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IKE KLECTRICAL NEWS

Published Semi-Monthly By

HUGH G. MACLEAN, LIMITED

HUGH C. MacLEAN, Winnipeg, President.
THOMAS S. YOUNG, General Manager.
W. R. CARR, Ph.D., Editor.

HEAD OFFICE - 347 Adelaide Street West, TORONTO
Telephone A. 2700

MONTREAL - Telephone Main 2299 - 119 Board of Trade
WINNIPEG - Tel. Garry 856 ,- Electric Railway Chambers
VANCOUVER - Tel. Seymour 3013 - Winch Building
NEW YORK - Tel. 3108 Beekman - 1123 Tribune Building
CHICAGO - Tel. Harrison 5351 - 1413 Gt. Northern Bldg.
LONDON, ENG. ------- 16 Regent Street S.W.

ADVERTISEMENTS
Orders for advertising sliould reach the office of publication not later
than the 5th and 20th of the month. Changes in advertisements will l>c
made whenever desired, without cost to the advertiser.

SUBSCRIBERS

The "Electrical News" will be mailed to subscribers in Canada and
Great Britain, post free, for $2.00 per annum. United States and foreign,
$2.50. Remit by currency, registered letter, or postal order payable to
Hugh C. MacLean, Limited.

Subscribers are requested to promptly notify the publishers of failure
or delay in delivery of paper.

Authorized by the Postmaster General for Canada, for transmission
as second class matter.

Entered as second class matter July ISth, 1914, at the Postofficc at
Buffalo. N. v., under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1S79.

Vol. 27 Toronto, January i, 1918 No. i

U. S. Values Engineering Students

Under an order dated December 8. the selective service
regulations issued by the Secretary of War of the United
States, exempts certain engineering students from the draft,
on the groimd that their services are more valuable in the
exercise of the profession for which they have specially
fitted themselves than they would be as privates in the ranks.
All engineering students are not to be exempted but
merely those who have shown special adaptability for the
work, and the basis on which the selection will be made is
as follows: The faculty of each engineering school will go
back through it* records of the past ten years and endeavor
to establish, on the basis of scholastic markings and subse-
quent professional performance, a grading above which
would be classed one-third of the graduates of the school.
Having arranged that grading in any way satisfactory to
themselves they will then consider the draft-age students
in the school and recommend for exemption those who are
apparently above this established grade. It will be seen
that this mode of classification maj' include very many more
than one-third, or, it may lie, very many less than one-third
of the students actually in attendance in any collage.

The point to which we wish to draw special attention is
that in the United States they have considered the engineer-
ing profession of sufficient importance to grant the students
special exemption so that they may complete their courses.
The sentiment of the War Department appears to have been
voiced in a recent address by ex-President Taft before the

annual meeting of the .\nicrican Society of Mechanical En-
gineers. Mr. Taft said: "You engineers constitute one of the
two professions that are indispensable to the country in the
carrying on of the struggle in which the people of the United
.States are now about to devote themselves — yours and the
medical profession. Congress and the Administration should
~ee to it that the medical students and the engineering
students should be reserved for the work for which they are
particularly fitted; that the engineering students and the med-
ical students should be required to go on and complete their
preparation as engineers and physicians so that they may be-
come engineers and doctors and may then be gathered into
the service."

What is Canada doing in this respect? Special instruc-
tions have been given to exempt medical, dental and veterin-
ary students. No exemption is being granted engineering
students. Are engineers less valuable in this war than den-
tists? .^re they occupying a place secondary in importance to
veterinary students? If so, why is it called an engineers'
war? We have repeatedly voiced the opinion that engineers
are almost equally essential with medical men in this war.
Is it not time our engineering societies should make them-
selves heard in an endeavor to influence our government
to act along lines which the administrators in the United
States not only consider reasonable hut absolutely essential?

Engineers— None " | 4 I *^ I '1

Classification of the new members shows that tlic Can-
adian Parliament of the coming session will contain:

Lawyers 70

Farmers 32

Physicians 18

Merchants 14

Gentlemen 15

Manufacturers 13

Lumbermen 7

Fruit Growers 2

Military Officers G

Brokers 4

Publishers 3

Journalists 4

Notaries 4

.\dvocates 2

Managers 3

Financiers '.'. 3

Insurance Brokers 3

.\gents 3

Traders 3

Twenty other occupations, each 1

ENGINEERS 0

Overcoming the Peak Problem

There are lew places in Ontario where the shortage of
electric power is not .seriously inconveniencing the public
during the present peak-load season. Various means have
been adopted in an endeavor to overcome the difficulty, but
one of the most satisfactory is that which has been tried
out in Brantford, where Mr. W. R. Catton is superintendent
of the Hydro-electric System. The scheme generally adopt-
ed has been to hold off the street lights until the peak is
passed, or to endeavor to get the general public to co-operate
and stay off the line during the peak so as to allow the es-
sential factories to operate to full capacitj-. In Brantford.
however, these conditions have been reversed and the manu-
facturers have kept off the peak and allowed the general
public to have free use of their street, office and home ser-
vice at a time when it is most appreciated. That is, the
factories are closed down during the peak instead of, as is
the usual custom, running on till about six o'clock. In other
words, the factories set their day forward about an hour or
an hour and a half instead of asking the general public to

' I

LK ( TR I CAI. NKWS

lannai'v I. I'.ils

(111 ihis. Possibly cuiidititiiis in Branttord are sucli that llii^
solution of the difficulty is more easily applicable there' than
in larger cities, but we are aftvised that it has worked ad-
mirably in that city and we have no doubt it could be ap-
plied with splendid results in many other places in this pro-
vince where there is a present shortage of power.

another linwlni^ tnuriiaMK-nl to lie held very shiirll\. .1^ lIi^'T— •
social spurt ha- alw.'iys proved \ery p>i]ndar amony the tiiehi- / /*■■,
bers. ■ I

Hamilton Cataract Power, Light and Traction
Company's Section of the C.E.A.

The hrst regular meeting ut" the l'.tlT-191S season was
held in the assembly room of the section. Terminal Station,
on Thursday evening. November 29th, at 8.1.5 p.m. Mr.
C. H. Fry, chairman of the section, presided. The meeting
was unusually well attended, and the program very interest-
ing and instructive. The evening started with a very pleasant
function in the shape of a presentation of a wrist watch to
Mr. \\m. Borland by the members of the sub-station staflf.
For many years Mr. Dorland has been assistant superin-
tendent of sub-stations under Mr. W. A. Sweet, the occasion
for the presentation being his transfer and promotion to the
position of superintendent of the company's power house at
Decew Falls.

The guest of the evening was Mr. M. C Oilman, sales
manager of the Toronto Electric Li.ght Company, and the
newly electecl secretdyy-treasurer of the Canadian Electrical
Association. Tlje^ feature of the program, however, was a
paper presented by Mr. E. S. Jeflfries, electrical engineer for
the Steel Company of Canada, entitled "Electricity in the
Steel Industry," and profusely illustrated with lantern slides.
The various uses to which the electric current is put in the
modern production of iron and steel was a surprise to every-
one. It demonstrat;es that the present tremendous rate of
production of steel is only possible by the use of the "silent
servant."

The Jovian Order in Winnipeg

.At the bi-weekly luncheon held by the Winnipeg Jovians
on November 1, Major B. .\. Cousin gave an interesting talk
on his experiences at the front, in connection with the in-
fantry operations in several of the memorable battles, and
also on- his work as artillery observer.

The former secretary-treasurer of the \\ iiinipeg Jovian
League. W. E. Skinner, of Minneapolis, Minn., also gave an
interesting talk on the great work being done in his city ami
other points south of the line in connection with war prepara-
tions, and described in detail the manner in which the second
Liberty Loan was followed up Ijy the citizens' committees,
resulting in such an unqualified success.

About forty members and guests listened with great in-
terest to these talks. A represent'ative body of Winnipeg
Jovians also attended the bi-weekly luncheon at the St.
Charles Hotel, Thursday, November Lj, to hear Comptroller-
General J. Gordon Steele speak on "The Functions of the
Auditor in Public Affairs." The speaker dealt fully with the
different phases of a modern auditor's services and gave a
comprehensive talk on the functions of his profession. Mr.
B. F. Griggs, auditor for the Greater Winnipeg Water 'Dis-
trict, .gave a brief outline of the auditor's work in connection
with that project, and dwelt particularlx- on the essential
qualifications of a successful auditor.

The Winnipeg Jovian League have forwarded Cliristmas
parcels to every member fighting for the glorious cause of
democracy over at the battle front, and endeavor to keep in
as close touch with them as possible. The Jovian Order, as
well as the Winnipeg Jovian League, are carrying these mem-
bers in good standing while on active service.

Winnipeg Jovians are just drawing up a schedule fur

The Place of the 50-Watt Mazda B Lamp

The following item appears in the last issue of the N. L. >•- ■
L. A.. Bulletin regarding the .JO-watt Mazda B lamp. It was
prepared and submitted liy the Lamp Committee of the N. !•.. v, *
L. A.: • '"^

The SO-'Watt Mazda B Lamp

In the report of the Lamp Committee sul.mitted tlii>
year the opinion was expressed that a determined efforr
should be made by central station companies genc>rally to
secure the introduction of the oO-watt lamp, and it was shown
that the prediction made by the committee last year that this
unit would meet with rather general ado])tion has been liorne
out by experience.

The tungsten filament lamp originated in Europe In
the early period of development, .\merican manufacturers
were inclined to follow European practice. Early progre.-s
was in the direction of finer lilaments and smaller lanijis.
Beginning with the 100-watt lamp, the (iO-vvatt lamp was de-
veloped, then the 40-watl. then the 2.">-watt. etc. These sizes
were adopted because they corresponded approximately witii
the sizes of lamps which had been developed in Europe.

Later, American manufacturers assumed the lead in de-
velo])ment of the tungsten filament lamp. It then became
api>arent that in ftdlovving European practice in the develop
ment of smaller sizes too many sizes of lamps had been pro-
\ided. The steps between sonic of the sizes were needlessly
-mall. This occasioned unnecessary expense in the nianutac-
ture, handling, and stocking of lamps. .\ study of .Vmerican
conditions, with a view to remedying this difficulty, led to tne
conclusion that the best selection of sizes for the ordinary
lamps would be as follows: 3,5 watts, ,50 watts, 75 watts, and
100 watts.

The gradual substitution r>f lamps of these sizes for lamps
oi the sizes adopted under the stimulus of early European
leadership has been undertaken. The ,50-watl Mazda B lamp
was made available early in lillO and the 7o-watt Mazda (
lamp followed in July, 1916. The progress which has been
made thus far tends to confirm the conclusion reached in
advance, that the recently approved steps of 25. 5(i. ", .'j. and
100 watts are well "suited to American cimditions.

Distribution of Different Sizes

The recent report of the Lamp ( ommittee slmu.- that
during tlie calendar year I'.llli. O.OO per cent, "i all th(
Mazda M lamps of central station ly])es i>roduced during
the year, and sold to all kinds of users were of the ."lO-wati
size. The distribution of demand among the sizes used tor
general lighting purposes was as shown in the middle
column of the followin.g table. The demand for 50-watt
lamps has been greatest amon.g central station companies,
[•"or example, the Lamp Committee is advised that the de-
mand for 50-watt lamps by the members of the Association
■ if Edison Illuminating Companies during the year ending
.\pril. 1917, formed 27.42 per cent, of the total demand for
Mazda B lamps of the general lighting classes. The last
column of the following table shows the demtmd of that
association:

Watts. N.E.L.A. demand. .\. IC. I. C. demand.

15 ■ 0.98 p. c. . 4.00 p. c.

20 3.25 ' 0.7:-'

25 29.70 17.42

40 •!:i.42 2:;. 42

50 6.90 27.42

60 20.75 26.42

100.00

IflO.OO

l.iTiuarv I. I '.MS

I' i.i-: (■ Ik h A I. V \-\\ --

v.*.

iln- ."iO-\v;ill hull]) preserves llie stanilaril ni iinisuniptioii
I" uliicli central station custniiiers have hecnme accustomed
tlirfiUHh years of development. It is ol" substantially the same
physical dimensions as the 50-watt carbon and the 50-watt
Cem lamps. Its price is the same as that of the 4ll-watt laniji.
Its life performance is known to be entirely acceptable. It
deserves .ill encouraKenient at the hands of member com-
panies.

It has become evident that standards of illumination in-
tensity in various classes of lighting service vary with time.
The standards in many classes of approved modern liyhtHij;
practice are about as much in excess of those of ten years
ago as the light production of the Mazda lamp per watt is in
excess of the light production of the carbon lamp per watt.
They are still low as compared with the standards of day-
lighting, even in interiors. As more efficient lamps become
available, and as the public avails itself more extensively of
the benefits of electric lighting, it is probable that the levels
of illumination intensity will be raised considerably beyond
the present standard. The .50-watt lamp as a substitute for
the carbon and Gem lamps of ten years ago is, therefore, of
an illuminating power which is bj' no means excessive. In-
deed, in some cities the 60-watt lamp has found acceptance as
a-substitute for the rdd .)0-watt carl)on lamp in similar light-
ing practice.

Necessity for Diffusion

The advancing standards of lamp efSciency are accoiii-
lianied by increasing brightness of light source. For satis-
factory lighting results, the Mazda I! lamp, and even more so
the Mazda C lamp, should be concealed from view. For ail
purposes the light produced by these lamps should be diffused
to some extent, the extent varying with the purpose to which
the light is put. For some purposes it is desirable to alter
the hue of the light somewhat in order to meet local decora-
tive demands. The accomplishment of these ends involves
an alisorption of perhaps 50 per cent, of the light which is
produced. As illuminating engineering principles are dissem-
inated, the demands for diffusion and coloring of the light
will become more general. Under these conditions the 50-
watt Mazda lamp, considered in connection with the advance
in the standard of illumination intensities which has been
described above, will be too small a unit satisfactorily to re-
place the old 50-watt carbon lamp under the conditions which
surrounded its use ten years ago, including the lower level ol
illumination intensity, the lesser need for diffusion of light.
and the general lack of knowledge concerning illuminatmg
engineering principles, and the advantages to be obtained
from its adoption.

In these circumstances, the 50-watt lamp ought to find
general acceptance at the hands of central station companies,
and it ought everywhere quickly to outstrip in demand the
40-watt lamp, as it has already done in the practice of some
member companies.

"Lightless" Days

.\ new regulation in New York provides that electric
signs and all other unnecessary lighting be darkened on
-Sundays and Thursdays. These are. in effect, "lightless"
days and the principal hotels and theatres are not only re-
ducing their exterior lighting, but also from one-third to
one-h;ilf the lights in public rooms and corridors. By this
means it is hoped to realize a considerable saving in fuel.

Of two hundred and forty-seven persons who met violent
deaths in Toronto during the year 1917. only four were elec-
trocuted.

Electrical Training for Soldiers

By Douglas C. McMurlrie* '

Klectrical work in its various branches is proving a
pojjular way in which to train soldiers crippled in the pres-
ent war. It is one of the leading subjects of instruction at
Queen Mary's Hospital. Kochampton, England, where there
are at. any i,)ne time hundreds of men with amputated limbs
awaiting the fitting of artilicial arms and legs and being
meanwhile prepared for return to civil life — indeiiendent and
self-supporting.

.\t the I'avilion Military Hospital. Urighton, there are
likewise electrical classes, carried on in Queen Mary's Work-
shop, operated in conjunction with this centre for the care of
limbless soldiers. There is provided instruction preparatory
to various openings which call for a knowledge of electrical
machines, lighting, telephones, and bell systems. The men
are trained as electrical assistants and for attendants in pri-
vate houses, theatres, hotels, business houses, workshops,
mills, coal mines, and so forth. There is also a special course
to enable men to qualify as switchboard attendants at electric
power stations.

The Institution of Electrical Engineers, in co-operation
with the London public educational authorities, has organ-
ized classes for training disabled soldiers and sailors as elec-
trical substation attendants. The instruction is given at the
Xorthampton Polytechnic Institute. Up to the present time
)50 men have completed the course. The instruction com-
prises workshop practice in wiring and the use of simple
tools, power-house demonstrations, electrical and physical
laboratory work, class demonstrations in the elements of
electrical engineering and of simple engineering physics, the
writing of reports on demonstrations and laboratory work,
and. in conclusion, an oral examination.

At the Regent Street Polytechnic, in London, there are
courses of a similar nature. Here ane received for more
advanced training men who have done preliminary work in
tlie hospital at Roehampton. The men are first instructed in
genera! electrical work and then passed on to the London
United Tramways for experience in generating plant and
substation iiractice. This course takes from two to three
months.

Second Most Popular Course

.\t the Battersea Polj'technic. in London, the principal
says that the second most popular course offered to crippled
soldiers is that in electrical testing or switclirboard work.
"We have trained successfully men suffering from shell
shock and nervous trouble, together with other types of dis-
ablement. A fair education is required for this work, to-
gether with ability to do simple calculations. For this work
we do not mind taking men who have only partial use of an
arm or hand, as it often happens that the fuller use of the
arm is simply a matter of time. We do not. however, care
to take those who have actually lost an arm. and we would
rather not have them if they have lost a leg. although the
latter is not so important as the former. We have been able
to place all the men who have been through this work, and
the firms are willing to take other men when they become
ready for work. We think this work offers reasonable wages
and conditions."

The Fife Mining School. Cowdenbeath. England, con-
ducts a course for electric motor and switchboard opera-
tives. Some of the men are preparing to be underground
motor attendants in the mines; in these cases their electrical

President of the Federation of Associations for Cripples, editor of the
.American Journal of f'are for Cripples, and acting director of the Red Cross
Institute for Crippled Soldiers and Sailors.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

January 1, l'.>18

iraining is siippliiiu-nliil !>> iiriparation fnr a nunc fireman s
certificate.

A coninuiiiicatioii from tlic director of the school gives
tlie following syllabus ol the course:

What happens when an electric current passes in a con-
ductor. Heating, glowing, and fusing of a wire carrying a
current. Use of fuses. Tests with fuse wires. Replace-
ment of fuses.

Resistances and their use in controlling currents. Mea-
surements of electrical currents and pressures. ' Elementary
notions of the construction of ammeters and voltmeters.
Range of the instruments. Precautions to be observed in
their use. Conductors and insulators. Insulated conductors
of various types. Arrangement of conductors in series and
in parallel circuits. Uses of porcelain, rubber, paper, slate,
marble, etc., as insulators. Jointing. Construction and use
of blow laiup and soldering- iron. Making of married and
T joints on conductors. Sweating of joints, thimbles, and
connectors. Switches of various types and their use in the
control of electricity.

Motor starters and their care and proper usage.

Trip devices. General arrang&nients of a switchboard.

Testing. Use of test lamp and detector for sorting out
circuits. Pole finding.

Electric bells and indicators.

General idea of a direct-current generator.

General idea of direct-current motors.

General idea of the construction and use of a battery of
accumulators, and of how it should be cared for.

Practical exercises in operating direct-current generators
and motors and in charging a battery. Some simple notions
of akernating.-current generators and motors and on the
synchronizing of two alternating-current generators.

The conception of national responsibility to the disabled

soldier, not only to ]>ay him a Jiension but to re-educalc him
in some trade which he can follow in spite of his handicap.
was recognized for the first time early in the European war.
It is now realized that the cripple, while perhaps unable to
take up again his former trade, is not debarred from all occu-
pation. ,The effort is always to select, some trade related to
the former occupation of the disabled man: in this way his
former experience is not lost. .\ competent journeyman
bricklayer who has lost an arm maj- be prepared by a suit-
able course in architectural drafting and the interpretation
of plans to take a position as construction foreman of a
liricklaying gang. It would be idle to give such a man a
course in telegraphy. But a train hand who has been all his
life familiar with railroad work may most wisely be trained
as a telegrai)hic operator, with a little commercial instruc-
tion on the side.

The first country to make adequate provision lor the
trade-training of war cripples was France, where a school
was started at Lyons a few months after the opening of hos-
tilities. Now there are hundreds of instruction centres in the
various belligerent countries. Even Belgium has several
schools to meet the needs of her disabled soldiers.

In Canada the work is<iiational, being carried on by the
Icdcral Government, which has established throughout the
Dominion schools for war cripples:

.American interest in the subject is growing daily. In
.\'cw York there has been established the Red Cross Insti-
tute for Crippled Soldiers and Sailors, made possible by a
gift of more than .$.50,000 from Jeremiah Milbank. Commit-
tees have been formed and plans for reconstruction centres
arc under way in Chicago, Boston, and other cities. The
surgeon-general's ofiice of the War Department has an-
nounced its intention to establish training centres in connec-
tion with the great base hospitals.

Electric Welding Methods and Apparatus

Electrical welding apparatus is now iised for cutting", join-
ing, and building up metals in the manufacture of new ma-
chinery or other articles and in the repair and alteration of
old ones. Electric welding has found a practical application
in nearly all metal working industries, from the manufacture
nf small sheet metal boxes, small and complicated metal parts,
such as those used in watches, to tlic building of great steel
steamships and tlie structural work of modern skyscraper
buildings and bridges. Iron, steel, copper, brass, and various
other metals and alloys may be welded with varying degrees
of success dependent upon the properties of the metals.

In this article, reproduced from Electrical Record, the
practical features and characteristics of welding apparatus are
dealt with rather than the processes of welding, so that no
attempt will be made to enter into a discussion of the theory
of the weldin.g of irietals.

Two Classes of Welding

Welding work may lie divided into two general classes —
forge or pressure welding and autogeneous welding. The first
class is the one in which the pieces of inetal to be united are
heated until they arc slightly softened and then pressure is
applied by means of a hammer or lever, forcing them to-
gether and causing their particles to unite into what is known
as the weld. A familiar example of forge or pressure welding
is the work done in the blacksmith's shop by means of the
forge fire, the anvil, and the hammer. The term autogeneous
welding is applied to welds which are made by heating metals
to such temperature that they will fuse together on contact

without pressure being applied. Tile difference between auto-
geneous welds and those formcrlj' described is mainly the
difference in temperature of the metah In the autogeneous
weld the metal is heated to a state of fluidity and the two
pieces How together. The use of the autogeneous process,
however, is not confined to the uniting of two pieces of
metal. It is used to even a greater extent fof adding metal
to other metal pieces or parts, thus building them up or filling
defects.

.\-

Classification of Welding Processies
'ressure Welding: 1. Forge, anvil and hammer.

Electric — (."Mternating current) — Spot, butt, etc.

I! — .\utogeneous Welding: 1. Thermit welding. 3. Oxy-
acetylene welding. :!. Electric arc welding (direct current).
fa) ISernardos process. Carbon or graphiite electrode, filling
material introduced separately, (hi Slavianoff process. Me-
tallic electrode, which is itself consumed for tilling material.
(c) Zerener process. Two carbon electrodes held in "V" form
with points within field of electro-magnet.

Forge or pressure welding includes one of the two gen-
eral processes of welding by means of electricity, and this
process may be class-ified as electric pressure welding, under
which heading butt. spot, cross, tee. and other forms are
grouped. ,

,\utogeneous welding may be divided according to three
main processes, these being the thermit, oxy-acetylene, and
the electric arc. These divisions and subdivisions may be

January 1, 1918

THE liLECTRICAL NEWS

ri-adily uiidiTstood by reference to the accompanying tabula-
tion of welding- processes.

Electric Welding Processes

\\ eldiu.Li liy means of electricity as sbown in tbe abuve
classilication may be divided into two general groups — ])res-
sure welding- and autogeneous welding. In the former classi-
fication tbe metals to be joined are beated by the electric cur-
rent being passed through the metals,, the resistance causin.g
the development of intense heat, which softens the metals, so
that, upon the application of pressure, the two parts are united
into a single piece. In this classification fall spot welding,
butt welding, cross welding', tee welding, and similar pro-
cesses.

Spot Welding

Tn spot and butt welding, alternating current is used
because of the possibility of transformation from a relatively
high to a relatively low voltage without loss of energy. Spot
and butt welding machines consist essentially of an alternat-
ing current transformer and suitable electrodes. The trans-
former takes current at the ordinary commercial voltage and
steps it down to the voltage used for this class of -welding,
which is about o to 5 volts. The two electrodes consist of
copper rods of generous diameter, usually water-cooled, or.
in the case of butt--welders, electrodes made in the shape of
jaws, to which the work may be clamped. Means are pro-
vided in both spot and butt--welders for exerting pressure be-
tween the electrodes, which are generally connected by lever
linkage to foot pedals or hand levers. The service lines are
connected to the primary side of the transformer and the
electrodes are connected to the secondary side.

In operation the work is placed between the electrodes,
and the current is turned on. At 'the welding voltage the cur-
rent value, which may be varied to suit the work, is greatly
increased and the resistance set up by the work which is inter-
posed in the circuit causes the generation of intense heat.
Within a certain time, varying from a fraction of a second to
a half minute, or slightly longer, depending upon the size and
physical properties of the nietal worked on, the metal be-
comes softened at the point of application of the heat, so that
upon the exertion of pressure by means of the foot pedal or
hand lever controlled by the operator, the two parts to be
welded are pressed together, causing the particles of metal to
unite into a single homogeneous mass. Pressure is then re-
leased, the work lemoved and set aside to cool, as a completed
joint.

Spot welding takes its name from the fact that the elec-
trodes are pointed, and the welding takes place at certain
spots or points wherever the work is applied. Spot welding-
is largely used for sheet metal work, and has been found to
be largely applicable to work which formerly required the
punch and rivet method. Spot welding is not only more rapid
but cheaper than riveting, and the work turfted out is usually
more satisfactory, since the two pieces of joined metal vir-
tually become one.

The operation of welding takes place in a vertical direc-
tion, the arms or horns of the spot-welder operating in an
up-and-down direction, while the work is presented froni a
horizontal position.

Butt Welding

Butt welding- machines operate upon a theory similar to
that followed in spot welding, the litiferencc being, as the
name implies, that the bivtts or ends .if tbe metal are joined
rather than the sections of sheet metal worked on in spot
welding-. Butt welding machines operate in- a horizontal
ilirection. Heat is applied by tlie resistance set up I)\ tbe
work to a current of high ampeiUHe ami lov\ village ol)tained
through a transformer similar to that used in tlie s|)ot welil-
ing machine. The electrodes arc equipped with clamps, in

which the rods or other pieces of metal to be worked may be
fastened. The current passes through the jaws and clamps
with little resistance, but, upon encountering the metal, great
resistance is set up, which generates heat sufficient to soften
the metal. Then pressure is exerted by the operator upon a
lexer so as to force together the two jaws having attached
the heated bars, in such a way as to produce the proper joint.

Cross Welding, Etc.
I ross, ell, tee, and various other names are applied to
■ uebling by means of spot or butt welders, and merely signify
the slia])e ol tbe pieces of metal joined.

Arc Welding

Electric arc weUlin.g- is an autogeneous process, and re-
((inres apparatus totally different from that used in pressure
welding. In arc welding, as the nan-ie implies, the useful
a.gent is the electric arc, and because of the characteristics of
alternating current a steady arc cannot be drawn, since the
alternating current varies from a maximum to a minimum at
each reversal of the current. Therefore, direct current ser-
vice is essential to electric arc welding. Since arc welding is
an autogeneous process, in which the metals to be joined are
lirought to a state of fluidity, no pressure is necessary. The
voltage required for arc welding is between 20 and 50 volts,
while the current value varies from 1.5 to 600 amp., or up-
wards, depending upon the character of the work. The elec-
tric arc emits rays whicli are harmful to the eyes of the
operator unless protected, and. therefore, face and hand
shields, or both, form a part of the equipment for arc weld-
ing. The apparatus required for electric arc welding consists
of a suitable source of direct current energy at the voltage
and current value specified, means for controllin,g the value
of tlic voltage and current, the electrode of metal or carbon
or graphite for drawin.g the arc, and the face and hand shields.

Since direct current of special characteristics is required
for arc welding, it has been found generally desirable to use
an especially designed generator. Commercial voltages of
110 to 3.50 volts cannot be used economically, for the reason
that in stepping- down with direct current, resistance must be
used which would absorb a large proportion of the available
energy and make the use of current by this method extremely
inefficient and expensive. Therefore, where electric power is
available the source of energy for electric welding generally
takes the form of a motor-generator set or dynamotor, the
driving- end being wound for operation on the electric service
available, either from a central station or private generating
plant, and the generator end being wound to give the special
characteristics required for tlie welding arc. Where direct
current is used in the plant, a dynamotor consisting of two
sets of w-indings mounted in a single frame and running on a
single shaft or a d. c. motor generator set may be used.

Arc Welding Processes

Before proceeding with a further description of the ap-
liaratus used and its application, a short discussion of the
theory of arc welding and the various processes employed
will be outlined to give a clear umlcrstanding of the appar-
atus used.

There are three general processes bj- means of which arc
welding is carried out, named from the men who were respon-
sible for their development. Two of these are in general use,
wliile tbe third has a somewhat limited application.

Bernados Process

The Bernados jjrocess is especially adapted for large and
iieaxy vvprk. It consists of drawing an electric arc between
the work and a sin.gle carbon or graphite electrode, and is
therefore also known as carbon or carbo-graphite electrode
welding. Tbe arc is drawn by touching the electrode to the
work and withdrawing it to the proper distance in a manner

THE ELIiCTRlCAL NEWS

j:iiuiary I, 1018

similar to the action of an arc lamp when starting. The tem-
perature of the arc is approximatelj 3,500 degrees C, and tlie
heat is confined to a comparatively small space directly m
contact with the arc. The intense heat of the arc on striking
the lining metal causes it to melt rapidly and flow into place,
and as the arc is moved over the work the filling metal and
the molten metal of the work unite in an intimate mixture or
weld. This process is .principally used with large electrodes
and heavy currents for heavy work on large pieces of metal,
although liy the use of small electrodes and low current values
the process may he used in welding comparatively light
material.

Slavianoff Process

This process is commonly known as metallic electrode
welding, since it consists in using the work as one electrode,
the hand of the operator. The electrode itself is therefore
gradually consumed during the progress of the work. Th^
arc is drawn by touching the work with the metal electrode
anil drawing it away until an arc of the correct intensity is
obtained, in a manner similar ti.i that followed with the Ber-
nados process. In .yeneral, lliis method will make a softer
weld than the Bernados process, since there is no tendency
for carbon to be carried into the weld. Because of the action
of the arc in carrying the metal from the electrode to the
work it is possible to weld on a vertical wall or overhead, and
for this reason the process is of great value where repairs are
made to parts which camiot lie removed and placed in a hori-
zontal position.

Zerener Process

The Zerener process consists of an arrangenieiit of the
positive and negative carbon electrodes in a holder so that
they form a "V," the arc being between the poles of a power-
electro-magnet, which forces the arc toward the work. This
causes the arc to act in a manner similar to the flame of a gas
torch, but because of a certain sensitiveness, inefficietjcy, and
complication the process is not used as extensively as the
Bernados and Slavianoff processes. It is used to a limited ex-
tent for comparatively small work in steel and brass and for
welding small corners in tubes and tanks.

Arc Welding Apparatus

As previously mentioned, the source of energy for arc
welding is usually a special low volta.ge generator, since this is
far more efficient and economical than the use of reduced
voltage from a commercial supply line by means of resistance.
The generator may be driven by a direct-connected motor
where electric service is available or by belt from line shaft-
ing, or steam, gas, or gasoline engines in plants where electric
service is not used.

The gradual refinement of electric arc welding apparatus
lias led to the development of two distinct types of generat-
ing equipment known as constant voltage welders and variable
voltage welders. The manufacturers of each type set forth
certain arguments as to the advantages of the particular sys-
tem employed. The object to be attained is the maintenance
of a constant temperature at the art, regardless of variations
Ui the length of the arc, which are bound to occur, due to the
unsteadiness of the hand of the operator or the unevenness of
the surface being worked upon.

Constant Voltage Welders

Constant volta.ge welders consist of direct current gener-
ators wound to deliver a voltage of approximately 60 to 75
volts, this current then passing through an adjustable resist-
ance controlled by automatic magnetic switches and relays, or
in some cases by hand or motor-operated switches or rheo-
stats. In some types of constant voltage apparatus magnetic
contactors operate the resistance in accordance with the draw-
ing of the arc, so that when the operator firings his electrode
iiiln contact with the work tlic curreiil is limiu-d by all of llie

resistance in the circuit, but when he draws the arc the auto-
matic contactor cuts out a part of the resistance and allows
the current to come up to the amount required for welding.
In another type of constant voltage welding apparatus, resist-
ance is used, but automatic regulating devices are eliminated
and dependence for the maintenance of constant current value
is placed upon the automatic compensation, which occurs
simultaneously with any cliange in the length of the arc. The
theory is that the len.gthening of the arc, intentionally or
otherwise, introduces additional resistance into the welding
circuit, thereby reducing the amount of current flowing. This,
however, means that the voltage across the arc rises slightly.
If the arc is shortened the reverse action takes place so that
the heat produced, which is proportional to the product of
current times voltage, will remain practically unchanged for
any length of arc with which work can be done.

The constant volla.ge system is generally adapted for a
number of welding circuits which are supplied by a single
generator, each welding circuit being equipped with a weld-
ing control panel, which is mounted separately from the gen-
erator control panels. The generator control panels arc not
essentially different from the control panels supplied for the
control of generators supplying power for lighting and gen-
eral power purposes, since they carry indicating instruments,
protective apparatus, and switches arranged for regulating
the output of the generator. Separate outlet panels may be
provided for each welding circuit, each panel carrying a cir-
cuit-breaker and line switch and the necessary resistance ad-
justing sv\'itches for regulating the heat of the arc by vary-
ing the amount of current supplied to the arc. Arrangements
are made whereby one or more of the welding circuits may be
operated simultaneously, the only limit being the capacity of
the .generator. Constant voltage generating equipment is also
arranged for single welding circuits, in which case the weld-
ing control instruments and the generator control instru-
ments are usually mounted on a single panel.

Variable Voltage Welders

This tyiic of apparatus operates upon the theory that in
arc welding the voltage of the current actually used is contin-
ually changing. At the moment the operator touches the
electrode to the piece of work the voltage in the circuit is
nearly zero, and as he draws the electrode away the voltage
constantly increases as the arc lengthens. To produce this
result the variable voltage generators are designed. to deliver
the exact voltage required at the arc at any particular mo-
ment. Ballast resistance for the regulation of the welding
current is therefore not necessary in this case. The variation
of the voltage is obtained by manipulation of the strength of
the generator field by means of either hand-operated or mag-
netic Switch and push-button-operated field rheostats, or by a
separate electrical machine mounted on the sam'e shaft as the
generator and known as an exciter. As the resistance of the
arc varies, due to the changes in its length, the voltage is
\aried proportionately, thus maintaining the value of the
current at approximately a constant figure.

The varia.ble volta.ge apparatus is generally supjilied for
a single welding circuit — that is, a generator set and the other
e(piipment is provided for each operator. Where greater
capacity is required than the capacity of the relatively small
single circuit generator, the usual arrangement is to connect
two generating units together and thus obtain the double
capacity.

Portable Welding Apparatus

Electric arc welding apparatus may be used either in the
shop where the various units are permanently installed or
the complete equipment may readily be mounted upon a
truck for portable operation. Portable wcldin.g apparatus for
shop use is generally built upon a small truck, which may be
mined by hand, while imrtable welding apparatus for use in

laiuKir\- 1. mis

I'.LI-.C-l'RlCAL NEWS

ilu- lu'ld iiia\ III.' iiiiniiit(.-(l ii|Hin inoti>r trucks, or, when used
liy t'li'dric railways, is nunuUcd upon small cars, which may
111- run fnmi one i)lace to another upon the tracks of the
system. The portable shop welding apparatus is arranged so
that tile niiitcir may be plug.ged in at convenient jjoints where
connections are provided so that a sin.gle welding- e(iuipmcnt
may be used in various parts ot' the shop as the ])rogress of
the work requires. Electric railways use portable arc welding
e<iuipment to a great extent in the repair and maintenance of
tracks, in wliicli case the motor end of the set is wound to
operate upon the usual railway voltage. Portable outfits may-
be obtained for use where electric service is not available, the
prime mover in such case generally consisting of a gasoline
en.gine, -which is direct connected or lielted to the welding
generator.

Auxiliary Welding Equipment
In addition to the nmlor .L;eiierali>r set or other source of
energy for welding and the arc control panels for tlie con-

trol uf the equipment, the apparatus required for electric
welding consists of the electrode holder and masks or shields
lor the protection of tlie operator's eyes, face, and liands.

The electrode holder is a handle provided with means
for connectin.g the cable at one end and for clamping the car-
bon or metal electrode at the other end. Holders for carbon
or .graphite electrodes generally are provided with shields to
jirotect the operator's han<ls. somewhat similar to the guard
on a fencing foil. The face shield or mask is made of sheet
metal generally. arran.ged with straps for fastening the mask
over the operator's head. A lens of colored glass is inserted
in the opening to neutralize the rays of the arc. In sonic
types of apparatus for metallic electrode welding the shield is
arranged to lie held in the operator's hand, and does not strap
over his head for the reason that with metallic electrode weld-
ing the operator uses only one hand, whereas with graphite
electrode welding one hand holds the electrode and the other
hand holds the piece of filling metal.

Electrical Developments During 1917

In accordance witli their usual policy the W'estinghouse
Electric & Manufacturing Company have sent out a review
of developments in electrical apparatus as manufactuted by
the company during the year 1917. It is noted that the un-
precedented demand for apparatus and appliances has called
for abnormal efforts to speed up production and this has left
little time or energy to be devoted to the development of new
apparatus or modifications of existing types. The year, how-
ever, has not been barren of developments, and the most
important of these are given briefly in the article which
follows: —

Generating Equipment

The past year has seen little that is radically new in
generating equipment. More units of large individual capa-
city have lieen contracted for than ever before, due to the
growth of the larger central stations. The Westinghouse
Company has sold several large units ranging from -10,000 to
70.000 kw. capacity and these either have or are now being
installed. Those units above 40,000 kw. are of the cross com-
pound or triple element type, -\mong those reported last
year but just recently installed may be mentioned the Du-
quesne T.i.ght Company. Pittsburgh, a 40.000 kw. cross com-
pound unit; Narragansett Electric Company. Providence, a
45,000 kw. cross compound unit; and the Interborough Rapid
Transit Company, New York, a 70,000 kw. triple element unit.

One of the developments brought about by the high
cost of materials, labor, etc.. such as the high cost of copper,
has been an increased tendency towards the use of syn-
chronous condensers for both power factor correction and
voltage regulati'on. In many cases the installation of such
apparatus saves an increase in transmission line copper, or
allows additional load to be taken on a given transmission
line, and at the same time permits the maintaining of normal
and satisfactory voltage conditions.

There may be mentioned the completion of a number of
1 .)0,000-volt outdoor oil circuit-breakers of rupturing capa-
cities far in advance of anything heretofore within the limits
of high voltage breakers. These breakers have round in-
stead of elliptical tanks, domed instead of almost flat tops,
and are of all steel construction, with the result that guaran-
tees of their withstanding possible internal pressures of 190
pouiicls have proven very conservative. In fact, with the
guaranleed are rupturing capacity with voltage niaintained
of 1,000,000 kv.a. it is felt that questions of hi.gh-voltage power

concentration is solved for at least some time. Similar break-
ers with same guarantees are also being built for 110. OOd
volt service.

.\mong other developments might be cited the frame-
mounted, indoor and outdoor high powered steel top. 7:i.000
volt breaker; combination 37,500 volt and 132,000 volt out-
door, single-pole, disconnecting switches and choke coils
all on a common base with a resulting net saving of one in-
sulator supporting column; and 06,000 volt post-type lius
supports and disconnecting switches.

Typical of the attention constantly lieing given to im-
provement in switchboard mountin.g devices is the develop-
ment of a very compact and improved drum type circuit-
breaker controller. Likewise alon.g the same lines may be
mentioned the completion of an adequate line of meter
switches (also of drum type), key operated, including am-
meter, voltmeter, synchronizing frequency meter and power
factor meter switches. With the completion of these, all
plug switches for meter switching can be eliminated, thus in-
suring the entire absence of any potential from the front of
panel boards or control desks.

Increased use of outdoor switch heiuses has been noted;
a considerable number of installations have now been made
which control circuits up to 6000 and 11,000 volts. Single
orders received involving as many as ten houses are proof
of claims made as to the economy represented by their use
for distributing small amounts of secondary voltage power
from transmission lines in connection with outdoor step-
down transformers.

There may also be mentipned the development of what
gives promise of bein.g a highly successful and yet simple con-
trol equipment for automatic rotary converter sub-stations.
One such outfit has been in successful operation for some
time and others are under construction. To a very large
degree, the bulk and complexity of earlier control equipment
for such installations have been eliminated.

Lightning Arresters

Tile principal change in electrolytic arrester design has
been in the main gap. Tlie use of sphere gaps in combina-
tion with horns first came into use as a special design, and
later was^adopted as standard by all manufacturers on all
voltages above ll.oon. At these voltages, the use of a sphere
gap reduced the lime retpiired for a static surge to break

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

January 1, 1918

down the gap and discharge to ground through the arrester.
For the protection of apparatus on railway cars further de-
velopments have been made in the use of condensers by sur-
rounding the condenser with a moulded insulating case, mak-
ing an easily replacable unit impervious to moisture. The
capacitance has been increased to 1 mf. in all forms of ar-
resters, both car mounting and pole mounting, giving a static
discharge capacity sufficient to take care of the worst condi-
tions found in practice.

Oil Circuit Breakers

The tendency towards the development of breakers of
very large interrupting capacity at all ranges of voltage has
continued during the year, in order to take care of the in-
creases in generating capacity throughout the country. The
requirements of the situation have produced breakers for use
up to 155,000 volts having the capacity to interrupt 3750 am-
peres at the contacts. This line consists of round tank break-
ers from 95,000 to 155,000 volts, having domed steel tops and
bottoms with operating mechanisms inside the top, thus se-
curing maximum strength in all directions against internal
stresses.

Motor Operated Graphic Instruments

A line of motor operated graphic instruments has been
added to the Westinghouse line of solenoid operated instru-
ments in order to make the line more applicable for port-
able service and for metering large customers' demands. These
instruments are made as a.c. and d.c. voltmeters, a.c. and d,c.
ammeters, a.c. wattmeters, totalizing wattmeters, and fre-
quency meters. They embody the same measuring eletnent
as used in the solenoid operated type instruments and, there-
fore, have the same accuracy characteristics. They differ
from the' previous line of solenoid control instruments, in
that the contacts of the measuring element actuate a small
universal motor, driving a worm upon which the pen car-
riage is arranged to travel. The case is also somewhat
smaller and designed for rear connection. The clock is so
arranged that the standard paper speeds can be obtained
without changing it.

Sub-stations

The developments in sub-station apparatus have been
relatively small, due to the great amount of active business,
making it almost impossible to even put through experi-
mental work contemplated. Various improvements in de-
tails of converting apparatus have been made, which tend
towards better sub-station apparatus ventilation, lower main-
tenance, longer life, and better economy. The outstanding
feature in ^the past year has been the production of sub-
station switching equipment, that is entirely automatic. This
equipment switches the apparatus on a fundamentally sound
basis, that is, the machines are switched at the proper time,
depending upon the electrical condition of the machine con-
trolled. There has been little doubt as to the value of at-
tendantless sub-stations, the only doubts having been the
lack of sufficiently reliable automatic equipment. This new
development, therefore, should be of inestimable value to the
electric railway industry. '

Street Lighting

The most notable addition to street lighting during the
year is a fixture for the high current street series lamps of
large candlepower. It is made of cast iron and is suitable
for either auto transformer or film cut-out socket. Similar
fixtures, which have been in service several years, indicate
that this is a very desirable modification, as the'cost of equip-
ment can be reduced without sacrificing any desirable quali-
ties. The increased use of the skirted type of Holophane
refractor Vith fixtures for street lighting service, inc^jcatesthe
growing appreciation of the ideal distribution given by this
simple device.

Street Railways

During the past year the standard line of Westinghouse
railway motors has been supplemented by the type 577 mo-
tor, having a rating of 300 h.p. at 800 volts. This motor is
especially suited for heavy subway service, and a large num-
ber are now going into service. It lends itself to heavy
interurban service where exceptionally heavy duty is re-
quired, and is in striking contrast to the "Wee" motor
brought out by the company, which is the pioneer motor in
quick service single truck car application. It is gratifying
to note and of decided advantage to the trade to report
stability in design of the present line which enables the
user to standardize for some time to come. The multiple
unit types of control previously reported are coming into
their own. Scarcity of labor and heavy peak load haul has
now convinced the user of the advantage to be obtained.
Regeneration has been extended to ordinary interurban
application, especially in locomotive service, and this de-
velopment will rapidly extend ih this field.

The past year has seen considerable detail development
and improvement in apparatus pertaining to electrification
of steam railroads. The requirements for heavy freight
traffic on mountain grade sections have been met by the
Ijroduction of a very powerful split phase locomotive motor
liaving several improvements over those previously built.
This locomotive, while only weighing 3.50 tons complete, has
a horse-power capacity of 4,800. and a maximum tractive
effort of 130.000 lbs., all of which is concentrated in one
single unit. The most interesting improvement in this type
of locomotive is the synchronous phase converter, by which
100 per cent, power-factor is obtained, thus eliminating some
of the line losses which were encountered with the induction
type pliasc converter.

The high voltage direct current system has also shown
advance in the production of a high powered passenger loco-
motive. The rating of this locomotive will be 4,000 horse-
power and the starting tractive effort will be 112,000 lbs., while
the total weight will be 2fiC tons. This engine will also be
a single cab unit.

Regenerative control for direct current locomotives has
been perfected to such an extent that it is now applied when-
ever desired to 600 volt units as a standard. This feature
contributes very largely to the safety in operation of the
electric locomotive, and its principal value lies in the fact
that it relieves the air brakes from considerable strain and
enables them to be used as a reserve for stopping trains only.
The development of high speed circuit-breaker methods'
for suppressing flashing in high voltage direct-current ap-
paratus has taken very forward steps during the past year
and the indications are that this serious trouble in machines
of this class has been definitely suppressed. These devices
are of various kinds and very unique in character, the details
of which will receive publicity at a later date. These detail
developments have put the electrical industry in a position
of preparedness for the more general electrification of rail-
roads, which it is anticipated will become very active in the
near future.

The Steel Industry
The electrification of steel mills is progressing at a very
rapid rate. The business of the company during 1916 and
1917 is more than three times as great as for the average of
the five previous years. During the past year the company
received an order for one of the largest reversing mill equip-
ments ever built, this machine having a maximurh rating of
ir,.)00 h.p., and will be used to drive a 60-inch universal
plate mill for tlie Bethleheni Steel Company.

Rubber Industry

I'liere lias been develnped during 1917 wliat is known
as a tandem type controller for calender work, which is of

January 1, 1918

TIIK I', l.RCTRICAI. N R W S

tile magnetic switch type and is controlled from a push
button station. Besides the convenience offered by the lat-
ter, it adds to the safety feature, as the motor can be stop-
l)ed from various stations conveniently located to the oper-
ator. Other safety features are included afTordinj-' overload
protection, automatic acceleration, etc. In this particular
case, the calenders arc located in tandem, in some cases as
many as four machines bein.y operated in series. With the
old arrangement of drive, the calenders were operated as
individual units, and after the process in each individual
calender was completed, tlie material had to be wrapped
up and taken to the next machine, and the work thus car-
ried on independently by the various machines. With the
new arrangement, the material passes from one machine to
the other in a continuous process which saves time, labor
and materially increases production. The control mentioned
above inakes possible the proper regulation of drive, and is
considered a great improvement in rubber mill work.

Textile Industry

.\ new type of apparatus developed this year which is
used extensively in the textile industry is a quick make start-
ing switch. It is used where squirrel cage motors of com-
paratively small capacity, i.e., up to 25 h.p, max. 220 volts
are started with full line voltage. Besides the quick make
and break features, it has the following combinations: non-
automatic switch: switch with low voltage protections:
switch with inverse time element overload protection; full
automatic switch with low-vnlta.ge and inverse time element
overload protection.

There has been a marked tendency during the year for
the textile inditstry to install individual drives, as compared
with group drives, and it is believed that very rapid pro-
.gress is going to be made in the development of this idea.
There have also been a large number of plants changed over
to electric drive — in practically all cases using central station
power.

Small Motor Drive Devices

The business in small-motor-driven devices used in the
home, office, and shop during the last year has been very
active. As in all other industries, the activity has been more
pronounced in connection with those motor-driven devices
which contribute either directly or indirectly to the carry-
ing on of the war. For instance, there has been a large sale
of motor-driven drills, grinders, polishers, and small tools
generally. This has also been true in the case of motor-
driven machines required in the preparation of food and
those in the home which are distinct labor savers, such as
electrically-driven washing machines. The extreme scarcity
of household help has created a very large demand for these.
On the other hand, the demand for non-essentials, such as
motor-driven pianos, talking and recording machines, office
appliances and advertising novelties have become less active.

Electric Vehicles

In the electric vehicle industry, the principal activity
has been in industrial trucks used in factories and other
munition plants. The total demand for pleasure vehicles
has been quite small.

General Industrial

In the industry covering the equipment of electrical ap-
paratus for public buildings, there has been a great deal
of activity, due principally to that of industrial rather than
public buildings. It appears quite likely that the public
building and residence industry will be very severely affected,
in fact this is already noticeable. Considerable electrical ap-
paratus has been purchased by bakers and all those engaged
in the manufacture or preserving of food products. Like-
wise, the clothing industry has been a very active one.

The Farm

Ihe prosperity of the farmer and the scarcity of labor
on the farm has made an abnormally large demand for elec-
trical equipment in the comparatively small areas where
central station current is available, and particularly in the
demand for small isolated lighting plants, many of which
are supplied with storage batteries. This has resulted in
demand for low voltage motor-driven pumps, washing ma-
chines, vacuum cleaners, churns, separators, and similar
devices.

Arc Welding

The advance made in the past year in arc welding has
been important. Heretofore, the arc welding voltage has
been 7,5, but the company has recently designed a new line
of arc welding equipment with an operating voltage of 60
volts, and also the machines are running at the highest and
most efficient speeds. The drop in voltage from 7.5 to 60
will mean a saving in power. Further, this company has de-
veloped portable welding outlet panels which will simplify
the shop wiring and will decrease the total expense of the
installation.

Metal Mining

As in other industries this year, in the metal mining
field there has been developed a control panel offered where
a wound rotor motor is used. It combines a circuit-breaker
controller and meter in conveniently small space and pre-
vents the motor being thrown on the line without resistance
in the secondary circuit. Several new ratings of Cottrell
equipment, including motor generator sets, transformers, and
synchronous induction motors were brought out during the
year bo that a standard equipment to meet most commercial
conditions can be furnished. For the flywheel hoisting sets,
the greatest improvement has been in a control, as the cam
type controller for the generator field rather than the old
face plate type is furnished.

The company has brought out a complete line of semi-
automatic ranges, which have a contact thermostat on the
oven doors that rings a bell when a predetermined tem-
perature is reached which may be varied by manually set-
ting the contact point on the thermostat. This prevents
the housewife from scorching foods, as the bell calls her
attention to the fact that the ma.ximum temperature has been
reached and the current should be turned off. This alarm.
of course, also prevents overheating of the oven lining,
and rapid deterioration. This line of ranges supplements
the full automatic ranges which are arranged for automatic
turning of the current on and off.

Personal

Mr. M. C. Oilman, sales manager of the Toronto Electric
Li,ght Company, has been appointed secretary-treasurer of
the Canadian Electrical Association, succeeding Mr. .Alan
Sullivan, who resigned recently to go overseas.

Mr. John N. Timberlake has resigned his position as
power apparatus sales engineer, Northern Electric Company,
on his appointment as Montreal district sales manager of
R. E. T. Pringle, Ltd.. with an office at 401 New Birks Bldg.

Mr. R. H. Balfour, sales manager of the Eugene F. Phil-
lips Electrical AVorks. Limited, Montreal, has been elected a
director of the company. The capital of the company has
lieen increased to $4,000,000. and a new charter, with more
extensive powers, obtained.

Mr. AV. J. Wilkinson, formerly manager of the Northern
System of the Ontario Hydro Commission, with headquarters
at Nortli Bay. has resigned to accept a ]iosition as manager
of the North Bay Toy Company. H D. Rothwell. one of
the Commission's engineers employed in the Municipal De-
partment, succeeds Mr. Wilkinson.

T Hi; ]■: L J-; C •]■ R 1 C A L N E W S

lamiarv I I'.HH

Transmission Line Practice — Conductors

By Lieut. E. T. Driver, B.Sc, and E. V. Pannell, Assoc. I.E.E.

I NevLT dill a more urgent deiuaiul exist for cheap and
plentiful electrical energy than at the present time. The
manufacture of munitions of war. the production of nitrogen
compounds for explosives and for stimulating natural food
resources and the conservation of fuel all call for electricity
cheaply generated an<l transmitted most efficiently and econ-
omically from the falls to the factory. In tliis connection
we have arran.ged for a series of articles on the economics of
transmission, of which the present and lirst one deals with
conductors. — Editor | .

.\RTICLE 1.— CONDUCTORS

Althou.gh wires or caldcs of copper or aluminium con-
stitute hy far the majority of the conductors in use for trans-
mission line work, tlie last few years' have seen the intro-
duction of certain conducting materials of greater diveriity
and better adapted for special conditions. It will be of in-
terest as an introduction to a series of articles on transmis-
sion line engineering to consider, side by side, all the vari-
ous materials in use at the present time as conductors. These
may be divided into three groups: (a) Simple materials; (b)
compound materials, and (c) alloys. In class ^a) are copper,
aluminium and steel (steel is, properly speaking, an alloy,
but it is more convenient in the present connection to con-
sider it as a simple metal). Class (b) comprises copper-clad
steel, hemp core copper and aluminium-steel, and class (c)
includes the light aluminium alloys and bronze. It is most
logical to compare these different caldes on the basis of con-
ductance: as a rule the losses in the line are the determining
factor and a wire or cable of a certain definite number of
ohms per mile is the starting point in the comparison. Cop-
per has been assumed as the standard conductor and the
other materials lined up with it.

Copper

The oldest and still tlie most imijortant material in use
as a conductor needs little introduction. The manufacture
of copper wire or cable for transmission line work may be
outlined briefly as follows: Electrolytically retined metal of
99.9 per cent, ijurity is received by the mills in the form
of cast billets weighing around 250 pounds each and lieing
about eight inches square in section. The shape of the
wire bars is practically a square prism with rounded corners
and slightly convex sides to enable the lireaking down rolls
to take a firm pinch. Rolling takes place whilst the bars
are hot from the re-heating furnace and the maximum amount
of work is put upon tlie metal with a view to securing wire
of high physical quality. The section of the rods during the
running-down changes from square to diamond, then to an
oval, round and oval successively so that the interior fibres
of the metal are thoroughly worked. 'This procedure, to-
gether with a reasonably large number of passes, secures
the utmost strength and elasticity possible to attain. When
the rods are rolled down to .37.5 or slightly smaller they
will be nearly one thousand feet long and they are then
coiled and sent on to the wire-mill, being first pickled and
tumbled to remove the scale, after which further rednctions
are made upon the wire-blocks. Drawing copper wire usually
takes the form of one pass for each number on the B&S scale
so that wire of 10 B&S will probably take twelve passes
from the rod. After every half-dozen or so passes it will
be necessary to anneal the wire, and if the product is re-
quired to be soft it will be annealed within one or two
passes of the finishing block It is now general to anneal
copjicr and other metals in -' :il uniffK. In this pro-

cl.-jS the coils of wire on a belt conveyor travel through a
water trap when entering and leaving the heating chamber,
^ir is therefore excluded and no scale is formed on the metal.
Hard drawn copper wire of the quality re{|uisite for trans-
mission work having a tensile stren.gth of .".(). 000 to (iO.OOO
lbs. per square inch generally has several high speed finish-
ing passes after the last anneal, .\fter finishing it is laid
up in a strander to 7. 19. :i7 or. for exceptionally large sizes.
Ill wire cables, is reele<l. and is then ready for test and
acceptance.

Aluminium
The foregoing i)roces>es apply not only to the manu-
facture of copper cables, but ^Iso with sliglit modifications
to wires of aluminium and all other metals, .\luniinium is
not produced in a smelter and electrolytically refined like
copper, but is actually reduced by an electrolytic process.
The metal blocks are then graded and those showing over
90.4 per cent, purity are reserved for electrical work. They
are cast into wire b.ars of precisely the same shape as
copper, but owing to the lower density of aluminium the
bars of the same size are somewhat less than one-third the
weight of copper. Ninety pounds is a standard aluminium
wire billet. The billets are rolled down when hot by the
two-stage i)rocess. as described for copper, and where ma-
terial of extremely high tensile strength is required the
finishing pass is sometimes .given when the rod is practically
cold at very high speed. This sometimes leads to trouble
on the wire blocks, however, and it is better that the rods
should be as soft as possible when they reach the wire mill
and that exfra high strength be attained by extra passes.
Rods of .."iOO and .n".') are passed direct from the rolls to the
wire-blocks, there bein.g no scale to remove by pickling or
tumbling. Moreover, the wire can be reduced three times as
many passes as copper between anneals. However, the bulk
per i)Ound is more than three times as great as copper so
that the costs of manufacture per pound are slightly higher
for aluminium. The tensile strength and conductivity can
be varied, and as with copper, the softer the wire the higher
will be its conductance. The best compromise is reached with
metal of fiO per cent, the conductance of soft copper: higher
values than this can only be attained at the cost of tensile
strength.

Steel

The occasional use oi a ferrous metal for transmission
lines has l)een dictated for two entirely di/Terent reasons. In
.general it has been found undesirable to use copper or al-
uminium on spans .greater than about :2,000 feet in length;
to secure a reasonably small sag. wires nf hi.gh tensile plow-
steel arc strun.g on such crossings. In this case the dis-
tance run by the steel conductors is so short compared with
the total length of the line that the reactance of the steel
is negligible. On the other hand, iron and steel wires have
been employed in recent years for purely economic reasons,
and in some countries because of the scarcity of copper. In
this latter circumstance the reactance of the steel has natur-
ally been a most troublesome factor to take care of. Many
small branch distributing lines are being operated in .America
with steel wires. In these cases the resistance of the smallest
l)racticable copper wire would be much lower than neces-
sary and iron or steel wire of the same ~ize carries the
load quite satisfactorily witliout excessive voltage drop.
The chief disadvanta.ge of tlie ferrous material. :u-cording
1m recent reports, appear.-. Id be deterioration.

The increased resistance of steel wire.- is due tcj a nuin-

laniiar\ I. I'.U'

Till-: I'.i.ia- IR ICA I. Ni-:vvs

:i;t

luT of factiH>. llu' uiMsi iinip.irtaiit nl" which is Ihc --kill
cffvot. 'I'ho iiia.nnclir ticld in ihi' cmuhictor conl'nu'S the
ciirriMit In thf .•uUr hi\ ers and Uu' offccl is nmrL' acccntiialeil
the higher tlie iicrnicahilitj' of the steel. This liis'li ciirrenl
density near the surface results in a hi.uh temperature rise
and -till greater uhmie resistance. It has been found thai
vastly improved characteristics result from the use. i>l an
outer skill drawn or laid over the steel conductor; such
layer need not necessarily 1>e of copper, lint it should be
a non-magnetic metal. 'Phis envelope will carry the current
which is forced into the outer layers by the magnetic effect
in the core, but its use brin.gs the cable into the class of
composite materials.

Copper-Clad Steel
■Since the physical constants of ccppper and aliiininiuni
do not permit of these metals being strung upon the longest
spans without the use of very high towers, and since the
electrical properties of steel are still more unsatisfactory,
there is reason to believe that Kiture transmission lines will
be very largely strung with composite conductors. Copper-
clad steel was the first of these to attain any extended use.
The conductor consists of a central core of steel surfounded
by an annular jacket of cojiper. The method of manufacture
involves casting or driving the copper jacket around the
steel in the wirebar stage, all subsequent operations bein,g
made upon the compound material. It is claimed that the
copper is actually welded to the steel, forming an alloy at
the' junction of the two. Copper-clad is not, nor is it.
claimed to be, an economical competitor of copper for long-
distance transmission because for a given conductance it is
necessarily more expensive by the cost of the steel and the

and these figures therefure represent the percentage of cop-
per in the total cross section of the wire, Kor nearly every
class (d' electrical work the HI per cvni. gradi' is sjiecified.
its resistance and reactance being lower than the :iO per
cent, class, whilst the mechanical characteristics are very
high.

Hemp-Core Copper

This need hardly be considered as a special type of
conductor because it involves merely the substitution of a
hemp strand for the middle wire of a seven strand cable.
There will thus be only six wires carrying current, and the
cable is IG per cent, greater in gross cross section than the
equivalent seven strand copper. The hemp core, will elongate
to any reasonable amount and the load is carried wholly
by the outer wires. However, the hemj) is inelastic to a
certain extent, and does not contract to the same degree as
it elongates; in certain instances deteripration of the core
has led to distortion of the cable. One reason sometimes
adduced for the use of hemp-core copper on very high
voltage installations is that the increased diameter of the
cable increases the effective disruptive voltage and reduces
the liability of corona; on the other hand, deterioration of
the hemp causes small nodules to project between the wires,
and these have been found actually to act as discharge points
for corona. In general it has been found that a su|)erior
form of conductor has been produced by discarding the
hemp core and using instead a middle wire of medium drawn
copper which is sufficiently annealed to elongate and transfer
the stress to the outer envelope.

It should be mentioned that hemp or annealed cores are
only used with- seven wire cable. Whete a larger number

TABLE I. -PROPERTIES OF TRANSIVIISSION CONDUCTORS.

COPPER 1

mninm

CaPPEff-CLfID 1

FHunmn-STCCL \

H.^nM^^'- ■

Hnneciled

fhrajin,

30%

407.

76rrond

37srrand

eiarmnd

narnn

Snvnqfti

atrenfth

(hnduc/ryifQ "i^"

400

8.8

8.4

OenaiKj

989

S.70

yto

^."30

349

373

335

785

78s

7.86

Expansion Geff °C.

/7//0-*

nno'*

SAkIO'^

IZ^IO'^

IBtiO'*

l9SilO^

193 xiO'^

207^10^

IS^IO'"

121.10''

18^/0'^

°F.

95, /O"*

95^10'^

I33M'^

tTi^iO*

6x7,10^

lUiO'^

107^16''

ilbtio^

67, 10^

6.7, iC^

i,.7,iO'^

rienno rSint °C.

1100

6S5

HOO

Ooo

6s5

ess

655

1360

i360

1360

°F.

ZOIB

so/s

leio

2.013

"ZOIS.

lS/0

isio

iSiO

8480

■S480

2480

flnneolinq loJrjt "C,

750

760

4C0

750

40O

400

4O0

&60

960

860

•r

/zeo

i380

750 ■

/380

1390

7S0

750

760

1560

i580

lensile STrencffh (mm) Ibsisqm

32000

SCOOO

Z4poo

9o,ooo

75.000

\ 51,600

58,900

47/00

75,000

IS5000

187000

mar. "

36000

64000

3S000

97.000

97000

Elastic hirnkT mm

27000

34000

IT 000

48,000

45,000

\33'W0

37600

30800

38000

69000

112000

' " -man "

29000

38,000

Z2.000

68.000

SSpoo

Modulus cf Elosticill/ " "

1-af.io^

lb X /o*

9x10^

2/x/O^

19 HO*"

IS. 5 1- id

13.4 f. 10

/2.x /O*

S9a/CJ'

B9xi(f

■S9i^id

Elashc Limif 'A of'Tensile STr

(bo

Specific FfesisTance, mcrdhmi-

I.7S4

c.75'5

■287'^

5.90

4.4S

333

3.49

3 S3

/9 9

•304-

eo.8

' " in. cu.

■ 678

,69/

l.i^O

£.32

1.74

1.31

1,36

1.2.7

7 85

8.04

8 ■so

FksisTance. lemp. coeff_ ° C

.0039

0039

.0044

0044

0039

.005

.006

.005

"F.

.0022

ooee

OOSS

.00S4

0084

.0022.

OOSS

.002s

0028

OOSS

.0028

Ohms per mil. fboT

9.5S

S.9I

15.90

31.80

S3 80

16.30

1946

18.00

108.00

111.00

iis.ao

Weiqhr WOO cm. 1000 ft- lbs

3 OS

0.98

2.76

2.7s

1.185

l.-B?

114

3 66

3.66

s.ee

ffeiaTTre rrsigTir for equal nsisjance

.97

1.00

,'?9

8.95

2.24

.735

93/

.€9

976

995

10. so

" Section »

.97

t 00

i.es

a.sg

242

IS?

198

1.83

11.00

1130

11.55

" diameTer ■• " "

.985

1 00

127

i.80

t.S6

137

/■4I

i.35

3 32 1 3.36

3AO

These figures refer to wires from No. 6 to No. 14 B&S, Temp. 20" C.

operations invcdved. Moreover, the methi.ul of manufacture
requires that the percentage of steel to the total area shall
be large, and for this reason the reactance will be undesir-
ably high. However, this is partly balanced by the fact that
due to the higher tenacity and the smaller, sags the wires
could be more closely spaced.

Two .grades of copper clad steel are commonly used,
known as ill) and 411 per cent,, these figures being the con-
ductance as related to annealed copper of the same size.
It is usual to neglect the steel in conductance calculations

of strands is employed no such large proportion of the
tension comes upon the middle wire and all the strands
can be of exactly the same material and temper.

Aluminium-Steel

Following on the introduction of copper-clad wire, the
attempt was made to cast an aluminium jacket around a steel
billet- in the same manner. The experiment was not suc-
cessful because of the great disparity between the melting
points of the two metals; however, the problem was solved

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

January 1, 1918

by a more simple device. It was fojind to be not only prac-
ticable but entirely satisfactory if the individual aluminium
wires were laid up around a steel core in an ordinary strand-
ing machine. The steel wires are generally double gal-
vanized and as there is little difierence between the electro-
positive properties of aluminium and zinc there is little or
no opportunity of electrolysis as long as the galvanizing is
Intact. It is not absolutely necessary, but it is usual for the
ordinary stranding scheme to be carried out; that is, in a seven
wire cable the middle one will be of steel (sometimes seven
small steel wires having the same total area) and the outer
six of aluminium. In a thirty-seven or sixty-one wire cab'c
the centre seven will be of steel. The ratio of steel to alum-

without regard to conductance. No advantage would be
gained by stringing long transmission lines in bronze be-
cause 50 per cent, conductance would call for an increase of
100 per cent, in weight, which would only just be balanced
l)y the 100 per cent, increase in tensile strength. More-
over, there is always a certain risk of crystallization in using
alloys pn Jong spans, with their inevitable oscillations, and
it is unlikely that even in Europe will any further installa-
tions be strung with alloys of this nature.

All the various conductors available for transmission have
been briefly summarized above, and in Table I. will be found

coppm

Eqwvalent a

Sll600cn

fjOhal

Sll 600

fh Of StvorKie

DiameT^ each

yfaQhTper mile 3433 !b$

lenGi/e Sn-encf^. fes/3g u

I^K lensioh in coble *ytffi a
sofefif ^o^r - g 4940 Thi

fiLLminiuM

347.000

ni6

3S00

nLunnun-STECL

750

^871

S3. OOP

8900

■ lo.oeo

coppcn-cmo steil

eoso

7dOOO

to.oao
SO.ooo

.J!

40f)ai

30.000

soooo

i'WX

Capper

ffluminitjm

Fig. 1— Comparison of different transmission conductoi5.4 0 equivalent

inium, therefore, is not always the same, and the properties
of the compound conductor have to be calculated for the
particular ratio in use.

Aluminium Alloys

The maximum tensile strength of liard drawn copper
wires as ordinarily used for transmission work is 60,000 lbs.
per square inch, wliilst that of aluminium in the pure state
is about 30.000 lbs. When alloyed with a small percentage
of copper or nickel the tenacity of aluminium can be in-
creased by fifty per cent., and this has seemed to represent
a more satisfactory solution of the problem of stringing long
spans than the use of pure aluminium. .\ special alloy used
for long span transmission work in Norway had the com-
position \K\. 97.3.T. Cu. 1.85. The tensile strength of this
wire is 43,000 lbs. per square inch and the elongation 5 per
cent, on 2 inches. However, certain grave disadvantages at-
tend the use of this material. A''ery simple tests have shown
that destructive corrosion takes place under ordinary atmos-
pheric influences. In addition to this the conductance is only
50 per cent, that of soft copper, whereas pure aluminium
gives 60 per cent.; in other words, the alloy wires must be
30 per cent, larger and, due to its greater density, prob-
ably 35 per cent, heavier than the equivalent pure metal.
In its advantages it is on a par with aluminium-steel, but it
will be more costly and more liable to give corrosion troubles.

Bronze

This metal has attained little vogue in .\merica, but is
employed to some extent in Europe, particularly for river
crossing spans, there being a certain amount of prejudice
against the use of steel wires in this connection. The per-
missible tension may be considerably higher than is the
case with copper, depending upon the percentage of phos-
Ijhor and silicon. The material generally used has a tensile
strength of from 70,000 to 110,000 lbs. per square inch, the
01 inductance is .generally less than half that of pure copper,
luiwever. Obviously this alloy is restricted in its use to such
circumstances as call for tensile strength of a high order

so 40 \ b^ 90 top ISO, iv> *ip ISO SCO rvb
i6 M fa lb 8 6 4 B'^3

Size of yvlre
Fig. 2 -Tensile strength ot wire.

the properties, corrected from the most authentic sources,
of all those whose characteristics are reasonably satisfac-
tory in the light of our present knowledge of the subject.
Nothing can show more clearly the relative advantages and
disadvantages of the various conductors than a comparison
of their properties in the table. It would ajfpear that the
simple materials, copper and aluminium offer the best ad-
vantages from the electrical standpoint, but that the com-
pound conductors, copper clad and aluminium steel give
the best compromise between electrical and physical pro-
perties. The full value of high tenacity conductors is not
seen until the problem of sags and heights of tower are
considered. In Fig. 1 are shown four entirely different
types of conductor, all equivalent to 4/0 copper; their sizes
and other properties are therefore all compared on the basis
of equal conductance.

The second article of this series will appear in our issue
of February 1. and will deal with "Sag and Span Problems."

Household type Northern Electric dishwasher.

X-Ray view of washer.

laiUKirv I. I'.ll^^

r 1-1 !•: !•: i. k c t r i c a j . n e w s

New Cars for the Sandwich, Windsor & Am-
herstburg Railway System

A luunluT of cars vvilli Kuhlinaii standavil stccl-lraiiu'
liodics. "Kcnitent" post oonstruclion and plain arched roof,
and arranged for single-end operation, have lately been placed
in service on the lines of the Sandwich, Windsor & Amherst-
hurg Railway Company, of Windsor, Ont.

As will be seen by the floor i)lan. the cars are for single-
end operation, and have a smoking compartment at the for-
ward end. The total seating capacity is 46, ten being ac-
commodated by longitudinal seats in the smoking compart-
ment.

'I'lie end frame is made up of ."> by :j by j/Ki-in. angle side
sills, o[)en bo.x type end sills m.-ide of No. 13 United States
gau.ge steel, approximately 13 inches in width, having flanges
turned on the bottom and riveted to the side sills; the cross-
in.gs consist of .'J-inch I-beams attached to the bottom flange
of the side sills; the bolsters are of the built-up open-truSs
form. The platform framin.g consists of 7 by ;i^ by Hin-
angle outside knees and drawbar sills of 5 by 4 by }i-\n. angle;
the latter extended from the face of the bumper to the end sill.

The entire side of the cars, together with the side sill
an.gle. forms a girder which transmits the entire load to
bolsters. .An angle top-plate of ;'. by 3 by J4 'n- and a plate-
rail of pressed shape are secured to 3 by iH-'fch posts.
Side plates of :V33-inch steel are applied in three sections
to a side. The letter-panel plate is of '^-inch pressed steel.

The roof is of the plain arch type and of the form known
as the Kuhlman "true radius" pattern. The roof- frame con-
sists of angle top-plates with the horizontal leg turned in,
steel carlines with a foot forged at each end for riveting to
the vertical leg of the top-plate.

Open bulkheads forming an arch at each end of the car
have pipe stanchions and railin.gs which serve as grab handles.
These bulkheads, and other parts covered with wood, are
finished in quarter-sawed white oak. The headlinings are of
composition material and the side and end wainscoting is
of sheet steel. A partition of quarter-sawed white oak sep-
arates the smoking compartment from the main compart-
ment and is fitted with a swinging door. Both sides of the
partition and the door are glazed in the upper parts. A

smaller partition, with door placed diaKonaily, loriiis I In
niiilnrman's cab nn the front platform.

The window posts are uf the Brill "Renitent" type with
spring brass casings. All the side window sashes, with the
exception of one at the centre which is fitted with a des-
tination sign, are arranged to raise their full height and have
wire screen guards attached to the bottom rail of the sashes,
which guards arc concealed in pockets in the side walls when
the sashes are in the lowered position. The upper sashes
arc stationary and are framed in a continuous piece. Brill

iia*.ii„i litw S. W . & A. cars.

Stationary-back seats upholstered with canvas-lined woven
rattan, are employed in the main compartment, and longi-
tudinal seats of the same manufacture are used in the smok-
ing compartment and at the rear of the main compartment.

.\t the front end the door of the sliding type, operates
in unison with the folding step, and is controlled by man-
ually operated devices from the motorman's position. The
rear doors are of the double two-leaf folding type, hinged
to fold at each side of the door opening, and operated by a
pneumatic device from any point in the car, or from either
platform.

The cars are mounted ore Brill 51-El trucks with wheel
base of 4 ft. G ins. and 3.3-in. wheels. These trucks have
Brill solid for.ged side frames.

Steel construction, designed
for single end operation on
Sandwich, Windsor & Am-
herstburg Railway System.
Total seating capacity 46. For
city and suburban service.

--.^ -29i'

rii I- I', i.i'.r Jk ic.A

X I' w

laiin.iiv 1, lit-

avci Coiytractor

The Ontario Hydro Issues Amendments to Their

Rules and Regulations— Will Standardize

660 Volt Key Sockets

\\ f rcpii)ducL- liclow a i:i>py i.if aiin.-iidnicin5 rtcciitly ap-
proved by. Order in Council, to the Fourth Edition of the
Rules and Regulations of the Hydro-electric Power Com-
mission of Ontario. It is interesting to note that the Com-
mission has ruled that the word "approved." when used m
connection with compensators, is interpreted to mean that
they must lie provided with "no-voltage release." The Com-
mission has also instructed the Inspection Department to
take steps to standardize OiiO-volt key sockets as quickly as
may be possible.

The following ameiulments (.>f the Rules and Regulations,
Fourth Edition, liavc been made and upprovtd by Order-in-
Council:
Clause (e). Page xii. Preface:

e. Electrical contractors, wiremen or other persons about
to carry out any installation work must notify the Commis-
sion. The notice must be in writing on the form provided
for the purpose by the Commission and must be accompanied
by the amount of the fees in accordance with the "Schedule
of Fees" published herein.
Add a new rule h. on I'age xii of the Preface to read a^

follows:
h. No new installation, alterations or additions shall be
connected to any service or other source of electrical energy
to any service or other source of electrical energy by any
supply authority, an owner of premises or by any other firm
or person until the work has been duly inspected and a cer-
tificate issued authorizing the supply of electrical energy.
t hange hrst rule on page xiii ^f the Preface from rule h. to

rule i.
Page 18. .\.C. Motors.
Commencing at the semicolon on the -tth line of the hrst

paragraph under this heading and going down to the

words "startin.g position" at the end of the sentence,

rewrite, as follows:
"Where it is necessary to fuse the circuit beyond this
limit and in sizes up to and not including ."> h.p. they must
be started with an approved form of double-throw switch
(unless some different but equivalent device be used) plainly
indicating the starting and running sides and so constructed
that a switch cannot be thrown on to the running side with-
out first being put on the starting side, and so that it cannot
be accidentally left in the starting jjosition."
.\dd a new paragra])h under rule f., Page 2fi. to read as

follows:

Fuse holders must not be filled with other than approved
fuses of the proper carrying capacity or must not be bridged
with wire or other objectionable material.
Page .'il.

Replace the 2nd paragraph of the explanatory note tinder
rule (a) with the following:

"Except where permission has been gianted to the con-
trary, the arran.gement of cutout and switch must lie such
that the service wires first enter the latter."

In Rule l.g). Page ,')4. strike out the words "not less than
•'4 in. internal diameter and must be." and add the fol-
lowing as an exjilanatory note:

"Owners and others are strongly urged to call for not
less than 14 in. service pipe so that larger service wires may
readily be drawn in at some future time should the introduc-
tion of electric ranges or other apparatus necessitate the pro-
vision of such larger wires."
Add the following note to Rule (i). Page 7:!:

"Special permission may lie given for the use of var-
nished cambric insulation in dry or other suitable locations."
\niend Rule (c">. Page 7fi. by striking out the period at the
end of the rule and adding the following words:

"Or approved double-braided, rubber-covered conductors
may, in certain permanently dry locations be used in con-
duit, under special permit in writing from the Commission."
Take out the whole of Rule ib). Sections !. 2 and :!. on
Pages S7 and «S. and replace it with the following:

"The supply for electric emergency lights must be taken
either from a source separate from that furnishing other elec-
tric service in the building, or else it must be taken from a
point on the generator side of the main cutouts or circuit
b) eakers, used for other purposes of supply from the same
source."

W here electric emergency lights are used, it is desirable
that these be fed from a source of supply entirely separate
from that used for other purposes. ,

.Such a source may be outside or it may be a generating
plant or storage battery inside the building'.

If a separate source be not available then the supply for
electric emergency lights must be taken from the generator
side of the main service cutouts.

In every case emergency lighting circuits must be pro-
vided with their own cutouts.

Under no circumstances nuist emergency lighting circuits
lie used to supjily current to anything but the "emergency
lights."

By "F.mergency Lights" is meant exit lights, and all lights
in lobbies, stairways, corridors and other portions of a the-
atre to which the public has access, wliiolt :ire normally kept
lighted during a performance.
Replace Rule (e). Page 88. with the following:

"Must be of the dead-front type and made of incombust-
ible, non-absorptive insulating material. Plans of each board
are to be approved before installation."

The whole section under the caption of "Moving Picture
Equipments" is stricken out and the following clauses
inserted under a new caption, "Moving Picture Booths."

w. 1. Conductors to moving picture machines must in no
case be less than No. 6, B. & S. gauge copper wire.

2. The location and approval of rheostats to be under the
control of the Inspector of Moving Picture Theatres, but all
wiring and installation rules in connection therewith to be
under the Hydro-electric Power Commission Inspection De-
partment.

3. Cutouts and switches inside the booth must be of an
approved type and so designed and installed as to eliminate
possibility of shock or danger from fire.

4. All lamp cord to be approved reinforced cord and pro-
vided with wire guards and weatherproof sockets.

5. No open wiring will be permitted except leads to
lamps and apparatus.

Inmi;ir\ I. I'.il>

Li' ( Tk K \ I. \ I W

6. Ail other details of electrical construction must ion
form to such rules as apply.
\tler Rule n-i, I'am lirl. i., rt^icl :i> f..lliiw-:

"Wires may enter buildings through incombustible, non-
absorptive, insulating bushings sloping upwards from the
outside or through conduit as required for electric light ser-
vice (see Rule (g). Page 54)."
\ftir KuU- (!)■). S(iii<in 3, I'a.trc l-'I, l.i road as follows:

"Ground connections must be at the transformers and
must also be made at individual services inside buildings
when required by the Commission.

"When transformers feed systems having a neutral wire,
such wire must also be grounded at least every 500 feet."

^SP-'^-.Sig^t-^^

New Code Rule will Require Polarized Wiring

Al tlic rtociit niL-cting of the KUcliical C\)iumillcc oi tin
National Fire Protection Association for revision for the
next edition of the National Electrical t'odo. it was voted to
ilian.ate Rule 26a as follows:

"The neutral conductor of all three-wire circuits and one
lonductor on all two-wire tprcuits must have an identifying
insulating covering readily distinguishing it from other wires.
This wire must lie run without transposition throughout the
entire installation and properly connected at all fittings to
l)roi)erly identified terminals in order to preserve its con-
tinuity. When one of the circuit wires is to be grounded,
the .ground connection must be made to this identified wire
.tnd as prescribed in Rule 13 and l.'i.V."

This rule will appear in the new edition of the Code, to
l>e known as the lOlS edition, and does not become eflfective
until January 1. lOlfl. .\11 fittings having wire terminals,
such as sockets, receptacles, cut-out bases, attachment plugs.
etc., must have some identifying mark to enable them to
be easily connected with the proper terminal. Therefore,
the organization known as the Associated Manufacturers of
Electrical Supplies has submitted the matter to members of
all of its sections covering the devices aflfected. asking that
proper cominittees be appointed to consider the matter and
report results at as' early a date as possible, in order that
they may be fully prepared for the new order of rules when
in effect lanuarv 1, 1919.

Contractors Co-operate and Succeed

An excellent example of the fruits of co-operation is
shown in the splendid Christmas advertisements of the Tele-
phone City Electric Club, one of which is reproduced here-
with. This was a full-page spread in the Brantford Courier
and. occupying such prominent space, would naturally attract
the attention of every reader of this paper. It is one of the
best pos^lile examples of what unified action among elec-
trical dealers might accomplish. By such an arrangement
the central idea is "electrical" gifts instead of any particular
firm's name, which would necessarily be the case with indi-
vidual announcements.

The fact of the matter seems to be that, until the elec-
trical industry becomes more firmly established in the minds
of the average citizen as an economical essential rather than
an expensive luxury, we should all concentrate our efforts in
educating the public to think electrically. This will require
quite a good deal of newspaper space and no little shouting
— but if we go out and shout one at a time there is much
less likelihood of being heard above the noise of our com-
petition in other lines of trade than if we all shout together
and make a real noise. This may not be necessary in an es-
tablished industry. l)ut. as yet. it is very necessary in the
electrical retail business. In the older industries it must
be remembered that this work of education has been going
on for a long time, but even now is being continued by the
larger interests in the trade who have accumulated the neces-
sary funds to act independently: the little fellows, of course.

$100 VICTORY BOND pp^g

Make it An ELECTRIC

GIFT and Get This

COUPON

I HOW ?

Reproduction of full page advertisement.

profit at tlie big fellows' expense. But in the electrical retail
industry the big fellows either have not yet come into exist-
ence or they have failed to accept their responsibilities of
advertising for the whole trade and so it falls on the rank
and file. Since these are not strong enough individually to
make the big noise, it follows that they must act collectively,
and this just brings us back to .what the Brantford dealers
have been doing for some time. There are only six of them
and even if every one were, individually, to put his little ad-
vertisement in the paper, the chances are they would attract
a very secondary attention. United in full page spread, how-
ever, they were sufficiently in the limelight to make electricity
and electrical devices the centre of considerable attention and
inquiry during the recent Christmas trade.

Toronto Electrical Contractors' Dinner— Jan. 10

The first meeting of the new year of the Toronto Elec-
trical Contractors' Association, will be held at the usual place
— Carls-Rite Hotel — on Thursday evening. January 10th. By
the advance sale of tickets it is assured that practically every
member will be in attendance at the dinner.

The members are going to run this meeting. If you have
discovered a more convenient or a better method of doing
certain work you will have your chance to tell it at the
meeting. If you have ever struck a snag, electrically, bring
along your problem. There will be a blackboard handy.
If you have no new ideas, come along and get some.

The G & W Electric Specialty Company of Chicago have
recently issued a quick reference list of their potheads and
boxes. This list is a supplement of their catalogue No. 9.
and will be found of great use to engineers and others in
making up of specifications, etc. The list may be obtained
from the following G & W representatives:— Bentz-Richard-
son Co.. Ltd.. Winnipeg: General Supplies. Ltd.. Calgary and
Edmonton: A. H. Winter Joyncr. Ltd.. Toronto and Montreal.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

January 1, 19J8

Some Observations on Lighting Conditions

■ By Geo. G. Cousins* '

Krom the very beginning of tlie liistury of the human
race man has endeavored, by the most suitable means at his
command, to lengthen his period of daily activity beyond the
limits of daylight. This after-daylight activity may take the
form of work or recreation. Whatever form it takes is de-
pendent upon artificial light, which is, by the very nature of
it, man's creation, and is produced and used in various ways,
governed by the ideas, knowledge, and requirements of dif-
ferent individuals. Xever before has there been such an un-
limited variety of appliances for facilitating the application of
artificial light, and never before has there been such extensive
use of or economical production of it.

Keeping pace with this advancement is the appalling in-
crease of defective vision. Just how much the use of artifi-
cial light has to do with defective vision is not easily stated,
but it cannot be denied that it is one of its principal causes.
Of late years much has been learned of the relation of light
to vision, and artifitial light and its effects have been very
thoroughly analyzed, and considerable publicity has been
given to such analysis: and yet. in spite of this, there con-
tinues the harmful use of light such as may be seen on every
hand.

The first requirement of artificial lighting is utilitarian
in its nature, but the esthetic enters very largely into many
classes of service, and in many cases is given undue weight,
to the detriment of the former. Bad lighting conditions are
looked upon by many as necessary evils; by many others all
artificial lighting is considered more or less bad and harmful.
A comparatively few realize that it can. when properly ap-
plied, be as comfortable and unharmful as daylight, and is
much more flexible than the latter.

\n observing person with any knowledge of the rudi-
ments of illumination cannot fail to notice many of the faulty
lighting installations that are altogether too common in our
stores, factories, and public places of all descriptions. The
good may also be noticed if we look for it; however, the bad
is fairly thrust upon our attention by reason of the' annoy-
ance and physical discomfort caused by usually present glare
or by the inability to see properly. The requirements of
good illumination may be briefly stated as follows: That the
proper amount of light of the proper quality be properly
distributed. It is because of the last of these three factors
that so many installations fall from the possible good to the
actual bad. It is true that m some installations insufficient
light is provided. Init in tlie great majority of cases if the
light generated by lamps was properly directed the resulting
illumination would be fully adequate for good seeing.

Glare is the eyes' worst enemy. It has been spoken of
as light out of place. When glare is present a higher aver-
age of useful intensity of illumination for possibly good
vision is required than is needed when glare is absent or is
so slight as to be unannoying. Glare is the worst offender in
the illumination of public places.

A large proportion of those who cater to the public or
endeavor to win patronage have a more or less hazy idea that
light has some value in attracting- people and consequently
trade. The old slogan. "The crowd follows the light." does
not necessarily mean that the crowd follows high-powered
lamps. Many ridiculous installations of high-power lamps
are the result of the misinterpretation of this slogan. If mer-
chants would realize that it is not light, but the intelligent ap-
plication of it. that attracts people, there would be a big-
change in the appearance of a great many store fronts and

^ Hydro Laboratories, Strachan Ave,, Toronto,

show-windows. Light has an enormous advertising value
when properly applied so that the light-source itself is unob-
trusive, if not invisible, and the outstanding feature of an
installation is that which is being illuminated and not that
which does the illuminatino;. A store front or show-window
may be likened, to some extent at least, to the introduction
to a composition of music. It makes a demand on our atten-
tion, and our impression of what follows is largely influenced
by the first impressions made on us by the introduction. For
this reason it is important that store fronts should be made
attractive, and in order to make the most of window displays
artificial light must be resorted to. The application of arti-
ficial light will make or mar the effectiveness of any display
of merchandise according to the skill and knowledge entering
into the solution of the problem.

.\ coinmon example of the misapplication of light is
shown by the following case: A well-kept, bright store i-;
equipped so that the lamps installed to illuminate the show-
window also furnish much of the illumination of the store.
.\bove the plate glass window is a valence of diffusing glass,
and behind this, placed close to the ceiling, are three 100-watt
lamps, equipped with prismatic reflectors.. This was the orig-
inal installation, and showed that common sense had been
used in planning it. However, in the centre of the window,
at about the level of adults' eyes, is a gas-filled lamp (about
200 watt), equipped with a shallow mirrored reflector, so that
the lamp filament is below the rim of the reflector. It is plain
that this lamp was installed without the assistance of com-
mon sense. Whether one is on the inside or outside of that
window, "safety first" demands that the eyes be turned away
from this objectionable lamji. From across the street the
window full of goods looks like an intensely bright lamp in
the centre of a large frame. The resulting glare quenches any
desire to examine the goods on display. If this application
of light has any value it is a negative one, and defeats its own
purpose. Several other installations of the same lamp and
reflector, installed in the same way, were noticed in the same
block, and it is at once clear that the neighborhood has been
the victim of an energetic but ignorant salesman. This con-
dition is not an isolated one. and is far too common even on
some of our best business streets. In all probability, the time
will soon come when such a condition will be prohibited by
legislation. In the same class as this is the placing of arc
and other high-power lamps in doorwaj'S and over the outside
of show windows. It is inconceivable that business men.
otherwise intelligent and quick to appreciate common sense,
should permit themselves to inflict such outrages on the eyes
of the public.

Indirect Lighting Could Be Used

Another class of offenders are the barbers who require
their patrons, while being shaved, to gaze directlj' into a
lamp equipped with a powerful reflector, located over the
chair. The same reflectors turned upside down would elimin-
ate the glare and still provide good illumination, provided
that the ceiling received a little attention and white paint.
The shadowless effect of indirect or semi-indirect lighting is
a decided advantage for this class of service. It benefits both
the shaver and the shaved.

In a certain city of fairly large size is a li:ill where many
concerts and recitals arc held. The interior is very attrac-
tively dLcorated, and is indeed a very pleasant place to enjoy
a concert or recital, except for one serious fault. Sitting in
the balcony and looking toward the stage one sees a bright
lamp at each side of the stage, and just above the line of

J;uuiary 1, 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

;i'j

vision is the large central fixture, supporting translucent re-
flectors. A worse case of glare could hardly be imagined. It
is a fairly safe guess that the architect or the man who plan-
ned the lighting never occupied a balcony seat during a per-
formance. Patrons have found it necessary to shade their
eyes witli their programs or anything else at hand during per-
tjrmances. This condition could very easily be remedied by
simply shortening the fixture suspending chains. From the
,main floor the central fixture is not objectionable, but the
bracket lamps at the sides of the stage cause some annoy-
ance. It is regrettable that such conditions exist in the face
of such obvious remedy.

It is a very common practice to place lamps in brackets
at the sides of concert platforms and church pulpits to light
speakers, singers, or anybody who may be using the-platform.
It is rarely that such lamps are effectively shielded from the
eyes of the persons in the auditorium, and the result is that
glare is produced that tends to cause drowsmess, besides im-
pairing the vision. In many cases the architectural features
permit the use of concealed lamps to illuminate persons using
the platform. If side lamps are desired for the sake of appear-
ance, they should be of low power and well shaded by dense
shades or globes.

The need for co-operation between architect and engi-
neer is very much in evidence in churches. A typical example
is that of a comparatively new edifice equipped with a row of
fixtures along the centre, each supporting five bell-shaped
translucent reflectors; brackets supporting two reflectors each
are placed along the side walls. Members of the congrega-
tion complain of the lamps over the pulpit aifecting their
eyes, and members of the choir have to face a row of lamps
just below the lower edge of the balcony. These defects may
also be remedied by raising the fixtures in question, and, in
this case, with no loss of useful light. In the ceiling of this
church, on each side of the gable, is a row of large panels of
light-colored glass. These would have provided an excellent
opportunity to furnish a beautiful, soft-tinted light for use
during the evening sermon and to supplement the main light-
ing during the opening and closing exercises by placing
lamps with suitable reflectors in tlie peaks above the panels.
The cost of such provision during construction of the build-
ing would have been very slight, but since the completion
would, of necessity, be very much increased.

Intelligent Distribution Necessary

In lighting churches a common fault seems to be to
equip the lamps with enclosing globes, usually decorative, in
keeping with the scheme of architecture, but which do not
appreciably improve the natural distribution of light from the
lamps. Too much light is thus wasted on the walls, and the
fixtures are hung low, so as to produce a sufficiently high in-
tensity where it is needed, and, of course, the low height of
such units causes glare.

Sometimes fixtures of good design and pleasing appear-
ance are carelessly installed, with the result that the general
appearance of the installation is considerably marred. Such
is the case in a church equipped with semi-indirect bowls, ad-
justed so that the cut-off shadows on the walls form very
uneven lines, because the lamps were not adjusted to a uni-
form position relative to the bowls. This is the only bad
feature of an otherwise pleasing installation, and if the elec-
trical contractor had any pride in his work, would soon see
to it that it be eliminated.

The lighting of churches is not always a simple problem.
The presence of balconies requires that the central fixtures
be hung high, so as to keep the light sources out of the line
of vision of occupants of the balconies. Beneath the balconies
fixtures must be placed where head-room is usually very
limited, and considerable skill is required in the selection and
placing of units to avoid glare.

During the summer months the many feeble attempts to
light bowling greens by a row of bare lamps suspended high
enough to clear the heads of the men are good examples of
illumination at its worst. All that can be said of bad illum-
ination applies to installations of this class. Some of the
money spent for energy and lamps invested in reflectors
would make an enormous difterence, and bowling under the
improved conditions would be much more enjoyable.

The lighting of schools presents some interesting pro-
blems. Desks require illumination very similar to that of
offices, but blackboards require very different treatment. It is
often a rather difficult problem to illuminate blackboards pro-
perly so that chalk marks can be easily read from any part of
tlie room. Fixtures used for the general room lighting are
very often placed so that light from them is reflected specu-
larly by the blackljoard. In a certain modern educational in-
stitution this condition is very much in evidence in some of
the rooms. Pupils are sometimes required to move from one
seat to another to see work that is being done on a black-
board at the other side of the room from where he first sat.
Such a condition is very likely to result in eye-strain, and
ever}- possible means should be resorted to to eliminate it.

Conditions in Industrial Plants

The foregoing cases are defects due principally to faulty
design. There are other cases where illumination deteriorates
through neglect. For instance, a hotel verandah is illumin-
ated by lamps in prismatic stalactites which are nearly half-
full of dead insects. This condition, aside from its bad ap-
pearance, reduces the resulting illumination very consider-
ably. Examples of neglect are not by any means confined to
artificial illumination. In large -industrial plants where th.;
work is mostly rough the windows are usually sadly neglect-
ed, and it is often easy to count the number of windows that
have been broken since the original installation. The worst
that has ever come to the writer's notice is the machine shop
of a cement plant. Here lamps were kept burning on bright,
clear days, and were needed, too. It is no trouble to pick out
otherwise well-kept factories whose windows absorb as much
as 50 per cent, of the light, and yet superintendents would be
insulted if told of this condition. There is probably no other
factor that contributes so much to the quantity and quality of
the factory output or to the welfare of the workers or that
can be obtained at so little cost as daylight, and yet, until
very recent times, has been sadly neglected. Modern fac-
tories are being put up that have plenty of window space, but
if the windows are not kept reasonably clean there is a seri-
ous decrease in daylight illumination.

In this article attention is drawn chiefly to faulty condi-
tions of illumination, the good being practically unmentioned.
ft is not the purpose, however, to exaggerate the former and
minimize the latter. The examples cited are in actual exist-
ence, and are typical of the various classes of installations.
The point to be emphasized is that such conditions are being
duplicated over and over again. It is strange that electrical
contractors or architects who plan the lighting of buildings
are so unobserving or careless of their work that they do not
return to remedy so many of the defects that may be so easily
remedied.

The Ontario Safety League have just distributed their
third annual report for the year ending December 31, 1916.
It shows that, during the year, the following distributions
were made:— 25,000 letters to drivers of vehicles; 83,000 school
bulletins; 100,000 letters to parents; 62,000 industrial bulle-
tins; 155,000 gummed seals; 4.000 sundry cards and bulletins;
5,000 cards to motorists; 2,000 traflic reports; .$.50 in essay
prizes.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

January 1, igig

"Golden Glow" and "Crystal Mirror" Projectors

As a further development of their line of "Golden Glow"
and "Crystal Mirror" flood-lighting projectors the Electric
Service Supplies Company has placed on the market a new
flood-lighting unit to be known as type FL-1419. This new-
type of projector is particularly designed for short range
work where a wide beam dispersion is desired. They are
equipped with 14-inch long focus type parabolic "Golden
Glow" or "Crystal Mirror" reflectors, which project, respect-
ively, powerful dispersed beams of rich golden light and
white brilliant light. This company in their recent new cata-
log on flood-lighting projectors classified the different flood-
lighting subjects in two divisions, namely, those in which the
human eye is brought into continuous use to observe detail
and those in which the human eye figures only momentarily
or where lighting the su])ject as a whole is the main con-
sideration. In the first classification they strongly recom-
mend "Golden Glow" light, and in the latter case the white,
brilliant light from "Crystal Mirror" projectors is desirable.
This new type meets a demand for a more powerful projector
than .iny heretofore cataloged by this company, it being
adapted to use with .500 to 1500 watt type C Mazda (or nitro-
gen filled) lamps.

