that the hardness of the terms finally imposed upon' the people of the
South grew partly out of certain legislation, which was ill-judged and
to some extent illiberal to the freedmen, by the State governments
brought into existence under the presidential plan. It was further
thought by northern men that the exercise of the right of suffrage was
itself to some extent educational, and that the possession of the right
was necessary to the freedmen in order to self-protection. T. can read-
ily understand how patriotic men, with inadequate views of the con-
dition and character of the freedmen, and with minds, perhaps,
insensibly, under bias, might have been led into the mistakes thus com
mitted.

The conventions provided for in this second reconstruction assem-
bled and did their work, and this work was universally ratified by the
constituencies created for that purpose. All of the constitutions thus
formed required the establishment of public schools, free to all the
children irrespective of race. Legislatures were soon convened "which
passed laws for carrying this requirement into effect. There were
great difficulties in the way of enacting and sustaining these laws and
of putting them into successful operation, some of which you will be
able, to some extent, to understand when I state them briefly.

It was known, in a general way, and universally felt that the
destruction of property, during the' war, had been immense. The
exact losses, however, were not, at that time, known. The census of
1870 fully revealed them by showing that the aggregate value of all
property in the fifteen former slave States had oeen reduced, in the
preceding decade, to three-fifths of its entire umount, while the same
reduction in the eight cotton States was shown to be to about three-
eighthb. The effect, on the public mind, of these immense losses,

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•which was rather increased than diminished by their vagueness, stood
in the way of obtaining appropriations for any purpose

In the next place, our people knew nothing of the benefits of public
schools and of their immense superiority in a hundred particulars,
when adequately supported and wisely administered, to the best man-
aged private schools. From the beginning, the latter had been the
only educational agencies known to our people, the different States
having done nothing for the education of the masses except to raise
funds from time to time, for the education of the poor. This mode
of educating our children had, therefore, throughout all the past,
been so thoroughly identified with all our usages as to have become,
seemingly almost an essential part of our social life. You will readily
understand then, how the difficulty of obtaining appropriations of
money was' enhanced when these appropriations were asked for a
measure which was not only opposed to longstanding usage, but
which in the popular mind was of very questionable utility.

I might mention as additional difficulties the manner in which the
new constitutions were put upon us, the fact that all the property »ftd
nearly all the intelligence belonged to the opponents of the new edu-
cational policy, and the further fact that more than half of the chil-
dren to he provided for were children of parents owning nothing that

could be taxed,

Great as were these difficulties, there were among us those who en-
deavored to t&ke a philosophic, statesman-like view of the situation.
We saw that the organic law could be changed again only by the new
constituencies that had been created— a fact that reordered change hope-
less It thus seemed clear that no steps would be taken backward.
Tiiose newly invested with all the rights of full citizenship were evi-
dently destined to the perpetual enjoyment of these rights. We then
began to consider how we could render the state of things by which
we were surrounded more tolerable. We undertook to examine for
ourselves the new school policy which had been inaugurated. We
saw Vhat by the superintendency, State and county, which it created,
public attention would be turned to the subject of education, and thus
a much wider interest would be awakened, much more thorough work
would be done and that this work would be done much more-econom-
icaUv We found out, further, that poor as we were, the best way to
add to our wealth was to increase the number of educated, intelligent
producers We began, further, to ask ourselves such questions as
these • Shall the million and a half of colored children of school age,
destined hereafter to wield influence as citizens, be permitted to grow
up in hopeless illiteracy ? Shall the one third part of the white school
population, children of parents now very nearly as poor as the freed-
men be left to the same fate ? Would not our institutions thereby be
imperiled? Can free governments exist at all with constituencies m
proportions so large, debased, and illiterate ? Some of us ID calmly
considering the arguments hinted at, and in seeking to find -answers
to the questions propounded, came to the conclusion that what had
been done by our conventions in respect to the school policy had been
wisely done The conviction became very deep with us that, m the
altered condition of our people, the only hope left us was to do all
that could be done towards elevating the masses, irrespective of race;
and this conviction we promptly followed out in earnest action. We
went before'the people and sought by tongue and pen to impress upon
them the new views which had taken possession of our own minds.
The results were marked. With the fundamental law on our side, we
succeeded in keeping alive the feeble systems that had been maugu-

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rated systems making no discrimination as to race. We pot pnly ke.pt
them ftfive, but we succeeded in continually making small additions to
their efficiency. By these means we continued to receive accession? to
our strength, till at the end of the first decade after the second recon-
struction, when new conventions were called, in which theold element
of our population had full and entire sway, the public school policy was
re-incorporated in the new constitutions, and these new constitutions
were ratified by overwhelming majorities.