Watthour Meters

How often is it desirable to tear down and re-assemble
a watthour meter? In answering this question it is difficult
to mak^ a definite statement as to the number of years a
meter will operate accurately under the various conditions
to which watthour meters are subjected. The average gen-
eral practice in Canada, however, is to clean meters at least
once in five years. In order to make the cleansing thorough,
it is considered advisable to disassemble the meter frequently,
clean and rebuild it. Then again, there are many conditions
such as abnormal voltage due to surges, etc., also fires which
damage meters to such an extent that it is necessary that
they be overhauled. As this cleaning and overhauling is

desirable and necessary to maintain the meter's accuracy, its
cost is an important factor in the operation of a meter de-
partment. Having this in mind, the Canadian General Elec-
tric Company's latest type of watthour meters have been
designed having in mind their simplicity and accessibility.
There is no particular order of operation to follow, to dis-
assemble completely these meters, since the electrical damp-
ing and moving elements can all be removed independently
of one another. Meters having such features can be torn
down, cleaned and reassembled quickly and at low cost.
These meters are also arranged with micrometer adjust-
ments for full and light load and a ready means for in-
ductive load compensation, which increases the speed with
which they can be recalibrated after thev are reassembled.

Duncan New "Rigid" Shadeholders
The Duncan Electrical Company, Limited, of Montreal,
ate now manufacturing a 214 in. "Rigid" Shadeholder for
brass and porcelain sockets, which is of interest to tha trade.

due to the fact that only one thumbscrew is needed to adjust
liolder on shade, as shown in accompanying illustration. This
liolder is made of very heavy brass, and when attached to
socket is more "rigid" than any other holder on the market.

Trade Publications

C. G. E. Publications — Bulletin Xo. 46021, Curve-Drawing
Ammeters and \'oltmeters. Types CR and CR-2; l!\illetin
fi830.-j-A, Safety-First Knife Switches: Bulletin 61401. \ary-
ing Speed Brush Shifting Motors; Bulletin 4601.'?. Portal)le
Instruments (Alternating and Direct Current): Bulletin 4"46'.t.
Type FK-24, Oil Circuit Breakers.

Centrifugal Pumps — The- Canadian AUis-Chalmers Limit-
ed, are distributing Catalog 1632-B, entitled "Centrifugal
Pumps and Centrifugal Pumping Units." This is a valuable
booklet of 50 pages, calling attention to the centrifugal pump
for all classes of pumping service. It is well illustrated and
contains many tables and curve charts.

Safety Panels and Cabinets — Bulletin No. 10, by the
Crouse-Hinds Company of Canada, effective December 1,
1917, being supplement to Panel and Cabinet Bulletin No. 1,
describing two types — the DPS, arranged for Edison fuse
plugs in the branches, and the EPS arranged for N.E.C.
cartridge fuses. This company are also distributing a folder,
"Condulet Suggestion 35," concerning "Condulets" as ap-
plied to steamboat equipment.

The Chatham, Wallaceburg and Lake Erie Railway
system was forced to suspend their service recently on
account of the shortage of gas. which they use to generate
electric power.

The Onward Manufacturing Company, Kitchener, Ont.,
have opened a branch office at 10 St. Antoine Street. Mont-
real. The new office will be in charge of Mr. O. W. Miessener.
manufacturers' a.gent.

It is announced by the War Industries Board of the
United States that formal assurances have been given Can-
adian authorities that the hydro-electric power at present
being imported into the United States from Canada will
not be used for any purpose other than the manufacture of
war materials. In view of the shortage of power in the
province of Ontario, which has handicapped some of our
munition plants, it has been felt that the Canadian power
at present being exported to the United States should be
withheld in accordance with the agreement under which this
power was originally allowed to go out of the country,
namely: that it should be subject to recall on demand. In
view of the fact that the extra power is w-anted on both
sides of the line for the same purpose, the Canadian Gov-
ernment is making every possible efifort to meet the local
demand without interfering with the munition industries
across the line and it is on account of this that assurances
have been given that Canadian power shall not be used for
any purpose except to turn out war supplies.

January 1, 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

PHILUPS' CABLES

as supplied to the Toronto Hydro Electric System

These illustrations show cross sections in the original size of cables recently supplied to the
T. H. E. System and reordered by them for further extensions. The specifications are as follows. —
Conductors composed of 37 strands each, .082 in. diameter. Thickness of dielectric on each conduc-
tor, .210 in. Thickness in belt, .210 in. Thickness of lead sheath, .160 in. Overall diameter, 2.61 in.,
250,000 CM. Three Conductor, Paper Insulated, and plain Lead Covered Cable for 13,200 volts. We
can supply you with wares and cables of any size for Power, Lighting, Telephone, Telegraph, etc.

Write us for detaiiled information.

NOTE.— Specification of cable in left-hand cut: 3/0 B. and S.
Three conductor. Each conductor 19 strands, each .094 in. diam.
Thickness of dielectric on each conductor. .21 in. Thickness of dielec-
tric on belt, .21 in. Thickness of lead sheath, .15 in. Overall diameter.
2.60.

Specification of cable in right-hand cut: As stated in copy.

Eugene F. Phillips Electrical Works, Ltd.

Head Office and Factory: MONTREAL

Branches : Toronto

Winnipeg

Regina

Calgary

Vancouver

Phillips Factory
at Montreal

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

January 1. 1918

Current News and Notes

Brantford, Ont.

The Electric Smelting Company, Brantford, Ont., have
been granted a charter.

Chatham, Ont.

The annual report of the Chatham Hydro-electric System
gives the number of consumers as 1.558 — an increase of 253
over last year. The total revenue is $45,714, as compared
with $28,544 last year.

Gait, Ont.

A bylaw has been passed in Gait, Ont., to raise $45,000
to pay for extensions to the city's hydro-electric system.

Hamilton, Ont.

The Barton Township Council will submit a bylaw to
the electors authorizing an expenditure of $55,000 for the
purpose of installing Hydro power throughout the township.

Two new transformers have been installed at Hamilton.
Ont., which, it is anticipated, will entirely overcome the
eccentric service experienced in that city durin,g the recent
past.

IngersoU, Ont.

Considerable improvements are being made to the power
plant of the IngersoU Telephone Company, IngersoU, Ont.
New storage batteries are bein.g installed as well as a mer-
cury arc rectifier.

Kingston, Ont.

The 44,000 volt line from Napanee to Kingston, which
will serve Kingston, has been completed.

Merrickville, Ont.

The Rideau Power Company, of Merrickville, has re-
quested the Hydro-electric Power Commission to design and
purchase the necessary high tension equipment for its power
house, in order to supply power to the Commission.

Orillia, Ont.

The annual financial statement of the Orillia Water.
Light and Power Commission for the year ending December
10th, 1917, shows that notwithstanding the decrease in rates
which aflfected last year, the receipts from lighting increased
$1,844. The ordinary power receipts show a decrease of
$6,915, but this leaves out of account $68,622 received from
the munitions factories, which goes to pay for the power pur-
chased from the Hydro-electric Commission. So far the
Commission has been paid $46,153. Under the arrangements
any surplus remaining after the account is finally closed is
to be returned to the factories interested, .'\bout $15,000 has
already been returned and there is still about $10,000 in this
account, which constitutes the greater part of the "accounts
payable."
Parkhill, Ont.

The residents of Parkhill, Ont., recently carried, by a
large majority, a by-law authorizing an expenditure of $12,-
000 for the installation of Hydro power.
Perth, Ont.

The municipality of Perth recently passed enabling and
money by-laws by substantial majorities. It is proposed to
raise $120,000 by municipal debentures and to purchase the
local electric and waterworks plant from the present own-
ers, the Canadian Electric and Water Power Company. The
Commission propose building a 26,400-volt transmission line
between Perth and Smith's Falls, in order to supply the town
with power. It is proposed to change over the present gen-

erating stations and distributing systems from 133 cycles to
60-cycle equipment.
Picton, Ont.

The town of Picton recently passed a Hydro enabling
by-law. The present lighting plant is steam-operated and is
the property of the rauncipality. It is proposed to close
down the steam plant and change the distributing system
over from two-phase to three-phase. The municipality also
propose to instal a motor-operated centrifugal waterworks
pump of 1,000 gal. per min. capacity.

Regina, Sask.

A bill designed to authorize the use of one-man cars in
Saskatchewan was "killed" by the Legislature of that pro-
vince.
Toronto, Ont.

To save power for manufacturing purposes the Toronto
city council have authorized the cutting off of 273 lights
until the month of April. Each light cut oflf represents a
saving of $9.20 per annum.

The Ontario Hydro Commission is purchasing two 4,000
kv.a. synchronous motors to be installed at Toronto for
power factor correction on the Niagara system.
Trenton, Ont.

The Ontario Hydro Commission propose to serve the
towns of Picton, Wellington and Bloomfield, in Prince Ed-
ward County, by means of a 44,000 volt line from Trenton.
.\ sub-station will be erected at Wellington, for serving
Wellington and Bloomfield, and a 4,000 volt line will be
built from Wellington to Bloomfield. .\ sub-station will also
be erected at Picton to serve this town.

Vancouver, B.C.

The British Columbia Telephone Company, Vancouver,
B.C., will commence shortly the laying of another sub-
marine telephone cable across False Creek.

.\mendments to city by-laws adopted by the Vancouver
city council recently provide that jitney competition against
the B. C. E. R. Company will be prohibited after April
1, 1918.

Whitby, Ont.

Construction work has begun in Whitby, Ont , on a
track from the Grand Trunk main line station to the military
hospital on the lake-front. This road will be the initial unit
of Whitby's street railway system authorized by vote of the
municipality in adopting the Hydro radial proposal from
Toronto to Whitby.
Windsor, Ont.

Two new electrically-driven pumps are to be installed
in connection with the Windsor water supply system. It is
proposed to use Hydro power to drive the pumps and keep
the present steam installation for auxiliary purposes. In or-
der to relieve the load on the Hydro system in the evening
hours, however, the steam pumps will be used for an hour
or two.
Wellington, Ont.

The town of Wellington, Ont.. has passed enabling and
money by-laws, 202 for and 1 against. It is proposed to
issue debentures for the sum of $10,000 for the purpose of
buying out the existing system and remodelling it. The
Niles estate, owners of th-e existing system, has agreed to
sell to the town for the sum of $3,000.

January IS, 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

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Vol. 27

Toronto, January 15, 1918

No. 2

Cold Weather Makes Converts
to Electric Heating

Tlie recent record cold snap, coupled with the shortage
of coal, has made many converts to the use of electricity
for auxiliary heating. This is satisfactory not only in its
eflfect on popularizing electric heaters, but also in that it
has operated for real economy and .a conservation of fuel.

In this latter connection there is more to the argument
than may appear on the surface. The use of electric heaters
in the house, for instance, means something more than
a mere auxiliary heat to be called into requisition when the
coal furnace is unable or unwilling to respond to the de-
mands of several degrees below zero. Like all other ma-
chinery, the coal furnace has its maximum point of effi-
ciency, which point is passed when an overload demand is
made upon it. It follows then that any overload makes an
abnormal demand on the coal bin and that the e.xtra heat
so developed becomes more and more costly as the overload
is increased. Just here then is where the electric heater comes
in. Let us say, by way of example, that the furnace in a
certain home, working at maximum efficiency, keeps the tem-
perature at 70 degrees when the outside temperature is zero.
If now the outside temperature falls, say, to 10 below, the
furnace still working at maximum efficiency only maintains
a temperature of 65 degrees within the home. To obtain the
extra 5 degrees puts a strain on the furnace, or requires more
frequent feeding and attention to such a degree tha.t the
cost of the little extra heat required may l)e two or three
limes normal, or even more than tliis.

Then, too, we have the case, quite common, we believe,
where one part of the home is required at a higher tem-
perature than the rest. This is especially true of the quiet
evening hours devoted to reading or conversation. In such
a case the electric as an auxiliary has proven itself ideal, in
that it is quick to respond to the demands made upon it
and that it delivers heat at the point where it is required —
and that point only.

Of course, there is a shortage of electric power at the
present time which must have a considerable bearing on the
whole question, but when it can be shown that electric
heating, used as indicated above, is actually in the interests
of conservation, this, along with the additional arguments
in favor of electric heaters, should free us from any accusa-
tions of advocating a luxury. In the truest sense of the word
electric heating, intelligently used as an auxiliary, is con-
servation of power.

The Acute Goal Situation
and Its Moral

The acute situation regarding the coal supply at various
points throughout Canada during the past few weeks adds
timeliness to a strong article by Mr. Arthur V. White, con-
sulting engineer to the Commission of Conservation, which
appears in the annual number of the Monetary Tiines, under
the heading, "Coal Problem of Canada Demands National
Action." Mr. White points out that the supply of coal is far
from being inexhaustible in the United States and that we
may naturally expect to be obliged in the near future to de-
pend on our own resources. In other words, the temporary
crisis of the past month will become a permanent condition,
the solution of which must rest with ourselves. In that
sense our troubles might prove to have been a blessing in
disguise if they succeed in impressing upon us the necessity
of getting ready for that inevitable event of which we can
now, from our recent experience, form some reasonable
estimate.

As a substitute for United States coal, which, in all human
probability, we shallMose, Canada has two considerable re-
sources, soft coal and water power. Canada may indeed
'claiin to be well supplied with coal, but unfortunately it is of
a quality not suitable, in its natural state, for shipment
across the continent. Onf of the big problems before us, then,
is to discover some means of economically utilizing this
vast resource, it may be by transforming our coal into more
stable form so that it will stand shipment, or it may be by
converting it at the mines into electric energy and trans-
mitting the power in this form. The latter alternative, how-
ever, awaits developments in the electric industry that we
may not see in the near future. The former is said to be an
accomplished fact but very expensive in operation.

The other substitute — water power — Canada also pos-
sesses in considerable degree; Mr. White says roughly
twenty million horse-power. Much of this, however, is
located so far from our more thickly populated areas that
it is, temporarily at least, without value to us. This is all
the more reason why we should guard with the greatest care
the small fraction of the total found within our useful areas.
The better located a water power is, the more reason why
its control should be guarded, and also the more vigilance
required in properly guarding it, as, naturally, control of
such power would be more eagerly sought in proportion as
its availability increases.

One does not realize the vast heritage with which the
people of eastern Ontario, for example, have been endowed,
by simply gazing on the St. Lawrence River. Figures
change the viewpoint, however. Let us suppose that the
Long Sault is capable of developing 500.000 horse-power
continuously. Roughly speaking, it requires ten tons of

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

January IS, 1918

coal to provide one horse-power year. Thus the power of
the Long Sault rapids is the equivalent to the province of
Ontario of 5,000,000 tons of coal per annum for all time.

The total import of anthracite in 1916 was 4,570,815. There-
fore, a proper guarding of our Long Sault heritage alone
will take care of the situation when the United States finds
it necessary to withhold her anthracite for her own people's
use.

How soon that may he is problematical. Our neighbors
to the south have been tremendously "white" during the
crisis just passed, but let us not forget that their resources
are limited, and that charity begins at home. The necessity
to withhold export to Canada may arise sooner than they,
or we, expect.

For a permanent crisis, such as we have just had a taste
of, and which may come to-morrow, shall the people of
Canada not do well to hold themselves in readiness, so far
as is humanly possible, by conserving for our own people
the heritage Providence has willed us?

Abandonment of Aqueduct Scheme Approved
by Research Bureau

The abandonment ol the plans for enlar.i^ing the Mont-
real aqueduct and for the construction of a plant to develop
hydro-electric power, aside from construction required to
permit its use as a source of water supply, is recommended
in a report by the New York Bureau of Municipal Research,
which is investigating Montreal's civic problems. The
bureau also recommend that prompt consideration be .i^iven
to providing funds for the design .and construction of an elec-
tric power plant to furnish the service required for pumping
or other municipal purposes, and that the present steam plant
be kept in reserve for stand-by service.

The bureau finds that there lias been lack of adequate
study and consideration of the project as a whole before
authorizing the execution of the works; illogical and con-
flicting statements in the various reports issued on the sub-
ject, and lack of consideration of possible alternatives for
securing an economical water supply.

"There is probably no large city on this continent which.
is so strategically located in respect to the availability of
cheap commercial electric power as Montreal. In spite of
these facts, the city government has undertaken the inde-
pendent development of hydro-electric power, practically in
direct competition with the private companies at present serv-
ing the community in this respect or those able to furnish
electric power. The proposed development, if completed, will
provide, during certain seasons at least, an excess of power
over that reciuired for pumping and other water supply pur-
poses, and yet no well-matured plan has been formulated for
the economic utilization of the excess. Even in the matter
of municipal needs for electric power, such as, for example,
to provide for the lighting of streets and public buildings,
there is no evidence of any adequate consideration having
been given to the practicability of making use of available
power from a city plant for such purpose. It would, then,
appear that the city has no reliable data on which to base a
justification for undertaking the project at all."

The report criticizes the plans of the city's staff and of
Messrs. Vautelet and St. Laurent, and- suggests, as an alter-
native, • the abandonment of the proposed power develop-
ment, the purchase of electric power, the construction of an
electric pumping plant for 100,000,000 imperial gallons per
day, at a cost of $361,000, the use of the present steam plant
as a stand-by, and the use of the aqueduct for water pur-
poses only. The report insists that the purchase of power
would prove much more economical as compared with the
present hydro-electrical development.

The bureau discusses at great length additional sources
of water supply, and comes to the conclusion that the most
practical scheme is the utilization of the aqueduct as a source
of water supply. This involves the abandonment of the aque-
duct enlargement project, including the development of a
hydro-electric plant. The construction required to enable
using the aqueduct would be limited to the building of an
impounding dam at its lower end, with suitable provision for
sluice-gates and spillway, together with some possible trim-
ming up of the unfinished sections of the enlargement work.

Flattening Down the Peak

In our last issue we described briefly how the peak load
situation was being met in Brantford, Ont., through the co-
operation of the various industries throughout the munici-
pality. A recent issue of the Electrical World describes sim-
ilar operations by the Traction. Light and Power Company
in Puget Sound, where Sales Manager Gille has made a suc-
cessful study of how to relieve power conditions. The sales-
men interviewed all power customers over 50 h.p. in an en-
deavor to secure their co-operation in smoothing out the
load curve during the critical weeks preceding and imme-
diately following the new year. In this city the hours of
4.30 to 7 p.m. mark the limits of the critical period. The
peak is caused by the overlapping of the lighting and indus-
trial power loads with the electric railway evening rush hour
demand. The reason assigned for this overlapping just at
this time is that, owing to the number of cloudy and dark
days and the consequent shortening of the daylight period,
the commercial and residential lighting consumers turn on
their lights before the one-shift power load goes off. Power
consumers also use lights in their plants which at other times
tif the year they would not need. The street railway peak is
around 5.30 throughout the whole year, and the company is,
of course, powerless to shift it.

Calls for co-operation on the part of the power users
met with prompt response. Out of 266 customers visited all
but two were able to shift their load a little bit. By arrang-
ing an earlier closing hour with some 24 customers, 2,600 kw.
was taken off the peak. By consulting with other large con-
cerns having numerous employees, plans were worked out
whereby these eniployees should be dismissed at half-hour
intervals. This scheme not only relieved street car conges-
tion, but assisted in smoothing out both the street railway
and industrial load curve.

Having thus eliminated the more readily recognized over-
lapping, a systematic study was begun to find just what
changes would be most advantageous. Each power con-
sumer's load, with its characteristics, was plotted and listed
on a large sheet to facilitate careful comparison. Prelimin-
ary examination of this collection of data indicates that it
may be more desirable to allow certain power users having
unrestricted service contracts to operate on the peak than
to ask them to shut down just before that time, because the
large number of factory employees who use the street cars
may make an increase in the street railway load greater than
the factory load cut oflf.

The Power Controller's Order

Sir Henry Drayton. Power Controller for Canada, has
issued an order regarding power conservation in the pro-
vince of Ontario, which comes into effect Tuesday, Janu-
ary 15. In effect it prohibits display advertising of all kinds;
requires the discontinuance of ornamental lighting and the
use of only such lamps in ordinary street lighting as are
absolutely necessary. The public is also urged to save every
little bit of current possible in the office, the home and else-
where.

The order regarding the discontinuance of ornamental

jnminry 15, 1018

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

lighting is probaljly not intended to be interpreted literally
as this would leave the main streets of most of our cities
and towns in absolute darkness. Presumably the intention
is that only such of the ornamental clusters shall be lighted,
or such part of each cluster, as is necessary for a fair illum-
ination.

While this order will work sonic inconvenience to our

citizens in general there is no doubt that they are ready to

-make whatever little sacrifices may be necessary. As the

days lengthen, the inconvenience will diminish. The order

is as follows:

"To all Commissions, companies or persons generating,
distributing or using electrical energy in Ontario, where there
is a shortage of electrical energy, or where electrical energy
is being generated or supplemented by steam, gas or oil
plants:

"It is hereby ordered and directed that the strictest
economy in the use of electrical energy be practised. With
this in view the Commissions and companies supplying elec-
trical energy, and the officers of corporations, as well as
individuals using electrical energy, will on and after Tues-
day, January 15, 1918, and until further notice, see that no
electrical energy be used for advertising or ornamental light-
ing; that electric street lighting be reduced to the utmost
possible limit — discontinuing cluster lighting entirely and only
using such lamps as are actually necessary for the safety
of the public.

"Under the heading of advertising is included the in-
teriors of buildings during hours when the latter are not
open for business.

"Turn oiT every lamp and switch off every heater or mo-
tor, the use of which is not absolutely needed.

"Electrical energy is vitally needed for the manufacture of
many war essentials, and these can only be manufactured if
every user of electrical energy helps in reducing the present
general consumption. Coal is being used to relieve the
water-power shortage and the costliness and scarcity of coal
are well known.

"(Signed) FT. L. Drayton,

"Power Controller.

"January 8, 1918."

Ontario Hydro Establishing Testing Laboratories

.At the call of the chairman of the Electrical Section of
the Toronto Board of Trade, a well-attended meeting of re-
presentatives of electrical manufacturers, distributors, and
contractors was held in the Board of Trade rooms. Royal
Bank Building, on Monday, January 7, at 2 p.m., to discuss
the recent announcement of the Ontario Hydro Commission,
appearing on page 36 of the Electrical News, January 1 issue.
Mr. H. F. Strickland chief of the Hydro inspection depart-
ment, represented the commission.

Mr. Strickland at some length explained the intentions of
the commission. It was proposed to establish a testing labor-
atory in Toronto, duplicating in its essential parts the labora-
tories of the Underwriters' Association in Chicago. This
laboratory was not intended to supercede the Underwriters'
Laboratories, but to supplement 'their work, its main func-
tion being to test and approve such appliances as may be
manufactured within the Province of Ontario, or may be
offered for sale in the province without having first been ap-
proved at Chicago, Mr. Strickland stated that it may be
taken for granted that appliances having the approval of the
Underwriters' Laboratories would automatically be accepted
by the commission in future, just as in the past, and he hoped
that reciprocal arrangements would be made in the near
future whereby products pas'sed by the Hydro Laboratory
would be automatically approved by the Underwriters. At
the present time a number of unapproved appliances were

being sold in the province, manufactured no one knew where,
the distribution of whicli it was impossible to control. After
April 1 it would be a punishable offence to offer such for sale
without first having them passed upon by the Hydro Labora-
tory.

The matter of changes in the rules and regulations of
the Hydro Commission was also discussed at some length.
.\ number of members complained that these changes, com-
ing into effect at short notice, had worked hardship in cer-
tain cases on those firms carrying considerable stocks of
•equipment formerly approved, but not now accepted under
the amendments. It was thought that the commission might,
with profit to both sides, keep themselves more closely in
touch with the conditions and sentiments of the trade in gen-
eral. To this end it was suggested that it would be a move
in tlie right direction if the commission could see its way to
include in their Rules and Regulations Committee some out-
side members of the electrical industry. This suggestion met
with unanimous approval, and a resolution was finally adopted
which is being forwarded to the commission, requesting that
their Rules and Regulations Committee be enlarged to in-
clude not less than five members, representing the manufac-
turing, distributing, and contracting interests.

The selection of names to act on this committee was left
over, pending the acceptance of this suggestion by the com-
mission. The intention is that the choice shall be fully repre-
sentative of the various electrical interests concerned.

Canada an Exporter of Electrical Energy

Other tlian tlie jiroducts of her agricultural lands, mines
and forests, there are certain resources in Canada of unique
and special value. One of these is the hydro-electric energy
which may be developed from Canada's waters, including
her equity in international waters. At the present time the
United States is importing from Canada about 275,000 horse-
power years of electrical energy. Many factors, of course,
enter into the determination of the equivalent of this elec-
trical power in terms of anthracite coal. Electric power has
great advantage for many purposes over steam. Speaking
in round figures, and taking cognizance of some of these
special factors, the electrical power now imported by the
United States would be the equivalent of probably not less
than ,3,000.000 tons of coal, annually — it may be a quantity
substantially greater.

Canada has been richly endowed with water-powers, al-
though those serviceable from the standpoint of present econ-
omic development should be carefully conserved so that they
may be used in the general public interest.

Any estimate for the water-powers of Canada must be
presented and considered with a due appreciation of its
limitations. The following table representatively sets forth
the water-power situation in Canada. By no means may all
the water powers be economically developed: —

Total possible Developed

Province horse-power horse-power

Ontario 5,800,000 760,000

Quebec 6,000,000 640,000

Nova^Scotia 100,000 26,000

New Brunswick 300,000 15,000

Prince Edward Island 3,000 500

Manitoba 76,000

Saskatchewan 3,500,000 33,000

North-West Territories

British Columbia 3,000,000 250,000

Yukon 100,000 12,700

Total 18,803,000 1,813,200

Men far-sighted in the fields of industry and finance
have foreseen the extent to which present and future gen-

*From article by Mr. A. V. White, in Monetary Times.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

January 1">, 1918

erations will be increasingly dependent upon power, whether
it be steam or hydro-electric.

Concentration of Control
In the United States, for many years past, special efiforts
have been made to concentrate control of water-powers. Most
of the water-powers which are more readily capable of eco-
nomic development in Canada, as well as in the United States,
either have been already developed or are privately con-
trolled. Concentration of ownership is a noticeable feature
of this control. It has been authoritatively published that in
the United States, in 1913, about 6„'!00,000 horse-power was
controlled by ten groups of interests. This concentration is
still going on. Owing both to provincial and federal legis-
lation, it has not been possible for interests so readily to
obtain control of water-powers in Canada. Efforts, however,
are continually being made to secure the rights for such
desirable water-powers as are yet vested in the Crown. The
efforts made by the powerful financial interests behind the
Long Sault Development Company to obtain control of the
almost unequalled power rights at the Long Sault Rapids,
on the St. Lawrence River, are still in mind.

"Patents" at the A. I. E. E.

Those members of the Toronto Section A.I.E.E. who
had the misfortune to be absent from the lecture by Major
C. H. Riches on Friday evening, December 21, have much to
regret. The subject of the History of Patents has, we are
sure, never been presented in so entertaining a fashion: the
trading monopolies granted to the Hanse towns in the middle
ages, the privileges bestowed upon traders by English mon-
archs, and the famous act of James I., all were shown to
have direct bearing upon the modern form of patent as grant-
ed by the Patent Bureaus of Canada. England and the United
States. At the conclusio.n of the lecture a concise sum-
mary of the present aspect of patent law and procedure was
given. Afterwards Major Riches answered a number of
questions fired at him by those members whose inventive
genius led them into doubts and difficulties concerning the
procedure of securing a patent. The discussion indeed was
quite extended, more than forty minutes being devoted to it
The lecture was one of the best and most original ever pre-
sented before the section, and together with the pleasing
personality of the, author, yielded a most enjoyable evening.

The 1918 Program

A most attractive program for 1918 has been arranged
liy Mr. A. H. Hull. Chairman of the Papers Committee of
the Toronto Section A.I.E.E. It has been found desirable
to hold two meetings in every month (first and third Fri-
days) and the arrangements are:

Jan. 18. — Commercial Applications of Synchronous Mo-
tors, Morris J. McHenry, Canadian General Electric Com-
pany, Toronto.

Feb. 1. — The Laws of Dielectrics, Charles E. Skinner,
Research Division, Westinghouse Electric Co., Pittsburgh.

Feb. 15. — Technical Education in an Engineering Works,
Channing R. Dooley, Educational Department, Westing-
house Electric Company, Pittsburgh.

March 1. — Recent Developments in Transformer Prac-
tice, John J. Frank, G. E. Co., Transformer Engineering
Dept., Pittsfield, Mass.

March l.i. — High Vo\tage Testing (with experiments),
William P. Dobson, Hydro Electric Power Commission
Laboratories.

April 5. — High Tension Insulators from the Operating
\'iewpoint. Paul Ackerman, Toronto Power Company.

April 19. — .\nnual Meeting, Dinner and election of
officers.

The Time to Sell Appliances

Aside from the question of power shortage there prob-
ably never was a more opportune time to, push the sale of
electric appliances than is the present moment. The aver-
age small consumer of electric current is making "good
money" to-day, and, it goes without saying, is spending it.
Supplied, as he is. with comparatively ample means, he is
looking about for a little larger share of that comfort and
luxury so often denied the man of slender income. What
better can he invest his money in than attractive fixtures for
his home and modern electric appliances of every sort. Un-
less, therefore, it is the case that any small increase as this
would entail in the household power load will embarrass in
any way those who are responsible for supplying the needs
of our soldiers, the present conditions of labor, svell sup-
plied with ready money, seem to enforce almost a patriotic
duty on our retailers of electrical goods to see that this
surplus cash is exchanged for merchandise that will add hot
only to the comfort and pleasure of the working man and
his family, but also in a very high degree to efficiency in his
daily work.

Honor to Whom Honor is Due

Of the (i,JU,000,(J()l) tons of cual which will l)e mined this
year only 4 per cent, represents the entire electric central
station requirements of the country, the greater part of the
electrical energy now used being generated in hydro-elec-
tric stations. By utilizing water-power the central station
industry conserves nature's resources, releases millions of
tons of coal, the cars necessary to transport it, and the labor
required to mine it, while the coal it consumes, as the fuel
administrator himself has graciously allowed, is burned
most economically. In view of the wide publicity given to
the sign-lighting orders, which indirectly involve the elec-
tric lighting industry, it is well that these facts be con-
stantly borne in mind. Fuel-saving, however slight, is vitally
necessary in the present world-crisis, but we suggest that as
a matter of self-interest any striving for psychological effect
be definitely labeled as such. From the usual tone of press
reports the general public is led to believe that the central
station industry is most profiigate in the use of coal, wliereas
just the opposite is true. There is nothing in the entire
engineering history of the industry which, even in the pres-
ent emergency, warrants anything but praise. — Electrical
World.

Canadian Light and Power Win in Review Court

The First Division of the Court cjf Review, Justice.?
Fortin, Greenshields, and Lamothe, recently gave judginent
to the effect that the Canadian Light and Power Company
was not liable for the $126, 221. .'is claimed in connection with
the contracts executed by G. W. T. Xicholson at the com-
pany's hydraulic plants at St. Timothee, in 1910 and 1911.
Mr. Justice Maclennan, in the Superior Court on January 17,
1916, had condemned the company to pay this amount for
damages claimed by the contractor, but the review judges
held that the claim was not justified. The review judges
were unanimous. The action against the company was for
$225,692.82, which included the $126,221. .35, and as a result of
the Court of Review judgment the company will have to pay
only $99,471.47 for works executed.

More aid to struggling electric railways in New York
State has been granted by the Public Service Commission for
the Second District. On December 13 and December 15 the
commission announced increases in fares from 5 to 6 cents for
the Glen Cove Railroad, and from 5 to 7 cents for the Peeks-
kill Ligluing and Railroad Company.

iuuiary lo, 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

An Automatic Hydro-Electric Station

P'our Units of 500 H. P. Each Operate Automatically and Entirely
Without Human Supervision

At Cedar J^apids. Iowa, a ;i,000 kw., low-licad, liydro-
electric station recently constrneted is now liein.n operated
entirely automatically. Tlie installation consists of four
.")0(1 kw. units.

The hydro-electric plant has been arranged to operate
in parallel with a 19,000 kw. steam generating plant located
about half a mile away. It was originally planned to oper-
ate the hydro-electric plant by remote control from the steam
plant, but as this involved a large number of complications,
it was finally decided to install a completely automatic con-
trol. In this way a saving in tlie neighborhood of .$4,000
a year in labor has resulted and it has worked out that the
first cost is no greater than would have been required for
a first class manually operated station. The general operat-
ing features are described in a recent issue of the Electrical
Railway Journal.

General Operating Features

As the station equipment is arranged and will usually
be operated, the control of the machines will be handled
remotely from the steam station, where the simple act of
removing one small double-throw switch on a bench board
will start the automatic control equipment at the hydro plant
in its series of functions in placing a machine on the line,
without further attention from anyone. These same switches
on the benchboard, however, set in the opposite position,
leave the number of machines running in absolute control
of the automatic equipment at the hydro plant which is
actuated by the level of the water in the storage reservoir.
The conditions of load will not at any time determine the
number of machines cut on or off the line. It will simply
be the practice to load the hydraulic i)lant up to the capa-
city which the water flow will allow, or which emergency
requires, and the load fluctuation on the system will be
taken care of at the steam station. If left to the purely
automatic control, a low^ering of the head beyond a certain
level automatically cuts the generators off the line in a cer-
tain sequence. Conversely, with a rising head the machines
will start up and come in on the line as rapidly as the
rise in water level permits. Any trouble whatever instantly
cuts the machine or machines out and thus gives protection,
regardless of the position of switches at the steam station,
and then automatically brings them back on the line when
conditions have become normal again. In brief, the com-
plete control scheme includes a purely automatic control
on which is superimposed a remote manual control. The
former operates in accord with the water supply, while the
latter causes machines to be cut in or out at the will of
the steam plant operator, by means of the- automatic equip-
ment, regardless of water conditions.

As many machines will be run during the day through
the remote control supervision as is possible and still per-
mit the river to store up water for full-load operation of the
plant during the night. This plan of utilizing the full flow
of the river has been adopted as the one which best fits in
with the load conditions on the systems. The operation of
all three units at the hydro-electric station permits the shut-
ting down of one boiler at the power house during the night.

Special Features of the Layout

The interest in the plant lies principally in the selection
and arrangement of the electric automatic control appar-
atus. The control equipment for the most part, consists

of apparatus of standard design for steel-mill work. This
type of equipment was selected because of its sturdy and not
over-sensitive characteristics. Hence, while the application
of the automatic apparatus to the Iiydro-electric generating
equipment is entirely new, the control equipment itself is
of usual design, but assembled to perform special duties. This
equipment is installed on three generator control cabinets
and one exciter control cabinet located along one side of
the power plant. There is also a terminal board cabinet
which has been used as a terminus for all control and in-
strument wires. Beside each of the generator cabinets is the
motor-driven rotary drum controller which determines the
sequence of operation of the various relays and contactors
in the same manner that this is accomplished in connection
with the automatic railway sub-station. All instrument
wires are brought to terminals in the instrument cal)inet so
that it is possible to cut in portable instruments for testing,
in the absence of the permanent meters which are all in-
stalled in the steam plant. One feature of the control which
dififers from that which has been employed in the automatic
sub-stations is the over-speed protection device. In the auto-
matic sub-station this is a simple mechanical device placed
"n the end of each rotary converter shaft, which closes a
circuit through a relay when the speed of the macliine reaches
a certain point, tlie relay acting to cut the machine off
the line. In the hydro-electric plant this protection is ijro-
vided for the entire station by a 1 horsepower induction motor
which drives a speed-limiting device, closing a circuit through
a relay in the same manner. As all generators are in syn-
chronism, no one unit could race without carrying all others
with it. This motor remains continuously on the line, since
it consumes little power, and it was hardly worth while,
therefore, to provide relays to cut it ofif.

Sequence of Operation

The sequence of operation of the control apparatus is
in general as follows: When the operator at the steam
station closes the small benchboard switch, previously men-
tioned, the drum controller at the hydro-electric plant starts
to revolve. This same connection might have been accomp-
lished by the action of the automatic float switches governed
by the water level in the storage reservoir. The first circuit
completed by the drum controller is through a relay whicli
starts up one or the other of the exciter sets, depending on
which way a triple-pole, double-throw switch is thrown.
The 1.30-h.p. motor of this exciter set is thrown directly across
a 3300-volt line, taking momentarily eight times full-load
current and coming up to full speed and full voltage in three
and a half seconds. Meantime the drum has continued to
revolve and has closed the necessary circuit to energize the
gate motor which opens the gate on the water wheel to
about 0.2 full opening. After completing this contact the
drum controller stops until the generator reaches a speed
of 55 r.p.m., at which time a centrifugally operated switch
on the top of the generator shaft makes a contact which
starts the drum revolving again. This then completes the
circuit which closes the main line contactor, putting the ma-
chine on the line without field and in series with a set
of reactors which will limit the current through the unit
to about 2.5 times full-load current during the synchroniz-
ing period. Two of these reactors, which are of the single-
phase oil-immersed type, designed for five-minute duty, are

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

January 15, 1918

installed for each niacliine. A time interval between the
closing of the centrifugally operated switch on the main
generator and the closing of the main line contactor is pro-
vided in order to permit the generator speed to increase from
55 r.p.m. to 60 r.p.ni., or synchronous speed, before the
main-line contactor is closed. The next function performed
by the drum is to close a circuit through the field coils.
When the exciting current is first thrown on the generator
field, it is limited by the field rheostat connected in the circuit
to about one-quarter normal value. This gives the machine a
chance to get in step, without unduly high current values.
.'\fter a moment a section of the field rheostat is shunted out,
increasing the field current to its normal value. The current-
limiting reactors are then short-circuited and the contact-
making ammeter closes a circuit through the gate motor
which opens the gate to a point permitting the machine to
carry full load. All of these operations require but thirty-
seven seconds. The time which elapses from the instant
the generator begins to take load until it is under full load
is only seven seconds, because of the rapidity with which
the gate-opening mechanism responds. In placing the gen-
erators on the line the action is similar to that of bringing
a synchronous motor up to speed and placing it on full
circuit. The ordinary synchronizing process as usually ap-
plied to generators does not become a part of the operation
in this hydro-electric plant, since placing the machine on
the line with low-field excitation allows the rotor to slip
back or to be pulled ahead a fraction of a phase angle
without trouble. Oscillograph records of the current in
the main generator circuit show that maximum disturbance
during the starting period is not serious.

Protection Against Possible Trouble
The bearings of each machine are protected against over-
heat by thermostats of the spiral spring type which arq set
to operate at 45 degs. C. Should a bearing become over-
heated, the thermostat would promptly act to cut the mach-
ine aflfected off the line. When the bearing cooled down to
normal temperature the thermostat would automatically cut

the machine in again. Thermostats are also placed on the
current-limiting reactors and set to operate at 75 degs. C.
Thermostats on the stator coils of the generators are set to
operate at 65 degs. C. The speed-limiting device already de-
scribed is set so that it shuts down the entire plant whenever
the station frequency reaches 64 cycles per second. In a test
of this device the main oil switch at the steam station was
tripped from the benchboard, cutting all load off the hydro-
electric plant, which, of course, would tend to make the
machines run away. In one and two-fifths seconds after
the oil switch was tripped the frequency limiting device oper-
ated and the water wheel gates began to close.

The possibility of a machine operating single-phase is
prevented by the fact that part of the relays are installed in
each phase, and the wiring is laid out so that the open-
ing of any one of the relaj's will open all contacts and shut
down solenoids, so that no-voltage failures are guarded
against through the instant opening of all relays. The loss
of excitation is guarded against by a relay in series with
contacts which in opening shut down the plant. The gen-
erators are protected against surges by inverse time-element
relays which cut the current-limiting reactors into circuit
with the machine for an interval on not excessive overloads.
before cutting the latter off the line. Under normal opera-
tion the 220-volt, 60-cycle energy supply for the control
system is supplied from two 5-kv.a. transformers installed
in the hydro-electric plant. In case of emergency, however,
a throw-over switch supplies the control energy from the
steam station power and lighting transformers.

The float switches guard against trouble from low water.
No special provision has been made to guard against the
accumulation of snow-ice. except the standard trash racks
at the intake to the flume and at the intake to the wheel
pits. In this connection it is interesting to note that a
sudden stoppage of all units in the plant produces a piling
of the water at the gate to such an extent that the back-
wash effectively removes' all trash from the rack and causes
material which has gathered at the upstream trash rack to be
washed over the spillways.

Group vs. Individual Motor Drive

There is always danger when reaction sets in against
any certain established practice that the pendulum of mod-
ernism may swing a little too far the other way and de-
prive us of some of the advantages which a moderate view-
point would have assured. This may be the case to-day with
regard to the use of individual motor drives. The reaction
which set in some time ago against group drive, based un-
doubtedly upon sound argument, has in some cases, we
believe, led to installations of individual motors not justified
by considerations of economy. "Just look at the current
you save," is a forceful argument to the factory superintend-
ent who is eagerly searching for every possible opportunity
to cut costs, but too often this and similar savings take
on an importance quite out of proportion to their real
value. The superintendent would see the matter in a dif-
ferent light if he realized that the cost of current repre-
sented only in the neighborhood of one or two per cent,
of the total operating cost rightly chargeable to that motor.

A very impartial article on the relative advantages of
group and individual drive, written by C. E. Clewell, appears
in a recent issue of the Electrical World. Extracts from
this article are given herewith, as well as a couple of inter-
esting drawings: —

As a basis for an- analysis of these two methods of

electric drive, it should be noted at the outset that the
power consumption of a typical machine tool is usually
a relatively small item in comparison with the other charges
against the machine. Fig. 1. Any degree of saving in the
power consumption will have a relatively small effect on
the total cost of production by this tool, whereas any sav-
ing in wages brought about by the ability of the operator
to perform a given operation in less time will obviously tend
to a much greater effect on the cost of production.

The interest, and depreciation on a machine tool to-
gether may form an item of importance. In this connection
Fig. 2 indicates that the cost per horsepower increases rapid-
ly for the smaller sizes of motors; hence the fixed charges
on the smaller machine tools when equipped with individual
motors are relatively higher than with larger tools where
the rating of the motor is higher.

While the use of individual motors can hardly in any
case be justified solely on a basis of power saving, any re-
duction in the power required to drive a given machine is
a factor in the gross efficiency of the plant. Table I, there-
fore, is of considerable interest because it shows the friction
losses connected with the line shafting in various typical
shop departments. The losses given show the order of
magnitude which may be reached, and hence give an indi-

January 15, 191S

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

cation of the economy vvhicli may be effected by the sub-
stitution of motor drive for any system of mechanical power
distribution.

Conditions Favorable to Group Drive

In a general way the term "group drive," as here used,
relates to those cases where one relatively large motor sup-
plies a group of machine tools through line-shafting and
countershafting, the sources of power being Ijroken up into
relatively small units. The excessive mechanical losses of
the long main-line shafts usually employed with purely me-
chanical power distribution are thus reduced by the elec-
erical distribution up to the group motors, but the mechanic-

Planf Expenses Charaeable to fhis Machine

Tool

'tT'i

of Total

■11

Salaries Chargeable fo Ihh tia

-h,ne^?S%

of total

$i.SO

\ $^iO

Wages ■ H'i of Tofal

' ' :';:-=! #^'W

Inleresf'd ofTofal
\$I20

Depreciation- 6°-i of Total

\$i?0

Other Charges'Z'-iof Total
Power 1% of Tofat

Fig 1. — Relative amounts chargeable to a given machine toot per eight-hour
day for different items which make up total production cost.

al losses usually present with line-shafting and belting still
occur between the group motor and the machine tools to
which it supplies power.

Several fairly well-defined conditions occur under which
group drive is usually preferable to individual-motor drive,
and these may be listed as follows: :!■ ; -

(a) Group of machines operated at constant speed, all
machines being in operation simultaneously.

(b) Machinery close together and countersliafts thus
short; diversity factor that permits the installation of less
gross horsepower with a single group-drive motor than when
several individual motors are used. (This case applies with
special force to the smaller motors of say 3 h.p. or less.)

(c) Constant-speed machines requiring excessive cur-
lent at certain points in the duty cycle and when, owing to
such conditions, the gross horsepower rating of individual
motors would necessarily be higher than thf horsepower
rating of a single group motor.

(d) Where a group of relatively very small machines
is found and where the investment in a motor for each ma-
chine be unduly high.

Under any of these conditions, however, the higher
first cost of individual motors might easily be offset in a
very short period if any considerable increase iii produc-
tion would result from their use in preference to a group
motor. Furthermore, the first cost of individual-drive in-
stallations has often been increased in the past by the ad-
ditional cost of mechanically attaching the motor to the
machine. This objection is disappearing at the present time
because of the growing tendency of the machine-tool manu-
facturers to design their machine tools so as to accomino-
date the motor.

The fact that at least 50 per cent, of the output of
some of the larger machine-tool plants is now arranged
for individual motor-driving is due partly, no doubt, to the
increased demand of industrial plants for motor-driven ma-
chines, and also to some extent to the appreciation on the

part of the machine-tool builders ul the advantages of the
motor-driven tool.

Advantages of Individual Drive
Turning now to some of these advantages ol indi-
vidual drive, it is important first to note how large a factor
the reduced friction losses may be in the individual-motor
problem. Figures gathered by A. G. Popcke for a typical
case on which careful estimates were made for both meth-
ods of drive show that the increased first cost for indi-
vidual motors may be offset in a relatively short time by
the lower frictional losses brought about by their use.

In a case of group drive the total first cost per floor*
amounted to $8,700, proportioned as follows: For the main
shaft, 27 per cent.; countershafts and pulleys, 57 per cent.;
group motor, 5 per cent, The losses due to friction with the
group system were estimated at $2,500 per annum.

Table I. — Frictional Losses in Shafting for Various
Typical Shop Departments

Per Cent, of Toljl

Transmitted

Department

Power

Pattern making

.... 17

Grinding

.. .. 21

Light drilling . .

Lathe

.. .. 25

Milling

.. .. 25

Cam cutting . .

.... 26

Per t.'cnt. of Total
Transmitled
Power
... l't>

Department

Chucking

Planing

Cutter making . .

Heavy drilling 34

lig and fixture making .'J7

Cutting-off 43

Table II. — Comparative Factors to Consider

s Group Drive
Constant friction loss in shafts and

belting.
Control of speed limited by the num-
ber of cone pulley steps.

Reversing must be accomplished by
a clutch or by crossed belts.

Difliculty in stopping the machine
tool at any given point.

Speed increments are usually large.

The size of the cut is limited by
belt slippage.

Difficulty is experienced in locating
causes of delay in the work.

Changes in the location of mach-
inery difficulty because shafts are
fixed in position.

% 100
o

t_
V
CU

at
= 40

- zo

if
a:

S 0

Individual Drive

Friction loss in motor and machine
when operating only.

Control of speed limited only by
the number of notches on the con-
troller and by the gear ra1:ios.

Reversing may be accomplished by

the handle of a controller.

The machine tool can readily be
stopped at any desired point.

The speed increments may be made
as small as desired.

The size of the -cut is limited only
by the mechanical strength of the
machine and by the motor torque.

Delays in the work may easily be
detected by the use of the grapliic
meter.

An individually motor-driven mach-
ine may be moved readily to suit
the convenience of production.

28 32 36 40

Horsepower Rating of Motor

Fig. 2.— Approximate variation in cost per horsepower for
different-size motors.

The first cost of an individual-motor drive for this' same
floor was estimated at about $10,400 per floor, proportioned
as follows: For the 136 motors, 83 per cent, of the first
cost of the driving- system, and for wiring, etc., about 13
per cent. The losses due to friction in this case were esti-
mated at $700 per annum. In this instance the extra first
cost of the individual motors amounts to $1,700, whereas the
saving in frictional or mechanical losses by the use of indi-'
vidual motors amounts to about $1,800. In such a case,
therefore, the increased cost of the individual-motor system
would pay for itself through reduced mechanical losses in
approximately a year's time.

The principal advantages are power savings (already dis-
cussed) and increased production. The latter is brought

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

January 15, 1918

about largely by cutting down the time required to perform
some or all of the elements which constitute the cycle of
the operation. Thus the cycle for a planer includes the time
required for (a) the cutting stroke, (b) bringing the platen
to rest, (c) reversing the platen, (d) the return stroke, and
(e) again bringing the platen to rest and starting in on the
cutting stroke. The analysis of the operation of such a
machine is largely one of studying how each of the com-
ponents of the cycle may be affected by the individual motor
in comparison with the countershaft or group drive, keeping
in mind that a 20 or 40 per cent, saving in the time required
for such a cycle means (according to Fig. 1) a corresponding
percentage saving in the total cost of production. Obviously,
any appreciable saving in the total cost of production by
a given machine tool will be an item of great importance
to the efficiency of the plant and will be of a magnitude
which is far greater than any corresponding percentage sav-
ing in the power consumption of the same machine.

The author sums up the relative advantages in Taljle TI.

Pumping Plants Have Equipment Designed
for Flexibility

The motor-driven centrifugal pumping plant recently
completed at the Riverdale station of the corporation of To-
ronto is of interest to municipal and other engineers, owing
to the great flexibility of speed and capacity of the unit. It
was designed to deliver .j.000,000 imperial gallons in 24 hours,
against a head of 170 feet, and running at a speed of 720 r.p.m.,
but owing to probable variation in pressure and capacity the
city required the unit to deliver either ;>,00U.000 gallons or
1,000,000 gallons against a lower head varying from lliO ft.
down to 70 ft.

Single Stage Pump With Variable Speed Motor

Under such conditions it is usual to build a multi-stage
pump, but the contractors. Canadian AUis-Chalmers, designed
and built a single-stage pump which has fulfilled all the guar-

Unil at Riverdale pumping station, Toronto.

antees required by the city. The fjsual practice also is to
supply constant speed induction motors for centrifugal
pumps, but as the speed to fill the above requirements must
vary from 720 r.p.m. down to 50 r.p.m., the Canadian General
Electric Company built a special 250 h.p. variable speed
motor, which also fulfils all the requirements of the city.

This pump is single-stage, split casing, specially designed
and constructed to obtain the highest efficiency. It consists
of a cast-iron spiral casing with discharge and suction inlet
cast on to the lower body. The casing is split on a horizon-

tal centre line, so as to facilitate inspection without dis-
mantling pipe or any other part of the unit.

A set of removable diffusion guide vanes has been pro-
vided so as to guide the water from the impeller to the cas-
ing in the most efficient manner. The impeller is made of
cast bronze, and is polished so as to eliminate unnecessary
friction.

Special neck rings have been provided, so as to decrease
the leakage water from the pressure side to the suction side.
The impeller is of double suction type and the head of 170 ft.
is generated in a single stage.

Proper stuffing boxes are arranged on each side of the
extending shaft, and bronze sleeves are provided so as to
eliminate rust and undue wearing. The shaft itself is made
of the best hammered steel and of ample design to prevent
any vibration.

Outboard Bearings for Shaft

Separate outboard pedestal bearings are provided in order
to carry, the shaft, and one" of these bearings is arranged with
forged collars, which act as a thrust bearing in order to take
care of any unbalanced thrust which might occur occasion-
ally. All bearings are arranged for water cooling, and are of
the self-aligning ring oiling typo.

Separate sub-bases are provided to facilitate dismantling
and direction. Both bearings are tied up to the main pump
casing by means of stay bolts, so as to make the whole unit
as rigid as possible.

A flexible pin type coupling is arranged for connecting
up this pump with the motor. The whole unit is set upon a
heavy cast-iron base plate, which is grouted in to the foun-
dation.

The unit has proven to be exceedingly quiet during opera-
tion, a point insisted upon in the specification, and to be well
over 70 per cent, in efficiency at various tests, and operatin.ij
under various conditions, which is notable for a single-stage
type pump of such comparatively slow speed.

Test of Motor Driven Pumping Unit
The motor-driven centrifugal pumping unit recently in-
stalled by Canadian .Mlis-Chalmers. Limited, at the Papineau
.\venue pumping station. Montreal, was tested by engineers
on behalf of the Corporation on November 29. 1917, and gave
a combined overall efficiency of 75.8 per cent, at three-quarter
load to 79 per cent, at overload. The pumps themselves
showed an efficiency of 81.5 per cent, to 84.9 per cent.

This unit i.s composed uf two 12-in. type "S" .\-C centri-

Papincau Ave. pumping unit. Montreal

fugal pumps and one C. G. E. Co. type 1.6 — 535 h.p., 1,260
r.p.m., Form P, 2,200 volts, 3 phase, 60 cycles, wound rotor
induction motor, complete with drum type controller and
resistance for two minutes starting duty, and with incoming
line panel on which is mounted oil switch and instruments.
The pumps are connected in series by means of a cast

:niu:ii\- 1 ."i I '.MS

TJll-: I'.L]' CTRltAL NEWS
TABLE I. -OFFICIAL TEST, PAPINEAU AVE. PUMPING STATION MONTREAL

PUMPS

MOTOR

Vent.

Speed

Meter

C.P.

Head

Total

Water

Watt

Input

ICIl.

H.H

Com-

R.P.

M.G.

.M.

Delivery

Suction

Koct

H.K

Amp.

Volts.

Meter

Klec.

ICIT, .

bined

Jl.

Lbs. Feet

Lbs.

Feet

K.W.

U.K.

Kff. •■

1 :.'.")()

li.l

i:>:;ii. 1

150 :i4().r>

3.25

l.D

339.0

435.16

116

2330

V.IH

573.-;

I 93

533.56

SI. 5

75.8

1220

(i.450

44TW.1

141! 330.3:!

1.9

4.39

325.94

442.4

116

2.310

4 IS

560.3

.521.1

84.8

78,9

12X7

6.830

4743

135 312.0

1.0

2.31

309.6

444.9

117

2310

420

563.0

523.59

84.9

79.0

Remarks: Max. Temp. Motor iron, 44 clegs. C: Coils. 38 clegs. C. ; Room. 25 deijs
Water measured by manometer \'cnturi meter.

iron overhead pipe. .\ decided advanla.^e in adopting this
arrangement is the accessibility of all parts during operation,
especially such as bearings, couplings, and impellers of the
pumps. All bearings are of the self-oiled type, and no bear-
ings are employed inside of any of the pum|is. Tin- official
test is recorded in Table 1.

New Books

Personals

Mr. Stanley G. Johnstone has been appointed assistant
inspector of gas and electricity for the district of Toronto.

Mr. George Garrett, master mechanic with the Winnipeg
Electric Railway, has been appointed superintendent of roll-
ing stock.

Mr. W. S. Hart has been appointed managing director of
the Three Rivers Traction Company, Three Rivers, Que. He
was formerly secretary-treasurer and general manager.

Mr. G. A. Mills has been appointed electrical engineer of
the Winnipeg Electric Railway Company. He was formerly
electrical engineer for the Waterloo, Cedar Falls and Xorth-
ern Railway, \\'aterloo, Iowa.

Major Harold L. Trotter, A.M.C.S.C.E., has been award-
ed the D. S. O. Major Trotter, who has been at the front for
about two years, with the Canadian Engineers, was associated
with Mr. Henry Holgate, ccinsulting engineer, Montreal, for
about ten years.

Mr. E. B. Fewings, who has been for six years with the
Hydro-Electric Commission of Gait, Ont., the last three
years as chairman, has retired. He was presented by the
Hydro staff with a handsome easy chair and an address ot
appreciation was read.

Mr. M. E. McCormick has lieen ajipointed assistant to
general manager of the New Brunswick Power Company,
operating the St. John. X'.B.. street railway. He was formerly
assistant general manager of the Ban.gor Railway and Elec-
tric Company, at Bangor, Me.

Mr. W. S. Ford, Lieut., Royal Garrison .\rtillery. 122nd
Siege Battery, B.E.F., who has been elected an associate
member of the Canadian Society of Civil Engineers, was
formerly assistant hydraulic engineer with the Canadian
Boving Company, designing water power plants, Diesel en-
gine plants, etc.. and also with the Western Canada Power
Company. Stave Falls, B.C., on power house construction,
waterways, surveys, etc.

Mr. W. R. Bonnycastle, of Vancouver, has been elected
a member of the Canadian Society of Civil Engineers. He
is in practice as a consulting hydro-electrical engineer, spe-
cializing on water power development, and is also engineer
for the Bridge River Power Company and the Indian Power
Company. B.C. Besides being connected with Mr. R. S.
Kelsch, of Montreal, on the desi.gn of the Kaministiquia
Power development. Fort William, Mr. Bonnycastle was elec-
trical engineer with the Stave Lake Power Company, de-
signmg engineer with the Western Canada Power Company,
and engineer for Smith, Kerry and Chace.

Radio Commimication — theory and mclhdds, with an ap-
liendix on transmission over wires, by John Mills, research
department, Western Electric Company; McGraw-Hill Book
Company, Inc, New York, publishers: price .$1.75 net. This
book is the substance of a course of lectures given l)y the
author during the summer of 1917 to a company rif the
United States Reserve Signal Corps. As the individual men
differed widely in the extent of their previous training, treat-
ment of the subject involved practically no mathematics. The
scope of the work is shown by the following chapter head-
ings: Alternating Currents; The Telephone Receiver; The
\acuum Tube; Detection of High Frequency Currents; Pro-
duction of Damped Sinsuoidal Currents; Production of Un-
damped Hugh Frequency Currents; Radio Telegraphy and
Telephony; Practical Appliances and Methods of Radio Tele-
graphy; Transmission over Wire Circuits. The book con-
tains 305 pages, well illustrated; size 5 by 7 inches.

Central Stations— by Terrell Croft; McGraw-Hill Book
Company, Inc.. New York, publishers; price $2.50 net. .\fter
a general treatment of certain elements which occur in all
electrical energy distribution systems, the diflferent factors
which are utilized frequently in central station practice are
discussed more exhaustively. These include load factor,
demand factor, diversity factor, plant factor and the like.
Next the typical load curves encountered in everyday work
are considered: then principles of circuit design, with ex-
amples showing how circuits are computed in practice.
Chapters follow treating with transmission and distribution,
lightning protection equipment, etc. The final chapters in
the book are concerned with electrical energy generating
stations and the equipment of such stations. These include
a study of automatic voltage regulators, switchboards, switch-
gear; the three diflferent types of prime movers — steam, in-
ternal combustion engine and hydraulic; reactors and trans-
formers, etc. The book is in the standard dark .green bind-
ing of this publishing house; 330 pages; well illustrale^l;
size SJ/^ X 8 inches.

The Lighting .Art — its practice and jjossibilities. l>y M.
Luckiesh, physicist, Nela Research Laboratory, National
Lamp Works of General Electric Company: Mc(jraw-Hill
Book Company, Inc., New York, publishers; price .$2.50 net.
The purpose of this book is to discuss lighting problems,
particularly from an unusual standpoint. It is pointed out
that engineering and scientific data may be found elsewhere
in great abundance, so that the chapters are confined to dis-
cussions of scientific and artistic aspects of lighting, with
the aim of indicating greater possibilities in the use of light
This is a book which will be found of great value, not only
to illuminating engineers, but, on account of its non-tech-
nical character, to the architect or layman interested in the
science of better illumination. It contains 230 pages; size
6 by 9 inches; bound in the standard dark green cloth of this
pi'.blishing house.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

hinuarv 1."). l'.U8

Montreal Tramways Company Has New Double-Unit

Cars in Operation— Control from Master

Controllers in Vestibule

The Montreal Tramways Company has just imt into
operation a portion of 100 new cars, constructed by the J. G.
Brill Company, Philadelphia. These are of the double unit
type, sitnilar to some now in use except in a few minor
details. The trucks and bodies were made in Philadelphia,
the cars being assembled and the electrical equipment fitted
in the Tramways Company's shops at Youville. near Mont-
real.

The following gives the main features of the cars: —

Weight, total motor, 45,000 lbs.

trailer, 38,000 lbs.
Seating capacity motor, 42

trailer. 45
Bolster centres motor. 21 ft.

trailer, 21 ft.
Length over Ininipcrs motor, 45 ft. 3 ins.

trailer, 44 ft. 3 ins.
Length over vestilnile motor, 44 ft. 3 ins.

trailer, 43 ft. 3 ins.

Width over all 8 ft. 5 ins.

Rail to trolley base 11 ft. i^ ins.

Body Steel with wood posts.

Interior trim Cherry

Headlining Agasote

Roof Arch

.-\ir brakes Westinghouse

Heaters Consolidated car

Fare boxes Coleman stationary.

Lightning arresters Canadian \\'estinghouse.

Motors Canadian Westinghouse 533-

T-4; motor cars. 4; trail-
ers, 2; outside hung.

Control Westinghouse P.K. multiple.

Couplers Tomlinson.

Designation si.gns Keystone.

Seating upholstery Rattan.

Trolley retrievers Keystone.

Trucks, type 76 E.

Wheels Standard cast iron, 30 in.

The cars have the usual fenders, Sanders, hand lirakes.

lieat regulators. The air brakes can be applied by either
motorman or conductor, while should the cars be accident-
ally separated the brakes automatically come into operation.
The automatic equipment is operated from storage batteries,

Front vestibule new Montreal cars.

making its operation independent of the usual power, and
continuous in the event of the current being oflf. The electric
heaters are controlled by a thermostat, with an automatic
switch to maintain an even teinperature.

The great feature is in the matter of the controller. In
tile other cars of the company the main controller is in
the motorman's vestiliule, whereas in the new train both
cars are controlled from a master controller placed in the
vestibule of either car. In other words, the cars constitute
a multiple train which can lie run either as a single unit
or as a double unit. The use of this Westinghouse type P.K.
control also has the advantage of allowing the removal of

iSMiK, >:!!<: Aji

Typical new double-unit train of Montreal Tramways Company.

lanuarv 13, 1918

THE ELECTRICA

X !•: W S

all heavy current carrying parts, and eliminating- burnouts in
the vestibule. Additional space is also given on the jilat-
forni, the weight ol' the killer is reduced, the car wiring is
minimized, and greater facility allowed tor the applic.ition
of automatic emergency features on master controllers. It
is intended to run these cars on the steeper grades, which
hitherto it has not been possible to do to any extent with
the other double unit cars.

Each front car is equipped with fi.iur Laiiadian W'cst-
inghouse motnrs. and each trailer with Iwo motors. The to-
tal power per duuble car is :i;io h.p.. but (500 h.i). can be
developed for short periods. 400 hj). being necessary to
operate on the heavier cross town grades. Lighting is by
fl+ watt lamps with reflectors and automatic compensating
device for burned out lamps.

.\s will be seen from tlie cut the entrances and e.xits
are of ample proportions, there being a separate exit in the
motorman's vestibule of the leading car; the main entrance
and exit of this car is at the rear, while those of the trailer
are at the front. The doors are interlocked with the power
system, making it impossible for the cars to be started until
all doors are closed. This prevents accidents to passengers
attempting to board cars when the vehicles are in motion.

The experiment with the double cars has proved so
satisfactory that the additional cars have been ordered. In
a city like Montreal, with its congestion of traffic at rush
hours, it is important that the 'company should be able to
transport passengers quickly, avoid delays at intersections,
and give facilities for the motorman to move quickly between
stops. Of course, other considerations, such as number of
stops, enter -into the question of efficient seryice, but in
regard to the points previously mentioned, it is claimed that
the two unit cars effectively deal with the problems. It is
manifest that the double unit cars will carry a much larger
number of passengers; that the two cars can receive their
loads and discharge the passengers practically in the same
time as a single car, given the requisite entrances and exits;
that there is less likelihood of delay at the cross sections;
and that with fewer vehicles on a route the cars can attain
quicker speeds between stops.

Electric Railway Conditions in Halifax

The electric situation in Halifax is descrilied in the cur-
rent issue of the Electric Railway Journal, who despatched a
representative to the scene of action immediately after the
disaster. The following extracts are of special interest:

In general, the Nova Scotia Tramways and Power Com-
pany's power plant equipment and repair shop proved ahnosr
immune from damage, excepting the destruction of windows
and doors from the concussion. As inight be expected, the
tolling stock of the company suffered considerably where it
was in service on the streets. Five platform men were killed
in the performance of their duties and four of the company's
outside mechanics lost their lives. As yet it is impossible to
tell how many laborers succumbed. Out of forty box cars in
service thirteen are in first-class condition. Two were so
badly damaged that they will have to be com,pIetely rebuilt.
Twenty-five others suffered minor injuries, such as broken
windows, door frames blown out or in. warped bodies, etc.
One car body was torn oiT its truck and landed upon a side-
walk at the north end of the city.

Fortunately for the company, very little damage was
done to track and roadbed on the system as a whole. The
company operated only about one mile of track (60-pounct
Lorain T-rail) in the worst part of the explosion zone, and
this appears not to be in very bad shape. A few cars were
started out on the system Friday morning-, but unfortunatclj'
a blizzard descended upon the city. Automobiles and cars
became stalled, and it was impossible to resume passenger

s^'rvice until Sunday morning. On Saturday night 130 United
States bluejackets assisted the tramway company in track
cleaning. Managing Diriclcir II. K. Mallison states thai tlie
aid rendered by these men enabled considerable progress to
bi in.-ide in the direction of opening the system for traffic, and
thai their unstinted service will never be forgotten cither Ijy
the citizens or by the company. Eight cars were in opera-
tion by 10.:iO a.m. Sunda}-. The railway distribution system
was not seriously damaged cxcejit in the districts closely in-
volved in the explosion. The cnmpany is well supplied with
line material of all kinds, but is short of car carpenters and
glass.

The explosion destroyed the greater part of the over-
liead lines in the so-called Richmond district of Halifax, as
well as in Dartmouth. Breaks and short-circuits in the dis-
tribution system of the Tramways and Power Company
necessitated the shutting- down of the generating plant for a
short period, but within an hour the station was again suj)-
plying energy through all parts of its territory outside tlie
explosion zone. The fall of overhead circuits, trolley wire,
and feeders opened a large number of automatic breakers
and switches at the power plant. Practically all the windows
and doors on the north side of the station were blown into
Ihe building, debris scattering about llie operating room lor
a distance of 40 to ."lO feet from the wall. As in i-nany other
parts of the city, the tremendous air currents set in motion
by the explosion wave knocked down some of the em-
ployees. Xone of those in the station, however, was seriously
injured. The windows on the north side of the station were
of wired glass, set in steel sashes, but these were blown to
bits by the force of the blast. A large amount of glass wa.-.
blown into the motor-generators near the north wall, and the
railway switchboard was also subjected to a shower of this
material. Little damage was done, however, either in the
station or in the adjacent car repair shop of the company.
The boiler-room suffered little, if at all.

Many of the short-circuits on the distribution system
were quickly burned out. As soon as possible after the ex-
plosion the company's line superintendent and two men pro-
ceeded to the vicinity of the North Street station (the Hali-
fax railroad passenger terminal) and cut clear across the
city, beginning at North Street, all the overhead lines of the
company entering the devastated district. This work was
completed during the afternoon.

Prior to the disaster the average peak load upon the
power station was 3,100 kw., but the curtailment of demand
resulting from the destruction of so large an area has re-
duced this to about 1,.500 kw.

Women Conductors in New York

Women conductors are being used on the Xew York sur-
face car lines, replacing a large number of men who have
been removed by war demands. At present there are about
seventy-five in the service, and this number will be gradually
increased as positions are left vacant and the women are
trained. There is no intention of using women as "motor-
men." The women will work the same hours as the men they
replace and will begin at the same rate of pay. Applications
are favored from relatives of men who have enlisted for mili-
tary service.

When an ap])licant is accepted she is placed in a school
for about two days and afterwards undergoes a test covering
familiarity with the company's rules, making change, etc. A
certain physical standard is required. During the first few
days an instructor accompanies the new conductress.

Standard uniforms have been adopted, made of khaki
cloth, similar to the army color. The coat reaches almost to
the knees, and has four pockets and a lower inside pocket for
carrying transfers. The collar is so made that it can be but-
toned in three different positions.

T H K I- I . E C 'I" Iv^ I (~ A I , N F, W S

Tamiarv l"i, HM-

avcl Comrdctor

Relationship of the Contractor
to the Central Station

By W. R. Putnam*

\\ hat I am about to present to you 1 liope you will take
in the spirit of co-operation in which it is given. There is no
question but what there has been a wonderful change in view-
point during the past generation. To-day men have a real-
ization that a successful undertaking is impossible in all kinds
of industries unless you have the conlidence and co-opera-
tion of the several branches of the industry. The success of
central station undertakings is primarily dependent upon in-
creased business, and no central station can be successful in
increasing business unless it has the assistance of all
liranches of the industry. It cannot work alone, conse-
quently it seems advisable to discuss frankly with the con-
tractors and dealers at this time many of the problems that
concern the central station. The central station is first de-
pendent upon the good-will of its customers and. second,
upon the good-will of the dealers and contractors in its ter-
ritory. I appreciate thoroughly that such is the case after
having spent some twenty years in the industry, and having
worked up to the time where we are securing this co-opera-
tion.

Central Station Responsibility
The central station industry has as its responsibility the
most extensive use of electrical service, in the territorj' it is
serving, that is possible. That is our aim. We. of course,
are employing men whose business it is to secure this busi-
ness. We have the same responsibility to our stockholders
that you have to your stockholders. We must consider the
money invested in our business that is entitled to a fair re-
turn.

Co-operate to Prevent Stagnation
One place where contractors and dealers can co-operate
with the central station is in connection with this situation.
You undoubtedly will be interested in knowing that my com-
pany did not earn fi per cent, on tlie money invested in its
business during the past year. This is too small a rate of
return.' The only way that this can be increased is either by
increasing business or by increasing the rates at which cur-
rent is sold. The central station industry has been affected
by the advance in cost of materials the same as your busi-
ness has been aflfected, with this difference, that we are not
in position to as readily raise rates as are you people. Pos-
siblj- we will not be able to increase our business to the point
where we can pay the increased cost of materials and labor
and at the same time pay a reasonable rate of return on our
investment. If such a condition happens, you men can be of
wonderful assistance in helping the power company to secure
whatever raise in rates may at that time be found necessary.
You will owe it to yourselves as well as the central station
to render this aid as a central station in your territory which

* Sales Manager of Utah Power and Light Company, before Utah Society
of Electrical Contractors end Dealer.s.

is in financial straights will be unable to finance the neces-
sary power developments and extensions to care for in-
creased business, with the result that there will be stagnation
so far as the electrical industry in its territory is concerned,
which would result in decreased business for all of you men.

Leave Installations to Contractors
In reference to division work between the various
branches of the industrj' the contractor and dealer should,
without question, handle installation work in this territory.
They also should be very active in the merchandising of all
electrical goods, including lamps and appliances. At present
you men are handling practically all of the installation work
on customers' premises, except in some of our small towns
where you are not equipped for this work. As a result, it is
our intention to keep out of this class of work. We also aim
to have tlie sale of motors in our territory handled \iy the
contractors and dealers.

Financial Support
As you know', we have assisted contractors and dealers
in financing installation work from time to time, particularly
with all house wiri.ig. I will grant that we are not doing as
much as we might in this respect, but, unfortunately, the cen-
tral station industry has been hit harder than any other
branch of the industry in the present financial situation. We
cannot secure money for extension work out of our earn-
ings. We must secure new money to Imance all extension
work, and money is not to be had at this time. Undoubtedly
when financial conditions reach normal we will be able to
render you more assistance in financing deferred iiayment
sales of larger appliances.

Will Never Reach Saturation Point

Probably the largest tield ffir additional work on your
part is in the sale of additional wiring, lixtures. and appliances
for use in the home. We all are interested in securing the
greatest saturation possible. However, saturation, as far as
the use of electricity is concerned, will never be obtained.
There are unlimited possibilities for the electrical industry.
\\'e ow-e to our customers, as well as to our stockholders,
tlie securing of this business, so that our customers will have
liitter and more convenient homes. The central station in
its advertising is trying to impress upon its customers, as
well as prospective customers, the very many ways in which
electric current can be advantageously used by them. This
opens up the way for business on your part. The central
station has felt that it was necessary for it to take a very
active part in this class of merchandising, and I appreciate
that this activity on the part of the central station has opened
the central station to criticism by you men. Howevei, you
must appreciate that our duty requires us to adopt the quick-
est method of securing this business in order to increase i>ur
kilowatt hour sales.

Tremendous Growth in Merchandising Business
Our compan3- has been operating some five j'ears in tliis
territory. Our merchandising business for the first year
amounted to $97,000. The first eight months of last vear we

January Ij, I'JIS

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

showed an increase of G:t per ciui. over the first eight months
of the previous year, and our total merchandise sales for the
year will reach approximately a half-million dollars. There
is no reason why all of you men should not have increases
in your business in appro.ximately the same proportion if
you had taken advantage of the conditions. 1 know that the
jobbers, although we buy a considerable portion of our mer-
chandise direct from manufacturers, have had very remark-
able increases in business in this territory during this 'period.

Central Station Publicity Aids General Situation

The contractors and dealers in tliis territory are not at
present properly eciuipped to handle this merchandising busi-
ness. You are not ready to spend the amount of money
every year required for advertising purposes: you do not
have proper display rooms; you do not give the attention to
window dressing that is required, and do not have the floor
salesmen arid other facilities to take care of this* volume of
business. However, if you have followed the central station
advertising you will note that the bulk of their advertising is
directed to the education of the consumer as to the advan-
tages of the use of electrical appliances and conveniences.
This advertising does not aim primarily to secure this busi-
ness for the central station, but endeavors to convince the
customer of the advisal)ility of purchasing appliances, of the
use of better lighting, and of all other types of electric ser-
vice.

Contractors Should Profit

There is no reason why you contractors and dealers
cannot secure very valuable assistance from this advertising
of the central station. Allow the central station to continue
the work of educating the public and centre your advertising,
which need not be nearl)- as extensive as the central sta-
tion's, upon directing the attention of electric customers to
j'our store as an electrical centre. Endeavor to secure as
permanent customers purchasers who will form a habit of
using your store as their electrical centre, their place for
solving their electrical problems, and the place at wliich they
will make their purchases of all electrical goods. The
greater number of such centres to be established in our ter-
ritory the better we will be pleased.

Improve Appearance of Store and Windows

You men should graduallj- improve the appearance of
the sales floor of your stores, and particularly of your win-
dows. I appreciate the fact that most of you, in paying a
high rent for your stores, are paying- a considerable portion
of that money for location, and you are wasting that part of
your expenditure if you do not take advantage of the loca-
tion with attractive windows, changed frequently, and with
arrangement of goods on your sales floor that has drawing
power.

Possibly you have seen the analysis of conditior.s in San
Francisco, recently published. There it has been ascertained
that the department stores are doing more electrical appli-
ance business than all of the electrical stores in San Fran-
cisco. A similar condition is gradually developing in this ter-
ritory, and it behooves you men to exert your utmost efforts
if you wish to continue the electrical merchandising business.

Fifty Dollars Per Household

In reference to tlic amount of merchandising business
that may be obtained in our territory, tliere is no reason why
every household located where electric service is available
should not spend fifty dollars per j'ear for electrical equip-
ment. In this state alone there are from sixty to sixtj'-five
thousand homes using electric service. This means that at
least three million dollars a year in wiring, electrical mer-
chandise, and electrical supplies should be secured from
these customers. I doubt if one-third of that business is
now done in this territorj'; consequently, there is an im-
mense field for development for new business here, and it

does not seem wise fm any "l us lu quarrel over llie question
of who is entitled to this business, as long as we are secur-
ing only a portion of the total possilile liusiness.

Maintain Prices

The central station in this territory will contiiuie to co-
operate witli the dealers in maintaining list prices. We
know that no other course is advisable, except in connection
with special campaigns. Good merchandising calls for these
campaigns. If we are to be successful in merchandising we
must to a very considerable extent, adopt department store
methods for this portion of r>ur Inisiness.

School Building Lighting Code

W'lien you consider that every prospective citizen of our
Dominion spends on the average the working part of some
ten years of his life in school; that to many pupils school
work at best is a highly nervous strain and, finally, that
school children themselves have no inherent ideas of con-
serving their eyesight, we surely have sufficient reason for
demanding that the natural lighting of our schools should
not only receive every consideration, but that it should be
supplemented, on such days and at such periods of the day
as natural illumination may prove inadequate, by the most
approved aids in the way of artificial lights.

Realizing, as no other body of men can. the prime im-
portance of this feature in our system of elementary educa-
tion, the Illuminating Engineering Society have prepared a
Code of Lighting for School Buildings, extracts from which
we reproduce below. While this Code is intended pl-imarily
as an aid in formulating legislation relating to the lighting
of school buildings, it is also intended for school authorities,
architects, contractors and others, as a guide in individual
efforts to improve lighting conditions:

The desirable illumination to be provided and the mini-
mum to be maintained are given in the following table.' being
based upon present ideas of good practice.

Desirable and Minimum Illumination

Artificial lighting
Foot-candles (Lumens per sq.ft.)*
at the work
Minimum Ordinary practice!

.Storage spaces 0.2.5 0.5- 1.0

Stairways, corridors • 0.5 1.0- 2.5

riymnasiums l.n 2.0- 5.0

Rough shop work ' 1.25 2.0- 4.0

Auditoriums, assembly rooms 1.5 2.5- 4.0

Class rooms, study rooms, libraries, lab-
oratories, blackboards 3.0 3.5- 6.0

Fine shop work 3.5 4.0- S.O

Sewing, drafting rooms .5.0 6.0-12.0

*It should be borne in mind that intensity of illumination is only one
of the factors on which good seeing depends.

■j-l^nder the column headed "Ordinary practice." the upper portion of

the range of intensities is preferable to the lower; where economy does

not prohibit, even higlier intensities than those cited are often desirable.

'The illumination intensity should be measured on the important plane

which may be the desk-top. blackboard, etc.

Glossy Surfaces and Eye-Strain

Glossy surfaces of paper, woodwork, desk-tops, walls
and blackboards, are likely to cause eye-strain because of
specular or mirror-like reflection of images of light sources,

The following table shows the order of magnitude of the
brightness of some light sources in common use:

Brightness ("approxi-
mate millilamberts)

Indirect lighting: celling, directly above the lighting unit 5. to 7.5.

Semi-indirect lighting: heavy density glassware 3,5. to 100.

Semi-indirect lighting: light density glassware 200. to l.lXtO.

Direct lighting: 10 in. <25 cm.) opal glass ball contain-
ing 100-watt vacuum tungsten lamp at center . . . 500.

Direct lighting: vacuum tungsten lamp, (frosted) in

open bottom reflector 2.000. to 3,000.

Vacuum tungsten lamp, filament e.xposed to view .... 5(X),0tM».

Gas-filled tungsten lamp, filament exposed to view .... 2,00O.0(H>.

(las-mantle, bare 1.5.000.

(las-mantle, concealed in G in. (15 cm.) opal glass globe 1.000.

Mercury arc tube (glass) .s,(JOO.

Daylight : clear blue sky 1,0(XI.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS January 15, 1918

especially when artificial light is used. Matte or dull finished that is, the number of lamps multiplied by the output per

surfaces are recommended. It is to be noted that a high lamp in lumens, multiplied by the coefficient of utihzafon.

reflection factor does not necessarily imply a polished or divided by the area of the horizontal workmg plane m square

, feet, gives the illumination intensity m foot-candles.
" To minimize eye-strain ,t is recommended that unglazed H the size of the lamps is to be ascertained the corn-
paper and large plain type be used in school books. It is putation is made thus:
recommended that lighting units be of low brightness. t _

Design of Lighting Installation N X E

The illumination intensity on the horizontal working -po illustrate by an example, assume a room, whose floor

plane should be as uniform as possible. The variation, should (also'working plane) is 30 ft. by 18 ft. (9.1 by 5.5 m.), to be

not be greater than 4 to 1. lighted by a semi-indirect system from six fixtures contain-

Approximate Coefficients of Utilization-Modern Lighting ing one lamp each. It will also be assumed that the ceiling

^^ g inment '* '"gh'^ reflectmg, the walls moderately reflecting, and the

^ ., , illumination intensity desired is 5 foot-candles. The luminous

Small Rooms (Oftices. Corridors, etc.) . , , , r i ■ i -ii l r j i

Light color Medium color output required of each of the six lamps will be lound by

Light colOT ceiling Light colo"%eiling substituting the assumed values in the equation, thus:
Direct lighting; dense glass (open hot- 5 X 30 X 18 .

tom reflectors) 0.40 0.35

Semi-indirect lighting; dense glass .. 0.25 O-^^ L^ ^1,500 lullleUS

Indirect lighting 0.2:^ 0.^0 60 X 0 30

Medium Sized Rooms (Class Rooms, Laboratories, etc.)

Direct lighting; dense glass (open hot- Allowing a depreciation factor of 20 per cent, as represent-

Semi'°ndir"c'l'lightVngV dense glass '. '. '. al aso ing a well maintained installation, the lumens actually f e.-

indirect lighting O.-TO 0.2o quired would be 1,500/0.8 =: 1,875 lumens. If gas-filled tung-

Direct lighting; dens^^Jll1s^(°o°p"n ^r'""'""'^' '''■' ^ ^^ ' sten lamps are considered, whose average output under ser-

tom reflectors) 0.60 o.M) ^i^^ conditions is 12 lumens per watt, it is seen that a 150-

Semi-indirect lighting; dense glass ... 0.45 ^4" . , r ^ -n • .i i •_ J _»„.,tfo

Indirect lighting .. . 0.40 0.38 watt lamp in each fixture will give the desired results.

= The fluN is measured in lumens. .-\ lumen is the unit of light flux jf mantle lamps are Considered, whose average output

and is the auantity of light required to illuminate 1 square foot of area to ■= f .... „.^ , , .

an average "ntensity of 1 foot-candle. in lumens under sfervice conditions IS 250 lumens per cubic

The chief factors which must be considered in arriving foot of gas consumed per hour, it is seen that a lamp con-

at the size and number of lamps to be used in a given room suming 5 cubic feet of artificial gas per hour will be sat-

are (1) the floor area; (2) the total luminous flux= emitted isfactory in each fixture.

per lamp, and (3) coefficient of utilization of the particular The above example is intended solely to illustrate the
system considered. The first should be measured in square method of computation. Kstimates of the illumination in-
fect. The second may be obtained from a data book sup- tensity obtained from an actual installation may also be made
plied by the manufacturers of lamps. The third involves by a similar computation.

many factors such as the relative dimensions of the room. With the usual lighting equipments the distance be-

the reflection factor of the surroundings, the number of light- tween the units should not exceed one and one-half times

ing units and their mounting height, and the system of light- the hei.ght of the apparent source <.f illumination above the

ing. By coefticient of utilization is meant the proportion working level.

of the total light flux emitted by the lamps which is effective

on the working plane. In the accompanying table approxi- Edison Electric AppUance Company

mate coefficients of utilization for modern lighting equip- . , .- ., l-j tti .-■ a.,

„, ,.,.,. . , Incorporation is announced ot the Edison Electric Ap-

ment are given. The working plane m this case is a nor- , .i i c .u c. *. „t v„,

" . , . , „ -,-, , r pliance Company, Inc., under the laws of the State of New

izontal p ane 30 inches above the floor. These values reter

^ . , ,, r J 1 ork. This company takes over as of January 1, 1918. the

to the initial installation without any allowance tor depre- u » • » iri » • u »• <- i .u u i iri

" . Hotpoint Electric Heating Company and the Hughes EIcc-

""'^ '°"' . . „. , », , r , trie Heating Company (with the exception of certain foreign

Determining Size and Number of Lamps . .■ i i .u /- i- i • c *u

rights, particularly the Canadian business of these compan-

For determining approximately the size and number of -^^^^ ^^^ j,^^ domestic or household heating device business

lamps to be used in a given room by means of the co- ^j ^j^^ General Electric Company. The industrial heating

efficients of utilization given in the preceding table, it is device and furnace business will not be transferred by the

necessary to know the luminous output in lumens per watt General Electric Company to the new company,
for the electric lamps considered or in lumens per cubic -j-j^g ^^^^. .-ornpany, it is announced, will devote itself

foot of gas consumed per hour if gas lamps are considered. actively to the question of standardization of the various de-

At the present time (191T) the light output of tungsten fila- ^.^^^^ which, it is believed by the incorporators, will lead to

ment electric incandescent lamps, based on average service greatly improved commercial conditions in the distribution

conditions of regularly maintained installations, ranges from ^f jj^^j^ products by central stations, jobbers, dealers, and

8 lumens per watt for the smaller vacuum tungsten lamps other distributino- agents.

to 14 lumens per watt for the larger gas-filled tungsten xhe new company will operate three manufacturing

lamps employed in school lighting. For incandescent gas plants— the Hughes factory at Chicago and the two Hot-
systems similar service values range from 150 to 250 lumens pojnt factories, one at Chicago and one at Ontario, Cal. The
per cubic foot of artificial gas consumed .per hour. The com- General Electric Company's heating-device manufacture now
putation for the total lumens required to give a certain ilium- carried on at Pittsfield will be removed to the Hotpoint and
ination intensity in foot-candles is as follows: Hughes factories at -Chicago. Commercial headquarters of

N=: number of lamps. the company will be at Chicago. The board will consist of

L = lumens output per lamp. Willis H. Booth, chairman; George A. Hughes, president:

E = coefficient of utilization. A. K. Baylor, vice-president; E. H. Richardson. A. F.

A = area of floor or horizontal working plane in square Vaughan, G. F. Morrison, C. E. Patterson, and H. C. Houck.
feet. \V. H. Booth and E. H. Richardson are ^t present officers of

I = illumination intensity in foot-candk-s. the Hotpoint Company and Messrs. Hughes and Vaughan

Then I := N X L X E/A of the Hughes Company. P. H. Booth, now sales manager-

January 15, 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

of the Hotpoint Companj-, will act as sales manager of the
new company. The complete factory, engineering, and com-
mercial forces of the Hotpoint and Hughes companies will
go over to the new company. Certain of the commercial
and engineering representatives of the General Electric
Company's heating-device department will go with the new
company. This list will include J. D. A. Cross, who has
charge of the General Electric Company's heating-device
sales, and C. P. Randolph, engineer in charge of heating-
device production at Pittsfield. who will both be stationed at
Chicago.

It is probable that the new company will continue to sell
the three distinct lines of product, namely, the Hotpoint,
Hughes, and General Electric devices and ranges.

Economy Buys "Arkless" Fuse

.\n announcement of interest to the electrical industry
and to all users of fuses, is made in a letter addressed to the
trade stating that the entire fuse business of the Detroit
Fuse & Manufacturing Company, makers of the well-known
and long established line of "Arkless" enclosed fuses, has been
purchased by Economy Fuse & Manufacturing Company,
Chicago. The transaction includes the conveyance of all
merchandise, materials, machinery, tools, designs, patents,
goodwill and unfilled orders. The physical as.sets of Detroit
Fuse & Manufacturing Company, insofar as they pertain to
the making of fuses, have been shipped to the Chicago plant
of Econoni}' Fuse & Manufacturing Company, where' the
manufacture of "Arkless" fuses will be continued, production
being, as heretofore, under the label service of Underwriters'
Laboratories. Incorporated. The same organization will now
produce "Arkless" Non-Renewable Fuses — "The fuse with the
100 per cent, indicator" — one of the oldest standard fuses
on the market, and Economy Renewable Fuses, the pioneer
fuse of the renewable field. Arrangements made well in
advance enable Economy Fuse & Manufacturing Company to
take over the "Arkless" fuse business without interferenife
with deliveries of either "Arkless" or "Economy" fuses.

It is to be well noted that the "Square D" line of en-
closed safety switches remains the property of Detroit Fuse
& Manufacturing Company, who will concentrate on its pro-
duction and marketing.

Driving Round Head Screws

The Electrical Review prints an item by H. B. Stillman
describing a device used for driving round-head screws.
This device is made by taking a brass or iron rod -v^ or Ja
in. diameter and counter-sinking one end just deep enough
to fit the head of the screw. The drill used in counter-sink-
ing should be sharp at the point so as to leave a conical

Drill Ctlu*

hole. A few notches filed in the cone will give the tool a
belter grip. The writer says that if the screws have a nickel
or polished surface which it is desirable to retain, the tool
maj- be made of fibre, in which case there will be practi-

cally no danger of marring the llnish. This method is said
to be much safer than a screw-driver blade, since the latter
will often slip out of place and scrape the work.

Best "Jiffy Junior" Attachment Plug
A new solid attachment plug, called the "Jiflfy Junior,"
has just been put on the market by the Best Electric Com-
pany, of Pittsburgh, Pa. The "JifTy Junior" is a solid piece
(with separate tip) of asbestos composition. The terminals
are moulded right into the plug, and the brass screw shell
is die stamped permanently into place, giving it a most sub-
stantial construction. By loosening one screw, the tip is
removed and the plug is open for wiring. The wires are
then cut to even lengths; no knots are necessary, as the right
angle strain reliefs securely hold the wires. This plug has
the advantage of being quick and easy to wire. It is wired
in the open; one screw holds the plug together secure. Its
simple design makes it impossible to wire or assemble
wrong, and also makes it a practical plug of great economy.
Being made of asbestos composition, the plug is, claimed to
be indestructible, and is a safe plug to use with any device.

New Hubbell Series
Harvey Hubbell, Inc., are now placing on the market a
pull-socket current tap. The device is of the same mechanical
construction as the ordinary pull socket, to which has been
added a plug receptacle built into the' side of the body. It
can be supplied w'ith a % in- /4 in.. H i"-. or pendant cap.
The^ow of current to the lamip base is controlled by the pull-
chain. The terminals of the receptacle are continuously in
circuit. The use of this socket eliminates the annoyance of

Pul Socket Current
Tap.

Toggle Switch.

Showing Interior View
of Single Pole Switch.

a long cord running from side wall outlet. Current can be
supplied directly beneath the fixture to operate the various
table electrical appliances now in general use without the
necessity of sacrificing the use of the light.

The same company are also placing on the market an
iniiportant addition to their line, namelj', a five-ampere toggle
snap switch, surface type. This switch is illustrated herewith
and also w'as fully -described in Bulletin Xo. 16-2.

Reorganization of Contractors' Association Progresses
Rapidly in United States
As was predicted at the recent annual convention of the
Electrical Contractors' Association at Xew Orleans, the vari-
ous state organizations are rapidly organizing and endorsing
the new Goodwin plan of organization. In practically every
case adop'tioii of the new constitution w-as effected in open
meeting, at which \V. L. Goodwin was invited to explain the
details of his plan. Seven states have already adopted the
new constitution.

The Square D Company
The Detroit Fuse and Manufacturing Company, having
disposed of their fuse business while continuing to manufac-
ture their well-known "Square D" switches, have changed
their name to "Square D Company." Future correspondence
should, therefore, be so addressed, at Detroit, Mich.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

January 15, 191S

Electrical Candidate for Board of Trade Council

The members of the Electrical Section of the *roronto
Board of Trade have long cherished the idea that the import-
ance of the plectrical industry in Toronto justifies represen-
tation on the council of the Board and are this year nominat-
ing a candidate in the person of Mr. E. G. Mack. Mr. Mack
is accepting the nomination entirely from a sense of duty and

Mr. E.G. Mack.

in the hope that he n^ay, in considerable measure, change the
somewhat indifferent attitude of the general representation
on the Board of Trade towards the electrical industry. That
he would succeed in doing so goes without saying. A man
who has shown such splendid ability in the conduct of his
own business, the Crouse-Hinds Company, will naturally suc-
ceed in pressing the claims of the industry as a whole.

The Electrical Section of the Board is not big enough to
elect Mr. Mack alone, but if to their votes are added the votes
of their friends, the thing is done. Every electrical man in
Toronto, whether a member of the Board of Trade or not, is
urged to use his influence that "electricity" may have a seat
at the councils of the Board during 1918.

Regulation of London Cars in Air Raids

At a meeting of London County Council on October 16,
Mr. G. H. Hume chairman of the Highways Committee, in
answer to questions, stated that it was in compliance with
an order isued in November, t!)Ui, by the licld marshal com-
manding the home forces tliat drivers and conductors had
been required to continue their journeys during air raids.
In view of recent experiences, however, it had been arranged
that cars might be brought to a standstill, and the motor-
men and conductors might take cover during gun-fire in the
vicinity.

The following notice to motormen and conductors, as
printed in the Tramway and Railway World, was subse-
quently issued by Mr. A. L. C. Fell, general manager:

I am now instructed by the commissioner of police to
state that in view of the recent experiences it has been de-
cided, with the assent of the held marshal, that notwithstand-
ing section 2 of the order made on November 2, 1916, cm-
bodied in general orders Nos. 683 (amended) and 685, cars
may be brought to a standstill, and the motormen and con-
ductors may take cover after but not before, anti-aircraft

gunfire is heard in the vicinity, and after the following in-
structions have been carried out:

1. Should any car be on a gradient it must be driven to
a section of track which is comparatively flat.

2. Cars must not lie close poled.

3. Cars must not be left at intersections of crossmg
streets.

4. The hand-brake of the cars must be applied to the
fullest extent, and the brake ratchet wheels dogged.

5. Th^ controller handles must be removed if a molor-
man leaves his car to take advantage of the nearest cover.

Motormen and conductors should rejoin and proceed
with their cars as soon as gun-fiiring has ceased in the vicin-
ity.

1 conti<lently appeal to the patriotism of all affected by
this notice to make these arrangements a success. It is of
the greatest importance in the national interest that the tram-
way services, which are essential for the transport of muni-
tion workers and the public generally, should be maintained
if possible, and in any case resumed with the utmost
despatch when the dan.ger is over.

Complete Line of Marine Fixtures
The Steel City Electric Company. Pittsburgh, I'a.. an-
nounce that they are now prepared to furnish a complete

line of marine fixtures. The cut herewith is typical of this
line. The Canadian sales agents for this company arc Hathe-
way & Knott.

The fact that an irresponsible party rings the bell, which
gives the signal to the motorman to start his car, does not
relieve a railway company from liability for accident, ac-
cording to a decision handed down by Mr. Justice J. M. Tel-
lier, in an action against the Montreal Tramways Company.
The plaintiflf was awarded the damages claimed, together
with costs of the action.

The fmal report of the International Joint Commission
in the Lake-of-the-Woods reference has just been published
in bound form, stiflf linen covers. The report covers 260
pages and includes some 54 illustrations. It is the work of
Lawrence J. Burpee and Whitehead Klutlz, secretaries re-
spectively of the Canadian and the United States sections of
the International Joint Commission.

The British Aluminium Company are mailing an attrac-
tive 1918 calendar, copy of which may be obtained on request
to their head" office, 60 Front Stree* West, Toronto.

January 13, IDIS

Till'. ELECTRICAL NEWS

PHILLIPS' CABLES

as supplied to the Toronto Hydro Electric System

These illustrations show cross sections in the original size of cables recently supplied to the
T. H. E. System and reordered by them for further extensions. The specifications are as follows. —
Conductors composed of 37 strands each, .082 in. diameter. Thickness of dielectric on each conduc-
tor, .210 in. Thickness in belt, .210 in. Thickness of lead sheath, .160 in. Overall diameter, 2.61 in.,
250,000 CM. Three Conductor, Paper Insulated, and plain Lead Covered Cable for 13,200 volts. We
can supply you with wires and cables of any size for Power, Lighting, Telephone, Telegraph, etc.

Write us for detailed information.

NOTE. — Specification of cable in left-hand cut: 3/0 B. and S.
Three conductor. Each conductor 19 strands, each .094 in. diam.
Thickness of dielectric on each conductor, .21 in. Thickness of dielec-
tric on belt, .21 in. Thickness of lead sheath, .15 in. Overall diameter,
2.60.

Specification of cable in right-hand cut: As stated in copy.

Eugene F. Phillips Electrical Works, Ltd.

Head Office and Factory: MONTREAL

Branches : Toronto

Winnipeg

Regina

Calgary

Vancouver

Phillips Factory
at Montreal

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Tanuary 15, 191S

Current News and Notes

Alliston, Ont.

The town council of Alliston, Ont., contemplate electri-
fying the local pumping plant, and a by-law will be sub-
mitted on January 17.

Chatham, Ont.

Plans are under way for operating the Chatham-Wallace-
burg division of the Chatham, Wallaceburg and Lake Erie
Railway, with Hydro power. Because of the shortage of
fuel the company have found it difficult to generate sufficient
power for the entire system, which reaches from Erie Beach
to Wall.Tceburg.

Forest, Ont.

.\ by-law will be submitted to the ratepayers of Forest.
Ont., this month, authorizing the purchase of an electric fire
engine.

London, Ont.

Benson & Willcox, electrical contractors, 264 Dundas
Street, London, Ont., have leased premises at 266 Dundas
Street and will fit up first-class electrical sales rooms.

Montreal, Que.

The directors of the Kaministiquia Power Company have
declared a dividend at the rate of 8 per cent., an increase of
I per cent. The dividends have risen from 314 per cent, in
1910 to that now declared.

The Montreal Tramways Company have just installed in
the William Street power-house a 1,500 kw. motor-generator
set. This is the last of four units ordered from the Canadian
General Electric Company. Another of the units has been
installed at the St. Henry sub-station and two others at the
St. Denis sub-station.

Orillia, Ont.

The Light and Power Commission of Orillia, Ont., have
made another reduction in rates, amounting to about twenty
per cent.
Ottawa, Ont.

The Ottawa Hydro-electric Commission report that the
increase in revenue for 1917 over 1916 was $:i8,000.
Parkhill, Ont.

The ratepayers of Parkhill, Ont.. recently passed a by-
law authorizing the installation of Hydro service. Work
will be proceeded with in the spring.
Sault Ste. Marie, Ont,

Mr. R. T. Jeffries, of the Ontario Hydro-electric Power
Commission, was recently in Sault Ste. Marie conferring with
the Water and Light Commission in connection with changes
in the pumping equipment.
Swift Current, Sask.

The new telephone exchange building being _er£-CJ:€<l-at
Swift Current, Sask., is now nearing completion. An auto-
matic system is being installed.
Toronto, Ont.

The gross receipts of the Toronto Street Railway Com-
pany f6r the year 1917 were $6,19.3,562, as compared with
$5,891,505 for the year 1916. .

By a majority of 36,603 the ratepayers of Toronto voted
in favor of the acquisition of the Toronto Street Railway
in 1921.

Unionville, Ont.

A deputation from the village nf L^ninnvillc, Ont., re-

cently waited on the Hydro-electric Power Commission of
Ontario with a view to securing an extension of the hydro
power system from Agincourt to Unionville.

Windsor, Ont.

The offices of the Hydro-electric Commission at Wind-
sor, Ont., were gutted by fire recently. The loss to building
and contents is placed at $85,000.

It is proposed to submit a plebiscite to the ratepayers
of Windsor, Ont., in the near future, to determine whether
or not public sentiment is in favor of the various municipali-
ties interested taking over the lines and other property of
the Sandwich, Windsor and Amherstburg Railway. The
company's franchise expires in 1922 and they have refused to
make extensions to their lines unless granted an extension
of the franchise until 1932. The citizens will also vote on
the advisability of extending this franchise and, as an alter-
native, of the city building the necessary extensions and rent-
ing them to the railway compan3'.

Portable Nitrogen Radiator
The Willis Manufacturing Company, of Cleveland, Ohio.
is offering to the trade a portable electric nitrogen radiator.
It maintains an average temperature of 350 degrees Falir.
(176.7 degrees C.) it is said. The radiator contains an elec-
tric heating element, surrounded by nitrogen gas. The gas
fills the entire inside of the radiator, which is hermetically
sealed. The gas serves to carry the heat from the heating
clement to the radiating surfaces at a temperature higher
than that of a steam radiator. The stock radiators are made
in four, six, eight, and ten sections. Special radiators may
be built in any size or type desired.

Miscellaneous

It is announced that General Electric Company profits
for the year ending December 31 will total $27,000,000, a sum
nearly $8,000,000 greater than in 1916.

The Crouse-Hinds Company of Canada are distributing
an attractive folder showing five color illustrations calculated
to demonstrate the care with which this company's various
products arc packed for shipment. The Crouse-Hinds "boy,"
of course, appears on the back cover.

.An Ontario Government publication entitled "Telephone
Systems, 1917," has been published, being extracts from the
report of the Ontario Railway and Municipal Board for 1916
and containing statistical and other information relative to
the construction and operation of telephone systems. In-
formation is given on 666 separate, independent telephone
systems.

•„,■'., Obituary

Mr. George-P. Richmond, manager of the Hamilton
branch of the Bell -Telephone Company, died recently. He
was formerly manager at Walkerton and later at Kitchener.

Mr. William Earle, C.E., died recently in St. John. N.B.
He was at one time manager of the St. John Street Railway,
although latterly was engaged in engineering work for the
Dominion Government and the Canadian Pacific Railway
Company.

January ir,. I'.llS

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

O-B Gas-Weld Rail Bonds

For a Lasting, Low» Resistance Track Return

Section of OB Gas-Weld Bond
Installed on Rail

Copper, steel and flux iiu-tal unite in a strong,
permanent union when an ()-B (ias-Wcld Bontl
is put on the rail.

It is a simple process. No special skill is
required on the part of the operator. If ord-
inary care is used every weld is a good one.

O-B Gas-Weld Bonds were pioneers. They
were first installed, three years ago, on a Can-
adian road. Since then over 200 properties
have standardized on O-B Gas-Weld Bonds.
Constant repeat orders prove their worth.

Send for booklet.

Oxy- Acetylene Etiuipnient
It may be mounted 3n
any convenient tiiick.

THE OHIO BRASS CO.

MANSFIELD, OHIO

Made in Canada

Xceladuct Conduit

(GALVANIZED)

and

Orpenite Conduit

(ENAMELLED)

Orpen Conduit Co., Limited

Toronto

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Januarv ir,, l;ilS

Electric Vehicles in Postal
Service

Electric trucks are l)eing used very
successfully by the Postal Department in
a large number of cities. St. Louis lias
had a fleet of electric trucks in its postal
service for more than six years which
have given splendid service even under
the most severe vi'eather conditions.
These trucks are in service from 5,45 a.ni.
to 11.50 p.m., and average 30 miles each
day.

The postal service in Boston uses 15
electric trucks, which are operated on
the "battery-service" plan. These elec- .
tries make runs of 25 miles each day, and
have made substantial savings as well as
greater efficiency in handling the mail.

The largest electric postal fleet in this
country, says the Electric Vehicle, is
probably that of the New York Postal
Service, which operates 47 electrics.
These trucks have been in service for 3
years, and are on duty for two 10-hour
periods each day. The dependable,
simply operated electric truck has been
found almost indispensable in this ser-
vice, which requires the speedy and safe
negotiation of congested traft'ic.

It is interesting to note, says the same
source, that several foreign countries
have long appreciated the electric vehicle
for postal service. A fleet of 30 electric
trucks was installed in \'ienna in 1913.
and after 1 year's experimentation were
pronounced to be particularly satisfac-
tory for the transportation of the mails.
This fleet has since been increased to 45
electrics, and one truck has a record ol
15 months' postal service in Austria, cov-

ering 500.000 kilometers wit'n no inter-
ruptions for battery troubles or other
repairs.

FOR SALE

IMMEDIATE DELIVERY

NEW and USED

Xo.
1
1

1
1

Xo.

1
1
1
1
1
2

1
1
1

Xo.

H.P.

M5
20

a I

l.-l

2011
3IX>

MOTORS

Phase Cycle Volt

Oil
IKl
Oil
till
(III
Oil
00

.550
550
550
550
550
220
220
2211
2200
2200

Speed

500

710

1400

900

1700

1200

1120

514

COO

K.V'./

025

275

1.50

inn

7.5

.'•ill

211

12 K

(Synchronous)
GENERATORS
Phase Cycle \'olt Speed

Maker
C.aE.
Wstgh.
T&H.
C.G.E.
C.G.E.
Wstgh.
C.G.E.
Wstgh.
C.G.E.
Wstgh.

LAMPS

NITROGEN and TUNGSTEN

Write for Lowest Cash Prices

High Efficiency Lamp Co.

414 Yonge Street - TORONTO, ONT.

Maker '

60 2200 225 C.G.E.

25 OfiOO 375 Wstgh.

GO 220O/.550 GOO C.G.E.

00 5.50 900 C.G.E.

00 2200/550 900 Wstgh.

Oil 550 1200 C.G.E.

n.C. 125 1100 Wstgh.

D.C. 125 350 Wstgh.

D.C. 125 1100 Wstgh.

0 D.C. 125 110(1 Wstgh,
TRANSFORMERS

K.V,A, Phase Cvcle Volt Maker

2 on 1 on lO.OOii 22110 C.CJ.E.

2 15 1 on 2200/110/220 C.G.E.

2 10 1 00 2200/110/220 C.G.E.

Write for Complete Lists

If you are in the market to buy or sell
power equipment, write —

E. A. LOWRY

209 King. St. - GUELPH, ONT.

PETRIE'S LIST

of New and Used

MOTORS

for Immediate Delivery

Xo.

IT. P. Phase

Cvcle

•10

I'A

''A

2.5

Volts
550
550
550

2000
5.50
550
550
550
550
.5.511
."i.".ll
550
5,50
550
550

Speed
850
750
750
900

1440
750

1400
720
750

1440

14(H1
750

1400
750

1450

Maker
Westg.
C. G. E.
C. G. E.
C. G. E.
J. & M.
C. G. E.
Westg.
Weslg.
C. G. E.
Excelsior
Excelsior

C. G. E.
Excelsior
C. G. E.
Excelsior

Write Us for Prices

H. W. PETRIE, Limited

Front St. West

Toronto, Ont.

YOU DONT THROW AWAY

Economy Renewable Cartridge Fuses

Simple as A B G. Just insert a new fusible
element in the old cartridge and this Economy
Fuse justifies its name. Good as ever. No
fuss or waiting. Very inexpensive. 80% of
your blow out expense saved by this method.
These fuses are made in Ganada and are ap-
proved by the Ganadian Fire Underwriters'
Association.

Write us today for catalogue 20 and
sample fuse. Sent free on request.

Economy Fuse & Manufacturing Company

of Canada, Limited

UNITY BUILDING - - MONTREAL

■^

February 1. ISUS

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Published Semi-Monthly By

HUGH G. MACLEAN, LIMITED

HUGH C. MacLEAN, Winnipeg, President.

THOMAS S. YOUNG, General Manager.

W. R. CARR, Ph.D.. Editor.
HEAD OFFICE - 347 Adelaide Street West, TORONTO

Telephone A. 2700
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LONDON. ENG. - 16 Regent Street S.W.

ADVERTISEMENTS
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Authorized by the Postmaster General for Canada, for transmission
as second class matter.

Entered as second class matter July ISth, 1914, at tlie Postofficc at
Buffalo, N. Y., under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

Vol. 27

Toronto, February i, 1918

No. 3

The Country is Waiting for
"Daylight Saving" Action

When the Dominion Government convenes it is greatly
to be hoped that one of the first questions they will turn their
attention to is "Day-light Saving" for the coming summer.
There is no disputing the attitude of the vast majority of the
population towards this matter — they want the clocks set
ahead during five or six months of the summer and they want
the practice to be universal, for the Dominion at least, and
for the continent if possible. They were decidedly disappoint-
ed that no action was taken last year.

The arguments in favor of a universal application of
this principle are too well known to require repetition, and
in these "shortage" days have double force. The "day-light
saving" plan will materially relieve the power situation and
have a very direct effect in relieving the food shortage. -\n
extra hour devoted to food production all over the continent
every afternoon could easily be made the determining factor
between scarcity and plenty, not only at home, but in Eng-
land and France as well.

But decision should not be left over until the last minute.
Individuals and organizations alike want to make their plans
in advance. The change should I>e in effect just as early as it
is possible to make it produce any appreciable saving, cer-
tainly not later than .\pril 1. By that date most people are
losing an hour of good daylight in the mornings in bed. which
may well be exchanged for an extra hour in tlie open air in
the afternoon, added to an hour's saving of electric current
at niglu.

There seems to be no cloubl that the United States will
•,;ass sinh a hill al an early date to api>ly to the coming
summer months, and Samuel Instill, president of the Chicago
l-.dison I iinipany. estimates that the electrical consumers of
his cnimtry wmihl be saved seven and a-half million dollars.
Mr Insull not only strongly favors the summer saving idea.
lint advocates the cliange being effective the year round, as
sJKiwn by the following quotation from a recent statement;

■ We estimate that daylight saving, if effective for five
summer months, would save the electricity industry in Chi-
cago about l.J.OOO tons of coal per annum, or for the entire
country 230.000 tons of coal. It would save the electric light
consumers of Chicago $3()o,00(). and of the country about
$7.o00,00n per annum, this being a loss of income to the light-
ing conijianies, with coal the only offsetting saving.

"If daylight saving is made effective throughout the year,
the day power load ;ind evening lighting load will not over-
lap to as great an extent as at present, thus avoiding the
sliarp peak in load and thereby releasing plant investment for
other puri)oses and making a further saving in coal. Other-
wise it would be necessary to fire up additional boilers to
cover this peak for a short time each day in the winter
months.

"While I favor as a war measure the passage of the bill
covering the change for summer months only, if that is all
that can be put through at this time, from my experience as
a utility n]Rrator I very much more strongly advocate a
cliange iii' time the year round, as that means more available
plant capacity throughout the country, which is quite as im-
Ijortant as coal in the present emergency."

Power Controller's Intentions Are
Not Clearly Defined

Power Controller Drayton has not exactly succeeded in
clearing up the problems associated with the supply and
use of electric energy. Following his first order, printed in
our last issue, pa.ge 21. and dated January 8, comes a sec-
ond, also dated January 8, but differing from the first in a
number of essential details. Two very distinct differences
are: (1) that the first order applies to "commissions, com-
panies and persons," whereas the second applies only to
"company or companies," and (2) there is no penalty clause
in the first order, while there is a very considerable one in
the second order — a maximum of $3,000 or five years. It is a
minor detail, perhaps, that ornamental lighting is prohibited
in both, which, strictly interpreted, means that the busiest
streets of most of our cities and towns are to be left in total
darkness.

The reason for attaching a penalty clause to the order
in which "companies" only is mentioned, and omitting it
in the in-der which refers also to "coinmissions" is not easy
to discover. It is entirely unlikely there is any attempt at
discrimination. .A.s the matter stands, however, everybody
has too vague an idea of the Controller's intentions, and it
is to be hoped he will see fit to interpret them more fully,
otherwise the object of the order is automatically defeated.

Steel Transmission for Short
Lines is Economical

The savings which may be effected by the use of steel
in the place of copper in iities of moderate length and load
are described in the Electrical World in an article by L. M.
Klaulier. Figures of his company. San Diego Electric Com-
pany, are quoted as follows:

Steel conductors not only effect a saving due to reduced
cdst per unit uf length, but also, owing to greater tensile
strength .md reli,iliilil\-. permit wider spacings in supports.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Februarv 1. 1918

PoifS. cI•u^^-an^s. insulators and line hardware have all ad-
vanced greatly in price and are often difficult to obtain at
any price, and the reduction in the cost of supporting struc-
tures bj- the use of steel is as important as the saving in the
conductor itself.

The Pacific Luast companies have for some time past
used comparatively long pole spacings with copper con-
ductors and wood-pole lines. Standard spans of 3.50 feet
with No. 6 or No. 4 solid, or 450 feet with No. 2 or No. 1
stranded medium hard-drawn bare-copper conductors, have
been used extensively without the sli.ghtest difficulty.

With the advent of steel conductors it was seen at once
these spans could be greatly exceeded with absolute safety.
.\fter several branches were put in by the San Diego Con-
solidated Gas & Electric Company, using ^-inch stranded
steel and 550-ft. spans, 700 ft. was selected as a standard,
and many miles of line have been built with spans of this
length. Naturally, large sags were necessary with these
spans. Although flat construction had always been used
in distribution circuits employing copper conductors, the old-
style triangular construction, with a pole-top pin. was adopt-
ed, with steel to give greater clearance between conductors.

The use of steel conductors and long spans introduces
no difficulties. With the greater strains experienced, guy-
ing at corners must receive careful consideration. As a rule
stubs must be specially heavy and anchored, .\nchor guys
must be used in quantity; at sharp corners four and six
anchors to the pole are occasionally required.

The San Diego Consolidated Gas & Electric Company
has now installed in main or branch lines exceeding a mile
in length 68.6 circuit miles of steel conductors of J4"'nch,
5/16-inch or J^-inch standard steel. In addition there are
25 miles (75 wire miles) under construction. Also there are
52.5 wire miles of J^-inch steel in constant-current series
circuits. Most of the constant-potential circuits are 11 kv..
although a few are 2300 volts.

Synchronous Motors at the A.I.E.E.

The activities of the electrical engineer in common with
other members of the community are at the present time di-
rected towards economy. In this connection the synchron-
ous motor with its ability for reducing the wattless current
on the line is a live topic and Mr. M. J. McHenry is to be
congratulated on his choice of a subject for his talk on Fri-
day evening, January 18, before the Toronto Section of the
A.I.E.E. The speaker very clearly presented the relative
features of synchronous and induction motor plant and show-
ed that where the consumer's rates were based on his power-
factor the extra cost of the synchronous plant would fre-
quently soon be absorbed by the reduction in power charges.
Mr. P. H. Mitchell, who presided at the meeting, in comment-
ing upon the paper, suggested that the use of synchronous
plant might be encouraged by the offer of a bonus to manu-
facturers who were able to maintain their power-factor above
a definite standard. The paper attracted an attendance of
nearly sixty, and provoked quite an active discussion.

.•\t the next meeting, on Friday, February 1. an enter-
taining lecture is to be anticipated from Professor .\. P. Cole-
man, of the University of Toronto. Professor Coleman
combines the activities of a traveller with the observant in-
stinct of a scientist and the sense of humor of a man of the
world. His address is therefore distinctly one to l)e attended.

Mr. C. R. Dooley, of the Westinghouse Company, East
Pittsburgh, is scheduled to give a paper on "Technical Edu-
cation in an Engineering Works," on February 15. and two
weeks later Mr. R. P. Jackson, also of Pittsburgh, will ad-
dress the scclirm on the subject, "Commercial and Industrial
Research. "

Power Controller Issues Second Order

Following the (■rdtr noted in our issue of January 1st.
Power Controller Drayton has issued a second order, as
follows: —

Whereas the supply of electrical energj' availaljle is in-
sufficient to meet the requirements of users of electrical
tnerg}' in the districts of Ontario served by power gener-
ated by the Niagara River;

And whereas munition plants in whose favor priorities
have been declared are still unable to obtain sufficient elec-
tricity for the production of munitions that is required;

.■\nd whereas it is necessary that the use of electrical
energy by users other than those carrying on munition work,
or work for the allied governments, and for municipal and
public utility requirements, should be restricted —

It is ordered that no company or companies producing,
distributing, or selling electrical energy in the districts of
W'estern Ontario where electrical energy developed by the
waters of the Niagara River is distributed or sold, shall, on
and after the fifteenth day of January, 1918, and until further
order, distribute, sell, or supply electrical energy for the
use of advertising purposes or ornamental lighting.

And it is further ordered that no purchaser or consumer
of electrical energy in the aforesaid districts shall use such
energy either for advertising purposes or ornamental light-
ing on and after the said date; nor use such electrical energy
for lighting the interior of buildings during the hours the
said buildings are not open for business, except that during
said hours such lighting may be used as shall be necessary
to protect the buildings.

.'\nd it is further ordered that every company, purchaser
or consumer of power violating or infringing any of the
provisions of this order shall be liable to a penalty not ex-
ceeding five thousand dollars (.$5,000), or imprisonment for
a term not exceeding five years, or to both fine and imprison-
ment, for every such ofFence, as provided by the said Order
in Council. The said penalty may be recovered or enforced
liy summarj- proceedings and conviction under the proceed-
ings of Part XV. of The Criminal Code.

Dated at Ottawa this eighth day of January. 1918.

(Signed) H. L. Drayton,

Power Controller.

Electro-Technical Report

The report of the Canadian National t ommittee of the
International Electro-technical Commission, presented at the
annual meeting of the Canadian Society of Civil Engineers,
Montreal, stated;

The cominittee begs to report that during 1917, as In the
two years previous, the Commission's activities have, of
course, been considerably curtailed, though the central office
in London has done all that was possible under the circum-
stances to keep the organization together and to forward
the work.

To this end, and because of the importance of the sub-
ject, a conference on the Rating of Electrical Machinery was
held in London in September, the meetings being attended
by delegates from the British and L'nited States Committees,
and by Mr. A. P. Trotter. Consulting Engineer, of London,
w4io very kindly accepted our Chairman's invitation to re-
present the Canadian Committee. When the work of this
conference is finished, and all details settled, another great
step will have been made towards world-wide electrical stand-
ardization, with all its attendant advantages. For instance.
to mention just one, all tenders, whether from manufac-
turers of the same or different nationalities, will then be
comparable on a uniform basis as to performance claims.

February 1. 191S

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

guarantees, etc.. a condition lliat has not always obtained in
the past, thougli ol)viou?iIy most desirable.

The Committee has to acknowledge with thanks the
continued financial support of the Dominion Government,
through the Department of Inland Revenue, whose assist-
ance is much appreciated by both the Canadian members
and the central office in London.

Finally, we have pleasure in reporting that Prof. Major
L. W. Gill, of Kingston, our member overseas, continues to
command his battery somewhere on the French front.

Montreal Electrical Luncheons

Captain R. T, Mac Keen, district vocational officer, Mont-
real, for the Military Hospitals Commission, addressed the
Montreal electrical luncheon on January 9 on vocational train-
ing work. He gave details of the vocational training and
vocational re-education of returned soldiers as it related to
the Montreal district, and which is being carried on through-
out all military districts in Canada. The former was to
occupy the men's minds during the period of recuperation,
the work including weaving and woodworking. The re-
educational program was framed with a view to utilize as far
as possible the previous training of the men, fitting them to
occupy positions where they could obtain a livelihood. The
men were sent to various industrial plants, after a short term
of general educational work, to learn trades, the government
paying them $45 for a single man to $95 per month for a mar-
ried man during the period of training. In this way many
who had received injuries which prevented them from follow-
ing their usual occupations were enabled to learn other trades
and to secure satisfactory wages. The department of the
Hospitals Commission was thus economizing our man-power
and at the same time making the men independent instead of
being a burden on the community.

Private J. C. Taylor, a newspaper man. formerly of Cal-
gary and Regina, was the speaker at the Montreal electrical
luncheon on January 16. Prior to Private Taylor's speech a
vote of sympathy with the family of the late Mr. Charles B.
Ellis, one of the original committee of the luncheons, was
passed. Private Taylor, who was wounded just prior to the
Vimy Ridge battle, gave a very graphic description of camp
and trench life and warfare. He referred in detail to the
organization for raids, the methods of bombing, and the
work done in the trenches. The talk was lightened by the
recital of many humorous incidents both of camp and trench.
Wounded Canadian soldiers, he also stated, were splendidly
treated, both in Great Britain and Canada, and his experience
was that nothing was too good for wounded men.

Successful Shawinigan Financing

In a circular issued by the directors of the Shawinigan
Water and Power Company, recommending the shareholders
to subscribe to a new issue of two-year 6 per cent, convert-
ible notes, some particulars of recent developments are
given. Allusion is made to the construction of La Loutre
dam, built bj- the company for the provincial ,«overnment;
this has involved the expenditure of about $2,000,000. which
will be paid for in bonds by the provincial government. The
dam will increase the capacity of the existing wa*^er-power
at the low stage of the river fully 30 per cent. In order to
adequately supply the territory of the company numerous
extensions to its transmission system have been made, in-
cluding the construction of aerial lines over the St, Law-
rence at Three Rivers, additional lines between the Lauren-
tide Power Company at Grand'Mere an<l the Shawinigan
Company's plant at Shawinigan Falls, and the supplemcntini.;
of plant in sub-stations. With regard to subsidiaries, a fur-

ther contract for the supply of certain chemicals has been
made with the British Government by the Canadian Electro
Products Company, extensive additions have been made to
the plant of the Canada Carbide Company, while the plant
lor tlie manufacture of carbon electrodes has also been en-
larged.

Mr. J. E. .\Ulred. the president of the com])any, in com-
menting upon the position of Shawinigan in the realm of
electrical enterprises, says:

"It is perhaps not too well known in Canada that the
operations of the Shawinigan Company are of such para-
mount importance in respect to power resources that to-day
the company occupies the first place in the consideration of
those industrial factors which require for their successful
operation the command of large units of electric energy. We
have supplanted Niagara in tliis respect, and it is a matter
not to be overlooked that, while in every other part of the
country, including the Niagara district, industrial operations
have been curtailed through lack of power resources, the
district served liy the Shawinigan Company and its allies is
the only outstanding example of a district which — during
war times and especially during the year 1917, when coal con-
ditions were so bad — has had a supply of power fully ade-
quate for all purposes.

"When this is considered, together with the fact that
this district has had at its command a greater amount of
power per capita than any district in the world, and that the
power has been available at lower prices than elsewhere,
some idea may be had of the importance of the Province of
Quebec as an industrial centre, both at present and in the
future."

The credit for this position was not. he added, solely due
to the Shawinigan and other power companies as the Quebec
Govermnent had adopted "an enlightened policy in fostering
and making possible the development of these great power
plants, with results which are in marked contrast with those
that have lee-.i obtained by other methods elsewhere."

No Dividends in Last Three Years

The annual lianquet of the B. C. E. R. Conipanj-'s \'an-
couver office staff was held on Friday. December 29. when
some ISO members of the staff met in this social event. Mr.
George Kidd, the general manager of the company, delivered
the speech of the evening, in which he declared that there
were three broad divisions — public, employees and investors —
which comprise the present-day public utility business. He
expressed the opinion that neither the public nor the em-
ployees had had anything to complain of. but it was only be-
cause the 10,000 shareholders of the company were so far
away that they had not been heard from. They had received
no dividends in the last three years. The coinpany had gone
through a most trying time, Mr. Kidd declared, and had
done all in their power to serve both the public and their
employees. He thanked the staff for their support during
the year. The toast "The Company," was proposed by Mr.
A. E. Chamberlain, who declared that the company had been
most courteous and generous with its employees.

Mr. \\''. G. Murrin, assistant general manager, proposed
the toast "The Staff," in which he urged a greater co-opera-
tion between staff and the management. He declared that the
company was going through a most critical period, one that
reauired most hearty co-operation between these two. Mr.
J. Munro jiroposed the toast, "Our Boys at the Front," which
are some 493 in number. Mr. C. Woodward made the reply.
.V musical jirogramme was also .given, with selections from
Messrs. W. McClellan Moore. \\'. G. Murrin. W. Menzies. J.
Pacey and H. Darlin.g.

::()

THli ELHCTRICAL NEWS

February 1. 1918

The Electric Club of Toronto

Tlie Electric Club of Toronto got off to a good start
oil Friday, January 11. when Major Massie addressed the
members and described his experiences and the part he had
taken in the famous Passchendaele oiifensive. The members
were most enthusiastic in their expressions of appreciation.
On January 18 the programme consisted of a discussion of
the new Constitution which the Executive Committee had
drafted, and the election of officers under the new require-
ments. The election resulted as follows: President. Frank
T. Groonie. sales manager Benjamin Electric Company; vice-
president. H. H. Couzens, general manager Toronto Hydro-
electric System; honorary secretary, E. I. Jcnking, assistant
to the president Canadian General Electric Company; hon-
orary treasurer. C. C. Bothwell, Canadian manager Laco-
Philips Company; committee, K. J. Dunstan. division manager
Bell Telephone Company; George D. Perry, general manager
Great Northwestern Telegraph Company; D. H. McDougall.
manager Toronto Electric Light Company; \V. R. McRae.
mechanical superintendent Toronto Street Railway Com-
pany; Geo. D. Leacock, sales manager Moloney Electric
Company of Canada; B. O. Salter, purchasing agent. Hydro-
electric Power Commission of CJntario; W. R. Ostrom, sales
manager Northern Electric Company; Walter Carr. Mr. S.
L. B. Lines, president and managing director Chamberlain
& Hookham Meter Company of Canada, was elected chair-
man f(.)r the balance of January and the ni(mth of F"cl)ru-
ary.

On February 1 Col. G. G. Xasmith. I'h.D.. C.M.G.. Di-
rector o.f Laboratories, Department of Public Health, To-
ronto, will be the speaker and on February 8 Professor
Alfred Baker, professor of mathematics LTniversity of To-
ronto, has kindly consented to be present.

Electric Hazards in Bathrooms

The fatality reported recently in Toronto papers result-
ing when a woman, sitting in a bath, reached out to adjust
a small electric heater, must not be taken as condemnin.g
the use of that particular heater, or any electric heater, in
a bathroom, but rather as a warning that special vigilance
must be exercised in the design of heating appliances and
that some extra precaution is necessary when they arc u.sed
in bathrooms. Nothing is to be gained by passing over the
matter lightly. Indeed this is a case where it would appear
to have been an actual gain if the whole of the circumstances
surrounding the incident had been published widely. The
impression will have gone abroad, no douln. that heaters
of the same kind as that which caused the fatality arc still
on the market. This, we understand, is not the case. Though
heaters of this make are. of course, being sold every day. we
are advised tlial the heater in question is an old type not
now being manufactured, and that the objectionable points in
construction have long since been remedied? The accompany-
ing figure explains how the accident occurred. The namc-
l)late was held by one screw only, which had worked loose,
allowing one end of the plate to fall against a terminal, thus
makin,g the frame alive.

The number of accidents in bathrooms can be reduced
very materially, if not entirely eliminated, if users will take
reasonable i)recautions. The present Underwriters' and hydro
rules cover the ground pretty thoroughly as regards light-
ing sockets, but it is difficult to control the use of a portable
equipment. It would be easily possilde to prohibit the use
of portables in bathrooms and require that heaters be fixed
to the walls or floor at a suitable distance from the danger
zone, l)ut there is no means of enforcing such a law. It
might be a step in the right direction to make such a rule,
however, as the responsibility would lluii r. -i •, ith the user.

It would possibly be in the general interest if the public
were cautioned through the jjages of the local press or other-
wise, which again might frighten certain people away from
the use of them altogether. There seems to be no doubt,
however, that the bathroom is the greatest danger point in
the hoine and at any cost the pul'>lic must ))e protected as
far as it may be humanly possible.

The electrical trade and the public alike can take ccnn-
fort from the recent announcement of the Ontario Hydro-

Narrte Plate

inais

electric Commission regarding inspection of equijiment. There
is no law in Canada at the present time preventing the sale
or purchase of unapproved appliances, but on April 1. of
this year, that will be changed. .Vfter that date it will be
illegal to use or dispose of any equipment that does not
bear the stamp of approval of cither the Underwriters' Lab-
oratories or the Hydro Commission, and no doubt the law
will be rigidly enforced. Such a law would, very possibly,
have prevented the regrettable accident noted above.

Women as Street Car Conductors

Manager Fleming, of the Toronto Railway Company,
does not like the idea of employing women as con-
ductors, and is quoted as saying that "the work is too rough
for them." Probably under existing conditions in Toronto
this is true, but the Electric Railway Journal is emphatic in
its Statement that in New York women conductors are a
"proved success." In a recent issue they say that the New
■^'ork Railway Company deserves the thanks of the industry
for demonstrating the practicability of the use of women
conductors on surface cars and that some ,'S00 women are
now so employed. The article also adds: "We see no rea-
son why women conductors should not be employed on
many other roads in this country to the benefit of the wo-
men and in the interests of good service."

Evidence is not lacking during the recent months that
the Toronto Railway Company is having the greatest difti-
culty in maintaining its former standard of service. The
difficulty lies largely, no doubt, with the employees, many of
the younger men having been taken for war work and re-
I-ilaccd by men of lower standard.

It is probably now driven home to every street car
patron in this city that he made a mistake when he raised
such strenuous objection years ago to the inauguration of
a pay-as-you-enter collection of fares. This, of course, is
chiefly where the element of roughness, which in Mr. Flem-
ing's opinion renders the work unfit for women, comes in.
and we agree with him. In view of the favorable experience
of New York railways it seems reasonable to expect that
wherever in Canada pay-as-you-enter systems have been in-
stalled, women conductors will .gradually make their appear-
ance.

A newspaper report from Gowganda, Ont.," states that
efforts are being made to re-finance the South Bay Power
Company ancj install a plant at Hanging Stone Falls, the
initial development of which will be 350 h.p. The report
also states that the Reeves-Dobic Mining Company are be-
hind the proposal and will use the initial power in the work-
ing of their properties.

February 1, 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Transmission Line Practice— Sag and

Span Problems— 11.

By Lieut. E. T. Driver and E. V. Pannell, Assoc. I.E.E.

Correct determination of sag and tension in the line
conductors is the most important problem in connection
with the mechanical design of the line. If the sags be figured
to small excessive strains will come upon the cables and
towers, whilst if the wires are strung with a large sag in an
attempt to reduce the tension, not only will the towers be
high and costly, but the swinging together of conductors
must be anticipated. The following article outlines a use-
ful method of predetermining the sag and tension in any
conductor making full allowance for span length, wind and
ice loads, temperature and other conditions.

Under any conditions the sag of a wire on a span 1 feet
in length is

S = (1)

8T
where W =3 total load per foot run;

T = tension in the wire at lowest point.
S = sag in feet at the lowest point.

If W were merely the weight of the wire this law
would be a very simple one for calculating sags; as a mat-
ter of fact, however, W is the resultant of the weight of
the wire and external loading due to ice and wind. The
maximum external load will naturally vary according to
latitude, but it will be taken in this article as equal to the
Class B loading of the National Electric Light Association
Joint Committee on overhead crossings. This is commonly
regarded as good practice over the greater part of North
America and involves the following factors:

Ice, yi inch thick all round the cable.

Wind, 65 miles per hour or 8 lbs. per square foot on the
projected surface of the cable.

Temperature, 0 deg. Fahr.

Under these conditions it is usually assumed that the

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different metals.

wires will be stressed to 50 per cent, of their breaking load.
Some specifications use the elastic limit instead of this figure,
but as the elastic limit is a somewhat indeterminate quantity
it is better to assume the figure of 50 per cent, of the ultimate
stress, which is somewhat lower. These are assumed to

be the worst average conditions under which the line will
be expected to operate, and all sag and tension calculations
are based upon these. In Fig. 3 these loads are shown as
applied to cables of copper, aluminium, aluminium-steel and
copper-clad steel, all of which are equal in conductance to
No. 4/0 B&S copper. It will be interesting to follow through
a series of calculations with these four cables to ascertain
their different mechanical properties.

Equation (1), although it does not give very much in-
formation, is the basis for all sag calculations. It gives di-
rectly the sag which will occur under the most severe con-
ditions of wind and ice load (as shown in Fig. 3). The ex-
pression can be made useful by a slight modification.

As already shown, W is the total load, including weight
of wire, weight of ice-coating and wind pressure per foot;
the actual weight of the cable without loading per foot may
be expressed by w; then for W/w w^ use the symbol q, or
loading factor. Further, the tension denoted by T is equal

tigjhgdjng

Ice and Mnd loocinnq

F?esu77an/.'

Fig. 4— Method of assuming total loading on wires.

to the stress per square inch multiplied by the area of cable.
Therefore,

w 1'

S = q X — X

a 8F
where F is the stress in lbs. per square inch.

Now the quantity w/a is a constant for the material;
for copper it is 3.9 and F, the maximum stress, is also taken
as a constant, being 50 per cent, of the breaking load, or
30,000 lbs. per square inch. From this we get:
S = qlV61500 for copper,
S = ql793200 for aluminium.
S^qP/lSSOOO for aluminium-steel (7 strand),
S = ql-/134000 for aluminium-steel (37 strand)
S = ql7l25000 for aluminium-steel (61 strand),
S = qlV82500 for copper-clad steel (40 per cent.)
The question that now arises is "how much will the
cable sag when relieved of the ice and wind load?" It is
clear that the wire, being elastic, will shorten up as the load
is removed, and thus reduce the sag, but a graphic method
will be used to show just how much this effect amounts to.
Now when the external load disappears the sag is

wl'

8aF

or in other words, q, the loading factor, has also disap-
peared. Now this equation cannot be solved because there
are two unknowns, the sag and the stress F. The other
quantities are constant for a given span and material, so
we have S = K/F and SF = K; this is the equation of a

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

February 1, 1918

rectangular hyperbola which can be easily plotted (Fig. 5).
It is obvious that the sag we are attempting to ascertain
(that of 0 deg. Fahr, without wind or ice) lies somewhere
on this curve.

It is now necessary to consider another property of
the wire; its strain or elastic stretch. For the present pur-
pose this is to be considered as a contraction, for, with relief
from load, the wire will shorten up. With the maximum

-—

^ <

-. •-

_,-o

-■

^-c

f'^

-'■

.-'

^.-

^
^

•

4/0

SSCCCCcn
300,000 ■■ ~

"ptcoooo • •
3 SOOOOO " ■

16
/4

■V-

Sdoo 10000 isboo 2X1.000 26000 x'coo
Srreag in pounds per sij. inch

Fig. 5— Chart for calculating the sag on copper corduclors when the ice
and wind loading is relieved. The curves are based on the follow-
ing constants: E - 16x10'. Maximum stress = 30,000 lbs. per
sq. in.; Ice coating = '; in.; Wind pressure = 81bs.
per sq. foot; Span 600 feel.

Stress of 30,000 lbs. per sq. in. the value of this contraction
is zero, and its maxiinum corresponds to zero stress in the
wire, if that were possible. The value of E. the modulus
of elasticity for copper, is 16 x 10" and the reciprocal of this
(X) .063 X 1/10" gives the feet extension per lb. stress per foot
of span. On a 600-foot span with full stress of 30,000 lbs.
this amounts to:

.002 X 600 x 30.000 x I/IO" = 1.13 feet
and this extension or contraction curve is plotted at the top
of Fig. 5. The maximum sags on different sizes of cable
are easily calculated from the elementary formula (1) and
these all plotted on the maximum stress line (30,000 lbs.).

Now there is a very elementary law connecting the
length of wire with the sag and this can be modified to give
the change in sag corresponding to a change in length:

L,-

S^)

(2)

L = -(S,=
31
where

Li^ total length of wire,

L = total length of wire after load is relieved,

1 = length of span,

S := sag before load is relieved.

Si= sag after load is relieved.

( Li — L) is. of course, the contraction, and this is given
by the curve at the top of Fig. 5, and, taking the values from
this, it is easy to solve equation (2) finding new values of sag
corresponding to those of contraction. Plotting these fio--

ures it will be found that the sag decreases rapidly as the
wire contracts and ultimately the sag curve cuts the hyper-
bola. This intercept immediately gives the required value,
i.e., the actual sag of the wire when ice and wind loads are
relieved.

Of course, in practice it is not difficult to find a value
of sag very close to the hyperbola, and thus obtain the inter-
cept in one operation without plotting a sag curve.

Fig. 5 is a very useful chart to have and it should be
prepared for every span in general use. and for copper, and
any other materials which are to be figured upon.

All the foregoing operations refer to constant tem-
peratures, the sags already calculated being at 0 deg. F.
It is now necessary to ascertain the increase sag with ris-
ing temperature. Since the wire has a definite percentage
increase in length for every degree rise it follows that the
sag will also increase. However, as the wire lengthens the
tension will naturally diminish and the contraction we have
already studied comes into play. Just what is the net effect
of these two changes it is now proposed to enquire, for un-
less allowance be made for both of them it is impossible
to calculate the true sags at the maximum suiruner tempera-
ture.

Suppose that L, — L again represents a change in the
length of the wire, but this time due to warming up of the
surrounding air; this change is also equal to lot
where I = length of span,

a^per cent, increase in length per 1 deg. F.
t^rise of temperature F. deg.
(correctly L, the length of the wire, should be used in the
above instead of 1 the span length, but the use of the latter

16
14
IS
10

■ — ■

— '

==^

S==

6
4

2/0
Z/0

AlO

2S0000 c m
SOOOOO ■ ■
SOOOOO - -
500 000' "

40 60 So iOO

120"

Fig. 6— Curves showing increase in sag from 0° to 120" F.; copper cables,
600 foot span. The sags at 0" F. are derived from Fig. 5.

quantity introduces only a negligible error and greatly sim-
plifies the operation).
Now from equation (2)

8
(L,— L) = — (Sr— S^) = lat

8 (Sr— S\)

so that t° = (3)

3 \-a
Tliis relation would be quite true if the material were abso-
lutely non-elastic, as we might imagine of some extremely

February 1, I'.llS

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

2>.)

simple

soft metal. However, as this is not the case
rcctioii must be made;

Let ^ = extension ]ier lb. stress
a ^extension per l" F
a
and — = /3
\
now when the sag changes as above from S to Si there is a
change in stress from F to Fi and as was shown by the
FS

curve in Fig. .5 F, =

S,
and the temperature for any .tjiven change in sag is
8(Sr— S=) F,— F

t" = -I (4)

;i pa /3

From this it is easy to plot out a sa,g-teniperature curve
which is found to be a straight line. Furthermore, because
the product of sag and stress is constant for all temperatures
a table of tensions can be prepared from the foregoing which
will give the necessary dynamometer pull at the temperature
of erection. In Fig. 6 a temperature-sag chart has been pre-
pared for different sizes of copper cable on a 600-foot span,
and in Fig. 7 values of sag, stress and temperature are given
for different materials of conductor all for a GOO-foot span.
It would have been interesting to follow out this study
so as to include shorter and longer spans also, but suffi-
cient information has been given to enable this to be done.

The sizes of conductor in Fig. 7 are equivalent ones, that

EaulyulenT g7ze of (3iJe . B>S ^mi,^
O S/O J/0 ^/t? BSOOOO 3O0000 400000 SOOOOOC'^mih.

'^ Bog Stwss Scg STTesS ^ag S7t&s Sog Sffrss 3ag 5>Tesj Sag Sf!vss Sojg Sffssi Sag SJTess

feet) are always operated with plow-steel cables because the
necessity of maintaining clearance above a navigable water-
way calls for the minimum sag. In installations of this kind,
however, it will sometimes be found that a compound con-
ductor, whilst yielding a greater sag than steel, will require
much lighter and cheaper towers, due to the lower tension.

Before leaving the subject of sag calculation, attention
might he drawn to the fact that the equations in this article
arc based on the assumption that the wire lies in a parabola,
whereas the actual curve is much nearer a catenary. As a
matter of fact, however, the small percentage error intro-
duced is much less than that existing in the assumptions of
the physical properties of the material. No authentic tests
have been published to demonstrate whether the value of
E for copper cables is correctly assumed at 10 x 10" and
this figure is quite probably 10 per cent., and possibly 15
per cent, in error. Until these properties have been thor-
oughly established the laborious calculations involved in the
catenary method are at least an inconsistency.

[The third article of this series will appear in the issue of
March 1, and will deal with "Poles and Towers." — Ed.]

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cable on a 600 ft. span. Maximum loading is ■•< in. ice and

8 lbs. wind at 0" F.

is, the size of copper-clad referred to as 4/0 is not actually
that size, but is the one which is exactly equal to 4/0 copper
in resistance. Thus all the different metals are compared
on a common basis of conductance. Taking for an example
the 4/0 size it will be seen that the maximum sag with alum-
inium-steel or copper-clad cables is about half that obtained
with copper, whilst straight aluminium gives a sag 50 per
cent, more than copper. These relations vary for diflferent
sizes and spans and should, of course, be worked out in each
case. Copper-clad wire corresponds very closely to alumin-
ium-steel in its sags so that they would both require the
same height of tower. The tension on the copper-clad cables
is very much higher, consequently the towers would have to
be of heavier sections in this case. It is more than likely
that in the majority of cases aluminium-steel cables would
be used for the standard conductor with a copper-clad con-
ductor of smaller section for any abnormally long spans.
Very long spans (e.g.. the Straits of Carquinez, California,
4400 feet; and the new crossing of the St. Lawrence, 6600

Reorganization of Power Situation
in England

The situation as regards fuel and power in England is
such as to demand greater economies in operation, and
some time ago a coal conservation sub-committee of the
University of Reconstruction was appointed. Their report
has just been tabled and the following summary made pub-
lic. K main feature is the organization of some 600 smaller
systems into 16 districts, in each of which the generation
and distribution shall be under one head. These, after the
war, should be gradually superceded by more efficient and
modern equipment, so planned and located as to be capable
of extension. Existing^ inefficient plants should not be al-
lowed to extend or enlarge. The recominendations, so far
as published, are as follows:

Recommendations

(1) It is essential that the present inefficient system of
over 600 districts should be superseded by a comprehensive
system in which Great Britain is divided into some si.xteen
districts, in each of which there should be one authority deal-
ing with all the generation and main distribution.

(2) Centres, or sites, suitable for electric generating pur-
poses should at once be chosen on important waterways, as
the future main centres of supply for each of the districts
into which the country is to be divided.

(3) The sites so chosen should be as large as possible,
having in view the land available in suitable localities, and
should have ample water and transport facilities. Land is
required not only for the power stations themselves — which
for the sake of security and safety would have to be suitably
sub-divided, that is, they would not be contained all in one
building — but for the processes involved in the extraction
of by-products from the coal before it is used for the pro-
duction of power, where such extraction is found to be justi-
fied. It is also required for the development of electro-chem-
ical processes, which may be most conveniently carried on in
close proximity to the power plant. This condition entails
the sites being chosen outside, not inside, towns. (The
health of the great industrial centres and the congestion of
the railway lines in their neighborhood would be radically
improved by arranging that the conversion of coal into mo-
tive power was carried out away from the densely populated
centres).

(4) Plans should be prepared for the construction im-
mediately after the war on these sites of the first instalment
of large super-power plants capable, first, of supplying,
through a comprehensive electric power distribution system
which must also be arranged for, the existing demands of
the community; and, secondly, of supplying electrical energy
at the lowest possible price for new processes and manu-
factures.

(5) Such plants would be designed so that, as methods

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

February 1, 1918

are perfected for extracting by-products from the fuel, before
using it for the purpose of the production of electric power,
the by-product plant can be combined with the power plant.
Each site should be laid out with this in view, and with a
view to the unrestricted extensions of the plant as required.

(6) Power available from surplus gas or waste heat should
be turned into electrical energy on the spot in local plants
which would feed into the main distribution system. As re-
gards waste coal — i.e., coal which it does not at present pay
to bring to the surface — this could, where transport was the
ruling consideration, also be used on the spot.

(7) Once these plants are in existence it would be pos-
sible for existing authorities, without any risk of being left
in the lurch, to stop extensions of their own uneconomical
stations, situated as they mostly are on cramped and un-
suitable sites, and to arrange to take their power from the
main system.

(8) With a view to carrying out the policy advocated a
Board of Electricity Commissioners should be appointed, with
full powers to deal with the electricity supply situation
throughout the country. They should have power — inter
alia: —

(a) To stop the extension or multiplication of un-
economical stations for public supply.

(b) To arrange for the handing over, on equitable
terms, of the generation, transmission and main distri-
bution system in each of the areas into which the coun-
try is to be divided, to a new electricity body appointed
for the area.

(d) To settle for each area whether such body should
consist of a Parliamentary company working under ade-
quate control as regards limitation of dividends, etc., or
one of the other alternatives given in Appendix C.

(9) Alternative types of the new electric power organiza-
tions are described in Appendix C. In reference to these al-
ternative types the Sub-committee are impressed with the
special need for initiative and resource in the management of
the business of power supply, and they are of the opinion that
the freedom of range and keenness which are distinctive
of private enterprise will be found to be in a high degree con-
ducive to the fullest measure of success. The Sub-committee
consider that if the nation is to get immediately an efficient
power supply, and is to take advantage of the temporary lull
in manufacturing output immediately after the war. State
assistance in some form may be necessary.

Rapid Growth of Southern Canada Power

Organized in 1913 They Have Developed Rapidly Until They Now Control
the Development and Supply of Power Over a Wide Area

We have in previous issues emphasized the enormous
growth :n the demand for electric power in tlie Province of
Quebec, due in a large measure to activity in industrial cen-
tres consequent on war conditions. On occasions this de-
mand has threatened to exceed the supply, and has compelled
considerable extensions to the plants. The Southern Canada
Power Company, Ltd., serving a wide field in the Eastern
Townships of Quebec and just over the border, has shared in
this increased requirement for power. The company has
shown a very rapid growth in the area it covers, and conse-
quently in its earning power. From small beginnings in 1913
it has become an important factor in the power situation in
the province, and, as it possesses some important undeveloped
water-powers, it is likely to occupy a much stronger position
in the near future. It is pretty generally recognized that
Quebec, with its natural resources, has not yet attained any-
thing like its ultimate standing in the matter of industrial
development, and the possibilities of the Southern Canada
Power Company must not be overlooked in summing up the
general situation.

The area of the company's operations is approximat-ely
100 miles east and west by 60 miles north and south. A
glance at the accompanying map will indicate that the dis-
trict is both industrial and agricultural, that it is exceptionally
well served by railways, and that there are ample opportuni-
ties for development. At present the system is in the mak-
ing, and it will necessarily be some time before the company
will be able to realize to the full extent anything like the
possibilities presented.

The company was organized in 1913 to acquire six water-
powers on the St. Francis River, the St. John's Electric Light
Company, La Cie de Gaz, Electricite et Pouvoir, St. Hya-
cinthe, and the municipal plant of the town of Drummond-
ville. The water-powers are above and below Drummond-
ville, and from Hemmings Falls, known as Power Site No. 1,
to a point below the Moulin power, known as Power Site
No. 6, the distance is 25 miles. These powers have been
thoroughly investigated and reported on by Messrs. Viele,
Blackwell, & Buck, of New York; the Stone & Webster Cor-
poration, of Boston, Mass.; Mr. J. B. Woodyatt, the general

manager of the company; Mr. J. M. Rolicrtson, consulting
engineer, Montreal; and Mr. W. I. Bishop, consulting hydrau-
lic engineer, Montreal. The powers have a total head of
about 300 feet, and are estimated to have a capacity of 90.000
h.p., 24-hour power, with storage to carry a peak of 1.50,000
h.p. Complete plans for the first two developments have
been made, and a large amount of initial work done, so that
the company is in a position to start at an early date on one
or more of the powers.

Besides this the company has powers on the Yamaska
River, at St. Cesaire, St. Hyacinthe, Granby, and Foster; on
the Magog, at Sherbrooke; on the Coaticook River, at Water-
ville; on the Massawippi River, at North Hatley; on the
Tomofobia, at Rock Island; and the Salmon River, at Kings-
bury. Hydro-electric plants are in operation at Drummond-
ville, St. Hyacinthe, Sherbrooke, Richmond, Foster, Granby,
and Cowansville, with auxiliary steam plants at St. Hya-
cinthe, St. Johns, Iberville, and Granby. The company also
purchases power from the Shawinigan Water and Power
Company, at Sherbrooke, and from the Montreal Light, Heat,
and Power Company at Richelieu.

It will be seen from the foregoing that since 1913 the
company has considerably broadened its field. It now con-
trols, in addition to the original charters, the South Shore
Power and Paper Company, Ltd., the Bronie Lake Electric
Power Company, Richmond County Electric Company. Sher-
brooke Railway and Power Company, Lennoxville Light and
Power Company, Eastern Townships Electric Company,
Stanstead Electric Light Company, Burroughs Falls Power
Company, and th_- International Electric Company of Ver-
mont. The most important recent acquisition was the Sher-
brooke Railway and Power Company, which, in addition to
giving transportation facilities with ten miles of rails, sup-
plies one of the busiest industrial districts in the province
with power.

The following is a list of towns and cities served by the
company and its subsidiaries: St. Johns, Iberville, St. Ma-
thias, Beloeil, St. Hilaire, St. Madeleine, St. Hyacinthe, St.
Hugues, St. Joseph, St. Antoine, La Providence, St. Rosalie,
Drummondville, St. Germain, St. Cyrille, Richmond, Mel-

February 1, 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

bourne, Kingsbury. New Rockland, Waterloo, Foster, Knowl-
ton, Cowansville, Sweetsburg, Granby, Broniptonville Sher-
brooke, Lennoxville. Huntingville, Massawippi, Way's Mills,
Boynton, Libbytown, North Hatley, Capelton, Compton,
Eustis, Waterville. Rock Island, Stanstead, Beebe. Beebe
Junction, Ayer's Cliff. Hatley, all in the Province of Quebec;
Derby Line and Derby Centre, \'erniont.

The plants, it will be noticed, are located over a wide
area, and. in order to link up the system and to consolidate it

1917; the profits have risen from $41.7.')6 to $311,722; and the
surplus from $7,9:i6 to $47,347.

The officers and board of directors have been strength-
ened from time to time by the inclusion of technical and
business men. The president is Mr. W. C. Hawkins, manag-
ing director of the Dominion Power and Transmission Com-
pany, Hamilton, Ont. ; the vice-president is Mr. F. W. Teele,
formerly general manager of the Porto Rico Railways Com-
pany. Trinidad Electric Railway, Demerara Electric Com-

TRAN5MlbSI0H Sy5T£M
REF£:i?ENCE

mNiciPAtmES sex'i^fP •

HWrrV/VA'i".? UHPEVELOPEP
<f».TERPOIVER PEVELOPEP A
STEAM PLANT O

ivsterpowerS steam X

TKANSMISSION LINES —

CONNECTING LINES — —

WATERSHEP BOUNPARY

RAILWAYS

Showing territory served by Southern Canada Power Co.

with a view to economical operation, it has been necessary
to construct 300 miles of transmission line, in addition to
which 100 miles are being built or will have to be built. The
lines are on wooden poles. The transmission is 25,000 and
50,000 v., and distribution 2,200 v., 3 phase. 60 cycle, a.c.

An extensive program of improvements to the electrical
plants and to the sub-stations has been carried out. New
sub-stations have been built and others altered in order to
meet the altered conditions. Outdoor sub-stations are the
rule in small places, and the indoor type wherever it is neces-
sary to employ a switchboard attendant.

The company has adopted a progressive policy in the
matter of inducing the public to be liberal users of light and
power. It has established 14 stores, at the principal points, at
which it sells various electrical household appliances, motors,
lamps, etc., also undertaking wiring work where the local
facilities are limited. Recently a further step was taken in
this direction — sites at St. Hyacinthe and Granby were
acquired, and large and attractive showrooms constructed, in
addition to offices for the staff. At Granby a portion of the
site was used for the sub-station. The idea, in the establish-
ment of these stores, is, of course, to instil in the public mind
the advantages of both light and power for household and
industrial purposes.

The earnings of the company and the subsidiaries have
enormously increased, from $104,442 in 1914 to $432,634 in

pany, etc.; Mr. J. B. Woodyatt. the general manager, and Mr.
L. C. Haskell, the secretary-treasurer and purchasing agent,
have been associated with the companj' from its inception.
The directors are: Messrs. W'. K. Baldwin. M.P., Baldwin's
Mills, P.Q.; H. T. Chalifoux, St. Hyacinthe, P.Q.; James
Davidson, Montreal; L. C. Haskell, Montreal; W. C. Haw-
kins, Hamilton, Ont.; C. J. McCuaig, Montreal; W. H. Miner,
Granby, P.Q.; Lieut. -Col. J. R. Moodie, Hamilton, Ont.;
Messrs. A. J. Nesbitt, Montreal; George Parent, K.C., M.P.,
Quebec; Charles E. Read, Ottawa, Ont.; J. M. Robertson,
Montreal; F. W. Teele, Montreal; C. W. Tooke, Syracuse,
N.Y., and J. B. Woodyatt, Montreal.

The head office is in the Coristine Building, Montreal.

The first electric furnace of the inductive type to be
erected in South .\frica was set up a few months ago by the
Witwatersrand Co-Operative Smelting Works, under the aus-
pices of the Chamber of Mines, for making steel castings,
such as shoes and dies, for the mines from scrap metal. The
British Trade Commissioner reports that between 70 and
80 tons of shoes and dies are now being turned out per
month by this furnace, which is contributing very materially
to requirements. The lining of the furnace at first presented
some difficulties, but these were solved by the use of mag-
nesite from Eastern Transvaal, calcined in Johannesburg.
Two linings per month are requireil.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

February 1. 191»i

How the Power Conservation
Order is Being Kept in Ontario

With very few exceptions, the light and power users of
Ontario have loyally responded to the appeal, or order, of
the power controller to conserve every possible watt of elec-
tric energy, to the end that it may be utilized more exten-
sively in the manufacture of munitions of war. That the
need is urgent is fully realized by everyone, and, from opm-
ions gathered here and there, large power users are more
than ready to curtail their demands, even to the extent of
crippling their business and industries. It must be seen to,
in every town and city, that all users comply fully with the
order, for where less patriotic authorities ignore the rules laid
down and their action is allowed to go unchecked, it will
have a tendency to discourage the more considerate consum-
ers. In one or two cases notice to the effect that the entire
service would be cut ofif unless the rules were observed suf-
ficed to bring certain offenders to a proper realization of the
situation.

As instances of the extreme shortage existing among
munition manufacturers, the .(Xmerican Cyanamid Company
of Niagara Falls, which makes ammonia for use in the manu-
facture of high explosives, reported recently a l.'S.OOO h.p.
shortage in their usual power supply and the consequent cur-
tailment of their output. The Union Carbide Company and
the Electro Metals Company, two Welland concerns making
war supplies, each reported about 15,000 h.p. short also.

Possibly the cutting oflf of even a small block of power
is keenly felt by some of the smaller manufacturers not
engaged on munition work, hut among those using large
quantities of energy it has been found that, by making slight
alterations in the layout of shafting and machinery, it is often
possible to take two, three, or four motors off the load.

In the matter of store lighting the majority of merchants
are co-operating to the fullest extent. In St. Thomas the
local hydro commission threatened to discontinue the service
of a few stores disobeying the order. An appeal was made to
all power users, with the exception of munition plants, and
many responded by shutting down their factories half an
hour earlier in the evening, in addition to cutting off motors
wherever possible. It is estimated that the load in this city
has been reduced almost 50 per cent. Some typical examples
follow:

In Welland the street lighting has been reduced by 50
per cent., and all electric signs have been cut off. An urgent
request has also been made to all power users to cut down
their demand as much as possible.

In Gait a meeting of the large power users was held, and
promises readily obtained to either reduce their loads or stop
plants altogether on request. The total load in this city is
2,681 h.p., and an endeavor is being made to reduce it by 35
per cent. Several of the larger users stated that, by rear-
ranging their machinery, many motors could be taken oft' the
load. A (able is being prepared by the local hydro commis-
sioners, so that manufacturers will be in a better position to
regulate the time of their maximum demands. On streets
where there are single light standards all lights on one side of
the street have been cut off, and where there are cluster lights
two lights on each have been taken off.

The Hurlbut Shoe Company, of Preston, shortened their
working day to five hours when requested to do so by the
local commission. The manufacturers in this district have
willingly been doing all in their power to conserve electric
energy.

The Stamford Township Council decided to cut off all
street lighting in the township until at least February 15, and

in Xiagara Falls all verandah and ornamental lights of all
kinds have been cut off. It is proposed also to turn off street
lighting at midnight.

In addition to the observance of other rules, the street
car service in Guelph was discontinued except for an hour at
noon and at nights.

The permitted peak load in Kitchener is 4,800 h.p. but the
local commission have kept it under 4.500 h.p. with the co-
operation of manufacturers. Street lights are not turned on
until 6.15, and the rules regarding electric signs and display
lighting are being enforced.

Chatham street lights are not turned on until 7 o'clock,
and restrictions in store and sign lighting are being enforced.
The city's maximum load of 1.000 h.p. has been reduced from
15 to 25 per cent, in the peak load hours.

Mayor Weaver, of Hespeler, stated it would l)e impos-
sible to further reduce their load, as they already had it down
to the limit.

The light commissioners of St. Catharines ordered that
each alternate 100 watt lamp on the street lighting system be
removed and that all 200 watt street lamps be replaced by 100
watt lamps.

The London and Lake Erie Railway Company cancelled
their Sunday service and reduced the week-day schedule, be-
speaking the indulgence of their patrons on the grounds of
patriotic duty.

The Ontario Hydro-Electric Commission notified the
Brantford Municipal Board of Street Railway Commissioners
to reduce their load by 25 per cent., and, in accordance with
this order, the car service was reduced from a ten to fifteen-
minute service on the main line and a twenty-minute service
on the line to Eagle Place. The running time is also much
slower. Other retrenchments have also been made in street
and sign lighting.

The Town Council of Petrolea, Ont., received notice from
Hydro headquarters that from 7 a.m. to 9 a.m. only 85 per
cent, of the maximum load of .'JOO h.p. was to be used; from
9 a.m. to 4 p.m., 75 per cent.; from 4 p.m. to 6 p.m., 85 per
cent., and from 6 p.m. until 7 a.m., no restriction. Street
lighting is not turned on until 7 p.m. Local power users were
waited upon and arrangements made to comply with this
schedule.

It is expected that about 3.000 h.p. will be conserved in
Hamilton by the various recommended means. On January
15 all electric signs, display boards, show windows, and other
electrical devices for advertising wares were turned off and
each alternate cluster light in the down-town section has been
taken off. Very few violations of the new rules are reported,
and these are generally due to misunderstandings.

In Ingersoll the order was received to keep the load under
860 h.p., and men were sent out from the sub-station to re-
quest the local merchants and factories to shut off every un-
necessary lamp and motor. As an instance of the steps taken
in this town to comply with the order it was necessary on
one occasion to shut off all the small motors in town about 2
o'clock in the afternoon. Between 5 and 6. in order to still
further reduce the load, it was found advisable to shut off the
stores and residences as far as possible. The Ingersoll Ma-
chine Company use the bulk of the power, and stores and
residences will be shut off in order to keep this plant going.

Street lighting in Brockville has been so adjusted that in
cases where five and three lights form a cluster only one lamp
is permitted to burn. On other streets every alternate light
has been taken off. Recently the lights on residential streets
were turned off on moonlight nights, but the experiment was
not entirely successful.

Probably one of the most strenuous objections to the new
order comes from Tillsonburg, and a delegation was sent to
Toronto to register a protest. On January 21 it was reported
that the town was facing a serious water famine and probable

February 1, 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

serious loss to manufacturers l)y reason of a twcnty-niinute
notice given to the Tillsonburg Waterworks Company to shut
off their electric pumps. The company have auxiliary steam
power, but, of course .tlieir coal supply is inadeeiuate.

On the main thoroughfares in Toronto every alternate
cluster light is dark, and on the residential streets every un-
necessary light has been turned off. The set rule in this
regard is to turn out every alternate light, excepting in cer-
tain locations where good illumination is essential to public
safety — in the vicinity of fire alarm boxes, on dangerous cor-
ners, etc. No single light standards on the car line streets
have been turned out, owing to the possibility of- traffic acci-
dents. A suggestion to turn off the lights in the civic skating
rinks and the various parks will not likely be carried out. It
has been pointed out that the majority of these lights are not
turned on until 7 o'clock. The down-town merchants have
readily responded to the appeal to cut off window lighting at
night, and Toronto's "White Way," which has been, on a
smaller scale, a close rival to Broadway, New York, presents
an entirely altered appearance.

Power Plant Carried by Latest
Type of German Aeroplane

The Electrical Review prints an interesting article trans-
lated from La Nature of recent date, describing equipment
carried by German aeroplanes for signalling purposes. It
is understood that on account of noise messages cannot be
be received — only transmitted.

The transmitting station on the latest type of German
aeroplane consists of: —

1. A generator of d.c. and a.c.

2. The oscillating circuit.

3. The antenna.

1. At first the necessary current was provided by a stor-
age battery. Difficulties arose, however; the batteries were
very heavy, very fragile, and liable to be discharged rapidly.
Small a.c. and d.c. generators were then fitted. These gen-
erators are driven by an air screw, or are coupled to the
aero motor by a coupling (clutch) operated by the pilot.
The generating plant, styled "J. A. Flieg, 1917," by the Ger-
mans, comprises two generators mounted on the same shaft.
One of these, forming a simple dynamo, supplies the d.c,
and is used for exciting the alternator, for the oscillator cir-
cuit, and probably also for lighting the lamps and projectors
on the aeroplane.

The other generator supplies the a.c. for the oscillating
circuit.

The three types of transmitter actually employed are the
"Sender" type C, 1916, the "Huth transmitter," and the "Tele-
funken transmitter."

Underneath the alternator is a sort of case, into which 13
terminals lead. These terminals permit of inserting in the
exciting circuit different values of a resistance placed in
series, and housed under the generator.

According to the type of transmitter fitted on the aero-
plane, these terminals are used with the corresponding types
of current. For check purposes they are connected up by
connecting plates corresponding to the transmitter employed,
the connectors being small plates of insulating material.

In the cover of the case mentioned above is a small trans-
parent window for observing whether the generator is pro-
perly regulated in respect of its oscillating circuit. The gen-
erators are constructed so as to work rotating either right
or left, according as they are driven by air screws or by the
aero engine. The type of generating set just described

weighs, with its air screw, caliles, etc., 10.3 kilograms (about
33 lbs.). The driving screw is designed to give a speed of
4,500 r.p.m. with a wind speed of l.'iO km. (say 90 miles per
hour). Variations of aeroplane speed do not appreciably
affect the output of the generating set. The set is air-cooled.
Transmitting Apparatus

The "Telefunken" apparatus comprises the usual parts,
the whole being contained in a case measuring about 14 in.
X 10 in. x 6 in., and weighing some 19 lbs. These parts are:
a transformer, a condenser, a plate-type spark gap, and a
variometer. There is a three-stud contact device for varying
the intensity of emission by a rheostat in the excitation cir-
cuit, and at the same time decreasing the resistance of the
spark-gap by short-circuiting part of the plates.

Another three-stud contact permits of employing three
different wave lengths, viz., 150, 200 and 350 metres, by using
one or more turns of an Oudin coil. The variometer (variable
self-inductance) permits of tuning the aerial with the primary
circuit. The observer knows that his circuit is properly
regulated when the ammeter pointer attains a maximum.

The transmitting aerial is formed by a 1-mm. diameter
copper cable about 40 metres long. This wire, which hangs
below the aeroplane, tends to assume a nearly horizontal
position by reason of its inertia and the wind resistance.

A special arrangement is provided for preventing the
antenna swaying, and for ensuring that the correct length
is unwound. The manipulator and ammeter are of the usual
type. The conductors of this system are insulated and mount-
ed in special flexible aluminium tubes.

The total weight of the complete set is as follows: —

Oscillatory circuit 8.7 kg.

Generator system 10.3 kg.

Aerial, etc 3.7 kg.

Manipulator, wiring, and ammeter . . 3.0 kg.

35.7 kg.
or, say, Vi cwt.
The mean range of the set seems to be about 35 kilo-
metres, or something over 20 miles.

Every squadron of the German Army Service Corps at-
tached to the air service includes a tractor wagon specially
fitted up for dealing with repairs to, and tests on, wireless
sets.

The Future of the Engineer — A
Winnipeg Engineer's Views

Winnipeg, January 11th, 1918.
Editor. Electrical News: —

I have read with great interest in your issue of December
1st, the article entitled "The Future Place of the Engineer,"
and I have also read with further interest in your issue of
January 1st, the classification of the new members of the
Canadian Parliament, and it is particularly interesting to note
that the engineers as a profession are not represented.

Your article in the January 1st issue, showing that no
engineers are in the Canadian Parliament is one that should
give all engineers that are proud of their profession and inter-
ested in the welfare of their country, food for thought. Much
has been written and much has been spoken on the status
of the engineer, the engineer's responsibility to society, and
the education of the engineer, but how seldom do we see
anything on the subject of the engineer's place in the legis-
lative halls of his country. It has been said by many engi-
neers that to feel that they are producers and constructors
is sufficient reward in itself. That may be a very laudable

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

February 1, 1918

thought from the moral point of view, but in these days of
stress and strain, the engineers as a body ought to realize
that the very training that they have been fortunate enough
to attain should put them in the forefront of all professional
men, that they should be leaders of thought, leaders of public
initiative, and help advance legislative conditions in the coun-
try in which they live.

Two of the greatest factors in the advancement of civ-
ilization today are light and transportation, both the pro-
duct of the engineer, and still the very thought that engi-
neers may not care whether they get the credit for the
above or not is the very fact that their work has resulted
in better conditions for humanity; but they must urge them-
selves to still further ambition in that they give wherever
possible their time to the study and solving of some of the
great questions in front of our legislative bodies today. What
class of men are more fit for public life than engineers? The
very fact that they deal with the stupendous forces of nature
makes them inherently honest, one factor so essential to
public life.

Engineers are modest to a degree, and unfortunately,
often timid, when it comes to pushing themselves in the
limelight, though this timidity may be due to a certain extent
that as a body they cannot be accused of being public speak-
ers; they should endeavor to cultivate this very necessary
adjunct for public service, when they would undoubtedly feel
in a better position to take their place on the public platform.

One of the reasons that lawyers and physicians have a
certain status in the community is because they have inter-
ested themselves in public service, and to their profession
has come a certain amount of honor that successful and
honest public service should, and does bring, to the server.

Engineers having been backward in public service in the
past — and when I say public service I mean some admin-
istrative position in public life — ^^they are often put in a posi-
tion where they appear to the general public as being lower
on the professional ladder than the other professions.

For instance, a consulting engineer may be asked to make
a report on some engineering or financial question for a cer-
tain town, and he is asked to appear before the corporate
body of that town, present his report and possibly discuss
same. On that corporate body may be the local butcher,
baker and doctor, and almost invariably the local lawyer.
The baker and the butcher defer more or less to the opinion
of the doctor and the lawyer, and the two latter are generally
looked on to decide as to whether the engineer's report meets
with the requirements of the community or not.

Time and time again this has happened, engineers all
over the country have had the same experience, and though
the engineer may think he is doing the best he can for his
country by making honest and correct reports, he would be
doing a greater service for his country were he able occa-
sionally to take his place in the legislative bodies that control
civic, provincial and Dominion affairs.

I understand that the Canadian Society of Civil Engi-
neers is endeavoring to stir up some interest in these matters,
and the men behind this movement deserve every encourage-
ment and help from their brothers in the profession, as un-
doubtedly by the engineer taking a greater interest in public
affairs he will not only be doing something for the better-
ment of his country, but also for the betterment of his pro-
fession, and therefore himself.

True, sacrifices have to be made, and especially in the
case of consulting engineers, who are in business for them-
selves, and have no large organization to carry on their work
in their absence, but if ever the time has arrived for engi-
neers to start and blaze the trail of placing their services as
public servants before the electors, that time is present. Some
engineers may say we can make more niQney by selling our

services as engineers and not as public servants, but I submit
that the status of the profession, and hence its monetary
value to ourselves, will be raised if we take our place with
other professions and let the public decide as to whether they
would like us as some of their leaders of public thought.

What type of men more fit for the positions of Minister
of Public Works, Minister of the Interior. Minister of Mines
and Minister of Railways and Canals than engineers, and yet
almost invariably these positions are filled by lawj'ers.

One reason that lawyers and physicians have been able
to push themselves into public life is that they have tried to
train themselves to be familiar with subjects outside of their
own professions, and when they meet together they do not
always discuss their own profession, or rather technical prob-
lems of their own profession, a habit that engineers are very
prone to.

Art, literature, music, geography, history, finance and
political economy deserve more than passing thought from
every man, and to the engineer who wishes to be broad in
his aspect these subjects are just as important as stresses
and strains, reforestration and mathematics, and, above all
things, a proper realization of the personal equation of those
with whom you deal is a very essential factor to success, and
is just as important to the engineer as to the doctor or the
lawyer.

The engineer, more than all other men has it in his
power to create a new era of real public service and to guide
humanity. On the engineer, and such men who train engi-
neers, rests a responsibility such as not many professions have
been called upon before to face, and especially so as because
upon us rests the responsibility of conscious knowledge of
this fact.

In all matters pertaining to the war, engineers have done
Trojan service. In fact in no small degree will it be the
engineer who will be responsible ultimately for the destruc-
tion of that terrible and tragic ideal created by the common
enemy, who the allies are endeavoring to crush. With the
conclusion of the war a new world will arise, and the engi-
neer must wake up and take his place alongside of the men
of other professions and help create a better democracy at
home, and this he can do by taking his just share in the
public life of this great and wonderful Dominion of Canada.

May I take this opportunity of congratulating you on
the stand you are taking in your paper regarding these
questions.

Yours very truly.

Charles F. Gray.
Consulting Electrical Engineer.

Government Takes Over Niagara Power Plants

On December 28 the United States Government requisi-
tioned the electric power produced, imported and distributed
by the Niagara Falls Power Company, the Hydraulic Power
Company of Niagara Falls and the CliiT Electrical Distribut-
ing Company. Disposition of the power and rules regarding
its use will follow an investigation of the power and fuel
situation in and around Bufifalo by Robert J. Bulkeley, who
is connected with the War Industries Board, and Col. C.
Keller, U. S. Army, of the Chief of Engineers' Office in
Washington.

The Main Electric Manufacturing Company have just
issued their catalogue No. 100. which supersedes all previous
issues, and is a complete catalogue of Main electric lighting
plants for the farm. A copy will be supplied on request to
the company.

r'c!>nuu-v 1. 11)18

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Get Rid of Your Dead Stock— It Does Not
Pay to Hold Even if Prices are Going
Up— Good Business Requires Up-
to-the-minute Supplies

There has never been a time when it was more ojipor-
tune to move any dead stock that the electrical dealer and
contractor has on hand than the present. In many instances
it has been the practice of the central stations to sell appli-
ances at prices which would not leave the dealer and con-
tractor enough profit to enable him to compete with them.
This day, however, has passed, probably never to return
again.

To-day the price of coal, labor and everything else that
enters into the cost of generating and distributing electricity
have all increased. At the same time the demand for cur-
rent has increased to such an extent that it is straining the
capacity of the individual companies to meet the demand.
These two facts remove the temptation to sell appliances
for less than cost or at so small a margin as to monopolize
the business with the end in view that the introduction of
these appliances will increase the current consumption.

This condition of affairs is making it possible for the
independent dealers and contractors to secure a great deal
of business that otherwise would be beyond their reach.
Most important of all, however, it is probable that never
again will it be the general practice of central stations to
sell appliances at a price which does not allow a fair mar-
gin of profit. Before this war is over there will be a great
deal more attention called to this phase of the central sta-
tion business than it has ever received before.

New Opportunities

With the cleaning up and revising of central station
merchandising methods there will arise new and wonderful
opportunities for the dealer and the contractor. Each of
them will be able to expand his business in a way and to an
extent that he has never been able to before. To prepare
for this new era, however, it is necessary to clean up all
the dead stock, the stock that one jiiight be tempted to
hold for higher prices. It is necessary to clean this up
now, to sell all of it at once.

One of the complaints that central stations have made
against dealers and contractors is that they do not go after
business hard enough. They have claimed that if the cen-
tral stations did not sell appliances they would lose much
in the way of electric current sales. Possibly one reason
why so few appliances have been sold in the past is because
these dealers and contractors have not kept their stores as
neat and attractive as have been the stores of the central
stations.

You may rcpb' that no dealer or contractor can go to

the expense that the central station has gone in this respect.

This statement is true, but it is not necessary to go to great

expense to look neat and attractive. Few people refuse to

' By J. E. Bullard in National Electrical Contractor.

wash their lace and hands because they canncit afford to
buy perfumed soap. It's not, after all, the expense that has
been incurred so much as the thoroughness with wliich the
work is done.

I have in mind the stores of two dealers. CJne is tilled
with old dirty stock. The wdiole establishment is far from
attractive though it is housed in a substantial building and
one which could be made to appear very attractive with
clean, fresh stock and clean fixtures. The other store is
housed in a smaller and a cheaper building but it is kept
clean and the stock is all fresh and new. None of the stock
in this store is allowed to die. It is all sold. There is no-
thing expensive about it but everything is attractive. Little
things like fresh crepe paper are used to lend charm to
the cheap tables and counters, show cases, etc.. on which
the goods are displayed.

Keep the Stock Moving

One of the reasons given for the success of large depart-
ment stores and chain stores is that they very rarely have
any dead stock. Some of these stores place tags on their
goods whicli indicate to the salesman just how long it has
been placed in stock, a blue tag may mean that it has been
in stock for a month, a yellow tag that it has been in stock
for two months, a pink tag that it has been in stock for
three months and a red tag that it has been in stock for four
months and must be sold at once. Each time a tag of a dif-
ferent color is placed on the goods the price is reduced and
in all probability the price on the red tag is lower than the
amount actually paid for the goods. However, it proves more
profitable to sell them at a loss than to have the money tied
up. The money working will soon earn the amount lost
but the money idle will eventually lead to bankruptcy.

Let us take a concrete example. Suppose you have an
article in stock that cost you $9.00 and that it is a good
seller so you retail it for .$10.00. Suppose that, due to the
constantly increasing cost of raw material and labor, the
retail price of this article advances 50 cents per month. In
a year it will have increased in price $6.00. In other words,
by simply allowing it to lie idle for a year a profit of $6.00
has been made on it. Surely it would pay to let stock be-
come shelf warmers if the price was constantly increasing
like this. Many a small dealer has been able to undersell
the city department stores on certain commodities he had
in stock for several months and at the same time make a profit
for himself because of the difference in the methods of the
large and the small retailers and due to the fact that retail
prices have been climbing rapidly during the past two years.
It would seem, then, that the retailer who has saved his stock
has the advantage.

Let us go back and examine the case of the article which
at the beginning of the year cost $9.00 and at the end of
the year sold for $16.00, thus, by simply lying idle, showing
a profit to the dealer of $0.00. Suppose that, instead of keep-
ing that article in stock he had sold one a month at a profit
of only $1.0(1. It would not retiuire any more capital to do
so than to hold the original one in stock for the money

:;r.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

February 1. I'.HS

received from the first one would buj' the second, the money
for the second one, the third, and so on to the end. The
.•mmial profit would have been $13.00, however, instead of
only $(i.OO, and at the end of the year the stock would be
fresh and attractive. The profit would also be in hand and
not on the shelf, as in the case of the stock that had been
held for a year.

Dangerous To Tie Up Money

It is easier to see that the stock ought to be turned as
rapidly as possible to avoid loss when the retail prices are de-
creasing, but there is a tendency to hold on to stock when
the retail prices are ascending, in the hope that the longer
it is held the greater will be the profit. This feeling is pre-
venting many a man from realizing upon the present mar-
ket. He is still waiting for better prices rather than sell all
his old stock now and turn it into money. No one knows
how long conditions will exist as they are. All the big estab-
lishments, doing a retail business, however, do know that
this is no time to hoard stock. They know that it is just
as dangerous to tie up a lot of money in dead stock now as
it is at any other time, and they are keeping their stocks
moving.

No dealer can expect to compete for the best business
until he realizes this fact. The mere act of clearing out all
his old stock, some of which may have been on hand for
years, and turning it into money now will help increase his
business. He will be able to offer bargains in goods that are
in perfect operating condition that will prove very attractive
to many people. If he will follow up this clearing up sale
with good fresh stock that is carefully purchased and is sold
to the last article within a few months, even if it must be sold
at a slight sacrifice, he will find that at the end of the year
his profits on appliance sales have been greater than they
have ever been before.

Now is the time to develop this business. As has already
been stated, the central stations are not so likely to take as
keen an interest in the sale of appliances as they would dur-
ing normal times. On the other hand, the difficulty in secur-
ing coal is going to make many people use more electrical
appliances than would otherwise have Ijeen the case. There
will be a tremendous demand built up for electric ranges and
other heating devices that would not exist if every household
could without difficulty secure all the coal that it desired.

What Not to Do in Advertising— Some Warn-
ings the Dealer Will Profit by, if He Heeds

.\ short time ago Mr. J. C. McQuiston, publicity man-
ager Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company, was
asked by a prominent manufacturers' association to give them
some points on advertising. Mr. McQuiston put his reply
in the form of Don'ts," some of which are very much to the
l)oint. Here is what he said in part:

Don'ts in Advertising

Don't fail to advertise if you have something to advertise.

Don't advertise just because 'someone else in the same
line does.

Don't leave the copy to the office boy's aunt. She can
knit better than she can write advertising lines.

Don't forget that advertising is a part of selling — and
M-lling is no joke.

Don't make statements that you cannot support in
practice.

Don't make invidious ccjuiparisons.

Don't try to put a full page of copy in a quarter page
space. Better init a quarter page of copy in a full page of
si)ace.

Don't fail t" ,i\( .(.III inni name in the same way —
same type — ami yi". i !■ rcss ahvay.s.

Don't print a circular and then wonder what to with
it. Study your market and as you do so, write your appeal
direct to the market. "From Kalamazoo direct to you."

Don't overlook the direct appeal to a customer. Don't
fail to talk to your prospects in your circular letter, or other
correspondence, as you would talk to them face to face. Be
natural.

Don't forget to follow up your advertising.

Don't use all the type styles — rather have one dominat-
ing style and stick to it.

Don't pick a thin, skinny type — but one that has a bold,
courageous face — typical of strong and dependable business.

Don't give more than one bright idea in an advertise-
ment. To do so may endanger your future stock.

Don't express in words what a picture can portray —
use illustrations.

Don't run the same advertisement all the time. Change
of copy makes your advertisements of continuous interest.

Don't buy space to please a solicitor. If you do, he
will be the sole beneficiary.

Don't overlook the trademark. If you do not have one,
make one. and show it in every ad. .\lso put it on station-
ery and all apparatus.

Don't be a spasmodic advertiser. It is the constant
dripping of water that wears away the stone.

Don't advertise in one-time schemes, special issues, etc..
and expect business in return.

Don't expect to be always able to check definite results.
If you have no faith you had better leave advertising alone.

Don't overlook good will in your business, and the fact
that you can make your advertising create good will.

Don't make your appeals in the negative, as "You don't
want this," or "You don't want that." The phrasing should
be positive and strong, as "You do need this," and "You do
need that."

You should also avoid interrogation if you would make
your appeals strong. For example. "Do you not think that
it would be well to do this?" "Will you not stop to con-
sider?" The appeal should be positive and direct. "Stop
to consider." "Of course you think it would be well to do
this or that." Imagine someone approaching you to sell
some tickets to a charity supper and using such an appeal
as "You don't want to buy a ticket for this or that." Think
how easy it is to say "No." Think, on the other hand, how
much easier it is to get the response "Yes" when you say,
"Of course you want to help out this or that charity by
buying a ticket to this or that supper." The "Yes" is al-
most as sure to come as the "No," when the right presenta-
tion is used.

Don't think because you know your business that you
can also be a top-notcher advertiser. The wise business men
call in advertising specialists to prepare their advertisements,
just as they retain attorneys to keep them out of lawsuits,
and patent lawyers to protect their patent rights.

Finally, don't forget that advertising should portray
the sort of a business house yours is. If your advertising
be ever so good — indicating order, soundness of credit,
promptness of delivery of goods, quality of product — and
then in all or some of these things your practice falls short
of your claims, the advertising stands out as a glittering lie.
Therefore you should strive just as earnestly to prove your
claim in business practice as to announce them in printers'
type.

Notice was mailed under date January 15, 1918, by George
D. Leacock, sales manager, that the Moloney Electric Com-
pany of Canada, Limited, have opened a branch office and
warehouse at Halifax, N.S., for the Maritime Provinces.
Mr. E. .\. Scath has been transferred to Halifax from the
Montreal office and will have charge of this territory.

February 1, I'.)18

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Quebec Province Will License Electrical Con-
tractors—Bill to be Introduced at next Session

Electrical contracmrs in the i'rovlncc of tjiicbcc will be
interested in a bill which is to be introduced by the Hon. L.
A. Taschereau, Provincial Minister of Public Works and
Labor, with a view to greater i)rotection of public buildings
from fire. The bill will compel the licensing of persons and
nrms installing- wiring, electric lighting', and heating sys-
tems, the licenses to be issued by the provincial government.
Such a regulation will involve examinations to determine the
competency of those requiring licenses. Apparently the idea
is that fires are often caused by defective work in wiring,
etc., and that certificates of competency will make for more
efficient sub-contractors and workmen, and thus for tlie bet-
ter protection from fire.

At present there is no system of licensing, compulsory
or otherwise, the inspection of wiring, etc., devolving on the
electrical inspection department of the Canadian Fire Under-
writers' Association, with the head office in Montreal. The
inspection of public buildings and residences is supervised by
the department, under an arrangement with the fire insur-
ance companies and with the lighting and power companies,
and also, in two or three instances, under municipal by-laws.
The department covers all the more important places in the
province. By the provincial building laws, it is provided
that, at the direction of the government inspector, a certifi-
cate of the underwriters' bureau must be produced in the
case of moving picture houses and theatres.

It is possible, under the present arrangement, for altera-
tions to be made to residences without the knowledge of the
insurance companies, although in the case of public build-
ings the periodical inspections constitute a safeguard agains't
this sort of thing'.

Many of the substantial contracting firms have advocated
the compulsory licensing of contractors and workmen as the
only method by which conxpetent men can be trained, and
also by which incompetent men can be barred from starting
in business. Any wireman, w'ith only the most elementarj'
knowledge, can now set up as an electrical contractor, with
the result of poor work and of ruthless cutting of prices.

A Yearly Sales Schedule for the Man Who
Looks Ahead and Plans Accordingly

The Westinghouse Company recently compiled the sam-
ple yearly schedule reproduced below, for the guidance of
retailers of electrical appliances. The underlying idea is that
such a schedule should be prepared for the whole year, well

in advance, and that it should govern the efforts of the re-
tailer at the various seasons of the year. Special attention
has been paid to two general principles, (I) that there is
one or more seasons in the year in which each individual
item is more saleable than at any other time. and. (2) that
every item of merchandise sin mid receive its just share of
sales effort.

This schedule does not necessarily mean that these items
must be advertised. extensively ; that will depend on the deal-
er's own judgment. It does mean, however, that the dealer
knows in advance what he is going to concentrate his atten-
tion on next. It means that for the day or week, as the case
may be, he makes a special drive on one particular line. At
least this item will form the basis of his window display,
if he advertises in the local papers it will be the special
feature. In addition he will display it prominently in his
store and, possibly, offer some inducement to increase his
sales in that particular article. For example, a customer
may come in to buy an iron but, seeing a special display of
toasters, may be attracted to purchase one of them also.

Even if the plan does nothing more than lead the dealer
to plan "ahead" and carry on his merchandising systematic-
ally, the preparation of such a schedule is well worth the
effort.

Toronto Electrical Contractors Hold Success-
ful January Meeting

The regular monthly meeting of the Toronto Electrical
Contractors' Association was held on January 10. About fifty
mernbers attended the dinner and thij number was con-
siderably augmented during the evening. As previously an-
nounced, it was a sort of "Members' Night," the main pro-
gram taking the form of a description of original ideas and
ways of overcoming difficulties met with by members in
the ordinary pursuit of their business. A number of very
helpful ideas were brought to light, from a description by
Mr. Rooke of his latest form of switch box to Mr. Daven-
port's explanation of the use of vinegar in loosening cor-
roded nuts, screws, etc.

The February meeting will be held on Thursday, Febru-
ary 7, when Mr. Beach will explain to the members a simple
method of accounting, suitable for the needs of a majority
of the members.

Don't forget the date of the meeting — February 7th:
or the place — the Carls-Rite; or the hour — 7.30 sharp. A
proper system of accounting maj' easily save any member the
price of his association expenses many times over.

YEARLY ADVERTISING SCHEDULE

JANUARY

FEBRUARY

MARCH

APRIL

MAY

JUNE

JULY

AUGUST

SEPTEMBER

OCTOBER

NOVEMBER

DECEMBER

II 112

14 - -

Tel

23 24

32 33134

41 42

45 46

4«

51 52

FLAT IRONS

TOASTERS

FABS

VACUUM CLEANERS

PERCOLSCMAF. DISHES

VieR-.CURL.IRONS.HR.DBYERS

DISC STOVES 4 MOT PLATES

WARMING PADS

STERILIZERS

RADIATORS

MtLK WARMERS

WASHING MACHINES

INCANDESCENT LAMPS

PORTABLE LAMPS

SEW MOTORS

RANGES

ELECTRIC SIGNS

VARIOUS TYPES

SPECL APPLICATIONS

GENERAL DISPLAY

SERVICE

..J

.._

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

February 1, I'Jlt;

Geyser Electric Washing Machine

The illustration herewith shows the "Geyser" electric
household machine manufactured 1)y tlie Onward Manufac-
turing Company, of Kitchener, Ont. The principle of this
machine is that, by means of a high speed propeller in the
bottom of the tank, hot suds are forced through the clothes
which are contained in a constantly revolving cylinder. It

is claimed by the manufacturers to be very compact, simple
in construction, light weight, noiseless in operation and
attractive in appearance. Above all it is said' to wash the
clothes absolutely clean without any wear on the clothes.
The washer is made in lliree sizes, with swinging or sta-
tionary wringer.

Hubbell Current Tap

The convenience of the current tap used in connection
with socket outlets is becoming so fully recognized that Har-
vey Hubbell, Inc.. are supplementing their standard single
outlet current tap with a new one providing two plu,g outlets

in addition to the lamp outlet. This device is constructed
throughout of porcelain, is fitted with shade holder groove
and slots so designed as to accommodate any one of their
different styles of interchangeable plug caps. The new de-
vice is known as current tap Xo. 6553.

.\ new catalogue, Xo. 47901, has just been distributed by
the Canadian General Electric Company, on Sprague panel
1)oards and cabinets. This catalogue is 70 pages of S in. by
10 in. size, giving in most complete form all data and infor-
mation necessary for panel boards.

The Crouse-Hinds Company of Canada. Limited, have
issued an illustrated folder tnlitled "Condulct Suggestion
Xo. 1." This will lie 1 ■ • -iilur- .,f the same series.

Superior Electrics

.A.S recently announced, a new manufacturing conccrr
operating under the name "Superior Electrics" has com-
menced operations in Pembroke, Ont. Electric household
appliances of various kinds will be placed on the market to
l)e added to as business conditions demand. Already such
every-day devices as irons, toasters, toaster-stoves and heat-
ers are on sale. Mr. Charles E. Breckenridge, formerly of
the Renfrew Electric Company, is managing director and
thus brings to bear a wide experience in the management

of this particular line of business. The lieater ilUistrateil
herewith is one of their several lines that have already
established themselves.

Hart Accumulator Company Have a Bumper Year
The Canadian Hart .Accumulator Company, Limited, St.
Johns, F.Q.. report a very successful year during 1917. In
their Stationary Battery Department the works have been on
overtime most of the year, carrying out orders for large bat-
teries for submarines, transjjorts, wireless stations, telephone
exchanges and town lighting. The Train Lighting Depart-
ment has also had a most successful year, having olnained
orders from the C. P. R. and G. T. R. for electric lighting
equipments for tlieir dining cars, sleepers, etc. The greatest
advance, however, has been made in the .\utoniobilc Self-
Starting and Lighting Battery Department. Mr. Geo. Arch-
deacon. .A.M.I.E.E.. general manager of the company, has
given special attention to developing the M. S. L. Battery,
and has concentrated on its production. He reports that his
labors in this direction have resulted in a most gratifying
success, as during the 1917 season over 3.000 batteries were
sold throughout the Dominion. The company state that their
strong card is "Deliveries." as they can make shipment within
r)0 minutes of receipt of order.

Automatic Electric Iron
.\n electric iron equipped with a switch which opens auto-
matically when the iron is not in use. is announced by a
United States manufacturer. .\ switch button is located in
the forward part of the handle, just where the thumb ordin-
arily rests. Under normal ironing conditions, the thumb
presses against the switch button and keeps the iron in
circuit; removing the thumb cuts it out of circuit. By means
of this switch button, the current may be cut in and cut
out at will by the operator, merely l)y moving the thumb.
This will be found convenient when ironing li.ghter fabrics,
the heat being shut off when not needed to prevent scorching.

Fans — The Kobbins & Myers Company are distributin.g
Catalo,gue No. 1117. dated January 1. I'JIS. describing and
illustrating their line nl nun-oscillating, oscillating, ceiling:
and ventilating fans antl liat cleaning motors.

Frlini.ir\ 1. nils

III I', i: I.l-.CTRICAI. NI'.WS

A High Voltage Series Relay
Tile Caiuuliaii Gfiieral Electric Cnnipaiiy has recently
Tiiade several iniprovcnients in its high voltage series relay
used for the automatic tripijing- of oil circuit breakers. As
illustrated, the mechanism of the relay consists of two main
elements, joined by a wooden rod. The upper element — sole-
noid, counterbalancing weight, and a mechanism for trans-
mitting the motion of the solenoid plunger to the operating
rod — is mounted on a high-tension insulator and isolated from
ground. The lower element — relay contacts, cover for con-
tacts, calibrating parts — and time liiiiil arrangemint when

used — is mounted below the upper element. The solenoid is
connected in series with the circuit, and one end of the coil
is electrically connected to the solenoid frame to avoid static
stresses. The solenoid coil and mechanism do not require
adjustment after installation, and thus are not a source of
danger to the attendants. When the solenoid or relay oper-
ates, the motion of the plunger is transmitted through the
wooden operating rod to a set of double-break switch con-
tacts which close when the solenoid plunger rises because of
overload or short circuit and open again by the weight of the
plunger when these abnormal conditions are removed. The
oil circuit breaker tripping circuits are the same as when the
more common secondary relays are used with circuit closing
contacts. The current adjustments and the time delay set-
ting are made at the lower end of the operating rod, and of
course in safety to the operators. The relay is calibrated
from normal to three times normal current. Current calibra-
tion is tnade by the sliding weight. Time delay adjustment
is made by an oil dash pot shown. When instantaneous oper-
ation of the relay is desired, the time delay features are
omitted. Contacts, mechanism, solenoids are the same for all
voltages — that is, from 15,000 upward — but the coils vary in
capacity according to the normal ampere capacity of the line.
The insulators for mounting the solenoid will vary according
to the line voltage and the factor of safety required.

Portable Outlet Panels for Electric Welding Service

For an electric welding outfit to be of its maximum ser-
vice it must be so arranged that it can be taken to the work,
no matter where it may be located. For instance, in a rail-
road shop there should be outlets adjacent to each stall in
the roundhouse, one or more on the washing tracks outside,
and others in places through the shop. In a boiler shop there
should be an outlet on every other column, and in a large ma-
chine shop ther-i should be an outlet adjacent to each of the
larger machines, in order t'lat work may be done in filling up
blowholes and other defects on large castings witli the mini-

iiuiiu aiihiniii III iiune hundliug. One snlutiim oi ilie pro-
Mem wiiulil. of course, be to locate a panel nutlet of a suit-
able type wherever it is anticiiiated that electric welding
might lie desired. However, this is rather an expensive ,pro-
position, and many electrical engineers would prefer to ac-
complish the same result in a simi)ler manner. .\ recently-
developed portalile outlet panel manufactured by the West-
inghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company takes care of
this situation with a minimum of expense and with all the
simplicity of tlie familiar distributing system for storage l)at-
tery charging.

Two types of portable outlet panels are furnished, both
being mounted on liglit trucks. They consist of a control
panel mounting a handle trip railway type circuit lireaker
having overload release, with magnetic blowout, and a i:i-
point face plate connected to a resister mounted in the rear
of the panel. The face of the panel is protected by a metal
cover, through which the handles of the rheostat and circuit-
breaker project. The resister is made up of grids, and is pro-
tected by a cage of expanded metal. Type E panel is intended
for metal electrode welding only, having a capacity of from
SO to 170 amperes. With this outfit one metal electrode holder
and one shield are supplied. For a wider range of work a
Type F panel should be used. This will handle metal elec-
trode work from 80 to 160 amperes, and light .graphite elec-
trode work up to .SOO amperes. The outfit includes one metal
electrode liolder, one graphite electrode Iiolder. and one
mask.

In installing an electric welding system using these port-
able panels, the best method is to place a Westinghouse arc
welding motor generator set at some central point. Where
suitable low resistance ground connection can readily be
made throughout the shop, as, for instance, where metal floors
or cast-iron liedplates are in general use or in a railway shop
where the track system can be used, only one connector need
be extended to the various receptacles. The iron floor plates
may be arc-welded to each other and isolated sections tied
together by an iron rod or heavy copper cable, while the track

rails may be bonded by arc-welding the fish-plates to the
rails. Receptacles should then be provided at suitable points
throughout the shop of a capacity appropriate for the service
for which they are intended. These rceptacles may readily be
mounted out of doors if they are provided with protection
from the weather. Only single-pole receptacles and a single
wire cable to the portable panel need be provided. This cable
should be of sufficient length so that the panel may be placed
as near as possible to the work in order to save steps and
valuable time for the welding operator. The flexible cable
leading from the panel to the electrode holder should be as
short as is consistent to the class of work to be done.

Where metal floors or tracks are not available, the ordin-
ary two-wire system of distribution, with double-pole outlets
and two-wire cables, should be provided.

'Ill

THE F.LF.t TRirAT. NEWS

Frl}|-unrv I, i'.Hi^

To Patch Japan-Finished Surfaces

When tin- black enamel or japan finish on nintors, .uen-
i-ralors, i.r in fact any electrical apparatus, has chipped off or
has been knocked of^ by rough usage, common black paint is
often used to cover up the spots. Such painted patches are
scratched easily and soon lose their luster. A much better
substitute can be secured by using the following mixture:
.Asphalt, one pound; lamp black, one-quarter pound; resin,
one-half pound; spirits of turpentine, one quart, and enough
linseed oil to make the lampblack into a paste before mix-
ing it with the other ingredients. Mix thoroughly and apply
with a varnish brush. — Electrical Review.