The adoption of these constitutions marks the era of the admission
of the negro, with the free consent of the white race, to the full rights
of citizenship, including the right to free education. The great moral
revolution, which had been in progress for nearly two decades, was
now fully accomplished. I have endeavored to show yon the difficul-
ties through which it was necessary to pass before this end could be
reached. It only remains now for me to speak of educational results —
of what has been actually accomplished I may state, then, that we,
have made a brave beginning. While what we have done may not be
anything to boast of in itself, yet, considered in the light of the sur-
roundings, we are not ashamed of it. We have given to the negro 4n
our constitutions and in our statutes equal educational rights. We
have sought, In administering these statutes, to hold the balance evenly.
I can say for myself that there la no'hing in my official career of which
I am prouder than the universal recognition of the truth of this state-
ment in respect to my own administration by my colored friends in
Georgia. Large numbers of our colored people have learned to read
and to write aud to make easy calculations. They have, moreover,
been taught something of the history of this great country and of the
geography of this and other lands, and of the structure of the English
language. In our cities, our schools arc kept up from eight to ten
months of the year; hut in country places, the terms are necessarily
short, being only from three to five months. What we do, however,
for one race, the same we do for the other. I had hoped to give you
full statistics of the work, and to this end corresponded with the
superintendents of the fifteen former slave States, and also with the
honored superintendent of the District of Columbia; but in this I am,
to some extent, disappointed. Borne furnished me full reports, some
partial; others estimated, the enrollment of. the races, in the last named
cases, not having been kept separate. I select a few of the first, and
give the figures:

In Virginia, beginning with the year 1871, the colored enrollment
for successive years was as follows: 38.554, 46,736, 47,169, 52,086,
54,941, 62,178, 65,043, 61,772, 35,768. In South Carolina the same en-
rollment from 1870 has been, 15.894, 33,834, 88,6351, 46,535, 56,249,
63,415, 70,802, 55,952, 62,120, 64,195. In Georgia, beginning in 1871 and
omitting 1872, when there were no public schools, the same record reads,
6,664, 19,755, 42,374, 50,358, 57,987, 62,330, 72,655 while in Mississippi,
beginning with 1875, the same figures were, 89,813, 90,178, 104,777,
111,796. The only year for which my correspondence enables me to
present the grand aggregate for the entire South was the y«ar 1878.
The attendance for this year foots up the astonishing eum of 738,lfJ4,
the reports being accurate for all the States except Arkansas, Florida,
and Louisiana, in which, as already stated, careful estimates were made.
When confronted by a record like the foregoing, achieved in the midst
of the difficulties that bebet us on every side, as a friend of the colored
race I thank God and take courage!

You desire, doubtless, to hear something now in respect to the higher

edacation. In regard to this, I can give but few facts, Such as they
are/I present them almost in the very words of my correspondents.,

The State of Maryland appropriates $2,000 per annum for the sup-^
p"ort of a normal school for the training of colored teachers.

Virginia sets apart $10,000 per annum out of the proceeds of the
land scrip donated by Congress for the support of the school at Hamp-
ton.

Claflin University, now united with the Colored Agricultural Col-
lege, and located at Orangeburg, receives from the State of South .
Carolina $7,500 per annum.

Georgia pays out of her Treasury to Atlanta University $8,000 a-
year, in discharge of the equitable claim of the colored people to par-
ticipation in the land scrip fund.

The average expenditure of the State of Mississippi upon the higher
institutions for the education of the negro is about $10,000 per an-
num.

The new constitution of Louisiana, adopted in 1879, provides that
the General Assembly shall establish in New Orleans a university for
the education of persons of color, and make an annual appropriation
for its support of not less than $5,000, nor more than $10,000.

Missouri appropriates $9,000 per annum to the Liu coin Institute, &
school for the training of colored teachers.

In addition to what has been done by the States, very largo sums
have been expended by the American Missionary Society, the Freed-
man's Aid Society, the Baptist Home Missionary Society,, and other
charitable and religions associations of the Northern States, for found-
ing and sustaining higher institutions of learning for colored youth, __ I
have not the facts before me which would enable me to go into details
as to what has been accomplished by all these agencies. I know that
many of these institutions are doing valuable work. I have myself
witnessed examinations in Atlanta University upon the higher branches
of study which were creditable alike to both pupils and instructors;
and I am in frequent receipt of letters from colored men and women
which, in respect tb orthography, punctuation, construction of sen-
tences, and the other requirements of ordinary epistolary writing,
would compare favorably with other writings of that class. I am satis-
fied that the colored race, through the agency of these higher institu-
tions, is making decided progress.

I have now finished the work of this hour. I have sought to trace
the progress of the colored race from the state of barbarism in which
they reached these shores to their present greatly elevated and im- .
proved condition. I have endeavored to point out the various agencies
that contributed to their advancement even when in a state of slavery.
I have tried to place1 in a clear light the almost super-human difficulties
which had to be encountered and removed in bringing them through
the recent stages of their progress, and I have stated honestly and
fairly what progress has actually been made. Whether they shall ever
be prepared, in mass, for the intelligent, efficient, satisfactory discharge
of the functions of citizenship is> a question; I believe they wiU, in
spite of the mistakes that have been committed, if the States, the gen-
eral government and the various Christian churches shall do their full
duty in the matter.' That overruling Providence which has shaped the .
events of the past will not abandon them, or us, if we act like true,
men and Christians. In view of the mode of their introduction among
us, and' of the condition in which they were so long kept by laws sanc-
tioned by the representatives of the entire people, and of the manner in

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which their emancipation was effected, we of the South believe that
the duty of providing the means of pieparing them for citizenship be-
longs to the whole country. We ourselvea, however, have a duty to
perform which we do not intend to shirk. I think I can speak for the
entire South, when I say that we are determined to stand by all that
hits been done. They have been declared free: to this we most
heartily consent. They have been admitted to all the rights of citizen-
ship : in this we acquiesce. Our State constitutions and our laws have
declared that they shall be educated : to bring about this result we will
4o all that in us lies.

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