"Contact" — A New Westinghouse Dealer Magazine

To stimulate dealer interest and co-operation, the West-
inghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company has begun the
issuance of a monthly publication this month. This new
paper is to be known as "Contact." and is the same size
as the Saturday Evening Post, to permit effective display
of its contents and full scale reproduction of advertisements in
national mediums. The new magazine will replace the West-
inghouse company's monthly "Merchandising Calendar," and
also the special publications distributed on merchandising
campaigns, which are issued from time to time throughout
the year. The intention is to make "Contact" a clearing house
of ideas for Westinghouse distributors. Whether these ideas
cover window display, stock accounting, stock arrangement,
canvassing or any merchandising problem, they will be wel-
come in its columns. New sales ideas, successful campaigns,
plans for more business, for bigger profits, for better ser-
vice from employees are being solicited by Westinghouse
representatives throughout their trade. The first issue con-
tains articles on getting rid of after-Christmas stock; bigger
profits by better planning of advertising according to a
definite schedule; sales letters that "bring home the bacon;"
the value of the proper spending of our money in winning
the war.

Personals

Mr, Philip Pocock was recently elected chairman of the
London, Ont., public utilities board.

Mr. H. S. Shearer has been appointed manager of the
Smith's Falls Hydro-electric System.

Mr. R. H. Long, formerly electrical superintendent of
the Winnipeg Electric Railway Company, has been appointed
power sujK'rintcndent,

Mr. James Wilson, assistant secretary-treasurer of the
Three T<ivers Traction Company, Three Rivers, Que., has
been appointed secretary-treasurer.

Mr. E. G. Mack, managing director Crousc-Hinds Com-
pany of Canada, has been elected a member of the Council
of the Toronto Board of Trade.

Mr. Walter R. McRae, chief mechanical superintendent
of the Toronto Railway Company, has recently been elected
a member of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers.

Mr. W. R. Way, Montreal, of McGill University, has
been awarded the Student's Prize of the Canadian Society
of Civil Engineers for a paper on "Insulated Power Cables."

Lieut.-Col. C. H. Mitchell has been mentioned for the
fourth time in despatches and, simultaneously, it is announced
that he has been awarded the Croix de Guerre by King .\1-
bert of Belgium on the occasion of his recent removal to
the Italian theatre of the war.

Major George C. Royce has been appointed Commandant
of the Canadian Hospital at Bromley, Eng. Major Royce re-
cently relinquished the rank of Colonel in order to get over-
seas. For some time previously he had been in command
of the interment camp at Kapuskasing, Ont.

Mr. Howard Murray has been made an officer of the new
I irder of the I'.ritish I'.mpire. Mr. Murray was for many
years connected with the Shawinigan Water and Power Com-
pany, as treasurer and vice-president. Several months ago
he accepted a position witli the Inijjerial Munitions Board.
Ottawa.

Mr. Guy E. Tripp, of Xew York, heretofore chairman of
the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, has
been appointed by the War Department as chief of the pro-
duction division of the Ordnance Department, entrusted with
the task of supervising and stimulating the production of all
ordnance supplies. Mr. Tripp has been given a commission
as colonel.

Mr. Charles F. Gray, M.I.E.E.. M..\.I.E.E.. consulting
electrical en.gineer. \\'innipe.g, Man., was again elected, at
the last civic election, to the position of Controller, in charge
of Street Commissioner's Department, Fire Department,
Civic Offices, Assessment Department, Building Inspection,
Library and Public Baths. .\t the organization meeting of
the Council Mr. (iray was also placed on the Police Com-
mission.

Mr. Frank D. Laurie has been appointed manager of the
Hamilton branch of the Bell Telephone Company, in succes-
sion to the late Mr. G. D. Richmond. Mr. Laurie has been
manager of the company's branch at Chatham, in whose muni-
cipal life he took an active part, having been chairman of the
Board of Education and also alderman. He is succeeded at
Chatham by Mr. R. L. Stratton. manager of the company's
Owen Sound exchange.

Lieut.-Col. Campbell Stuart, of Montreal, has received the
title of Knight Commander nf the Order of the British Em-
pire. He is vice-chairman of the London headquarters of the
British Mission to .'\mcrica. Prior to that he was in the em-
ploy of the Bell Telephone Company in Manitoba, subse-
quently becoming senior partner in the firm of Stuart, Drink-
water & Hingston, and vice-president and managing director
of the A. B. See Electric Elevator Company of Canada, Mont-
real. After joining the Irish-Canadian Rangers as captain he
was promoted to lieutenant-colonel and sent to Washington
as an attache of the British War Mission.

Obituary

Mr. George Kcnric Boright. formerly on the staff of the
Canadian Westin.ghouse Company, died on January \0, at the
home of his parents, Cowansville. P.Q.. aged iZ years. He
graduated at McGill in 1910, ranking second in the electrical
engineering class of that year. Mr. Boright spent about a
year and a half at the works of the Westinghouse Company,
Hamilton, and later was transferred to Montreal, where for
three and a half years he was on the technical staff. He was
ill for several months, suffering from tuberculosis, and in
.September went to the Laurentian Mountains.

Mr. Charles B. Ellis, superintendent of supply sales of
the Canadian General Electric Company, Montreal, died in
the Homeopathic Hospital, after two weeks' illness, aged 41.
Death followed an operation necessitated by an injury re-
ceived in the Boer war. .\n Englishman by birth, he was
for many years connected with the Canadian electrical busi-
ness, holding a position in the Northern Electric Company
prior to joining the Canadian General Electric a few months
ago. There was a very large attendance of representatives
of electrical interests at the funeral.

According to official statistics, during lOlC municipalities
in the Province of Quebec increased their holdings in electric
plants from $2,867,801 to $4,10">,00]. while those in telephone
systems declined from $.'i07,2:i0 to .$75,105.

Fi'lini.-nv 1, KM.-

•rTIl' lU.ia'TRICAL NI'.WS

PHILLIPS' CABLES

as supplied to the Toronto Hydro Electric System

These illustrations show cross sections in the original size of cables recently supplied to the
T. H. E. System and reordered by them for further extensions. The specifications are as follows. —
Conductors composed of 37 strands each, .082 in. diameter. Thickness of dielectric on each conduc-
tor, .210 in. Thickness in belt, .210 in. Thickness of lead sheath, .160 in. Overall .diameter, 2.61 in.,
250,000 CM. Three Conductor, Paper Insulated, and plain Lead Covered Cable for 13,200 volts. We
can supply you with virires and cables of any size for Power, Lighting, Telephone, Telegraph, etc.

Write us for detailed information.

NOTE. — Specification of cable in left-hand cut: 3'0 B. and S.
Three conductor. Each conductor 19 strands, each .094 in. diam.
Thickness of dielectric on each conductor, .21 in. Thickness of dielec-
tric on belt, .21 in. Thickness of lead sheath, .15 in. Overall diameter.
2.60.

Specification of cable in right-hand cut: As stated in copy.

Eugene F. Phillips Electrical Works, Ltd.

Head Office and Factory: MONTREAL

Branches : Toronto

Winnipeg

Regina

Calgary

Vancouver

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

FcbriKirv 1, 1!>1«

Current News and Notes

Alliston, Ont.

It is expected the Hydro transmission line from Barne
to Alliston will be completed as far as Cookstown shortly
and that it will reach Alliston early in February.

Bassano, Alta.

The purchase of an electrically-driven pumpin.i? unit is
under consideration by the Water Works Department. Bas-
sano, Alta.

Coleraine, Que.

The Canadian General Electric Company has (d)tained
the contract for the entire electrical equipment of the Ben-
nett-Martin Asbestos & Chrome Mines, Limited, Coleraine.
P.Q., for which Mr. M. A. Sammett. Montreal, is the con-
sulting engineer. The equipment consists of three 300 kv.a.
self-cooled, oil-insulated, 4.5.000 volt tran.sformers; one fiSO
h.p.; one 275 h.p.; one 150 h.p.. and one 25 h.p. induction
motors; an automatic induction regulator; switchboard pan-
els for the control of the motors, and some miscellaneous
auxiliary apparatus. The equipment is of :iO, cycles. A trans-
mission line, 4 miles long, will be constructed, the insulations
to be supplied by the Canadian Porcelain Company, Hamil-
ton, and the wire by the Canadian Wire & Cable Company.
Toronto. .\ contract for power has been closed with the
Shawini.gan Water and Power Company, connection being
with a sub-station at Black Lake, P.Q.

Elora, Ont.

At a recent meeting of the Elora, Ont., Hydro-electric
Commission Mr. T. E. Lipsey was elected chairman for the
coming year. It was reported that the local system is in a
splendid and paying condition.

Eugenia Falls, Ont.

Work is progressing favorably on the extension to the
Hydro development at Eugenia Falls. This work includes
the installation of a 4,000 h.p. unit and extension to the power
house to include additional transformer capacity and switch-
ing equipment. It is expected the new unit will be in opera-
tion within four or five months.

Hamilton, Ont.

.\t a regular meeting of the Hamilton Hydro-electric
Commission, held recently, Mr. T. J. Stewart was elected
chairman for the year. The estimated annual revenue for
1017 was $123,050, as compared with $74,723 for 1910.

London, Ont.

It has been announced by the London Public Utilities
Board that plans have been completed for a $60,000 addition
to the Hydro power station.

Montreal, Que.

The Southern Canada Power Company. Montreal, are
contemplatin.g the construction of about 100 miles of high
tension transmission line and have asked tenders on poles,
cross-arms, insulators, cross-arm braces, wire and other ma-
terial.

Nelson, B.C.

The Waneta Power Company. Limited, has been incor-
porated with a capital of $1,500,000; head office, Nelson. B.C.
The new company will take over the development and
assets of the W'aneta Development Company, Limited.

Newboro, Ont.

The ratepayers of the village of Newboro. Ont., recently
carried a by-law to have their electric lighting brought in

from Bedford Mills. .\ 20-light incandescent street lighting
system will be installed in the early spring. Supplies re-
quired by the manager of the Xewboro electric plant.

Perth, Ont.

The Perth Hydro Commission, recently organized, con-
sists of Mr. W. B. Hart, as chairman: Mr. J. H. Echlin and
Mayor Hands. Mr. K. J. Smith is secretary.

Petrolia, Ont.

The Hydro-electric Commission of Petrolia. Ont.. rcpiTi
that for ilie ten months ending Xovcmbcr, lsn7, the total
revenue amciunted to $15,407, as compared witli $4.7:i!l in lOIO.

Rossland, B.C.

The annual rei)ort of the West Kootenay Power and
Light Company for the year endin.g .\ugust ;^1, 1917, shows
that the net surplus amounted to $30,930, as compared with
$70,827 for 191(>. This was. however, after writing off $99,-
736 for plant depreciation and providing $182,666 for divi-
dends on preferred and common shares. For the year end-
ing .\ugust 31, 19111. the revenue producing load was 11.-
152 h.p., and in 1917. 22,511 h.p. New contracts have been
secured which promise to add very substantially to the com-
pany's earnings.
Stratford, Ont.

The work of building a new 26.000 volt sub-station at
Stratford. CJnt., and installin.g the necessary equipment is
jiractically completed. .Ml municipalities supplied from -this
station will receive their power at 36.400 volts instead of
13.200 volts as at present.
Sudbury, Ont.

It is stated that the impossibility of getting power at
less than $4(i per h.p. may lead to the British-.^merican
Nickel Company, of Sudbury, abandoning plans to erect a
nickel refinery in that district. The company, it is further
reported, is looking to Ottawa as a possible site, where
the Hydro Commission have a surplus of power available for
immediate use.
Toronto, Ont.

Negotiations are proceedin.g with a view to the acquire-
ment by the Hydro-electric Power Commission of Ontario
of the Essex County Light and Power Company's plant and
business which is at present owned by the Detroit Edison
Company and supplies power to Windsor, Walkerville, Sand-
wich and Essex.

The Hydro-electric Power Commission of Ontario have
awarded contracts for two generators and turbines for the
extension of their Ontario Power Company's plant at Niag-
ara Falls. The generators. 15.000 kv.a. capacity, are being
supplied by the Canadian Cjeneral Electric Company. The
turbines have been purchased in the L'nited States and will
be shipjied immediately.
Vancouver, B.C.

.\n electric lighting plant will, it is understood, be in-
stalled at the shijjbuilding yards of J. J. Coughlan & Sons.
X'ancouver. B.C.; also twelve electrically operated cranes.
Winnipeg, Man.

Gross earnin.gs of the Winnipeg Electric Railway, ac-
cording to returns made to the city, amounted to $1,088.-
756 in 1917. being a decrease of $1,322,413, or 40 per cent.
The municipality gets five per cent, on gross, or $99,437, be-
sides $20 on each car. Net earnings are not yet available.

Ffhruary l.j, 1018

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Published Semi-Monthly By

HUGH G. MACLEAN, LIMITED

HUGH C. MacLEAN, Winnipeg, President.
THOMAS S. YOUNG, General Manager.
W. R. CARR, Ph.D., Editor.

HEAD OFFICE - 347 Adelaide Street West, TORONTO

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SUBSCRIBERS

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or delay in delivery of paper.

Authorized by the Postmaster General for Canada, for transmission
as second class matter.

Entered as second class matter July ISth, 1914, at the PostofBce at
Buffalo^ N. Y., under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

Vol. 27

Toronto, February 15, 1918

No. 4

Can We Avoid a Recurrence of "Heat" Short-
age ?— Not Unless We Act Promptly

The people of Ontario and Quebec will now realize, as
many have not done heretofore, that the fuel situation is
one of the big problems calling for solution in the immediate
future. So long as our coal supplies continued to come in
regularly the tendency of the public has been to close their
eyes to the narrow margin of safety on which we have been
operating for some years. Now, however, after all classes of
our citizens have felt the pinch and have realized that we are
dependent for our future comfort not entirely on the friend-
ship of the United States, but also on the ability of that coun-
try to supply our needs in the way of coal, it is reasonably cer-
tain that about the most uppermost thought in everybody's
mind to-day is — what can we do? How can we prevent a
repetition of our present winter discomfort and disorgan-
ization of business?

The province of Ontario and the western portion of the
province of Quebec, being farthest removed from the Can-
adian coal fields, are naturally most vitally concerned with
the solution of the coal shortage problem. It is no great
strain of the imagination to foresee heavy fatalities in the
future due to fuel shortage. There is comparatively little
left throughout the country in the way of forests, and the
"cry-out" that farmers are hauling coal out of the city when
they ought to be using wood simply demonstrates that wood
is not easily available. If it were otherwise, indeed, such ex-
tortion as we read of in the local press in the way of wood
prices could not exist. There is evidently a shortage of

wood, just as there is of coal; the shortage of labor in the
country accentuates the difficulty.

To prevent real calamity, therefore, there is plainly no
alternative course open to us than to utilize whatever other
sources of heat supply we can lay our hands on. We have
a considerable quantity of peat in these two provinces. Years
ago it was demonstrated- that this could be worked up into
marketable form. No action has ever been taken, how-
ever, on account of the cost — it might not pay, in competi-
tion with coal at the prices then prevailing. Under the con-
ditions of to-day these areas should be exploited at once that
a supply may be available for next winter.

Then, there is the almost inexhaustible lignite supply of
western Canada. Some time ago this situation was investi-
gated by the Industrial Research Council and a recommenda-
tion made to the government that some half-million dollars
be expended on a plant for briquetting this fuel into a form
suitable for shipment. Cost of carriage may prohibit its
shipment into the central and eastern parts of Ontario under
normal conditions, but. again, cost may not always be the
determining factor, and such a plant, as a safeguard, would
be a fine asset to the people of Canada. Our government,
therefore, in our opinion, should immediately proceed with
the construction of a plant, as recommended, to be added
to as experience is gained.

Finally, there is our water powers. It is a simple fact
that much suffering has been avoided in the larger towns
and cities of Ontario and Quebec during the past two months
by the use of electric heat. An example is a case of pneu-
monia in an apartment house which ran entirely out of
coal and where a satisfactory and instant substitute was found
in a couple of electric heaters. And in thousands of homes
and offices it has been used as an auxiliary. Paradoxical as
It may seem, electric heaters, even where operated by steam
plants, have been very real fuel conservers. for by supplying
localized heat, they have made it possible to operate the
main heating system of many homes at a very much lower
capacity. It seems specially urgent, therefore, that every
encouragement and assistance should be given to develop-
ment of our water powers so that they may be available as
a substitute for coal at the earliest possible moment.

We have reached a stage where "first cost" is not the
prime consideration. Since we cannot do without fuel we
must needs pay what it costs. In view of the experiences of
the present winter the duty of our government is to safe-
guard us against their recurrence. Since this will take time
a start should be made without further delay.

A Matter Easily Adjusted by the
Power Controller

Sir .\dam Beck is reported as having made the state-
ment that one of the power generating companies at Niagara
Falls is deliberately operating at less than full capacity— ap-
parently having in mind the Electrical Development Com-
pany. Either the charge is true or it is not true.

If it is true, in view of present electric power shortage,
such action is nothing short of criminal. However, there
was recently appointed, by the Dominion Government, a
Power Controller, whose business it is to look into just
such matters. Without a shadow of a doubt he has power
to investigate operating conditions in the generating plant
of the Electrical Development Company. If the plant is
operating under capacity he has ample power to apply a
remedy. If he does not know or. knowing, has not applied
the remedy, he is criminally negligent in the performance
of his duty.

If what Sir .\dam Beck charged is not true he should
have known that it was not true and should not have laid

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

February 15, 1918

himself open to the implication that he was trying to ex-
tricate himself from a most difficult position by laying the
blame on others.

Two New Supplementary Orders

The Power Controller lias thrown a little further li^ht on
his order of January 8 by the following additional order, dated
Fciiruary 4, which reads as follows;

In the matter of '"The War Measures Act 1914."

In the matter of the order-in-conncil, dated November fi,
191T. numbered P. C. 3142, and the order of January 8, 19.1S,
issued as Power Controller appointed under the said order-in-
council, and in pursuance of the powers thereby conferred.

Whereas by the said order of January 8, 1918, purchasers
and consumers of electrical energy in the districts of Western
Ontario served by power generated by the Niagara River
were, inter alia, prohibited from using such energy for "ad-
vertising purposes or ornamental lighting."

And whereas a doubt has been raised wliether such pro-
hibition applies to window and other display lighting.

It is therefore ordered and declared that the words "ad-
vertising purposes or ornamental lighting" include the light-
ing of windows and other display lighting; and the said order
shall be read accordingly.

Dated at Ottawa this fourth day of February, A.D. 1918.
(S.gd.) H. L. Drayton,

Power Controller,

This is supplemented by a similar order, signed by W. W.
Pope, secretary of the Hydro-Electric Commission, as fol-
lows:

In the matter of the order of the Power Controller, bear-
ing date the 8th day of January, 1918, and his declaratory
order respecting the same bearing date the 4th day of Febru-
ary, 1918, copy of which is hereto attached, and the commis-
sion's order, bearing date January 8, 1918.

Whereas by the said order of the Hydro-Electric Power
Commision of Ontario of January 8, 1918, all municipalities,
commissions, companies, or persons being supplied with elec-
trical power and energy by the commision, were, inter alia,
on and after the 15th day of January, 1918, prohibited from
using such energy for advertising purposes or ornamental
lighting.

And whereas a doubt has arisen as to whether such order
applies to window lighting, it is therefore ordered and direct-
ed that the words "advertising purposes or ornamental light-
ing" includes the lighting of windows and other display light-
ing; and the said order shall be read accordingly, and shall
take efifect from and after the 5th day of February and remain
in force until further notice.

Dated at Toronto, this 4th day of F'ebruary, A.D. 1918.
Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario,
W. W. Pope, Secretary.

This is evidently to be interpreted as meaning that all
w'indow lighting must lie disctmtinued.

Tax on Public Utilities

In the Quebec Legislature the matter of placing a tax of
5 per cent, on the property in the streets of public utility com-
panies was discussed a few days ago. The first idea of charg-
ing 5 per cent, on the gross receipts of such coi-npanies was
abandoned. Mr. Laurendeau said the value of such property
was $6,400,000. Aime GeofYrion, K.C., appeared for the Mont-
real Light, Heat and Power Company, and said that his com-
pany was willing to contriljute to help meet the deficit, and
were agreed on the principle of paying for a period of three
years, but believed 5 per cent, was altogether too high, and
suggested 1 per cent. He pointed to the taxes that the com-
l)any was paying Montreal already; also to the fact that the

real estate tax was going up. and that, under a recent judg-
ment of the court, the utility companies had to pay not only
for the share of the underground conduits that their wires
occupied, but also for a proportion of the vacant space, the
conduits having been made larger than necessary in order to
provide for new companies. If the tax was made unduly
high, the efifect would have to fall upon the users of gas
chiefly, and this class of people were poor.

Leon Garneau, K.C., spoke for the Bell Telephone Com-
pany. "Don't you think that the company charges enough
for phones?" asked Mr. Mayrand (Dorion).

"That is a reason for not forcing the conipanj- to raise
the rates by making an application to the Dominion Railway
Commission," said Mr Garneau. "Heavy taxes will force the
company to apply for an increase."

Alphonse Decary, K.C., appeared tor the Montreal Water
and Power Company, and pointed out that his clients were in
a different position to the other utility companies. The com-
pany for twenty-iive years had not been able to pay a single
cent of dividend.

Alderman Turcot, deputy for Liiurier, said the company
charged 7J4 per cent, for water, and Mr. Decary said that,
notwithstanding charges, there was no profit,' and the com-
pany was unable, because of its iron-clad contracts, to raise
the price of water, and there was no reason for forcing an-
other heavy burden upon it. The telephone and electric
companies could raise their rates: the Water and Power Com-
pany could not do so.

Mr. David, of Terrebonne, asked for a suggestion as to
what would be reasonable, and Mr, Decary mentioned 1 per
cent. Sir Lomer Gouin closed the argument by saying that
all the companies were agreed on the principle of paying this
surtax to aid in the city for a period of three years, and the
only question was to determine what rate should be charged.
He asked Mr. GeofTrion for another (luotation, and Mr. Geof-
frion said he was willing to have the rate 2 per cent. The
committee made it 5 per cent., except in the case of the Mont-
real Water and Power Cmnpany, this being fixed at I per
cent.

Sir Lomer remarked that $:!()(), ooo among the public utili-
ties companies would nut be a great thing. The sources of
revenue had to be increased. The tax was not an attack on
cai)ital, but the deficit had to be met.

Conservation of Canadian Trade

.^n interesting booklet, entitled "Conservation of Cana-
dian Trade," a discussion of trade conditions after the war,
the necessity for preparedness, responsibility of the govern-
ment, with some valuable suggestions relating thereto, by
Hon. F'rederic Nicholls, president and managing director of
the Canadian General Electric Company, has just been pub-
lished. Senator Nicholls is chairman of a special committee
of the Senate of Canada on Conservation of Canadian Trade,
and the booklet is chiefly a reproduction of certain of his ad-
dresses and letters that have dealt so forcefully, in the Senate
and elsewhere, with the facts concerning this important ques-
tion. In the "foreword" Senator Nicholls points to the un-
certainty of trade conditions after the war, wdiich is causing
grave anxiety to business men throughout Canada, and adds:

"The balance of trade is now greatly in our favor, and
Canada is prosperous; in fact, so prosperous that little heed is
being given to preparation for the inevitable 'slump' that will
be experienced when the demand for our output diminishes
and present high prices are no longer current.

"Undoubtedly much could be accomplished by the mobil-
ization of our resources, intelligent co-operation in producing
and selling, and courageous effort on the part of the govern-
ment, which is well advised as to the problems to be met.

"In time of war we should prepare for peace and it will be

Fcliniarv l."i. I'.llS

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

2:;

unfitting to our dignity as a patriotic and resourceful Doniin-
ion if prompt and decisive preparations are not made to meet
the new conditions which we will sonn he called upon to
face."

The booklet is timely and the subject matter is presented
in sucli a masterly fasliion that it demands the earnest study
of all thinkin" Canadians.

Splendid Lectures Before the Electric Club
of Toronto

(In Friday, February 1. Col. G. G. Xasmith, Ph.D.. C.M.G..
addressed the F.lectric Club of Toronto, describing the sys-
tem prevailing in France for keeping the men fit. This in-
volved, among other things, special precautionary measures
regarding food and water, especially the latter, and the im-
mediate and complete isolation of all cases of contagious dis-
ease. Among many other gratifying evidences of the effici-
ency of the organization of the Army Medical Department,
Col. Xasmith mentioned the incredible speed with which the
sick and wounded are frequently transported across the chan-
nel, the space of twenty-four hours being sufficient, in many
cases, to make the transfer from the front line trenches to a
comfortable hospital ward in England. Col. Nasmith's work
was more particularly associated with the purification of the
supply of water, for his notable achievements in which con-
nection, it will be remembered, he received his decoration.

Professor .\lfred Baker was the guest of the Club and
the speaker on February !.">. He spoke on a most interesting
phase of after-the-war problems — the probability that Canada
or England would find the national debt so burdensome as to
retard commercial recuperation. By comparing the fi,gures
for population, trade, productivity and debt following pre-
vious wars, with the probably corresponding fi.gures when
the present war is over, he was able to demonstrate that the
British Empire, unless tlie war drags on interminably, will
emerge from it under much more favorable conditions than
has been the case following previous wars. Regarding the
probable shortage of money, which is so generally deplored,
it was pointed out by Professor Baker that, like the small
bullet, which ow^es its destructiveness to its speed, so the
smaller amount of money can he made tremendously effective
by rapid turnovers.

The speaker made an interesting allusion, in passing, to
tlie probable outcome of the so-called socialistic movement.
VVe are all socialists, more or less, and there are many prac-
tical examples at work in our midst to-day. Free schools
is one example, national railways another. It is the extreme
socialism that is objectionable. The problem will best be
solved by utilizing the best elements in the socialistic pro-
gramme. Just as repulilicanism has been avoided and the
best form oi government in the world — a limited monarchy —
has been preserved to us by a reco.gnition of the most rea-
sonable features of democracy, so socialism in its objection-
able form will be disarmed by the absorption into our exist-
ing constitution of such parts of the socialistic creed as will
tend to bring closer together into a mutual understanding
those elements in our citizen life which at the moment seem
to be out of tune.

Activities of the American Institute

It is generally the case with the meetings of the A.I.E.E.
that a non-technical subject for a lecture results in a very
poorly attended meeting. This, however, was not the case
on Friday, February 1st, when Prof. A. P. Coleman addressed
the Toronto section. Fully fifty-five members and their
friends were present, and there is no question that everybody
appreciated to the full the description by Dr. Coleman of his
recent trip across the South .\merican continent. The lec-

ture was illustrated by a wonderful series of lantern slides,
reproduced from photographs and from personal waler-col-
orcd sketches, for which the professor is widely famed.

On Friday, February ]"ith, the Section is to have the
privilege of a paper by Mr. C. R. Dooley, of the Westing-
house Company, Pittsburgh, on the subject, "Training Men
for Industry." As a lecturer, Mr. Dooley has few equals, and
IS it anticipated that this meeting will be perhaps the most
successful of the whole season. It is anticipated that several
gentlemen of some importance in the field of vocational
education will be present to discuss this many-sided subject.
.\ well-known Canadian engineer who is acquainted with
Mr. Dooley 's work, says: "Mr. Dooley has spent many years
studying the technical educational problem from an aspect
which it is almost impossible for a university educationalist
to obtain. He has been culling the wheat from the chafT
in the regular run of college graduates from nearly all
.American and Canadian universities. He has also developed,
in connection with some of the foremost electrical engineers
of the country, a system of education to supply the special
needs of the VVestinghouse Company

Several Canadian engineers have recently been elected
to the standing committees of the .\.I.E.E. .-Xmong these
may be mentioned:.

Mr. Wills Maclachlan (membership).

Mr, W. G. Gordon (transportation).

Mr. H. B. Dwight (transmission and distribution).

Mr. W. L. Bird (power stations).

.\ paper presented by Mr. Harry Baker, of the Ontario
Power Company, to the Toronto Section last fall, on the sub-
ject of testing current transformers, has been accepted for
publication in the Proceedings of the Institute, and will
shortly be available in the form of reprints.

B. C. E. R. Activities

At the first annual meeting of the B. C. Electric OlTice
Employees' Association of Vancouver, held January 14th.
favorable reports were read of the first year's work, and
the coming year is expected to be even more successful.
The following officers were elected at the meeting: George
Kidd (general manager), hon. president; W. G. Murrin (as-
sistant general manager), hon. vice-president; A. E. Chambers,
president; E. E. Walker, vice-president; P. Lewis, secretary;
J. V. Armstrong, treasurer. The executive is: R, Carver, F.
E. Reid, J. Lightbody, E. Fatkin, C. Cook, O. C. Mix, A. For-
syth. S. A. Horner, H. Findlay. P. Runcie. .\. Manfield. J.
Munro. R. \'. Moss, W. G. Chandler, J. G. Richardson, F.
Potts, E. W. Arnott. F. Fisher. John McNee and Jas. Bald-
win, and Misses Reid. Gaerdes. H. Langley and Chadncy.
with three others to be appointed. The social club com-
mittee elected were. R. Lyon, Potts. Graham. Manfield and
R. P. Eraser.

Girls for Meter Readers

The Binghamlon Light, Heat & Power Com-
pany, of Binghamton. N.Y., has employed girls
to read meters and deliver bills. It has been
found advisable to do this on account of the
general labor condition, and it is in line with
the policy adopted about six months ago of em-
ploying girls in all branches of the work where
it is feasible to do so. thereby releasing as many
men as possible for war service.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Fchi-uary lo. 1!)1.S

Report on Inductive Interference

The Joint Committee on Inductive Interference, organ-
ized in December, 1912, by the California Railroad Commis-
sion and authorized to conduct an investigation of the prob-
lem of inductive interference to communication circuits by
l)arallel power circuits has completed its work, after con-
tinuously investigating this subject for over five years, at a
cost of over $100,000. borne jointly by the interested rail-
road, power, and communication companies and the Cal-
ifornia Railroad Commission. The investigation has obtained
results of great consequence to electrical engineers in all
liranches of engineering, particularly to railways, power, tele-
phone and telegraph companies, and to manufacturers of
electrical apparatus. A knowledge of the work done and the
re,>iulls accomplished will prove indispensable also to such
public utility commissions and other pu1)lic authorities ^s
have jurisdiction over the service of railways and power
and communication companies. Some of the general con-
clusions have been published by the technical press at dif-
ferent times during the progress of the investigation, but
practically none of the technical data have thus far been made
generally available. From time to time during the course of
this work technical reports have been prepared which give
the data obtained from tlie tests and the results and con-
clusions derived from both the tests and the theoretical
studies. Thirty of these technical reports have been selected
as being of such general interest and applicability as to war-
rant publication. In addition to the technical reports the
publication will contain final recommendations for rules for
the prevention and mitigation of inductive interference and
valualile historical matter concerning the investigation with
general and technical discussions on the subject. The book
will have a complete index and contain approximately 1,000
pages, with over 400 drawings and 30 photographs. The
publication is contingent upon obtaining, in advance, a suffi-
cient number of subscriptions to cover the actual cost of
printin.g and binding. Anyone interested in possessing a
copy should make application, immediately, to the Com-
mission, at 833 Market Street, San Francisco. Cal.

Summary of Recommendations

The feport gives the following as the seven "basic phy-
sical principles which underly the rules recommended and
which should guide all efforts to prevent inductive interfer-
ence:"

1. Avoidance of close proximity.

2. Elimination or suppression of harmonics.

3. Limitation of residuals.

4. Reduction of intensity of induction by favoraljle ar-

rangement of conductors.

5. Neutralization of induction by coordinated transposi-

tion systems.

fi. Balancing of metallic communication circuits.

7. High grade construction and care in the operation
and maintenance of power circuits.

A brief summary of the recommended rules follows:

The first section, entitled: "General Provisions," provides
for: (a) Applicability of the rules. Rules on operation and
maintenance are to apply throughout; rules for specific par-
allels, to cases hereafter created; rules not limited to lines
involved in a parallel, to new construction and in the event
(if reconstruction; (b) Co-operation; (c) Method of remedy
involving the least total cost; (d) Existing parallels are to
be cared for with due diligence, depending on the seriousness
of their effects.

The sociind section consists wholly of definitions.

Tlie third section, entitled: "Location of Lines," requires:
(a) Avoidance of parallelism wherever practicable, (b) Ad-
vance notice of intention to construct a line which will create
a parallel, (c) The distance between parallel lines to l)e made
as great and as uniform as practicable. Where other reme-
dies fail, the separation is to be increased, (d) and (e) Par-
allels shall be as short, and as free from discontinuities as
practicable. Unnecessary crossings of hi.ghways are to be
avoided.

The fourth section, entitled: "Design and Construction
of Lines," (a) Requires attention to quality and workman-
ship to prevent failures causing interference, (b) Considera-
tion of the configuration of power circuits is required, also
the avoidance of excessive spacing, long two-wire branches
from three phase lines, and single v\'ire grounded circuits.
(c) Power circuits are to be transposed throughout their
lengths with barrels of 6 to 12 miles, exceptin.g lines under
12.5 kv. with grounded neutrals, and certain lines located
on private rights of way. Existing power circuits are to be
transposed outside parallels hereafter created when necessary
for capacitance balance, with regard to discontinuities, (d)
Inside parallels an adequate transposition scheme, consist-
ing of co-ordinated transpositions in the power and com-
munication lines, if the latter are metallic, is to be installed,
determined by co-operative study. In general, at least one
barrel shall be placed in the power circuit. At highway sep-
arations from telephone lines, three mile barrels should or-
dinarily be employed. For parallels with telegraph lines six_
mile barrels are ordinarily sufficient. The most economical
scheme and utilization of existing transpositions are to l)e
considered.

The fifth section is entitled: "Design, Construction, and
Arrangement of Apparatus." It provides for: (a) Quality
and arran,gement of apparatus to minimize interference, (b)
Rotating machinery should have good wave form. Grounds
on generators are to be avoided, unless the arrangements arc
such as to avoid unbalancing the circuit and introducing
residuals, (c) Transformer exciting currents should be as
low as is consistent with good practice (for most cases less
than 10 per cent, at normal voltage). Grounded single phase,
grounded three-wire two-phase, and grounded open-star three-
phase connections are prohibited. Star connected auto trans-
formers with grounded neutrals on three-phase lines in par-
allels must also have low-impedance, delta-connected wind-
ings, or other equivalent means of suppressing triple har-
monic residuals, (d) Auxiliary devices to prevent distortion of
the waves by rectifiers, etc., are to be installed where neces-
sary, (e) One oil switch with poles mechanically intercon-
nected for simultaneous operation is required Ijetween a par-
allel and the source of supply of the power line to operate
automatically in case of abnormal conditions, except where
an operator is on duty. Consideration is to be given to
switching arrangements to minimize transients. Where air-
break or single-pole oil switches cause trouble, oil-switches
with poles interconnected are to be used, (f) Fuses are to
be avoided for main lines in parallels, (g) Electrolytic lightn-
ing arresters are to be equipped to minimize their disturbing
effects, (h) Indicating devices are to be provided at supply
stations to give warning of abnormal conditions, and am-
meters are to be installed in important neutral-ground con-
nections, (i) Apparatus for metallic communication cir-
cuits is to be well balanced.

The sixth, and last, section, is entitled: "Operation and
Maintenance," and requires: (a) All reasonable care by power
and communication interests to minimize interference and,
in particular: (b) Prevention of mechanical* and electrical
failures which would cause or promote transient disturb-
ances and unbalanced loads, (c) Daily record nf current in
(Continued on pagre -SI)

February lo. lOlS

llll': ELECTRICAI. NEWS

Canadian Waters and Water Powers

Report of Commission of Conservation on Progress of Last Twelve Months'

Work— B.C. Data Soon Available

We have now practically completed the prelimiiiarj- sur-
vey of the water-powers of Canada. The results have been
published with respect to every province except British Col-
uml)ia. and the report for that province is in the printer's
hands. During the past year, special efforts were made to
secure detailed information with regard to electric power
plants and systems throughout the Dominion. It is of great
practical importance in a country where advances are so
quickly made that such information should be accurate and
up to date. The report which is now in progress will com-
pletely cover this branch of the subject. The members of
the staff who are specially charged with the branches of
the work will give their reports to the Commission in detail,
and it is not necessary for me to anticipate what they will
say. I purpose, however, saying a few words on the general
features of tlie subject of hydro-electric power.

Power Progress in Ontario

The development of hydro-electric power in Canada,
and especially in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec, dur-
ing the last ten years has been almost incredible. .At the
beginning of the work of the Ontario Hydro-electric Power
Commission, the late Premier, Sir James Whitney, stated that
the Commission would not require so much as 10,000 h.p.
At this moment, the immediate requirements of the Hydro-
electric Power Commission in Ontario may be conservatively
stated~at 296,000 h.p.. upon which demand there is a present
shortage of about 70.000 h.p. A conservative estimate of the
amount of power actually in use in the city of Montreal and
its environs, is 22.5.000 h.p. The position with respect to
the province of Ontario, and especially with regard to Niagara
Falls, is one which should be considered with great care.
At the present time, the Hydro-electric Power Commission
is about 70,000 h.p. short, and it is not too much to say that
this shortage will very rapidly increase. I imderstand that
Sir Henry Drayton has reported to the Federal Government
that it is not practicable to withdraw this 70,000 h.p.. which
is presently- in demand, from the United States, to which it is
now being exported, for the reason that the power is neces-
sary for the use of plants which are producing essential war
material for Great Britain and her allies. The position. is,
therefore, that whereas 12 or 15 years ago. it was not thought
that the Hydro-electric Pow-er Commission could make use
of 10,000 h.p., and, accordingly, permits to export were more
or less freely given, there is now, in round fi.gures, an im-
mediate demand for liOO.OOO h.p., and the demand cannot be
satisfied.

St. Lawrence Power Situation

.\ situation analogous to that in which Niagara power
stood fifteen years ago. now exists on the St. Lawrence River.
.\ very large capacity for the development of power exists
upon the St. Law-rence. There is a considerable development
in the neighbourhood of Montreal, but the greater portion
of the power still remains undeveloped. ' .\ttempts are con-
stantly being made to fatally complicate the position with
respect to St. Lawrence power by securing the privilege of
private development, which will be followed by contracts
for the exportation of the power developed. I understand
that the Cedars Rapids company exports something like 60.000
h.p. per annum. .\n attempt was made some years ago to
secure the privile,L;e of developing the Long Sault power, the

purpose being to export the .greater portion of the power
in the interest of a manufacturing corporation on the United
States side of the line. This project was defeated, largely
through our eflforts. A similar project is now being pro-
moted, and we are resisting it with all our energy and we
trust with fair prospects of success. It is almost incredible
that any responsible man should be so short-sighted as to
favor this project in the face of the experience which we are
now undergoing at Niagara.

International Development Proposed
Within a very few years, there will be a demand for
every horse-power that can be developed on the St. Law-
rence River to which Canada is entitled for use upon the
Canadian side. The situation with regard to Niagara will
undoubtedly be duplicated, and if w'e are foolish enough to
allow vested interests to be created upon the other side of
the line, we shall inevitably find ourselves handicapped and
embarrassed as we now are with respect to Niagara power:
For myself, I have no doubt at all what ought to be done
with respect to the great powers dormant in the St. Law-
rence River. The United States Government is not inter-
ested in the corporations that are endeavoring to get pos-
session of the St. Lawrence powers from the other side.
Neither is the Canadian Government interested in the for-
tunes of the gentlemen who are promoting their projects
on the Canadian side. They are very few in number, and
their interests are confined entirely to themselves. What the
United States Government and the Canadian Government
alike are interested in is that there should be a fair division
of this power, that it should be developed in such a way
that the neighboring and tributary population should have
the use of it upon fair terms. A thorough study of the whole
question inevitablj' leads to the conclusion that there is only
one sound and satisfactory method of developing these pow-
ers, and that is by an international commission, under which
the greatest and the best use of the powers will be made, the
most economical development will be eflfected, a just and
equitable division of the power will take place and the gov-
ernments concerned will be able to administer the power
as the Hydro-electric Power Commission administer the
power of Niagara for the benefit of the people who are di-
rectly concerned in its use.

Not Public Ownership

This bold and progressive policy, if adopted by the
government of Canada, will undoubtedly command the sup-
port of our people. It is not a case of advocating what is
generally described as public or government ownership. We
have here a peculiar set of circumstances giving rise to a
problem that is capable of being solved in only one way.
and common sense indicates that we should solve it in that
manner.

A Word of Warning

Let me on this point add a word of warning. The insti-
tution of this Commission of Conservation arose as one of
the consequences of a conference which was called by Mr.
Roosevelt, then President of the United States, at Wash-
ington, some time ago. At or about that time. Mr. Roose-
velt pointed out in prophetic language how the people of
the L'nited States were being threatened with a water-power

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Fcbniarv 15. 101 S

monopoly, and to the best of his ability he projected methods
of resisting the efforts which were being made to bring al>out
that monopoly. Since that time, water-powers have been
monopolized in the United States to an extent that is al-
most incredible. I am not at the moment able to give the
exact figures, but I think that when the' real figures are
known, revealing the extent to which the available and
easily developed water-powers of the United States have
been monopolized by a very few corporations, the people
of that country will sufTfer a shock such as they have never
experienced before with regard to the transaction of any
of their public business. It has become very plain within the
last few years that hydro-electric power is the greatest of
all factors in modern industry, and where any people en-
dowed by nature with a vast supply of this essential element
in modern manufacture, allow to be monopolized and con-
trolled in private interests a sad awakening awaits them.

Danger of Monopoly

Fortunately in the Dominion of Canada, we got down to
serious business in time, and there has been no serious mon-
opolization of great powers. While large powers have been
developed by private companies, they have served a very use-
ful purpose, and. in most cases, their rates have been rea-
sonable. A serious danger, however, would arise, if, at that
stage of development which we are now entering, these

companies were allowed to comljine their interests and, by
acquiring a few great powers which are easily accessible,
to institute a monopoly. This would be the most serious of
all mistakes and must be prevented at any cost.

With respect, specilically, to the application which is
now before the Minister of Public Works for leave to dam
the St. Lawrence River at the Coteau Rapids, I purpose sug-
gesting that our Committee on Waters and Water-powers
should give the matter attention and, if possible, wait upon
the Minister of Public Works and the Prime Minister to em-
phasize the protest which has already been lodged.

Government Water Conservation Undertakings
With resjject to the conservation (if water-powers gen-
erally, I am able to note several enterprises of great practical
importance which show that progressive policies are being
carried into effect.

Ottawa River Storage
Over half a century ago. it was urged that the construc-
tion of. dams on the upper Ottawa would be of great benefit
to power users at the Chaudiere Falls, Ottawa. Between
1904 and 1908. detailed surveys of the proposed Georgian Bay
Ship Canal via the Ottawa, Mattawa and French rivers were
made. These surveys demonstrated the value of conserva-
tion dams at several points, notably at the outlets of Lake
Timiskaming. Kipawa Lake and Lac dcs Quinze. The con-

!i!yii'i^iMi!yi!Mity!i!Uiit^'iiy!iMiiyiiMiiyiiMiMiiyiiiyiia^iffi^

The German Standard of Warfare

THIS remarkable illustration is the reproduction of an actual photograph taken "Some-
where in France" by an aviator, who has since been killed in action. The Germans had
surrendered and were advancing under the white flag, when suddenly the front line threw
themselves on the ground (note the white flag) and the entire company opened fire on the
British. The original photo was very small in size and the enlargement has resulted in some
blurring of the features, but nevertheless, a close study, with a magnifying glass, if one is avail-
able, reveals the brutal gloating with which the Huns are contemplating the success of their
treachery. The photographer was just on the point of "snapping" the surrender, which accounts
for his securing a picture that, under other conditions, would have been impossible. It is a
vivid portrayal of the type of enemy our boys are up against and the unflinching courage with
which they are facing death.

■3

^lWliraiirBiraii7riiiniiiTriiiraiiTriiiTa:irrTit7^irgjaa^^

February 15. I'JIS

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

structioti (_)f tlio tlirci: ihiiiis mc'iitiniK-d was cmiiiik'tcil in 1'.I15
and the water-power interests have been nnieli benefited l>y
their operation, particularly diirin,!.; the winter of lillO-IT. when
the low-water flow was increased by lettin.L; out the storage
water.

These reservoirs can sujjply an additional liou cii' Ki.noo
cubic feet per second, thus increasing the total power (lossi-
bilities between Mattawa and Carillon by some 400.000 h.p.,
while at Ottawa alone, where the water is being fully
utilized, the increase is a))proximate!y liO.OOO h.p.

Le Loutre Dam, St. Maurice River

The most important water conservation work thus far
undertaken in Canada is that undertaken by the Quebec Gov-
ernment and now nearing completion at La I-outre on the
St. Maurice River. It will store up the waters of the .St.
Maurice for the benefit of its many water-powers and w-ill
double the low-water flow.

This work had been projected for many years, as the
regulation of the river is of the greatest value to the import-
ant developed water-powers at La Tuque. Grand'mere. and
Shawinigan Falls, but no construction work was undertaken.
After full investigation of the project, both from the physical
and financial viewpoint, the Quebec Streams Commission let
the contract for construction in the summer of 191.').

The work has since progressed steadily in spite of the
great difficulties in transportation. It is now 80 per cent,
completed and will cost about $1..">00.000. When finished it
will create a reservoir of 160.000 million cubic feet, forming
the third largest artificial reservoir in the world, being ex-
ceeded only by the Assuan reservoir on the Nile and the
Gatun Lake on the Panama Canal. From the owners of the
power-sites already developed, the Commission will receive
a revenue^of upwards of $1.30,000 per annum.

Between the reservoir and the mouth of the St. Maurice
there are 17 power-sites with heads of from 10 feet to 150
feet. The aggregate descent at these sites totals 800 feet, but
the dams erected in developing the various sites will increase
this total head to 900 feet. LTnder present conditions, these
sites have a total capacity of approximately 3.50.000 theoretical
horse-power, but it is estimated that some 900,000 horse-power
will be available wdien the flow is regulated from the reser-
voir. .\t Shawinigan. Grand'mere and La Tuque alone, the
three sites at present utilized on the St. Maurice, the poten-
tiality will be raised from an aggregate of some 190,000
theoretical h.p. to over 400,000 h.p.

St. Francis River Storage

Another water storage undertaking of the Quebec
Streams Commission, now nearing completion, is the St.
Francis River dam at the outlet of Lake St. Francis, the lake
being used as a reservoir. Contracts for the construction
of the work were awarded in Septend:)er, 1915. As the ma-
jority of the power-sites on the St. Francis are actually de-
veloped and, as the power-owners have suflfered from in-
sufficient water for a number of years, this work will aflford
much-needed relief.. It is estimated that revenue from the
use of the conserved water will cover all overhead charges
and maintenance costs.

By raising the level of the lake 13 feet, tlie reservoir will
have a capacity of 12.200 million cubic feet, and will increase
the flow at the outlet from the natural minimum of 100 cubic
feet per second, to 600 cubic feet per second. The corres-
ponding total power increase on the river will be 21,810 h.p..
of which G.OOO h.p. will immediately be absorbed by the pre-
sent users, while the development of the remaining sites will
be greatly facilitated.

Trent River Conservation

.\n extensive system of small conservation reservoirs has
been established in connection with the canalization of the

'J^^-

— From "Atlanta Constitution"
Factories closed— Ample power going to waste.

Trent River. Tliese serve the double ]iurposc of supplying
the canal system and supplementing the minimum flow in
the river for power purposes. There are four hydro-electric
plants on this river supplying the Central Ontario system
of the Ontario Hydro-electric Power Commission and these
are benefitted by the regulated flow in the river. Some of
these plants have a capacity as high as 8.000 h.p.

Dams have been built at the outlet of many lakes on
tributary streams and the water is stored until required in
the dry summer and autumn for navigation and power pur-
poses. The control of the flow is being constantly improved
by the further utilization to the fullest extent of the natural
storage basins of the Trent Valley.

Grand River Valley
It has for some years been a matter of public know-
ledge that the Grand River valley in the province of Ontario
is suffering more and more from a diminished flow in that
river. I am not able to give an expert opinion upon the
subject from an engineering standpoint, but it seerns clear that
the time has arrived when the Ontario Government should
make a thorough scientific examination of the subject with a
view to ascertaining whether conservation works can be con-
structed which will remedy the evil.

Directory of Natural Resources

When the Commission was organized, one of the first
tasks that we set before ourselves was the preparation of an
adequate and satisfactory directory of natural resources. It
very soon became evident, however, that such a directory
would have been fragmentary and unsatisfactory in many
respects and that much information which it ought to contain
was not at that time available. The researches and investi-
gations of the past years have now put us in a position to
realize the inteation which has been entertained from the
beginning and which, indeed, was one of the objects we had
in view at the inception of the Commission's work. We
shall, therefore, proceed now without further delay and un-
dertake the preparation of such a directory and inventory
of the natural resources of Canada as will satisfy the lack
which has so long existed.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

February 15, 1918

Electricity for Clay- Working Plants

Special Power Requirements of Clay Products Factories and
Application of Motors to Meet These— Paper before C.N.G.P.A.

By Kenneth C. Berney'

Some years ago it was the general custom to drive the
machinery in clay-working plants by means of steam engines.
Some of the smaller plants were operated by horse-power.
Xow a large number of the plants, both large and small, in
localities where electricity is available, are operated by elec-
tric motors.

In some plants electrical operation begins with the dig-
ging of the clay, and is used in every operation, including
hauling the shale, dumping the cars, grinding, conveying,
mixing, forming the product, and conveying the finished pro-
duct.

We will now discuss briefly the advanta.Hes of electric
motor drive over steam engine or drive from a central plant.

In contemplation of the layout of a brick, tile, or pottery
plant the first point of consideration is the location. Railroad
facilities, water, coal, and location of raw material are very
important factors. The use of electricity, especially when
supplied by central stations, simplifies the problem since the
water and coal questions become of secondary importance.

Flexibility of Electric Drive

With electric drive the various departments of the plant
can be located and arranged to the best advantage for oper-
ating without the limitation of arrangements imposed by cen-
tral engine drive with the accompanying belt connections to
the various departments.

With central steam engine drive there must be used long
line shafts and belts. If it is desired to operate only one
machine or department in the plant, all of this shafting and
belting must be run, which means a large friction load. In
such cases this power lost in friction may equal or exceed
that used in doing useful work. Not only is the cost of such
waste power a big item, but the wear on the belts, shafts, and
bearings is considerable. Where there is fine clay dust in the
air this wear is very great. The dust collects on the belts,
pulleys, and works into the hanger bearings, causing belt
slippage, which means decreased output, the belts must be
run very tight. With individual motor drive made economi-
cally possible by using electric motors, energy is required
only when useful work is being done. The control of any
one machine is conveniently at the hand of the operator, and
the machine can be started and stopped at will. There is no
cost for power after the machine is shut down, as would
occur were long lines of belting and shafting used.

In plants where there is excessive clay dust in the air
electric motors can be direct connected or geared to the
driven machines, doing away with belt trouble entirely.

Greater Assurance of Continuous Operation

When the various machines or departments are operated
by means of individual motors there is a greater assurance of
continuous operation as compared with central engine drive,
in which case engine trouble meaiis the shut-down of the
whole plant. Motors maintain a practically constant speed
throughout their operating range, which results in increased
production over the plant driven by a single steam engine
wliere the speed varies not only with the boiler pressure but
also with the variation in load.

Electric motors can be placed wherever convenient on
the ceiling, on a side wall, on the floor, or right on the ma-
chine to be driven, and the machines can be located to best

.")f Canadian Westinghouse Co., Hamilton, Ont,

serve the logical sequence of operations. The flexibility of a
motor system is also of the greatest advantage, since frequent
changes in the positions of the machines and additions to the
equipment are often necessary. When motors are used they
can be shifted with ease. All that is necessary is to run feed-
ers to the new location. Xew machines can be added to any
part of the plant without fear of overloading the engine, as in
the case of central engine drive.

Due to the fact that motors can be applied at the closest
position to the driven machines, belts, gears, etc., are reduced
to a minimum. The absence of many shafts, belts, and pul-
leys means that the plant will be lighter and cleaner, allow-
ing more and better work to be done.

Fuses or circuit-breakers are installed in the motor circuit
as a protection against heavy overloads such as might occur
if a machine became clogged with clay. In such a case the
current is cut off from the motor, and it stops preventing any
damage to it or the driven machine. The possibility of a
shut-down due to a machine breaking is thus reduced to a
minimum.

Clay-working machines may be driven by either direct
current or alternating current motors. If a plant generates
its own power or is right near the central station, direct cur-
rent may be used for its operation. Due to the fact that
direct current cannot be transmitted long distances economi-
cally and alternating current can, practically the only current
supplied to-day by central stations to power users is alternat-
ing current.

Two Main Types of Motors

So we will deal with the alternating current motor as it
is used almost exclusively for industrial drive. There are two
main types of polyphase alternating current motors used for
manufacturing purposes — the synchronous motor and the in-
duction motor. The synchronous motor is often used to drive
machines requiring, say, 200 horse-power or more where the
starting conditions are light, where the starting current is
not objectionable, and where only one speed of operation is
desired. If overloaded more than about 50 per cent., or the
voltage at the "motor terminals allowed to drop more than
about 10 per cent., a synchronous motor will stop.

The induction motor is used to drive such machines as
required in clay-working plants, so we can confine our re-
marks to this type of motor.

The induction motor consists essentially of a stationary
part, at either end of which is a bracket supporting a bearing.
The shaft which rotates in these bearings has mounted on it
a rotating member. The clearance between the rotating and
stationary parts is small, being less than 1/16 in. in a 50 h.p.
motor. There is no electrical connection "between rotating
and stationary parts, and there are few parts to get out of
repair. The induction motor is the most rugged type of elec-
tric motor made.

There are two main types of polyphase induction motors
— that having a squirrel cage rotor and that having a wound
rotor. They are commonly called the squirrel cage motor and
the wound rotor or slip-ring motor. The rotor, as the name
implies, is the revolving part. The stator, or stationary part,
is practically the same in both types of motor.

Squirrel-Cage Motor Generally Preferable

The squirrel cage rotor derives its name from the fact
tliat its winding resembles in appearance the rotating wheel

Fi-liruary 15. 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

2!)

tmiml in a squirrel's cayc. The uiinlin.n consists of two heavy
coi)per or alloy rings, which are held in place by bars, usually
made of copper, which span the space between the rings at
regular intervals. The ends of these bars may be riveted,
bolted, or welded to the two rings. The rotor of a wound
rotor motor has on it a winding similar to the stationary part,
consisting of many turns of insulated copper wire. The leads
from the different phases of the winding are brought out to
three collector rings, on which slide the carbon brushes which
carry the rotor current to the external resistance which is
used with this type of motor. The collector rings are often
called slip rings, from which comes the name slip-ring motor.
The squirrel cage rotor is more rugged than the wound rotor,
and there are less parts to get out of repair. The squirrel
cage rotor is practically indestructible on motors of the latest
type where the rotor bars are welded to the two rings, which
are called resistance rings. A squirrel cage motor is consider-
ably cheaper to buy than a wound rotor motor. So, every-
thing considered, the squirrel cage motor should be chosen
rather than the wound rotor or slip ring motor, except in a
few applications where the latter is particularly suitable.

Where it is desired to have a motor operate at a number
of different speeds the wound rotor motor is used. It is very
often used w'here the torque required to start a load is very
great. This is particularly true where the power plant sup-
plying the current is of limited capacity, as less current will
be drawn from the line at start than were a squirrel cage
motor used. The wound rotor motor in a clay plant is some-
times used to drive the dry pans, pug mills, and auger ma-
chines. When squirrel cage motors are used with these ma-
chines motors with large starting torque should be applied,
unless there is a clutch between the motors and the machines.
Wound rotor motors should not be used where there is stone
dust in the air unless the collector rings are closed in. as such
dust, getting between the brushes and rings, rapidly wears the
collector rings. Squirrel cage motors can be supplied suit-
able for driving all the machines used in clay-working plants.

Characteristics of Induction Motors

.\ few of the characteristics of an induction motor which
may be of interest are as follows;

1. It will carry a load for short periods of two to two and
a half times full load without injuring the motor and without
the motor stopping.

3. The speed of the motor will be practically constant
from approximately 30 per cent, load to 50 per cent, overload.

3. The motor will start a load where the starting torque
required is considerably greater than the running torque. The
motor can be designed with a starting torque up to two and
a half times the running torque where desired for heavy start-
ing service.

4. The current taken by tlie motor wlien starting will be
approximately two to five times that required wdien running.
It depends on the load to be started.

5. If the voltage at the motor terminals drops below nor-
mal the starting torque will decrease as the square of the ter-
minal voltage divided by the normal voltage.

In applying electric motors to clay-working machinery
the following severe conditions must be kept in mind:

1. Severe starting requirements, due to tlie inertia of the
driven machinery and to material in the machinery hardening
when at rest.

3. Severe overloads, due to irregular feed of material.

3. Dusty atmosphere about plants and presence of damp-
ness, causing collected dust on the motors to become cement-
ed to the windings and interfering with ventilation.

4. The use of gears of large pitch and high pitch line
speeds, resulting in severe vibrations.

Good service is obtained with these conditions only when
careful consideration is given to the application to eacii indi-

\i(lual machine. The motors in clay plants shnulil have gen-
erous starting and running characteristics, the bearings made
dust-proof, and the windings impregnated to withstand
moisture. The motors should be carefully aligned with the
driven machines. The feeders to the motors should be of
ample size to carry the current, bearing in mind that motors
which drive machines hard to start will draw mucli heavier
currents than those driving machines easy to start. If the
feeders are too small the terminal voltage will be lowered,
with consequent decrease in starting torque.

To provide for the severe starting and running ci>ndi-
tions there has been a tendency to select motors larger than
necessary. The result of the low load factor caused thereby
is low power factor and low efficiency of the individual
motors. On account of low efficiency the cost of electric
power will be greater. This cost will still be increased if
there is a penalty for low power factor. The best plan is to
consult the manufacturer who can supply a motor just large
enough to do the required work, and with large starting-
torque where such is required. In case of machines hard to
start, a standard squirrel motor can be used in combination
with a friction cluth and the motor started without load.
Friction clutches, however, are subject to wear, and should be
avoided wherever possible.

Consideration must be given as to whether group or indi-
vidual drive of machinery would be better. For plants with
storage facilities between the various departments and the
machinery scattered individual drive will usually be better,
while for plants with all machinery inter-dependent and
grouped group drive will be better.

The following are usual drives employed for the more
common machinery found in clay plants:

1. The conveyor from the storage bin is usually belted
from the motor driving the crusher or dry pan.

2. Crushers are usually belted to the motors. Motors
with good starting and pull-out torques are required with all
kinds of crushing machinery.

3. Dry pans are usually driven by motors geared to the
dry pan shafts. The vibrations of these machines are severe,
and the motor shafts should be supported by outboard bear-
ings. An improved arrangement is to have flexible couplings
between the gearing and the motors, as this prevents the
transmission of vibrations to the motors to a large extent.

4. The pug mill and auger machines may be driven by
motors, either belted or geared to them. Because of the
large pitch of the gears of these machines considerable vibra-
tion results, and flexible couplings should be used if the mot-
ors are geared. These machines are sometimes stopped full
of material, which Iiardens if the shut-down is of an appre-
ciable length, and, if clutches are not provided, the starting
requirements of the motors are severe. For such installa-
tions wound rotor motors are advisable.

5. The cutters, represses, elevators, and conveyors be-
tween the various machines require little power, and may be
driven from the motors driving the machines upon whose
operation they are dependent, or individually by small
motors.

We will now briefly outline the motor drive in various
kinds of modern clay-working plants. First, we will tt)uch
on the most common of all — the brick plant.

Brick Plants

There are tliree common forms of brick plants, depend-
ing on what kind of machinery is used to form the brick.
Tliere are tlie "stiff mud." the "soft mud." and the "dry mud"
machines.

In case the raw material used is shale or rock, crushers
or dry pans are usually used, while for soft and stiff mud,
refining rolls or various kinds of pulverizers are used.

First, we will take a plant with a capacity of approxi-

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

February 15, 1918

maid}- (io. (}()() l.uililiiiH bricks an eight-hour ilay. Hotli coni-
mon and lace brick are made from hard shale. This plant is
the type where "stiff mud" machines are used, forcing the
clay through dyes by an auger , machine into a continuous
bar, which is cut into bricks by parallel wires or by au auto-
matic cutter. In this plant the air is drawn from tlie kilns
containing the burned brick during the cooling period and
passed through drying tunnels containing the green brick,
drying the same. When it is desired to move the dried brick
the hot air is shut ofif and the air in the tunnels is cooled by
an exhaust fan. Squirrel-cage motors, two-phase, 220 volts,
60 cycle, are employed for the entire operation of the plant.
The total motor capacity is 215 h.p. and the maximum de-
mand is 130 h.p.: —

One 40 h.p..; S.")0 r.p.ni. Drive — Geared to and belted.
Application — !) ft. dry pan. From extension shaft of dry pan
to 40 ft. bucket conveyor.

One 40 h.p.; 850 r.p.m. Drive — Geared to and belted.
Application — 9 ft. dry pan. From extension shaft of dry pan
to 40 ft. bucket conveyor and a 50 ft. x 24 in. belt conveyor.

One 40 h.p.; 850 r.p.m. Drive — Geared. Application —
To an American No. 51 pug mill.

One 75 h.p.; 690 r.p.m. Drive — Geared and belted. .Vp-
plication — To No. 1 giant brick auger. I'rom countershaft of
brick augur to 30 ft. shaft, whch drives an 18-brick automatic
cutter, three belt conveyors, a bucket conveyor, and a repress.

One 15 h.p.; 1.120 r.p.m. Drive — Belted. Application —
Through countershaft to 140 in. blower; speed, 216 r.p.m.,
supplying draught for ovens.

Typical Drive in Common Brick Plant
Next we will take the motor drive used in a plant making
common brick from soft clay which requires no screening or
grinding. The daily output is 40.000 bricks. Soft mud ma-
chines, consisting of an upright receptacle with curved arms
at the bottom to force the clay into press box moulds, are
used. The moulds are fed automatically under a press, after
being filled, and are moved forward to delivery tables.

Here one 60 h.p., 69,0 r.p.m., induction motor is used. It
is belted by means of main shaft and countershaft to one
combination pug mill and brick press, capacity 120 bricks per
minute; one mould sander and one waste clay elevator to lift
waste clay from brick machine to pug mill. The brick are
air-dried, and cordwood is used to fire the kilns.

Lastly, we will consider the motor drive in a plant manu-
facturing pressed brick from a hard shale where the "dry
machine" process is used. In this plant there are two separ-
fite and distinct units, each unit being driven by a 50 h.p.
squirrel-cage motor. Each 50 h.p. motor is belted to a 9 ft
dry pan and a brick press, as well as the necessary conveyors,
cup elevators, etc. The moisture is added to the material in
the dry pan, and the material is fairly dry when pressed. The
kilns of this plant are fired with cordwood. Each unit is
capable of turning out approximately ^3,000 bricks an eight-
hour day. When a large output is required both units can be
run, giving an output of 46,000 bricks a day. Under this
arrangement the plant is always run at high efficiency, and
one unit is in reserve in case of any breakdown in the other
unit.

A plant manufacturing ordinary .drainage tile will have
the same motor equipment as a brick plant. In fact, tile is
often made in a brick plant by simply changing the dies on
the auger machine so that tlie clay will be forced out in the
form of a tube, whch is cut into the required lengths.

Sewer Pipe Plants
In a certain sewer pipe i)lant there is in use, ur will be
shortly, a total of approximately 235 h.p. in squirrel-cage in-
duction motors. The raw material used is a weathered shale,
which is brought to the plant by railroad. The shale is con-

veyed from the receiving platform and elevated to the stor-
age room by means of two ."> Ii.p. motors, one operating the
conveyor and one the elevator. The shale is first fed into a
dry pan, which, along with the conveying belt and elevating
cups, is driven by a 75 h.p. motor, belted to the load. From
tlie dry pan the material is carried to the wet pans, three in
number, where' it is uniformly mixed. It is then conveyed by
belts and elevators to the presses, where it is pressed into
moulds, making the different size of sewer pipe, one length
at a time. Special shapes of pipe are hand-moulded. The
three wet pans and the conveyor belts are belt-driven by a
150 h.p. motor. The moulded pipe, after drying, is put in
permanent kilns, wdiich are fired by coal. The glazing of the
pipe is done during the latter part of the firing.

Pottery and Ornamental Tile Plants

Here the nature of the work is such that individual motor
drive offers many advantages. The use of belts and line shaft-
ing in factories of this type is especially disadvantageous on
account of the fine clay powder which fills the air and col-
lects on belts and pulleys, producing excessive belt slippage
and large friction losses. The output of the plant is, in
many cases, limited on account of the belt slippages. The
use of individual motor drive will, in such cases, increase the
output of the factory witliout any other increase in factory
equipment, extra floor space, or labor.

In pottery and tile i)lants the charge, consisting of flint,
feldspar and clay, is thorouglily mixed with water in a "blun-
ger" mill. The "slip" is then sifted to remove lumps into an "agi-
tator." Then the slip is pumped into a slip press, w'here the
greater part of the water is pressed out. The wet clay, which
is uniform in composition and free from lumps, is taken from
the slip press. Up to this point the method of manufacturing
pottery and ornamental tile is the same. For pottery the wet
clay is pressed tlirough a pug mill to distribute the moisture
evenly and is then moulded into finished shape on "jigger"
machines. For tile the wet clay is dried in racks and then
passed through a crusher. After this it is ground into a line
powder in the dust mills. The fine, dry powder is then
moulded into forms by presses, after which it is ready for the
initial firing. The firing of the ware is practically the same in
both cases. After initial firing the ware is decorated, refired,
and glazed. Pottery is dipped entirely into the glaze and the
tile is glazed on one side only. The ware is again fired, which
completes its manufacture.

Some of the motor drives used in an ornamental tile and
liottery plant are as follows. Si.xty cycle squirrel-cage motors
are used:

10 h.p.; 1,120 r.p.m. Drive — Geared, .\pplication — Two
double blungers.

3 h.p.; 1.120 r.p.m. Drive — Geared. .Xpplication — Sifters.
3 h.p.; 850 r.p.m. Drive — Geare<l. .\pplication — Agitat-
ors.

5 h.p.; 1.120 r.p.m. Drive — Geared. .\pplication — Slip
pumps.

20 h.p.; 1,120 r.p.m. Drive — Direct connected. Applica-
tion— Dust mill.

7^ h.p.; 850 r.p.m. Drive — Geared. Application — Pug
mill.

15 h.p.; 690 r.p.m. Drive — Belted. Ai)plication — To sev-
eral glaze machines.

An electric motor is also geared to a "grogg" pan. whicii
crushes the broken sagars.

Porcelain Insulator Plants
Porcelain insulators whicli are made from "Kaolin," clay,
and quartz, are manufactured much the same as pottery. The
wet clay may be moulded in metal dies or on "giggers" for
"petticoat" insulators, or forced throu,gh a tube machine in
the shape of tubes or cylinders for tubes and bushings. The

Fcliruarv l.">. 1".I18

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

iiiouhleil i)iece,s arc tlmrouslily dried, tlion dipped in a glaze,
which Has been made the desired color, and again dried. This
glaze lias the same coeHicicnt of expansion as the porcelain,
and lias no constituents to ileteriorate. The insulators are
lircd in kilns, which are raised to a very high temperature for
a few hours and then allowed to cool down slowly. I'orce-
lain insulators must not only stand high voltages in many
cases, but at times heavy mechanical strains.

In a certain electrical porcelain insulator works located
in this part t>f the country there is a good example of indi-
vidual motor drive. The principal machines are driven by ID
squirrel-cage motors, with a total capacity of S4 li.p. The
motors are belted to the driven machines.

lilunger and agitators I — 10 li.p. motor

Pug mill 1—10

Large centre machine 1 — 15

Small centre macliine 1 — 7^ "

Clay lathes 1—2

Giggers 2 — 1

Finishing machines 0 — • Y-

Grinding machines 1 — 3

Glaze mill 1 — 7

Grogg pan 1 — 7^2

Air compressor 1 — 8 "

Water pump 1 — 5

Machine shop line shafting.... 1 — 5 "

l',l 84 h. p.

Tlie kilns in this plant are lired with coal.

One of the points of consideration in changing over from
steam to electric drive is the method of drying the product.
In those plants where heat exhausted from the kilns is used
for drying or where drying tunnels are heated directly by
coal or gas no change is necessary.

Scientific and Industrial Research Council
Holds Meeting

The Scientific and Industrial Kesearcli Council held a
meeting at Ottawa at the close of last week, at which a num-
ber of important questions connected with Canadian indus-
tries were considered. A memorandum was forwarded to the
government urging immediate action to make available the
varied fuel resources within the boundaries of the Dominion
for the use of the people of Canada in the coming year and
placing the services of the Research Council at the disposal
of the government to that end.

A grant was made for the purpose of carrying out an in-
vestigation on the utilization of the immense quantity of sul-
phite liquor which is now thrown away as a waste product by
the pulp mills of Canada with a view to the establishment of
certain new industries with tliis material as a raw product.
The utilization of the waste ammoniacal liquor from Canadian
gas works was also considered, this product containing large
quantities of ammonia, which is of great value as a fertilizer.

Standardization of Engineering Products

The council, at the request of the Institute of Civil Engi-
neers of Great Britain, also took steps to bring before the
government and certain manufacturers of Canada the import-
ance of Canada associating itself with the movement which has
recently been organized in Great Britain, the United States, and
France for combined action in connection with the standard-
ization of various engineering products used and e.xported from
these countries. This is a matter of great importance in con-
nection with the building up of an export trade in this class
of products by Canada at the close of the war. Connected
with this the council is investigating a number of other ques-
tions which have been submitted to it dealing with post-war
conditions with wliicli our Canadian industries will be brought
face to face iTpon the declaration of peace.

It was decided also to approach the Canadian Manufac-
turers' .\ssociation on the question of the development of
ti-ade organizations for the promotion of research, etc., in
connection with groups of industries, such organizations hav-
ing been developed with most beneficial results in Great Bri-
tain and in the United States. Co-operation along these lines
is of the highest importance if Canada is to be able to hold
her own in the keen competition which will develop in foreign
markets with the cessation of hostilities.

The council decided to issue to the public a series of short
bulletins dealing with some of the more important questions
regarding the raw materials and certain manufacturing pro-
blems concerning which enquiries are being made at the
present time.

Conservation of Fishery Resources

The council, in conjunction with the Biological Board of
Canada, at a previous meeting, considered carefully the repre-
sentations which had been made to it by the British Columbia
canners' organizations and by private parties in that province
on the subject- of the preservation of the sockeye salmon of
the Fraser River, tlie most important of the food fishes in
British Columbia waters, and came to the conclusion that
unless measures are taken very speedily the sockeye will soon
be exterminated. The chief factors in this are the over-fish-
ing of the sockeye and the obstructions that are ofifered to its
ascent of the Fraser River to its spawning grounds in the
upper reaches of that river. The first-named factor is by far
the most important in this process of extermination, and it
concerns international waters, through which the fish proceed
from the entrance of the Strait of St. Juan de Fuca to the
mouth of the Fraser River. Through the extremely large
number of nets of all descriptions employed in these waters
during the fishing season it is impossible for all but a minute
percentage of these fish to reach their spaw'iiing grounds.

Resolution

On this subject the council passed the following resolu-
tion, which was communicated to the Minister of Marine and
Fisheries:

"The Research Council and the Biological Board of Can-
ada unite in recommending that the Dominion Government
take steps to arrange a convention with the Government of
the United States looking towards the appointment of an in-
ternational commission which shall have the control of the
salmon fisheries of the Fraser River and of all those waters
through which the fish pass to reach the Fraser River, this
commission to have full power to make and enforce regula-
tions for the effective conservation and the restoration of
these fisheries."

The international commission, as suggested, would have'
powers similar to those of the International Waterways Com-
mission, appointed by the governments of Canada and the
United States. This, in the opinion of both the Research
Council and the Biological Board, is the only way in which
the sockeye salmon can be preserved and the canning industry
of Britisli Columbia continued.

Report on Inductive Interference

(Continued from page 241
grounded neutrals of important stations, (d) Transformers
are not to be operated at more than specified percentages
above normal voltage, (e) Care shall be exercised to avoid
switching disturbances, (f) Where lightning arrester charg-
ing disturbs, it should be done in the early morning, (g)
A definite procedure shall be provided for station operators
during times of abnormal unbalance on power lines involved
in iiarallels. In general, the section of a faulty line passing
a parallel should be disconnected until cleared, and not en-
ergized more than once in locating the fault. To facilitate
the study of such cases, accurate recor<ls are to be kept of
occurrences under abnormal conditions.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

February 15. l'J18

Electricity as Fuel Saver in Iron and Steel Trades

By A. H. Marshall, before I. E. E.

I purpose to take as a subject of general interest, the use
of electricity and its bearing on fuel saving in the iron and
steel trades. With these trades the electrical industry will
be associated for its greatest development in the immediate
future. The war has given a great impetus to steel produc-
tion, and in the period immediately after the war there seems
to be every probability that the steel trade will continue to
flourish. Up to quite recent times the mining of coal and
ore. coking, smelting, steel making ajid rolling have all been
more or less separate underlaking.<;. There is every indica-
tion that the next few years will see a greater combination
of interests, better application of capital and the utilization
of every means to economy.

With efficient plant and means for the recovery of sur-
plus heat, it is commercially possible to meet all the heat
and power requirements of a works that is laid out com-
plete with coke ovens, blast furnaces, steel furnaces, and
mills from the combustion of the coal fed into the coke
ovens, without burning any coal in producers for the steel
furnaces or in boilers for any portion of the power plant.
This is an ideal arrangement, ft has not been attained, be-
cause even the largest undertakings, although they can be
made self complete under normal operating conditions, have
not been able either to safely dispense with their coal-fired
heating plant, or to justify the capital expenditure necessary
to make full use of their waste energy. Yet that such an
ec.onomical arrangement is attainable is evident if one applies
the advantages of linking up to the electrical end.

Distribution of Coal Energy

I propose to put a few figures before you to show you
how the energy of the coal, as fed to the coke ovens, is dis-
tributed in the process of coking, smelting, and steel making.

In the following data in Table I., the heat available at
each stage is expressed in terms of one ton of coal carbon-
ized, and the products are those which correspond therewith.
The energy values are given in kilowatt hours or kelvins. the
latter being the better term, seeing that both heat and elec-
tricity are being measured.

I am dealing with the conditions of iron and steel manu-
facture on the North-East Coast, and have taken as a basis,
one ton of ordinary Durham coking coal having a value of
12.500 B.Th.U.

One ton of coal produces 0.7 tons of coke, together with
the other items shown, the heat values of which are given in
the first set of figiures. Now 0.7 ton of coke will smelt 0.64
ton of pig iron, and the 0.000 units of heat energy in the coke
is distributed as shown in the second set of figures. Of the
surplus gas. viz.. 630 units at the coke ovens, and 3,160 at the
blast furnaces or 2,790 in all, about 1,200 can be made use of
on the open hearth converters, and .'ino in reheating the steel
ingots.

The heat available for conversion to electrical energy or
mechanical power consists of 350 units from the tar, 650
from the slag, 300 which can be recovered as waste heat
from the steel furnaces, and surplus gas to the value of 1.200
or 2.500 in all. These units of heat energy converted at a
thermal efficiency of 15 per cent, yield 280 units, and this on
a coal consumption of 50 tons per hour, corresponds to an
output of 14,000 kw.

Let us take the case of a group of works equipped with
four 7W-ovcn batteries consuming 8.700 tons of coal per week,
five blast furnaces, each making 1.100 tons of pig per week,
and sufficient open hearth steel furnace capacity and rolling

mill plant to convert the whole of the pig iron make into
finished steel sections. Eight thousand seven hundred tons
of coal per week at a steady rate' of consumption is approxi-
mately 50 tons per hour.

Table I. — Distribution of Energy in 1 ton of Coal (12,500
B.Th.U. per lb.) Containing 8,200 kw. -hours

Quantity of
product

B.Th.U.
600
630

Carbonizing 1 ton of Coal

5.500 cu. ft.. . . Gas used on ovens

5.000 cu. ft. . . . Gas surplus

0.7 ton Coke 6.000

0.05 ton Coke breeze 300

100 lb Tar 470

3J^ gallons. . . Benzol 110

8,200
Smelting 0.64 ton of Pig Iron:

31.700 cu. ft.. . Gas used on stoves .. 030

73.800 cu. ft... Gas surplus 2,160

1 ton Slag (sensible heat).. 650

0.64 ton Pig iron (sensible heat) 250

Furnace reaction and

loss 2,010

6,000
Utilization of Surplus tjas from Coke
Ovens and Blast Furnaces:

Making steel (0.68 ton) 1.200

Re-heating ingots (0.68 ton) 390-

Balance 1.200

790

Kw. -hours
available for
conversion to
power.

350

650

300
1.200
2,500

Conversion to Electrical or Mechanical Power:

Total available energy 2.500

Less slag value 650

1.850

Thermal efficiency 15 i)er cent.

1.850 X 0.15 =r 280 kw. -hours per ton of coal.

On the other side of the account the power consumed
at the works would be as shown in Table II. The blowing
plant requirements are based on 4J4 tons of air per ton of
coke, equivalent to 138,000 cubic feet per ton of pig iron; the-
oretically it needs 1 kw. to deliver 1'.600 cubic feet of free
air per hour under the usual conditions of temperature and
pressure which, at a blower efficiency of 72 per cent., conies
out to 120 units per ton of pig iron. For the rolling mills
I have taken 110 units per ton of steel.

Table II.

Kilowatts Output:

Coal consumed per hour

Electrical energy per ton of coal

Nominal output. 280 x 50

Minimum output. 14.000 x 0.6 . .
Average output, 14,000 .x 0.85 . .

Kilowatts Load;

Coke oven auxiliaries . )
Blast furnace " ■ ■ r

Steel furnace " . ■)

Blowing plant (120X0.64)
Rolling mills (110X0,68)

Units required per Mean
kw.

ton of coal

40 X 50

77X50
75X50

380

14.000

8,400

11,900

Load
factor

2,000 at 0.6

3,800 at
3,700 at

9.500

0.9
0.6

.\verage output units per week 11.900X168..
Consumption " " 9.500X168..

tons

kw.-hr,

kw.

Max.
kw.

3.300

4.200
6.500

14.000
2.000.000

i.fioo.ono

Surplus 400.000

The sum of the demands on this showing would be the

Fcliruury U, 1U18

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

same as the nominal kilowatt oiitpul. One shoiiUl. however,
allow for a stand by supply of 40 per cent., or. say. 5.(iOO k\v.
An allowance of 15 per cent, would probably be sufficient to
cover the average deficiency of the generating plant making
the average output ll.OOO kw.. and the units per week 2.000.000.
while the total consumption 9.900 X 168 = l.fiOn.OOO. leaving
a surplus of 400.000 per week.

The figures given in Table I. are based on the following
values, which. 1 think, are fairly representative; —

Gas per ton of coal coked 10.500 cu. ft.

Gas burnt on the ovens 5.500 cu. ft.

Calorific value of coke oven gas 4:i0 B.Th.U. net.

Tar per ton of coal coked 100 lb.

Coke per ton of pig iron 22 cwt.

Gas from blast furnaces per ton of pig lf>5.000 cu. ft.

iron 100 B.Th.U.

Calorific value of blast furnace gas

Slag per ton of pig iron .30 cwt.

Heat required at steel furnaces per ton of

ingots C. 000. 000 B.Th.U.

Heat required for reheating 2.000.000 B.Th.U.

.\11 the gas values being at normal temperature and pressure.

The coke oven results are those obtained with any well-
known make of by-product regenerative oven, operated under
ordinary commercial conditions. About one-half of the gas
produced goes to heat the ovens, and the other half becomes
available for outside use. Coke oven gas can be used for
the production of power by either gas engines or boilers. It
is not as suitable as producer or blast furnace gas for gas
engines, because of sulphur and preignition troubles; for
boiler use it gives a greater output for the same heating sur-
face than coal. It is being largely used as fuel for steel fur-
naces.

Thg. consumption of coke in the blast furnace may be
taken at about 22 cwts. per ton of pig iron. The air or blast
required to provide sufficient oxygen to convert the carbon
(less what takes part in other reactions) into the reducing
agent carbon monoxide, is about i'/z tons per ton of coke.
.\part from its principal function of smelting iron, the blast
furnace may be looked upon as being a large gas producer.
The air for the blast is usually heated by means of brickwork
stoves of the re.generative type, which makes the first call on
the gas from the furnace. The stove efficiency may reach
about 70 per cent. The kw. hours of heat corresponding
thereto are 930. and these, added to the 2.010 units for "fur-
nace reaction and loss," represent the quantity of heat ab-
sorbed in the smelting process.

The heating of the basic open hearth steel furnaces and
mixer is commonly done by means of a simple form of gas
producer, consuming about 6 cwt. of coal per ton of steel
ingots, and givin.g off a gas having a calorific value of 130
B.Th.U. Both coke oven .gas and blast furnace gas can be
and are used for this purpose, the former for preference.
About 6.000.000 B.Th.U. of 1.700 kw. hours per ton of steel
will be required.

Waste Heat Can be Recovered

The burnt gases from the open hearth furnace leave at a
temperature of about 1.100 degs. F. There is consequently a
great deal of waste heat, which it is found can be recovered
by fitting boilers in the flues leading to the chimney stack.
.\bout one-fourth of the heat supplied to the furnaces is
available for the raising of steam.

The heat required at the soaking and reheating pits may
be taken at 2,000.000 B.Th.U. per ton or 580 kw. hours.

Looking at the figures given in the table from the point
of view of power production, the first available source of
energy is the tar from the coke oven gas in the by-product
plant. An average yield is about 100 lbs. per ton of coal car-
bonized, having a heat value of 500 kw. hours. Practically
all metallurgical coke is now made in by-products ovens.

The 650 units available from the slag represent the sen-

sible heat in the slag as it comes from the furnaces. So far
as I know this heat has not been put to any commercial use
hitherto, mainly because the gases and other sources of waste
heat which are in a more usable form have not been fully
exploited. It is. however, a possible source of energy.

The blast furnace gas forms by far the largest item of
available heat, and its use. therefore, calls for special con-
sideration. .\fter the requirements of the steel plant are
satisfied, there may remain 2,lfi0 units available for power
purposes. Gas engines of sizes ranging from 1,000 to 5.000
h.]). have been built for driving both blowers and generators,
and a considerable number are now in use.

The whole of the blast furnace gas should lie cleaned of
the dust which it contains, both for heating and power pur-
poses. Beside the frequent boiler cleanings which are neces-
sary, the whole of the furnace plant has to stand for a day
or tv\'0 about every three months to permit of the flues and
stoves being cleared of the great quantity of dust which
accumulates. There are two systems of cleaning in vogue,
one necessitating the use of a lar.ge quantity of water atom-
ized and intimately mixed with the gas in suitable centrifugal
apparatus from which the dust comes away as a sludge, and
the other a filtering or dry method. Both systems rob the
gas of the greater part of its sensible heat. Recently, and
more particularly because of the demand for potash, consider-
ation is now being given to an electrostatic method of dust ex-
traction developed by Dr. Cottrell in .\merica and used with
great success.

In old-established Cleveland practice the surplus heat
from the blast furnaces is converted into power by means of
shell-type boilers in open settings and non-condensing steam
engines at a thermal efficiency of about 5 per cent., and as a
consequence there is usually little gas to spare. The advent
of the exhaust steam turbine has been taken advantage of in
a good many cases, improving the thermal economy by an-
other 5 per cent. In the Middlesbrough district alone the
))oiler feed recovered at the power company's stations in this
way exceeds 200.000.000 gallons per annum. From my ow'u
experience steam plant at the present time best fulfils the
principal conditions of cost, thermal efficiency and reliability
and possesses advantages over gas plant in being able to
use up heat in other form than that of gas.

A 15 per cent, thermal efficiency for modern steam plant
falls a great deal short of what it is possible to obtain with
turbines of large size, high steam temperatures and other
aids to economy, but. on the other hand, it is an advance
on present practice in comparatively small stations. It is
based on a boiler efficiency of 70 per cent., a steam consump-
tion of 14 lbs. per shaft kilowatt-hour for the blowers and
12 lbs. for the 10.000 kw. sets, under ordinary commercial
conditions of pressure superheat and vaciuim.

Estimated Saving in Coal

There are no statistics available oi the quantities of coal
at present used in the several processes of iron and steel
manufacture, and I can. therefore^ only make a rough esti-
mate of the amount which would be saved with a complete
system of heat recovery such as I have described. .Assum-
ing that on the average the coke oven and blast furnace gases
now supply the blowing plant, the auxiliaries and one-fourth
of the requirements of the rolling mills, then more coal would
come into the scheme to the extent of that needed for three-
quarters of the rolling mills and for the steel furnaces — an
additional quantity which I would not like to put at a less
figure than 11 cwt. per ton of steel, and which on last j'ear's
output would amount to about 5.500.000 tons per annum.
This coal would be saved and there would still be left a sur-
plus of energy above the works requirements.

The advantages claimed for the electrical reversing mill

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

February 13, 1918

liavi- Ikh-ii we'll subslantiated in practice, as is borne out by
tlie fact that there are at the present time under construction
at least seven reversing mill equipments ranging from 10,000
to 20.000 h.p. in size, capable of doing the heaviest class of
work, both roughing and finishing, with outputs of over
50 tons per hour. These new mills will, together, have a capa-
city of well over 1,000,000 tons of steel per annum, in addi-
tion there are numerous alternating-current motor continu-
ous mill drives being installed in sizes of frcnn 3.000 to 10.-
000 h.p.

The most recent electrical development and steel works
practice, and one which has received a great impetus from
the war, is that of the electric furnace. It may be that the
quality of steel rails, for example, produced or partly pro-
duced electrically, will be such as to command a price high

enough to bear the additional cost of production. An aver-
age figure for melting and refining is 750 electrical imits
per ton, which may be compared with the heat absorbed by
an ordinary gas-fired furnace, as shown in Table 1. At
this fi,gure the mean demand would not be less than 2,fiOO
kw.. and the maximum about 3,500 kw. This addition to
the mean load brings it up to 13,100. or nearly the same
figure as that taken for the average output of the generating
plant.

.As an illustration of the scope of future electrical de-
velopment, the total electrical energy to be dealt with, as-
suming the figures given to apply to a make of steel of 14,-
000.000 tons, and not counting the ]>ower taken by the blow-
ing plant, works out at 3,300,000.000 units per annum, with a
maximum load of over 000,000 kw.

Light-Weight Safety Cars the Best for All

Gives the Public Better Service, the Investor a Fair Return and the Employee

Safer and Easier Working Conditions

The advent of the light-weight, quick-service safety car
handled by a single operator marks a most important epoch
in the development of the street railway industry. In the
operation of electric railways we must recognize three fac-
tors, as follows:

1. The Public— It is the community that gives the street
railway its excuse for' existence. It is their jiatronage that
pays our bills.

2. The Investor. — It is the financier on whom we dc-
luMul to furnish the capital to run our road.

:;. The iMuployee. — It is the officers of the company —
the clerks, the shopmen and the platform men — on whom
the investor and the public alike depend to iiroperly lianille
their investment and to sell their service.

To prove the success of the safety car we nuist show
that the three parties referred to are benefited thereby. Like-
wise, the corollary is true. The benefits derived from the
operation of safety cars must be divided equitably among
these three parties or its success will not be assured.

To the public the safety car offers more frequent and
faster service and more comfortable and safer riding. Three
safety cars will displace two ordinary cars and cut the
weight in two. yet provide seats for 10 per cent, more pas-
sengers. Equipped with modern motors and ball bearings on
the axles, the safety car accelerates at 2J4 to 3 m.p.h.p.s.. or
faster than the average jitneys can get started. Therefore,
in actual competition with jitneys, the safety car gets away
ahead of them, picks up the passengers at the next corner and
is off again before the jitney can pass the car. .A-S has been
proved in jitney infested centers, the safety car has driven
them off the street.

The fact that the safety car carries fewer passengers
than the ordinary car simply means a reduction in the num-
ber of stops, thereby contributing to an increased schedule
speed. For instance, if the schedule speed of the ordinary
car were 8;-2 m.p.h., the safety car under the same condi-
tions would make approximately 10;/2 m.p.h. — an increase of
25 per cent. The car is mounted on 34-inch wheels on an
8-foot wheelbase. Lost motion between car body and truck
has been eliminated, thereby doing away with the undesir-
able jiendulum motion of car body under rapid acceleration
and braking. Furthermore, the car body is so suspended
on the trucks as to provide for a natural swing or lateral
movement when it takes curves or sidings. In addition
to ibis there are a low step and cross seats, all of which

contribute to the comfort of the riding public.

The safety of the passengers is cared for by automatic
devices interlocked with the control of the car. Although the
car is operated by one man, it is safer than a two-man car
not equipped with these automatic devices. The standard
safety car has straight air brakes with emergency feature.
.\ny collision or other accident that breaks the air pipes will
stop the car in emergency. Furthermore, the operator can-
not leave his post unless the brakes are applied, and if he
becomes incapacitated the brakes go into emergency. .\n
emergency application may be obtained by the operator;
first, by removing his hand from the controller handle (if
tlie brakes are not already applied in service); second, by
removing his foot from a foot valve (used for cutting out
the emergency feature in the controller when the operator
wants his left hand free to make change or issue transfers
without getting an emergency application) and, third, in the
usual manner by the brake valve.

.An emergency application not only applies the brake with
full force as quickly as air can be passed direct to the brake
cylinder, but it first shuts off the power and applies sand
to the rail. The use of sand on a bad rail will shorten the
stop by 20 per cent. At the same time the front and rear
doors are unlatched, so that they may be opened by pas-
sengers pressing against them. This is made possible by the
fact that the doors are operated by air, and is one of the
most important safety features of the car. Otherwise imagine
the panic that would arise in case of an accident if the pas-
sengers found themselves locked in the ear, as they would
be if the operation of the doors were not interlocked with
the control of the car.

In none of the many cities operating safety cars has
the public objected to their use. On the contrary, in many
ways they have evinced their approval. Whereas on a
two-man car fifty per cent, of the passengers ask the con-
ductor for change, on safety cars only 10 or 15 per cent,
tall for change. There is an explanation for this. Safety
cars have no "riding" platform or reservoir capacity. As
a result passengers unconsciously get their exact fare ready
as they board the car.

On a two-man car passengers feel that the conductor is
there for the sole purpose of collecting fares, and they are
inclined to take their time about it. On the other hand,
as passengers board a safety car they realize that the oper-
ator's primary duty is to run the car rather than collect

Fi'liniai-y i:.. t9IR

Tllli ICIJ'XTRICAL NF.WS

:ia

fares, so tlicy feci lliat it is tlicir duty not lo take up any
more of his time than necessary so that the car can net
nncler way willmut delay. Transfers arc on a rack al the
side of tlie fare liox. They are punched at the end of tlie
run, so that no time is lost in issuing them.

The operator sits far over on the left side of the i)lal-
form. thereby allowing for as much space as possible for
passengers entering and leaving the car. The fact that the
passengers board the car at the forward end, right at the
side of the operator, enables him to "spot" his car when stop-
ping to pick up passengers. This saves the passengers a
few steps, a particularly desirable accommodation at muddy
crossings. It also cuts a little time off the length of slop.

Why the Car Appeals to the Investor

To tlie investor, rcpresentin.g the capital invested in street
railways, the safety car offers unusual opportunities. A 65
per cent, reduction in w-eight on rails means a material re-
duction in maintenance of track and roadway, estimated Ijy
some engineers as directly in proportion to the reduction in
weight. It also means a proportionate saving in power. The
saving in platform expense is more than .lO per cent., even
if the operator is paid 10 per cent, more in wages than he
received as a motorman. This is due to the 35 per cent,
additional milea.ge made by the safety car. The maintenance
of car and equipment is less — due to the reduct'.on in num-
ber of wheels, motors, square feet of car surface to be
cleaned and painted, etc.

Shorter headways and faster schedules encourage rid-
ing, as for instance, a 40 per cen.t. increase in service has
occasioned a 00 per cent, increase in number of passengers.
The safety, car operating on a shorter headway caters to
the short-haul passenger, the one that it costs the least to
handle. The elimination of jitneys brought about by higher
acceleration and schedule speed and more frequent service
contributes largely to the increase in passenger traffic, as
does also the diminution in the use of privately-owned auto-
mobiles, enhanced to some extent by war conditions. To
summarize it may be said that when the cost per car-mile
for operating the ordinary car is l.'i cents, the cost per car-
mile for the safety car is .1 cents — a saving of T cents. Tliree
cents of this represents the saving in platform expense and
the balance in the economies resulting from the operation
of a lighter car on a faster schedule.

To the employee, particularly the platform man, the
safety car also offers unusual opportunities. A greater exer-
cise of mentality encouraged by additional responsibility is
usually rewarded by a 10 per cent, increase in wa.gcs. Fur-
thermore, the former platform man is advanced in title from
a motorman or a conductor to an operator.

No man need lose his job on account of the introduc-
tion of safety cars. The change cannot be brought about
rapidly enough for that. For a time, it might cause a falling
off in the number of "turnovers." but during the war there is
such a demand for men no ol)jection has been raised against
the safety car on account of its saving labor. On the con-
trary, employees like the safety car. In cities where they
are being introduced there is always a long list of applica-
tions from motormen and conductors waiting to be assigned
to safety-car runs.

The car is easy to operate. It is controlled by two
handles, that of the controller and the brake valve. Sand
may be applied in any position by pressure on the brake-
valve handle. The control of the doors is also incorporated
in the brake valve so that after the brake is applied the
operator may open the front door by simply moving the
brake-valve handle to the door-opening position. The oper-
ator is seated in a comfortable swivel chair and handles the
safety car in much the same way as a chauffeur runs an
automobile. The elimination of physical strains makes the

operator more alert by increasing his mental efficiency. This
is reflected in the reduction of accidents.

Furthermore, the ease of operation makes the safety
car adaptable to the use of women operators. .\t this time
this point is particularly worthy of consideration, .^s more
men are calle<l into the service, women will take their places,
and it will be a long time after the war is over before they
leave the various lines of endeavor that they are now enter-
ing. The economic and social fabric that is being woven by
this w.ar will not be unravelled over night.

The Car is Not an Experiment

Safety-car service is not an experinuiU — it Is an estab-
lished institution. It was on November 1. I'.tKi. that the
Summit Avenue line in Fort Worth, Tex., was changed over
to safety-car operation. Since then 1.000 safety cars have
been placed in service or contracted for by sixty different
cities of this country. Furthermore, 98 per cent, of the one-
man cars liuilt in this country during the last tw'o years
have been the standard safety car. This fact alone should
have an important bearing on the financing of new safety cars,
as the question as to whether or not the proposed new
cars are of a standard type is one of the first questions asked
by the banker. Furthermore, it is just what the industry has
been longing for — a standard car and equipment for electric
street railway service.

What Can be Done Now?

What has been said so far may be good food for thought.
but it does not offer immediate relief. Old equipment can-
not be scrapped and replaced at once by safety cars. Fur-
therfore, with the government competing with private enter-
prises for the use of capital, there is not much of it available
for the purchase of new cars and equipment. We must con-
serve what we have and operate it as efficiently as possible.

Undoubtedly many existing cars should be converted
into safety cars and operated advantageously by one man.
If the cars are too large for one man to handle during rush
hours a conductor could be employed at that time. The
question then arises as to what to do with him the balance
of the day. Why not employ him in the shop or office?
.Select the work he is best fitted for and teach him how to
do it and so schedule the shop and office routine as to allot
certain work to these extra men. This would certainly be
conserving man power to the greatest extent and would be
a material benefit to the men themselves.

On the other hand, why not consider women as conduc-
tors during rush hours? There are many of them who have
the time and who are willing to work on a part-time job.

The handling of factory crow-ds by large cars operated by
one man could readily be taken care of by the prepayment
method, .\rran.ge to have the factory employees pay their
fare before they enter the car. The operator could handle
the additional passengers picked up en route. .\ car seating
thirty-two to thirty-six passen.gers is as large a car as can be
handled properly by one man when loaded to capacity.

The safety car also readily adapts itself to the zone sys-
tem of fares; in fact, it is the exponent of economy and effi-
ciency in operation — the agent that will restore confidence in
the electric railway industry.

Women Conductors for St. Louis

The United Railways, St. Louis. Mo., has its first w'omen
conductors in training, special quarters having been fitted up
for them, along with a rear platform and trailer entrance and
vestibule in the schoolroom. A majority of the twenty-odd
students are wives or relatives of employees. The training
course will cover sixteen days. It is made clear that their
employment was distinctly a war measure. They will be
called "conductors" and receive the same pay as the men.

ise

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

February If.. ini8

Agreement Reached Between City and Montreal
Tramways Company

After nnicli ilelay and the formulation of many schemes,
an agreement has been reached respecting the conditions
upon which the franchise of the Montreal Tramways Com-
pany has been extended. The provincial government several
months ago appointed a commission to enquire into tlie whole
position. Their report has been issued, and a contract signed
)iy the commission and the company, which, however, is sub-
ject to the sanction of the local legislature.

The contract extends the franchise :i5 years, and sets up
a permanent tramways commission, which is to have jurisdic-
tion over all the company's lines or any of its sulisidianes, so
far as finances, operation, extension, and disputes are con-
cerned. The three members of the commision are to be
named by the Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council, and will re-
main in office ten years, but can be removed for cause by the
government. The city and the company have also the right
to appeal to the Superior Court for the removal of a member
for a number of causes, including fraud, corruption, and the
refusal to fulfil in good faith the duties, etc. No member
can be connected with the city or any municipal corporation
interested, nor shareholders in the tramways company, nor
have an interest in a contract with one of the parties or in-
terested municipalities. Appeals from the decision of the
commission can be made to the Pubbc Utilities Commission.
The commission is vested with very full powers as to exam-
ining-the books, files, and property of the company, and must
report yearly to the city on the condition of the capital ac-
count and other accounts referring to maintenance and re-
newals, reserve funds, and the lowering of tariffs. The rights.
!)rivileges, and franchises possessed already by the company
in the city are annulled, and any that it possesses in other
municipalities or will possess will be annulled by the mere
fact of tliese territories being annexed to the city. In such
cases the annexed territories would fall under the new con-
tract.

Conditions of the Franchise
The company is forbidden to sell, cede, transport, or lend,
in whole or in part, directly or indirectly, the system or any
of the rights obtained by the contract. The company guaran-
tees the city against all claims which could be pronounced by
reason of the construction, existence, maintenance, repairs,
or exploiting of the tramway system. The company also
undertakes not to attempt, inside or beyond the city, any
enterprise, industrial or commercial, other than those shown
in the contract and relative to it. Except for the arrange-
ment of the Tramway Company with the Montreal and South-
ern Counties Railway Company, the company is not permit-
ted, without the consent of the commission, to allow cars of
any other company to go over the lines.

Several new lines, totalling Hi miles, are to be constructed
by November 1, 1918, Init the commission can extend this
time, and the schedules have also been rearranged. The com-
mission has power to order the construction of further lines
from time to time and also power to order the rearrange-
ment of the lines, poles, cables, etc. Every pole in the city,
when renewed, must be of iron, and iron poles must be used
f)n the construction of new lines. The commission will de-
termine the speed of cars, location of transfer points, fre-
quency of service, and so on; also the number of passen.gers
each car may contain, the company to indicate this number
on the outside of the car in large figures.

The city can compel the company to flusli. sprinkle, and
sweep the streets in which it has tracks, and to haul garbage,
etc., at a price not to exceed 10 per cent, profit on the cost,
providing that the work does not interfere with the traffic.
.'\ny contract entailing an expenditure exceeding $50. 000 must
be sulmiitted to the commission within a week for its ap-
proviil or disapproval.

The commission has authority to modify fares. The lat-
ter will be made uniform for the city and certain outlying
districts named.- to be known as the "uniform rate territory";
outside of this the company may fix different rates for local
traffic and for passengers going into the uniform rate terri-
tory. The commission may vary the rates for certain hours,
and fix a tariff for children and apprentices. Transfer points
are to be punched on the transfers.

May Transport Freight

The company has the riglit to transport frei.ght, but this
is not to impede passenger traffic. The company is expressly
prohibited from interfering with the formation of union
among its employees. The fine for failing to comply with
the contract or to refuse to comply with any order of the
commission is $40 per day.

The capital value of the company is placed at $:5().28G.295
(Dr. L. A. Herdt was one of the valuers of the plant and
assets), and the company cannot pay more than 10 per cent,
per annum on this fixed capital. Six per cent, on the latter is
virtually guaranteed. The amount per revenue car-mile it can
spend on operation expenses will be fixed by the commission,
and the estaljlishment of various funds is ordained as follows:
A fund of $,500,000, to l)e created by $100,000 instalments in
five years to pay off old debts and excesses in the operation
fund beyond the amount set each year by the commission; a
maintenance and renewal fund; a tolls reduction fund; and a
reserve contingency fund. An annual sum of $500,000 is to
he given to the city, and when everything else is provided for,
including dividends of the company, the surplus is to be divid-
ed as follows: 30 per cent, to the city, 20 per cent, to the com-
pany, and 50 per cent, for the reduction of fares. Whenever
the latter fund reaches $2,000,000 it must be a|)plied to the
reduction of fares.

The city has the right to expropriate the property at the
end of the term of the franchise by paying for the value of
the property as lixed by arbitration, with an addition of 10
per cent.

Fare Checks and Lottery of Lima Street
Railway

No cash registers arc used on the street cars of Lima.
Peru, the company preferring to rely for its records upon
serially numbered, printed paper slips somewhat similar to
the transfers used in the United States. One of these is
given to each passenger when his fare is paid, and he is re-
quired to show it to the inspector who boards the cars at
frequent intervals to check up the conductor. Two kinds of
slips are used — one for a straight ride and another for a
"connection," or transfer to another line. When the latter
is presented to the conductor of the connecting line, one end
is torn to show that it has been cancelled, but the ticket is
retained by the passenger, as in the case of the straight-
ride ticket, so that he may participate in the monthly or
semi-monthly drawings of the company. Different colored
tickets are used on each line, and these are changed from
day to day to avoid fraudulent use of the tickets. The lines
about the city are divided into four sections. A prize of
£30 is given to each of the three principal sections and £lO
is given to the fourth. From among the numbers appearing
on the tickets sold, as verified by the company's books, one is
drawn for each line and the prize is awarded to the holder
of that ticket. In case the prize is not claiined within four
days after the drawing, all tickets sold on the day of the
drawing on the line issuing the ticket that was not presented,
whose last three numbers are the same as the last three of the
winning ticket, are entitled to a prize of £l each. This
scheme is thought to encourage riding on the cars. In I'.Ufi
the total number of passen.gcrs carried was 2S.. 500. 000. —
Commerce Reports.

Fcliniarv 1"), I'.iH

I'. I'.Ll'.CTRICA r. XRWS

mmm^ C otyiracwr

Improved Electrical Conditions in Province of
Quebec

A new bill providing for the licensing of electrical con-
tractors in the Province of Quebec, noted in the last issue of
the Electrical News, has made possible better provision for
the protection of public buildings against fire, as shown by
amendments introduced in another l)ill now liefore the
house.

One of the sub-sections inserted states that "no electric
installation in a public building in the province for the trans-
mission of light, motive power, or heat shall be put in or
altered except by a person or under the immediate super-
vision of a person duly authorized and holding a license to
that effect."'

.Another clause reads: "Every heating apparatus already
installed in a building, or to oe so in future, must be approved
by one of the inspectors of public buildings, who shall give
the proprietor of the building a certificate to that effect. This
certificate must be always posted up at the place indicated by
the inspector."

Still another clause states that "the chief inspector of
public buildings maj-, with the approval of the Minister of
Public Works and Labor, declare any electric installation or
heating apparatus now in any public building, defective, and
may order the necessary alterations to be made. and. if the
proprietor does not comply with the said inspector's orders to
that effect, he shall be liable to the penalties provided for
elsewhere."

National Association of Contractors and Dealers

The National Association of Electrical Contractors and
Dealers became a reality on January 22. and at the same time
the official life of the National Electrical Contractors' Asso-
ciation, of which it is the logical successor, came to an end.
The new association has been formed along the lines recently
outlined by W. L. Goodwin and generally referred to as the
Goodwin plan of reorganization, which was outlined in the
issues of December 1 and December 1.5 of the Electrical
News. One of the most important changes is the provision
for extending the membership of the association so that it
includes all retailers of electrical goods, whether they be
department stores, hardware stores, central stations, contrac-
tor-dealers, or dealers exclusively in electrical supplies". The
effect of supplies being handled by these various organiza-
tions on a different scale of prices is well known, and the re-
sults which are possible from a getting together of the vari-
ous elements in the trade should l)e beneficial.

Opening Montreal Office

The Railway and Power Engineering Corporation, Ltd.,
Toronto, have opened an office in Montreal in the Power
Building. Mr. J. G. Bryson, formerly of the Northern Elec-
tric Company, has been appointed Eastern manager for this
corporatiiiii

Building Up Export Business

It is always a pleasure to record in these columns in-
stances of initiative and push on the part of Canadian manu-
facturers in reaching out for a share of the export field. In
this instance reference is made to the Duncan Electrical Com-
pany, Ltd.. of 1665 St. James Street. Montreal, who have, by
the application of steady persistence, coupled with experience
and expert knowledge of conditions in, and requirements of,
different foreign countries, built up a satisfactory trade in
most parts of the world in their manufactures.

One line, originally manufactured specially for the South
American market, where they have sold very large quantities,
has since been shipped largely to allied and neutral Contin-
ental Europe. To meet the demands from many parts of the
world for a former German product the company are now
making what are known as "Tower" bolts, which they now
export in large quantities.

The company recognized that, to seriousl3' interest a for-
eign buyer, one essential was to talk to him in his own lan-
guage, and their lists and pamphlets are, therefore, printed
in English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese, and in some
instances where the article is particularly interesting to that
country, in Russian also.

In the beginning some doubts were expressed as to the
possibility of competing successfully with the large American
factories, but increased production, improved methods, and a
little extra "ginger" disposed of these doubts in short order
by that best of proof, "results."

The export department was suggested, organized, and
developed by Mr. H. N. Howlett, and remains under his con-
trol.— Industrial Canada.

Electric Sign that Uses Fewer Lamps

.\n electric sign construction has been perfected by a
L'nited States firm which uses circular disc-shaped reflectors
mounted within the stroke of the letter in the same position
in which receptacles would ordinarily be placed. These re-
flectors are detachably mounted, and are adjustable to any
position which leaves the sign in the shape of a regular paint-
ed sign, with the exception that the characters are studded
or outlined with the adjustable circular disc reflectors. In
the case of the letter "S'' the receptacles are mounted in the
upper and lower loops of the letter, one receptacle within each
loop, making two in all. Electric bulbs are mounted in these
receptacles, each electric bulb having a small cap placed over
the exposed end or tip to obscure the view of the lamp from
the line of vision. The circular disc reflectors are then ad-
justed so that they are focused to the lamp in their respective
vicinity. The light rays -from each lamp are projected out-
ward in a straight line at right angles to the plane of the
sign by the reflectors. The result of this arrangement is a
Ijrilliantly illuminated sign, giving an effect equal to the or-
dinary or old style exposed bulb sign. Operation of the sign
is. also, more economical, due to fewer lamjjs than in the ex-
|)osed bulb type.

:i8

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Pchniarv 1.5, miS

Mr. Merz on Inventions Board

111 the recent radical changes in the British Admiralty, hy
which a complete scheme for the organization of a naval
general staff has been carried into effect, the government has
obtained the services of Mr. Charles H. Merz, M.I.C.E., the
well-known electrical consulting engineer. He has been ap-
pointed director of experiments and research (unpaid). This
involves the reorganization of the Admiralty Board of Inven-
tion and Research, and has the object at once of securing
greater concentration of effort in connection with scientific
research and experiment and ensuring that the distinguished
scientists who are giving their assistance to the .\dmiralty
are more constantly in and amongst the problems upon which
they are advising. Mr. Merz. who has been associated with
the B.I.R. since its inception, will direct and supervise all the
executive arrangements in connection with the organization
of scientific research and experiments. Mr. Merz will also be
a member of the Central Committee of the B.I.R.. under the
presidency of .Admiral of the Fleet Lord Fisher.

Reducing Fire Hazards

Further particulars ui the hill fur licensing electrical con-
tractors, introduced hy the Hon. L. .\. Taschereau into the
Quebec Legislature, are now available. Mr. Taschereau bases
the legislation on the need for greater protection from fire,
the bill applying to public buildings and including churches,
schools, hotels, boarding houses with accommodation for 15
boarders, office buildings, and others. It is provided that no
electric installation in the province for the transmission of
light, motive power, or heat shall be put in or altered except
by a person or under the immediate supervision of a person
duly authorized and holding a license to that effect. The
Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council may prescribe the conditions
on which the license shall be granted, the lee chargeable
thereon, and the conditions of installatiorf.

Automatic Controller for Heating Appliances

For use with electric heating appliances, such as electric
pads, scalp treatment pads, blankets, a Seattle manufacturer
is offering the trade an automatic temperature controller
which, it is said, will maintain any given temperature from '.in
degrees I", to IfiO degrees F., with a variation of al)Out one
degree. The controller can also be used, the maker points
out, to control the temperature of electric irons, toasters, per-
colators, chafing dishes, etc.. rated up to and including 6fi0
watts and maintain temperatures of 250 to 800 degrees F.
For use with this controller, a special pad is made for sick
room service, which is 12 inches wide by 24 inches long, and
can be rcdled up or folded, and can be used with wet packs.
The temperature controller, when employed with this pad.
makes it possible to hold the temperature of the pad when
rolled or folded at a constant or variable temperature.

Attractive Kitchener Booklet

The Kitchener Manufacturers' Association have just pub-
lished a very attractive booklet, for distribution, describing
the manufacturing activities of their city. The illustrative
work is wonderfully good and the booklet as a whole is a
credit to the wide-awake organization that produced it. .\n
advertisement of interest to electrical men is that of the
Onward Manufacturing Company.

An electrical engineering office and storage battery sta-
tion is lieing opened in Fredericton. X.B., by Mr. H. C.
Moore, B.Sc. A line of electrical appliances and supplies will
also be carried.

New Automatic Air Pressure Outfit

.\ new outfit has been developed by the M. L. Bastian
.\uto Engineering Works. Olney, Philadelphia. Pa., for ser-
vice in garages and other places where air is required. The
outfit contains a pump, motor, storage tank, pressure gauge
and the necessary air and electrical connectors. The steel
tank is 12 inches in diameter by 48 inches long, and is tested
to a pressure of 300 pounds per square inch. The pump is a
two-cylinder, air cooled design with a l-H-'nch bore and ;i-
inch stroke. The cast iron pistons are each equipped with
eight perfection piston rings. The piston rods are bronze

with split bearings on the crank end for adjustment. The
crank shaft is steel, one inch in diameter and micrometer
gauged to size. Oiling is by the splash system and a sight
gauge for determining the oil level is provided at the sjdc
of the pump. The outfit is equipped with a one-way valve
between the tank and pump and when the pump is stopped
the air is not held by check in the pump and the pump does
not start against pressure. The pump is gear connected to
a one-half horse-power Robbins & Myers motor, which is
equipped with cord and plug for connection to a lamp socket.
A rawhide pinion is provided on the motor shaft to eliminate
unnecessary gear noise.

Lyre-Top Fixtures

Lyre-top fixtures designed for use in railroad yards and
similar places have been designed by the Wheeler Reflector
Company. The fixture on the right has a canopy with ports
cast in the side, into which the arms are screwed for forming
the frame of the liracket. This canopy has a copper screw

ring rolled inside, which engages the threaded collar on the
refiectnr, making a rigid support. The lyre top shown on the
left is used with a high-tension series porcelain receptacle
Iiead and the same reflector shown on the right.

The Maritime Telephone & Telegraph Company, operat-
ing in Halifax, reports that since the explosion there they
have had to handle 582 order-outs. 408 of these were con-
tained in a blanket order covering telephones that were in
the heart of the devastated area; 174 were ordered out by
subscribers.

Fcl)riuirv JJ, I'JIS

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Westinghouse Fans for 1918

Concciitratiim mi thusc iiuhIcIs whose .scr\ iccaliility and
]io|)iilarity liave been amply tested has been the aim i>f the
lillis clianges in the line of fans made liy the Westinghouse
Electric and Manufacturing l'omi)any. The six-blade fans
have been eliminated and some of the less popular ceiling
fans have been withdrawn. All portable fans are provided
with a hinge joint, to adapt them to mounting on either desk
or wall. The oscillating mechanism can be adjusted for a
"swing" of from 45 to !H) degrees at the rate of eight per
minute, or can be locked out of service entirely. A tilt of 20
degrees from horizontal can also be had. The Whirlwind, an
8-inch fan, at a popular price, has the drawn steel construc-
tion. From it have been omitted, however, such refmements
as speed control, highly polished blades, and others not neces-
sary for durability. Current can be cut off by separating the
attachment plu.g;. The remainder of the portable line includes
both oscillating and non-oscillating fans of in, 12, and Id-

inch diameters. Ten-inch fans have zinc-plated, polished, and
lacquered blades; 12 and 16-inch models have polished and
lacquered brass blades. Finish of all other parts is dull black.
All models are packed in suljstantial boxes, and include at-
tachment plug and eight feet of cord.

Gyrating fans are furnished lor either floor or ceiling
mounting. The fans themselves are six-blade, 12-inch mod-
els, attached to a rotating body, which turns on a ball-bear-
ing. One of the fan motors is geared to a mechanical drive
operating on a central stationary pulley. Thus the rate of
revolution does not vary with the air-reaction. Breeze at any
angle from horizontal to 'M> de,grees below can be secured.
I-'inish is dull black throughout, save for the blades, which are
polislied brass. No guards are furnished. Ceiling fans are
furnished in four-blade models, of :i2 and 5fi inches diameter.

Industrial Lighting Reflectors

The ellr-cienl dluniinatmn of uuluslnal plants has been
made the subject of serious study for the last few years, not
only from the point of view of initial economy, but having in
mind also the increased value of the linished product, tlie
lessened percentage of defective pieces, and the greater con-
tentment of workmen relieved of nervous tension produced by
eye-strain. The Wheeler Reflector Company has provided
reflectors which not only show a maximum of illuminating
value, but, in addition, offer designs specially adapted to the
character of operation conducted under their light. Thus for
general illumination of large areas group \V reflectors (I'ig.
1) are recommended. These can lie used in lighting confined
spaces also, Ijut frequently a workman at a bench or loom or
an individual macliine may need a greater intensity of illum-
ination than is essential in other parts of the plant. So a

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. .3

Fig. 4

Fig 5

different tyiie of reflector (Fig. 3) is suggested, with a smaller
lamp, hung nearer the working plane, which has the effect of
localizing the light. Again, the operation may be of such a
character that light thrown from the side may be required to
give the proper service, and .group N (Fig. 3) reflectors can
be used to better advantage.

Or a unit may be needed witli an opaque glass globe to
diffuse light from its larger surface (Fig. 4). Or offices,
drafting rooms, and exhibition rooms may suggest a semi-
indirect type of fixture (Fig. 5), which can be employed
where the dirt and dust of a workroom is absent. .\ selection
of the proper lighting unit, under advice from a competent
engineer, may, therefore, be expected to ensure better ser-
vice. The Canadian General Electric Company, Ltd., are act-
ing as Canadian agents for the Wheeler Reflector Company.

THE, ELECTRICAL NEWS

February 15. iniS

Personals

Mr. George B. Frost, who for six years has been man-
ager of the Smitli's Falls Electric Power Company, Limited.
Smith's Falls. Ont.. was elected to the local hydro-electric
commission at the municipal elections on January T. At the
first meeting of the commission. Mr. J. F. Montgomery, ex-
niayor. was elected chairman and Mr. Frpst. secretary.

Mr. J. S. Gould, who for twenty-five years was proprietor
of the Citizens' Electric Company. Smith's Falls, Ont., since
the purchase of that company by the Hydro has established an
electrical contracting Inisiness, under the name of Alex. Baker
& Company.

Mr. William Gore, of Toronto, who has been elected a
meml)er of the Canadian Society of Civil Engineers, was at
one time with the Fowler Waring Cable Company, London,
Eng., engaged on the design of telegraph, submarine and tele-
phone cables and the machinery for their manufacture. He
is now consulting engineer to the John verMehr Engineer-
ing Company, Toronto.

Mr. E. A. Seath, formerly with the Montreal office of the
Canada Wire and Cable Company. Ltd., and the Moloney
Electric Company of Canada, Ltd., has been appointed mana-
ger for the Maritime Provinces of these companies, and has
opened an office at 674 Harrington Street. Halifax. He is
succeeded in Montreal by Mr. Harry Riley, formerly of the
Toronto office of the Canada Wire and Cable Company.

Electricity to Help Farm Production

The electrical engineering department of the Iowa State
College recently planned an extensive exhibit of electric ap-
pliances and farm lighting sets for the farm and home short-
course week at the college, which was held from January 28
to February 3. The farmer must help in speeding-up produc-
tion. Electric lighting, electric motor-driven machines, and
other electrical appliances will serve as important factors in
this increased production. With these conveniences the farm-
er can do faster work with fewer mistakes. This is the belief
of the electrical department, which concentrated every effort
to make the exhibit a success.

Power Farm Machinery at O.A.C.

A short course at the Ontario Agricultural College,
Guelph. concluded on Feljruary 2, and was designed to teach
young men on farms how to operate power machinery and
electrical equipment. About 150 enrolled in the class, under
the guidance of Prof. W. H. Day and a number of experts
from various machinery companies. Many farmers attended
a demonstration on the closing day and learned what had
■been accomplished and also the benefits of electrical labor-
saving devices.

Electrical Men on Engineering Institute Council

Electrical engineers are well represented among the new
officers and council of The Engineering Institute of Canada,
lately known as the Canadian Society of Civil Engineers. At
the annual meeting, held last week, Mr. R. F. Hayward. chief
engineer and general manager of the Western Canada Power
Co., Vancouver, was elected vice-president, while Mr. J. M.
Robertson, consulting engineer, Montreal, and Mr. John
Murphy, electrical engineer, of the Department of Railways
& Canals. CJttawa, were elected members of the Council.

Trade Publications
Condulets — Condulet Sug.gestion Xo. 5. by the Crouse-
Hinds Company of Canada. This particular folder deals
with dust-tight fittings specially designed for wiring in textile
mills. These type Z G C condulets house the motor fuses and
provide places and means for mounting the protected snap
switches in convenient position.

Current News and Notes

Brandon, Man.

The Canada Gas and Electric Corporation, of Brandon.
Man., which has been supplying power to the Brandon Muni-
cipal Railway at 2 cents per kw. h., raised the rate on I'eliru-
ary 1 to 5 cents per kw. h. .-\s the railway was not. under
the old rate, a paying utility, the increase, which will amount
to $15,000 annually, will, it is hinted, necessitate a complete
tie-up.

Calgary, Alta.

The .\Iberta Federation of Labor recently passed reso-
lutions condemning the "one-man" street car. This should
constitute a deciding factor in favor of this type of car. being
an admission that they conserve labor and expenditure — an
all-important factor in these present days. With the existin.g
shortage of man-power surely the I'ederation of Labor need
have no fear of unemployment.

Guelph, Ont.

A movement is on foot in Guelph, Ont.. to develop the
unused power on the Speed River. The Hydro-Electric
Power Commission will make an investigation.

Kingston, Ont.

The Public Utilities Commission of Kingston, Ont.. have
granted a rate of 1 cent per kw. h. where current is used in
heaters of 000 watts capacity or over.

Montreal, Que.

The annual statement of the .\bitibi Pow-er and Paper
Company, submitted on February 11. showed that the com-
pany's earnings for the year 1!)17, liefore providing for depre-
ciation, exhaustion of timlier areas, interest, etc., were
$1.:!2;!.001. After deducting fixed and other charges there re-
mained a surplus of $:',41,12:i, which, added to the surplus of
.'i;.tfiO,i)25 in 1910, made a total of .$703,047, out of which were
paid dividends on preferred stock amounting to $70,000.

Smith's Falls, Ont.

Both the Citizens' Electric Company and the Smith's
I'^alls Electric Power Company were taken over l)y the muni-
cipality on January 1. 1918, and are now operated by the
Smith's I'alls Hydro-Electric Commision.

Toronto, Ont.

It is stated that plans and specifications have been
ordered prepared for a modern car factory to be used by the
city of Toronto when the street railway is taken over in 1921.
It was also decided by the Transportation Commission to
order 250 cars for delivery in September. 1921.

A Toronto electrical contractor, charged with undertak-
ing new electrical installation in a residence without having
secured a permit from the electrical inspection department of
the Hydro-Electric Power Commision of Ontario, was re-
cently fined $50 and costs, or thirty days in jail.
Winnipeg, Man.

Tlie report of the Manitolia Government telephones for
the year just ended shows a deficit of $30,:!49.96. The re-
venue for the year is stated to have been $1,847,704.52, while
the operating expenses totalled $1,406,940.17. showing the net
telephone earnings as $440,764.35. Against this were items of
$45,450.40 for salaries to men of the department in military
service and $425,663.91 interest charges.

For the first time in its history the Winnipeg Street Rail-
way Company has failed to meet its financial obligations to
the city on the date fixed by charter. Five per cent, of earn-
ings, amounting to $99,000, was due on February 1, but re-
mains unpaid, as the company, according to its stdicitor. is
financially unalile to meet the obli.gation.

March ], 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Published Semi-Monthly By

HUGH G. MACLEAN, LIMITED

HUGH C. MacLEAN, Winnipeg, President.
THOMAS S. YOUNG, General Manager.
W. R. CARR, Ph.D., Editor.

HEAD OFFICE - 347 Adelaide Street West, TORONTO

ADVERTISEMENTS
Orders for advertising should reach the office of publication not later
than the 5th and 20th of the month. Changes in advertisements will be
made whenever desired, without cost to the advertiser.

SUBSCRIBERS
The "Electrical News" will be mailed to subscribers in Canada and
Great Britain, post free, for $2.00 per annum. United States and foreign,
$2.50. Remit by currency, registered letter, or postal order payable to
Hugh C. MacLean, Limited.

Subscribers are requested to promptly notify the publishers of failure
or delay in delivery of paper.

Authorized by the Postmaster General for Canada, for transmission
as second class matter.

Entered as second class matter July l.Sth, 1914, at the Postoffice at
Buffalo, N. Y.. under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

Vol. 27

Toronto, March t, 1918

No. S

Power Situation in London
Opportunity for Controller Drayton

An acute power situation is foreshadowed in London.
Ont., by the announcement of the London Electric Company
that they will shut down on April 1. This comes at an unfor-
tunate time, when the Hydro Commission is urging the muni-
cipalities to greater economy, and when, therefore, it is a
practical impossibility for the London Hj'dro to take on more
custoiiiers without causing additional distress to the other
Ontario municipalities. It is not to be wondered at that,
with the increasing price of everything that contributes to the
operation of a steam plant and the difficulty of getting coal at
any price, the London Electric has found it impossible to
compete with Niagara Falls power. In the present power
shortage, however, the shut-down of this plant should be
avoided in some way. Doubtless the Dominion power con-
troller will find a ready solution of the difficulty, either by
taking over the operation of the plant in the meantime or by
instructing the company to continue operations under a guar-
antee that deficits will be reimbursed. As soon as the summer
opens up the Hydro power situation should automatically
adjust itself; in that case the London Hydro system could
absorb, during four or five months, the entire business that
must inevitably fall to them. Dismantling the plant, how-
ever, is courting trouble again next winter, and at the moment
it looks as if the wisest course would be to continue the steam
plant ^n operation until power shortage on the Hydro lines,
winter or summer, is amply provided for.

Canada Leads the World
In Fire Loss Per Capita ' ..

••I'ire rrevcntioM" was the suliject of a talk by Chief
Tremblay nf the Montreal Fire Brigade, at the Montreal Elec-
trical luncheon on February '.'O. Me jjointed out that, while
iractically no progress had Ijeen made in preventing fires, the
development of electricity had had the effect of reducing fire
losses and electrical men had done more in this direction than
any others. This was not done with the set purpose of reduc-
ing losses, but the progress in their industry had had that
result. Many fires were attributed to electrical causes, but
whether the allegations were true he was not in a position to
say. He declared that many of the fires could be avoided. In
Europe, before the war, the loss was 25c per head; in Canada.
$3.29; and in the United States. $2.88. Even making allow-
ances for climatic and other conditions, the loss was far too
large. Last year the fire loss in Canada was $24,000,000. a
very high rate. Insurance companies were partly to blame
for this, as they accepted bad risks, secured through agents
who did not look beyond securing their commissions. This
observation did not apply to all agents. I)ut only to a section
of them. Mr. Tremblay advocated the jjenalizing of insurers
where fires were caused by neglecting civic by-laws; he
would fine the parties for calling out the brigade, and also
prohibit the payment of the insurance money. While we were
taking measures to prevent waste no one had given a thought
to the waste caused by fires and how to prevent them.

He had commenced a campaign to educate people along
the lines of fire prevention, and in the l)usiness section of
Montreal the results were very satisfactory. This education
sliould lie taken ivp by the federal and provincial governments.
municipalities, schools, and factories. It would result in the
saving of life and the reduction of premiums. The speaker
also advocated the formation of an association in Montreal to
take means to prevent fires.

Referring a,gain to the electrical side of the subject, the
chief remarked that quite a numlier of fires were due to elec-
trical causes, and in this connection recalled a recent fire in
Montreal in which five lives were lost, due to work being
done by a man who had no experience in this line and was
told to do the work with old scrap. .A considerable amount
of work of this kind was done by men who had no practical
knowledge, and if this class of work was refused insurance by
the companies, the people who were responsilile for getting
the v.'ork done would be compelled to spend money in getting
repairs, etc., properly executed. Mr. Tremblay further ex-
pressed approval of the act just passed I)y the Quebec Legis-
lature by which lighting, power and heating systems can be
installed only by persons holding licenses.

Mr. \V. H. Winter, the chairman, promised the co-opera-
tion of members of the luncheon in forming a committee to
educate the public on tlie question of fire prevention.

Half-Cent Rate for Ontario

Should Make Electric Cooking Universal

A joint meeting of the Ontario Municipal Electric Asso-
ciation and the Hydro-Electric Radial Association was held in
Toronto on February 12. A number of resolutions were car-
ried, including the recommendation that Mr. J. W. Lyon,
chairman of the Hydro-Radial Association, be appointed to
one of the vacancies in the Senate, so that the interests he
represents may be given fair consideration.

.Another resolution favored the taking over by the Do-
minion Government of the Grand Trunk and Grand Trunk
Pacific. The C.P.R. was not included. In passing this latter
resolution the hydro representatives apparently had in mind
the electrification of many of the branches operating in Can-
ada, which, as Sir .Adam Beck stated, would remove the neces-

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

March 1. IHIS

sity to embark upon such an extensive scheme of radial hues
as had been contemplated.

Sir Adam Beck also took occasion to announce the in-
auguration of a new domestic rate, designed to encourage
cooking and, to some extent, heating. The present scheme
calls for the payment of a certain rate, say, 2 cents per kvv. h.
up to a certain consumption per month, say, 30 kw. h., and
half that rate (in this case 1 cent per kw. h.) for all excess. It
is now .proposed to make the secondary rate (1 cent in above
case) applicable to only an additional consumption of a fixed
amount (say, 30 kw. h., as above), and the charge for all in
excess (i.e. above 60 kw. h. in the case in question) at half the
secondary rate, i.e., at yk cent per kw. h. It was stated that
this rate is already being tried out in Ottawa, and that other
municipalities will.be allowed to use it as soon as they show
sufficient financial strength.

Prison Reform and Capital Punishment

Mr. Robert Bickerdike. president of the National Prison
Reform Association, addressed the Montreal electrical lunch-
eon on February 13 on "Prison Reform and Capital Punish-
ment," a subject on which, remarked Mr. Drew, the chairman,
in introducing Mr. Bickerdike, members of the electrical
luncheon had no inside information. The speaker referred
with satisfaction to the progress made by the prison reform
movement, particularly in Ontario, where the result had been
gratifying. He pointed to the large number of men now at
work on the land, practically without restriction, and said thai
there were probably only 10 per cent, of the total number of
prisoners at Guelph who could not be trusted without guards.
In the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec a start had also been
made in this reform work.

Touching on capital punishment, Mr. Bickerdike outlined
many of the well-known arguments in favor of the abolition
of hanging. He remarked that in this country we punished
for the sake of revenge, which was contrary to the spirit of
Christianity. The object of punishment was to reform the
prisoners and not to take revenge. He was opposed to capi-
tal punishment because it was a relic of barbarism. He stated
that he had received letters from the governors of thirteen
states in .America to the effect that since the abolition of capi-
tal punishment crimes had not increased and that in some
states it had decreased.

technical knowledge of the fundamentals of their profession.
The choosing of men was outlined, various methods being
employed, among which are Blackburn's phrenology, mechan-
ical tests of Munsterberg, and tests of Warfield Scott of the
Northwestern University and Thorndike of Columbia. After
tlie men are selected, the method of training is to place the
men in the shops and to carry on their training by presenting
to them in a systematic way a series of questions that apply
to their daily work. These men can obtain the answers to
their questions by asking their foremen, studying the litera-
ture of the company, or l>y any other means they wish. Mr.
Dooley emphasized the value of personal discovery, and he
said that the best type of teacher was the trained fellow-em-
ployee. The situation more or less summed up would be
that people are sli.ghtly interested in things they are told, but
vitally interested in things they take part in.

.\fter the paper a most interesting and heated discussion
was entered into, some of those taking part being Professors
Baker and Henderson of Queen's University and Professor
Price of Toronto University. Those who heard Mr. Dooley
will long remember his most excellent presentation of a sub-
ject that in the past has been sadly neglected by engineers
and employers in general, but one that is coming more and
more to be realized as one of the fundamental activities that
any li\e organization should carry on.

Training Men for Industry

The old methods, such as leading a man to a lathe, giving
him some material, and telling him to follow his blue prints.
and, if he makes good, patting him on the hack, but if he
does not make good, firing him, and that of trying to tell a
man everything there is to be known about a lathe and ma-
terial, are now things of the past in the more up-to-date estab-
lishments, according to Mr. C. R. Dooley. manager of the
education department of the Westinghouse Electric and
Manufacturing Company, of Pittsburg, Pa. In Mr. Dooley's
talk before the Toronto section of the American Institute of
Electrical Engineers on February 15 he outlined the admir-
able work that is being done by the Westinghouse Electric
and Manufacturing Company in East Pittsburg in training
the trades apprentices and engineering apprentices in the
manufacturing side of electrical engineering. Any educational
method should have as its goal leadership, workmanship, and
spirit. The speaker claimed that in training men for leader-
ship they could obtain workmanship and spirit as by-products.
In supplying technical assistants to the various execu-
tives of the Westinghouse Company, Mr. Dooley found that
these executives required their subordinates to have, first, the
human characteristics, such as good judgment, initiative, ana-
lytical ability, courage, .etc.. and, as a less important part.

March Program Toronto Section A.I.E.E.

I'riday. March 1 — Engineers' Club, 8 p.m., a paper by Mr.
R. P. Jackson, of the research division, Westinghouse Elec-
tric and Manufacturing Company, Pittsburg, on the subject,
"Commercial and Industrial Research."

I'riday. March -S. is the date of the institute meeting at
Cleveland, in which the Toronto section is participating as a
host. .\r\ interesting program of papers relating to under-
.ground distribution and the use of electric drive in steel mills
has been arranged; also a joint meting with the .Association
of Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers and an informal din-
ner.

Friday March 1.5. Engineers' Club, .S p.m., Mr. J. J. Frank
will come up from the General Electric Company. PittsfieUl.
Mass., to .give a paper on "Recent Developments in Trans-
former Practice."

More Storage Dams for Quebec

The Quebec Government, in pursuance of its policy of
developing the water-powers of the province, has passed sev-
eral ))ills authorizing the Quebec Streams Commission to con-
struct further storage dams, this authority, however, being
subject to the consent of the Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council.
Thus dams may be built on Lake Kenogami, a branch of Lake
St. Jean; on the Chicoutimi and Sable Rivers; the St. Anne
and Sauvanne Rivers; the Jacques Cartier River, and else-
where. The expenditure authorized is $4,000,000. but it does
not follow that tliese works will l)e carried out immediately.
The commision has made studies and plans of the possibilities
of water storage on numerous rivers. L'nder another bill
power is given to purchase railways, camps, a power plant,
shops, machinery, etc., constructed by the St. Maurice Con-
struction Company, in carrying out the contract for the build-
ing of La Loutre dam. on the St. Maurice River. The price
is not to exceed $500,000. The purchase is subject to the
Shawinigan Water and Power Company, Brown Corporation,
and Laurentide Company. Ltd., agreeing to reimburse the
commission $1,000,000 over the price payable under a previous
contract for supplying water by the damming of the St.
Maurice. The payment of the $1,000,000 is to be spread over
40 years. The St. Maurice Construction Company also agrees
to renounce all claims for extra work incurred in the con-

Man-li I. l:i|.s

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

stnicticiii iif I.:i Lmilre dain. a sum of $:.'»«. SOT liciiiH nu'ii-
tioiied particularly in the bill. The amount of $I.f)()(),l)()0 for
the La Loutre work, previously authorized, is to lie raised (o
.$r.',:".()(i.()llO.

The Electric Club of Toronto

Tlie last two l'"ebruary meetin.ijs of the Klectric Club of
Toronto were of unusual interest. On h'riday, the I'lth. the
club was addressed by Col. Gordon Morrison, formerly of the
l!)th. but latterly in command of the isth Overseas Battalion
in France. L'ol. Morrison described liis experiences from the
time he left Toronto until his return on leave, interjcctiu.y
some line bits of lunnor, all .going to show that efficient and
thorough as the training- of our officers may lie beforeliand,
the "Tommy" still has it on him in manv points as the liring
line is approached.

Tlie guest of the club on the :2:.'nd was Mr. .\rthur \'.
White, consulting engineer to the Commission of Conserva-
tion. Mr. White described the negotiations that have taken
place from time to time during past years between the United
States atid Canadian Governments regarding international
water-powers, and lirielly outlined the treaties and the admin-
istrative liodies appointed to adjud'cate the matters at issue.
In closing, he touched upon the present fuel situation and the
possibility of water-power in the form of electricity taking its
place. Mr. White's remarks will be reviewed at some length
in a later issue.

The speaker for March 1 is Professor G. M. Wrong, of
Toronto University, and for March S, Professor J. C. Fields.
The chairman for the month of March is Mr. F'rank Kennedy.

Second Acetic Acid Plant for Shawinigan

Announcement has been made by Mr. J. E. Aldred, presi-
dent of the Shawinigan Water and Power Company, that the
company would shortly erect and operate a plant for the
manufacture of acetic acid for the United States Government,
the whole enterprise to be financed by that government. The
plant will be practically a duplicate of the one at present
owned and operated by the Shawinigan company through its
subsidiary, the Canadian Electro Products Company. The
capital expenditure on the Canadian Electro Products plant is
given as in the neighborhood of $2,000,000, and the new. con-
struction will involve approximately as much. The financial
statement of the Shawinigan Water and Power Comiiany, just
subinitted, shows gross earnings of $2,903,210, an expansion
of $576,338, or 25 per cent., while net revenue, after charges
and depreciation reserve, amounted to $1,350,864. an increase
of $97,138, or slightly less than 8 per cent. The lower ratio of
gain in net as compared with gross is explained chiefly in a
rise of over $200,000 in expenditure, under the head of "power
purchased," and upwards of $150,000 in interest charges. The
former increase refers to an increased amount of power taken
from Laurentide, a purchase which went to swell gross re-
venues, and the latter increase is due to enlargement of sub-
sidiary plants the full benefit of which has not been reflected
in the company's revenues.

Heat Efificiency of Containing Vessels

Some interesting data on the efficiency of various types of
containing vessels when heated over electrical elements is
contained in an article by R. G. Kloefifler in a recent issue of
the Electrical World. Experiments were made with both
open and enclosed units and kettles of both granite and alu-
minium of various sizes were used. The readings were taken
en the amount of heat required to raise the temperature :ro'.p.

that of ordinary tap water to 3il(i degrees !■'., the consumption
being recorded on a standardized watt-hour meter.

The following utensils were used; .A small bluish-gray
granite kettle, diameter 6 inches; a small aluminium kettle. 0
inches diameter, perfectly Hat bottom, called "new" in this

T.^BLE I— CO.MPARISOX OF .SLRF.XCE tXIT EFFICIENCIES

Tvpe of
fnit

6-In. I 8-I11.
Granite ' Granite
I (.\gatc>

6-rn.

.Mumi-
nuni
(New)

Open 35.fi

Open 43.6

Open 33.8

Open 42.4

Average 39.6

Inclosed...! 29.7

Inclosed. . . i 46.4

Inclosed. . . 29.5

.\verage 35.2

S-In. ' .^vera^e

.\lunii- ] Average for 1 .Average
nuin i for .Alumi* ] for

(New) Granite niiiii .\il

42.7
52.4
46.2
47.2

33.3
33.3
32.2
.37.2

47.1

43 2
41.2
41.5

41.97

.34.0

36 6
53.3
37.1 ■

37. 5
43.5
43.3
47.9

39.15
48.0
41.5
44.8

43.05

49.1
48.7
.■14.9

43.35

36.45

43.8

35.5

35.4
38.4
37.5 I
43.. 55 !

37. i?
43.2
39.5
43.67

38.45

42.85

51.0

40.0

4U.91

39 65

47.1

40.75

TABLE 11— COMPARISON OF SURFACE UNIT EFFICIENCIES

8-In.

30-

.30-

6-In.

Alumi-

8-In.

Minute

Type of I'nit

.alumi-

num

Alumi-

Test

num

(Cov-

num

(Gran-

(Alumi-

(New)

(Old)

ered)

(Open)

ite)

num)

Open

33.3

28 ..

37 5

34 4

.i8.9

51:5

Open

33.3

33.6

43 5

34.2

58.7

51 2

Open

32.2

31 4

43.3

31.4

55.0

55.8

Open

37 2

32 8

47 9

.39.3

55.7

CO. 8

..\vcrage , . « .

34 0

31 55

43 05

34 8

57.07

54. S

Inclosed ,

36.6

22.9

49.1

42.4

60.0

87.8

Inclosed

53 3

37 8

48.7

43.75

50.3

03 5

Inclosed

37 1

25 2

54.9

51.5

57.5

72.9

Average . , .

42 3

28 6

.50 9

45 9

55.9

68.1

General

average

46 97

40 35

art'cle because it had a bright, new surface: a small alumin-
ium kettle, same as above, except tliat it was discolored and
dented on the bottom (called "old"): an aluminium fireless
cooker pan, with perfectly flat 8-inch bottom; an agate .granite
pan and a white granite pan. each 8 inches diameter. .-Ml the
utensils were fitted with covers.

The efticiency of the equipment is shown in Tables 1, 3,

TABI.F, III— COMPARISON OF SURFACE t'NIT EFFICIENCIES

Tvpe of
Unit

8-In. Agate
Granite
(Weight,
0.S6 Lb.)

8-In. Blue
Granite
(Weight,
1.5 Lb.)

S-In. White
Granite
(Weight,
1.5 Lb.)

8-In. 8:...=

Granite.

3.Qt.

Water

Open

Incosed

47.2
52.4
43.2

45.8
50.7
40.2

44.6
50.0
39.1

' 50.7
.57 2
40.3

.\vmige .

47.6

45.6

44.6

51 4

1100- Watt Unit

1.500-WATr Unit

Time

Effieiency.
per C*nt

Time

Efficiency
per Cent

Open

17 min. 20 sec.
21 min. 5 sec.
21 min. 8 sec.

.52.4
46.2
45.8

15 min. 30 sec.
18 min. 20 sec.

16 min. 38 sec.

47.1
39.4
42.5

.\vcrage. . .

19 min. 51 sec.

48.1

16 min. 40 sec. j 43.0

Uten.sil

New Reflector

Dirty Reflector

C-in. granite

6-in. aluminum

8-in. aluminum

8-in. granite. . ."

A orase ■ . ■

K-r cent decrease in efficiency

44 7
36.9
47.5
55.3

43.6
33 3
43.5
52 4

46,1

43.2
6 3

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

March 1, 1918

and 3. Table 1 gives the figures for open and enclosed units
with granite and new aluminium utensils. From the average
percentages it may be noted that the open type has approxi-
mately 3 per cent, greater efficiency when used with granite
than willi aluminium. With the enclosed type of heating
unit, however, the reverse is the case. The average showing
of the new aluminium vessel is 8 per cent, higher in abso-
lute efficiency than the granite. In terms of relative efficiency
these figures become 12.7 per cent, and 20.7 per cent, in the
two cases. In e.xplanation of these findings the author offers
the following:

"The open-type units give up their heat principally by
radiation, though some convection and conduction will take
place. On the one hand, the granite dishes will readily absorb
the radiated heat, while the aluminium, if bright, will have a
tendency to reflect the heat downward again. On the other
hand, the enclosed unit gives out most of its heat by conduc-
tion, with smaller amounts emitted by radiation and convec-
tion. Here the granite dish, because the coating of enamel is
a poor conductor of heat, does not receive the heat readily,
while the aluminium dish, since aluminium is an excellent con-
ductor of heat, acts more efficiently."

Tables 2 and 3 give the results of further tests. These
show that the new aluminium utensil is approximately 8 per
cent, more efficient than the old one with open units, and
about 48 per cent, more efficient with closed units. These
tables also give figures using utensils with and without lids.
Columns 5 and 6 are computed efficiencies when, after being
heated for HO minutes, the utensils remained on the unit until
the boiling of the wated ceased.

The figures in Table :i indicate that the color of the
enamel affects the amount of heat absorbed, though the differ-
ence is small. The second section in this table compares the
efficiency with the time required for a given rise in tempera-
ture, using two different heating units of 1,100 and 1,500 watts
respectively. The results show that the extra time is gained
at an increase in total cost. The last section of Table 3 indi-
cates that the units show a decrease in efficiency after being
in service for a time.

Electrical Hazards in Bathrooms

Editor Electrical News:

I have read with much interest your timely article on the
above, and agree with you that accidents such as the one
alluded to should not be lightly passed over.

In our practice in Winnipeg we have largely prevented
the use of portable devices in bathrooms by insisting for some
years upon lamp sockets or receptacles being placed out of
reach; but, where radiators are required, we either see that
the receptacle is placed well away from the plumbing fixtures
or call for the grounding of the radiator frame.

A close study of this problem will, I think, lead to the
conclusion that ultimately we may find it advisable to follow
the British practice and call for the grounding of the frames
of portable devices. Such a rule has applied for work com-
ing within the scope of the British Factory and Workshops
.'\cts since 1908. This protection is also recommended by the
United States Bureau of Standards in their "National Safety
Code," November, 1916, in which it is stated that "the perman-
ent grounding of frames of portable devices, etc., when the
devices are used within eight feet of the floor in locations
such as bathrooms, laundries, etc., where persons may easily
touch grounded surfaces at the same time as the device, is
recommended as a safety measure. Such grounding may be
obtained by the use of a three-wire portable cord with the

portable device, one wire being used for the ground conduc-
tor and the connections being properly designed so that
wrong connections cannot be made by the user."

It might be profitable to have a discussion of these pro-
blems and any safeguards proposed, and I would be delighted
if some of your readers would let us have their views, aspe-
cially as to whether the new rule of the National Code (1918
edition) calling for the continuous identification of the neu-
tral wire would afford a solution of the difficulty by using the
same as a "ground." Of course, certain obvious fundamentals
would be necessary in such a case — for instance, no grounding
of secondaries by means of driven rods would, I venture to
say, be considered an adequate form of grounding in such a
case. Yours truly,

(Signed) F. A. Cambridge,

City Electrician,

Winnipeg, Man.

A Travelling Anti-Waste Exhibit

In a large manufacturing plant where thousands are em-
ployed it is surprising to learn of the food products and man-
ufacturing material wasted each day. To give the employees
of the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company
some idea of the waste the management devised the novel
scheme of fitting up a storage battery truck as a travelling
exhibit, upon it a collection of foods wasted, including bread,
butter, meat, cakes, crackers, pickles, cheese, fruits, etc., as
well as a quantity of manufacturing materials, such as copper,
zinc, lead, mica, rubber, felt, gum, and similar materials, much
of which could be used to advantage. It is estimated that the
foodstuffs wasted per day amounts to between $3.') and $50,
the cost of which, of course, comes out of tlie employees'

Striking exhibits of waste products.

pockets, the waste of material amounting to hundreds of dol-
lars per day, which would be a loss to the company if it were
not that a force of men are continually assorting the seem-
ingly scrap material and turning it back for use or so that the
highest price may be obtained for scrap produce, all due
largely to the thoughtlessness and carelessness of the em-
ployees. Above the material was constructed a sign reading,
in large letters, "Wasted," and underneath the words, "Food
brought from your homes," and on the other side, "Materials
belonging lo the company." This truck was driven up and
down the shop aisles so that the employees could look upon
it and form in their minds some idea of the waste. Such an
object lesson is valuable at this time, when everyone should
take all precautions necessary to effect as little waste as pos-
sible.

Nfarc-li 1, 191S

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Transmission Line Practice— Poles and

Towers— Article III.

By Lieut

The properties of conductors have occupied the first two
articles in this series; it is next necessary to consider the line
supports. First and foremost among these is the wood pole.
It%lias been pointed out by Mr. R. D. Coombs* that the wood
pole is very nearly ideal as a line support because the stresses
it has to carry are almost identical with those which Nature
designed the tree to withstand. The difference is, however,
that the tree is permeated with living sap, whereas the pole
is not, hence the elasticity of the latter will probably be lower
and unless its cells arev impregnated it will be subject to
decay. Since the primitive days of power transmission, when
poles were felled and trimmed right along the site of the
line, the selection of poles has been more carefully studied,
with the result that certain materials, e.g., white cedar, red
cedar, and chestnut, have been found, from their natural im-
pregnation, to be most resistant to decay, and have practically
become standardized wherever they are readily obtainable.
In view of the extended use of wood poles in Europe for
telegraph and power lines, the practice of impregnating the
whole pole as followed in the old world is of interest. The
specification of the British Board of Trade states: "Poles
shall be sound winter-felled red fir, free from long knots or
other defects, and with the natural butt, and shall be well in-
jected with creosote." The standard quality of creosote or
wood tar injected amounts to 10 lbs. per cubic foot of pole.
In addition, the butt and gains are frequently painted with a
coating of hot Stockholm tar. Poles treated in this manner
have been found to yield a life of thirty years or more.

In America it is now universal practice to treat the
butts and crossarm gains with carbolineum, and in view of
the increased demand for reliability and the growing cost
of renewals, it is probable that all poles will sooner or later
be completely impregnated in a tank, as is done in England.
Not the least advantage of a thorough treating process is
that it places a cheap pole lumber, such as pine or Douglas
fir, almost on a par witii cedar, in respect of durability.

Wood poles offer much less diversity than specially de-
signed steel transmission structures, as they are purchased
in a limited number of stock sizes, against specifications
covering size, straightness and general freedom from de-
fects. Most of the cedar poles in use for modern transmis-
sion lines fall within the Classification A of the National
Electric Light Association, (see Fig. 8). Such poles as are
covered by this specification will readily sustain the stresses
arising from a three-phase circuit of No. 4/0 copper on
spans of 200 feet. Heavier conductors will be taken care
of by the use of the same pole on a shorter span length.
With the high transmission pressures now in use a double
circuit cannot be satisfactorily mounted on a single pole;
even with a single circuit the limit of a pole is reached at
around 50,000 volts, beyond which the crossarms become too
long. This problem is met by bracing two poles together
in the form of an H with one horizontal crossarm across the
top. This type of construction is being used by the .Appala-
chian Power Company (SO.OnO volts). Central Colorado Power
Company (100,000 volts), and the Montana Power Company
(100,000 volts). This construction provides a reserve of
stability so that the span length can be reasonably increased.
For corner and dead end stresses the construction is still
further modified by the use of a four-pole structure mounted
on a square base and guyed.

'("Pole and Tower Lines," McGraw, New York).

E. T. Driver and E. V. Pannell

However, notwithstanding the simplicity and economy of
wood pole lines, steel towers are now standard practice for
modern high tension lines. A span of eight hundred feet
can easily be handled by one steel tower carrying two cir-
cuits, whereas H poles mounted every two hundred feet
would be necessary to carry one of these circuits only. The
total number of poles replaced by one tower would, therefore,
be sixteen. Further, the tower line would require six in-
sulators per eight hundred feet, whilst the pole line would
necessitate twenty-four. The difficulty of obtaining reason-
ably good deliveries on steel shapes has recently been the
reason for the installation of several important transmission
lines with wood poles, but this condition is only a temporary
one.

The first steel tower line to be erected for power trans-
mission was that of the Guanajuato Power Company, in
Mexico, in 1903, and the number of towers erected in the
succeeding fifteen years is estimated at half a million. Dur-
ing this period the design of the transmission structure has

bul-t

BO
70

5
so

,— '

5 •*

^0 '^
w

TS- 0

He7(

ihr

f3r

^ 3

0 3

i *

0 4

5 5

■0 5

5 i

- - fop

Fig. 8 — Proportions of Cedar Poles
(Class A, N.E.L.A. Specification)

been carefully studied, until its stresses and their distribu-
tion are fairly well understood. The principal loads sus-
tained by any transmission line support are of two kilns, (a)
transverse, and (b) longitudinal. The first is the total hori-
zontal load due to the summated wind pressure on all the
ice-covered wires of a span plus the wind pressure on the
structure itself. As already shown, the wind load on the
wires is commonly accepted at eight pounds per square foot
of the projected area; this including a correction factor for
cylindrical surfaces of sixty per cent. On the tower mem-
bers themselves the surface being flat the wind pressure will
be 8/.6 = 13 lbs. per square foot, and will be figured upon
twice the area of one side. Except in the case of a dead
end or corner tower the longitudinal load (b) is very small,
with a well constructed line, but it is necessary to allow for
abnormal conditions. .Along the line normally the pull on
the tower from one side is exactly balanced by an identical
pull on the other side. Should two cables swing together
and burn off there will be an unbalanced pull on the tower
crossarm amounting to the tension in these two conductors
just before parting. However, several features come in to
reduce this unbalanced pull, and it will be found that it

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

March 1. I'.nS

^>^

wrux.

S S M « S)

8i888

8 feS8§e'es

Isfi

« « ■« -5,

■^e<fig:lM^

^ & S Q ■

i X S S P « Q V

(t. ^ w s •. *- ^

c
n
a

'<EEEEg

, E S o D CT\ b b

■; 8 S ; M s S

§ s 8 Q § ■ q'>s

5 ^ s

5 ^ ^ at

S k s o Q X

§5. o o 5 5 o ;3^
c; (0 * "n ' *« *

iliii^^^

I? s S s-F'S

•3

March 1. IdlS

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

can never be quite as great as calculated i>n the above basis,
and in most instances is jjrobablj- very much less. As each
wire breaks the suspension insulator swings up into line
with the next span. This very short additional len*th con-
siderably relieves the stress. Even in the case ol pin type
insulators where there is no such flexible element, it will
be found that the cable slips through the tie wire before
the tower can yield. Furthermore, from the properties of a
suspended wire it is obvious that every fraction of an inch

iSooo «>s

»-

\ }

\^/

/V~\^

Fig. 10 — Structure and stress diagrams for three elementary types of
transmission line towers under concentrated test load of 15.000 pounds
horizontal. The dotted ties carry no stress with the load on the side
as shown. No allowance for weight.

which is added to the length of the catenary will cause a
considerable reduction in the tension. Now- everj- transmis-
sion tower will yield a few inches without failing, and so
automatically relieve the horizontal load.

However, it is considered good practice to assume work-
ing conditions a little more severe than they actualh- are. and
the average test requires of a suspension tower that it shall
not fail until a pull amounting to the tension in half of the
conductors on one side is applied. Except in the case of
very small conductors, this stress is considerably greater than
the transverse wind load, and forms the basis of the design
for the towers. It is obviously unsatisfactory to design a
tower with light bracing in one direction and heavier members
on the other sides, just because one set of loads is less than
the other; the whole structure is figured on the basis of
■ the greater load. Consider a double circuit line of No. 4/0
copper with two 3/8 in. ground wires of galvanized steel
strung upon a span of 600 feet. The lateral w^nd pressure
per foot on this size of wire with Yi inch ice will be 1.01 lbs.
and the total span will amount to:

6 X 1.01 X 600 = 3t)40 lbs.

The load per foot on the 3/8 in. ground wire i< !'l lbs.
and the total

2 X .91 X 600 = 1090 lbs.

cables at the maximum stress. This stress amounts to 30.-
000 lbs. per square inch with copper and as a No. 4/0 cable
has an area of .166 square inches the tension amounts to
.■..000 lbs. per cable. When three cables fail the total load is

(b) = 15,000 lbs.
or three times the maximum transverse load.

It is common practice to specify a test load applied di-
agonally being the resultant of loads (a) and (b). How-
ever, load (b) if figured upon three conductors failing would
seem to provide ample margin of safety.

These foregoing observations apply to suspension towers.
Where a corner has to be turned in the line or the cables
have to be dead-ended, the structure must have consider-
ably more stability, and it is usual to test such a tower with
a horizontal load equal to the failure of all the cables on
one side. or. in other words, with double the load of a stand-
ard structure. Such towers will be spaced from one every
tenth to every sixth span, and still more frequently in un-
certain ground, or where the alignment changes. From
70 to 90 per cent, of the line towers will, however, be of
the standard type. The function of the tower is to transmit
the horizontal load (which usually is assumed to centre on
the middle crossarm) down to the footings. Fig. 10 shows
diagrammatically how a single concentrated load Uuch as
a test loading) is distributed in the fundamental types of
tower. The designs have been simplified as far as possible
in order that the principles may be made plain. Most actual
towers are a combination of two of these types, being gen-
erally similar to I. or II. across the line and to II. or III.
in the line direction. Since as already seen the stresses in

toooo

\jy

BSOO.

/G N^

\ M /

SSOO.

Total Load (a) = 4730 lbs.

Now- consider the pull generated by the failure of three

Fig. 11 — Structure and stress diagrams for three elementary types of trans-
mission line tower under a distributed (wind) and concentrated (cable)
load. Type I requires the strut LE to carry the horizontal load, but
this member becomes less necessary and is seldom used with sloping legs.
The tension members, shown dotted, of course come into action when
the load is on the other side.

this latter direction form the basis of the design, types II.
and 111. will naturally be of the most interest; however, the
main point to observe in reference to Fig. 10 is the man-
ner in which the stresses are accumulated upon the lower
section of the tower legs. Fig. 11 brings the matter a
stage nearer to actual operating conditions, as. instead of
one horizontal test load near the apex of the tower, a slightly
smaller load is applied at the same place, together with a dis-

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

March 1. 1918

tributed load due to wind on the structure. This leads to a
different distribution of stresses in the bracing, but the main
compression load is carried by the lower part of the corner
members as before. The bottom horizontal member KL m
type I. is dispensed with as being less necessary in the other
designs where the sides are battered. However, the lowest
diagonal has to carry the same horizontal stress in any case
and a danger exists of making the bottom panel between
ground and the lowest strut too long for safety. Ten miles
of an important transmission line was wrecked in one night
owing to too long an unsupported panel causing the tower
legs to shut up like a pair of scissors. It is best for the joint
between the bottom diagonal and the tower leg to be made
about a foot below the ground surface. This enables the
horizontal component of the load to be transmitted to the
tower leg without any appreciable shear and the practice
has been adopted by the Alabama Power Company on their
recently erected lines.

Apart from this somewhat troublesome horizontal load,
the principal stress in the structure is the compression in
the legs, and where other things are equal and the foot-
ings are good, the tower will not fail until the main com-
pression angle buckles. To ensure the maximum strength
against buckling the legs are frequently cross braced to re-
duce to a minimum the unsupported length and the ratio
of this length to the minimum radius of gyration of the
section is kept at the lowest practicable proportion. A ratio
of 100 represents good design, and 130 is the maximum de-
sirable. Since r for an equal sided angle is approximately
b/5 (where b is the breadth of the angle) then to secure a
maximum 1/r ratio of 100 the unsupported length must not
exceed twenty times the width of the angle. A common
size of corner angle for a heavy tower is -1 in. x 4 in. x >^ in.,

in which case it will be seen that the maximum length between
cross struts should not exceed 80 ins.

Several formulas exist for calculating the buckling stress
on a strut and four of those in use for tower work are given
below. These are supposed to give the safe load based on
a safety factor between two and three:

National Elec. Light Assn. p = 24000 — 60 X 1/r = 18,000 lb.
Rankine p = 21500/(1 -f lV36000r') = 16,800 Ih.

.Alabama Power Co. p = 25000/(1 + 17l8000r") = 16.100 lb.

European (Tetmajer) Formula p = 23000 — 81 1/r = 15,900 lb.

The last column gives the actual stresses obtained by
using the formula for a ratio 1/r of 100 and it will be seen
that there is quite a disparity, which is a good reason for
adopting a liberal factor of safety in figuring this stress.

Some idea of' the diversity of tower designs is afforded
by Fig. 9; however, it will be found on analysis that their
design is in every case based upon the principles outlined
above. The figure for horizontal load given in this diagram
refers to the tension in three conductors for a double circuit
tower, and in two conductors for a one circuit structure,
except where it is defined as the actual test load.

Flexible towers or A frames, have not been treated in
this article; their design is based on the distribution of
transverse loads only except for the anchor towers, which
are figured like any other four-leg structure. The A frame
is based upon the presumptions already mentioned, that in
the case of two or more cables failing the load on the sup-
port is less than that calculated, because (a) the insulators
and tie wires -will yield, and (b) the tower will yield suffi-
ciently to equalize the stress, and (c) the remaining con-
ductors and the ground wires will afford stability.

The fourth article in this series will appear in the April
1 issue, and will be entitled "High Voltage Considerations."

What Does Electric Illumination Cost?

Fuel Saving by Curtailment of Light is Very Little in Comparison with the
Possible Economies in Other Directions

By Preston S. Millar' —

The cost of artificial illumination of all kinds is one-half tral station power 13,000,000

to two per cent, of the total expenditure of the people. It Estimated saving in coal by maintaining tempera-
compares with certain other expenditures as follows: ture of building interiors at 07 degs. F. in-

Illumination $500,000,000 stead of 70 degs. F 10,000,000

Liquors 065.000,000 jf jg evident, therefore, that the total consumption of

Tobacco 490,000,000 coal in the production of all electric light is relatively not a

Coal Consumed in Electric Lighting very large item in the coal consumption of the country. If

The significant figures to have in mind when discussing the entire electric lighting of the country were cut off the

this subject are as follows, all being rough approximations: saving in coal would be only twenty-four per cent, of the

Approximate Coal Consumption for 1917 required saving, and no more than would be accomplished by

Tons '' reduction of readily practicable extent in the heating of

Total coal output of the country (United States). 640,000,000 buildings. In considering lighting curtailment, therefore, it

Total employed in production of electric light and ^ 'S important to bear in mind that even if every candlepower

power (traction excluded) 36.000.000 of electric lighting were wasted the loss of coal involved

Total employed for production of light by elec- would not be the great outstanding coal waste of which this
jpjcify ^2 000 000 country is guilty. As relatively little light is wasted, it is
According to these estimates, about 2 per cent, of the evident that the amount of coal which can be saved by cur-
coal consumption of the country goes into electric light. tailment of electric lighting is small. Our discussion has to
Some comparisons may assist to provide a proper perspective do ^'th the saving which it may be possible to effect in the
for the consideration of these data ^ P^"" <^ent. of the country's coal which is consumed in electric

Tons lighting.

Coal shortage the equivalent of which must be Present Status of Artificial Lighting

saved 50,000,000 Before the present period of fuel stringency, the employ-
Estimated saving in coal during 1914 if all private ment of artificial light had increased rapidly. In some classes
plant power could have been replaced by cen- of service it had attained a stage which in the present state
- Before Illuminating Engineering Society; ~ of 'he art was considered by experts to be reasonably satis--

March 1, 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

factory with respect to intensity, though not so in respect to
the manner in which the light was used. Such a condition,
however, was exceptional. Upon the whole artificial lighting
has been inadequate, considering the best advantages to the
public. Safety, conservation of vision, economy in produc-
tion, commercial success, and aesthetics, singly and in various
combinations, require improved utilization of artificial light
which in many, if not in most cases, involves the production
of more light.

Within the past two weeks the author has requested a
number of members of the Society to express their views
as to the adequacy of standard lighting practice. The con-
census of the opinions secured is presented in the fol-
lowing table:

Present Day Ideas of
Desirable Practice as
Classes of Compared with

Lighting Service Practice Just

Before the War
Street (civic, not white way) -|- 70%

Piiblic Buildings (schools, colleges, insti-

tions. etc.") +100

Industrial -|-17.5

Protective (outside and inside^ -|-400

Commercial (offices, stores, etc.) + -10

Residence (including hotels, clubs, etc.).. -|- 30

Recreational (churches, theatres, saloons.

etc.) 0

Advertising (signs, white way. show win-
dows, etc.) 0

Miscellaneous +100

Assuming a distribution of illumination among the sev-
eral classes of lighting service named it develops that accord-
ing to the consensus of opinion of these 10 men, electric
lighting as a whole ought to be increase by about 73 per
cent, in order to conform to the concensus of their, opinions
as to desirable intensities.

In relatively few instances has more artificial light been
employed than the circumstances warrant. There is occa-
sionally encountered a popular opinion that artificial light
is used more largely than is necessary. The phrase "over
illumination" appears to have found some place in popular
parlance. The origin of this impression is to be found not
in the use of too much artificial light, but rather in the glare
of exposed light sources which are excessively bright and
which create the impression of high illumination. Good illum-
ination involves correct practice in respect to intensity,
diffusion and color of light. When the artificial illumination
is correctly designed as to diflfusion and direction, there is
no suggestion of over illumination. To talk of over illum-
ination by artificial light is unreasonable, in view of the fact
that intensities range from, say, a minimum of 0.01 foot-
candle outdoors to a maximum of 5 foot-candles indoors,
while sunlight as we employ it ranges trom. say, 10 foot-
candles indoors to a number of thousands of foot-candles
outdoors. How then is it possible to speak of over illumina-
tion by artificial light, when the brightest artificial illumina-
tion is onl)-. say, one-quarter of the least bright sunlight
which is used for the same purpose within buildings?

Let us base our consideration firmly upon the fact that
indiscriminate curtailment would involve reduction from light-
ing standards which are less than adequate.

Estimate of Practicable Curtailment

The author has prepared the following rough estimates
of the manner in which artificial light is distributed ainong
the several classes of service adopted as a classification for
this purpose. There are no general statistics on this sub-
ject. Some fragmentary data and the opinions of several men
engaged in the lighting business have been obtained. It is
to be e.inphasized, however, that these figures should not be

■a;Euiixojd(lE X[ii3noj .\j.r)A uki;; .ijoui Suiii).<ut! st; iMitL^-i-iR
Beside these figures showing approximate distribution
of lighting among several classes of service are figures re-
presenting the concensus of opinion of ten qualified ob-
servers as to the extent to which lighting in each class
of service ought to be curtailed or increased in the present
emergency. The values are probably reasonably indicative
of expert opinion on this subject at the present time.

Adjustment of Illumination Intensities which According to

Expert Opinion Ought to be Made from Standards

Existing Before the War in View of the War

and the Fuel Shortage

Class of Per Cent. Desirable

Lighting Service Distribution .\d)ustnients

in Intensity

Street 15 — 5%

Public Building 3 — 10

Industrial 18 +50

Protective 1 +300

Commercial 20 — 20

Residence : 26 — 20

Recreational 7 — 40

Advertising 5 — 80

Miscellaneous 5 — 10

100% Net — 7%

The final adjustment of artificial light which ought to be
made at the present time depends on the one hand upon
the need for obviating extravagant lighting and eliminating
waste, and on the other hand upon the importance of pro-
moting industry and safeguarding lives and property. The
net adjustment based upon the estimates and opinions sum-
marized in this table, appears at the foot of the table and is
of the order of — 7 per cent. .Adjustments in particular
classes of service range from a maximum curtailment of
— 80 per cent, in advertising lighting to a maximum increase
of + 200 per cent, in protective lighting.

One may ask why this net saving should be adopted as
the conclusion from this survey instead of 175.'2 per cent.,
which' is the gross saving from which no deduction is made
to cover the desirable increases. The author would consider
himself unworthy to discuss this important subject before
the Illuminating Engineering Society, if he failed to insist
that except in the presence of an actual coal shortage which
could not be compensated by saving elsewhere, the increases
in intensities which are recommended for certain classes of
service are more important to the public welfare than is the
coal saving which it is desirable to effect in other classes of
lighting service. The net saving, therefore, is the value
which should enter into our calculations.

It will be recognized that both the extent of lighting and
the level of illumination intensity in each class of lighting are
involved in this survey. In protective lighting, for example,
it is a more extensive application rather than higher intensity
which is required. In industrial lighting, on the other hand,
higher intensities are deemed advisable.

Desirable readjustment of artificial lighting to meet war
conditions and to assist in meeting the coal shortage, con-
sists, therefore, in eliminating extravagant and unnecessary
light, in reducing the intensity in a few places, in increasing
the intensity in a few classes of lighting and in extending
lighting in other classes of service.

Methods of Lighting Curtailment
\'arious methods of reducing artificial lighting as a war
measure have been proposed as follows:

1. Remove unnecessary lamps.

2. Extinguish all lamps when they are not needed.

3. Extinguish some of the lamps when possible.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

March 1, 191S

4. Substitute smaller sizes of lamps.
,■). Replace inefficient by efficient lamps.

Other Means of Saving Fuel
To arrive at suggestions for saving fuel used for light-
ing purposes without deleterious effect, one should consider
the elements of inefficiency in lighting, and the possibility
of eliminating them. Such a line of consideration brings the
following to the fore.

Good Utilization of Light.— Selection of suitable reflec-
tors or other lighting accessories may in some cases make it
possible to provide equally good illumination while using
smaller or fewer lamps.

Good Maintenance.— Dirt cuts down lighting efficiency
markedly. Statistics are available to show that cleaning of
lamps and lighting accessories has increased the useful illum-
ination by as much as one-third. It is reasonable to state that
the difference between good and poor maintenance of a light-
ing system will account for 20 per cent, of the total light.

Use of Good Reflecting Surfaces.— Good white paint or
other good light reflecting surfaces conserve light materially.
Sometimes a wall or side of a building may be whitewashed
with the result that more daylight is reflected into an in-
terior, thus reducing the use of artificial light.

Other measures which are attracting favorable consider-
ation but which are not within the scope of illuminating en-
gineering, include the following:

Daylight Saving. — The adoption of summer daylight sav-
ing as now proposed is estimated to be capable of reducing
the coal consumption of electric central station steam plants
l)y 230.000 tons per annum for the entire country. A
suggestion to advance the period of activity by one hour the
entire year round, which is now attracting considerable at-
tention, is estimated to afford about the same saving to the
public in lighting bills, but to result in a somewhat greater
saving of coal on account of the more favorable load factor
for power plants which would result in the winter months.

Utilization of Water Power.— It is estimated that only
about one-tenth of the available water power of this country
is developed. Most of the remainder is in the western states.
Much of it is remote from centers of population. .\11 will
require time for development after legislative impediments
shall be removed. It is clear, however, that tremendous re--
ductions in coal consumption may be effected in the future
through further utilization of our water resources.

Elimination of Small Power Plants.— The inherently
lower efficiency of small plants, together with the less ex-
pert operation which in general they receive, is estimated
to be responsible for the use of one-third more coal than
necessary. This element of waste is even more serious in
England than in this country, as is evidenced by a recent
report (April Ifl, 1917) of the Coal Conservation Sub-Com-
mittee of the Reconstruction Committee, in which, after
pointing out that the average capacity of English generating
plants is .5.000 h.p., it is stated that "The present coal con-
sumption if used economically wo.uld produce at least three
times the present amount of power."

Coal Saving Through Curtailment of Electric Light

It has been shown that the net reduction in the
use of electric li.ght which in the view of lighting experts it
is desirable to make in the present circumstances of war and
coal shortage is of the order of 7 per cent, of the total electric
light produced. If a proportional amount of coal saving be
assumed, this would mean a reduction in coal consumption of
840,000 tons per annum. This is the maximum extent to
which it is saved through electric lighfing curtailment. Such

a saving compares with other possible annual savings as
follows:

Tons

Total saving which must be accomplished ."lO. 000. 000

Net saving thought desirable through curtailment

of electric lighting 840.000

Saving if one degree lower temperature is adopt-
ed for building interiors, i.e.. 69 degs. instead

• of 70 degs. F !!. 000.001)

Saving if each family decreased by one shovelful

its daily use of coal 15,000,000

The saving which is possible in the heating of buildings
looms large. Our practice in this respect is to heat build-
ings to a considerably higher temperature than is done in
Europe. The coal which might be saved by operating l)uild-
ings at the temperatures which prevail in Europe instead of
at the temperatures which we effect, would be more than
the equivalent of the entire consumption of coal in electric
lighting. Even the saving of one shovelful of coal per day
makes any practicable saving through electric lighting cur-
tailment seem very small.

This relatively small quantity of coal may l)e saved
through curtailment of electric lighting at the expense of a
certain amount of damage to business. The business of those
who depend upon this form of advertising will suffer and the
revenues of the li.ghting companies and of manufacturers of
lighting appliances will be reduced.- If it shall be decided that
the liest interests of the country demand that this relatively
small amount of coal be saved at the expense of damage to
business there is every reason to anticipate ready and un-
questioning compliance on the part of those affected, in
view, however, of the much larger savings of coal which may
l>e affected in other ways it is to be hoped that the relative
disadvanta.ges of saving these 840,000 tons through lighting
curtailment and through other means w'ill be weighed most
carefully.

.-\s to accomplishing greater savings of coal through
even more extensive curtailment of lighting it must be re-
membered that .general reduction beyond the amount ap-
proximated in the cencensus given above would be at the ex-
pense of diminished safety, reduced production and impair-
ment of vision. It would put in jeopardy the results of the
work of this Society in bringing standards of artificial illum-
ination up toward the place where the best interests of the
public will be served. In the author's judgment such cur-
tailment would be wise only if the coal shortage should be-
come so acute that distinct impairment of the human energy
of the country would be preferable to the use of the amount
of coal involved.

Conclusions
The Fuel Administration in the pert'ormance of its tre-
mendously difficult and delicate task has evidenced a desire to
avoid damage to business wherever possible. At the same
time it has rightly insisted upon economy in the use of fuel
and upon the elimination of waste. While it appears that
rather more attention has been devoted to the reduction of
fuel consumption through the curtailment of light than the
importance of this among the other means of saving coal
would warrant, yet the lighting industry, like other business
interests, has manifested a desire to do its bit cheerfully, and
has sought to carry out the letter and the spirit of all regu-
lations. The author's point of view, as stated in the intro-
duction to this paper, is predicated upon the superlative im-
portance of winning the war and upon the importance of
economy as a means to that end. Accordingly this discus-
sion has sought to emphasize all methods of curtailing the
use of li.ght which are believed to be promotive of ultimate
economy and to be free from consequences which are of
Concluded on page 40)

Marcli 1. 1'.)1S

Till: ELECTRICAL NEWS

Steam Railways Use 25 Per Gent, of Total Fuel
Mined— If Electrified This Gould be Reduced
by Two-Thirds — Great Economies Possi-
ble in This Direction

Mr. E. W. Rice, president ii the (ieueral Electric Com-
pany, and also of the American Institute of Electrical Engi-
neers, speak'ng of the coal shortage of the last two months
and its relation to the development of our water-powers and
the electrification of our railway systems, pointed not only tn
the saving that might be effected in coal consumption, but
dwelt also on the greater capacity of our railways as at pres-
ent equipped with rolling stock if they were operated by elec-
tric power instead of by steam. Much has been said about
the saving to be made through cutting down our use of
lights, which is responsible for something less than 2 per cent,
of our total coal consumption, l)ut Mr. Rice pointed out tliat
our railways are consuming about 2.5 per cent, of the total
coal mined, and that this is operating under such inefficient
conditions that it requires fi pounds of coal to produce 1
horse-power hour. It follows that if this equipment were
replaced l)y electric traction with tliree times as high an effi-
ciency, a saving of 16 2/:j per cent, of the total consumption
of coal would be effected in one item — many times the pos-
sible saving if all our lighting sj'stems were eliminated alto-
gether. Some interesting extracts from Mr. Rice's address
are given herewitli :

We are now in the midst of an extraordinary coal famine,
due to causes which it is unnecessary and perhaps undesir-
able for us to attempt- to outline. However. I would like to
point out in the first place how much worse the situation
might have been were it not for the contributions of the
electrical engineer and manufacturer; and. second, how much
better our condition might have been if our contributions had
been more extensively utilized.

Electricity in Coal Mines

Suppose we assume that the present serious situation is
due to a lack of production of coal. It is comforting to con-
sider to what extent conditions surrounding such production
have been improved and how the amount of coal mined has
been already increased by the use of electrical devices in con-
nection with coal mining — such, for example, as the electric
light, electric coal cutters, electric drills, and electric mining
and hauling locomotives. I have no figures before me. but 1
think it is a fairly safe assumption that the amount of coal
mined has been increased at least 25 per cent, on the average
by the employment of such electrical devices. If this esti-
mate were cut down to 10 per cent., it would still leave an
increase in the tonnage of coal produced of something like
50,000.000 tons during the past year.

If. on the other hand, the difficulty is not due to a short-
age in the production of coal, but rather to the failure of the
distributive agencies of the country, it is interesting to see
how this difficulty would have been largely removed if the
railroads of the country were operated by electricity instea<l
of steam. Where electricity has Ijcen substituted for steam in

the operation of railroads, 10 to 50 per cent, increase in actual
capacity of existing tracks and other facilities has been de-
monstrated. This increased capacity has been due to a var-
iety of causes, but largely to the increased reliability and
capacity, under all conditions of service, of electrical locomo-
tives. This has enabled a speeding up of the train scliedules
by some 35 per cent., under average conditions. Of cmirse.
under the conditions which i)revail in extreme cold weather,
when the steam locomotives practically go out of business,
the electric locomotives make an even better showing. It is.
tlierefore. not too much to say that if the roads of the country
were now electrified no breakdown of our coal supply, due at
least to failure of distribution, would exist.

The terrors of these "heatless days" will not liavc bee:'
without benefit if tliey direct the attention of the people and
of our lawmakers to the frightful waste of two of our coun-
try's most valuable assets — our potential water-power and our
coal reserves. The first, potential water-power, is lost be-
cause it is allowed to run to waste, undeveloped, unused. The
second asset, coal, is wasted for exactly the opposite reason.
It is being used, but in a frightfully ineffective and inefficient
manner.

The waterfalls constitute potential wealth which can
only be truly conserved by development and use — millions of
horse-power are running to waste every day. which once har-
nessed for tlie benefit of mankind become a perpetual source
of wealth and prosperity.

A Tremendous Coal Waste

It is really terrifying to realize that 25 per cent, of the
enormous amount of coal which we are digging from the
earth each year is burned to operate our railroads under such
inefficient conditions that the average of six pounds of coal
is required per horse-power hour. The same amount of coal
burned in a modern central power station would produce
equivalent to three times that amount of power in the motors
of an electric locomotive, even including all the losses of gen-
erarion and transmission from the source of power to the
loco.notive.

Where water-power may be utilized, as in our mountain-
ous districts in the West, all of the coal used for steam loco-
motives can be saved. In the Middle Atlantic States, how-
ever, water powers are not sufficient, and it will be necessary
in a scheme of electrification that the locomotives be oper-
ated from steam-turbine stations.

We should not be justified in being so confident of the
benefits of electrification of railroads if every element in the
problem had not been solved in a thoroughly practical man-
ner. The electric geherating power stations, operated either
by water or by steam turbine, have reached the highest de-
gree of perfection, efficiency, and reliability, while the trans-
mission of electricity over long distances with reliability has
become a commonplace.

It may be said that the present is not a propitious time in
which to deflect any of the country's capital into railroad
electrification. I think that, in spite of the enormous advan-
tages of which I have si)oken, we should be inclined to agree

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

March 1, 1918

with such a point of view if it were not for the recent un-
pleasant demonstration of the apparent failure of our railroad
transportation systems to meet the demands which have been
placed upon them by the industries, aggravated, it is true, by
the war conditions and also by the unkindness of the weather.
What assurance have we that the present^ conditions are
temporary, and. even if they improve, as they surely shall
with the coming of warm weatlier, what are we going to do
next winter?

of the above test were that the bus be loaded 4,000 pounds
above standard equipment, and that the speed could at no
time exceed 20 m.p.h. The test course was so selected as to
represent average city conditions and included grades up to
10 per cent.

The Autobus as a Feeder for Electric Railways

While not in all cases satisfactory trcnii a financial point
of view, auto buses have proved very useful at many points in
the United States where the transportation problem is urgent
for consideration but where traffic does not yet warrant the
extension of existing electric railways. In other words, as a
choice between two alternatives the auto bus is the lesser evil.
The Municipal Railway Company of San Francisco, on Janu-
ary 1.5, this year, put in service a bus system to serve as a
feeder to one of its car lines from an outlying residential sec-
tion. This is described by Mr. N. Eckart, railway engineer,
San Francisco Board of Public Works, in the Electric Rail-
way Journal. For the present the buses operate over two
routes — one and two miles in length respectively. On lioth
lines the route is paved, except for a half-mile of oiled mac-
idam. Two buses maintain a ten-minute headway on the two-
la'ROTARY 60N6-. -,

\. -• " -.- ~i-...^'-.<i^.'.>L— ?;«i.".>l<--'-,?^'-->l»-7-^'5

Auto Bus used by Municipality of San Francisco

mile line, and a single bus runs on a fifteen-minute schedule
on the other. .. The average speed is twelve miles per hour.
Two buses are kept in reserve in case of breakdown among
tlie other three.

The buses, which are arranged to seat 18 passengers and
will carry as many more standing, are of the p.a.y.e. type, de-
signed for one-man operation. They are mounted on White
one-ton chassis, and are equipped with ?,~ x ,5 in. pneumatic
tires, single on the front and double on the rear. The buses
are 15 ft. long, 7 ft. wide, and have a wheel base of 13 ft. 8 in.
The weight, light, is 7.830 pounds. They are fully enclosed,
with drop sash, and finished in harmony with the municipal
electric cars. The cost was $5,624 each, fully equipped.

In the final acceptance test the performance was as fol-
lows on a run of 103.7 miles: Fuel consumption (gasoline at 9
cents per gallon, wine measure), 15 gallons, or 6.9 miles per
gallon (the bid guarantee was 6 miles per gallon); total
Elapsed time, including 361 full stops of ten seconds each, eight
hours and twenty-five minutes, or an average speed of 12.33
m.p.h. (the specifications called for 12 m.p.h.). The conditions

Quebec Railway Plans Campaign

At a meeting of the directors of the Quebec Railway.
Light, Heat, and Power Company, held recently, plans were
discussed for increasing the company's sources of revenue.
Mr. W. J. Lynch, general manager of the company, outlined
the plans, which consist of an extensive propaganda to adver-
tise the company's power facilities with a view to enticing
Western capital into the Province of Quebec, particularly on
the company's lands in and around the city of Quebec, the
idea in view being the furnishing of power to the industries
backed by the capital so attracted.

The company has water-powers at Montmorency Falls,
the Natural Steps just above the falls, at Chaudiere Falls, and
on the Jacques Cartier and Ste. Anne Rivers. The total
amount developed is 48,000 h.p., and there is stated to be
further power available to the amount of 25,000 h.p., with an
additional 3,000 h.p. when the iproposed dam on the Jacques
Cartier River is completed. At the present time the company
has a surplus of 15,000 h.p. "With coal at prices ranging from
$8 a ton up," said Mr. Lynch, "the cost per 24 hour h.p. is now
about $76, as compared with $35 to $45 for electric power,
according to the amount taken. The ever-increasing diffi-
culties in the matter of coal supply also tend to throw a very
favorable light on hydro-electric power, inasmuch as the
manufacturer may contract from three to ten years ahead for
his power and know exactly what it is going to cost him."

Mr. Lynch further stated that the coinpany were going to
conduct a vigorous electric heating campaign in the city of
Quebec, from which a revenue of $700,000. at least, could be
anticipated. Sir Rodolphe Forget, president of the company,
is placing before the Dominion Government a proposal that
the company electrify the new Quebec Bridge and take all
trains across by means of electric locomotives. This would
relieve materially the damage to the structure caused by
smoke and steam from the coal locomotives. It was pointed
out that it would cost the government more for painting the
bridge under present conditions than would be paid to the
Quebec Railway, Light, Heat, and Power Coinpany for elec-
tric service.

The Winnipeg Railway Situation

At a recent meeting of the Winnipeg City Council. calle<l
to discuss the transportation question, Mr. Edward Ander-
son, K.C., solicitor for the Winnipeg Electric Railway Com-
pany, stated that the company is losing approximately $400,000
yearly owing to jitney competition, increase in operating
costs, and so on. Expenses have grown from $1,369,000 in
1913 to $1,763,000 in 1917. In discussing the jitney question,
Mr. Anderso;i pointed out that the city's contract with the
company gave his clients exclusive right of transportation on
the streets of Winnipeg, with the exception of that provided
by animal-drawn vehicles. The contract called on the com-
pany to build and maintain a large proportion of the width of
the streets. Further, the company had to keep this clear of
snow. He pointed out that after a snowstorm it could be
noticed that the only part of the road used by the jitneys was
that cleared by the company's sweepers, and it was obviously
unfair that they should have to clear the pavement to allow
their opponents to operate. A serious financial crisis was
averted in January only by personal guarantees of some of
the directors. Mr. Anderson stated he understood there was
not another large city on the .'\merican Continent where the
jitneys have not been abolished or will be verv shortlv.

March 1. 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

avd Coiytrac/or

Essence of Address Before the Toronto Electrical
Contractors' Association, at Their Dinner, Thurs-
day, Feb. 7, by H. A. Beach, credit manager,
Northern Electric Company, Toronto

The rough pencil sketches used by Mr. Beach are reproduced here-
with to facilitate the discussion which is to be continued on Marcli 7.

The importance of an adeciuate and efficient accounting
scheme, especially adaptable to the smaller contractor, has
been, I- believe, the subject of discussion in j'our association
for quite some little time. On November 1 last, when I had
the pleasure of addressing some of the members of this
assemblage on a subject which I chose, as "The Relationship
Between the Contractor and Credit Man," I felt somewliat
flattered being asked at that meeting to lead a discussion on
the matter of an accounting' system for the smaller contractor.
Since then an important court case has resulted in an amend-
ment of the statutes, dealing with the "proper books of ac-
counts," and, through the courtesy of the mailing department
of your association, we have given you a copy, on a postcard,
of this amendment. I am sure, in reading this over, j-ou will
realize now more than ever the absolute necessity and the im-
portance of maintaining a proper set of books.

It was not anticipated, I am sure, by any one of the mem-
bers that the proposal of a subject for discussion would have
developed into one of such apparent interest, for the simple

reason tliat to go into the matter as thorou.t;hly as it necessi-
tates would require quite some length of time. However, for
the punpose of this meeting and considering the comparatively
short time at our disposal, we have deemed it a matter of ex-
pediency to present this subject to you in the shape of dia-
grams, that you can all see, and which are facsimiles of the
forms suggested.

I want to emphasize the expression of "suggested," as it
was not my intention to present this as a matter of authority
in any way, because we have undoubtedly with us to-night
representatives of larger business, those especially who have
outgrown the smaller system, and we expect they have pro-
fited by their experience in the kindergarten, so to speak, of
electrical bookkeeping. Therefore, we ask for your honest
criticism, and solicit your help in our demonstration.

Success Depends on the Operator
First of all we must attach importance to the fact that
System means order, carefulness, and accuracy, or, in one
phrase, a complete understanding of one's business and a de-
finite knowledge of one's affairs at any time. In preparing
these forms I have endeavored to keep foremost in my mind,
as the principal features, the siinplest competent method
which is economical both in cost and labor saving. Of course,
it is conceded that anj- system, no matter where it is em-
ployed, is to a great degree successful only liy the operator.

AhirnoAL

5TATe.[viE.NT

ACCOOMTS

c^sH

CUSTOMeR
Acc-r^nwoice

AceooMT;
l nvoices

[yi'dsel

I iscof\e.

ROLU

STOCK

Job

'Shue.ts

/kead

PERMITS

Mob

Job'

stock;

Fig. 1 — Diagram illustrating the inter-relation of the various elements in the business to the annual statement.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

DAILY CAoH

March 1. 1918

E:xPEriD\~ORf:

IDk"^^

DeSCR(P7'/or(

B A H K

PeiT/CASH

bahk

?r.-TT'< C^^H 1

■

Fig. 2 — Daily Cash Sheet, showing state of Bank and Petty Cash Accounts

It is bound to be affected and modihed by local conditions,
and must be adapted to suit the volume of work required and
the time afforded. Inasmuch as these forms are all practical
and self-explanatory, we will not spend too much time on the
explanation of them, and will accordingly leave a more com-
plete understanding of them to l)e gained in the different dis-
cussions.

However, some of the principal forms that we liave usetl
other than those of an ordinary accounting system are the
"job and cost record" and "voucher form" (see forms here-
with). In connection with the "job and cost record," you will
note that we have prepared this form to suit general opera-
tions as we find them among local contractors. Its purpose
is to give a complete detailed record and cost of each indi-
vidual job. The intention is that the ruling will appear on
both sides of the sheets, therel)y enabling more than one form
to be used, if necessary, on any particular job. The informa-
tion shown on the ri,ght-hand lower corner are the particulars

or "factor" as it is often referred to l)y manufacturing con-
cerns, is generally added separately on botli material and
labor. We will leave this one form for another discussion.

I would ne.xt. just briefly, touch upon the operations cov-
ered by the voucher form. One of the principal duties of this
form in connection with "accounts payable" is to eliminate the
use of the journal and have this feature of the work performed
l)y a voucher form. It is the intention, for sim,plicity's sake.
to file all invoices in chronological order for each individual
supplier, and. at the time of payment period, to summarize
these invoices after they have borne their respective approvals
and are in line for payment, on the voucher form, making a
total of the recapitulation, which, of course, would be the
amount of the cheque. This voucher form is forwarded with
the cheque to the supplier, who receipts it in the space pro-
vided below and returns it to you for filing with invoices.
This affords a complete transaction, accessible for ready refer-
ence, and posting can l)e made direct to the ledger, thereby

y^ORmms D/iiLr time cmo

NAME . /3

JOB No

TIME

Nq. of

HOURS

REMARKS

STRKILD

FINISHED

\ '0

'V
^?

r
J

Fig. 3 — Worltman's Daily Time Card

of a rubber stamp, that can be purchased at a very nominal
cost. The impression to be made on the last sheet for this in-
formation will give postings to the controlling accounts in the
ledger. The line for profits is a matter open for discussion as
to whether or not overhead expense, which, l)y the way, car-
ries the overhead, other than the job expense. The "loading."

saving duplication in posting to the journal. This is merely
a simplified extraction of the voucher che<iue method, with
which you are undoul)tedly all familiar with, but enables the
use of cheques supplied liy the various hanks.

In order to devote for discussion the remainder of the
time allotted to me, 1 think perhaps it is advisable to bring

March 1. I'.Mn

CONTRKCT price:
:r>^TE. STTAFrreo is

T H 1-: !•: L 1-: c 'i" R i c a l n e w s

JOB / COST

CUSTOMEF^
Address

:DATe. C0mpl£te:q le

REICORD

APPLICATION M^.
IiATE BIULE-Q 1 8

Fig. 4 — Job and Cost Record — Note Summary at lower right-hand corner

Kl o ^ r

ETC ^Tc

/Y(

T)AT(

1 T

-ba

DEBIT Ci?EDiT

B*^

l-AHC

y « > -r ^

Fig. 5 — Ledger Sheet for both 9:eneral ledger and individual accounts ledger

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

March 1, 1918

these general remarks to a conclusion, but before doing so I
would like to propose one subject for discussion — the question
of overhead expense and gross profits This, it seems to me,
is one of the most vital points in your business to-day. It is
surprising what little" thought is given to it, for the simple
reason, I believe, that a great many of us do not quite realize
the proper basis for determining it. One authority goes so far
as to say that nine-tenths of the retailers are making less than
they think they are, and are always surprised when they find
it out. If we can possibly devote a few moments to this ques-
tion, which, you see, occupies a prominent role in this scheme,
I am sure it will be well worth while for any information that
may help even only one in our company here to-night. Just
permit me to say, as we go over each feature individually, that
we take it for granted that each one of you has an accounting
method of his own, and this is not an attempt to enforce
something on anyone present, but rather the idea is to ofifer a
few helpful suggestions for your approval If one of you
derives any benefit by its adoption, either in part or whole, we
will indeed feel well repaid for any time that has lieen spent in
its preparation.

Following Mr. Beach's explanation of the various forms,
the members entered heartily into the discussion. It was
found, however, that it would be quite impossible to co-relate

RI^CEIVED FROM THE
ACCOUNT ,

. SETTl-EMENT OF THE ABOVE
..DOI-I-ARS ,

Fig. 6 — Payment Voucher

the experiences of all the members at this one meeting, and
it was decided that the program for the next meeting, on
March 7, should be a continuation of the discussion. It is for
this reason and in the hope that it will assist in a proper
understanding of the scheme that we are reproducing here-
with the six forms recommended by Mr. Beach. It should
be distinctly understood that the experience and suggestions
of every member of the association are urgently solicited to
make the final forms as nearly perfect as is possible. It may
be that further simplifications can be made.

The importance of some such system as outlined by Mr.
Beach cannot be overestimated. In the interests of the elec-
trical contracting business it is urged that every member of
the association will give the matter as much thought in the
meantime as possible, and come prepared, without fail, to
enter into the discussion at the March meeting.

At the conclusion of the discussion Mr. Beach took occa-
sion to bring to the attention of the members the following
set of rules for figuring costs and profits, as recently recom-
mended by the National Association of Credit Men. The
suggestions are so good that they are well worth studying.

1. Charge interest on the net amount of your total invest-
ment at the Ijeginning of your business year, exclusive of real
estate.

2. Charge rental on all real estate or buildings owned by
you and used in your luisiness at a rate equal to that which
vou would receive if renting or lending it to others.

3. Charge, in addition to what you pay for hired help, an
amount equal to what your services would be worth to others;
also treat in like manner the services of any member of ynur
family employed in the business not on the regular pay roll.

4. Charge depreciation on all goods carried over on which
you may have to make a less price because of change in style,
damage, or any other cause.

5. Charge depreciation on buildings, tools, fixtures, or
anything else suffering from age or wear and tear.

6. Charge amounts donated or subscriptions paid.

7. Charge all fixed expenses, such as taxes, insurance,
water, light, fuel, etc.

8. Charge all incidental expenses, such as drayage, post-
age, office supplies, livery, or expenses of horses and wagons,
telegrams and telephones, advertising, canvassing, etc.

9. Charge losses of every character, including goods
stolen or sent out and not charged, allowance made custom-
ers, bad debts, etc.

10. Charge collection expense.

11. Charge any other expense not enumerated above.

12. When you have ascertained what the sum of all the
foregoing items amounts to, prove it by your books, and you
will have your total expense for the year; then divide this
figure by the total of your sales and it will show you the per
cent, which it has cost you to do business.

13. Take this per cent, and deduct it from the price of any
article you have sold, then subtract from the remainder what
it cost you (invoice price and freight), and the result will
show your net profit or loss on the article.

14. Go over the selling prices of the various articles you
handle and see where you stand as to profits then get busy in
putting your selling figures on a profitable basis and talk it
over with your competitor as well.

[Xote. — "The Electrical Xews" has been advised since the
date of this meeting that already quite a number of contrac-
tors are making modifications along these lines. One contrac-
tor states he is adopting this scheme, and will report on its
practicability to the association.]

Public Being Badly Educated

Manufacturers and dealer.s are doubtless bearing in mind
tlie recent announcement of the Ontario Hydro Commission
referring to the approval of material which will be required
after the first of April. It is evident that there is to be a
strong campaign launched bj' the commission with a view to
eliminating the present hazards, which will undoubtedly be
aggravated in the near future by the increased use of electric
heaters and other thermo-electric devices. The commission
considers that the general public has been badly educated
along these lines in the past by certain indiscriminate adver-
tising that heaters may be used on any key scfcket. Some of the
best heater manufacturers, however, have assured the inspec-
tion department of the commission that they disapprove of this
method of advertising, and will welcome a proper adjustment
of the matter. We understand that the commision will not, in
future, approve the apparatus of any makers who advertise
that their products may be used in this way. and that a rule is
being adopted making such practice an oflfence. This course
is only fair to those manufacturers and dealers who have
observed the spirit of the law in the past. It might be a good
idea for manufacturers of heaters to get together and adopt a
standard form of advertisement, so that the users of apparatus
of this kind will readily understand the nature of the device
they are using and how it should be used. Safeguarding the
public is the wisest course in the long run, and for this reason
the cemmision's move is to be commended. The best results
will follow to all concerned if manufacturers, dealers, and
contractors assist by a hearty co-operation.

March 1. 1!)1S

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

C.G.E. 1918 Fans

A novel feature of Canadian General Electric Company's
fans for 191S is in the finisli, as all metal parts are now
enameled a dark sreen. and the blades are lacquered brass.
All of these fans are readily adjustable for either desk or
bracket use. They are furnished with standard cords and
plugs. The complete line of C. G. E. fans for this season
will include 9-inch. 12-inch and 16-inch oscillating and non-
oscillating; four-blade fans in both direct and alternating
current. Six-blade oscillating fans in 12-inch and 16-inch
sizes are made for alternating current only. Ventilating fans
for 1918 will be handled in 12-inch and 16-inch sizes, six
blades, in both alternating current and direct current. These
fans, finished in green enamel, with lacquered brass blades
and trimmings, can also be furnished with special bearings
to operate in a vertical position. In standardizing to three
sizes of desk and ceiling fans the company's engineers feel
that they have provided a fan suitable for every use.

The Hamilton-Beach cyclone universal fan for 1918,
sold by the Canadian General Electric Company, is equipped
with the H-B universal air-cooled motor, wound to operate
on both direct and alternating current at a voltage of from
105 to 120, 60 cycles. This fan is equipped with a rheostat
speed control, giving five different speeds and shutofif. It has
an extra heavy base, which effectually prevents its creeping,
and its design readily permits of its use either as a desk
or W'all-bracket type.

Foot- Warmer for Outdoor Service
To minimize the discomfort of long standing outdoors in
severe weather an electrically heated foot-warmer has just
been placed on the market by the Westinghouse Electric and
Manufacturing Companj-. While designed primarily for look-
outs stationed in the bow and crow's nest of vessels, the de-
vice is applicable to the use of watchmen, sentries, doormen,
traffic policemen, and others whose work requires them to be
out of doors continuously with little chance for exercise. It
has been found that if the rest of the body is adequately
clothed, a foot-warmer will ensure comfort at any tempera-
ture. As will be seen from the illustration, the device con-
sists of a casting 14 in. by 20 in. by 23 in., with diamond-tread
top. This is of cast-iron, or of aluminum where non-magnetic
qualities are desired, as in ship service. Against the under
surface of this the heater element is clamped. The heater is

Branston Company to Launch National Campaign
The Charles A. Branston Company, Toronto, are putting
on a national campaign in the electrical trade to make the
period between April 8 and .April 20 two "Xiolct Kay" weeks.
Previous to and during this period they will launch a big
advertising campaign and supi)ly dealers with special window
display and demonstraliim equipment. They have added sev-

eral new sets to their line and claim that the Branston line
of high frequency generators is now the most complete in
Canada. The Branston Company have recently moved into
their new factory and are now well prepared to take care
of the increased business.

Square D Company Holds Annual Sales Convention

Tlie first annual sales convention of tlie Square D Com-
pany, Detroit, Mich., was held at the Hotel Statler, of that
city, January 10, 11, and 12, and was attended by all of their
sales representatives from coast to coast, several advertising
men prominent in the field, and members of the company's
advertising and sales departments. Bryson D. Horton, presi-
dent of the company, gave the opening address, which was
followed by a talk on "The Industrial Plant," by A. Mac-
Lachlan, sales manager. L. D. Calhoun, advertising mana-
ger, spoke on "Industrial Advertising." Manufacturing and
service problems were discussed at the Friday sessions, fol-
lowed by a dinner at the Detroit Athletic Club in the evening,
tendered by Mr. Horton. A trip of inspection through the
factory on Saturday and a further discussion of safety
switches, their manufacture, and features, concluded the
program.

a slotted ribbon, clamped between two plates of built-up
mica, so arranged as to give uniform distribution of heat. A
sheet-steel plate fastened by screws and sealed with high-
melting gum renders the entire unit waterproof. The resist-
ance is divided into two parts, which may be connected to
draw 200, 100, or 50 watts at 125 volts. A three-conductor
cable seven feet long is provided. By using the lower heats
in mild weather there is no danger of causing chilblains. It
is felt that this heater will add greatly to the comfort, and
hence to the efficienc}-, of men in exposed places, enabling
them to do their highly important work of watching and
guarding without the distraction of physical discomfort.

The A. C. Gilbert-Menzies Company
The A. C. Gilbert-Menzies Company has been formed for
the purpose of manufacturing certain parts and assembling
the A. C. Gilbert lines in Canada. The president of the new-
company is Mr. A. C. Gilbert with Mr. T. C. Menzies as man-
ager. The new company will maintain the present G. .\. Men-
zies sales and sample room at 439 King Street West. Toronto,
and will, in addition, operate a factory for the manufacture
and assembly of toys. "Polar Cub" fans, household motors,
etc. The Canadian business of the A. C. Gilbert Company has
grown rapidly in the past few years, and the present arrange-
ment will allow greater scope for development.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

March 1. I'.tlS

Charles H. Keeling Goes With Square D Companj'

Alter years of experience in llie electrical field. Charles 11.
Keelini"' has joined the selling forces of the Square D Com-
pany. He will work this company's Canadian territory, with
liiadquarters at Toronto. Mr. Keeling first went into busi-
ness in Ottawa, in 1907. For six years he was in the contract-
ins business, and ihirin.a: tliis time he completed some of the

Mr. C. H. Keeling

largest electrical installations in that city. Prior to accepting
his present position with the Square D Company. Mr. Keel-
ing was connected with the Renfrew Electric Manufacturing
Company, Ltd.. at Renfrew, Canada. He was their first sales
representative, and in 1916 was appointed sales and advertis-
ing manager of that company. Aiter spending several days
at the Square D Company's factory in Detroit to familiarize
himself with their safety switch line, Mr. Keeling has re-
turned to Ontario to assume his new duties.

Canadian Beauties for Coming Season

The Renfrew Electric Manufacturing Company are show-
ing a very attractive line of household appliances which
should prove to be good sellers during the approaching sum-
mer season. The company state that prompt shipment can
1)6 made of "Canadian Beauty" grills, toaster stoves, irons.

percolators, upright toasters, and so on. 1 he "Lanadian
Beauty" 8-inch toaster stove is illustrated herewith.

The Eastern Electric Company

Messrs. Giddings & Sweetnam, Montreal have dissolved
partnership, and Mr. C. D. Sweetnam has started business on
his own account as the Eastern Electric Company, 1:>1 St.
Alexander Street. Montreal, wiring, poles, power plants,
switchboard supplies, etc.

Malm, Gordon & Company

The firm name of Theo. Malm & Company has been
changed to Malm, Gordon & Co. Tliis is necessitated by the
inclusion of Mr. \V. G. Gordon in the firm. Mr. Gordon has
been with the Canadian General Electric Company for a num-
ber of years in charge of tlieir electric railway department.

Trade Publications

Condulet Suggestion — Xo. (i, by the Crouse-Hinds Com-
pany of Canada. This illustrates a system of lighting a textile
mil! using "Obround" condulets. The conduit system in th;s
installation is supported by uprights fastened to the machines,
which brings the system so low that it can he easily kept clean
and lamps can be replaced without troulile.

Lighting Publications — The George Cutter Company, of
South Bend, Ind.. have issued an interesting bulletin. Xo. 3:i.'?7,
describing "Sol Lux" lighting reflectors and fixtures, schedule
"H," effective January 21. 1918. The bulletin is well illus-
trated, and not only includes some splendid arguments on the
value of good industrial lighting, but points out how this may
be accomplished under greatly varying conditions. The same
company are distributing bulletin Xo. ."(3:18, describing Cutter
"Universal" and "Standard" flood lighting projectors; also
well illi'strated and containing a (piantity of engineering data
on Hood lighting projectors.

Spraco System — Bulletin Xo. 203. by the Spray Engineer-
ing Company, Boston, Mass. ( Rudel-Belnap Machinery Com-
pany, Montreal, Canadian representatives), describing the
Spraco system for cooling condensing water. In addition to
a quantity of interesting illustrations of actual installations,
with descriptions, the bulletin contains a numlier of tables
showing results ol)tained with tliis cooling system on a typical
winter day, a typical spring day, a hot summer day, and so on,
all of which bear evidence to the splendid efficiency of the
apparatus. An appendix also contains a partial list of Spraco
cooling pond installations, which indicates the wide range of
industries and territory covered by this company.

What Does Electric Illumination Cost?

(Concluded from page 32t
greater disadvantage than the advantage in coal saving which
is effected.

If the least disadvanta,ge to the prosecution of the war
and to public welfare per ton of coal saved is accepted as
the test governing coal saving regulation it is the author's
opinion that other means of saving will be pressed more vig-
orously before lighting will be curtailed lieyond the elimina-
tion of extravagance and waste.

Such coal as may be saved by the elimination of extrava-
gance and waste should, of course, be saved, and our greatest
cflforts should be applied toward that end. It would seem,
however, that the best way in which the public can assist
in saving coal is to devote its attention to coal savin.g through
improved heating, slightly reduced building temperatures.
etc. With a given amount of effort and much less disad-
vantage, many times more coal saving can thus be effected
than through curtailment of lighting.

General curtailment of lighting would be a menace. For
the last eleven years the Illuminating Engineering Society
has devoted a large part of its efTort to promoting good illum-
ination. The research and investigation of its members on
the effect of light upon the eye; the influence of its technical
discussions upon design and installation of lighting appli-
ances; its popular educational campaign in the fundamentals
of good lighting have resulted in improvement of lighting
practice especially in the more recent installations.

After careful consideration of this subject, including study
of the statistics presented in this paper, the author has
readied the personal coiiclusion that to curtail lighting gen-
erally would result in damaging the eyesight and impairing
the eflficiency of our people. He believes that the country
cannot afford to incur such a risk for the sake of the small
coal saving which may result — a saving which may he ac-
complished otherwise with much less disadvantage.

"Business as usual" is not our aim. War makes read-
justment of business imperative. Economies must be effected.

Marcli I. 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

PHILUPS' CABLES

as supplied to the Toronto Hydro Electric System

These illustrations show cross sections in the original size of cables recently supplied to the
T. H. E. System and reordered by them for further extensions. The specifications are as follows. —
Conductors composed of 37 strands each, .082 in. diameter. Thickness of dielectric on each conduc-
tor, .210 in. Thickness in belt, .210 in. Thickness of lead sheath, .160 in. Overall diameter, 2.61 in.,
250,000 CM. Three Conductor, Paper Insulated, and plain Lead Covered Cable for 13,200 volts. We
can supply you with wires and cables of any size for Power, Lighting, Telephone, Telegraph, etc.

Write us for detailed information.

NOTE. — Specification of cable in left-hand cut: 3/0 B. and S.
Three conductor. Each conductor 19 strands, each .094 in. diam.
Thickness of dielectric on each conductor, .21 in. Thickness of dielec-
tric on belt, .21 it.. Thickness of lead sheath, .16 in. Overall diameter,
2.60.

Specification of cable in right-hand cut: As stated in copy.

Eugene F. Phillips Electrical Works, Ltd.

Head Office and Factory: MONTREAL

Branches : Toronto

Winnipeg

Regina

Calgary

Vancouver

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

March 1, lOlS

Current News and Notes

Bassano, Alta.

'Ihe Town Council of Bassano, Alta., have placed an
order for an electrically driven pmni/ing unit, to be installed
in the town waterworks.

Brockville, Ont.

An electrical contracting business is being established by
Mr. A. r. Lonch, of Brockville, Ont.

Chatham, Ont.

An equalizing scheme adopted in Chatham, Ont., for solv-
ing the power shortage consists in shutting ofif domestic cir-
cuits in the morning and afternoon, and factories, by agree-
ment, operate only at certain periods of the day. Some of
the factories operate at night only in order to still further
relieve the situation.

The annual report of the Chatham Public Utilities Com-
mission shows net earnings for the light department of
,$,53,710, as compared with $:i4,914 in IHKI. The net surplus is
$1 19.

Halifax, N.S.

The Maritime Telephone Company, Halifax, N.S., con-
template the erection of a new telephone building.

The City Council of Halifax, N.S., have ordered plans
l)repared for a modern street lighting system. Tenders will
lie called shortly'.

Melfort, Sask.

Tlie Town L'ouncil of Melfort, Sask., have under consid-
eration the installation of a modern switchboard in the elec-
tric plant and the construction of power line extensions.

Montreal, Que.

The Western Canada Power Company reports for De-
cember operating revenues ,$:JH,410, an increase of 1.8 per
cent.; net earnings of $:i0,770, an increase of 22.1 per cent.
Twelve months' operating revenues, $4:iO,161, an increase of
20 per cent.; net earnings of $:i:i2,lii4, represent an increase of
28.1 per cent.

The IJavies-Clayton Company, electrical contractors.
Montreal, have registered.

Gross earnings of the Dominion Power and Transmission
Company for the year ending 1917 amounted to $2,967,27:^,
while operating expenses totalled $1,7.33, 759, Net profits were
$720,219, which added to the previous balance of $.536,065 made
the total surplus at the end of the past year $1,202,284.

Newmarket, Ont.

The Tire and Light Committee of Newmarket, Out., liave
announced an approximate 10 per cent, reduction in light and
power rates. The town secures power from the plant of the
Toronto and York Radial Railway Company and the new
rate will be 1 K- cent per kw. h. on all current consumption
over 2."i kw. h.

Port Dover, Ont.

The Town Council of Port Dover, Ont., are negotiating
with the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario in
connection with securing a supply of Hydro power.

Pembroke, Ont.

The Pembroke Electric Light Company, Ltd., which will
very shortly have sufficient power for all purposes, is under-
taking a publicity campaign. Literature is being prepared
setting forth the advantages the town ofTers for manufactur-

ing purposes; local business men will be asked to circulate this
matter by enclosing copies in their out-of town letters.
Regina, Sask.

A straight 5-cent fare has been adopted by the Regina
numicipal railway system. Tickets may be purchased, but
there will only be five for a quarter. The price of labor
tickets remains unchanged, althougli their use in tlie evening
hours is prohibited. Children's tickets remain at the old price,
10 for 25 cents.
St. Catharines, Ont.

The annual statement of the St. Catharines Hydro-Elec-
tric Commission shows total earnings of $117,100, as compared
with $78,814 in 1916. The net surplus for the year was $22,980.
as compared with $10,423 in 1916.
Toronto, Ont.

Tlie first prosecution in Toronto for failure to obey the
power controller's order regarding window lighting was made
a few days ago. the defendant being fined $50.

Personals

Mr. C. Barthe has been appointed superintendent of sup-
ply sales of the Canadian General Electric Company, Mont-
real, in succession to the late Mr, C. B. Ellis.

Mr. E. L. Milliken, manager of the Cape lireton Electric
Company, of Sydney, N.S., since 1912, has accepted a similar
po.5ition with the Houghton County Traction Company, in
.Xnrthern Michigan. He went with the Cape Breton Electric
('onipauy in lOOH and served in various capacities until his ap-
jiointment to the managership in 1912,

Mr. W. G. Gordon has resigned from the Canadian Gen-
Lral Electric Company, with whom he has held the posi-
tion of Transportation Engineer for over four years, and is
entering into partnership with Mr, Theo. Malm in the Rail-
way and Pow'er Engineering Corporation, and in Malm, Gor-
don & Company, en.gineers. Mr. Gordon has had wide ex-
perience in connection with not only city and inlerurban
electric traction, lint also with trunk line electrification.
.\fter graduating from Cornell in electrical engineering in
1899, he entered the testing department of the General Elec-
tric Company at Schenectady, While in the railway con-
struction department of this company he had charge of the
installation of the first electrically operated train on the
Manhattan Elevated, New York, and, later, of the installa-
tion of the first multiple unit equipments for the Northwest-
ern Elevated, Chicago, Aurora, El.gin and Chicago Railway,
Lake Shore Electric Railway, etc. Following this, while in
the railway engineering department at Schenectady, he was
closely associated with the further development of multiple
unit operation for the New York Centra! lines and the Inter-
boro Rapid Transit Company. For a number of years Mr.
Gordon was in .'\ustralia in the General Electric Company's
interests, where he was manager and engineer of the North
Melbourne Tramways and Lighting Company, Limited; later
engineer for the National Electrical and Engineering Com-
pany, Limited, handling the New Zealand business for the
General Electric Company, and finally engineer for the Bris-
liane Tramways Company, Limited, until his return to Can-
ada. He is a son of the late principal of Queen's University,
Kingston, Ont., Rev. Dr. D. M. Gordon. He is a Fellow
of the A.LE.E. and is on the Traction and Transportation
Committee of the Institute.

March 1 fi, IDIS

THE KI.F.CTRICAL NEWS

I'l

Published Semi-Monthly By

HUGH G. MACLEAN, LIMITED

HUGH C. MacLEAN, Winnipeg, President.
THOMAS S. YOUNG, General Manager.
W. R. CARR, Ph.D., Editor.

HEAD OFFICE - 347 Adelaide Street West, TORONTO

Telephone A. 2700
MONTREAL - Telephone Main 2299 - 119 Board of Trade
WINNIPEG - Tel. Garry S5G - Electric Railway Chambers
VANCOUVER - Tel. Seymour 2013 - Winch Building
NEW YORK - Tel. 3108 Beeknian - 1123 Tribune Building
CHICAGO - Tel. Harrison 5351 - 1413 Gt. Northern Bldg.
LONDON, ENG. 16 Regent Street S.W.

ADVERTISEMENTS
Orders for advertising should reach the office of pubHcation not later
than the 5th and 20th of the montli. Changes in advertisements will be
made whenever desired, without cost to the advertiser.

SUBSCRIBERS

Subscribers are requested to promptly notify the publishers of failure
or delay in delivery of paper.

Authorized by the Postmaster General for Canada, for transmission
as second class matter.

Entered as second class matter July l.Sth, 1914, at the Postoffice at
Buffalo, N. Y., under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1S79.

Vol. 27

Toronto, March 15, 1918

No. 6

Hydro-Electric Development
Should Be Pushed Forward

Whatever expenditures niaj- or may not be justified at
the present time there seems to be no question cither in the
minds of the electors or of the members of the local legis-
lature that the Hydro water-power development work must
go forward. This is evidenced by the amount of something
over nine million dollars w^hich appears in the Ontario esti-
mates for the coming year.

Though this, -at first thought, may seem a too heavy
expense under present conditions, it is well to consider that,
in view of the fuel situation, it is an emergency necessity.
Nor is it entirely impossible to figure it out as a good invest-
ment. Let us suppose that every two hundred dollars ex-
pended by the Commission in construction work delivers one
continuous horsepower for one year; the total sum is equiva-
lent of 45,000 h.p. years, the value of which varies depending
upon the use to which it is put. On the basis of B.t.u's it is
the equivalent of about 37,000 tons of anthracite coal, which,
at ten dollars a ton, is worth $370,000, and represents a return
of slightly over four per cent. If the developed water-power
were used for heating purposes this would probably represent
somewhere near its value.

Going to the other extreme, however, it is frequently
stated that at the efficiency of the steam railway engine it
requires seven pounds of coal to produce one kilowatt hour.
On this basis the 45.000 h.p. years is the equivalent of ap-
proximately one million tons of coal with a value of, say,

■f lii.doo.iiiiii. Of course, before this power can be utilized on
I lie railways there must be an expenditure of many millions
iM equipment. The fact remains, however, that, cheap or ex-
pensive, water power is, up to a certain point, a substitute
for coal, and since our coal supply is threatened it would
be unwise to neglect to develop the water falls. The same
argument applies to the St. Lawrence and numerous other
powers. When people are freezing to death they are not
aiit to haggle over the price of heat.

Needless Waste of Fuel
Hinders Gonservation

Following a paper by Mr. John Blizzard. B.S.Sc, on the
subject, "Availability of Energy for Heat and Power." pre-
sented before the Ottawa branch of the Canadian Society of
Civil Engineers, Mr. Edgar Stansfield, ^f.Sc., chief engineer-
ing chemist of the Mines Branch of the Department of Mines,
submitted a number of recommendations. Mr. Blizzard's re-
marks and recommendations have particular reference to the
unnecessary waste of fuel due to waste of by-products and the
meflicient operation of steam railways and power-generating
plants. These recommendations are as follows:
Fuel Recommendations

That a Dominion board of energy commissioners be
established, somewhat on the lines of the Board of Railway
Cominissioners, and that this board be given wide powers.

That the board consist of mechanical engineers, electrical
engineers, and chemists; the best men available in their re-
spective spheres, having not only high scientific and technical
ability but imaginatoin.

That the board be given investigative, advisory, and re-
strictive powers;

Investigative power to carry out such laboratory and
large scale investigations as are necessary for the efficient
utilization of our resources; the scope of the investigations to
include the winning and marketing of fuels and their by-pro-
ducts, as well as the development and employment of power
and heat.

Advisory power to furnish the best advice and most up-
to-date information, including recommendations as to new
developments, improvements of old plants, consolidation of
power plants, and the co-operative establishment of allied in-
dustries.

Restrictive power to prohibit the inception of needlessly
wasteful schemes, and to compel the improvement within n
term of years, where such improvement can be shown to be
commercially practicable, of all established, needlessly waste-
ful, processes.

Extracts from Mr. Blizzard's paper are also reproduced
elsewhere in this issue. The recommendations are being sub-
mitted to the council of the C. S. C. E. at Montreal.

Interesting Talks Before
Montreal Electric Glub

One of the brightest talks of the season was given by Mr.
M. P. Fennell. secretary-treasurer of the Montreal Harbour
Commissioners, at the Montreal Electrical luncheon on
March 6. The subject, "Canadian Ports and their Relation
to Transportation," does not sound particularly lively, but
Mr. Fennell made it of more than usual interest, and nar-
rated many facts in a manner that compelled attention. The
speaker has visited all the great ports of the world, and was
thus able to speak with first hand knowledge of his subject.
He first alluded to the fact that it was intended in the near
future to entirely electrify the harbour of Montreal. After
defining a port and a harbour, he pointed out that three
factors largely determined a harbour— the potentiality of the
tributary commerce, size and accessibility, and the develop-

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

March 15, 1018

incnt of the docks. In Canada the interior tributary trade
was from the northwest, and Mr. Fennel briefly reviewed
the process of the transportation of grain from those dis-
tricts to the seaports. There were three main routes, Hud-
son Bay, now being developed by the government; the Great
Lakes, connected with Gulf and River St. Lawrence; and
the Panama Canal. To show the immense growth of the
facilities for handling this traffic, Mr. Fennell mentioned that
the elevators had grown from 500, with a capacity of 18,000,000
bushels, in 1900, to over 3,500, with a capacity of 200,000,000
bushels in 1917.

The speaker alluded to the competition with United
States ports for this trade, and remarked that the St. Law-
rence route had decided advantages over the Erie Canal
route, in the way of shorter canal voyages and depth of water.
Still, the United States had been able to retain a large share
of the trade, owing to the use of larger vessels and by
improving the railways between Bufifalo and New York. He
asserted that Canada had the most efficient and most econ-
omical waterway on the north American continent, and
stated that 65 per cent, of the water-borne commerce of Can-
ada came by way of Montreal.

Mr. Fennell briefly described the natural difficulties which
had been overcome in building up the ports of Glasgow, New-
castle, and Manchester, at a very heavy cost, and yet, he said,
Montreal did as large a trade, on a monthly basis, as these
ports, at a total outlay of $37,000,000. The system in Montreal
was on a pure business basis, without any political con-
siderations, and without any of the disadvantages, from the
point of view of granting monopolies to big corporations,
which obtained at so many of the United States ports. The
American ports were now copying many of the features of the
Montreal system. Montreal was being systematically de-
veloped with a view to obtaining the supremacy in the con-
test in which the United States and Canadian ports were en-
gaged for the trade of the northwest.

Brig. Gen. A. E. Labelle, one of the Harbour Commis-
sioners, made a short speech.

Electro-culture at Chester, England

An interesting report on electroculture experiments, car-
ried out during the past summer, has- just been presented to
his corporation by Mr. S. E. Britton, city electrical engineer
of Chester. Eng., and is published in various British maga-
zines. The land, comprising l.-l acres of pasture, was plowed
and trenched shortly after Easter and arranged in three plots
of approximately: A, 970 square yards; B, 4.000 square yards;
C, 1,800 square yards. The largest plot was equipped for elec-
troculture. and lies between the two smaller plots.

For comparison three varieties of potatoes were planted,
and the following result was obtained:

Plot A, natural control — Number of roots; Great Scot,
41,3; King Edward, 315; Summit. 359. Average yield per root:
Great Scot, 1.363 lb.; King Edward, .485 lb.; Summit. l.;H4 lb.

Plot C, natural control — Number of roots: King Edward,
238; Summit, 398. Average yield per root: King Edward, .567
lb.; Summit, 1.497 lb.

Plot B, electroculture — Number of roots: Great Scot,
2,294; King Edward, 480; Summit, 7,294. Average yield per
root: Great Scot, 1.684 lb. (23.5 per cent, increase); King Ed-
ward, 1.231 lb. (153 and 117 per cent, increase); Summit. 1.451
11). (7.5 increase; 3.1 per cent, decrease).

With regard to the Summits grown on Plot C, it should
be noted that the supply wire from the shed to the discharge
wire was passed over this ground, at a height of 8 ft.

Other vegetables were grown, but, owing to late planting,
no attempt was made to obtain comparative result. Peas,
beans, white turnips, swedes, and beet did well; carrots and
onions were very poor, both in quality and quantity. Greens

did well, and it was noticeable that those under electroculture
were not attacked Ijy caterpillar to the same extent as those
under natural control. No manure or fertilizer was used.

The electrical equipment consisted of a 10 in. coil, with
mercury break-current interrupter and Lodge valves, housed
in a wooden shed, 25 yards from the plot, and an earth plate
close to the plot. No. 30 s.w.g. galvanized steel wires were
used for the discharge, placed 15 ft. apart and hooked to 7/16

A&C. Control Plots '
B. Electro-culture Plot

D. Shed.

E. Earth Plate.

Scale
FtK)0 75 50 ZS 0

100 Feet.

F'g. 1 — Plan of Ground Used

in. s.w.g. span wire attached to insulators, and the whole sup-
ported by six poles. To each of the poles was fixed a wrought-
iron bar, which enabled the discharge wire to be placed at any
distance from the ground between 2 ft. 6 in and 6 ft. 6 in.
The apparatus was supplied with 5 amperes at 310 volts d.c,
wliich would maintain a spark 54 in. long, when an earth wire
was placed that distance from any part of the discharge net-
work.

At the commencement the discharge wire was placed as
near as possible to the ground, and, as the crop grew, raised

Hours
71-

5 ■

n r

1 ■

nJ r

Fig. 2 — Diagram showing hours per day discharge used

to about 6 in. above the foliage. \\'hen climate and other con-
ditions allowed, the discharge was used from 6 a.m. to 8 a.m.
and 6 p.m. to 8 p.m. daily, and during dull days between mid-
day and 2 p.m. In all the discharge was used for 122 hours,
during which time 128 units were used. The direction of the
wind was from the south 16 per cent., southeast 23 per cent..
southwest 42 per cent., and west 19 per cent.

This experiment indicates that it is not detrimental to
place the discharge ■ -ire near to the plant, and that for ex-
perimental purposes and to obtain comparative results it is
not necessary to have the control plot several hundred yards
distant from the plot under electrical treatment as is the case

March ]"), 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

:.'i

when the discharge wire is phiceil 10 tn i:i ft. ahdve ihe crup.
Mr. P.ritton concludes lliat althouali tlie sidijecl is a com-
plex one, and at the present rate of progress will take years
to develop, the possihilities aiipear tn lie treiiiendmis, and
when it is better understood astounding results may be ex-
pected. It should, however, lie made perfectly clear that its
present state of development does not warrant its general
aiiplication, and that tliere is yet to be evolved a more settled
conception of the botanical effects and electrical recpiirements
on which to base the practical work; therefore, at the present
time results should be treated as experimental. Probably the
most useful progress would be made by encouraging electric
supply undertakings in conjunction with plant physiologists
to systematically experiment on small plots.

Develop Our Water Powers and Be Independent
of Goal

But the world must be very largely relmilt, and develop-
ment must be along scientific lines, which have not been fol-
lowed heretofore. That brings we down to what I really
want to impress upon the gentlemen present — not that I ex-
pect to give you a speech on this subject, for I realize that I
do not know nearly as much about it as you do — and to im-
press upon every man and woman in this country, and that
is the need of building up of this and every other civilized
country when this great struggle is over. There are so many
things around us waiting to be done, and they can only be
done on proper lines, and that means on proper engineering
lines. As far back as I can remember, the idea seems to have
been that when a young man went into the engineering pro-
fession about the only work for him to do was on the railway
survey. You see, that is all that we realized the engineer was
for. And when he got througli with one job he looked for
another. I presume that is the experience of many men — and
I see here to-day gentlemen of my acquaintance whose heads
are getting as bald as my own, who have had great e.x,peri-
ence in the railway service, and I think they realize that,
especially in the rural parts of our section of the country, that
has been the idea of the field of usefulness for the engineer.
But when the war is over we shall find that too narrow an
application of engineering skill. Of course, we must have
railways. I do not want to discuss the railway situation of
Canada to-day, but I may go so far as to say that we are
pretty well supplied with railways — at least, the Government
of Canada is. Without discussing the construction of more
railway, I realize that the government railways must be re-
constructed. They must be safe for the trains that run over
them. And this work of rebuilding is going to call for engi-
neering ability and service. But when we have considered
the railway needs we have only commenced to discuss the
real engineering problems whicli Canada has to face. I
should say that the first problem we have to face is the
development of our water-powers. T may be considered a
crank on this subject, but it seems to me that the experience
of this country in the past three or four months because of
the lack of coal must set every man thinking, even though he
be the most ordinary layman in these matters, on the neces-
sity of developing our water-powers so as to make ourselves
independent of coal as far as possible, at least for power. I
do not saj' the same applies to heat. We were having a very
interesting discussion at this table during luncheon on this
point. I do not believe that we have yet reached the stage of
development where we can economically heat our buildings
with electricity. But if all the power we use were developed
electrically we could save an enormous amount of coal, suffi-
cient to heat all-our_buildings. But there are applications of
heat in which electricity can be used, especially in cooking.

• Extract of an address by Hon. F. B. Carvell, before Ottawa Branch
C. S. C.E.

I was surprised to h;ive your president tell me that inidcr tlic
ruling prices ni tn-ilay the cost of cooking for an ordinary
family is $^' a month. That is away below the cost of co<dv-
ing with coal. This illustrates how water-power can be used,
not only for power but for heat, and in a hundred and one
things necessary in the world to-day. When I look around
the city of Ottawa, which really exists on account of the de-
velopment of your water-power, and realize that probaldy
not one-(iuarter of the available water-power within twenty
miles of the city is yet developed, I sometimes wonder what
could be accomplished if we had sufficient money and energy
to have all these water-powers developed. I never drive up
the Gatineau without thinking of the great water-powers
there that are going to waste. And up the Ottawa there is
the same condition. And when you come to the St. J.aw-
rence River you have power going to waste by the million
liorsc-power. I am not advocating any policy — T do not think
it would lie wise to do so, occupying the position I do — but
if I niiglit l)c permitted an expression of personal preference,
to me there is a great deal more beauty in w-ater-power de-
veloped and working than in water-power going over a rapid.
1 tpiite admit that I have not been trained along the aesthetic
lines on wliich some of my neighbors have been led, and so
may not sufficiently appreciate the beauties of nature. But I
do appreciate the beauty of water going through a water-
wheel. And I quite understand, also, that this desire cannot
be brought about except by co-ordination of the training of
the engineer and the capital of the man who is willing to risk
money to make more money. I am not talking questions of
policy, but I hope that I shall live to see the time when there
will not be one rapid on the St. Lawrence, but all will be con-
verted into water-power and making money. And what I say
of the rapids of the St. Lawrence I say with regards to every
waterfall on every river in the Dominion.

Hydro Expenditures

Some nine million dollars have been placed in the esti-
mates to be expended by the Hydro-electric Power Commis-
sion of Ontario in developments and extensions. This work
is to be apportioned as follows: —

Chippewa Power Development .$4,173,000

Niagara System Extensions 2,856.268

Central Ontario System Extensions .588,18,5

Nipissing System Extensions 60,000

Severn System Extensions 40,5.212

Eugenia System Extensions 233,541

V\'asdeirs System Extensions " 1,000

Port Arthur System Extensions 150,000

St. Lawrence System Extensions 251.000

Muskoka System Extensions .' ■ 0,800

Rideau System Extensions 117,945

Service Building and Miscellaneous 100,000

Expenditure on Account of Province ] 10,000

The Edmonton Electric Light and Power Department
made a surplus for the month of January, 1918, after paying
all charges, of $19,.376.1S. The revenue for January consti-
tutes a record for any month in the history of the department.
as did also the number of consumers connected. The Cana-
dian Northern Railway Company's shops have installed an
additional 120 kv.a. synchronous motor on city service, to be
used for driving an air compressor, and the Western Canada
Flour Mills have installed a 75 h.p., 2.300 volt motor at their
local mill.

The Department of Trade and Commerce of Canada re-
ports that there is a large demand for electrical equipment
and accessories in Australia. A range of samples and all par-
ticulars are on file at Ottawa.

THE ELFXTRICAL NEWS

Marcli ]"., 1'.ll«

Electric Drive in a Canadian Cement Mill

A Severe Test for Motors Owing to Dust Conditions — Only Few Minutes Rest
Once a Week— A 14,000 H. P. Installation

Electric motor drive in a cement mill constitutes one
of the most severe forms of service, owing largely to the
unavoidable prevalence of dust, and requires careful and con-
tinual inspection. The plant of the Canada Cement Com-
pany at Longue Pointe, near Montreal, operates 24 hours
a day, and 7 days a week. When running to its full capacity,
the motors driving the grinding mills will probably be shut
down for a few minutes; only once a week and for longer
periods for repair to the mill probably once in six months,
which means that the motors are practically running con-
tinuously for six months. In the case of elevators and con-
veyors, these are seldom shut down except to change motor
bearings or to replace conveyor belts or screws. It is very
important that these conveyors and elevators be kept running
continuously, as generally a sluit dowji of one of these means
a shut down of a whole department, whereas the shut down
of an individual grinding mill is not of such importance. But
the service is entirely satisfactory, owing chiefly to the effi-
cient inspection maintained by the electrical engineer, Mr.
F. C. E. Burnett.

The equipment at this plant includes roughly 14,000 h.p.
of Canadian General Electric motors, ranging in size from 10
h.p. at 1200 r.p.m. up to 250 h.p. at 600 r.p.m. The motors
are, almost without exception, of the squirrel cage type, and
are belted to their drives. The only exceptions to this rule
are motors operating winches in the quarry, motors direct
coupled to pumps for water supply, and the motors operat-
ing a coal handling bridge, these being d.c. motors, running
on 600 volts. Power is received at 10,000 volts, three phase,
and transformed to GOO volts in the sub-station. The sub-

Fig. 1 — Part of installation of 16 100-h.p. motors driving pulverizers

Station equipment consists of six 3000 kv.a., 60 cycle, 3 phase
water cooled C. G. E. transformers. The maximum load on
the sub-station has so far been about 10,000 kw. A purely
induction motor load of this character would result in a
low power factor, and, therefore, to supply the necessary
magnetizing current to correct this there are installed two
2,000 kv.a. C. G. E. synchronous condensers operating at 600
volts. The station contains the usual equipment of lightning
arresters on high and low tension sides, and high tension
switches controlling the incoming lines with low tension

switch gear controlling some 18 feeders on the low tension
side.

In line with modern jjractice all drives are by indi-
vidual motors, and this results in a remarkably good load
factor being obtained. The load factor each month runs over
80 per cent., a condition which is hardly possible unless indi-
vidual drives are employed. The motors are all controlled by
N.R. compensators and all those of 35 h.p. and over are

Fig. 2 — Group of 3B-h.p., 600 r.p.m. motors driving kilns

equipped with over-load trip coils operating through the no-
voltage release on the compensator.

While there is nothing specially worthy of note in the
actual drives, the conditions under which the motors oper-
ate are well worthy of attention. A cement mill is one of
the hardest of all plants on its motive power, owing to large
i|nantities of a dust that is very hard, fine and penetrating.
.\s will be seen from the photographs, the bearings have all
special provision for keeping out the dust, but in spite of all
precautions that can be taken the dust certainly does find
its way into the bearings and causes heavy wear. Notwith-
standing this the larger motors are often run for twelve
months without having the bearings rebabitted, but the
smaller motors require it more frequently. To aggravate the
effect of the dust on the bearings tight belts have to be
employed throughout as the dust causes a considerable
amount of slipping between the belt and the pulley unless
run much tighter than would be considered necessary under
ordinary conditions. It is interesting to note here that most
of the pulleys are cast iron pulleys, it having been found
impossible to make use of the good qualities of paper pul-
leys owing to the dust cutting them so quickly.

Although the motors are all squirrel cage, they have,
without exception, to start up against a heavy torque. In
the case of tube mills and ball mills the starting torque actu-
ally exceeds the full load- running torque bj' as much as 25
per cent. In spite of this fact no trouble has been experi-
enced in starting up this load with the squirrel cage motor.
An installation of motors working under such conditions
can give satisfaction only if a rigid system of inspection is
adopted. When the inspection system is faithfully carried
out such an installation operates with remarkably little
trouble. The Inspection Department's duties, while cover-
ing the entire electrical equipment of lighting and power.

March 15, 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

is more particularly concerned with the air gaps of the
motors. These are checked regularly by means of the gauges
supplied with the motors, and a bearing is never allowed to
go so far that the rotor rubs on the stator. Before the bear-
ings reach the danger point they are changed, .\nother niincn
matter which might be of interest to those operating motors
under similar conditions, is the question of dust collectinj.;
around the bearings themselves. If left undisturbed, tin-
dust by capillary attraction soon removes the oil from tin-
oil wells, therefore, the inspection department is charged
with the duty of cleaning the bearing housings at re.guUu
intervals.

Figure 1 shows part of an installation of 100 h.p. motors
at 600 r.p.m., driving pulverizers, which are used to grind
the raw mixture to a fine powder before it is burned in the
kilns. There are 10 of these pulverizers with 16 motors
mounted in two banks of eight each. In this case it will
be seen that the motors have protecting hoods mounted over
them to prevent dust accumulating.

Figure 3 gives a view of one of tlie drives in the kiln
room. There are 17 kilns in all. four of which are driven
by one 100 h.p. motor from a line shaft, the others hav-
ing individual 35 Ii.p. motors at 000 r.p.m., as shown in
the photo.

Figure 3 shows the motors driving the kominuters, these
being preliminary grinding machines for grinding the clinker-
There are 15 such machines in this building set in one row,
each having one 100 h.p. motor running at 600 r.p.m.

Figure 4 gives a view of the motor drives for the tube
mills in the same building. There are 19 tube mills in this

Fig. 3 — 15 100-h.p. motors driving Kominuters

bank, each being driven by a 175 h.p. motor at 600 r.p.m. It
will be noted in these two latter views that the motors are
separately housed from the grinding machinery. This has
resulted in much better operating conditions for the motors,
and it will be noted that the protective shields arc not found
necessary in these cases.

Fig. 4 — 19 175-h.p. motors driving tube mills

.\ conference of the managers of the Eastern division,
plant section, of the Bell Telephone Company, was held in
Montreal on March 6.

Canadian Society of Civil Engineers Will
Discuss Fuel and Power Situation

The Canadian Society of Civil Engineers are holding a
general, professional meetin.g in the city of Toronto on
March 26 and 27 to discuss the present fuel and power situa-
tion. The meetings will be held in the theatre lecture room
of the Physics Building, University of Toronto. On Tues-
day morning the delegates will visit the plant of Canadian
Aeroplanes, Limited, and the plant of British Forgings, Lim-
ited. The remainder of the day and Wednesday wil' be
i;iken up with addresses by such well-known authorities as
Ur. B. F. Haanel. Chitff of Fuel Division, Department of
Mines, Ottawa; Mr. W. N. Neal. .General Secretary of the
I anadian Railway Association for Nationa] Defence; Mr. W.
J. Dick, .\.M.C.S.C.E,, Mining Engineer of the Commission
id" Conservation, Ottawa; Mr. John Blizzard, A.M.C.S.C.E.,
Technical Engineer, Division of Fuels and Fuel Testing,
-Mines Branch. Department of Mines, Ottawa; Mr. E. Stan-
iield, Division of Fuels and Fuel Testing. Department of
-Mines, Ottawa; Mr. George F. Porter, M.C.S.C.E., En.gineer
if Construction, St. Lawrence Bridge Company, Montreal;
Mr, C, A. Magrath, Fuel Controller of Canada; Mr, .\lbert
Grigg. Deputy Minister, Department of Lands and Forests.
Ontario. Toronto; Mr, E, J. Zavitz, Provincial Forester.
Ontario; Mr, .-Vrthur Hewitt. General Manager, Consumers'
Gas Company, Toronto; Mr, F, G, Clark, M,C,S,C,E„ Chief
Engineer, Toronto Electric Light Company, Toronto; Mr,
R, W, Caldwell, Chief Mechanical Engineer, Imperial Oil,
Limited. Sarnia; Mr. J. B. Challies, M.C.S.C.E., Superin-
tendent Dominion Water Power Branch. Department of the
Interior, Ottawa; Mr, John Murphy, M,C,S.C.E., Chief Elec-
trical Engineer, Department of Railways and Canals, Otta-
wa; Mr, J, M, Robertson, M,C.S,C,E,, Director Southern
Canada Power Company, Montreal, and Mr, P, H, Mitchell,
A.M,C.S.C.E., Consulting Engineer, Toronto,

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

March 15. 1918

Electric Power Used to Drive Field Machinery

For House and Barn the Application of Electricity is an Accomplished
Fact — Sowing and Reaping Come Next

Some practical experiments on the use of electric power
in field work on the farm are described in the General Electric
Review by J. H. Davidson and F. E. Boyd. The application
of electricity to the farm has become an accomplished fact
around the buildings for both light and power purposes, but
so far the difficulty of transmitting electric power to the more
remote points on the farm has constituted an insuperable dif-
ficulty to its use in ordinary cultivation operations. The pres-
ent paper describes how these obstacles were successfully
overcome, and g-ives a number of very interesting results on
the probable cost and consumption of the apparatus. The
following is extracted from the paper in question:

In order to secure some definite data concerning the pos-
sibilities of electric power for field work the authors conduct-
ed an experiment which involved the following distinct fea-
tures:

Design and construction of an experimental electric trac-
tor.

Practical field test of tractor.
Tests to determine power consumption.
Analysis of results and conclusions.

The experiment was confined to the use of power ob-
tained direct from a commercial transmission line, and stor-
age batteries were not considered.

The tractor was designed for truck crop work. Two
drivers were used with a cultivator as an integral part. It
was designed to travel 140 feet per minute, and was driven by
a 3 h.p., 320-volt, 3-phase motor. The machine was made by
utilizing parts of other machines as far as possible. The
drivers were 32 in. in diameter, with a 4 in. face. Three speed
reductions were required, which were efifectd by a belt, a bevel
gear set, and a spur gear set. The machine carried a cable reel,
and through the operation of a friction clutch the cable could
be played out or wound up as desired. In operation the cable
was dropped at the side of the tractor when travelling away
from the main power line and picked up on the return. It
was necessary to shift the cable connection at tlie end of the
field occasionally by moving the plug connector to a new
receptacle. The experimental machine, complete with 180
feet of cable and Cultivating attachments, weighs 735 pounds.
Conservative estimates made in collaboration with the
power company engineers indicate that the poles and line
material necessary for the installation, even at the present
high prices, will not exceed $110. The estimated price of the
machine is $500; thus, for $610 the equipment could be put
on a farm ready to operate. These figures make liberal al-
lowances for manufacturing and merchandising, and for the
electrical man on the installation.

Although it is a fact that the equipment has limits on its
radius of operation as compared with a horse (which, to-
gether with harness, would cost in the average of $275), it
should not be overlooked that the machine is capable of
doing many things that a horse cannot do. For instance, it
constitutes a portable motor which can readily and easily be
moved about the farm by one person to be belted to a wood-
saw, churn, pump, feed grinder, cider mill, grindstone, spray-
ing machine, etc.

An important feature of an equipment of this character
is the fact that it is capal)le of working continuously, where
a horse can work only intermittently.

Better Success Than Anticipated

,\flcr construction the experimental tractor was given a
field trial. No difficulty was experienced in handling the

machine, although it was not to be expected that the lirst
machine would be free from many impractical features. How-
ever, the machine worked better than the authors antici-
pated. The cable was easily managed, and the fact that the
machine was tethered was not so much an inconvenience as
might be expected. It was unusual to find a machine work-
ing so quietly and with so much reserve power. The tractor
in hard ground, where the cultivator was set deep, would
slip its drivers while the motor developed an overload of 350
per cent.

Records were made of current consumption, and the fol-
lowing data were secured:

Normal cultivation, current consunii)tion. 1.8G7 watts.

Deep cultivation, current consumption, 2.500 watts.

Drivers slipping, current consumption, 3.200 watts.

Recultivation on soft ground, current consumntion, 2,400
watts.

Cultivator on soft ground, current consumption, 2,200
watts.

A draw-bar horse-power test was made by detaching the

cultivator and substituting a stone-boat for a load.

Draw bar pull, 2,385 pounds.

Time required to travel 100 feet. 40.8 seconds.

Draw bar horse-power, 0.88.

Input-electrical horse-power. 2.94.

t)ver all efficiency, 29.8 per cent.

Estimated output of motor. 2.48 h.p.

Efficiency of tractor, 35.5 per cent.

The etificiency of the outfit was very low. This can be
attributed to the crude bearings, which were not in the best
of condition.

It was noted during the tests tliat the slippage of the
drivers while doing normal work was 2.!» per cent.; also that
while reeling the cable the power consumption was less than
when playing it out. This was due to the fact that the pull of
the cable assisted in moving the tractor, while when unwind-
ing there was a drag due to friction in the reel.

The following conclusions were deduced after the com-
pletion o,f the tests:

(a) It was demonstrated l)y a crude experimental ma-
chine that the soil could actually be cultivated bj' electric
power, and that at least there were no fundamental obstacles.

(b) For garden work a light machine is desirable, keep-
ing the power consumption low and making the machine easy
to handle.

Comparison With the Horse

An effort has been made to compare the cost of cultivat-
ing and plowing by a horse and with this machine. It is
very difficult to draw any accurate conclusions because there
are so many varying and intangible factors entering into the
maintenance of a horse equipment. The following approxi-
inations. although not suitable from which to draw any defin-
ite conclusions, may, nevertheless, be of some general inter-
est:

First. Due to the greater rate at which work can be done
and the continuous period over which it can be performed, it
is believed that where it would take a horse_about 11 hours
to cultivate 8 acres (the work, of course, not being done in 11
consecutive hours), the machine could do the same acreage
in possibly 8 hours (there being no question about tlie fact
that it could be done in 8 consecutive hours). This means
efficiency in the use of labor incident to operation.

March 15, 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Second. Altliougli, as stated above, the cost incident to
the maintenance and operation ot a horse equipment is very
uncertain, estimates indicate that in the cultivation of a 24-
acre tract, as ilhistrated, there wouUi be at least a saving of
$7.50 for each cultivation in favor of electricity, plus at least
a day and a half in time saved by the person operating the
equipment. Opinion diflFers as to the number of cultivations
necessary for ilifterent crops, bitt. of course, the more culti-
vations the greater the saving.

Third. It is interesting to consider what the use of this
outfit will mean to the farmer with property under 40 acres,
taking into account the question of how much acreage is
necessary to provide pasturage and feed for horses. Any
saving in this direction means a transference from the ex-
pense account to the income account.

Fourth. Expenditures for feed for the horse should not
he overlooked in considering the cost of operation.

In conclusion, it is apparent from the fact that 200,000
h.p. in electric motors is now actually being used on the farm
that the phrase "electricity on the farm" does not constitute
an idle dream any longer. .Although 160,000 h.p.. of this is
used for irrigation and reclamation purposes (a peculiarity
to semi-arid sections), the remainder, or 40.000 h.p., is actu-
ally being used for miscellaneous farm purposes, such as
were enumerated in connection with the varied uses to which
the machine in question could be put on the farm. The only
tning that we are not doing with electricity on any scale is
plowing and cultivating, and this now bids fair to be a com-
.T:<^rc-ial realitv in the < crv near future.

The Fallacy of Price-Cutting

By J.E. BuUard

The cold weatlier or simiething else has affected m\
watch. Sometimes it would be fast enough so that I would
have to wait several minutes before the train pulled out. At
other times I would have barely time to reach the steps of
the rear car before the train started. Therefore, when I
heard a friend of mine say that the man up where he pur-
chased his watch was not satisfied if there was a variation of
more than ten seconds a month from absolutely correct time
I decided that I would buy my next watch where he had pur-
chased his. I was aware of the fact that the establishment
from which his watch had come was rather high in price, but
what was a few- dollars on the purchase of an article that
would last me for years, especially if the few extra dollars
carried with it service that would save me manj^ hours — in
fact, enough time to more than make up any increase in the
purchase price?

Last April a neighbor of mine ordered his year's supply
of coal. A few months later another neighbor ordered his
winter's supply, but ordered it from another dealer. The first
family expected to get their coal a little cheaper than the
dealer the second family ordered from would sell it. The
first family has never had enough coal in the cellar to dare to
build a big enough fire in the furnace to keep the whole house
warm. The second family received their full order of coal
within a few weeks, and have been comfortable all winter.
What was a matter of 50 cents a ton compared to the worry
and care of getting along from hand to mouth with the con-
stant danger of actually suflfering from the cold?

.A certain church hired a certain electrical contractor to
wire the building for a new lighting system. This contractor
w-as hired liecause he would do the w-ork for a low price.
When the installation was completed the appearance of the
church was greatly improved. There were special lights over
the baptistry, for this was a Baptist church, the purpose of

*In National Electrical Contractor

which was to light up this pool of water, niak-c it safer, and
make it easier for the minister to read the service. Inciden-
tally, it also made it much easier for the congregation to see
what was taking place, and, on the whole, made the baptismal
services much more impressive. The first time the lights were
used they worked perfectly. The next time they failed, and
it was some time before the defect in the wiring that caused
the failure could be discovered. These lights for several ser-
vices were entirely out of commission, and the few dollars
saved in the original installation were pai'd for at a very high
rate.

It is not low prices that most people want. What they
really want is the most for their money. Everybody wants
service. Everyone wants real service, and every person whom
It is really worth while to have as a regular customer is will-
ing to pay for service. That concern that builds up the
greatest reputation for good work and good service is going
to get the most business and make the most profit. It is only
the unprofitable business, as a rule, that goes to the price-cut-
ter.

There was a time when the department stores appeared
to thrive on price-cutting. Times, however, have changed.
Many of the price-cutters have already gone out of the busi-
ness. Others are changing their ways. Department stores
are coming more and more to use something besides low
prices to attract custom. Some have gone .so far as never to
feature comparative prices in their advertising. They do not
attempt to show the public that they are selling at low prices.
They rather attempt to show that they are giving good values
in goods and in service for the prices charged.

A young man started a flooring business. His partner
believed that they should meet their competitors on price. He.
on the other hand, held fast to the idea that they should build
a reputation for laying the very best floors that'could be laid,
and see to it that all their work lived up to this reputation.
In order that he would not be handicapped in this policy he
bought out his partner and ran the business himself. To-day
he has the best business in his line in the city where he is
located. He is busy when some of his competitors are idle,
and he secures a goodly percentage of the really profitable
business in his district. That is not all. however. He has
been called upon to do work several hundreds of miles away
from his place of business. He has been paid a bonus to
supervise work near larger cities than that in which his busi-
ness is located. It is the service that he renders that has
brought this business to him. He has often made this state-
ment: "If T relied upon price alone to get business I would
not be able to drive my own automobile. I don't get any
work on price alone. In fact. I never take the trouble to bid
on any work where I know that the price is going to be the
deciding factor. Most of my business comes to me from
people who want really good work and are willing to pay for
really good work."

Price-cutting never built good-will. There are a lot of
price-cutters who are to-day bemoaning the fact that they
have always secured their business by cutting prices. To-day
it is not easy to cut prices. The cost of everything is increas-
ing in price so rapidly that no business man can tell you to-
day just what it is going to cost to do a certain piece of work
to-morrow. Those men who have built up their buusiness
through service have also built good-will, which is proving its
worth to them in these days. The price-cutter of yesterday
is, in fact, more than likely to be the profiteer of to-day. He
is rarely, if ever, a far-sighted man. If he were he would
never be either a price-cutter or a profiteer.

The church did not save very much money on its wiring
job, but it lost a good deal when the lights refused to burn.
It is not by any means beyond the bounds of possibility that
the diflference between what the collections actually were at
the services when the baptismal lights did not work'and what

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

March 15, 1918

A typical show and sales room of the Southern Canada Power Company — This one is in St. Hyacinthe

they would have been had the lights been in operating condi-
tion would have more than have paid the dilTerence between
a good job and a cut-price job. In other words, from a purely
financial point of view, there is reason to believe that this
church lost by having a cheap job done.

Was Getting Better Value

It may interest the reader to know that the main reason
why the merchant who had his electric cuTrent bill boosted
from $5 to $13 per month was so enthusiastic over this in-
crease in cost was due to a very great extent to the fact that
in the first instance he was getting only about $2 worth of
service for his money, while in the second the service was
saving him practically the full amount of the bill. He dis-
covered that what he saved through increased production and
in labor turnover when he used electric drive for his sewing
machines amounted to as much as or more than every month
the total cost of all the electricity he consumed for power
purposes. Naturally, he was pleased and appreciated the ser-
vice which the salesman had rendered him.

It is never very difficult to show a man of average intelli-
gence that good service and good v\-orkmanship is worth more
than a low price. Usually the difficulty lies in persuading him
that you are able to give him the service and workmanship.
Of course, there are some people who will always be influ-
enced by price alofie. Usually, however, these people have a
very poor opinion of their own judgment. Often they do not
have an average amount of intelligence. These ipeople it is
best for the ambitious contractor and dealer to leave to the
mercies of his competitors who believe that the alpha and
omega of salesmanship is beating everyone else on price. If
this is done it will be only a matter of time until they destroy
each other and business as a whole will be better for their
elimination. Feature good workmanship, good malierial, and
good service and you are bound to succeed in the end. Fea-
ture cut prices and the sheriff will get you if you don't watch
out.

Code of Lighting School Buildings

The Illuminating Engineering Society of New York an-
nounces that the revised edition of its Code of Lighting
School Buildings is now being placed in type. It will be re-
membered that the first edition of this code was circulated
several months ago for the purpose of obtaining discussions
and criticisms. As a result, some one hundred communica-
tions have been received from lighting experts, architects,
educators, and school superintendents. These have been care-
fully considered by the Committee on Lighting Legislation in
its revision of the technical data and principles of school light-
ing, which are embodied in the code.

Some 20,000.000 school children in the United States daily
perform work trying to the eyes. Proper illumination is
essential. Available statistics show that nearly 10 per cent of
the school children who have been examined have defective
vision. The exactment of rules and regulations and the dis-
semination of knowledge relating to correct lighting condi-
tions is one of the most important needs of our educational
institutions and legislative bodies.

While the code is intended primarily as an aid in formu-
lating legislation relating to the lighting of school Iniildings,
it is also intended for sclio(d authorities as a .guide in individ-
ual efTprts to improve lighting conditions.

The revised edition of the Code of Lighting School Uuild-
ings is being printed, and the society will be glad to sell
them at cost to interested parties.

The death is reported of Lieut. C. R. Hillis, of Hamilton,
who was wounded recently in France. Before enlisting in
ini.'i, Lieut. Hillis was connected with the Canadian Westing-
house Company, Hamilton, as mechanical and electrical engi-
neer. He was a graduate of Toronto University.

Companies Object to Using Same Poles

The question of tlie regulation of poles and wires of pub-
lic utility companies in Montreal recently came before the
Quebec Legislature. The city asked that the subject be re-
ferred to the Electrical Commission for study and the draw-
ing up of regulations, the latter to be submitted to the Quebec
Public Utilities Commission for approval and then, in turn,
submitted to the legislature at the next session. It was sug-
gested that two or three companies might use the same poles.
The companies objected to the form of procedure, which also
did not meet with the sanction of the legislative committee.
The result of discussion on three days was that no final deci-
sion was reached.

March 15, 191S

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Availability of Energy for Heat and Power

■ By John Blizzard, B. Sc*

It is proposed here lu outline tlie sources wlieiice we in consumption is about SrjO.OOO.OOO gallons, and practically all of

Canada receive our supplies of energy and the requirements it is imported. It is in a more available form for the gcnera-

thcy meet. tion of power and heat than any other fuel. While not im-

Coal possible to replace it with other forms of energy for small

Coal is of first importance. In the course of a year we gasoline and kerosene engines, such a change could be effect-
burn 30,0()0,{)00 tons, of which 60 per cent, comes from the *='• °"'y with great inconvenience. In addition to its use for
United States. The remainder is mined in Canada. these purposes, crude oil in large quantities is used, particu-

Practically no coal supplies exist between the Provinces '•""'>' '" the West, for railways, ships, and industries, .\lto-

of New Brunswick and Saskatchewan, and the combined out- gether, at least lOO.OOO.OOO gallons are burned under steam

put of these two provinces amounts to only 4 per cent, of the boilers.

country's production. One-half of the remaining OG per cent. Mr. Van II. Manning, director of the Cnited States liu-

is mined in Nova Scotia and the other half is mined in the rcau of Mines, in reviewing the oil situation of that country,

Provinces of Alberta and British Columbia. The coal re- estimates that its supply at the present rate of usage will last

serves of Canada are enormous, and we may rely on a con- only 25 years. He further remarks that petroleum should be

tinuance of native supply for a very long period of years. used neither for gas manufacture nor for fuel under boilers,

Whether we may place equal reliance on our supply from nor in any way to compete with coal. It would appear, then,

the United States or not is uncertain. The present shortage that we must soon find another source of supply. This may

seems to be due to abnormal difficulties of transportation come from the known shale deposits of Canada or the United

rather than those of production. It is certain, however, that States or, possibly, from the vast unexplored areas in the

the supply of anthracite from that country will decrease, and west of Canada. The distillation of oil shales would not be a

that the time is not far distant when they will come to us for new venture, since, in Scotland, 3,000,000 tons are produced

their supply of coke or coking coals. annually, giving about 20 gallons of oil to the ton. Another

A part of the annual coal consumption is accounted for source f oil is tar obtained from the distillation of coal and
as follows: lignite. Benzol, another coal-distillation product, is an ex-
Tons, cellent motor spirit, though to counteract its tendency to

Mpnufacture of coke 2,000,000 freeze at only fairly low temperatures it is necessary to mix

Railway locomotives 9.000.000 it with alcohol or gasoline. Still another coal by-product,

Collieries 1,000,000 napthalene, may be used for explosion motors.

Bunkering ships 1,000,000 There is no doubt that alcohol is destined eventually to

The remaining 17,000,000 tons are used for domestic and l>ecome prominent as a motor spirit. It is of particular im-

general manufacturing purposes. An approximate estimate Portance, smce it may be obtained from vegetation, and is

of its subdivision is: Five million tons for domestic heating, '"'"^ independent of the stored sources of energy,

six million for industrial heating, and six million for industrial Natural gas is used in particular districts adjacent to the

power. .y:;is fields. Its high caloric value — nearly twice that of coal

Assuming that the colliery consumption is for power pur- gas — renders its distribution over a large area economically

poses only, and that 7 pounds of coal generates a horse-power possible. The annual consumption in Canada is about

hour, the total mean continuous applied horse-power in Can- twenty million thousand cubic feet. It is used for industrial

ada derived from coal is 500,000, of which locomotives develop and domestic purposes. Since it is in a form more available

300,000. for the generation of power than any solid fuel, it is advan-

Water-Power tageous to use it for this purpose whenever possible instead

Water-power is used for the most part to supply me- ° '^°^'-

chanical and electrical energy. About 2,000,000 horse-power Peat

has, so far, been developed The total available horse-power Peat contributes practically nothing to our energy re-
is estimated at about 18.000.000, of which S.OOO.OOO is estimated quirement. Yet it exists in large quantities throughout the
to be available within the present range of markets. An addi- Dominion; and, in view of its success as a fuel in other
tional development of 6.000.000 horse-power, assuming an countries and the information obtained from its manufacture
efficiency of conversion of 60 per cent, and a plant factor of and use here, its availability for the generation of power and
40 per cent, would supply about 1,500,000 horse-power con- heat is known. It is impossible to believe that there is no
tinuously. This is much more than sufficient to supply that field for its exploitation, and it must be expected soon to find
generated yearlj' by our 16,000,000 tons of coal. a position as a source of heat and power.

Wood This faint outline of our requirements and sources of

Wood is a very important Canadian fuel. The estimated energy does not afiford information sufficient for proceeding

value of firewood used during 1916 was $62,000,000, or more ^ith an enquiry which will lead to the connection of the user

than the value of our coal imports. Although to some extent, °f PO^er and heat with the most available form of energy,

its use may be for power generation, principally in log-pro- '^"'^ ''i* possibilities of increasing the availability of our

duct factories it is probable that most of it is used for domes- supplies of energy will be considered with reference to special

tic purposes. It is not likely that it will, to any extent, be '"ethods. They will refer only to the establishment of central

able to take the place of other forms of energy, except spas- stations for the use of the solid fuels and to the possibility of

modically, as in times of an acute scarcity; nor is it likely that "sing hydro-electric energy for house heating,

other forms of energy will take its place. Central Station Supply

Oil and natural gas occupy an inconspicuous position com- ^^6 central station mav be designed to supply electrical

pared with wood, coal, and water-power. The annual oil energy, gas, steam, liquid fuel, solid fuel, and various by-pro-

"Extracts from paper before Ottawa Branch, C.S.C.E. ducts, many of which have no connection with the generation

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

March 15, 1918

of energy. The economy of operation depends upon many
factors one of tlie most important of which is a large system
in which there is more complete utilization of the full capa-
city of the plant. This is due to non-coincidence of the maxi-
mum loads of the various consumers, better thermal efficiency
of conversion due to the use of larger units, more complete
and intelligent supervision and design, and to the possibility
of operating for longer periods at the more economical rated
load. The limit of the central station's sphere is reached
when it is cheaper to haul the fuel to the consumer than to
deliver energy through pipes or along a wire. It varies' with
local conditions and the type and price of the fuel. It will be
greater for low-grade than high-grade raw fuel since costs of
transportation vary with quantity and are independent of
energy content.

The largest field for the central station will be in the gen-
eration and distribution of electrical energy. The rough esti-
mate of the mean present power load now met by coal showed
the very large requirement of locomotives. To replace the
uneconomical steam locomotive with the electric locomotive
seems at first sight a rational project. Where the substitu-
tion has taken place the coal consumption in the central
steam electric stations is one-half of the former consumption
on the locomotive. There could be no objection to its sub-
stitution for oil in forest areas and the present damage from
locomotive soot and sparks would cease. An examination of
the roads electrified shows that they are confined for the
most part to suburban and, mountain traffic. But the electri-
cally equipped mileage is increasing, and the continuous in-
crease in the price of coal brings the day of general electrifi-
cation nearer.

The remaining power, which is used for general industrial
purposes, is in itself of magnitude sufficient to warrant the
consideration of central station supply. Whenever external
electric supply takes the place of energy generated at the
plant itself economy results. In many districts this change
has resulted in reducing the coal consumption to one-quarter
of its previous magnitude.

Central stations distributing gas have not so promising a
field as those distributing electrical energy. The costs of
transmission and the relatively high efficiency of conversion
of coal i'-'to heat energy in the plant itself reduces the pos-
sible gain to the buyer. Nor is it likely that the substitution
of this type of plant would save fuel. Nevertheless, the
cleanliness and improved availability of gas as compared with
coal would frequently lead to its preference by consumers.

Types of Central Stations

They may be of the following four types:

a. Those in which the fuel is completely gasified by par-
tial combustion and the energy distributed either as gas or
electrical power.

b. Those in which the fuel is carbonized and energy dis-
tributed in the form of solid fuel, and gas or electricity.

c. Those in which the fuel is completely burned and elec-
trical energy and steam distributed.

d. Those in which fuel is completely burned and electri-
cal energy only distributed.

A consideration of these stations follows:
a. The by-product recovery producer plant is the most
promising means of totally converting solid fuel into gas. Its
economic importance lies largely in the high returns possible
by the recovery of from 60 to 70 per cent, of the nitrogen in
the fuel in' the form of sulphate of ammonia. It is of great
value for the exploitation of low-grade fuels, particularly
peat, whose nitro.qen content is high compared with its calor-
ific value. The gas produced has a heat content of about one-
fourth that of coal gas. It may be distributed to consumers
or partially converted into electrical energy by use of gas
engines or boilers and steam turbines.

In South Stafifordshire a plant has been in operation for
some years, and supplies gas over an area of 123 square miles.
The price paid for the gas varies from 3 to syi cents per
tliousand cubic feet. The fuel used is slack coal of a fairly
low calorific value. This is the only plant which distributes
producer gas on a large scale, and it is noteworthy as a pos-
sible reason for its unique position that no dividends have
been paid for some years.

In Itaiy two by-product plants, using peat, are in opera-
tion. The energy is distributed electrically.

b. The two outstanding objects of carbonizing coal are to
obtain a maximum yield of either coke suitable for metallurgi-
cal purposes or of gas suitable for domestic purposes.

The first method of. carbonizing is carried out in coke
ovens, wherein the long time of carbonization, large size of
charge and compression give a coke of the requisite great
density and hardness. It is possible with modern coke ovens
to obtain a yield of gas more than sufficient for heating the
charge, about 20 per cent, of the nitrogen in the coal as am-
monia, in addition to light oils and tar. The surplus gas is
usually of only slightly lower calorific value than town gas,
and is eminently suited for distribution for general use, or'
may be used as a fuel at the plant for the generation of elec-
trical energy.

The second method of carbonization differs from the first,
in that smaller charges are used ip order to obtain the neces-
sary quality and quantity of gas, none of which is used for
heating the retorts. As with coke ovens, coke, ammonia,
benzol, and tar are recovered as by-products from retorting
coal. The yield of coke, however, is less, and some of it is
used for heating the retorts, while the ammonia yield is
greater, due to the smaller contact with the smaller charge.

The coke obtained from retorting the gas is soft and loose
in structure, and may be used in domestic furnaces. Its dis-
advantages for this purpose are its bulk — which necessitates
more frequent firing than with coal and larger storage space —
and its tendency to clinker.

The choice of installing coke ovens or .gas-making re-
torts, both of which require much the same class of coal,
obviously depends upon the possible market for the products.
The development of a domestic fuel trade in the soft coke is
possible if a suitable market can be found for the gas. Met-
allurgical coke, on the other hand, is not so suitable for
domestic purposes, since it is very hard, difficult to ignite, and
requires a strong draft to burn it. Nevertheless, it may prove
a valuable and economical substitute for anthracite coal, if
sold at a reasonable price.

c. The third type of station represents the most econ-
omical means of generating power where coal is reasonably
cheap and all the exhaust steam may be used for heating-.
The prime mover may be either a steam engine or steam tur-
bine of a comparatively cheap type, and no condenser is
required, since the power may be looked upon as the by-
product and the steam as the most valuable product. It is
not possible frequently, however, to find useful employment
within a small area for the exhaust steam, and heat losses
prevent the transmission of thermal energy in the form of
steam or hot water over a large area. On the other hand, it
may prove feasible to generate power in plants where a heat-
ing load exists and transmit electrical energy to customers in
the neighborhood.

d. This is the most popular type of power plant and in
large sizes consists of boilers, turbo-generators, and condens-
ers. It is too well known to need description, but it is inter-
esting to note that steam turbines are made of 70,000 kilowatt
capacity, and operate with steam pressures and temperatures
as high as 350 pounds per square inch and CUO degrees F.

March 15, ICIS

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Street Railway Passenger-Fare Charts

By C. A. Cornwall

In all cities and districts served by a street railway sys-
tem, there is a relation connecting the number of passengers
carried per day and the fare charged. This relation is some-
what difficult to determine as there are at least three im-
portant factors which have to be considered, the first and
most difficult factor being that which might be called the
"human factor," that is, a factor covering the inconsistency
of human nature. Second is a factor which might be called
the "prosperity factor"; this factor would be dependent upon
the prosperous condition or otherwise, of the place in- ques-
tion. The third factor is the "relation"; that is, the feeling,
either good or bad, existing between the railway company
and the general public.

These three factors may, within certain limits, be ob-
tained in a combined form if the railway company has tried
several different fares at various times, and kept a record of
the variation in the number of passengers carried, corres-
ponding to changes in the fare charged.

In a certain city with a population of approximately forty
thousand there has been in the last three years, three changes
in fares, and the corresponding numbers of passengers car-
ried per day are shown in the "Fare-Passengers Carried"
chart. During the three-year period covered by these fare
changes the "prosperity" and "relation" factors would be
practically unchanged, thus leaving only the "human" factor
to determine.

It will be noticed that a line drawn through the three
determined points representing the number of passengers
carried per day at the different fares, passes through the
forty thousand mark on the passenger carried scale when the
fare charged has been reduced to zero. This result appears
to be quite consistent as this number of passengers carried
is the approximate population of the district served. On pro-
ducing this line in the opposite direction it is seen that it
cuts zero point of passengers carried when the fare charged
reaches twelve and one-half cents. This also appears rea-
sonable when it is considered that there are eleven routes of
varying length in the system operated.

Referring again to the "Fare-passengers carried" chart it
will be seen that:

40,000 — N 40,000 — N

tan 0 — '■ or F ^

2.000 F 2,000 tan 0

When:

N = Number of passengers carried per day.

F = Fare charged in cents.

0 = Angle which the "Fare-Passenger" line makes willi
the "Fare" line.

The factor 2,000 represents the relation Ijetwecn the pas-
senger and fare scales.

In the case in question the angle 0 is 58°, making:
40.000 — JM

F = from which N = KidU (25 — 2F)

3.200

Having now obtained a value for N in terms of F it
remains to determine the profit (positive or negative) per
day for various values of F.
Let:

P z= Profit per day in cents.

,ct8

^ —

KXcURVE NO. 1

^FARE PibbErJGER LINE \
N - lb00^S-2F] \

■CURVE N0.2 ^

]

\ 1

I 1 \

1
J

SSif

o z A- c a 10 12 ut.

FARE IN CENT5

Fare-Passengers Carried Chart

E = Earnings per day in cents ^^ NF =; 1000 (25 — 2F)F.
C = Total operating cost per car per day.
N:= Total number passengers per day = lOOO (25 — 3F).

X = Number of cars running per day = =

AT
1600(25'— 2F)

AT
A = Carrying capacity for each car.
F = Fare charged in cents.

T = Average number of half trips each car makes per day.
Now Profits = Earnings — Costs.
Or P = E — ex.

1600 (25 — 3F)
= 1000 (25 — 2F)F — - C

AT
{ivcs:

DiUercntiating for P maximum

F = 6.25 H .

3.\T
In the above equation it is assumed that the passengers
are equally distributed at the opposite ends of a line and re-
quire to be carried to the other end at any time convenient to

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

March 15, 1918

the railway company. It also presumes that each car is
filled to its capacity. These would be ideal conditions from
the railway company's point of view, but are not to be found
in practice.

Curve No. 1 is plotted from this general equation. The
value of C/AT being taken as 1.15. P becomes a maximum
when F = 6.82 cents and zero when F is either zero or twelve
and one-half cents.

In practice it is generally necessary to run cars accord-
ing to a certain schedule, and this schedule determines the
number of cars used. When this is the case the cost ex-
pression in the equation becomes a constant. If this con-
stant be taken as 127,000. we get the curve marked 2, which
shows the system is operated at a loss for all values of F,
the minimum loss being when F =; 6.25 cents.

The writer would point out that great care would have
to be exercised in making out and using these curves, but
considers that in the case under consideration they are ap-
proximately correct between fare values of 3 and 7 cents.

a satisfactory agreement regarding the operation of their cars
under terms corresponding to those governing the street rail-
way, it is desirable to prohibit their general operation.

Winnipeg Citizens' League Condemns the
Jitneys

The matter of jitneys vs. electric railway service has
been taken up in Winnipeg by the Citizens' Research League.
Conditions in Winnipeg are such that the railway company,
formerly a most prosperous organization, now finds it diffi-
cult to do much better than meet base operating expenses.
As a natural result they will be unable to maintain the stand-
ard of service to which Winnipeg citizens have been ac-
customed and the Research League, realizing the facts, urges
the suppression of the jitneys. Their recommendations in
this respect were set forth as follows:

1. Service is limited, the jitneys plying only in the cen-
tral, crowded, and therefore profitable parts of the city, but
neglecting the suburbs and outlying residential districts.
Moreover, there is no cross-town service and the service on
Sundays and at nights is irregular, even on routes usually
covered.

3. There is no routing of cars by the city.

3. No time schedule is observed.

i. The jitneys are not required, as is the Street Railway
Company:

(a) To give free transfers, cheap tickets for workmen and
children, free transportation for members of the police and
fire departments of the city when in uniform, policemen and
detectives wearing a badge, and postal letter carriers;

(b) To contribute towards the upkeep of the city pave-
ments;

5. There is no financial rcspon>ibility fer damage dune.
aside from a bond of $200 for property damage, $1,000 for
personal injuries to an individual, with a maximum of $5,000
for any one accident.

It may be added that under present conditions the jitney
involves wasteful employment of labor which could be much
more effectively used elsewhere. The jitney hampers the
financing of the Street Railway Company and prevents the
raising of capital for additional lines or improvement of the
service. In Professor Shortt's words, "instead of the electric
street car being sacrificed for the preservation and extension
of the jitney, the jitney should be sacrificed for the preserva-
tion of an electric service in the best interests of the public."

.'\part altogether from the question of the rights of the
Street Railway Company to an exclusive franchise for street
transportation, the League holds that, unless the group of
jitney owners can so organize themselves as to be held to

A Portable Compressor for Electric Railway

It has been said — and probably with entire truth — that
there is not a sufficient number of men on any construction
work in progress to-day. Hence, machines that can save a
considerable amount of labor have become more iniporant
than ever in our industrial life. A machine of this kind, de-
signed specially for the use of electric railways, is a motor-

driven compressor, mounted on a standard gauge truck and
operated from the trolley circuit. The range of usefulness of
this machine for track and road work is very wide, since it
will operate tie tampers, track drills, chipping hammers for
toothing out bricks, air blasts for cleaning rust from struc-
tural steel work, and many other pneumatic tools. The out-
fit consists of an 8 X 6 inch Ingersoll-Rand compressor, driven
by a 15 h.p. 550 volt Westinghouse direct current motor, with
starting rheostat, knife switch, and fuses. It is hauled to the
job by a trolley car, and when connection is made to the trol-
ley wire it is ready for use. Two tie tampers, chipping ham-
mers, or other instruments can be used at the same time.
Four small wheels, mounted at right angles to the main
wheels, permit the outfit to be run off the tracks on heavy
timbers. In a test made under continuous traffic conditions

it was found that the cost of tie tanipmg with this machine
was one-half that of hand tamping, and better results were
obtained, as no second tamping was necessary, due to settle-
ments under traffic. Further, it was found that two men with
the pneumatic tampers could do the work of ten laborers.
Equally satisfactory and rapid results were obtained in tear-
ing up concrete, clearing rust from bridge rollers and seats,
drilling bolt and tie rod holes, pocketing and cleaning bricks.

M.-ucli ]',. I IMS!

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Remedy for the Ills of the Electric Merchandis-
ing Industry from a Contractor-Dealer's
Standpoint— More Go-operation and a
Closer Acquaintance Among the
Members of the Trade

W'e are all united in leeliny ihat there are great chances
for improvement in the electrical merchandising- game. We,
as contractors, are finding that we cannot solve these pro-
blems alone — we have invited you in to help solve these ever-
changing problems. \\'e are anxious to be shown. We come
to you.

We ask you to show us what we can do to improve con-
ditions among ourselves and in our relations to customers.
jobbers, or central stations.

This isn't our fight any more than it is yours. We
shouldn't be begging j-ou to join this association. Our money
and time is just as dear to us as yours is to you.

We have suffered from lack of co-operation, but we liave
profited from the sacrifice and good work of others. What
do we propose to do? What do you propose to do? You
say you will wait; you're not going to be the goat This is
the fairest plan of assessment of which I know — to pay in
proportion to the business you do. If you can't afford to do
this, you better do less business and make more profits.

Merchandising

We must become merchants, carry a representative stock
of appliances, and be prepared to put out new appliances on
trial. Putting out sample lighting installation, installing
heating devices, vacuum cleaners and washing machines are
the up-to-date ways of merchandising. If we don't do this,
the hardware or jewelry store will beat us to it. The hard-
ware store will carry some of these appliances, but they are
handicapped in not having practical electrical men to advise
and repair. The mail order house maj' undersell you, but if
you are in a position to demonstrate, try-out. and repair and
exchange for different sizes you will get the business.

No Kicks Afterwards

We need men of vision who can suggest what will be
needed on these jobs in jears to come. Do you know that
we have lost several jobs which we would probably have
done by suggesting some of these extra openings The archi-
tect takes offence at these suggestions. The owner may
think you a grafter. He will not after the job is done. I
never yet had a customer kick on too many switches or open-
ings after the job is completed. Get the job first, make your
suggestions after. Most complaints are as to places never
because there are too many openings. Sometimes there are
complaints of not enough openings.

Ills of the Industry

It is my intention to touch upon a few of the ills of the
industry from the contractor's standpoint in his relation to

* By W. R. Johnson before Wisconsin Dealers' and Contra'otors' Associ-
ation.

his lellow-contractors, the lighting company, the jobber,
manufacturers, and incidentally the electrical engineer and
architect.

One of the most serious problems the contractor-dealer
has is in relation to his fellow-contractors and dealers. He
wants the business. He will have to lay oft' his men and
even go out of business if he does not get work. A job is to
be figured on. He has no intention of taking this job at a
low figure, at cost, or even less, but as he begins to figure
this he will incidentally think of the other contractor, and.
instead of adding the amount for incidentals, the amount for
overhead, and the amount for profit, all of which are right-
fully his, he cuts off here and omits there. The result is he
submits a figure which is away below what it should be. If
he gets the job he is obliged to work practically for nothing,
and his whole mind is centered on cheapening the job. He
does not enjoy doing work under these conditions, and his
feeling towards the other fellow leads him to dislike the other
fellow as well as his own work. If the other fellow gets the
job he may rejoice to think he was a lucky man, when, in
reality, he would have done better if he had let it alone. Get
a good price for your work.

Be a good loser. Many of us have shown our lack of
generalship and our lack of business tactics by being sore be-
cause we didn't do the work by saying we had better stuff
figured on, while, in reality, why not say; "I think you are
going to get a good job; he does good work. Sorry we lost
the job this time, but hope we can do business with you some
other time."

Begin "At Home"

Our first remedy, therefore, is to begin at home, to so
organize and pull together that no one man will feel that he
is entitled to the cream. This means meeting on a common
level at frequent intervals, both large and small contractors,
looking the other fellow square in the face, admitting the
wrongs and mistakes, and with a whole-heartedness agree to
start in again with a clean slate, forgiving and forgetting. If
you can't forget, forgive.

After all, our biggest enemies are often ourselves. Our
imagination causes us to distrust and eventually to despise
the other fellow. The habit of meeting frequently, of even
calling our competitor over the phone, will head off much of
the mistrust and misunderstandings that are so liable to exist.

The Central Stations

It has come to our notice from several 'parts of the state
that there is a lack of harmony between ligliting companies
and contractors. This condition is unfortunate. A new fac-
tory is to be started; motors are needed. The lighting com-
pany is consulted as to the kind of current available. No
sooner has the contractor asked for this information than a
solicitor from the lighting company is there trying to sell mo-
tors, and even talking of installing them with the suggested
argument that they are doing or can afford to do work cheaper
than the contractor. Under conditions of this kind you can
readily understand how anxious the contractor is to consult

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

March 15, lOlf

willi llic liglitins ccmipnny wlicii llic next job is in sigiit. How
unfortunate! The contractors are tlie best asset the lighting
C(imi)anies have. Contractors are the unpaid solicitors of the
central stations. We wouldn't be in business if it wasn't lor
the lighting company. The lighting company should be con-
stantly in touch with every contemplated move affecting
their load, and should do only those things which will encour-
age and stimulate confidence and trust between the central
station and contractor. The contractor should try to please
the lighting company and the lighting company should give
the contractor all reasonable help, and I am glad to say in
many localities this condition of co-operation exists. It
results in better installations. When Jones is dissatisfied
with his light bill and comes to the contractor, the contractor
does all in his power to straighten out the trouble. If the
contractor has done some work and the bill runs a little higher
than the customer expected, he consults the central station,
and how easy it is for the central station to assure him that
the bill is correct, that the contractor always does good
work — which generally settles the matter. We believe that
as a result of the getting to.gether of the local electrical in-
terests as outlined in the Goodwin plan, these difterences and
misunderstandings between contractors and central stations
will largely be done away with.

Now for the "Jobber"

The biggest contention against the jobber is that he will
sell the consumer isolated plant, or factory at the same price
or often for less money than we can buy it for. If we order
a bill of lumber we have to pay the regular retail price for it.
and if some carpenter contractor is called in to do the work
he is entitled to his courtesy discount on that bill of lumber.
This we believe is true in almost any other line of business.
We see no objection against the jobber selling direct as long
as the price is maintained. We are glad to say, however,
that we have noted an improvement in this condidtion, and
we believe this association will soon be in a position to show
up any concerns who will not conform to the Goodwin sales
plan and show them up so forcibly that they will be mighty
glad to co-operate. If it is a question of credit and the dealer
is entitled to a profit, goods may be shipped direct to the con-
sumer and the dealer could be allowed his profit just the
same. Further, if there seems to be no one to ship the goods
through, the retail prices should be maintained.

A factory wants a signal horn system. They write to the
jobber and to the manufacturer for prices, and they ask the
local contractor what he can furnish these horns for. All
these prices should be the same, and the suggestion should be
given from the manufacturer that these goods may be pur-
chased through the local jobber or the local contractor at the
same price. As far as our experience goes, there is less com-
plaint against the manufacturei-, except possibly in the line
of electric appliances, and yet we have every reason to be-
lieve that the manufacturer is going to stand with us abso-
lutely on the Wheatstone Bridge sales policy.

The Architect and Engineer
There is a chance for improvement in the relation of the
contractor to the architect or electrical engineer. The plans
and specifications are not always clear or complete, and yet
the writer never saw a set of plans which do not fortify the
architect and owner and make reservations that are unfair to
the contractor if the architect sees fit to enforce them. But
we believe this new association is going to be so united and
so broad in its scope that the architects will be glad to follow
the "pull together" policy.

The Calf Analogy

The calf analogy is not quite true to the facts. It is only
allegorical. There are big calves and little calves and some
bully calves. If the bully is here with a pious look seeking

uhnni he may dexmir. he should sec the error of his ways
liefore it is too late. If he is not here, it is the duty of thi^
association, through its directors and field secretary, to show
him up. Wlien the calves woke up they were tired, hungry,
their necks were sore, and I can imagine them saying as they
got together: "We have done lots of work, but what have we
accomplished We have spilled the beans. We have kicked
over and wasted each other's profits. We have knocked each
other's work and goods. We have looked with envy and
hated each other. I'll scratch your back and you lick my ear.
Let's go fifty-fifty on this one and when that one is ready
we'll not scrap about, it.

All Stand Together
In conclusion, I want to suggest that these are trying
times, and that one of the biggest problems before this asso-
ciation to-day, whether it be manufacturer, jobber, central
station, or contractor, will be not only to pull together, but to
continue our business wjth as few interruptions as possible.
With the scarcity of labor and material and the transporta-
tion facilities so badly blocked; with the fuel situation staring
us in the face, it behooves us to stand together, borrow and
lend both men and materials, practice economy, thrift, and
efficiency more than ever. Good wages to the right work-
man and a good price for the job must result in an honest job
with the best materials of sufflcient capacity which will bring
■satisfaction to all concerned.

Jim Hare's Big Idea — The Story of an Electrical
Dealer Who Seized an Opportunity

There was really nothing wrong with Jim Hare, to
begin with. He was just a normally ambitious chap, mech-
anically inclined and well known as the popular fix-it-up man
of his neighborhood. Jim could work wonders with a screw-
driver and a pair of pliers, which may or may not account
for his drifting into the electrical business.

First it was bell hanging, then electric gas lighting, and
finally the modern "Dirtless Workman" role of wiring resi-
dences. Jim's natural pride in his work, coupled with his
ambition to lead in his line, kept him in the select class of
electrical contractors who could be counted upon to wire
an old house without marring the hardwood or tearing out
the plaster. Jim was an artist in his business — and as jealous
of his reputation as any artist that ever painted a picture.

Jim prospered. One job led to another, and before long
Jim was renting a building with a store front. For a while
this store front struck him as rather useless in his business,
but then Mrs. Jim took a hand in things and the window
became a bit of display advertising. She made a neat display
of batteries, bells, wire, tape and tubes; had a sign made
calling attention to the work that Jim did; had him mount
an electric bell so that the hammer of the bell beat a tattoo
on the window pane — and presto! Jim became an advertiser.

Naturally, as clever a workman as Jim was looked up to,
the people he worked for asked his advice on everything
electrical — and usually followed the course he suggested.
Mrs. Customer asked him what he considered the best vac-
cum cleaner, or what was the best weight electric iron to
buy, or how much good was an electric washing machine —
and so the questions and answers ran on until Jim's fertile
brain picked out the next good idea.

Jim became a regular merchant. He and Mrs. Jim
talked things over and evolved a plan something like this:
Instead of just handing out advice on the subject of electrical
appliances, he would secure a line of them for his own shop,
and then when the question came up he could answer it in
such a way as to do him most good. Further than that, he
would open up the subject by suggesting the various ap-

* By Tom Wright, in Contact.

Marcli 15, 1018

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

s:i

pliances and Mrs. Jim would back it up by acting as de-
monstrator and actually makina the sale in tlie customer's
residence.

Studied His Prospects

Jim was now as keen a business man as you would
want to find. The helpful literature that he got troni the
various houses he dealt with taught him many things about
the art of selling and advertising. His trade magazines kept
him in touch with the doings of his trade and many- valuable
ideas came to him in this manner. Jim had learned to study
his prospects as closely as any good salesman should — and
many a sale developed months after Jim's wiring had been
finished, because of his keen analysis.

It was no longer a case of wiring a house for lighting.
Jim felt it a blemish on his reputation to let that sort of a
job go through. He went at it from the housewife's side
of the question. He showed her the hours of hard w-ork
saved by a vacuum cleaner, the money saved by buying a
washing machine; the convenience of a toaster and per-
colator, and there was always an electric iron to be sold —
that was easier to sell than any of the others.

Jim took these things into consideration when he was
laying out a job, too. He pointed out the need of a base-
board receptacle in the hall so that the vacuum cleaner
could be used conveniently; he talked up the extra washing
machine connection in the laundry and the special dining
room socket that would be convenient to the table so that
appliances could be used there. Jim played his game thor-
oughly. He did not get drawn into a conversation on the
prices of these various appliances. He concentrated on first
getting the extra sockets installed. He told stories of past
jobs, how the people had thanked him over and over again
for his assistance upon the extra sockets, how others had
opposed him and told him later of their regrets. Jim had a
good argument, backed up with stories right out of his day's
work — and usually he had his way. Then started the work-
ings of Jim's big idea.

The Mailing List

Jim prepared a mailing list of every person for whom
he had ever done any work. He jotted down on the cards
the sort of a job he had done, the type of house it was and
what he thought they should have in the way of electrical
appliances. He also made a note of the number of special
sockets he had installed, their location, and a word or two
descriptive of the house and its occupants. Jim's cards looked
something like this —

Name W. J. Hardie

Address 9768 West Boulevard

Date work completed July 15th, 191G

16 Lighting Sockets, 5 extras for Vacuum
Cleaner, Iron, Dining Room.

Mrs. H. does own work. Children, rugs
and draperies; have laundry.

This information on a 3 by 5 inch card gave him all the
necessary information for the next step in the Big Idea.

Step number two took the form of a neat letter to his
mailing list. He might pick out all those he considered
"iron" prospects and write a letter on that appliance, or he
might pick a vacuum cleaner, or a washing machine. His
letters would be something on this order —

Dear Mrs. Hardie: —

One thing that struck me about your home while
I was working there last summer w-as the wonderful

hel|) that a Westinghousc \'acuuin Cleaner would
be to you in your daily work. Your rugs and car-
pets can be cleaned in about half the time by its use
and the job will not be so tiresome or wearing upon
you as sweeping. In addition to cleaning the rugs
a vacuum cleaner will keep your draperies clean,
renovate pillows, and bedding, and do away entirely
with the need of dusting.

You have noticed that with sweeping it is mere-
ly a matter of raising dust that settles almost as soon
as you finish and makes your work all the harder.
With a vacuum cleaner this is all stopped. You really
take up the dirt and when you arc finished the mat-
ted dust in the bag tells you a story of perfect clean-
ing.

I am writing you this letter today because Mrs.
Hare will be in your neighborhood next Thursday
and I should like to have her show you just exactly
what sort of a help a Westin.ghouse Cleaner is.

I hope that you will be at home when Mrs. Hare
calls. You will not be obligated in the slightest by
listening to her story and there is every possibility
that what you hear w'ill do you a real service.
Yours for lessening housework.

Jim Hare.

Jim kept hammering away at his lists in this manner.
If the house had just been wired he told about those extra
sockets and the message they had for the housewife. He
played her up strong. Electricity was not just light — it was
lightened house work. He pointed out the value of a wo-
man's time, the endless hours spent in doing things that
electrical appliances could do better — and the beauty of ::
all was the fact that the women were all for him!

Regular Reminders
Jim's letters are now regular callers at the homes of his
prospects. Regularly once a month — sometimes oftener —
they get a reminder of the services that electrical appliances
stand ready to oflfer. During holiday seasons, Christmas,
Thanksgiving, Easter, July 1, Jim has some new way of
tying his store and its wares into the spirit of the occasion.
His strongest point is reminding the man of the excellence
of things electrical as gifts — and the men appreciate and take
advantage of the tip.

As we said at the beginning of this story (which, by the
w-ay, has a good broad strain of fact through it) Jim was just
a normall}- ambitious chap, and that's the secret of his suc-
cess. He was normal, he saw things as others see thein. he
saw the vast benefits others were reaping by the use of the
mails and decided that what was good for others was equally
good for him.

Jim was right. His demonstrating is now- done by young
ladies who know the business — Mrs. Jim saw to that. His
mailing list includes those whose homes he wired — and lots
that have been wired by other fellows. He also goes out
after wiring business, telling the prospect what others say
about electricity, how- easily the wiring can be done without
excessive damage and enclosing a reply card which gives the
prospect an opportunity to find out just what the whole
thing will cost.

They call Jim a successful man in his home town — and
he is. The beauty of it all though is the way Jim tells
his story and points out the moral. With a badly bent stogie
rolling from one side of his mouth to the other, Jim leans
back in his chair, half closes one eye and says, "So you want
the secret of it, do you? Well, secrets cost a lot sometimes
— this one of mine in particular. The prescription is some
postage stamps, some letter-heads, some plain ordinary com-
mon-sense letters written on those letter-heads, and then
a real live list of people to send those letters to."

Did you ever hear of a medicine easier and more pleasant
to take?

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Nfar.-h ir.. IftIS

Electric Driven Combination Air Compressor and Buffing
and Grinding Head

Tlic L'nitcd States Air edniiiressur Ci-inipanj-, Cleveland.
Ohio, have recently announced a new combination air com-
pressor and grinder outfit which is especially suitable for
service in garages and similar places where compressed air is
required. The outfit consists of a self-oiling air compressor
with filtering trap, check valve and safety valve, buffing head,
;iO-ga!lon tank, air pressure gauge, needle-point valve, pipe
and fittings, armored hose, automatic air chuck, six feet of
armored cable with plug, all mounted on a metal base to form
a compact unit, which requires but 48 x 20 inches floor space.
T!ie lieight over all is 40 inches. The air compressor is the
air-cooled, two-stage type. The low pressure cylinder is 3 x
3 inches in size and the high pressure cylinder is IJ^ x 3
inches. The working pressure is 300 pounds per square inch,
and the capacity of the compressor is 4 cubic feet per minute.
The compressor operates at 250 to 300 r.p.ni. It is provided
with an intake silencer, which muffles tlie intake noise and
tends to force air into the intake valve. When the air in the
main tank is raised to the proper pressure the automatic
switch stops the motor and operates the automatic pressure
release, which opens starting tank to the atmosphere. When
the automatic switch again starts the motor it also closes the
pressure release, and the compressor begins pumping against
no pressure. It always starts without strain. When the air
in the starting tank attains a pressure slightly in excess of

that in the main tank (requiring about 10 seconds) it opens
the check valve and charges this tank until the proper pres-
sure is reached, when the operations are repeated. A trap is
provided in the starting tank, which extracts any moisture or
oil that may be discharged from the compressor, assuring
pure, dry air, free from oil. The buffing and grinding head is
suitable for wheels of 8-inch diameter. The outfit is equipped
with a one horse-power Robbins & Myers motor, which per-
mits the compressor and buffing head to operate at the same
time. Outfits without this buffing head are equipped witli a
one-lialf horse-power R & M motor.

New Flood-Lighting Projector for Standard Mazda C Lamps
A new flood-lighting projector, designed for use of 300
to 1,000-watt standard Mazda "C" lainps, has been placed
on the market by the George Cutter Company, South Bend,
Ind. It is called the "Standard" Flood-Lighting Projector.
The new unit has the same general construction features as
the Cutter ''Universal" projector for flood-lighting lamps.
These features include weather and fume-proof body or hous-
ing cast of aluminum or grey iron and forming absolute
protection for the lamp and reflector; method of mounting
permits of the projection of light in any direction in any
plane; construction of the housing permits of the interchange
cf narrow or wide-angle-beam reflectors; sectional wire-

glass doors minimize breakage. In the new "Standard"
])r(ijector the socket is adjustable both horizontally and ver-
tically for focusing the lamp or changing the width of the
beam; when the adjustment is made the socket is locked in
position. Reflectors are made of copper, heavily silver-

plated and finished with a coat of water and fume-proof
lacquer. The narrow-beam reflector has a divergence of
10 degrees and the wide-angle-beam reflector a divergence of
30 degrees. They are designed to redirect the maximum
amount of light from the lamp. This projector is listed in
Bulletin 3338, recently issued by the company.

Last Word in Small Motor Svntches

Herewith are shown illustrations of two switch condu-
lets of the ZY series — the latest additions to the large family
of conduit fittir.gs manufactured by the Crouse-Hinds Com-
pany of Canada, Ltd., with headquarters in Toronto. One of
the country's leading mill engineers described these condu-
lets as the "last word in small motor switches." Whether his
verdict is true or not, the fittings certainly have very much
to commend them in design and material as well as in work-
manship. As safety first fittings, ZY condulets seemingly
leave little to be desired. It is claimed for them that they
protect the switch operator and the person renewing fuses
from shock; they cannot be operated by accident; they with-
stand the roughest usage; water will not drain into them,
and it is impossible for lint or other inflammable particles to
lodge upon the current-carrying parts and thus create a fire
hazard. Both the body of the condulet and its cover are cast
iron: Inside is a combined 30-ampere snap switch and fuse
block. The switch is externally operated, and its handle in-
terlocks with the latch of the door in such a way that the
latter cannot be opened when the switch is in the "on" posi-
tion. As a result of this arrangement, the circuit is dead
when tlie door is open, and fuses can be replaced without
danger of shock or short-circuit. As the machine operator
or any other person rot skilled in electricity can change

fuses with perfect safety in ZY condulets, their" use saves all
the loss in productive time, which is unavoidable where an
electrician must be sent for to replace fuses. This, in the
course of a year, means a considerable saving in the operat-
ing time of the average mill. The manufacturers list ZY
condulets in on- and two-gang forms and in sizes and ar-

March 15, I'.ilS

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

;iS

ran,i>enie!its of tlireaded conduit hubs to meet various conduit
wiring' arran,«:enicnts. They liave also issued a folder on ZY
condulets wliich ihoy will mail free to any address upon re-
quest.

Hubbell Shade Holders
Harvey llulihell, Inc.. have placed on the market a line
of l)rass shade holders of the three-screw type, for use with
medium and mogul base weatherproof and porcelain sockets.

The attachment to the socket is accomplished liy means of a
claiup and screw arrangement, wdiich guarantees a firm grip.
The holders are given a bright dip and lacquered finish, mak-
ing an attractive as well as useful device.

New Duncan Switch
The Duncan Electrical Company, Limited, of Montreal,
manufacturers, are now offering a new push button flush
switch in single pole and three way. called the Diamond D.
These switches, as will be noted from the illustration, are so
constructed as to have superb action, although only one
inch deep. This shallowness is a splendid feature, as it al-

lows ample room in lio.x for wiring, wliich means easy in-
stallation. The Diamond D switches have been listed and
approved by the Underwriters Laboratories of Chicago.

Toronto Electrical Contractors' Dinner

Following the regular monthly dinner of the Toronto
Electrical Contractors' Association, held in the Walker
House, Thursday evening. March T. the members indulged in
a lively discussion regarding the inauguration of a central
bureau of reference and information. The need of such
bureau was stated to be seen in the frequent practice of in-
viting tenders from a number of contractors merely to get a
line on the probable cost of the work. Much valuable time
was thus lost by the contractor without any chance of a cor-
responding advantage. It sometimes happens in such a case
that one tender may be unusually low. due. not infrequently,
to errors or omissions in figuring, and naturally such a tender
is likely to be accepted, with disastrous results to the con-
tractor. The idea of a central information bureau would l>e
to enable the contractors to avoid these pitfalls. The details
are being worked out by the executive, and a report will lie
presented at the nextjjieeting.

.Another question that received considerable attention
was the licensing of contractors and journeymen. It is felt

that tlie business has now reached a state wdiere the safety
of the iJublic demands that irresponsible and unreliable men
should be eliminated from this trade. Having this end in
view, the executive were empowered to take such action as
ihey thought fit.

The annual report of the St. Thomas 'I lydro-Klectric
Commission shows a total revenue of .$!)8,;!'J:i for the year 1917.
Of this amount $22, (120 was derived from residence lighting,
$14.,S4:i from commercial lighting, .$14,0:1:) from street lighting,
and the balance from sales of power, charging batteries, mer-
chandise, and so on. A net surplus of over .$.").()()0 was real-
ized.

Tile Bell Telephone Company has cut in a new exchange
at Lindsay, Ont. This replaces an old building.

Personal
Captain Richard P. Henry, late of the United States
.Vrmy. has joined the selling forces of the Square D Com-
pany. Detroit, manufacturers of steel-enclosed safety
switces. and has been appointed to the Indiana Territory,
with headquarters at Indianapolis. Captain Henry spent
three years at Purdue University, since which time he has
been engaged in various branches of engineering work. His
first position was that of assistant engineer for the T. H. I.
and E. Traction Company. Terre Haute division. In 1012 he
went w-ith the Santa Susana Syndicate, Los Angeles, in the
capacity of engineer and assistant geologist, and, later, en-
tered the contracting business for hiitlself. with offices at
Chicago. He finally enlisted in the Engineering Corps of the
United States .\rmy, from wdiich he was recently given an
indefinite leave of absence on account of physical disability.

DOSSERT CONNECTORS

Tlie Superintendent of one of the largest
electrical contracting firms writes us:

"The w^orkmen have formed the habit of
using Dossert Connectors for all kinds of
connections and consider it a hardship if
they are called upon to perform the tedious
and laborious task of making a soldered
joint with its attendant acid fumes, gaso-
line torch smoke and burned fingers."

Ask the man who makes the Joint}

DOSSERT & CO.,^

IRVING SMITH,

242 We.t 4l8t St.,
NEW YORK
H. B. LOGAN. PRKsmE.NT
Canadian Rep., Unity Bldg., MONTREAL

Electrical Machinery and Repairs

Armatures Complete, Armatures Re-
wound, Armature Coils, Armature
Shafts, Field Coils
Commutators New, Refilled or Assembled

Cleveland Armature Works

Cleveland, Ohio

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

March 15. 1918

Current News and Notes

Armagh, Que.

Work will proceed in -Vpril on a power development plant
for the Armagh Electric Company, at Armagh, Que. .\ con-
crete dam will be erected, 63 feet high; reinforced concrete
power-house: wooden penstock. 450 feet long, 36 inches diam-
eter, and equipment will include 2 turbines and 2 generator,
of 200 h.p. each. 2.200 volts.

Brantford, Ont.

A contract has been awarded to the Canadian W estmg-
house Company, Hamilton, Out., for a motor for the sewage
pumping station at I!rantford.,Ont.

Chatham, Ont.

The Dominion Sugar Company, operating a large plant at
Chatham, Ont.. have requested the Hydro-Electric Power
Commission for a sujiply "f 3.'.H)0 h.p.

Grand'Mere, Que.

It is reptirted tliat a number of business men of (irauii-
Mere and Shawinigan I'alls. Que., are organizing a company
which will next month secure a federal charter and proceed
with the construction of an electric railroad from Grand'-
Mere to Shawinigan Falls. The distance is B miles, and the
cost will be approximately $100,000.

Hamilton, Ont.

A Hanultnn contractor was lined $10 recently for neglect-
ing to take out a permit when installing some house wiring.

Kingston, Ont.

The Kingston electric railway was changed over to
Hydro power on l"el)ruary 2S.

London, Ont.

A 20-foot hole has been washed in the dam at Spring-
bank, used by the London Public Utilities Commission to
develop power during "peak" hours. Repairs will be impos-
sible until more moderate weather sets in. The plant was
capable of developing 500 h.p.

The London and Lake Erie Traction Company, operating
an electric radial line between London and Port Stanley, have
opened negotiations with a view to selling out to the city.

Montreal, Que.

The Bell Telephone Company's financial statement for
the year 1917 shows gross earnings of $11,507,192. while net
earnings amount to $2,534,071. Dividends totalling $1,440,000
were paid during the year and the surplus amounts to $533.-
070. In his address the president, Mr. L. B. McFarlane, spoke
of the difficulty of obtaining material during the year. Six

thousand, six hundrd and ninety-one miles of wire were added
to the long-distance system, increasing the total wire mileage
to 82.716 on poles and 6.314 miles underground. The com-
pany have subscribed nearly a million dollars to the various
war loans.

Ottawa, Ont.

The (Jttawa Hydro-Electric Commission have announced
a rate reduction of approximately 6'/^ per cent. Electric
heating, it is stated, will now be available at a price equal to
coal at $18 per ton.

Pterboro, Ont.

The Peterboro Utilities Commission announce an in-
crease of $19,960 in the earnings of the Hydro-Electric De-
partment in 1917. the total being $127,248. The net surplus

amounted to $3,743.

St. Catharines, Ont.

At a recent meeting of the Niagara District Hydro-Radial
Union, held in St. Catharines recently, the following officers
were elected for the ensuing year: Honorary president, Sir
Adam Beck: president. W. B. Burgoyne. St. Catharines; hon-
orary vice-presidents. Dr. E. Jessop, M.P.P.. Thomas Mar-
shall. M.P.P.. Dr. Jacques, M.P.P.. Dr. Musgrove, M.P.P..
Colonel Sharpe. M.P.P., J. T. Petrie. John Goodwin; first
vice-president. W. G. Athoe. Ridgeway: second vice-.president,
L. B. Dufif. W'elland: treasurer. D. B. Crombie. St. Cathar-
ines: secretary. W. Charles Bush, St. Catharines.

Toronto, Ont.

In spite of the fact that the Toronto civic car lines ar-;
piling up a deficit each year, the Board of Control steadfastly
refuse to increase the fares from two cents to three cents.
The total deficit to the end of 1917 is said to be $590,688.

Earnings for the Toronto Street Railway Company dur-
ing the month of February amounted to $509,650. as against
$473,185 for the same month last year.

The Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario are
now receiving 20.000 h.p. from the Canadian Niagara Power
Company, which they were deprived of lor some time owing
to the breaking down of two generators at the Canadian
Niagara plant.

■Vancouver, B.C.

Tlie British Columbia Telephone Company have an-
nounced the number of telephones in use in Vancouver on
I'ebruary 1. 1918. to be 27.025. In October, 1915, there were
22.891 instruinents installed.

The Jordan Commutator Truing Device

Operates without removing
armature. No shut down of
motor or generator.

No large cuts from commutat-
or and no unneceasary waste of
copper.

No dragging of copper caus-
ing short circuits.

No portable slide-rest with the
danger of the tool digging into
the commutator and numerous
other chances of damage to the
commutator or armature which
are all overcome with this ma
chine.

JORDAN BROS., Inc., 74 Beekman St., New York

Represented bj- : Frank E. Filer, Winnipeg, Can.

Toronto Representative:

Canada Sale! Company, 165 Church Street, Toronto. Canada

The Jordan Tapon

A real time saver which
means a Money Saver,
making the best class of
work.

It is not necessary to have
the ends of the capping
straight as the cover of
the Tapon overlaps the
capping, thereby covering
any bad ends of capping.

Moulding Work

JORDAN BROS., Inc., 74 Beekman St., New York

Jordan Tapons may be secured from your nearest Electrical
Supply House.

iX^

April 1, 1918

THK ELFXTRICAL NEWS

Published Semi-Monthly By

HUGH G. MACLEAN, LIMITED

HUGH C. MacLEAN, Winnipeg. President.
THOMAS S. YOUNG, General Manager.
VV. R. CARR, Ph.D., Editor.

HEAD OFFICE - 347 Adelaide Street West. TORONTO

ADVERTISEMEXTS

Oiders for advertising should reach tlie office of publication not later
than the 5th and 20th of the month. Changes in advertisements will be
made whenever desired, without cost to the advertiser.
SUBSCRIBERS

The "Electrical News'* will be mailed to subscribers in Canada and
Great Britain, post free, for $2.00 per annum. United States and foreign,
$2.50. Remit by currency, registered letter, or postal order payable to
Hugh C. MacLean, Limited.

Subscribers are requested to promptly notify the publishers of failure
or delay in delivery of paper.

Authorized by the Postmaster General for Canada, for transmission
as second class matter.

Entered as second class matter July ISth. 1014, at the Postoffice at
nuffalo. N. v.. under the Act of Congress of March :{. 1^79.

Vol. 27

Toronto, April i, 1918

No. 7

Save Coal by Eliminating
Isolated Plants

As a result of the coal shortage an investigation is under
way by the Public Service Commission of New York to ascer-
tain what saving could be made, if any, bj' the substitution of
central station service for private plants in various classes of
buildings. Mr. J. \\'. Lieb, vice-president of the New York
Edison Company, subni.itted data on a number of typical
cases. He also estimated the total saving if the 050 odd pri-
vate plants were turned over to central station service at
.-.on.noo to SLiO.ooo tons.

Specific Instances

Case No. 1. — An eleven-storey office and loft building
plant had been closed down in the early part of 1917. Data
were collected for a period of ten months and compared with
the corresponding ten months of the previous year under pri-
vate-plant conditions. The private plant had consurned 1,316
tons. Under central-station service for light and power there
had been 541 tons consumed at the building for heating and
similar purposes, and 159 tons at the central station to gen-
erate the electrical power delivered — or a total of 700 tons.
This represented a saving of 616 tons, or 47 per cent.

Case No. 2. — .A five-storey and basement building. One
year of private-plant operation consumed 7.237 tons. With
central-station service — 2.927 tons for steam heating on the
premises, 1,403 tons for Edison energy supplied; total, 4,330
tons. Saving, 2,907 tons; 40 per cent.

Case No. 3. — Apartment house. The annual coal con-
sumption, average of three years, was 2,107 tons. With cen-
tral-station service the annual coal consumption for steam

licMtnig (average of two years), was 1,113 tons; for producing
electrical energy supplied, 193 tons; total. 1,306 tons. Savnig,
-III t(ins; 2li.3 per cent.

Case \o. 4. — .\n eight-sli>rt.-> ,i|iartnicni. Annual coal
with private plants. T.IO tons. With Edison service. 240 tons
on the premises. ITS tons at the central station. Saving 3;i2
tons: 44.5 per cent.

Case N'o. 5. — .\n apartment building. ,\nnual coal con-
sumption with private plant, 6,200 tons. With Edison service,
5,213 tons on' the premises and at the central station. Saving,
9S,S tons; 15.9 per cent.

Go-operative Buying of Lamps and
Appliances by Gentral Stations

Thirty thousand portable lamps of a standardized design
are to be placed on the market next fall as the result of a
recent conference in New England between a group of cen-
tral-station men and a fixture manufacturer who is handling
this order on an oflf-season basis. This co-operative buymg
plan includes central stations from some of the largest cities
in the country, whose representatives met informally to de-
velop tlie program of securing a fi.xture at low cost for mul-
tiple production and wide distribution. The movement pro-
mises far-reaching results in the large-scale merchandising of
electrical appliances. Those behind the plan state that indi-
vidualism has been overplayed in many lines of electrical sell-
ing to the general pu1)lic. They believe that certain standard-
izations of design can be accomplished to appeal to a very
wide market, and that, through the concentration of orders
and through intensive production, costs can be lowered to a
point wliich will mark a new sta.ge in the popularization of
electrical merchandise.

These central-station men recognize, of course, tliat no
standard design of portable lamp will suit the entire market,
but they believe that a large buying power exists among the
public for a low-cost standard product of general application.
It is believed that a great many persons will be glad to pur-
chase a portable lamp of uniform design, wholly regardless ot
the fact that other people may be using the same product,
provided that the price is low enough.

The matter was discussed with a certain manufacturer,
and a design of portable lamp has been prepared which is
expected to meet an extremely wide range of service condi-
tions, applicable to business and home surroundings. The
central-station men present represented the sales departments
of their several companies, and it is noteworthy that some of
the smaller cities represented were among the heaviest under-
writers of the plan.

Owing to its being the dull season in fixture production,
the manufacturer was willing to take the order upon a very
satisfactory basis of cost. The raw material for these lamps
has been purchased on a more satisfactory basis of price and
delivery than applies to small and individualistic orders for
scattered shipment at odd times. The manufacturer has been
enabled to plan his production for steady output during the
off season, and the various central stations will receive these
lamps at a price, it is said, which will enable them to market
them at about the former factorj' cost level.

Fires Due to Electricity Many
Less Than Reported

It frequently has happened in the past that electrical men
are amazed and, incidentally, gas men delighted, at the gov-
ernment reports covering the number of fires caused by
electricity. For example, quoting from the Public Service
Bulletins of the last few months, we have in July, 1917. 33
fires attributed to electricity defects; in August. 25: in Oc-

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

April 1, lOlS

tobcr, -Jl; in KovonilH-r, lifi; in Dccfnilier, :U and in Jannary,
1918, 32.

It is much easier to issue a report of this kind than to
prove that the report is wrong, however satisfied one may
feel that the evidences used in arriving at the conclusions
have not been dependable. Som.e light was recently thrown
on the situation, however, by the Toronto Inspection De-
partment, who were naturally curious to learn why so many
Toronto fires were blamed to wiring defects when very
few were reported to the Inspection Department. In a re-
cent issue of a Toronto daily paper it had been stated that
defective electric wiring had been responsible for ten fires
during the previous month. This matter was made the sub-
ject of enquiry by the District Inspector of the City of
Toronto at the headquarters of the Chief of the Fire Depart-
ment, who was responsible for the report, and the following
interesting list of the ten fires attributed to defective wiring
was submitted in evidence:

No. 1 — Street Car No. 1318, Cor. Terauley and Louisa.

No. 2— Street Car No. G24, Cor. College and Bellevue.

No. 3 — Automobile; owner. New Method Laundry; short
circuit.

ISfo. 4— Street Car No. 1298, Cor. Yonge and Cumberland.

Ko. 5 — Street Car No. 1416, Cor. Queen and Herbert Sts.

Ko. G— Street Car No. 852, Cor. Dupont and Christie.

Xo. 7 — Street Car No. 593, Cor. Avenue Road and Bloor.

No. 8— Street Car No. 1274, Wilton and Parliament Sts.

No. 9 — 17 Montrose Avenue; insulation on electric wires
became ignited.

No. 10 — 871 College Street; A. E. McCurdy; insulation
on wires became ignited.

It will thus be seen that defective wiring was made to
bear the brunt of ten fires which, so far as the general pub-
lic is concerned, were huge conflagrations involving the loss
of several hundreds of thousands of dollars, when in actual
fact, they were mere blow-outs confined to individual street
cars which, so far as we are aware, did not even involve run-
ning these cars in for repairs. Electricity has a perfect right
to bear the blame of all the fires for which it is responsible
but that insignificant occurrences of this nature should be
placed in the same category with the fatalities and heavy
financial losses which result from the use of gas, or from
other causes, is manifestly unfair. We understand that at
the present time a diflferent classification of fires is being
made in the city of Toronto so as to correct this false im-
pression, but, so far as we know, the old methods still hold
throughout the province.

Would it not be well, now that the province is pretty
thoroughly covered by district inspectors, if the government
should depend for their information on these inspectors in-
stead of on fire chiefs or other men who have no knowledge
of electrical matters?

Activities of Toronto Section A. I. E. E.

If nearly fifty per cent., of the local members of a society
attend the meetings to hear a technical paper and twenty
per cent, of these take part in the subsequent discussion it is
safe to say that the society is a live and enthusiastic one and
is doing good work. This is the record of the local section
of the A. I. E. E. in regard to the meeting which assembled
on March 15 to welcome Mr. J. J. Frank, of the General
Electric Company, Pittsfield, and to hear his paper on "Mod-
ern Transformers." The paper was a most entertaining one,
tracing as it did the development of this form of electric
apparatus from its very earliest stage and the lecture was
punctuated with a very large and well chosen series of lantern
slides. It is difficult to overestimate the value to electrical
engineers in Toronto of being able to discuss transformer

design with a recognized expert like Mr. Frank; to debate
the advantages of the diflferent methods of cooling and oil
and water circulation and the means of bringing out taps.
Such papers as this are an asset to electrical engineering life
in Toronto.

The next meeting of the Toronto Section is to be held
at the Hydro-electric Laboratories on Strachan Avenue, on
Friday, April 5, when Mr. W. P. Dobson is to read a paper on
High Voltage Testing. Many of us are not sufficiently aware
of the magnitude of the work undertaken by the Municipal
Laboratories, and in this respect Mr. Dobson's paper, with
its accompanj'ing demonstrations, will be especially in-
structive.

Described Cambrai Experiences

Lieut. H. L. I'liillips, of Montreal, who was in charge
of a tank at the battle of Cambrai. described his experiences
at the front at the meeting of the Montreal Electrical Limch-
eon on March 20th. He referred to the individuality of each
tank, and said it was essential that the men should thoroughly
understand the working of the machines; otherwise there
was a great liability of a breakdown, with serious conse-
quences. Lieut. Phillips gave details of the Cambrai battle,
speaking of the initial success and the subsequent partial re-
covery of the ground by the Germans. Cambrai was, he
said, the first battle in which the wire was cut down by
tanks instead of by gun fire. Tanks were called "assaulting
artillery" by the French, and they were of great value if
attacking, although of little use in defensive warfare. They
were proof against machine guns, but not against shell fire.
Lieut. Phillips also briefly summarized the general war posi-
tion, and concluded by an appeal for still greater sacrifices
in order to win. If the allies did not win it meant that the
children of the people in the British Empire would in a few
years' time be fighting again for the same ideals as were in-
volved in the present conflict. As one who knew from ex-
perience the worst side of war, he was convinced of the abso-
lute neccssitv of a successful conclusion to the war.

Toronto Electric Club

The weekly lunclieons of The Toronto Electric Club have
been well patronized during the past month. Probably the
best attendance of the year to date greeted Professor St.
Elme de Champ on Friday, March 23, when he addressed the
Club on Alsace-Lorraine. Professor de Champ spoke to
combat the propaganda, at present being so assiduously car-
ried on by the Germans, that Alsace and Lorraine are Ger-
man and hold German sympathies. He quoted from legion
authorities showing not only that the Germans look upon
this territory as "enemy" territory, but that the people of
these two co.untries despise and hate the Germans and sub-
mit to their rule only because they must. This evidence is
further borne out by the fact that no less than 30,000 Alsa-
tians have deserted from the German army during the pre-
sent fight with the French.

Friday the 39th being a holiday, there was no meeting
of the Club. On April 5 the guest will be Lieut. K. W. Harris,
and on April 12, Col. Williams. Mr. H. M. Hooper, Canadian
Westinghnuse Company, is chairman for the month of April.

Electrically Operated Filtration Plant

The St. Hyacinthe, P.Q., civic filtration plant, now near
completion, is to be electrically operated. The new De Laval
pumps are to be direct connected to 3 phase. 60 cycle, 2200
volt, a.c. motors, by the Canadian Westinghouse Company.
The blower for supplying air for making the filter beds, the
agitators, and other equipment will be driven by electricity.

A|)ril I, I '.I IS

THF. F.LECTRICAL NEWS

Transmission Line Practice— Some High
Voltage Problems— Article IV.

By l.ieut. E. T. Driver and E. V. Pannell

The raiiid iticreasc in ipptraling voltage wliioli has marked
tlic transmission line art during the last decade has been
dictated not only by the long distances of transmission but
by the large amounts of power to be conveyed. Naturally
enough the old rule of thumb of "one kilowatt per mile" was
soon outclassed when energy had to be transmitted more than
one hundred miles and some of the very highest voltages to-
day are in use upon systems where this quantity amounts to
less than hall a kilowatt per mile. On the other hand, there
e.xist several systems of forty or fifty miles in e.xtent which
are working at or around 100.000 volts. This permits of
ample extension to the system without any change in the
voltage, but the most important factor where large amounts
of power are bandied is the reduction in the cost of the
conductors. The power to be transmitted is just as important
a factor in estimating the operating voltage as is the dis-
tance; indeed, the latter is a very ambiguous expression be-
cause the power station is usually the centre of a network
of transmission lines all of diflferent lengths.

It is desired to treat more particularly of the influence
of high operating voltages on the mechanical design of the
line. With the advance in voltage and the consequent wider
spread of conductors longer and stififer crossarms were called
for. Steel channels were adopted and later steel towers to
support them and to yield the benefit arising from the longer
spans «nd the use of two circuits on the same structure. When
pressures in excess of 60,000 volts became usual the limita-
tions of the single pin type insulator began to be felt and
the suspension string was introduced. This type of insu-
lator has several important influences on the design of the
line, one of which is that since it supports the cable some
iYz feet below the crossarm, whilst the pin insulator holds

ing the conductors, but with su>pensiun strings this leads
to a very long middle crossarm or also two cables strung
on one side of the same arm. Both expedients are undesir-
able, and the most usual arrangement consists of the three
conductors of a circuit being just slightly staggered out of
the vertical plane suflicienlly to avoid contact when "sleet
jumii" takes place. Fig. 13 shows spacings actually in use
on a number of transmission systems using pin type insu-
lators, and Fig. i:! is a similar diagram for suspension in-
sulators. It will be noted that even for the same voltage,
where the curves overlap, the spacing is considerably greater
with the suspension string on account of the swinging pro-
clivities of this form of insulator.

It is sometimes claimed that one or other conductor
material requires a greater spacing than is usually adopted

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Kilovolts

Fig. 12 — Conductor spacings with pin insulators

(C denotes copper; C-II copper-hemp; A aluminium)

the conductor about V/z feet above it, the former requires an
overall height of tower about 6 feet in advance of the latter.
The spacing between the conductors is influenced by the
voltage, sag of conductors and the type of insulator. Tables
of standard recommendations for spacing are frequently pub-
lished, but they must always be modified according to local
conditions. With pin type insulators the equilateral triangle
is still by far the best and most popular method of arrang-

Fig. 13 — Conductor spacings with suspension insulators
(C denotes copper; C-H copper-hemp; .\ aluminium; .\-S aluminium-steel)

and hence involves more costly construction. In these two
figures the kind of conductor employed has been indicated,
and it will be seen that there is really no rule for spacing
aluminium wider than copper or aluminium-steel closer than
copper. Local wind, ice and temperature conditions arc the
most important factors. There is no very great diversity in
the matter of spans and sags among the points plotted on
these diagrams, probably the average conditions of 000 foot
span and 25 foot sag govern the generality of them.

Whilst the spacing of the wires up to voltages of about
80.000 is governed by sparking distance under abnormal con-
ditions which would swing the conductors close together, a
diflferent phenomenon controls the spacing as the pressure
is increased above this limit. This is the factor of corona.
Our present knowledge of corona losses is based very largely
upon the investigations made by Mr. F. W. Peek, of Pitts-
field. Mass., and published in the A.I.E.E. Transactions dur-
ing the last eight years. The fact that at a certain potential
gradient around any conductor the air breaks down as an
insulator has long been known, but it has remained for Mr.
Peek to codify this law so as to render it easily calculable
for transmission line work. Briefly stated, at a certain defi-
nite critical voltage, coror.a will appear. It will increase very

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

April 1, 1018

Tlu

rapidly with any rise in the voltage beyond this po::
value of the critical voltage (e.) is

e.. = 2.303 X m.. X g" X r Clogio d/r) X
wIkto m..= irregularity factor varying from 1.00 for a clean
solid wire down to .083 for a seven strand cable.
g.. = breakdown potential gradient of air, .'>3.fi kilo-
volts per inch.
r=r radius of conductor, inches,
d ^niean spacing of conductors, inches.
eo = critical pressure in kilovolts.
X = air density.
It will be interesting to calculate the critical voltage for

as.sume the same voltage over the whole line, and since the
corona discharge is determined by the difference between the
critical and the operating voltage at any point it is the most
satisfactory method of calculation to divide the line up into
sections assuming the operating voltage (.e) to be uniform
liver a whole section.

It is not a difticult or an expensive matter to design a
line of the highest operating voltage which shall be free
from corona troubles. Liberal spacing and large size con-
ductors are the necessary factors in the elimination oi the
losses. It was shown in an earlier article in this series that
copper yields the smallest of a group of conductor materials,
all of which have otherwise good characteristics. It is here
found that the very factor which is somewhat of a drawback
to the use of aluminium, copper-claJ-steel, or aluminium-
steel, namely, the larger diameter, is a valuable advantage
for working at very high voltages on accijunt of the relative
freedom from corona. Aluminium or aluminium-steel cables
have respectively 28 and 43 per cent, greater radii than the'
equivalent copper with a consequently higher critical voltage.
In Fig. 1.5 are shown the highest voltages for which a
system can be designed without corona being in evidence
under fair weather conditions. From this it will be seen tha:
there is relatively little difficulty in transmitting with cables
of 4/0 B&S or larger, but with smaller sizes of conductor it
becomes next to impossible to avoid corona without extra
wide spacings. The remedy lies in the sale and transmission

Kilovolts

Fig. 14 — Number of elements used in suspension insulator

a typical transmission line operating at 110 kilovolts witli
seven strand 0 B&S cables spaced 96 ins. apart. The radius
of this cable is .188 ins., and assuming X as unity:
eo= 2.303 X .83 X 53.6 x .188 x log 96/.188.
= 52 kilovolts.
This is, of course, the critical voltage measured to
neutral, and in order to compare it with the line voltage the
latter must be reduced to the same terms by dividing by V 3.
This gives the operating voltage to neutral, as 63.5 kilovolts
an excess of 11.5 kilovolts over the critical pressure. High
altitude or stormy weather will reduce the factor X and so
decrease the critical voltage still further. Now the losses
which arise from the corona discharge are given by the
equation

k' f /r

P = — X — x ( e — c-Y I —
X 10^ V d

where k' = constant = 553.
f =: frequency.

e:= operating kilovolts to neutral.
It is important to note that the losses increase as the
square of the difference between the critical and operating
voltages. They are also greater with higher frequencies and
are less for liberally spaced conductors. Assuming a fre-
quency of no cycles and following the foregoing example:

553 x 60 X .0445 X 11.5 X 11.5

P =

10'
= 1.93 kilowatts per mile of wire.
Under working conditions there will probably be two
three-phase circuits so that the total loss per mile of line will
amount to 6 x 1.93 = 11.6 kilowatts. It must be emphasized
that the above calculations for a typical example yield only
the fair weather loss and that any atmospheric disturbance
would lower the barometer and result in a lower critical
voltage and increased losses.

As a matter of actual fact it is. of course, incorrect to

^ "

l5'-!l

—

■^

»iy-

1
< 100

jlS^

, .

^_^^

■

—

L—

-—

40 €o 8c wo lao <w

Spacing in /nches

160

Fig. 15— These curves show the maximum operating voltage which will
not yield corona in fair weather

of still greater amounts of energy so that cables of at least
4/0 B&S can be economically loaded and used.

Regarding actual experiences with corona there have
been few practical , tests made under working conditions.
These losses are included with other stray power losses
throughout the transmission line so that it is difficult to
assign the correct value to the corona. As a matter of fact.
wherever corona has made its appearance and been measured,
it has ne«er been found to be less than the calculated value.
On the lines of the Central Colorado Transmission system the
altitude averages 8,000 feet and the phenomenon is met with.
The cables are of 0 B&S copper, seven strand with a hemp
core, and the critical voltage for this altitude and conductor
size is very nearly 100,000 kilovolts, which is also the operat-
ing voltage. It is also claimed that the radio-active pro-
perties of the pitchblende which occurs in the district, are
responsible for a partial ionization of the air, thus indirectly
reducing the critical voltage.

On the Au Sable Company's transmission lines in Eastern

April 1, 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

MicIiiKan corona is also experienced; the operating' pressure is
140 kilovohs and the cables are seven-strand 0 B&S copper
with a hemp core. In a report c.n this line it is stated:
"Experience at An Sahle pni\es thai transmission at 140,000
volts is an economical procedure but it should be made clear
that such a pressure is justified only where the distance
and tlie tpiantity of power to l)e transmitted are such that

conductors of suflicient section to prevent corona are econ-
omically used. While it has been suggested that hemp centre
cables might provide increased cylindrical areas and so raise
the corona limit, tlie fact remains, according to the experi-
ence of the An Sable Electric Company's engineers, that such
hemp centre cables show a greater corona loss than equivalent
all copper conductors."

Joint Committee of Technical Organizations

Holds Annual Meeting— Chairman Alfred Burton Reviews Year's
Activities Before Large Attendance

To the Technical Men of the Province of Ontario:

Gentlemen: Your committee has pleasure in submitting
its second annual report, covering activities during the period
elapsed since our first annual meeting in March, I'JIT. Meet-
ings of the joint committee have been held monthly during
' the year to hear reports from the executive, deliberate on
questions of policy, and appoint and instruct sub-committees.
The executive committee have held about 40 meetings.

Finances

Up to September, 1U17. the expenses of the joint com-
mittee were carried entirely by private subscription. Since
that date, largely owing to the generous recognition of ser-
vices rendered to the Imperial Munitions Board, we have had
less difficulty in defraying our running expenses. The chief
items consist of the rental of a small ofSce, the salary of a
stenographer, and the cost of printing, postage, etc.

Changes in By-Laws

A slight alteration has been made in the wording of our
by-laws so that the committee now includes a representative
from the Canadian Manufacturers' Association.

This was deemed highly desirable on account of the close
relationship existing at the present time between the techni-
cal and industrial activities of our country. The wisdom of
this addition has been amply justified in the valuable assist-
ance the representative of that association has rendered your
committee.

Inventions

One of the most important activities of your committee,
and one which we are pleased to feel has been of real assist-
ance to the Imperial Munitions Board, has been the study of
the various and varied inventions submitted to that board
from all over the continent. These inventions, in the main,
have reference to war activities, such as improvements in
aeroplane design, detection of submarines, etc. Some idea of
the amount of work entailed may be gained from the fact that
detailed reports have been made to the Imperial Munitions
Board during the past year on almost 100 inventions. This
work has been handled through the medium of a special sui)-
eommittee, whose work is deserving of a very grateful and
special mention.

Aviation

A sub-committee has been formed for the str.<ly of aero-
nautical problems. The work of this committee, wbeli is of
recent creation, has consisted to date in compiling informa-
tion, and, in general, getting in touch with the various phases
of the vv'ork through correspondence and personal inter-
views. It may be too much to expect that this committee
will be enabled to carry out any experiment which will have
an)- direct bearing- on maintaining the supremacj- of the
.Mlies in France, but such a group of men. with intimate
knowledge of the subject of aeronautic.^, will he an invalu-
able asset to Canada in the future development of aeroplanes.

for which there is certain to be an increasingi demand, quite
independent of the duration of the war.

Depletion of Civil Ranks of Engineers

A survey of the engineering departments of our Cana-
dian universities has demonstrated, during the past few
months, that, due to war demands, the ranks of engineers are
being depleted much faster than they are being recruited
from the universities. As an instance, it may be mentioned
that in one of our universities the present attendance in the
science department is only about 15 per cent, of what it was
in 1914. This state of affairs will not only be fatal to the
proper prosecution of the war if it should last much longer,
but it will leave us unprepared to take our part in the great
engineering construction activities that must follow the ces-
sation of hostilities.

Having this in view, your committee has considered ways
and means of increasing the attendance in the engineering
faculties, and in the very near future will have a definite, con-
crete proposition to offer. It will probably involve the ex-
lienditure of a few hundred dollars per year. How this money
can be raised has not yet been determined, but, if not other-
wise available, we have every confidence that the technical
men of the province can be depended upon to supply the
necessary funds for a cause so urgent at this moment and so
much in line with our natural sympathies.

Teclinical Men Being Used Inefficiently

A phase of the technical situation having a direct bearing
on the last item is the inefficient use that has been made of
trained technical men in the past by placing them in the in-
fantry ranks or in other war work Where unskilled men
would have been almost equally effective. When the present
Military Service Act came into force your committee again
took occasion to call the attention of the proper government
authorities to this waste and to urge that engineers in future
be utilized in such work as their special training best litted
them to perform.

Catalogue of Technical Books

Your committee has discussed the probable value to the
average technical men of a catalogue of all the technical
books to be found in the various libraries, both public and
lirivate, in Toronto and possibly including libraries in other
cities. Such a catalogue exists with regard to magazines, but
there is nothing of this nature covering books. The matter,
as most of us are aware, has been the subject of discussion
in all the various technical organizations which have repre-
sentation on this committee, and has met with their ai)proval
in every case. It remains now- to determine the best means
of accomplishing the desired end with such assistance as we
have at our disposal.

Questionnaires

The work on queslir,?inaire No. :',. which was undertaken
by your conniiittce for the Advisory Council for Industrial

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

April 1, 191S

Research, and which was under way at our last annual meet-
ing, has been completed. Assistance has also been given with
questionnaire No. 4 to the extent of supplying the Advisory
Council with our list of Ontario's technical men and in other
minor matters. Your committee also assisted in the pre-
paration of a questionnaire recently submitted by the Cana-
dian Manufacturers' Association to tlieir members re power
shortage.

Training the Blind for Mechanical Work
It is inevitable that many of our brave fellows will return
to Canada, during and after the war, afflicted with total
blindness. A foretaste of this problem was seen in the recent
Halifax disaster, in which so many lost their sight. It is, of
course, common knowledge that in Great Britain very con-
siderable progress has been made in training the totally blind
to do mechanical work, and some progress has been made in
the United States in the same direction, more notably in
winding standard coils. Your committee is gathering all
available information on this subject, so that it may be ready
to pass along to the proper authorities. It is not entirely
apparent how the practices of Great Britain and the United
States can be followed or developed in Canada, where the
amount of purely repetition work, such as coil winding, men-
tioned above, is comparatively small, but we believe the ques-
tion is well worth further study.

Lists

Our original lists of technical men have been kept up to
date as far as is humanly possible, and, at the present time,
are undergoing a complete revision and verification. These
lists have proven of the greatest value on numerous occa-
sions, for, although it is understood that they are kept
strictly confidential, we have nevertheless been able to com-
pile from them from time to time smaller special lists for dif-
ferent government and war activities which, we feel quite
satisfied, have repaid us all for any trouble we may have been
put to in their preparation.

Vocational Training

During the early part of the year your committee was
actively interested in the matter of vocational training of
returned wounded soldiers, and it is with some feeling of
pride that we report the selection of a member of your com-
mittee as the administrator for Canada of the vocational
branch of the Military Hospitals Commission, now the In-
valided Soldiers Commission. 1 am pleased to note that the
administrator himself is with us this evening, and, as your
program has already announced, will tell us of the work
being done under his able organization.

Other Activities

At the time of the Halifax disaster your committee, co-
operating with the Toronto Chapter of the Ontario Associa-
tion of .-Xrchitects. made ofifers of assistance in an advisory
capacity to both the Commission of Conservation. Ottawa,
and to the Halifax Relief Commission, Halifax. On account
of the almost complete destruction of certain parts of the
city it was felt there might be opportunity to rebuild at least
a portion of the devastated area along predetermined lines,
so as to produce something in the nature of a model city.
Another matter in which we have lent our assistance is re-
cruiting for the Canadian Engineers. I may say, also, that
we have been entrusted with certain other work, about which
it would not be wise to make public mention at the present
time.

In Conclusion

In conclusion, I should like to add my word of apprecia-
tion of the w^ork of the members of the joint committee,
every one of whom has given freely of his time, ability and
experience in the earnest hope that our little endeavor to
lighten the load under which the Empire labors may not be
fruitless. In this hope — that we have helped, even ever so
little, to bear this burden — lies the recompense dearest to the
heart of every true engineer.

Cost of Mailing vs. Hand Delivery

Majority of Central Stations Adopting the Latter Practice
Since Postal Rates Increased

Witli the more recent increase in postage in the United
States, central station companies in that country, as previ-
ously in Canada, have had to revise their methods of bill de-
livery. When a notice could be sent for one cent and labor
was scarce and independent, the mail was usually considered
more economical. Doubling the cost of postage entirely
changes the complexion of matters, however, and we find
that hand delivery is now being very commonly resorted to.
An article in a recent issue of the Electrical World- describes
the policies of a number of prominent central station com-
panies:

Not long ago— but before the postal rates went up— the
Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company made an analysis
of the cost of its bill delivery, which includes 60,000 bills de-
livered by hand and 40,000 by mail, to find out how much
could be saved by using a post-card bill. The figures were
found to be as shown in the acompanying table.

With the 1-cent postage rate the post-card proved to be
the cheaper method, but the doubling of this cost made the
hand-delivery system far more economical. The system in
Cleveland has been to place the delivered bill in the consum-
er's mail box, or. if there is no box, to hand it to a member of
the family. Failing this, the distributor brings back the bill
and it is mailed. For this delivery the Cleveland company

first tried boys 16 or 18 years old, but did not find them satis-
factory. It then employed elderly men of from 50 to 65 years,
and has practically eliminated all complaints.

In Sandusky, Ohio, however, the Sandusky Gas and Elec-
tric Company has had most satisfactory results from high
school boys, who both read the meters and deliver the bills.
The boys receive 1 cent per meter read. Before the postal
rate went up the company used government post-cards, but
since then it has devised a card of the same size, of which t
six months' supply can be printed in advance. These are
stamped and mailed to customers beyond the convenient
reach of the delivery routes, but the bulk of them the boys
deliver at a cost so far of approximately a half-cent per bill.
This the company find is effecting a saving of $18 per 1.000
customers per month on postage alone, and is bringing addi-
tional economy by reducing the operating force to a mini-
mum during the winter. Because of the limited number of
hours that the students have available for this work, it is
necessary to employ a much larger number Jhan if the regu-
lar employees were handling it, but this has not proved an
objection. About 9,000 bills are delivered in Sandusky be-
tween the twentieth and the last of each month.

In Mobile, Ala., the company now delivers by hand, at a
cost of about lJ/2 cents per bill, a saving of about $37.50 a

.-ipril 1, 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

month since the postal increase. In Traverse City. Mich., the
company delivers to abowt 1.400 consurners, at a cost of 1
cent, and this also includes collecting about one-third of the
accounts. In Pine Bluflf, Ark., the company delivers 4,J0(i
bills, using the regular meter readers alter the readings arc
completed. It requires from four to five days, and costs in
all. it is figured, from $10. .50 to $12.50. In Kokonio, Ind., the
company has also changed from mailing to delivery, and is
distributing 6,000 bills by meter readers, at a cost of $:i"). In
Kingston, X.Y., the meter readers now deliver 5,800 gas
and electric bills, all except about :i00 vvhicli are mailed to
outlying territory, and the company finds the system quite as
dependable as by mail. It saves approximately $50 every
month. In Indianapolis the meter men of the Merchants'
Heat and Light Companj' read meters every morning and
deliver bills in the afternoon, and they have proved much
more responsible than schoolbojs, though boys were tried.
The cost per bill now figures about 1 cent. In Denver the
bills are mailed to the suburbs, but delivered in the city by
boys and young men on l)ic}'cles, at a cost of one-third of a
cent per bill.

In Wilkes-Barre, Pa.. li).500 bills — gas, electric, and steam
heat — are delivered by two men, who receive $65 per month,
delivering continuously, which means a cost of about one-half
cent per bill. These men collect when possible as they de-
liver. In Terre Haute, Ind., the company formerly had
mailed all bills at a total cost of $125 monthly, but with the
higher postal rate began delivering all bills within the city by
one man, who is paid $45. The remaining postage cost for
bills still mailed is also $45. so that, in spite of higher post-
age, the company is saving $35 monthly.

On the other hand, in many outlying towns in Indiana
the Indiana RaiIwa3'S and Light Compan3' began with this
year to try the plan of not sending any bills at all to some
2.000 customers, who are asked to call at the local offices to
pay their bills, though delinquency notices are still mailed
when necessary. In line with this, in Brattleboro, Vt., in
Franklin, Ind., and in Seymour, Ind., the local utilities have
been furnishing many customers with cards on which to make
their own meter readings. This method has met with con-
siderable success. In Fort Madison, Iowa, the meter reader
in certain residence districts carries w-ith him bills already
partly made out, on which he enters the reading, making out
the bill and presenting it for collection at the one call. The
company's other bills go out on post-cards, and, in short,
since the rates went up there has been a decided movement
in the industry toward the post-card bill as offering an appro-
priate war-time economy.

Few Companies Using Women
All in all. however, the trend is toward delivery, if not
by meter reader, then by boys or old men. One New Eng-
land central station has found a practical solution by making
use of the services of the substitute postmen, who, though on
waiting orders, are familiar with the town and have received
instructions in delivering. Everj'where the possible expedi-
ent of utilizing women for delivering has been considered,
but apparently it has not been adopted verj' largely. How-
ever, El Reno, Okla,. reports the bill delivery in charge of
two young women, who are taking care of it well, and at a
saving of $30 monthly on postage. At Binghamton. X.Y..
girls are used to read meters and deliver bills.

Of course, the many cities where bills have alwaj's Ijeen
mailed at the 2-cent rate are not affected by the postal in-
crease. Buflfalo and Wilmington. Del., stale that the3- have
no intention of changing, for they consider mailing less
trouble and more sure. In Detroit, on tlie other hand, the
company has been delivering bills by messenger for years, at
a cost much less than postage, the meter readers delivering
the bills. In Providence, R.I., the method is optional with
the consumer in most districts. He may have it by mail or

messenger, as he prefer.s, and bills for suburban towns are
delivered to the suburban post-offices and mailed there under
the local rate.

Comparison of Cost of Handling 100,000 Consumers' Bills Per

Month With Special Card or Government

1-Cent Post-Card System.

Present syslcm, printed bill in outlook envelope; 00,000
delivered by company distributors, 40,000 mailed with 2-cent
stamps.
Present system:

100.000' bills at $1.50 per 1,000 $150.00

100,000 outlook envelopes, at $1.65 per

1,000 105.00

40,000 2-cent stamps in rolls S02.40

Enclosing bills in envelopes — 2 boys one

month at $40 each 80.00

Sealing 100,000 envelopes and affixing

40.000 stamps, one boy one month . . 45.00

*Sorting 00,000 bills for delivery, one boy

one month 40.00

*Delivering 60.000 bills, five men at $70

per month 350.00

Supervising delivery, half time of one

man at $100 50.00

Total $1,082.40

Proposed system:

Special cards, 1-cent post stamp affixed:

100.000 cards printed $116.00

Affixing stamps, one boy one month .... 45.00

100,000 1-cent stamps, in rolls 1,006.00

Total 1,167.00

Amount saved by using special cards and affixing

stamps $51 5.40

Government 1-cent post-cards:

100,000 cards $I.ooo.oo

Printing 25. S4

Total $1,025.84

Additional saving with government cards 141.10

.Vmount saved by using government

stamped cards $656.56

*Items checked indicate expense of delivering 60.000 bills
per month. To find total delivery expense on 100.000 bills,
add item Xo. 3, 40.000 2-cent stamps. $802.40.

Mr. E. H. Porte. General Manager The Renfrew Electric
Manufacturing Co.. Ltd.. Renfrew. Ont.. makers of "Can-
adian Beauty" household appliances. Mr. Porte leaves
the Ontario Hydro-electric Commission after seven years'
progressive service.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

April 1. 1915

Latest Information on Incandescent Lamps

By H. W. Mateer*

Mazda B lamps operate equall\- well in all positions.
Data on the burning positions of Mazda C lainps are given
in Table 1. It will be noticed from the table that Mazda
C and Mazda C-2 lamps in sizes larger than 150 watts are not
regularly supplied to burn in positions other than the vertical,
tip down. While it is possible to modify the construction of
the larger size lamps so that they will operate fairly well
in positions other than tip downward, in practically all cases
it will be advisable to modify the auxiliary equipment so that
regular lamps may be utilized.

Color Quality of Light

The color quality of the light from a clear bulb incan-
descent lamp depends primarily upon the temperature of the
filament. As the temperature increases, the light becomes of
a whiter quality. At the temperature at which the filament
of the Mazda B lamp is operated, the light has an excess
of red and yellow rays when compared with average natural
daylight. This characteristic has been present throughout
the centuries in which lighting sources have evolved from
the torch to the incandescent electric lamp. The influence
on this characteristic is manifest in the red. brown, and
amber tones which predominate in the decorations of rooms
designed to appear at their best under artificial light. That
a light of this quality is essential to the prevailing color
schemes is evidenced by the frequent choice of amber colored
shades. On the other hand, an artificial illuminant whose
color quality is approximately the same as natural daylight
is welcomed by many as opening new possibilities in interior
decoration design.

The Mazda C-2 lamp has the proper screening properties
incorporated in the glass of the bulb. The excess of red
and yellow rays of the light are absorbed while the blue
and green rays arc permitted to pass through, thus a light
of afternoon sunlight quality is produced at an efficiency
about equal to that of the Mazda B lamp. While the color

MAZOA C-Z
Fig. 1— Comparative color content of various lamps.

quality of such a light is sufticiently near that of daylight
to serve for general illumination, and from this standpoint is
a decided improvement over the light emitted by the un-
colored bulb lamps, it is not of the proper quality to permit
extremely accurate color matching. Where an accurate dup-
lication (jf north sky light is necessary, units employing
Mazda C lamps and properly designed color-screen plates

•Engineering Department, National Lamp Works of General Electric
( oniitany in tlu- C.TitKil Stalioi-;.

should be used. The light from such units is of constant
quality and therefore more dependable than the natural north
sky light, which varies in quality from day to day.

The diagrams in Fig. 1 show a comparison in primary
color content of the light of carbon, Mazda B, Mazda C and
Mazda C-2 lamps. It will be seen that a very decided im-
provement in the color quality of artificial light has been
effected from the time the carbon lamp was used up to the
present.

Mazda B Lamps

Mazda B lamps are listed in Table 3. They are supplied
in either straight-side or round bulbs for voltages of 110
to 125, and 220 to 250 volts, as indicated in the table. The
efficiency ranges from 7.5 lumens per watt for the 10-watt
lamp to 10.6 for the 100-watt round-bulb lamp. In practically
all cases lamps should be equipped with scientifically de-
signed reflectors, since in this way the light distribution can
be controlled, and a largely increased proportion of the light
be directed to the surfaces where it is desired. In all cases
where the filaments are likely to be within the normal visual
field, bowl-fro-ted lamps should be used.
Mazda C Lamps

Table :! lists the Mazda (' lamps which are designed
for ordinary multiple operation. The efliciencies range from
11.5 lumens per watt for the 75-watt 110-135 volt lamp to ap-
proximately IS lumens per watt for the 1,000-watt lamp of the
same voltage class.

The filaments of all Mazda C lamps are intensely bright,
and where it is at all likely that they will come within the
line of vision, they should be screened from the eye. How-
ever, up to and including the 300-watt size, lamps may be
used satisfactorily in open reflectors provided they are bowl-
frosted. In the lighting of stores, offices and public build-
ings, except where semi-indirect or totally indirect lighting
is employed, lamps of larger size than the 200-watt should be
equipped with enclosing globes of sufficient area and of
proper density to avoid the usual objectionable glare.
Mazda C-2 Lamps

Mazda C-3 lamps, as previously mentioned, employ the
blue-green bulb of carefully colored glass, and are designed
for general illumination where approximate daylight color
quality is desired. The screening properties of the bulb are
such that part of the red and yellow rays of the light from
the filament are absorbed and thus the color quality of the
transmitted light is that of afternoon sunlight. Obviously,
the total light production is somewhat decreased by the ab-
sorption of the colored bulb. In spite of this, Mazda C-2
lamps operate with efficiencies about equal to those of Mazda
B lamps. When replacing Mazda C lamps with Mazda C-2
lamps, it is necessary simply to use 50 per cent, more watt-
age to obtain the equivalent intensity.

Mazda C-3 lamps are furnished in sizes from 75 watts
to 500 watts for voltages of 110 to 135. Additional technical
data are given in Table 4,

Effect of Improvements

Since Mazda lamps were first manufactured, each new
development has been accompanied by an improvement in
lamp quality. Some improvements cannot be seen by the
eye, others are noticeable as .marked changes in construc-
tion, but all are manifest in the improved service rendered.
Although improvements are continually being made, con-
sideration is always given to making them in such a way
that their advantages may be realized without the scrapping
of existing equipment.

April 1. 191S

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Table No. 1 — Burning Positions for Mazda C

Lamps For Tip Down

7o-\vatt Burnins'

ino-watt 110-123 vo!" Lamps rcKuIarly sup-

loO-watt plied will burn in any

200-watt 110-125 volt . position.

220-250 volt Lamps regularly sup-

.■!O0-watt plied are designed to

400-watt 110-125 volt liurn in this position.

500-\vatt 220-250 volt Lamps regularly sup-

ToO-watt plied are designed to

1000-watt burn in this position.

*These lamps may be burned at angles within 15 degrees of the

performance. Serious eflfects will not be evident at angle? as bi,gh a

lamps at greater angles from the vertical position.

and Mazda C-2 Multiple Lamps

For Tip Up
Burning
Lamps regularly sup-
plied will burn in
any position.
Lamps of special de-
sign furnished on
special orders.
Lamps of special de-
sign will be furnished
on special orders,
vertical, tip down, without noticeable eflfect on their
^ 20 or 22 de.grees. but it is inadvisable to burn the

For Horizontal

Burning

Lamps regularly sup-

l)lied will burn in any

position.

Lamps of special de-
sign furnished on
special orders.
Not

recommended.

Table No. 2-

-Technical Data on

Multiple

Mazda B Lamps

Subject

to Cbangc

Without Xc

.tice

Watts

Ma.xinium

Rated

Per

Lumens

Bulb

Overall

Base

Stand.

Pos.

Av.

Volts

Watts

Spher.

Per

Total

Type

Diam.

Length

Package

Life.

CP.

Watt

Lumens

(Inches)

Quantity

Burn.

Hrs.

Straight Side

1.67

7.53

S-17

2'/^

45-,s

Med.

Screw

100

.'\ny

1000

1.47

8.55

128

S-17

2'/1$

4?s

Med.

Screw

100

Any

1000

110

1.37

9.17

230

S-19

3;4

Med.

Screw

100

Any

1000

1.33

9.45

378

S-19

2Vs

3!4

Med.

Screw

100

Any

1000

125

1.32

9.53

476

S-19

■''4

Med.

Screw

100

Any

1000

1.29

9.74

585

S-21

5'/<

Med.

Screw

100

.\ny

1000

100

1.34

10.13

. 1010

S-30

334

7y,s

Med.

Sc. Sk.

Any

1000

1.65

7.63

190

S-19

3^^

5 '4

Med.

Screw-

100

Any

1000

220

1.49

8.43

432

S-19

:>[i

Med.

Screw

100

.^nv

1000

to
250

100

1.39

9.04

900

S-30

354

' ■■ S

Med.

Sc. Sk.

Any

1000

150

1.33

9.45

1430

S-35

4 Mi

s-m'

Med.

Sc. Sk.

Anv

1000

350

1.20

10.47

3620

S-40

Med.

Sc. Sk.

Any

1000

Round Bulb

■^'

1.53

8.21

123

G-18^

2-5/16

3 '4

Med.

Screw

100

.Vny

750

1.43

8.79

132

G-25

^y&

4-54

Med.

Screw-

Any

750

1.45

8.67

333

G-18^

3-5/16

3^4

Med.

Screw

100

.\ny

750

110

125

1.35

9.31

340

G-35

4f4

Med.

Screw

Any

750

1.33

9.45

386

G-23

35^

4.>i

Med.

Screw

Any

750

1.33

10.32-

630

G-30

3-)4

5V2

Med.

Screw

.\ny

750

100

I.IS

10.65

1100

G-35

4?^

Med.

Sc. Sk.

Any

750

320

350

1.63

7.71

193

G-25

4-M

Med.

Screw

Any

750

1.49

8.43

423

G-25

iV&

4 '4

Med.

Screw

Any

750

Table No. 3-

—Technical Data on

Multiple

Mazda C Lamps

Subject

to Change Without Notice

Watts

ilaximum

Rated

Per

Lumens

Bulb

Over-all

Stand.

Pos.

Av.

Volts

Watts

Spher.

Per

Total

T>-pe

Diam.

Length

Base

Package

Life.

C-P.

Watt

Lumens

(Inches)

Quantity

Bum.

Hrs.

1.09

11.53

865

PS-22

2?4

Med.

Screw

Any

1000

100

1.00

13.57

1260

PS-35

7yk

Med.

Screw

Any

1000

150

0.92

13.66

2050

PS-35

7 'A

Med.

Screw-

Any

1000

110

200

0.86

14.61

2920

PS-30

8->^

Med.

Screw

Tip Down*

1000

300

0.78

16.11

4850

PS-35

iVi

934

Mog.

Screw-

ip Dow-n*

1000

135

400

0.83

15.32

6150

PS-40

Mog.

Screw

ip Down*

1000

500

0.78

16.11

8050

PS-40

Mog.

Screw-

ip Down*

1000

750

0.74

16.98

12800

PS-53

r.iH

Mog.

Screw

ip Down*

1000

0.70

17.95

18000

PS-33

6V2

13.>^'

Mog.

Screw-

ip Down*

1000

200

1.00

12.57

2320

PS-30

83.^

Med.

Screw-

ip Down*

1000

300

0.93

13.66

4100

PS-35

ii^i

Mog.

Screw-

ip Down*

1000

220

250

400

0.86

14.61

5830

PS-40

Mog.

Screw

Tip Down*

1000

500

0.85

14.78

7400

PS-40

Mog.

Screw

-12

Tip Down*

1000

750

0.82

15.32

11500

PS-52

13M

Mog.

Screw

ip Down*

1000

0.78

16.11

16100

PS-53

ey.

133^

Mog.

Screw

ip Down*

1000

*Ord

ers for

Mazda C

lamps si:

lould spec

ifically state if lami

3S are for

use in o(

:her than

pendent 1

pos

lition. See

Table

Table No. 4— Technical Data

on Mazda C-2 Lamps

Subject to Change W

ithout Xol

:icc

Watts

Maximum

Rated

Per

Lumens

Bulb

Over-all

Stand.

Pos.

Av.

Volts

Watts

Spher.

Per

Total

Type

Diam.

Length

Base

Package

Life.

C-P.

Watt

Lumens

(Inches)

Quantity

Bum.

Hrs.

1.58

8.0

600

PS-22

Med. Screw

Any

700

100

1.44

8.7

870

PS-35

3Vs

l\i

Med. Screw

Any

700

110

150

1.34

9.4

1400

PS-35

Med. Screw

Any

700

to
123

200

1.35

10.1

2000

PS-30

344

Med. Screw

Tip Down*

700

300

1.13

11.3

3350

PS-35

4f^

0-34

Mog. Screw

Tip Down*

700

500

1.12

11.3

5600

PS-40

Mog. Screw

Tip Down*

700

*0l

rders for

Mazda C-3

lamps should sp^

ecifically

stale if latiii'

. :,<:■ r,,r

11-r in other than

pendent

po-iti<iii?. See

Table 1

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

April 1, 1918

Municipal Electrical Engineers Organize

Form Association Composed of Managers, Superintendents and Engineers
of Ontario's Publicly Owned Utilities

The Engineering Section of the Ontario Municipal Elec-
trical Association met in convention on March 13-14 in the
Chemistry and Mining Building of the University of Toronto
and, after a free discussion, decided to form a separate asso-
ciation. This decision took the form of a resolution, moved

Mr. E. V. Buchanan. London, President

by Mr. P. B. Yates, St. Catharines, and seconded by Mr.
O. N. Perry, Windsor, which read as follows:
Form of Resolution
"That since we have been unable to effect a proper or-
ganization of Municipalities to consider operation and en-
gineering questions of policy through the formation of the
association originally laid down as an engineering branch of
the Ontario Municipal Electrical Association, be it resolved
that we recommend the estalslishment of an association of

the managers, superintendents and engineers of the different
Municipal Electrical Utilities free froin the Ontario Muni-
cipal Electrical Association and financially independent."

The Convention then proceeded to draft a Constitution
and By-laws which were considered clause by clause and
adopted after discussion. The main features of the by-laws
are printed below. As provided for in these by-laws, the
officers are president, vice-president, secretary-treasurer and
chairmen of standing committees. The elected officers for
the coming year are as follows:

Officers

President, E. V. Buchanan, London, Ont.

Vice-President, E. .1. Sifton, Hamilton, Ont.

Secretary, S. R. A. Clement, Hydro-electric Power Com-
mission, Toronto, Ont.

Treasurer, R. C. Mc€ollum, Hydro-electric Power Com-
mission, Toronto, Ont.

Membership and Credentials Committee: — Oswald F.
Scott, Belleville, Chairman; P. B. Yates, St. Catharines;' J. J.
Heeg, Guelph; W. E. Reesor, Lindsay; E. H. Caughell, St.
Thomas.

Papers Committee: — V. S. Mclntyre, Kitchener, Chair-
man; H. H. Couzens, Toronto; H. D. RotluvcU, North Bay;
F. F. Espenschied, Hydro-electric Power Commission, To-
ronto; L. G. Ireland. Hydro-electric Power Commission,
Toronto.

Conventions Committee: — E. J. Stapleton, Collingwood,
Chairman; J. E. B. Phelps, Sarnia; A. T. Hicks, Oshawa; J.
McLinden, Owen Sound; O.' N. Perry, Windsor.

Rules and Regulations Coinmittee: — R. H. Martindalc,
Sudbury, Chairman; J. G. Archibald. Woodstock; V. B. Cole-
man, Port Hope; H. O. Fisk, Peterborough; T. C. James,
Hydro-electric Power Commission, Toronto.
CONSTITUTION

This organization shall be known as the Association of
Municipal Electrical Engineers (of Ontario), and it is organ-
ized for the following purposes, to wit:

1. To further the interests of Municipal Electrical Utili-

Mr. E. I. Silton, Hamilton. Vice-President

Mr. S. R. A. Clement, Toronto, Secretary

Mr. R. C. McCollum, Toronto, Treasurer

April 1, 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Mr. R. H. Martindale, Sudbury.
Chairman Rules and Regulations Committee

Mr. V. S. Mclntyrc. Kitchener,
Chairman Papers Committee

Mr. E. J. Stapleton, Collingwood,
Chairman Conventions Committee

ties in Ontario and to foster closer co-operation between the
Municipalities and with the parent organizations, viz.: The
Hydro-electric Power Commission of Ontario and the Ontario
Municipal Electrical Association.

3. For the mutual assistance of its members, education
along technical and commercial lines, and the standardization
of methods, apparatus and materials.

BY-LAWS

Membership
Membership in the Association shall be open to Ontario
Municipal Electrical Utilities, operated locally or bj^ the
Hydro-electric Power Commission of Ontario. Each Mem-
ber Utility is entitled to representation by delegates of the
following active classes: Class "A," Class "B." A Class "A"
delegate shall be the chief operating executive or other au-
thorized representative of any Ontario Municipal Electrical
Utility or Local Electrical Utility operated by the Hydro-
electric Power Commission of Ontario, and only one such
delegate from each Municipality will be permitted. The On-
tario Municipal Electrical Association shall have the privilege
of holding two Class "A" memberships. .\ Class "B" dele-
gate shall be any other commissioner, official or employee
of any Ontario Municipal Electrical Utility.

Associate Membership

Persons not eligible for either of the former two classes
may be elected as Associates by a two-thirds majority vote
of the Class "A" delegates present at any general meeting of
the Association.

Privileges

Class "A" delegates shall be eligible for any office in the
Association, and shall hold the only voting rights. The pre-
siding officer at any meeting shall vote as a delegate, and in
case of a tie shall also have the deciding vote. Class "B"
delegates shall be eligible for any office in the Association
other than President and Vice-president. Associates shall be
eligible for any office in the Association, excepting President,
Vice-President, and Chairmanship of standing committees.
In all other respects the entire membership shall enjoy equal
privileges, one class with another.

Officers
The officers of the Association shall be President, Vice-
President, Secretary, Treasurer and Chairman of the Stand-
ing Committees. They shall each hold office, after being
duly elected, for one calendar year, or until their successors

are chosen, unless suspended for cause by a two-thirds ma-
jority vote of the Class "A" delegates present at any gen-
eral meeting of the Association.

Meetings
Meetings shall be held from time to time; but not less
than twice each calendar year, the month and place of meet-
ing having been selected by the Association at a prior meet-
ing. .\ quorum for the purpose of transacting business shall
consist of a majority of the officers, and in addition Class

Mr. Oswald F. Scott. Belleville.

Chairman Membership and Credentials

Committee

"A" delegates from not less than twenty per cent, of the
Member Utilities. Motions shall be passed by the majority
vote of all Class "A" delegates present at a legal meeting.
Special meetings for specific purposes may be held at any
time and place on the call of the President or on the written
demand of at least 10 per cent, of the Member L'tilities.

Standing Committees
The slanding committees of the Association shall be as
follows: — 1. Membership and Credentials Committee; 3. Pa-
(Continued on page 33.)

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

April 1, 1918

W^^

Fast Service Line Niagara Falls to Buffalo-
Operation at 600 Volts— Cost Approx-
imates $170,000 per Mile

An article in Electric Traction by H. E. Riexinger, Chief
Engineer, International Railway Company, describes a line
this company is building, designed for high speed operation,
between Niagara Falls and Buffalo, a distance of some twenty-
three miles. The line will be operated at 600 volts, d.c. Other
details are given as follows:

Overhead Construction

The overhead is of the catenary type. The messenger is
.'')00,000 cm. hard drawn copper cable having a 3-ft. sag be-
tween supports, spaced 300 ft. apart. The 4/0 hard drawn
trolley wire having a voltage of 600 is attached to the mes-
senger at 10 ft. spaces.

The supports for the overhead consist of steel bents and
trusses spaced 300 ft. apart on tangents and varying down
to 90 ft.

Four different types of steel catenary bridges have been
adopted, one for use on tangents, a second for curves, a
third type for strain towers, and a fourth for dead end
towers at each end of the line. These catenary bridges are
of unusually heavy design because of the probability of con-
structing additional transmission lines above this entire
structure.

In all there arc 430 of these catenary bridges, contain-
ing over 800 tons of structural steel.

Sub-stations

To take care of the power supply one new sub-station
was built at Niagara Falls, and the existing sub-stations at
Paynes Avenue and at Fillmore Avenue were changed so as
to meet the demands of the new line.

At the Paynes Avenue sub-station, three 400-kw., rotary
converters were taken out to provide room for three 1,000-
kw. machines. The transformers, bus bar and switchboard
equipment were changed to meet requirements.

At the Fillmore Avenue sub-station, one 400-kw., rotary
converter was removed, and one 3,000-kw., rotary converter
was installed.

The new sub-station at Niagara Falls has two new 1,000-
kw. General Electric rotary converters, and three 400-kw.
rotary converters were taken from the present Niagara Falls
station. Oil-cooled transformers were used instead of air-
cooled because it was thought that the close pro.ximity of
the large chemical plants would make the use of air-cooled
apparatus unsatisfactory.

While plans were being drawn it was not known defi-
nitely just what the incoming voltage would be at the Niagara
Falls sub-station. It was finally decided to use 11.000-voIl
energy, but if it becomes desirable in the future to use 32.000-
volt it will not be a serious problem.

The 11,000-volt equipment selected can be utilized for
33,000-volt with slight changes, the power transformers 1k--
ing wound for cither voltacr. The 35,000-volt H-3 type oil

switch, double ratio current transformers, disconnect switches
and bus bar material are all suitable for either voltage. If
it becomes advisable to discontinue the use of 11,000-volt en-
ergy and use 33.000-volt, it will be necessary to change the
connections in the power transformers and current trans-
formers, to purchase two 33,000-110-volt potential transform-
ers for instruments on the switchboard, and to change slightly
the method of entering the building.

The actual expenditures involved by the construction of
the Buffalo-Niagara Falls line will be about as follows:

Right-of-way $ S.-iO.OOO

Bridges, trestles and culverts 005,000

Sub-station equipment 111,985

Buildings 133,8.50

Rolling stock 335,000

Grading ' 508,708

Track and line labor ]5(),:!61

Track inaterial 393,612

*Line material 474,015

Portage road subway 100,000

Engineering and interest during construction . . 324,759

Total $3,873,350

*In the item for line material is included an item for a
complete signal system; cost about $90,000.

Winnipeg Electric Railway Company Inaugu-
rating Competition for Jitneys

The \Viiini|)cg IClcctric Railway Company, having suf-
fered tremendous financial hardships owing to competition
of jitneys, has now decided to give the latter a taste of their
own medicine. To this end a number of motor busses are
being placed on the routes now operated by jitneys. Here-
with are shown interior and exterior views of motor bus,
which is the type adopted by the railway company. Trans-
fers will lie issued to passengers valid on street cars at points
of junction. Contracts for busses were placed on March 9th.

Exterior View W. E. R. Co. Motor Bus

April 1, 1918

THE Ef.HCrRICAL NRWS

Motor Bus will seat 16 passengers

Eacli vehicle has a capacity of 16 passengers and the run-
ning- schedule will be from li a.m. until midnight. The door
has no handle and consequently passengers cannot open it
to enter or leave tlic car while in motion. The bus is built
on a one-ton truck chassis, with interior equipment similar
to that of the standard street cars. Broad leather uphol-
stered spring cushion seats, curved back rests, two dome
lights, and electric push buttons are features that add to
the comfort of the passengers, while the wide space between
the seats gives ample room for comfort. For winter weather,
heaters will be placed in the busses. There will not be any
conductor; passengers will deposit their fares as they enter
the bus.

Quebec Asking for Increase in Fares

Mr. \V. J. Lynch, manager of the Queljec Railway, Light,
Heat & Power Company, has applied to the City Council for
authorization of an increase in fares on the electric railway
line. He bases his application on the increase in the ma-
terials incidental to the operation of a public utility com-
pany, a list submitted showing an average increase between
June, Kil.'J. and June, 1917, of 109.3 per cent. This does not
include cost of labor, which has also very substantially in-
creased. Mr. Lynch also submitted a list of 41 street rail-
way companies which had increased their fares between
January 1st, 1917, and January 1st, 1918. The company ask
for a five cent fare, 5 tickets for 3.5 cents, 31 tickets for a
dollar; abolition of ' workmen's tickets; school children's
tickets to remain at ten for 35 cents, but all children, ex-
cepting those in arms, to pay a thife cent cash fare; trans-
fers 1 cent cash.

M. & S. C. Building New Station

.\.t an early date the Montreal & Southern Counties
Railway Company will erect a new station, freight and gen-
eral offices on Youville Street, Montreal. The building will
be of three storeys and constructed of steel, concrete, and
pressed brick. The present station is very small and the
offices arc in the Canadian Express Building, McGill Street.
The company has concluded an agreement with the Montreal
Tramways Company, by which a loop line will be constructed
around the terminal station of the Southern Counties Rail-
way Company, involving the crossing of the Tramways Com-
pany's lines'. This will enable a more speedy handling of
the cars.

Municipal Electrical Engineers Organize

(Continued from page :!::.)

pcrs Committee; :i. Convention Committee; -1. Rules and
Regulations (.'ommittee. I'.ach Committee shall consists of
a Chairnian, with at least two other committee members
elected by the .Association at large. The Chairman of these
standing committees, with the Executive officers of the Asso-
ciation, shall constitute the executive committee. The Presi-
dent is a memlier ex-orticio of all committees.

Elections

The election of officers and standing committees shall
lake place at the first regular meeting in each calendar year.

The i)residing officer at this meeting (President or Vice-
President) shall select from the Class "A" delegates present.
three men to act as a Slate or Striking Committee, who shall
immediately adjourn and prei)are a suggested list of officers
and members of standing committees to be voted upon, at
least two names being suggested for each office. Other
nominations made by the meeting at large will be permitted,
including the nominees of the Slate Committee. X'oting shall
be by ballot, and each Class "\" delegate present shall have
one vote for each ofiicer— the majority of the votes cast shall
elect. A separate ballot shall be taken for each office. The
new officers shall take their positions immediately after
the dissolution of the general meeting at which they are
elected.

Fees

.An annual fee shall be assessed against each Member
Utility in accordance with the following scale, based upon the
number of electrical consumers at the end of the previous
calendar year.

Less than 3.50 consumers .$3.00

351— 500 •• 5.00

.501— 1.000 '• 7.50

1.000— 3,000 " 10.00

3.001— .1,000 •• 15.00

3,001— 5,000 •• 25.00

5,001—10,000 '• 35.00

Over 10,000 " 50.00

Electrical Heating Publication

Of interest to everybody connected with the heating of
baking, drying and japanning ovens is a reprint just issued
by the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company,
of East Pittsburgh, Pa. This includes an article. "Electric-
ally Heated Japanning Ovens," by C. F. Hirshfield, reprint-
ed from the X. E. L. A. Bulletin, and "Heat Calculation for
Baking and Drying Ovens," by W. S. Scott, reprinted from
the Electrical Journal. Thus there are grouped under a
single cover an article giving general considerations in favor
of electrical heating for this purpose and an article giving
the detailed method of calculation for the amount of heat
required to raise the temperature of the work, of the support-
ing and carrying parts, such as trucks and of the ventilating
air. How to compute the losses from the external surface
of the oven, and the heat required to raise the temperature
of the oven walls, etc., are also given. This publication should
be of much value to central station solicitors who are en-
deavoring to interest their customers in the electrical heating
of ovens, as well as to present and prospective users of such
equipment.

National Association in New Quarters

Dating from March 30, 191S, the National Association
of Electrical Contractors and Dealers have permanently ap-
pointed their headquarters at Room 1703, 110 West 40th
Street, New York.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

April 1, 191S

-a,'l;.i'i. il,ll'il|i|l!iHil!iiHiiH!HH.Hi,il.iaMlB'

;^e dealer

ava C OTyiraczor

Magnetic Advertising- Some Basic Suggestions
for the Contractor-Dealer

By F. S. Ackley*

Manulaeturers and large retail establishments are able,
consistent, and, hence, highly successful advertisers. Many
large businesses have been built up by the publicity method.
But the rank and file of small stores, particularly electrical
stores, are poor advertisers, most of them doing practically
no advertising worthy of the name.

Advertising does not necessarily mean buying news-
paper space. That is only one feature of a well-planned
campaign. In fact, many good advertisers do not use news-
paper space at all and almost never run "campaigns." Ad-
vertising, in its broader sense, is serving notice on the public
that you are in business in a certain line, and doing it so as
to pull trade to your store. You can do this in many ways,
from hanging up a sign over your door to running full pages
in every newspaper in town.

Three Functions

In brief, advertising has three, principal functions — to
attract attention, to arouse desire, and to turn that desirer in
your direction. .\ny publicity that does these three things
well is good advertising. If a poster, a letter, a newspaper
ad. or a window display gets the customers into your store
it has done its part- — the rest is ''up to" your salesmen. They
must make the sale, and the goods and the treatment ac-
corded customers must hold the trade thus obtained.

There are two main classes of advertising — the kind that
costs practically nothing and the kind that costs consider-
able. In tlie first class are store front, window displays,
store arrangement, and store service. You don't have to
spend any more money to give proper care to these details
than to give them careless attention. Common sense and a
little originality are all that is needed.

The more costly forms of advertising are newspaper,
billboard, circular letters, street car publicity, and such efforts
depending upon the circulation of the printed word. They
are worth all they cost, but some forms are better adapted to
certain businesses than others.

Let us first consider the class of advertising that requires
l)Ut little expenditure — the kind that the smallest merchant
should use and that the largest establishment cannot afiford
to neglect.

"Here I Am!"

Is your store simply one of a hundred without a thing to
distinguish it from its neighbors or from the other electrical
stores in town? Or does it stand out from its surroundings
and say, "Here I am!" to every passerby?

.\ good store must have individuality. It must attract
attention to itself. It must get itself known outside its imme-
diate neighborhood. This can be accomplished by careful
attention to the details of outside appearance and inside ser-
vice and arrangement. Xight illumination is a big factor.

If a store is to attract the attention of passers-by it
'In National Electrical Contractor.

should have some definite distinguishing feature. If its neigh-
bors are dingy in appearance, fresh new paint, clean, modern
windows, and a better sidewalk will accomplish the neces-
sary. If the store is in a good business neighborhood per-
haps a novel or particularly handsome sign and a different
color of paint or a different shaped window will be needed.
Nothing should be done to offend the eye, however, as it is
favorable attention that must be attracted.

Change Often

Change the window display often and make each displa/
interesting. Make the store arrangement inviting also. These
two things will attract atentibn and draw trade. Make the
store a bright spot at night — good illumination is a sales mag-
net.

Another form of publicity that does not cost the retailer
anything is the leaflets that every manufacturer supplies for
advertising his products. Whenever you make a sale, wrap
up with the article sold a leaflet on a similar device. If you
sell a washing machine, lor instance, see that the customer
gets flatiron or ironing machine literature. Be sure that you
have price and terms marked on the leaflet. Nothing is to
be gained by concealing the price, even if high. Your store
arrangement can also be used to call new appliances to your
customers' attention. Counter display cards and wall hang-
ers are also valuable. ,

Sales Helps

Too many dealers underestimate the value of manufac-
turers' free sales helps. This material costs the manufacturer
a great deal of money, and w-ill sell goods if given a chance.
Most manufacturers do magazine advertising also, and such
advertising creates business for someone — this is a proved
fact. It will bring business to you- if you tie up to it by
means of the good material offered you.

If you maintain a delivery auto or wagon you have
another opportunity for free advertising. Posters or a paint-
ed sign on this vehicle will carry your message to every
quarter of town and, if the "copy" used be properly handled,
will bring in business.

The subject of advertising requires study, and such study
will be well worth your while. Electrical trade papers carry,
every month, excellent suggestions for publicity work. Every
one of them can be adapted to your needs. Try them out — it
will pay. A live dealer is always on the alert to pick up ideas
and use them, and you should be able to get at least one or
two business building ideas from every issue of this maga-
zine. Success has always hinged upon the ability to take
fidvantage of every opportnuity. These articles are intended
to help you recognize such opportunities when they appear.
Spending Money

Let us now consider the forms of advertising which re-
quire an expenditure of money. Of these perhaps the coiu-
monest is newspaper advertising. The space oi- this article
does not permit details, but the following principal rules are
fundamental:

.\dvertise regularly. Spasmodic publicity produces at
best spasmodic sales. "Keeping everlastingly a*^ it brings

April J, I'.HS

THE ELFXTRICAL NEWS

success." If yuu want a steady business you must Uci'p after
it steadily.

Make your advertisements interestins and change llio copy
often enough to keep that interest alive. Large space is not
necessary, but the "business card" form of publicity is worth
very little. Classified advertisements have frequently been
used with good effect.

Always use a picture in your display space. Pictures arc
almost certain to attract the eye. You can get good cuts free
from the manufacturers of the appliances you sell.

It is best to secure a fixed place in the paper for your
regular announcements^ and try to use a clear type, with the
balance of white space so proportioned as to give attention-
attracting individuality to your advertisement. Don't crowd
and don't use too small type or more than one or two sizes,
and any good newspaper office will help you arrange your
advertisement so as to get the best eflfect.

Seasonable Advertisements

Advertise seasonable things in a live way. Anything
worth doing at all is worth doing well, and care spent in fill-
iing the space you have paid good money for will make the
cost worth while.

Motion picture slides of seasonable subjects are also
good advertising and not very costly. Manufacturers will
supply you with free slides.

Closely allied to this form of publicity are posters in
public places, painted sign boards, and street car cards.
Practically the same rules apply to such advertising as to
newspaper publicity, except that illustrations here must carry
most of your message by themselves. There is little room
for copy. Manufacturers supply good material for this work,
and will tell you how best to use it.

Business by Mail

Advertising by mail, though costly, will, if properly done,
bring big returns. Volumes have been written on this sub-
ject, and it is impossible to do more than touch upon it here.

Much depends upon your mailing list. For an electrical
appliance dealer the telephone book can be used to form the
basis of a pretty good list, although each name should be
carefully scrutinized. Previous customers who have not
bought lately are good prospects, and so are the owners or
tenants of houses that you have wired. Time can profitably
be spent in making up a good mailing list, as each name costs
money in postage and stationery, and tliere should be as little
waste as possible.

Having secured a good mailing list, the ne.xt thing is to
plan good letters. Letters should be seasonable, sensible,
and forceful. They should have a definite purpose, and
should not depart for a single sentence from that purpose.
Always write about what you are selling from the customer's
viewpoint. If you are trying to sell a flatiron, tell the cus-
tomer what it will do for her in saved steps, lighter labor,
freedom from heat, etc. Then make your price and terms
seem attractive to her and make it as easy as you can for her
to take favorable action. If you have done all these things
well and not made your letter too long, you have a good
letter.

Keep careful track of all letters sent out. check returns,
follow up enquiries, and record sales. You can thus tell if
your attempt has been worth while, and can get data for
future use.

One at a Time

Don't stuff a letter with a lot of folders. One folder on
the same subject as the letter is enough. Too much litera-
ture confuses the mind of the prospect. One thing at a time
accomplishes the best results in letter-writing, newspaper
advertising, and most other forms of publicity.

Just a word on follow-up before leaving this subject.

Don't be content with the returns you get from a single
letter. At least three letters on one subject should be sent

before ymi drop il. Keep after tlie prospects wlio have not
been intluenced Ijy yo\ir lirst appeal — send iheni new argu-
ments, new information.

Don't neglect enquiries. 'Pliis is the most important pari
of follow-up. Poor handling of enquiries is responsible for
the loss of many sales. If you can't go yourself or send a
salesman, be sure you write the prospects at once a personal
letter, giving all the information asked for, and, if possible,
make an appointment to see the customer. Use the telephone.
Keep after the prospect as long as there is any chance for a
sale. If sufficient interest has been aroused to get an enquiry,
there ought to be no serious obstacle between you and the
sale.

Just Simple Rules

It may seem tliat tiic simple rules laid down in this article
are self-evident — they are! But how often they are over-
looked! Statistics show that there are 95 per cent, of failures
in the business world every year — think of it! Only r> per
cent, of business men are successful. Attention to detail —
intelligent application of basic principles is the road to suc-
cess in any endeavor; and it has been the purpose of this and
preceding articles to point out this road.

Toronto Electrical Contractors

The regular monthly meeting of the Toronto
Electrical Contractors' Association will be held at
the usual time and place — Walker House, 7.30 —
on Thursday, April 4. The president, Mr. K. A.
Mclntyre, will just be back from Detroit, fresh
from a conference with the now famous W. L.
Goodwin and other prominent members of the
National Electrical Contractors' Association of
the United States, and will have some interesting
information to pass along.

If there's time, the discussion on accounting
will be advanced a stage. There is also that mat-
ter of licensing, in which all contractors are so
vitally interested. Mr. Mclntyre has gathered a
lot of information on this subject, too. so come
prepared to express your views.

Canadian Made Switch Plates

Single gang flush switch plates are now being manufac-
tured in Canada by W. H. Banfield & Sons, Limited, Toronto.

Three styles are at present produced — blank plates, recep-
tacle plates and No.'s 7054 and 7055 in .033 and .035 gauge.
.The company state they will be glad to mail samples upon
request.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

April 1, mis

Static Condensers

The Canadian General Electric Company has recently
developed a commercially successful type of static condenser
for power factor improvement on moderate capacity feeder
circuits. This static condenser consists essentially of a num-
ber of condenser sections similar to those used with gen-
erator voltage regulators. A number of improvements have
been made to adapt these sections for power service, although
the metal foil and paper construction is maintained. The foils
and paper are assembled in oil in a metal container to increase
insulating properties. In addition to the condenser sections,
each equipment includes a reactance for each line leg, dis-

Stattc Condenser, 300 K.V.A., showing arrangement of Condensers

charge resistance rods for each phase, a fuse in series with
each cendenser section, and a switch for controlling the equip-
ment. The static condenser has no rotating or reciprocating
parts. It is connected directly across the line on which it is
desired to improve the power factor.

Standard equipments are controlled by an oil circuit-
breaker supplied with overload trip. A low voltage release
is not furnished as it is considered unnecessary to discon-
nect the device from the line in case the power goes off.
No attendant is required to operate this condenser. To place
it in operation, the control switch is closed and to remove it

from service the switch is tripped open. It may be left
on the line indefinitely with only an occasional inspection
to see that it is operating satisfactorily. Because of this, the
equipment may be installed in any out of the way space, or in
a sub-station that may be inspected only monthly, or even at
longer intervals. The operation is practically noiseless.

Static condensers are standard for installation on cir-
cuits ranging in frequency from 40 to 125 cycles, in voltages
from 440 to 2300, and may be furnished in any capacity —
though the present standards range from 50 kv.a. to 400 kv.a.

New Electrically Operated House Pump

A new small capacity electrically-driven pump has been
developed by the Crestline Mfg. Company, Crestline, Ohio,
which is especially suited to replace the common water lift
to pump rain water for soft water in residences. It can
also be used for general water supply in homes when city
water supply service is not available and the pump can be
placed so the suction lift will not be over 25 feet. The outfit
is made in two capacities — Model "A" single cylinder with a
capacity of 125 gallons per hour, and Model "B," with a capa-
city of 250 gallons per hour. Both will operate against a
pressure of 50 pounds per square inch. .\n automatic con-
troller switch is connected with the discharge and is set to

operate between pressures of 40 pound maximum and 20
pounds minimum. It can be adjusted, however, to operate
at any desired pressure. The pump gears run in oil, and this
same oil is automatically carried to all the pump bearings.
The only oiling necessary therefore, is to place one quart of
oil in the oil chamber on starting. This will be sufficient
for one year's normal service. The cylinders are brass lined,
have a 1^-inch bore, 3-inch stroke, and are self-primed. An
air valve provides sufficient air for pneumatic pressure tank
system. The valves are bronze and rest in bronze seats. The
pump and motor are mounted on a cast iron base. The pump
is a slow speed type which is connected to the motor by
belt with idler pulley attachment. Pressure tanks are also
supplied when ordered. Model "A" is fitted with a 1/6 horse-
power, and Model "B" with a J4 horse-power Robbins &
Mvers motor.

A Fine Lighting Scheme

One of the most interesting features in connection with
the new Toronto Art Museum, which opens its doors to the
public in a few days, is the illumination. Concealed units are
used throughout. These consist of "daylight" lamps, placed
above a diffusing glass ceiling. The effect is ajnost startling
approach to a real daylight illumination, both in color and
intensity. The installation throughout is one of which Mr.
George J. Beattie, the electrical contractor, has every reason
to be proud.

April 1, 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

PHILUPS' CABLES

as supplied to the Toronto Hydro Electric System

These illustrations show cross sections in the original size of cables recently supplied to the
T. H. E. System and reordered by them for further extensions. The specifications are as follows. —
Conductors composed of 37 strands each, .082 in. diameter. Thickness of dielectric on each conduc-
tor, .210 in. Thickness in belt, .210 in. Thickness of lead sheath, .160 in. Overall diameter, 2.61 in.,
250,000 CM. Three Conductor, Paper Insulated, and plain Lead Covered Cable for 13,200 volts. We
can supply you with wrires and cables of any size for Power, Lighting, Telephone, Telegraph, etc.

Write us for detailed information.

NOTE. — Specification of cable in left-hand cut: 3/0 B. and S.
Three conductor. Each conductor 19 strands, each .094 in. diam.
Thickness of dielectric on each conductor. .21 in. Thickness of dielec-
tric on belt. .21 in. Thickness of lead sheath, .16 in. Overall diameter,
2.60.

Specification of cable in right-hand cut: As stated in copy.

Eugene F. Phillips Electrical Works, Ltd.

Head Office and Factory: MONTREAL

Branches : Toronto

Winnipeg

Regina

Calgary

Vancouver

Phillips Factory
at Montreal

immmmm

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

April ], lOlS

Current News and Notes

Brantford, Ont.

'I'lie animal statement of the Brantford Miniicipal Rail-
ways Commission shows a net deficit of $l!)o. compared with
$1,193 in the previous year. The revenue totalled $lll.i)72. an
increase of $i;!.s:i4, although operatin.u expenses have in-
creased $12,S:i4.

Brockville. Ont.

The [irockville Hydro-Electric Commission contemplate
the installation of additional switchl)oards and switchiiif;
equipment in order to handle additional business which it i;
anticipateil will come from some of the large manufacturins
plants likely to chanse over from steam to electric ixnvcr.

Carleton Place, Ont.

riie Hydro-Electric I'ower Commission of (Jntano lias
been asked to make a valuation of the local privjtte iilanl,
with a view to its heins purchased Ijy the municipality and a
supply of Hydro iiower lie!n.i> arranged.

Collingwood, Ont.

A :!i)(i kv.a. synchronous condenser has been installed liv
the Collingwood H .vdro-Electric Ccmimission for corrcc.ni.u
the power factor.

Cookstown, Ont.

Construction work has lieen started on a distribution sys-
tem in Cookstown, Ont., and it is expected power will lie de-
livered within a sliort time from the transmission lines of the
Severn system of the Ontario Hydro-Electric I'ower C'oni-
mission.

Drummondville, Que.

Plans are being- completed by the Southern Canada Power
Company for their development at Drummondville. Que., and
work will be proceeded with immediately. 'Plie plant will have
an ultimate capacity of 20,00(1 h.p., although aliout lO.OlKI h.p.
will be the initial output.

Durham, Ont.

.\ 1,(100 kv.a. frequency changer set has l)een installed in
the plant of the Xational Portland Cement Company, Dur-
ham, Ont.. and power will lie supplied from the Eugenia sys-
tem of the Hydro-Electric Power Commission.

Eugenia Falls, Ont.

(. Onstruction work in connection with the extension oi
the Eugenia Falls power-house of the Hydro-Electric Power
Commission is progressin.g favoralily. and it is expected that
the new 4.000 h.p. unit, which is being installed, will be ready
in about six weeks.
Hamilton, Ont.

The Hamilton Street Railway is being severely censured
by the travelling pul)lic on account of inadequate service and
antiquated rolling stock. The same public supported a
large fleet of jitneys during the sprin.g, summer, and fall
months of last year, which may account, in some measure, for
l)resent deliciencies in the electric railway,

Kingston, Ont.

A :^■>0 h.p. synchronous motor has been purchased l)y the
Civic Utilities Commission, Kingston, for water pumping.
New office and display rooms have been actpiired by tlic com-
mission on Princess Street

London, Ont.

The Helena Power Company, London, has sent out
notices to all customers that it might be necessary to shut
down on May 1.

The figure at which the London and Lake Erie Traction

Company lias been offered to tlic city is .$4:20.(100. This is on
a basis of 50 cents on the dollar of $840,000 bond issue.

Midland, Ont.

.\ r.'i.OdO volt feeder from tlie Midland. Out., sub-station
of the Hydro-Electric Power Commission will be construct-
ed to supply the plant of the Midland Shipbuilding Company.
Three :tOO kv.a. transformers, with necessary metering and
protective equipment, will be installed in an outdoor sub-
station. The local sub-station is also being .extended and
■enlarged to permit the installation of an additionl bank '<'
transformers. .\ :!00 kv.a. synchronous condenser is als"
being installed in the Midland sub-station.

Ottawa, Ont.

Statistics tabled in the H"ouse of Commons recently show
lliat in lillT Canada had one telephone for every i:i.4 persons.
Phis compares with one to 10. :t in 1912. The total number of
lelei)hones is (i04.i:;(i; number of companies. 1.G.")'.»: wire mile-
age. 1,7S8.202.

Perth, Ont.

The town of Perth contemplates remodelling their street
lighting and distribution system this spring, and w'ill change
over from I'.V.', to (>0 cycles.

Smith's Falls, Ont.

Work will be started in the near future on a sub-station at.
Smith's b'alls which will suiJjily the municipality with power
purchased from the Ridcau Power Company, at Merrickville.
Ont,
Toronto, Ont.

(>ross profits of the Canadian General Electric Company
for the year 1917 show a slight decrease compared with P.llli.
The figures are $2,051,609 in 1917 and .$2,225,912 in 1916. The
cause is given as higher cost of lalior and the decreased price
received from munitions contracts. Dividends amountin.g to
$780,000 have been paid, leaving a net surplus of $:)">:!, 596 for
the year. Hon. I'rederic XichoUs, president, in his annual
report, stated: "While contracts for munitions have fallen olf
very materially, our sales of standard machinery and supplies
continue to improve," The detachment of twenty-five electri-
cal and mechanical engineers contrilnited by the company for
service during the continuance of the war has been, and will
l)e, continuously maintained. In addition to contributions to
the Canadian Patriotic Fund, Red Cross Society, and other
war-time funds, the Canadian General Electric Company have
allotted the sum of $2,297,500 to Canada's Victory War Loan.
Winnipeg, Man,

Gross earnings of tlie Winnipeg Electric ivailway Com-
pany for 1917 were $3,339,000; operating expenses, $2,143,512.
The net surplus was $92,579. It is interesting to note that,
while earnings show an increase of $17,840 over 1916, operat-
ing expen'ies increased $204,471.

Trade Publications

C.G.E. Publications— Bulletin i3S201. Drum Type Switches.
CR-3900, for throwing small a.c. or d.c. motors across the
line, reversing or non-reversing: Bulletin 68410, .\utomatic
Starters for d.c. motor.s — current-limit-acceleration — for the
automatic startin,g and stopping of scries, shunt nr compound-
wound motors.

Condulet Suggestion — No. 14. by the Crou^e-Hind^
Company of Canada, describing how perfectly conduits and
condulets are suited for use in direct motor-driven machinery.
.\n actual installation is illustrated.

April l.'i, 1018

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

3 h

1^1

Published Semi-Monthly By

HUGH G. MACLEAN, LIMITED

HUGH C. MacLEAN, Winnipeg, President.
THOMAS S. YOUNG, General Manager.
\V. R. CARR, Ph.D., Editor.

HEAD OFFICE - 347 Adelaide Street West, TORONTO

Telephone A. 2700
MONTREAL - Telephone Main 2299 - 119 Board of Trade
WINNIPEG - Tel. Garry S5G - Electric Railway Chambers
VANCOUVER - Tel. Seymour 2013 - Winch Building
NEW YORK - Tel. 3108 Beekman - 1123 Tribune Building
CHICAGO - Tel. Harrison 5351 - 1413 Gt. Northern Bldg.
LONDON, ENG. 16 Regent Street S.W.

ADVERTISEMENTS

Orders for advertising should reach tlie oflice of publication not later
tlian the 5th and 20th of the month. Changes in advertisements will be
made whenever desired, without cost to the advertiser.
SUBSCRIBERS

The "Electrical News" will be mailed to subscribers in Canada and
Great Britain, post free, for $2.00 per annum. United States and foreign,
$2.5U. Remit by currency, registered letter, or postal order payable to
Hugh C. MacLean, Limited.

Subscribers arc requested to promptly notify the publisliers of failure
or delay in delivery of paper.

Authorized by the Postmaster General for Canada, for transmission
as second class matter.

Entered as second class matter July 18th, 1914, at the PostofSce at
Buffalo. N. Y., under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

Vol. 27

Toronto, April 15, 191 8

No. 8

Government Acting on Recommendations
of Advisory Council

Several months ago the .Advisory Council for Industrial
Research made an investigation through a sub-committee, of
which Mr. R. A. Ross, consulting engineer, Montreal, was
chairman, of the possibility of utilizing the coal fields of Cen-
tral Western Canada at other points than the immediate vicin-
ity of the coal fields. Although the areas in this portion of
Canada 'are almost entirely underlaid with coal, it is unfor-
tunate that this is of a composition which deteriorates rapidly
after mining, and so is not suitable for shipment to any great '
distance either east or west. It is doubtful if any Alberta
coal, for example, has reached farther east than Winnipeg,
and, therefore, it is readily seen that the Alberta coal, in its
natural state, cannot be utilized to relieve the fuel shortage
in what Mr. Challies designated in his recent paper before
\\\t Canadian Society of Civil Engineers as "The Acute Fuel
.■\rea," lying-, roughly, east of Regina and west of Quebec.

The result of the investigations of Mr. Ross' committee
showed the possibilities of briciuetting this unstable coal into
a more permanent form and suitable for shipment to much
greater distances. As a result of these investigations, there-
fore, the Advisory Council made a recommendation to the
government that a sum of $400,000 sliouhl be expended on the
erection of a briquetting plant. ,

It is no secret that the members of the .\dvisory Council
and other engineering hodies were keenly disappointed that
the gnvernment did not see its way at that time to carry out
these recommendations. That, however, was during the sum-
mer of 1917. and liefore wc had experienced the acute coal
situation wliicli lias cxislcd duriiiu;- tlio |i,-isl llircc or four

inonllis. .As a result of this new experience, however, the
,n.i\ cninieut has now announced thai they are prepared to go
ahead with this planl ami that the sum of $400,000 is being
placecl ill the eslimalcs for that purpose. There can be no
doubt that in this matter they are acting most wisely and
that the course they are pursuing will receive the support of
all sections of the country.

Quebec Water Powers Before
Montreal Electric Club

Siicaking on the water-power development of Canada in
relation to the fuel situation at a meeting of the Wcstmount
Canadian Club on April 3, Mr. A. P.. Beale, of the Water-
Powers Hranch of the Department of the Interior, urged the
use of every possible substitute in order to reduce Canada's
dependence on the United States for fuel. The greater use
of water-ipower, he said, was one of the solutions of the pro-
blems, especially the generation of energy for industrial pur-
poses, since it gave a much more economical return for the
power developed than coal could possibly do. The substitu-
tion of water-power for coal would also greatly reduce the
strain on transportation systems. Another advantage was
that the water-power was practically unlimited, there being
no diminution as the power was developed, as was the case
with other sources of power.

Canada had, roughly speaking, ei.ghteen million horse-
power of hydro-electric force available within areas either
already iiopulated or likely to be so within a short time. Of
this only one-tenth had as yet heen developed, 75 per cent, of
wliich was being used for municipal or other ordinary uses,
l.'i lier cent, for pulp and paper mills, and the balance for
other industries.

Practically every large centre in Canada, except some in
the Middle West, was within reach of hydro-electric power,
and he looked for a steady development of this source of
national wealth. .\s to the electrification of railways, it might
come later, lint ithere would have to be a greater frequency of
service, with lighter trains, to make it practical. He looked,
however, for an increase in ordinary rail traffic, with a grow-
ing use of electricity for traffic purposes at terminals, and
eventually an increase in the general use of electric traction.

The address was illustrated by a number of views of
water-powers in the Province of Quebec, together with views
of plants, transmission lines, etc.

Out of the Frying Pan Into the Fire

Apparently as a means towards mitigating the fuel short-
age from which Central Canada suffered so greatly during the
past winter, and which resulted not only in great personal
inconvenience, but also in the shutting down of many of our
vital industries, the fuel controller has seen fit to issue an
order to the efifeet that householders and others who lay in
a stock of coal for the coming winter can only purchase up to
70 per cent, of last year's requirements. As a result, when the
com,panies are approached for an adva.nce supply of coal, the
customer is asked: "How many tons did you use last year?"
If his answer is, say, "Twenty tons," he is booked for four-
teen tons, and this amount will be supplied as soon as incom-
ing shipments make its distribution possible.

It is diflicult to understand what the fuel controller ex-
pects to gain by this procedure. Under the circumstances
which existed last winter there were few establishments that
consumed more fuel than was absolutely necessary, and in
many cases a reduction of 30 per cent, would simply mean
that the plants or homes will have to be closed up. If the
circumstances which existed last winter, when a considerable
l)ercentage of our people had siipplied themselves before-
hand with their full requirements, and it remained only for
llu- various dealers t.. supply tlu- k-ss provident proporfion of

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

April 15, 19 IS

llK-ir cu.->l"HK-i.-,— II. iiii.lci ..u:.-,L' circumstances, tlic .-npi'l.v ^i
coal was inadequate, how much greater will the prnUlcin ol
supply he next winter, when there will be, in addition, llif -O
per cent, of the demand of the forehanded customer- ,il - i'
he hrought in and delivered.

It is possible the fuel controller may have argued that if
the customers who usually lay in their supply beforehand are
not allowed their full quota this might induce a considerable
percentage of the improvident customers to buy ahead. This
is very doubtful, however. The situation was sufficiently
threatening last summer to induce anyone whc was so m-
clined, or who had the ready money, to lay in such stock as
he required, and it seems entirely unlikely that a greater
number will avail themselves of this opportunity during the
present summer. The fuel controller's order apparently,
therefore, seems to mean simply this; that the dealers who
in the past have urged their customers to take summer de-
livery because it is. so to speak, an "off peak" period, will be
forced in a greater degree than ever during the present sum-
mer to keep their staff and their distribution forces in idle-
ness.

Thi> i.-. undoubtedly, the way the fuel controller's order
.-ippcals to the average person. It is also, so far as we can
learn, the interpretation put upon t'he situation by the dealers
themselves. If the controller has any other interi) ctation "I
this un-understandable order he li,;- I'.iil' d, unl<ntuuately, to
take the public into his confidenci

o.al situation can lie relieved during the ne.xt two or three
years Ijy electrifying the railways of the Province of Ontario
in any except isolated cases. When conditions arrive that
such electrification is possible, the fuel saving, of course, on
account of the inefficiency at wdiich steam railway engines
operate, will be very great.

The papers constituted a record of information \yhich
will be found of great value to readers of the Electrical News
Such as we have space for will be found in this issue, and all
other papers having a direct bearing upon the relation ol
electricity to the fuel question will be published later.

Professional Meeting to Discuss Fuel Situation

In this issue we are reproducing a n umber of papers
dealing with the fuel situation, and more particularly the rela-
tion between electricity and the relief of the fuel shortage,
presented l)efore the recent professional convention of the
Canadian Society of Ciyil Engineers, held in Toronto. j\1-
though there may have been no great amount of new informa-
tion brought forward in these papers, yet the conference is
notable, in that it indicated the interest professional engi-
neers are taking in the situation, and at the same time showed
that they were in possession of all the knowledge necessary
to supply a solution of. the difficulties under which we have
labo'-ed during the past winter so far as it is available.

The conference, unfortunately, was not able to prove that
electricity can compete, in dollars and cents, with coal as a
source of heat supply. The figures that were given merely
corroborated previous statements, that electricity must be
available in very large quantities, at a price anywiiere from
1/4 to l/.5c per kilowatt-hour, before electric heating will be
as cheap as the present coal furnace. Not only does electric
lieating cost more, but there is not sufficient electric energy
available to supply the general needs of the people of Canada.
Immediate relief, therefore, must come from soine other
source, and in this respect wood was recoinmended as the
most easily available, and. after that, peat. The latter fuel,
however, could not be available until the winter of 1919, so
that all the relief we can expect for the comin.g winter must
be in the nature of a wood supplj-. During the conference it
was announced by a representative of the Ontario Govern-
ment that all provincial buildings would be sitpplied during
the coming winter at least in so far as was possible by wood
cut from .Mgonquin Park. What the price will be has not, of
course, been determined, but it is not likely that even here,
where the fuel will be obtained for nothing, that its price, laid
down in Toronto, will compare with coal.

The conference was also of interest in that considerable
light was thrown upon the possibilities of general electrifica-
tion of our railways. In this connection it was shown that
while this is an end to be worked for — and. we trust, ulti-
nialclv obtained — there is no immediate prospect that the

Teach the Children That a Line Wire "Kills"

A correspondent sends the following suggestions:
"Sidney G. Booth, a boy 14 years of age, while returnin.g
froin school on Wednesday, March 20, discovered, or was
attracted by. the flash wdien a 6,000-volt wire of the Cataract
Electric Company broke. He went to the wire, which was
dangling in the air. and in some mysterious way he spliced a
short piece of wire on to the live wire, and upon stepping
from the snowbank to the ground was electrocuted,

"Would it not assist in stopping people from touching
live wires if the legislature put through an act prohibiting
any person from lifting a wire in his hands unless equipped
with rubber gloves, or unless a stick were used in handling
the wire? The public never seem to learn that they cannot
let go of a live wire when once gripped by the hand unless
the wire is overhead and their own weight pulls them free,
or they are thrown to the ground. The public school Second
Reader should contain some instructions and warnings to be
taught by the teachers as a guidance to the children. Every
child would be thereby warned and cautioned at the earliest
possible age. and at a time when inquisitiveness begins to
make an appearance. Electricity is coming into such general
use, both in the cities and in the country that the death-rate
from such accidents is something appalling. It is up to our
legislators to do all within their power to safeguard the pub-
lic, bearing in mind that the child of to-day is the man of to-
morrow and the lessons taught to-day will bear fruit in after
years."

There is no doubt that every possible effort should be
made to educate the public that electric wires are to be avoid-
ed under any circumstances, and especially when they are
dangling near the ground. It is not quite plain, however,
how any act of the legislature could prevent such an accident
as that recorded above In the first place, the boy would be
ignorant of the law, and, in the second place, he paid the
price of his own mistake so effectively as to place him beyond
the punishment of the law. The only way seems to be to
train children up in the belief that a dangling wire will "kill."
This being the case, the proper place to educate them seems
to be in the schoolroom, as our correspondent suggests. A
certain amount of education in this direction might well form
a small part of the public school curriculum. Perhaps our
correspondent has not seen the splendid safety pamphlets
being issued by the Ontario Safety League, and which are
supplied on request for distribution among the school chil-
dren. These are valuable assistants in the campaign, and
sliould be used freely, supplemented, of course, by school and
home admonitions.

The contract for the dam and concrete power house of the
new development of the Southern Canada Power Company
on the St. Francis River at Druminondville. P.Q., has been
let to Morrow & Beatty, Ltd., Peterboro. It is proposed to
develop lO.noo h,p,. but provision is being made in the power
house for ultimate development of 18.000 h.p. The work will
include about SO miles of new transmission lines, for linking
up parts of the system.

April IS, 1918

THK ELECTRICAL NEWS

Canada's Water Powers and Their Relation

to the Fuel Situation

By Mr. J. B. Challies*

Tile subject assigned to me in connection vvitli this fuel-
power symposium meeting of the Canadian Society of Civil
Engineers is the relation of water-power to the fuel situation
in Canada. At first "blush" it might appear that water-
power has only an indirect and limited connection with the
recent critical fuel shortage wliich, through suspended effort,
has caused temporary industrial stagnation and local domes-
tic hardships of enormous extent and involving great linan-
cial loss Even a casual general survey of our fuel-power re-
quirements, however, will indicate that not only has water-
power a very direct and important bearing on the present
situation, but that water-power must, in the future, take a
very much greater share in uur fuel-power burdens.

Heat, Light, and Povyer Needs — One Problem

It is axiomatic that our heat, liglit, and power needs must
be considered as one great national problem, and also that
Canada's domestic and industrial development depends prim-
arily on the co-ordinated use of all the fuel-power resources
of the Dominion.

Development along independent and divergent lines has,
in the past, prevented adequate correlation of the great Cana-
dian industries of fuel production and hydro-power supply.
There is now, however, as a result of the fuel shortage, de-
veloped a concensus of opinion among men familiar witii
fuel and hydro-power matters in Canada that there is be-
tween these allied industries enormous scope for national co-

• Superintendent Dominion Watfer Power Branch. Department of the
Interior. Ottawa. Ont.. before Professional Meeting C. S. C. E.

operation which would be conducive to their mutual advan-
tage, as well as to the common weal. I propose to show:

First — That water-power must take a very prominent
part if the best use of the varied fuel-power resources of
Canada is to be achieved; and

Second — That there must be evolved a national master
fuel-power policy which will realize the best possible co-
ordinated and concomitant development an<l use of all the
fuel-power resources of the Dominion.

Interdependence of Water-Power, Coal, Wood, Peat,
Oil and Gas

Within the last two days we have had recognized ex-
perts describe the possibilities and proper functions of our
different available fuels — coal, wood, peat, oil, and gas. Prac-
tically every speaker has indicated their interdependence and
their interchangeability of use. It remains for me to demon-
strate the relation of "white" coal to all other fuel-power
agencies, and to point out that they must all "coalesce'' in
meeting the fuel-power requirements of the country.

To furnish a quick general summary "bird's-eye view" of
the "white" and black coal situation in Canada, and to indi-
cate their integrity f have had several maps and diagrammatic
statements specially prepared for submission at this meeting.

Pacific and Atlantic Provinces Self-Snstaining, but Central
Provinces Dependent for Coal

Plate No. 1 represents the coal consumption and produc-
tion in Canada. The tabulated statement on the top of the

Plate No. 1— Note Acute Fuel .Area.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

April 15, 101S

plate summarizes the consumption in the various provinces
I'f tlie different classes of coals, both domestic and imported.
N'ou will observe the greatest consumption is in Central Can-
ada, including the Provinces of Manitoba, Ontario, and Que-
ec. Coal production is greatest in the extreme western and
eastern provinces. British Columbia and Alberta, on the one
hand, and Nova Scotia, on the other, not only meet their own
coal requirements, but produce a very considerable overplus
for consumption in the contiguous portions of Central Can-
ada. The central provinces — Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec
— are almost wholly dependent on outside sources, mainly
imported coals. This is clearly shown by the hatched areas
on the map, the horizontal hatching covering the areas which
produce their own needs, the vertical hatching covering the
areas which are dependent. Where there is cross-hatching,
both Canadian and imported coals are consumed. It is to be
observed that Central Canada, where consumption is great-
est, is non-productive. This I have termed the "acute fuel
area" of Canada.

An Acute Fuel Area in Canada Largely Dependent on
Imported Coal

This "acute fuel area" is now dependent for domestic re-
quirements mainly upon Pennsylvania anthracite and for in-
dustrial needs upon Pennsylvania bituminous coals, as well
as upon Canadian water-power. So far as domestic heating
requirements are concerned, Mr. Dick, the consulting mining
engineer of the Conservation Commission, in his paper on
the "Rational Development of Canadian Coal Resources," has
I'ointed out the possibilities of the western portion of the
"acute fuel area" being- furnished with briquetted lignite from
the prairie provinces.. Mr. Stansfield, of the Doininion Mines
Branch, in his paper on "The Low Temperature Carboniza-
tion and Briquetting of Bituminous Coal." has pointed out
the possibilities of meeting the domestic heatii.g requirements
of the eastern portion of the "acute fuel area" by the product
from the low temperature carbonization of Nova Scotia bit-
uminous coals. Although both these processes are proven to
be practicable, they are as yet in their formative or agita-
tional stage, and some considerable time must elapse before
they can be placed on a commercial basis to furnish sufficient
fuel to substitute for any large portion of the Pennsylvania
anthracite now imported for domestic heating. There is at
the present time no available supply, even in small quantities,
of a Canadian coal fuel to take the place of imported anthra-
cite. Nevertheless, this "acute fuel area" can eventually be
made independent of foreign fuel imports, and Canada can
become self-sustaining, at any rate, in respect of her domes-
tic heating requirements. There must, as a necessary pre-
liminary, be a national, co-ordinated development and use of
all the available fuel and power-producing agencies in the
Dominion. Such a co-ordination must be a matter of gradual
evolution and adoption, and will, to a great extent hinge on
whether Canada can reasonably expect assured fuel imports
from the United States for a considerable period in the future.

Canada an Exporter of Electrical Energy

As we are now exporting large quantities of coals from
British Columbia and Nova Scotia into adjacent states of the
Union, and as we are also exporting about 275,000 horse-
power of electric energy, equal in value to about 3,000,000
tons of coal, it is obvious the United States cannot afford to
place a sudden and complete embargo on coal exportation to
Canada. The two countries must deal with each other, at
least, upon a basis of quid pro quo. Providing Canada has
her own fuel resources under strict national control, this
power exportation should assure her an importation of suffi-
cient coal to tide over any readjustment period necessary to
permit of r.n ultimate dependence on Canadian sources of fuel
and power.

Exportation of Electrical Energy and Assurance for
Fuel Needs

The exportation in the past of Canadian electric energy
lias not been without compensating advanta.ges. An assured
United States market for Canadian power loads has enabled
the hnancing and completion of several hydro-electric pro-
jects, the construction of which, so far as domestic markets
alone are concerned, would not have been warranted at the
time. The initial United States power load has, therefore,
made it possible for the domestic market to reap all the bene-

DIAGRAMMATIC REPRFSENTATION

CANADIAN COAL SITUATION

LCGENO

innual Coal Consuntplion in inilllona Of tonn . _. _ .

Annual Coal Production in inilliant af ton* . . ., .

Annual Coal Contumption p<t Capita in torn

Annual Coal Eqiiiijat«nt of Dtusfop4d Waltr Powt (( Hfi. Y»ar ■ 10 ton»\ million* af tor
Ci/aii-ultnl Wattr Power Contuniption por Capita In font

B.C. Alto. 2ask Man OnT Que P£l NB
-^ACUTE FUEL AREA — '■•"■" ■• °""r *•■-

Plate No. 2— Canadian coal situation.

fits of available hydro-electric energy many years sooner than
otherwise would have been possible.

While Canada has been receiving far more value in her
coal importation than she has given in her power exportation,
the advantage is rapidly disappearing. It is reasonble to ex-
pect that the tendency will be for hydro-power exportation to
increase and for coal importation to decrease. The time may
come, and in the near future, when the balan'te will be against
Canada.

It is, therefore, imperative that every proposal for in-
crease in the exportation of power be carefully considered
from a broad, national standpoint Such consideration in-

April 13, 191S

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

volves tlie evolution of a lorniula with regard to power ex-
portations which will have cognizance of Canada's fuel-power
needs generally.

We must face the fact that for some time to come we
shall require to import United States coal, and that in turn
therefor we can, under proper conditions of recover)', safely
and profitably export some of our surplus hydro-electric
energy.

Canada, to Become Self-Sustaining. Must Use All Her Fuel-
Power Resources According to Their Particular
Adaptabiliity

Mr. B. F. Haanel, chief of the Fuel Testing IMvisiou, Dc-
liartment of Mines, in his clear and comprehensive paper on
the "Fuels of Canada," describes the nature, location, and
extent of our varied available fuel resources. Mr. Flaanel
affirms that, while the problems associated with the distribu-
tion of fuel to the various parts of Canada are exceedingly
complex and the strictest conservation must be practised, the
Dominion is endowed with fuel deposits on such a magnificent
scale that all that is necessary is their proper exploitation and
economic use for the country to be eventually practically in-

exportation of anthracite. We in Canada must realize that
our supply of this fuel may !)e gradually restricted. It is,
therefore, essential that we, without delay, consider what can
be accomplished in the production of a suitable substitute for
United States anthracite.

Industrial Requirements

2. Industrial requirements of "acute fuel area" involves (a)
more efficient use of soft coal in central heating stations; (b)
construction of super-power plants to serve contiguous in-
dustrial areas; (c) substitution of hydro-power for steam-
produced power wherever possible; (d) use of hydro-power
for all new industries wherever practicable.

The second part of the "acute fuel area" problem and the
one with which water-power is most intimately connected is
the fuel necessity of th'e indus*^rial or manufacturing world.

The industrial requirements arc now met by Canadian
hydro power and United States bituminous coal — about
14,000,000 tons consumed in I'JIG for this purpose in the "acute
fuel area."

Owing to the large reserves of bituminous coal in Penn-
sylvania, this class of fuel will probably be available to the

Country

Area Sq»

miles.

Population
latest avail-
able figuree.

H.P.ATall-
able

H. p. Devel-
oped

Per cent

utilized

H.P.Avail-
able per
eq.ml.

H. P. Devel-
oped per
■q.ml.

H.P.Pe

r Capita

Available

Developed

U.S.A.

2.973.890

98,7 83,300

28,10U,000

7,000,000

24.9

9.4

2.35

0.28

0.071

Canada 'A*

2,000,000

8,033,500

I8.8p3,000

1.735.000

9.2

9.4

0.87

2.34

0.216

Canada *B'
ropulatec

■■A~acMat<ikamt
927,800

8,000,000

8,094,000

1,725,000

21.3

8.7

1.86

1.01

0.216

Austria-
Hungary

261,260

51,173.000

t),4o0,000

566,000

8.8

24.8

2.17

0.13

0.011

France

207,500

39,001,500

5,567,000

1.100,000

1I.6

26.8

3.14

0.14

0.016

Norway

124,130

2,391,730

5.500.000

1,120,000

20.4

44.3

9.02

2.30

0.468

Spain

190,401

19.588,700

5.000,000.

440,000

8.8

26.3

2.31

0.26

0.022

Sweden

172.960

5.522,400

4,500,000

704,500

15.6

26.0

4.08

0.81

0.127

Italy

91,400

26,601,000

4,000,000

976,300

24.4

43. (J

10.7

0.14

0.034

SwitzerlE

ind 15.976

3,781,500

2,000,000

511,000

25.5

125.2

32.0

0.53

0.135

Germany

203.800

64,926,000

1,425,000

613,100

43.4

6.8

2.96

0.02

0.910

Great

Brltalr

88,729

40,331,400

963,000

80,000

8.3

10.9

0.91

0.02

0.002

Plate No. 3 -Water powers in Europe and North America— Dominion Water Power Brancli estimate, sliglitly revised.

dependent of foreign sources of fuel. Mr. Haanel is particu-
larly emphatic that Canada need not go abroad for fuel for
household use, if her own fuel resources are properly ex-
ploited.

The problem of Canada's fuel needs outside of the "acute
fuel area" offers little difficulty, owing to an abundance of
both coal and water-power. It is simply a matter of efficient
and effective use of available resources. Within the "acute
fuel area," however, the problem is pressing and prodigious.
It resolves itself into two parts — first, provision for domestic
or household heating consumption; second, provision for in-
dustrial requirements.

Domestic Requirements

1. Domestic requirements of "acute fuel area" involves
production of suitable substitute for anthracite.

Domestic needs involves the production of a fuel or fuels
which will meet the requirements for general household use.
At the present time this need is furnished by American an-
thracite; over 4,000,000 tons were used in 1916. Competent
experts declare the anthracite coal fields of the United States
,*re in measurable distance of exhaustion, and that the supply
will not last a hundred years. Having in mind the ever-in-
creasing demands within their own borders for this fuel, and
the rapid decrease in quality as the supply becomes exhausted,
responsible fuel advisers of the United States Government
have seriously urgedlhe establishment of an embargo against

"acute fuel area" of Canada for many years. Although not
immediately necessarj', the ultimate substitution of bitumin-
ous coals must nevertheless be seriously considered. Water-
power will be the main means of such substitution. The in-
dustrial fuel problem, therefore, in the "acute fuel area" be-
comes largely a matter of substitution of hydro power for
fuel power.

Electrification of railways — especially terminals with ad-
jacent engine divisions — would save enormous consumption
of bituminous coal and relieve our transportation systems of
their greatest burden.

It is estimated that something like 9,000,000 tons of coal
was consumed by our railroads in the year 1917. Judging
from the results obtained from the electrical operation of
railroads in the United States, it would be possible to save at
least two-thirds of this coal if electric locomotives were sub-
stituted for the present steam locomotives. This would be a
saving of 6.000.000 tons of coal in one year, and would require
about 900,000 water horse-power.

Electrification of steam roads at this juncture is not ad-
vocated. Under normal conditions, however, and in certain
districts, as in Western Ontario, electrification will become an
economic necessity in a few years.

In districts that cannot be served by water-power, the
location of modern, efficient, super-power stations at strategic
points, with a resultant elimination, or combination, of many

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

April 15, 1918

mcfficieiU small stations, would cause a very large saving in
I lie consumption of soft c-al, with a concurrent increased
I'roduction of power.

The substitution in industry generally of hydro power for
steam fuel power would 'also result in a tremendous relief.
There are many plants where such an exchange would be
possible now. Future manufacturing plants should be en-
couraged to locate where hydro power is available.

Water-power must be depended upon very largely to
^crve the industrial fuel-power situation in the "acute fuel
■irea" of Canada.

The relation between developed water-power and the
coal production and consumption in the various provinces is
represented on Plate 2. It is interesting to note that in the
"acute fuel area" there is about as rnuch water-power de-
veloped, so far as coal value is concerned, as there is coal con-
sumed. It is portentious that the bulk of our water-power
production at the present time is within the "acute fuel area,"
and it is reassuring to know that our largest and most im-
portant potential water-powers are located within transmis-
sion range of present congested industrial districts within the
"acute fuel area."

Canada Is Exceedingly Fortunate in the Extent and Location
of Her Water-Powers

When considered in retrospect the production of hydro
power in Canada has undoubtedly been an industrial achieve-
ment and an engineering triumph worthy our nation. In the
short space of about twenty-five years there has been de-
veloped and put in use nearly 1,800,000 water horse-power. A
tabulated statement (see Plate No. 3) of the water-power de-
velopment in other countries, compiled- recently from all
available data, shows the universal importance of this re-
source, and indicates the splendid comparative position Can-
ada enjoys in both potential and developed water-power. The
present per capita power development in Canada is larger than
all other countries except Norway. It is the same with re-
spect to our known undeveloped water-power. No country
enjoys to a greater degree the benefits of cheap dependable
hydro power, and no country has had these benefits more
universally applied for mvnicipal, industrial, and domestic
use. That Canada is recognized as one of the great water-
. power countries in the world is due largely to:

1. The nature and extent of our water resourses — -abund-

ance and seasonable distribution of rainfall; the regimen of
our rivers — upper waters well forested with large lakes, suit-
able for regulation, rivers flowing through valleys with well-
concentrated falls.

2. The fortunate location of the waterfalls with respect
to existing commercial centres and related raw materials.

3. The consistent endeavors of governments. Dominion
and provincial, in having water-powers thoroughly investi-
gated and intelligently administered.

4. The business acumen and foresight of the capitalist
and the professional skill and courage of the engineer in blaz-
ing the trail of pioneer water-power development and use.

5. The almost universal adaptation of electric energy for
municipal, industrial, and domestic purposes.

Fortunate Location of Water-Powers

Th : outstanding feature of the water-powers of Canada is
their fortunate location with respect to existing commercial
centres. Within economic transmission range of practically
every important city from the Atlantic to the Pacific, except
those in the Central Western prairies, there are clustered
water-power sites, which will meet the probable demands for
hydro power for generations. The following table, prepared
by the Dominion Water-Power Branch, indicates, reasonably
accurately, the provincial distribution of the developed and
undeveloped water-powers within the settled portions of the
Dominion:

Power Power

Province. available. developed.

Ontario 5,800,000 789,466

Quebec 6,000,000 520,000

Nova Scotia 100.000 21,412

New Brunswick 300,000 13,390

Prinae Edward Island 3,000 500

Manitoba 76,250

Saskatchewan 3,500,000 100

Alberta 32,860

British Columbia 3,000.000 . 269.620

Yukon 100,000 12,000

Totals 18,803,000 1.735,598

Small Portion,. Not 10 Per Cent, of Canada's Available
Water-Powers Developed

In general, the use of w-ater-power in Canada may be
briefly described as follows:

(a) For municipal, including domestic and ordinary in-

Plate No. 4— The fuel resources of Canada.

April 15, 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

dustrial purposes, about 78 per cent, of total developed, or
1,348,490 li.p. So far as these uses are concerned, further re-
quirements will probably be met for some years by additional
installations at and increased storage for existing plants. In
certain centres, however, as, for instance, the Niagara power
zone, growing requirements can only be met by new water-
power developments.

(b) Pulp and paper, about 14 per cent, of total developed,
or 248,075 h.p. Further pulp and paper plant requirements
can probably be met for some time by additional installations
to present plants, although the tremendous growth of this
industry will necessitate the development of new water-pow-
ers in different parts of the Dominion. There are now 54
pulp and paper plants scattered throughout Canada, and sev-
eral new plants have been under serious contemplation, some
of which would be in use now had it not been for the difficulty
of financing, due to war conditions. On account of the iso-
lated nature of the industry — away from commercial centres —
power requirements for pulp and paper need not conflict with
other demands upon hydro power.

(c) Electro-chemical and similar processes, about 8 per
cent, of total developed, or 140,000 h.p. While the United
States have achieved almost a world-supremacy in electro-
chemistry, this industry in Canada is of very recent growth.
It has, however, expanded at an enormous rate, entailing re-
cent extensive additional installation in present plants, and
requiring in the near future the development of additional
water-power sites. Our propinquity to the United States and
our abundance of essential raw material will compel the mi-
gration to the Dominion of many new electro-chemical plants
of importance and value.

The products of the electro-chemical industry are e.x-
treniely diversified. Thej- include aluminum, silicon, calcium-
carbide, cj'animid, ferro-alloys, graphite, carborundum, chlor-
ine, etc., many of which are indispensable in the arts and in
manufacture. Without aluminum the modern high-speed
scout airplane would not exist; without electro-chemical
abrasives and ferro-alloys manufacturing processes would be
lengthened many fold.

One of the most important electro-chemical processes is
the fixation of nitrogen. About :iO,000 h.p. is used for this
purpose at Niagara by the American Cyanamid Company,
and, while other plants of this kind have so far not been put
into operation commercially in this country, they have been
seriously contemplated, and await only a sufficient source of
low-price power for realization.

The electro-metallurgical industry is in its infancy, but
promises great expansion, especially in the production of
nicu-steel in Canada. Few people appreciate the rapid growth
during the last few years in the use of electric furnaces for
the production of the highest grades of steel.

By proper foresight the demand for hydro power for
these industries need not conflict with other demands, as, for
i"Stance, municipal, domestic, and ordinary industrial uses.

Total developed power about 1,735,598 h.p.

Further Use of H3«iro-Electric Power

In considering the future of water-power development in
Canada it is important to note that it means the use of a non-
expendiple resource, and in many cases represents the substi-
tution of an inexhaustible resource f^ • an exhaustible one.
For this reason the use of hydro-electric energy should be
encouraged in every reasonable way.

Further development of water-power in Canada will, un-
doubtedly, be extensive, and must depend very largely on:

1. Additional requirements for nninicipla, industrial, and
domestic use.

3. Growth of pulp and paper industry.

3. New elecfro-t'iemical and electro-metallurgical pro-
ccssci.

4. Electrification of steam roads, especially terminals and
adjacent engine divisions.

5. Substitution of hydr.ielcctric power for fuel-power in
iiuinufacturing and industry.

In the rapid development within .a short space of time of
our water-powers to the extent of nearly 1,800,000 horse-
power it is natural to expect that there has been some mis-
conception in design, in construction, in conservation of op-
portunity, in overlapping of service, and even in governmental
administration, although as to the latter it is an axiom in
British jurisprudence that "the king can do no wrong." If
we were starting de novo to develop our water-powers, with
our present knowledge of what is essential- in government
investigation and administration, of what is really basic in
conservation of resource, of the present practice of the art of
hydraulic and electric engineering, and last, but by no means
least, of what is the most impcjrtant or prior market demand,
from a national standpoint, from particular power sites,
whether general municipal requirements should precede elec-
tro-chemical and allied industrial requirements, we would, for
instance, most assuredly produce a very different power situa-
tion at Niagara. At the same time this most important and
world-famous source of our electric energy has well served
us. Generally speaking, our water-powers have undoubtedly
proven to be one of Canada's most valuable assets.

Looking to the future in power development, if Canada is
to reap full benefit from her heritage in white coal, there must
1)6 a constructive liaison between :

(a) The various Dominion and provincial government
administrative departments concerned in water-power mat-
ters.

(b) The producing corporation or commision; and

Concurrently with such a liaison there must also be an
adequate co-ordination of the development and use of water-
povv'er w'ith that of all other power-producing agencies.

Anyone who has listened attentively to the very able
presentation of the various elements i.n the fuel situation dur-
ing the last two days must realize that there is a prodigious
field for such co-ordination in the development and use of our
varied power and heat-producing resources which will com-
bine the effective use of all along lines for which each is best
adapted, and which will, by avoiding duplication or misdirec-
tion of effort, promote the efficiency of both individual and
conjoint use.

The necessity for the correlated development and use of
all our fuel-power resources has surely passed the agitational
or educational stage. The many urgent reasons for such cor-
related use are stressed a hundredfold by the coal shortage'
experience of this winter.

To visualize the interdependence and interrelation of all
the fuel-power agencies available in Canada, and to offer
something as a basis for general discussion, I have prepared
a chart (Plate No. 4), which, if it indicates any one thing, it
conclusivelj' proves the immensity and complexity of the
problems involved in effecting the co-ordinated, concomitant
development and use of all our fuel-power resources. The
chart shows that this can be best realized following the evo-
iution of a national master fuel-power policy for all of Can-
ada.

Gentlemen of the Canadian Society of Civil Engineers,
are we going to leave this great problem in "the laps of the
gods"? Is it not one of peculiar concern to engineers, and of
such timely and pressing importance to Canada that we, as a
society, would be warranted in attempting a solution? Should
we not mark the enlargement of the scope, influence, and
prestige of our society (which we hope is being exeiiii)lifie('
by its transition to the Engineering Institute of Canada), bv
an earnest effort to evolve, in general terms, the basic [iriii-
ciples of a national master fuel-power policy for Canada.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

April 15, 1918

Possibilities of Lessening Fuel Consumption
by the Adoption of Electrical Heating

By Mr. P. H. Mitchell*

The use of electricity in heating to lessen the fuel con-
sumption can have very little material effect on the situation
at the present moment, due mainly to the general economic
limitation of available electric power and to the high cost ot
heating produced electrically as compared with the cost of
heating by means of the common fuels.

In the future, and probably in the near future, electricity,
from its possible cheapness, its possible sufficient available
supply and, further, in some districts from its necessity, due
to insufficient supply of combustible fuels, may assume a very
important role in the heating field. It is only by electricity
developed from water-power that the sufficiently low cost may
be attained to make electrical heating feasible.

Canada is blessed with an abundance of water-power and,
in some districts, with ample coal deposits. Nova Scotia coal
is used in Nova Scotia. New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island,
and Quebec; Nicola Valley and Vancouver Island coals are
used in British Columbia; Crow's Nest, Lethljridge. and Ed-
monton coals are used in Alberta and portions of Saskatche-
wan and Manitoba; Ontario, practically all of Manitoba, and a
small part of Quebec are dependent on United States soft
coal, and United States anthracite is used over a slightly
larger area.

Water-Powers Serve Districts Lacking Coal
In examining the map of Canada, having in mind the dis-
tribution of coal areas and water-power areas, it is apparent
that the districts not readily served with native coal are the
districts most abundantly served with water-powers. From
Montreal westward to Manitoba, in the districts supplied by
United States coal, the water-powers are destined to be de-
veloped to their maximums to serve the industries and utili-
ties of the future.

It does not need much imagination to look forward, say,
fifty years, a period which may be within the lifetime of a
large number of us. What will be the fuel situation then?
Will coal, as normally at present, be available in generous
supply? Will the peat and oil sources be meeting any lack of
coal? Statistics do not show a promise of this, and in the
meantime, if this is "Canada's century," what is the prospect
of population? An -increase to 25,000.000 people by 1968, I am
sure, is a figure well within the expectation of all. and Central
Canada's share of this may be 15,000.000, all dwelling in the
area now dependent on imported fuel.-

Further, our fuel situation is so closely meshed with that
of the United States that we must appreciate their viewpoint.
Are two hundred millions of population in the United States
in 1968 beyond a conservative estimate? Many think not, and
with a fuel consumption advancing out of all proportion to
increase of population, an economic limit of fuels is in sight.
The prospect may result in a most drastic administration of
fuels, applying these to heating purposes only, leaving to
hydro-electric power all mechanical, railroad, and metallurgi-
cal operations in the endeavor to conserve the diminishing
supply, and even then such a radical curtailment will only
push forward the day when the substitution for fuels must be

made.

The fuels of to-day are wood, coal, natural gas, peat, and
oil. Of these wood and natural gas are limited for many
reasons, and peat is a fuel only by extreme necessity, and as
yet is not a commercially accepted probability.

•Consulting Engineer, Toronto, Ont. before Professional Meeting, C.S.C.E

It may be that some genius will conserve and redirect
the vast heat transfers of nature to serve mankind, but to-day,
in addition to the comlmstible fuels, we can only add electri-
city to complete the list of sources of artificial heat.

In all discussion of electrical heating there is one out-
standing basis, and that is the thermal value of electricity.
One kilowatt hour of electrical energy is equal to 3.413 British
thermal units, or one kilowatt hour of electrical energy is
capable of raising the temperature of 3,413 pounds of water
one degree Fahrenheit. This heating value may be compared
with that of other heating sources, and we* find that, funda-
mentally, the ordinary heating mediums, at existing prices,
are appreciably cheaper.

For instance, in the comparison of anthracite coal, bitum-
inous coal, peat, oil fuel, and electricity we find:

Comparative B.T.U.'s for 1 Cent

.\nthracite coal, in a well-built and well-regulated domes-
tic furnace, is capable ol being burned at aboiit 55 per cent.
efficiency. A good anthracite contains 13,000 B.t.u.'s per
pound. At $8 per ton. 1 cent will purchase 18.000 British
thermal units of heat.

Bituminous coal, when burned in a first-class mechani-
cally-stoked boiler installation and distributed for heating
purposes, is capable of about 60 per cent, overall efficiency. A
igood bituminous coal contains 14,000 B.t.u.'s per pound. At
$3.50 per ton 1 cent will purchase 48.000 British thermal units
of heat.

Peat, in briquet form, with low moisture content, in a
properly-arranged furnace, should produce heat available for
heating 60 per cent, efficiency on, say, 7,000 B.t.u.'s net avail-
al)le. The industry should be able to approach $4 per ton, so
that 1 cent would purchase 21,000 British thermal units of
heat.

I'uel oil may burn with 65 per cent, overall efficiency.
One pound of the oil obtainable in the local market contains
about 18,000 B.t.u.'s. At 7 cents per imperial gallon 1 cent
will purchase 15,500 British thermal units of heat.

Electricity, when supplied to well-designed heating equip-
ment, is capable of utilization at 100 per cent, efficiency. One
kilowatt hour equals 3.413 B.t.u.'s. With electricity at 1 cent
per kilowatt hour 1 cent will purchase 3,413 British thermal
units of heat

Or, with electricity inirchased at power rates in Ottawa
or Toronto, which would average throughout twelve months
at 8/10 of 1 cent per kilowatt hour, 1 cent will purchase 4,240
British thermal units of heat.

To-day fuels are more expensive than shown by the above
prices, which indicate conditions at more like normal times or
what we may expect after the war is over. For instance, in
Toronto to-day anthracite will cost $10 per ton, bituminous
coal $7.50 per ton, and fuel oil 14 cents per imperial gallon.
The cost of electrical power has, unlike almost every other
nameable commodity, had a downward tendency, and to-day
is generally appreciably lower than before the war.

To recapitulate so that comparison of heating costs may
be facilitated, and also showing fuel costs as at present, we
find:

One cent will purchase of useable heat:

^ B.t.u.'s.

I'rnm anthracite at $8 per Ion 18.000

From anthracite at $10 per ton 14,300

April 13, liiis THE ELECTRICAL NEWS 27

From bituminous coal at $;(. 50 per ton 48,000 fertilizers. With the depletion of natural fertility artificial

From bituminous coal at $7 per ton 24,000 fertilizers will be demanded throughout Canada. Briel'y,

From peat at $4 per ton 21,000 one horse-power year will produce fertilizer for 100 acres of

From fuel oil at 0.07 per gallon 15,500 cultivated wheat land, so that l.ooo.OOO horse-power, on the

From fuel oil at .14 per gallon 7,750 65 per cent, load factor available, would produce fertilizer fni

From electricity at 0.01 per kilowatt hour 3,413 100,000 square miles. There is no question of our complcle

From electricity at 0.008 per kilowatt hour 4.240 dependence on manufactured nitrates in the not far dislani

, , , • ■ , , , . n- • ■ future and on a scale which involves millions of horse-powei.

It must be born in mind that these costs and ethciencies

are based on producing heated rooms in buildings, such as O"" '' "'^>' ''<= "^a* *''*= flemand for electrical heating will

dwellings, and that electricity is shown used at 100 per cent. ''« s"'^'' "'^^ *'"« 'oad will be of primary importance itself.

efficiency, assuming it directly applied to the room to be ^"^ '^e future form of heating equipment by which electrical

heated, and not aflfected by the unapplied waste of the other ''eating will be accomplished may be, of necessity, radically

heating svstems in chimnev. boiler, and transmission losses. "I'fferent from the present-day devices to meet the require-

Bituminous coal can only be used in heating plants of >"ents. Economical heating apparatus will undoubtedly be

some magnitude, and is not suitable for dwellings except by °^ ^'^^ heat-storing type, so as to take advantage of the power

distribution from a central steam plant. Heating by anthra- available on the ofif-peak periods. These may use masses of

cite coal is the source to which electricity is to be compared. ''"S'l specific heat materials, or even steam reservoirs, in

which to store and liberate heat over a 24-hour cycle; and.

Convenience of Electricity Offsets Extra Capital Charges further, the 24-hour use of electricity may be arranged to

It is obvious that the cost of fuel is not the only factor meet only the average conditions, the surplus available dur-

in the cost of heating, but that the cost of lieating equipment, ing below-average periods being used for the manufacture of

attention to fires, disposal of ashes, and even, further, the fuels, such as hydrogen, to be stored for use in the above

extra cost of basement for heating equipment, fuel storage, average periods, thus providing a continuous electrical heat

and even the more or less chimneys required, are appreciable ing load over a yearly cycle.

items, while fire insurance also plays a part. To go fully into The combination of the maximum developments of many
all these items is quite beyond the scope of this paper, but I of our great power sites should, when the non-heating load
would propose a well-based assumption that, while the equip- period has been organized to use power along other lines, or
ment for electrical heating for houses is more expensive than, when a continuous heating load on a yearly cycle is estab-
say, hot air equipment, the greater annual charges against lished. readily make power available for electric heating pur-
capital costs and for repairs, etc.. are more than offset by the poses at an equivalent cost of less than $12 per horse-power
greater convenience in the handling of electricity as a heat- year delivered in districts even remote from the generating
ing source rather than coal. source. Then the rate for heating purposes would be below

Electricity, to seriously enter the heating field, must, in- -2 cents per kilowatt hour, or 1 cent would purchase over

stead of costing 1 cent per kilowatt hour or 1 cent for 3.413 18.000 British thermal units of applied heat. Electricity then,

British thermal units, approach l/o cent per kilowatt hour, if available in the necessary quantities, would readily become

or 1 cent for 17,065 kilowatt hours when it can economically the foremost source of artificial heat.

compare with heating by anthracite coal at a fuel cost of 1 The use of electricity for many of the other domestic

cent for 18,000 B.t.u.'s. uses for heat, such as for cooking, water heating, etc., is well

Let us consider an electrical heating load in detail. As- established, and forms no mean portion of the present elec-

sume, first, that a house, two storeys and basement, with 600 trical loads,
square feet area on the ground, requires as its maximum here

in Toronto a demand of 12 kilowatts. We would find that Power Development May Exceed Present Estimates

the use of this throughout the year would be approximately Now, when we speak of millions of horse-power and our

as follows, the load factor being on the maximum demand of possible future dependence on a general use of electrical heat-

the j-ear: ing in Central Canada are we justified in anticipating that

For two months, 12 kilowatts on average SO per cent, such enormous quantities of power will be available
load factor; for two months 12 kilowatts on average 65 per The latest comprehensive compilation of water-power

cent, load factor; for two months 12 kilowatts on average 45 resources in Canada gives a total of about 18.000,000 horse-

per cent, load factor; for two months 12 kilowatts on average power available in the 2.000,000 of the 3,729.700 square miles

20 per cent, load factor; for four months, 12 kilowatts on of Canada's area which may be expected to be fairly thickly

average 0 per cent, load factor. populated within the next few decades. It is stipulated for

This means a load factor of 35 per cent, over the year, or this figure that it is "inclusive in the case of Niagara Falls,

for eight months, including summer, a load factor of 16.25 Fort Frances, and the St. Mary's River at Sault Ste. Marie,

per cent. The general use of electricity for heating will in- of only the development permitted by international treaties,

volve a scale of millions of horse-power. With the present and, further, does not contemplate the full possibilities of

heating appliances available we cannot expect plants to be storage for the improvement of capacities." The effect of

built and electricity to be generated for heating purposes such a restriction in the compilation of the totals of the

only, so we must consider whether we can expect the de- water-power resources may be indicated by the available

velopment of an elastic commercial load of such magnitude power on the Canadian side at Niagara Falls when developed

that over twelve months of the year a 65 per cent, load fac- to a maximum, being over 2,000.000 horse-power, while less

tor, the complement of the 35 per cent, heating load factor, than 500,000 horse-power is permitted by agreements, the

can be obtained so as to provide for 24 hours per day and 365 restrictions being practically dictated by the desire to retain

days in the year a 100 per cent, load factor load. the scenic beauty of the falls. Again, practically all the

water-powers of Ontario on the Great Lakes and James Bay

Industrial Demands May Complement Heating Load sides of the height of land ^are quite dependent on storage, so

It will possibly suffice to answer this by indicating one that, instead of some 5.500,000 horse-power being listed as

prospective industry, the electric power demand, of which Ontario's portion. 12,000.000 here alone would more likely

.alone may readily keep pace with the future use of electric represent the possible development that the future may see.

heating — that is. the manufacture of nitrogen products for and it may be that, instead of 17.820.000 horse-power in the

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

April 15. 1918

southerly lialf of Canada, 35,000,000 horse-power may be pro-
duced.

The present enormous use of electric power really had
its inception 25 years ago, when electric power was first
transmitted from Niagara Falls, N.Y„ to Buffalo, while in
Canada, in the last 12 years. -the demand has jumped from
about zero '.o the astounding figures of the present. To-day,
while there are 409,000 horse-power generated at Niagara
Falls, there is a. serious power shortage, and tha power-users
are feverishly awaiting further developments of hundreds of
thousands of horse-power at this source. If since 1905, and
more particularly just within the last few years, the power
demand has grown so rapidly, what will fifty years from now
see? Possibly it will then be a scarcity of sites to develop,
and all may be interconnected into a vast network of trans-
mission and distributing lines, all the sources combining to
obtain the maximum of energy from the widely-distributed
water-falls.

Eectric Heating Feasible at $12 Per H.P.

In conclusion, I would briefly summarize as follows:

1. Electric heating is not a present economic possibility,
due to high cost and lack of available power.

3. Electric power rates would have to be one-quarter of
the present rates for electric heating to compete with heating
by anthracite coal.

3. Many millions of horse-power would be required to
meet even present requirements. For example, I would esti-
mate a demand of 2,000.000 horse-power to heat Toronto's
dwellings and other buildings, or 4 horse-power per person
of population.

4. When millions of horse-power in Canada are developed
and, say, delivered $12 power is attained, a large electric
heating load may be established. This, of course, does not
mean that every portion of the country could be served, but
areas representing the great bulk of the population would be
in the zones of distribution from such powers, and it might
thus be possible to greatly substitute for coal and other fuels.

5. It may be that the economic future of our fuel and
water-power resources will demand that in their administra-
tion fuels will be reserved for lieating purposes and that the
hydro-electric power available will be substituted to the
maximum for all mechanical, railroad, and metallurgical
operations.

6. By the use of devices for heat storing and fuel manu-
facturing, in combined or separate installations, so as to use
throughout the yearly cycle a continuous heating load of 100
per cent, load factor, but of average rather than of peak de-
mand, electric heating might be given a positively economic
status, or, further the development of loads in millions of
horse-power equalling in demand the electric power required
for heating, yet elastic enough in its use to adapt to the low
load periods of heating, may again suffice to make electrical
heating of economic importance.

Discussion on Electric Heating

By Mr. H. G. .\crcs

The four papers we have just heard cover such a vast
field and furnish such limitless opportunities' for discussion
and conjucture that it is impossible to touch on more than
ono or two of the many points which are worth enlarging
U])on. In the first place I wish to consider, briefly, a matter
alluded to by Mr. Challies and dealt with more at length
by Mr. Mitchell; namely, house heating by electricity. Mr.
Mitchell has very ably elucidated some 'points with refer-
ence to the feasibility of heating Iniildings, which perhaps
are not generally appreciated, and it might be interesting
to enlarge upon some of his conclusions with special refer-

'HydrauUc Eneineer. Ontario Hydro-Electric Commission.

cnce to the problem of heating the city of Toronto with
Niagara power.

First, as to cost — What fundamental condition accounts
for the fact that a house in Toronto can be more cheaply
heated by means of Pennsylvania coal than by Niagara power,
supplied at actual cost? To work this out let us first take one
kw. of potential heat from the falling waters of Niagara. Un-
der peak load conditions, there will be 85 per cent, of this
unit of heat left when it has passed through the turbine; 80
per cent, when it has passed through the generator- 76 per
cent, when it has passed through the step-up transformer;
possibly not more than 66 per cent, when it has passed over
the transmission line; 62 per cent, when it has passed through
the step-down transformer; 57 per cent, when it has passed
through the local distribution system and 52 per cent, when
it has passed through the service transformer. In other
words, about one-half of this unit of heat would be left for
•effective use as heat on the premises of the consumer.

Then take a pound of coal from a Pennsylvania mine —
the whole of this pound is delivered to the consumer's pre-
mises. It contains about 2 kw. hours of effective potential
heat for which you pay Yi cent on the basis of present price
of coal, or J4 cent for 1 kw. hour, as against 9/lOths of a cent
for the kw. hour of heat from Niagara, on the basis of pre-
sent rates.

Six Steps in Converting Niagara Energy for Heat

This kilowatt of potential heat from Niagara undergoes
six distinct steps of conversion before it is delivered on the
consumer's premises as heat. The potential heat of the
Pennsylvania coal undergoes one conversion only before be-
ing put to its ultimate use. The efficiency of conversion
from the natural state to ultimate use is probably about the
same, but in one case you require a power plant, a step-up
transformer; 80 miles of transmission line; a step-down trans-
former; a distribution system and a service transformer. In
the other you require a $200 furnace and a 50 cent shovel.
These two conditions relative to the delivery of the com-
modity must be considered as having a more or less fixed
influence on comparative costs, and the only factors which
will tend to any appreciable extent to reconcile the present
disparity will be an enormous increase in the price of coal,
or a compensating reduction in the cost of electric power,
assuming, rf course, thaf both commodities will be available
for the use under discussion, which is another question alto-
gether.

Then as to service conditions — I think there are about
80,000 buildings in the city of Toronto. It is safe to say that
during the extreme weather last winter coal was being burnt
in these buildings, for a day or two at a time, at an average
rate of four tons per month, or, say, for a two-day period,
on several occasions, an average of 270 pounds of coal was
burnt in each building in the city. I think that is well on
the conservative side. On the basis of this assumption it
would require over 1,500,000 horse-power of station capacity
at Niagara to heat Toronto in zero weather. Furthermore,
on the basis of Mr. Mitchell's estimates of load factor, for
two months only 65 per cent, of this power would be used,
for two months only 45 per cent., for two months only 20
per cent., and for four months none would be used at all.
This is a service condition which is absolutely unheard of
at the present time. Under such circumstances an extra-
ordinary operating condition would obtain, in that the load-
factor on the generating plant would be mainly controlled
1iy the direction of the wind. On several occasions last
winter the rise in temperature clue to changing wind direc-
tion might have pulled half a million kw. off the station
busses over night. Air. Mitchell has suggested a solution
of this load-factor problem as far as the generating plant
is concerned, but even granting that industries could be es-

April 15, 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

tablished at Niagara which could economically absorb these
enormous quantities of off-peak power, it would not help
Toronto, with over 1,000.000 h.p. of installed transformer
capacity operating at 35 per cent, load-factor, together with
the necessary transmission line capacity to Niagara Falls.

Market Will Develop for Off-Peak Power

In submitting these very approximate figures, 1 have, of
course, not considered the matter of ofT-pcak power. If the
price of coal holds at the present figure, or tends to increase,
there is undoubtedly a commercial possibility of using elec-
tric power as an auxiliary heating medium during off-peak
hours, and a rate for this class of service could possibly be
fi.^ed sufficiently low to attract some consumers. This phase
of the question cannot, however, be discussed very intelli-
gently except at considerable length and on an essentially
technical basis.

I may say here that the hypothetical service condition 1
have just described is one which is certain to obtain in the
future at Niagara and at other large hydro-electric power
centres, though in a much less acute form. The time is not
far distant when the scarcity of power in what Mr. Challies
has called the "acute fuel area" will revolutionize the present
conditions and rules of service, and a certain class of con-
sumers will develop who will be glad enough to make use.
not only of all available off-peak power, but also to take ad-
vantage of such power as may be intermittently available
during higher stages of flow. Those having to do with the
development of hydro-electric power should, therefore, bear
in mind that it is only a question of time when the scarcity
of fuel and the approaching ultimate exhaustion of hydraulic
power resources will make the production of intermittent
power not only profitable, but necessary for the public' wel-
fare, and permanent works at least should be designed against
such a contingency.

Now referring again to Mr. Challies' paper, I think the
most important and significant section of the same is that
which considers the use of Canada's fuel-power resources
according to their adaptability. In considering this phase of
the problem we are rather on the horns of a dilemma. Should
we consider the advisability or possibility of moving out of
the "acute fuel area" such industries as are mainly depend-
ent on coal as a raw material or as a source of power, and
of replacing them by industries mainly dependent on water-
generated power, or should we look after these industries as
best we can by centralized heating plants and ouV of our
future allotments of imported coal? In other words, should
the problem of adaptability be attacked on the basis of adapt-
ing our fuel power resources to industry as now existing and
located, or on the basis of adapting industry to our fuel
power resources?

Large Industries May Absorb Excessive Amount
of Power

I have in mind one instance which will serve as an
illustration of the working of the latter alternative; that is,
adapting an industry to our fuel-power resources. Cyanamid,
calcium carbide and carborundum are made by processes re-
quiring large quantities of cheap power. They also require
large quantities of carbonaceous material which is now sup-
plied in the form of coke made from Pennsylvania coal.
There are two points to be considered in connection with
this proposition, the most evident being, of course, the neces-
sity of importing coal for such of these industries as are lo-
cated in the "acute fuel areas." The other point is that the
uncontrolled expansion of such industries as these in the
vicinity of our large boundary water powers will in the near
future absorb capacity that at a slightly more remote period
may be urgently needed to keep alive a multiplicity of small
industries Scattered throughout the territory whicli is within

transmission distance of these sources of power. For un-
limited development of large local industries in the vicinity
of our large boundary water powers is, therefore, a possible
condition of the future which would seem to be undesirable.
As against the possibility of such a situation developing in
the "acute fuel area" we have, for instance, the Nelson River,
a virgin field for hydraulic power exploitation furnishing un-
rivalled opportunity for the appropriate and efficient location
of industry. Three million horsepower of commercially utiliz-
able energy, all more or less accessible to the Hudson Bay
Railway, and lying on the very threshold of the Empire's
granary. Two million horsepower of this capacity would
supply sufficient fertilizer for the whole of the northwest
wheat area. Nitrogen and limestone arc locally available, and
the only important ingredient lacking is carbon. Whether
lliis lack can be made good by western lignite I do not know.
That is part of the problem. Crow's Nest coal and Welsh
coal, via Port Nelson, would, of course, be available at a
price. Here is a problem which is directly in line with the
all-important issue under discussion at this meeting, and
one which, if intensively studied, would at least serve the
purpose of establishing certain fundamental laws which should
govern the use of our fuel power resources in relation to their
peculiar adaptability. A co-related phase of this study would
he to ascertain to what degree the use of the water-powers
in the "acute fuel area," more particularly the boundary
water-powers, should be controlled so as to preserve an
equitable balance between the amounts of power allotted to
large local electro-chemical and electro-thermal industries
and the amounts of power required, or likely to be required,
for general distribution purposes. As a general rule the in-
dustrial centres immediately adjacent to the developed power
sites will be the first to benefit, but the inevitable result of
industrial expansion will be to include more and more of the
surrounding territory within the zones of influence of these
sources of power, and it is supremely important that these
zones shall expand freely along economic lines and not be
forced into unnatural channels by private interest or other
influences which should have no prior status in the control
of a national asset of such magnitude as our water powers.

True Glory of Niagara is its Potentiality

Now, before closing, I would like to mention another
matter more or less directly related to the issue under dis-
cussion, and which has been briefly referred to by Mr.
Mitchell. Probably 90 per cent, of the civilized inhabitants
of this planet know Niagara only as a scenic spectacle. Most
of them have nevertheless felt the commercial influence of
Niagara without realizing it. Their first-hand knowledge of
the world's most important water power has, however, been
derived chiefly from picture post cards. Since power was
first developed at Niagara Falls a continuous campaign of
opposition to the commercial exploitation of Niagara has
been carried on. based on aesthetic grounds. This opposition
has left its mark on legislation on both sides of the line and
on the Boundary Waters Treaty. As a matter of fact it is
largely responsible for the present shortage of power.

The term "commercial exploitation" may sound cold
blooded, but we may as well call a spade a spade, and any-
way, in my opinion, the true .glory of Niagara lies not in
the roar and the rainbows, but in the vast potentiality of the
falling waters, considered in the light of an instrument placed
in our hands by a Divine Providence for a beneficent pur-
pose, or, as Sir Adam Beck expressed it eight years ago, "to
raise the scale of living of our citizens, and to multiply and
cheapen the comforts of life." Niagara can have no greater
destiny than this, and while aesthetic opposition to the com-
mercial exploitation of Nia.gara must ultimately fade in the
face of these more pressing issues, I think the process should
be accelerated as much as possible, '

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

April 15, lOfS

ava CoT?irdcwr

:;.iSl!ll:l:iia!ai llil.ti'tlRB l IIHIH 'HS'S'I'S II1IHB1"!II1

Further Light on the Goodwin Plan of Organ-
ization—No Price Fixing Planned— Quantity
Will Always be a Factor— Educate
the Curbstone Contractor

Speaking before the Illinois Contractors' Association re-
cently on his merchandising plan, Mr. W. L. Goodwin said:

"Some people have been saying that I have an ulterior
motive in assisting to organize a better contractor-dealers"
association. 1 tell you frankly, gentlemen, that I have an
jilterior motive. .Vnd I'll tell you what it is.

■■| believe the electrical industry has a greater responsi-
bility than any other single industry in the extent to which it
can serve the public with both their necessities anil conven-
iences. Hence the business is capable of great expansion. 1
believe it can be made the foremost of our industries, and that
is the purpose of developing a thorough organization.

"I want to see it develop its ability to serve the public
until its annual sales amount to $30 or more per capita of the
population — instead of $7 iper capita as it is to-day. That's
my ulterior motive!"

Question-Box 'Was Feature

.\t this meeting the question 1)o.x was a prominent feature.
Everyone was invited to put any c|uestions concerning the
plan in the box, and was assured that tlie cjuestions would be
answered by Mr. Goodwin. It was not even necessary for the
enquirer to sign his name to the questions. When the box
was opened there were fi2 questions in it. Here are some of
the more important questions and the answers as given liy
Mr. Goodwin:

Q. — You said tlie average joblier's overhead was about 1.5
per cent, and that tliat figure was too high. What should it
be?

A. — The jobber's overhead should not exceed the cost to
the manufacturer of doing the same work. That might be
more than 1.'i per cent, on some specialties, but it certainly
would be less than 15 per cent, on certain staple products.
The jobber at the present time lumps his overhead wlien he
ouglit to figure the cost of warehousing and handling on dif-
ferent lines according to what the cost of warehousing and
handling is.

Q. — Does your plan contemplate dealing with labor

.\, — The plan does not contemplate dealing witli laljor in
any idiase.

Q. — Should not association secretaries furnish menlben^
with data on cost of operating electrical appliances?

A. — It would be a good idea for the national association
to get out a sheet for the data book showing the average CDS'"
of operation of all of the principal electrical appliances.

Q. — Where do the fixture people come in under the Good-
win plan?

.'\. — The manufacturers belong in the fixture section nf
tlie .Associated Manufacturers of Electrical Sujifplies. 'flic
retailers of fixtures whose problem is a retail problem shoulil
be a part of the National Association of Electrical Contrac-
tors and TJealers. where identical problems are discussed.

lllllliillil.llllliillWiill'JiMMii.i..ni;.iiiiilii

1^ M.liedules

Q. — Does the plan c^ ■nu-iniilau- amdi
based on quantitj' purchases

A. — 1 lielieve that quantity will always control price.
There is nothing in the plan that contemplates price fixing, ll
is believed that the plan will standardize rates of profit.

Q. — Will the Goodwin plan teach contractors the funda-
mentals of electricity

.\. — Tlie plan does not contemplate developing in the con-
tractor a knowledge of electricity. He is supposed to have
that knowledge. But it does propose to teach him merchan-
dising methods.

Q. — What will happen to the manufacturers' agents if the
Goodwin plan succeeds

.A. — There is a place in the plan and in tlic industry for
the manufacturer's agent. If he is a real manufacturer's agent
he stands at the same place on tlie Wheatstone Bridge dia-
.gram as the manufacturer stands.

Q. — How can- this merchandising movement help the man
who cannot leave his store to attend the meetings,

A. — In California there were a few retailers who, when
this movement was first started, could not leave their jjlaces
of business to attend the meetings. To overcome this diffi-
culty some of the jobbers sent their salesmen oilt to run the
stores of these men while they attended the meeting, and it
was not long before these merchants were doing enough busi-
ness so that they couhl afford to leave their store to attend
the association's activities.

Q. — What can be done with the curljstone contractor?

.\. — The curbstone contractor must be educated. The
best person to educate him is the jobber. The jobber should
send his bookkeeper to the curbstoner and show him what
overhead is. Such education will do much for him.

Q. — Under what classification would you place a railroad
company?

A. — The railroad is a i)ublic utility company, and should
be recognized as a trade Ijuyer.

Q. — Is the Goodwin plan legal?

A. — The plan is not in restraint of trade according to the
best legal advice I can get.

Q. — Does the plan encourage time and material work?

A. — The Goodwin plan encourages the contractor to lAe
work on the time-and-material basis, because that is a basis
which is economically sound and, in the long run, is cheaper
for the consumer.

Q. — Is. the central station eligible to mcmliership in the
contractors' association?

A. — If the central station conducts a retail business it is
eligible to membership, and its dues would be based upon the
amount of retail merchandising business which it does. Any
retailer of electrical merchandise is eligible to membership.

The annual report of the Department of Telephones of
the Province of Saskatchewan for the financial year ended
.April .30, 1917, is just received. The total number of stations
in the province is now 43,093, made up of 18,669 government
stations, -23,813 rural stations, and 1,511 other systejns. The
number of long distance pole miles is now 3,375, and long
distance wire miles 18,833.

April 13, 191S

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Increasing a Central Station Power Load

Where Energy is Available the Summer Offers Big Opportunities-
The Contractor Should Co-operate and Profit

Tlioiigh certain sections of the Dominion suffer from a
shortage of electric power, the city of Winnipeg hydro-elec-
tric plant as it now stands can supply some 14,000 customers
more than the :i().000 at present taking energy from its lines.
For this reason the City Light and Power Department are
justified in inaugurating a vigorous campaign for the greater
use of the smaller electrical appliances and also of the electric
range, which is already used in the city of Winnipeg probably
to a greater extent than in any other city in Canada.

The sales manager of the Winnipeg City Light and Power
Department, Mr. R. A. Sara, recently outlined a campaign
beginning in February and which will continue through the
summer season. In February they puliilslied a booklet en-
titled "Brighter and Happier Hours in Your Kitclien." This
was an attractive booklet, explaining the advantages of using
electricity for cooking and for the operation of all appliances

I5^ish^er and
hapt)ier hours

Oa.DO.DG

COOK B\ WIRE

.The department published an attractive booklet.

in the home, giving figures on cost, a number of useful
recipes, the written opinions of a number of Winnipeg
householders who had used electricity for cooking purposes,
and finally a list of Winnipeg users of electric ranges, running
into six pages of the booklet.

.\n advance copy of this booklet was sent to the Winni-
peg Free Press, which pul)lishe(l a good leader, entitled, ".Vn
Enterprising Civic Department," pointing out, among other
things, that, while tlic cost of practically everything which
enters iulu nuv daily lik- has increased, electricity ahmc is

lower. The article also pointed out the universal use now
being made of electricity in the homes, hospitals, cafeterias,
lunch rooms, hotels, offices, and so on, and finally pointed out
that tlic use of electricity developed from water-power con-
serves our fuel supply.

The following day the department mailed a copy of the
booklet, accompanied 1)y letter Xo. 1 to every individual
whose name appeared in the booklet. .V little later. March T.!.
tliey posted 10,000 of letter No. 2, with return postcard en-
closed. This letter was ad<lressed to the lady of the house
A copy of the l)ooklet mentioned above, accompanied liy an
invitation to visit the showrooms of the department was sent
to every person replying to letter Xo. 2.

F"or those failing to reply to letter Xo. 2, letter Xo. :i was
prepared and addressed to the man of the house, also with a
return postcard.

On March 20 an advertisement appeared in the three city
dailies offering prizes to school children for the best essay on
"Electric Cooking." This advertisement is shown herewith.
In May it is planned to issue a letter pointing out the advan-
ta.ges of electric cooking in hot weather. Each month further
advertising matter in the form of :i(),000 carefully-worded leaf-
lets ( different each month I are 1)eing enclosed with the

Contest for School Boys and Girls

$100 IN PRIZES $100

Any Winnipeg School Pupil E^ligible

The goveniiTipnt ami tb« preiis an' iinrinc the puhlic to ■•ortferve frn-1 and footl, anij ii>
order to faqutianze the cittwn.* of Winmpoi: with Ihp savines that can h<- <-ffe<-tFj in holli
fiiel and f.iod, by theyse otELECTBIC fu.-l f..r c.)okmff. we offer ths f.-Uomoc pri7e?( to s- )io<4.
hoys md girls for the best t^say ..n "The Advantages of Cooking with an Electric Bange."

First Grand Prize $25.00 Second Grand Prize $15.00

Four CUflaee— Three Pnzeain Each— T.. ci vo the younger children the same opfwrtunm j.=
ihoff i£i the udT&ni-etl jjmJe^ ibi.' folluw-ing prizes will be awarded, according to ace. Ha.^-* mir,
ages 10 to 12; class two. ages 12 to H; olas.<i IIitx^ ages lifio 16;-clas!i four, ages 16 to 18; a'
first, spcond and third prize in each class wiil ho awarded, after the Grand Prize*:

First Prize, $8.00

Second Prize, $5.00

Third Prize. $2.00

AJi assays mujit be in City Power Office .by 12 noon, Apn] 4th Winners wiU be aiuioUQced
Monday. April lOtil

RU|,E^ OF CONTEST

The Fuel Situation

uilI\in''iii«loi ib' wino

■Itetn j.< )— B«irtn.:a| r

We NaKe It Easy for You (o Get Information

>u tot ^•^ H«e9«. •-

KMIT t. ^^a^ •• itftaar

Free Book on "Electric Cooking'

•:«7-^"„Z'.~;;^ ' ENTRY COUPON

City Light & Power Dept

> EL-CCTKIC COOKINe I.

54 KING STREET

Phono Gam ISOO

Offered prizes for best essay.

monthly litfhting: accounts. All envelopes have an atlvertise-
iiient printed on them, matter being changed each month
(this also applies to the envelopes used by the municipal water
ilepartment lor sending out water bills).

For several weeks this department have also been hold-
ing business talks from 8.30 a.m. to O.I.t a.m., when a number
of subjects have been tliscnssed. as shown by the accompany-

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

April 15, 191S

iiiL; luuLirani. 'I'hesc have proved most beiielicial, as nut only
have they been instructive, but tliey have created :i more gen
eral interest anions the staff. 'I'lie department at the present
time is inauguratin.L; "team vvnrU" umong the employees. All
willing to canvass and sell ranges in their spare time are re-
quested to enter their names; teams comprising equal num-
bers have been selected by a committee and a captain chosen
by each team. Prizes are offered for the best results of teams
each month; also tor best individual work. This scheme

Please forward your Booklet entitled
j "BRIGHTER and HAPPIER HOURS IX

' YOUR K ITCH EX"

It is understood that this puts me under no obliga-
tion whatever.

Xame

.\d.lress

Xinnber in h'amily

I GAS
I now cook witli I OIL

; WOOD or tOAI..

Copy of return post card.

started on April I, and results are not yet available, but at
last reports meetings were being held by the different teams
for the organization of this campaign. ISoth men and women
solicitors are out on a commission basis, and a system of fol-
low-up has been inaugurated, which is kept track of by a card-
filing system.

The department report that they have already sold more
than l\ve times the number of ranges during the first three
months of this year as were sold in the same period last year.

1st

PROGRAM OF CONFERENCES
CITY LIGHT AND POWER DEPARTMENT
DAILY, from 8.30 to 9.15 a.m. SHARP
Commencing Tuesday, Feb. 19th, 1918.
Day — R. A. Sara, sales manager City Light and Power
Department: "Object of Conferences^Program— Sug-
gestions on What Is Required."

3nd Day — J. G. Glassco, general manager City Light and
Power Department. "City Light and Power Department,
Historical and Financial Review."

:jrd Day — H. W. Billing, manager Northern Electric Com-
pany: "Salesmanship."

Hh Day — (Friday. 23nd) G. W. Markle, managing director
Henry Birks & Sons: "Efficiency in Selling."

"ith Day — .\. J. Crosbie, meter superintendent. City Light :in.l
Power Department: "Electric Meters."

Gth Day — W. P. Tice, Northern Electric Company: "Hughes
Electric Ranges."

Ith Day — W. E. Wright, manager National Cash Register
Company: "How to Close a Sale."

.sth Day — F. J. Malby, assistant accountant, City Light and
Power Department: "Analysis of Sales of Current as
Shown by Hollerith Statistical Department,"

!)th Day — Demonstration of sale of electric range.

lOth Day — S. Thorn, Great West Electric Company: "Moffat
Electric Ranges."

11th Day — R. V. Slavin, power engineer, City Light and
Power Department: "City T.icbt, Power and Heating
Rates."

l:Vth Day — E. \'. Caton, chief engineer. City Light and Power
Department: "Electric Heating of Water."

inth Day — J. Swan, appliance salesman. City Light and Power
Department: "Gas Stoves — Why NOT to L^se Them."

14th Day — A. J. .\ppleton, operating superintendent, City

LiglU and Power 1 )eiiar1nient : "Characteristics of Differ-
ent Loads."
I.",lli Day — Theo. A. lluni, K.C. City SidicitMr: "Service to

the I'ublic."
10th Day — Advertising: "Discussion as to Form and Me-
diums."

Further subjects will be added from time to time as occa-
sion arises. Conferences will be continued two mornings a
week, after the course is completed, to discuss points which
arise and to supply information to salesfnen and formulate
policies.

Program subject to change as occasion may arise.

Letter No. 1

Dear Sir:

"BRIGHTER AND HAPPIER HOURS IN YOUR
KITCHEN" is the title of a booklet just published which will
be of particular interest to you. A copy is enclosed. In con-
nection therewith we have taken the liberty of refernn.g, on
Page ..., to the installation of an Electric Range in your
residence.

We have endeavored to embody in this publication the
most up-to-date and complete information obtainable on
Electric Cooking, Electric Washing, and other applications
of Electricity in the home, with particular regard to their use
IN WINNIPEG. You will observe that, with the exception
of one or two letters from world-famous cooking experts on
page 10, all of the references, recommendations, and other
data refer to our own city, WINNIPEG. The lists of users
contained on pages 23 to 38, inclusive, will give an idea of the
large number of our citizens who are already cooking ex-
clusively with electricity.

We trust that the recipes on pages 12 and IB will be of
service to you,

-Are there any points about Electric Cooking or the appli-
cation of electricity to any problem in your home on which
you would like further information? Is your Electric Range
satisfactory? Is it economical, and can you suggest any im-
provement? This subject is vital, particularly in these days
of the high price of fuel and coal shortage.
Yours truly,
CITY LIGHT AND POWER DEPARTMENT,

R. A, Sara,

Sales Manager.

an ELECTRIC RANGE

Will Cut Your Fuel Bill,
for Cooking, in HALF —

COOK BY WIRE'

"ELECTRICITY"— r/ie Cheapest Fuel for Cooking

All envelopes have advts. printed on them.

Letter No. 2
Dear Madam:

Last year 647 homes in Winnipeg, which formerly used
high-priced gas, wood or .coal, found it profitable to cook with
low-priced electricity. The average saving effected by each
in 1917 was $43.00. Not only did they save money, but they
found it more convenient, cleaner, safer and that their cook-
ing required less attention. These electric range users enjoy
tb.e lowest rate on this continent for fuel. They have proved

April 15, 19IS

Till'. ELECTRICAL NEWS

:«

tlial lliv electric raii.ne siucs I'ihhI, thai tlu-y lia\o mure lime
lor pleasure, iir other work; aiul the lime they spend in the
kitchen is enjoyable becanse it is a pleasure to cook with
electricity. I'robalily one of your neighl)ors or friends is in-
cluded in the above number and you would like to obtain
direct information from them regarding tlieir experience with
electric cooking.

If you will sign and mail the enclosed I'ost Card we shall
be pleased to send you a copy of our new booklet, "BRIGHT-
ER AND HAPPIER HOURS IN YOUR KITCHEN."

It enumerates the advantages of electric cooking, its
cleanliness, economy, safety and helpfulness. It contains
photographs and descriptive matter of the newest and most
up-to-date electric ranges, recipes, gives illustrations of a
street in which EVERY HOME cooks exclusively with elec-
tricity, dozens of recommendations from people in Winnipeg
cooking with electric ranges, and five pages of names and
addresses of Winnipeg homes which "Cook by Wire." It
shows how an average saving of $43.00 per year is made.

You will place yourself under no obligation whatever in
asking- for this booklet. The only criticism we have received
to date is that it is rather expensive. We are at your service,
and would like you to have a copy of "BRIGHTER .WD
HAPPIER HOURS IN YOUR KITCHEN."

Will you forward the enclosed card now?
Yours truly,
CITY LIGHT .\ND POWER DEPARTMENT,

R. A. Sara,

Sales Manager.

The City of Winnipeg Hydro Electric Plant,
as it now stands, CAN supply 50,000 consumers,
and practically the same overhead and financial
charges will apply and the same staflf will serve
that number of consumers as now serve the 36,000
consumers already using City Light and Power.

IF 50,000 consumers are obtained, the COST
of service per consumer will be greatly decreased,
with a corresponding eflfect on rates charged.
ARE YOU USING CITY LIGHT and POWER?

These are attached to all letters.

Letter No. 3

Dear Sir:

In your office or factory you install new labor-saving
machines to e.xpedite your work and save time and money.
If efficiency calls for these devices in the factory or office
why not in the home? Help in the home is hard to get and
more expensive than ever before.

Are you satisfied to let your wife worry along with an
out-of-date cook stove when an electric range will save her
hours of labor and transform the kitchen drudgery into
"Brighter and Happier Hours"? Incidentally you will save
half of the price you now pay for fuel for cooking, whether
you use coal, w^ood, or gas.

Y^ou have probably entered your home many evenings
and found the air heavy with the odor of half-burnt gas and
your wife played out, after hours of work in the vitiated
atmosphere. What a difference in the electric kitchen! — pure
^ir, better cooked foods, your wife and children happier and
healthier because electricity gives heat and nothing but pure
heat.

Do j'ou know there are streets in Winnipeg in which
every home cooks exclusively with electricity? One of these
streets is shown in our new booklet.

"BRIGHTER AND HAPPIER HOURS IN Y'OUR
KITCHEN" not only states the advantages of electric cook-
ing, its cleanliness, economy, safety and healthfulness, but

also contains photographs .uid descriptive matter regarding
the newest and most up-to-date ranges, recipes, dozens of
rccommeiidatioiis from your friends and neighbors in Winni-
peg who are cooking with electricity. Ask them how they
like it. They will confirm our statements.

We would like to forward "BRIGHTER AND HAP-
PIER HOURS IN YOUR KITCHEN" if you will sign the
enclosed Post Card and return it. This will place you under
no obligation. Will you do it NOW?
At your service.

CITY LIGHT AND POWER DEPARTMENT,
R. A. Sara,

Sales Manager.

Low Price Warming Pad
To fill the demand for an electric warming pad at a less
price than its standard 13 x 15 in. pad the Westinghouse Elec-
tric and Manufacturing Company has placed upon the market
one of these pads, with dimensions 9 x 12 in. This pad is
equipped with 15 feet of cord, with attachment plug. No
switch is provided, the current being turned on and off at the
lamp socket or by separating the attachment plug. To pre-
vent overheating, two thermostats are enclosed in the pad.
These are connected in series, and should the temperature
rise to a point near the maximum safe value, one or the other
will open the circuit. Upon a fall in temperature, the ther-
mostat will reclose the circuit, thus maintaining the heat at a
uniform temperature. This pad, which is enclosed in a fawn-
colored felt cover, is very soft and pliable, thus allowing it
to conform easily to any part of the body. Its marked super-
iority to the old-fashioned hot water bottle is well known,
some of the advantages being its instant availability, its con-
tinued heat at uniform temperature, the absence of any dan-
ger of overheating or scalding the patient, or of wetting its
surroundings, and the low cost of operation.

A Vest Pocket Power Plant
The Liberty Bell transformer is something new in the
construction of bell transformers, in that it is of the socket
type, and may be connected to the line by simply screwing it
into any Edison base socket or receptacle. This permits
even the inexperienced to connect it, and increases sales by
cutting down the installation charges, which are generally so
high as to impede competition of the bell transformer with
batteries. Also the method of installation permits easy re-
moval from one house to another, should the family move.
All bothersome soldering is done away with in the installing

of this transformer. From the dealers' and jobbers' stand-
point the extreme light w-eight and high capacity are im-
portant points. The complete weight is only y^ pound, and
the 10-volt type will' ring four 3j4-inch bells, while the l(i-
volt type will ring seven 25^-inch bells. The transformer is
enclosed in a neat black enameled case, with secondary ter-
minals brought through a porcelain block, conveniently
placed. The transformer is well made and impregnated, and
does not depend upon any case-filling compound to exclude
moisture. The device will not burn out on short circuit of
the secondary terminals and claims an input of only 10 watts
on short circuit.. This transformer is also handy for the elec-
trician in testing, being much lighter and less cumbersome
than several dry cells to carry to the job.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

April 15, 191S

Composition Motor Plug

Harvey Hul)1>ell, Inc., have placed on the market a com-
position motor attachment plng^, No. (il7!). This plug is de-
signed for use with devices employing small motors, such as
vacuum cleaners, lloor-scrubhers, and the like. It is con-
structed of a high-grade, heat-proof composition, measuring.

^^j^

assem.bled, 1 .5/S in. in length and 1 \/.v.l in. diameter at bot-
tom of base. The portion with contact blades is arranged
with holding slots or grooves for htting into the apparatus,
and all current-carrying parts of the portable body are care-
fully concealed within patented arcing cliamliers to prevent
accidental contact.

New Electric-Driven Pump for Small Capacity Services

Tlie Goulds Manufacturing Comi)any, Seneca Falls. X.Y.,
liave recently developed a new pump for service in homes,
summer cottages, camps, dairies, small hotels, etc. This pump
is known as the "Hi-Speed," and its predominating feature is
its high speed of .'iOO r.p.m., which allows the i)ump to be belt-
connected to the motor with only a small reduction and con-
se<[ucnlly with a small punip pulley instea<l of the larger

diameter pulley commonly used. The pump is of the vertical
reciprocating type, and is suitable for pressures up to 43
pounds or 100 feet elevation. It is made in two sizes — I 1/4 in.
diameter with 1 1/8 in. stroke and a in. diameter with 1 l/S in.
stroke. The former has a capacity of three gallons and the
latter a capacity of six gallons per minute. The outfits are
furnished with 1/4 horse-power, 1,750 r.p.m. Kobfiins &
Myers motors.

Quiet Berwick Goes "On the Map"
A Halifax reader sends us the following from the "Her-
ald" of that city. The cost of current for water-heatin.g, under
the circumstances, would not be prohibitive:

Berwick, April 2. — This town from now on will be "on
the map."' The progressive element have won out, and by a
three to one vote have decided to install an electric light and
power plant. Water and sewerage are next in order. Confi-
dence is shown in the commission which is to handle the new
development. The commissioners are F. B. Chute, M. L.
Nichols, and E. \V. Margeson, and it is understood they are
to make a mill site ahout five miles distant and put in a new
dam to provide the necessary water-power. There has long
been ol)jection to modern innovations in Berwick, and at the
meeting referred to above one of the "diehards" used the fol-
lowing argument: "Why, we don't want the new-fangled
things — lights, water, and sewerage. Every spring 1 have
the missus heat some water and 1 take the waslrtub out on
the kitchen floor and after everybody has gone to bed 1 splash
around and have a good wash, and there have been some
springs when f didn't have to."

Favorable Annual Report

The annual report of the Canadian Westinghouse Com-
pany for the year ending December 31, 1917, shows gross
earnings from manufacturing operations of $1,567,199; net
earnings are $84r),276, and, after dividends are paid, there is a
net lialance of $347,024, which amount, added to the balance
from theiprevious year, leaves a l)a!ance as at January 1, 19IS,
of $1.401, fill). The tot;il assets of the comiiany are now placed
at $9,l."i5.110.

Personal
Mr. Frank T. Groome, sales manager Benjamin Electric
Company of Canada, who recently underwent an operation for
appendicitis at the Western Hospital, Toronto, is reported
making satisfactory progress. Mr. Groome has been removed
to his home, and expects to be back in his olficc in two or
three weeks.

Trade Publications

Boiler Economy — Booklet entitled "A Guide to Boiler
Economy," issued by the Canadian General Electric Com-
pany, containing useful information on the operation of steam
power plants.

Condulets — Condulet Suggestion No. Hi, by Crouse-Hinds
Company of Canada, descriliing and illustrating battery charg-
ing condulets installed in a car on one of the largest contin-
ental railroads. The distinguishing features of these fittings
are that the receptacle contacts are so supported as to pre-
vent their being spread, that the contact area is unusually
large, that firm contact is obtained on l)oth inner and outer '
contact meml)ers at all times, and that the installation of the
receptacle is greatly facilitated by a split form of bracket.

Lightning Arresters — A revision of Catalogue 1-A on
li.ghtning arresters has just been issued by the Westinghouse
Electric and Manufacturing Company. After a brief treat-
ment of lightning in general and ground connections, direct
current lightning arresters are taken up. These are the famil-
iar M.P. (multj-patli ) arresters, and the newer K-3 condenser
type arrester. Both of these are designed especially for street
railway use. The K-3 arrester contains a spark gap iit series
witli a condenser, of the flat plate unit form having a capa-
city of one microfarad. To protect old equipment, in which
the insulation has become weakened with age. the gap should
be short circuited, as this prevents the voltage from rising to
a point which might endanger the apparatus. With newer
equipment, the spark gap should be left open, as this ensures
that the condenser is always discharged, and therefore ready
to take care of a larger static surge. The electrolytic light-
ning arrester for car service is also described. The line of
type AK electrolytic arresters now includes a type provided
with sphere gap having horn e.xtensions on the higher volt-
ages instead of horn gap only. There are a number of addi-
tions to the list of accessories and parts for these arresters.
Outline drawings with approximate dimensions of type .\K
arresters in various settings complete the book, which is of
much interest to electrical men having to do with transmis-
sion lines for power and railway purposes. Copies may be
had on rp(inest at any Westinghouse lir:ini-!i office.

April IJ, 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

PHILUPS' CABLES

as supplied to the Toronto Hydro Electric System

These Illustrations show cross sections in the original size of cables recently supplied to the
T. H.E. System and reordered by them for further extensions. The specifications are as follows —
Conductors composed of 37 strands each, .082 in. diameter. Thickness of dielectric on each conduc-
tor. .210 m. Thickness in belt, .210 in. Thickness of lead sheath, .160 in. Overall diameter, 2.61 in.,
250,000 CM. Three Conductor, Paper Insulated, and plain Lead Covered Cable for 13,200 volts. We
can supply you with wires and cables of any size for Power, Lighting, Telephone, Telegraph, etc.

Write us for detailed information.

NOTE— Specification of cable in left-hand cut: 3 0 B. and S
Three conductor. Each conductor 19 strands, each .094 in. diam
Thicltness of dielectric on each conductor. .21 in. Thickness of dielec-
tric on belt, .21 ir.. Thickness of lead sheath, .15 in. Overall diameter

specification of cable in right-hand cut: As stated in copy.

Eugene F. Phillips Electrical Works, Ltd.

Head Office and Factory: MONTREAL
Branches: Toronto Winnipeg Regina Calgary Vancouver

Phillips Factory
at Montreal

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

April 13, 1918

Current News and Notes

Amherstburg, Ont.

The purchase of the Essex County Light and Power
Company by the Hydro-Tlectric Power Commission has been
completed. The properties were owned and controlled by
tlie Detroit-Edison Electric Company. The price paid was
.$220,000, covered by bonds of the Ontario Commission. The
plant comprises some .'iO miles of 36,400 volt lines, distribut-
ing energy to Amherstburg, Kingsville, Esse.x, Leamington,
Harrow, Canard River, and Cottam.

Hamilton, Ont.

The Minister of Labor lias established a board of con-
ciliation to deal with the dispute between tlie Hamilton .Street
Railway Company and its employees.
Kingston, Ont.

The city auditor's report shows that the past year's oper-
ation of the civic utilities commission were carried on at a
loss, in the electric department, of $6,792.

London, Ont.

Negotiations have been re-opened, it is said, looking to
the purchase of the London and Lake Erie Railway and
Transportation Company by the city of London.

The plant of the London Electric Company was closed
down on April 1, and some 15,000 customers were left without
light and power. It is understood that a deputation is being
arranged to go to Ottawa and urge upon the. power controller
the necessity of continuiing the operation of this plant.

The London and Port Stanley Railway Commission is
authorized to increase the standard passenger tariff by 15 per
cent, and the freight rate on coal by 15c a ton.

Following the collapse of the Springbank dam recently.
it is announced that the work will be replaced on a larger
scale, making possible the generation of a greater amount of
electric power. As the result of the break, one section of
London's streets is in darkness.

The employees of the London Street Railway Company
have made a demand for an increase of 10c an hour in wages,
bringing the maximum up to ;>8c. The company point out
that their system showed a deficit of $24,000 hist year.

Montreal, Que.

The Shawinigan Water and Power Company have under
consideration the extension of their carbide and electrode
plants. Operations have been commenced on the large acetic
acid plant which the company are building at Shawinigan
Falls for the United States Government, and part of the elec-
trical equipment has been purchased.
Ottawa, Ont.

The fuel controller has issued an order which would seem
to indicate that all small power ^plants operated by steam
where hydro-electric power is available will be closed down
to assist in relieving the fuel shortage. It would seem that
the aims of the fuel controller and of the power controller
will more or less interfere in this respect, as the power con-
troller's orders are chiefly to the effect that hydro-electric
power must be conserved wherever possible by the use of
other sources of heat.

Regina, Sask.

The street railway union is asking the following schedule
of wages: .".2c for the first six months, 35c for the second six
months, 38c for the second year, 43c for the third and follow-
ing years; also a 10 )icr cent, increase for all other employees,

aside from motormen and conductors, getting less than $1,500
a year. The city's offer of an increase ranging from 3 to 10
per cent, has been rejected.
Rosthern, Sask.

On Monday, March 25, the new electric lighting plant
was started up here. This is a gas engine-driven generator
system.

St. John, N.B.

The New Brunswick Power Company are making a re-
quest to the legislature for power to make an increase in their
rates. The company ask that the fare in future be a 6-cent
cash fare, with a 1-cent charge for transfers.

If is announced that the Commission of Conservation
will make a survey of the water-powers of New Brunswick
during the coming summer.

Temiskaming, P.Q.

The Kipawa Fibre Company, Ltd., propose to develop a
water-power at Kipawa Lake, Temiskaming, P.Q. The ener-
gy will be utilized for the manufacture of bleached sulphite
pulp. At present the water is sufficient to develop 20,000
h.p., which can be increased to 35,000 h.p. if conservation
work at the head waters is undertaken. It is estimated that
the proposed power development of 7,300 h.p. will involve an
outlay of $050,000, with an addition of $350,000 for water-
power rights.

Toronto, Ont.

The damage which occurred from fire in the factory of
the Jefferson Glass Company, Carlaw Avenue, will be imme-
diately repaired, and the plant will be running smoothly again
within the month. The building was of fireproof construc-
tion, with a wooden roof, and it is principally this roof that
was damaged. In the meantime the company have a heavy
stock of staple glassware, from which immediate shipment '
will be made to fill orders. It is not anticipated that the fire
will interfere in any way with the company's service to their
customers.

The Canadian General Electric Company, Ltd., have
secured the agency for Canada of the Western Coil and Elec-
trical Company, Racine, Wisconsin, manufacturers of higli-
grade violet-ray generators, high frequency outfits, etc.

Winnipeg, Man.

The City Council have instructed the city solicitor to pre-
pare a by-law prohibiting the operation of jitneys in the city
of Winnipeg.

Motor Operated Eraser

For use by draftsmen, the Coates Clipper Manufacturing
Company is now making a motor operated eraser. The outfit
consists ofa l/l5 h.p. standard motor with a bail handle and
10 feet of cable for connecting to an electric light socket. It
is fitted with 3 feet of J4»-in. cable shafting, with sliding sleeve
connection, allowing for proper curvature of the shaft. This
is covered with black braiding, and has nickel-plated sleeves
throughout. At the end of the flexible shaft is a high-grade
dental hand-piece and two mandrels, on which can be mount-
ed-discs of various kinds for erasing printing, waterproofing
pencil marks, and for cleaning purposes. Besides being used
as an eraser, the maker points out that the rotating disc can
be used by draftsmen and others for cleaning instruments,
sharpening pencils, and the like.

Mav 1, 1918

THF. ELECTRICAL NEWS

-tfl^

Published Semi-Monthly By

HUGH G. MACLEAN, LIMITED

HUGH C. MacLEAN, Winnipeg, President.

THOMAS S. YOUNG, General Manager.

W. R. CARR, Ph.D., Editor.
HEAD OFFICE - 347 Adelaide Street West, TORONTO

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as second class matter.

Entered as second class matter July ISth, 1914, at the Postoffice at
Buffalo. N. Y., under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

Vol. 27

Toronto, May I, 1918

No.. 9

Will the War be Followed by Concerted
Effort for the Common Welfare?

The talk at the Montreal Electrical l.uiicheuii .oti .\pril '!
was of a different character to anj- other given this season.
The speaker was Ex-Recorder \\'eir. and his address, with
the somewhat ambiguous title of "Whither .Are We Drifting."
dealt with present-day social and economic questions, with
particular reference to the manifesto of the British Labor
party, a document which has been widelj' published in Great
Britain and on the North American Continent.

There was, said the speaker, a growing feeling of What
he termed social consciousness — a feeling that 'the present
condition of societj' was not the best possible, and that our
civilization was not the best possible. The minds of men
were asking for something better. This craving for better
conditions had characterized all historj', and it would con-
tinue for all time. In England the policy of laissez-faire had
been advocated by such eminent men as Bright and Cobden.
who deprecated factory legislation on the ground that the
government had no right to interfere between men and em-
ployers; but that idea had gone by the board and had been
succeeded by a policy of socialism, which had been accentu-
ated by the war. In England there had I)een a pastoral age.
an agricultural age. a commercial ^age. and an industrial age.
the latter accompanied by a number of social problems.

Instead of the laissez-faire polJcj- there was a tendency
for the government to control various matters, and he in-
stanced old age pensions as one of the questions dealt with
as the outcome of the socialist policy. In our day there was
a feeling that men who labored with their hands or brains, or

uitli bath, shnulil be animated with the idea of working for
the common good, and the British Labor party in their mani-
festo distinctly included men who worked with their hands
and those who worked with their brains. The old scramble
l)y individuals was lieconiing obsolete. Just as in the war the
people had been animated by a common spirit for patriotic
jiurposes, so in the economic field there should not be a
scramble for individual prosperity, but a concerted efTort for
the common welfare.

The speaker concluded bj' enumerating the main points
of the British Labor manifesto, incidentally mentioning that
the Lanadian Government ought to materially extend their
efforts to find employment for the returned soldiers.

Public Interest Best Served by Delaying
Underground Work

The city ui Muiureal has failed in its application to the
Quebec Public Utilities Commission to compel the Montreal
Light. Heat, and Power Consolidated. Montreal Public Ser-
vice Corporation, and Montreal Tramways Company to place
their wires, cables, etc.. in certain underground conduits in
the down-town district built by the city, and to remove the
wires and poles from the streets. The city issued instructions
for the companies to use the conduits, but as these were not
complied with, an application was made to the Utilities Com-
mission. The companies replied that it was unreasonable to
ask for this work to be done, having regard to the difficulty
and cost of obtaining supplies.

The judgment of the commission is that the service to
the public will not suffer by allowing present conditions to
remain, and that there was evidence of the severe restrictions
upon the supplj' of the necessary material, due to war con-
ditions. "It is beyond all question." continues the finding,
"that the expense involved in doing the work required would
be greatly in e.xcess, apparently 100 per cent., of that occur-
ring in normal times."

Ill the opinion of the commission, the compelling of the
wiirk would not be commensurate with the sacrilice entailed
by its immediate achievement, even if that were possible.
"The public interest would be best served by, deferring the
work to be done lintil such time as present conditions shall
have altered. The application is not allowed for the present.
It is. however, to be distinctly understood that the finding
goes no further tlian merely suspending the work to be done
for the time being." The rights of the city are still main-
tained, including that of a renewal of the application at any
time it may deem proper.

Gonserving Fuel in Montreal

With a view to conserve fuel, the Montreal Light, Heat,
and Power Consolidated and the Montreal Tramways Com-
pany have made an agreement under which the former will
supplj' the Tramways Company with additional hydro-elec-
tric power, thus restricting the use of coal for the Tramway
Company's steam plants. The agreement was due to the
efforts of the fuel controller, who brought the companies to-
gether. The arrangement will continue for 18 months, and is
estimated to save about 37.000 tons of coal. The Tramways
Company is supplied with a certain amount of power, under
agreement with the Montreal Light. Heat, and Power Con-
solidated, but the peak load, at the busy hours, is taken care
of by the Tramways Company's steam plants, a new plant
having been recently installed.

The new agreement is on a meter basis, and is likely to
call for about 10.000 h.p. per annum, and may possibly be
larger than these figures. The great object is to save as much
coal as possible, involving a minimum operation of the Tram-
ways Company's steam plants.

The contract, of course, means an additional call on the

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

May 1, 1918

resources of the Power Company. Tlic two new units at
Cedars will probably be ready in three montlis. s" tliat tlie
company will then be in a position to more tlian cuvcr the
larger requirements.

The demand for power in tlic province is increasing,
largely for manufacturing pur-poses. Many new industries liave
been, and are being, located in the province, due to the facili-
ty with which cheap and abundant power can be secured. 1 he
power companies are making every effort to meet this de-
mand and also to provide for future requirements. Besides
the addition to the Cedars plant we have the importantr de-
velopment of the Southern Canada Power Company at Drum-
mondville and the contemplated addition of two units by the
Laurentide Power Company.

It is not evident on the surface whether the Hydro or the
private companies stand to gain (or lose) most by this pool-
ing arrangement. Generally speaking, the greatest advantage
would appear to accrue to the side on which the need for more
power was the most urgent The main point at issue, how-
ever, is that all the power we can possibly render available is
now to be applied at strategic points in the most effective
manner.

The Power Controller's Latest Order
Helps the Situation

Mr. Drayton has somewhat cleared the Ontario power
horizon by his latest order, which virtually amounts to a pool-
ing of all the power generated at Niagara for distribution
throughout Ontario. In addition he has made arrangements
with the private companies concerned for the operation of
their steam plants at Toronto and London, guaranteeing cer-
tain protection to these companies against the abnormal cost
of coal and the difficulty of obtaining it. Such action will
appeal to the general public as in the Ijest interests of those
industries which are most necessary for the prnsecution of
the war.

ppKiMasiiaisiaiHiaisiHaiaiaigiaigpwigiaiMiiaiBi
n

High Tension Phenomena at the A.I.E.E.'

()ne hundred and ten members of the Toronto section of
the A.I.E.E. were privileged to see actual demonstrations of
testing at 250,000 volts, the use of the sphere gap for measur-
ing high voltages, and the formation of corona, at the Hydro
Laboratories last Friday. The occasion was a paper by Mr.
\V. P. Dobson on "High Voltage Phenomena." and the ex-
periments contributed to the attractiveness of the subject. In
Mr. Dobson, it was clear, the section boasts a member who is
a physicist of considerable attainments and a mathematician
of a high order. The paper, which was devoted to high volt-
age measurements, the corona voltmeter corona losses, and
the effects of switching on high tension lines, showed great
thought in its preparation and a careful study of the work of
recent investigators of the sitbject. An interesting test
demonstrated the reliability of the sphere gap in comparison
with the needle gap for measurement at different frequencies.
This paper indicates that much good work is being accom-
plished in the commission laboratories in the direction of
standardization and research at liigh voltages.

ligglSlSSSgsiSlslKHlsMaSlteJsSliaigSia^

The Open Boat

" IV hen this here War is done," says T>an, "and all the fightin's through.
There's some' II pal with Fritz again as they was used to do;
But not tne," says Dan the sailor man, '* not mc," says he
"Lord knows its nippy in an open boat on winter nights at sea."

^* ^^ •^'

" When the last battle's lost an' won, an' won or lost the game.
There's some'll think no 'arm to drink with squareheads just the same;
But not trie," says Dan the sailor-man, "an' if you ask '"c why —
Lord kf^ows its thirsty in an open boat when the water-breaker 's dr\).

^*' ^^ ^^

" When all the bloomin mines is swep' an' ships are sunk "o more.
There's some'll set them down to eat with Germans as before;
But not me," says T>an the sailor-man, *' not me, for one —
Lord knows it's hungry in an open boat when the last biscuit's done. "

H^^ t^^ 9^^

When peace is signed and treaties made an' trade begins again.
There's some'll shake a German's hand an' neOer see the stain;
But not me,'' says Dan the sailor-man, *'not me, as Qod's on high —
Lord kf^ows it's hitter in an open boat to see your shipmates die. "

— C. F. S. in "Punch"

fta>flkirtteKigigispig|giK»giSiiag|giHiiasiRiiaiHaip5?iaaiMigig^^

May 1, 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

The Application of Education to Industry

An Address Delivered before the Annual Meeting of the Joint Committee of
Technical Organizations, Ontario Branch

By Col. David Carnegie*

Before referring particularly to the subject I have chosen The Functions of Educational Committees of Production

for consideration this evening, I think you will be interested Boards

to know that since the formation of the Inventions Committee In the address to which 1 have referred I suggested the

,of the Imperial Munitions Board in February, 1917, we have formation of production boards for each industry, consisting

examined approximately 500 proposals, sent from all parts of of equal numbers of the representatives of the employers ami

Canada and other countries. The following gives the num- employees in the district. The functions of these boards in-

ber of proposals from eacli province in Canada and from eluded, among other important duties, tlic education of indus-

other countries: trial workers, as follows:

Inventions, March 19, 1918 — Total Proposals Received to i. The vocational training of the child in preparation for
Date, 543 his entry into industry.
Ontario 233 2. The education of the actual producer (principally man-
Quebec . . . ., 46 ual).

Manitoba < 12 3. The education of the directors of production (both

Saskatchewan 30 manual and technical).

.\lberta 27 4. The education of the distributors of production (prin-

British Columbia 28 cipallj' financial and commercial.)

New Brunswick (i

Nova Scotia 22 It might be advisable to look at tlic fundamental priii-

Prince Edward Island 2 ciples underlying industrial education before considering

Newtnundland 1 ^.j^^j „,j ,,j ^^ j,^^ [^^^^ ^i,^^ ^f education.

\ ukon 1

Ell" h'l'uf ' ''"^^ ' "■! Fundamental Principles Underlying Industrial and Technical

Australia .............'........■...■■■. 1 Education for Each of the Classes Enumerated

New Zealand ' 1 The question might be asked: What is the object of our

'^^""'^"'^^ •• ~ luirsuits? .^re we simply setting out to train humanity from

()ut of these we have fnrwanlcd :>2 proiposals to the In- childliood to become efficient producers in the world of in-
ventions Board in London. dustry? This would, indeed, be a worthy aim. Organized

One inventor sent as many as eight different imciitions. education in industry is surely better tlian systemless educa-
The proposals have related to aeroplanes, protection of ships ''"" and chaos. But that is surely not the only, or principal,
from submarines, designs of guns, shells, bombs, aerial tor- object. I believe with Ruskin that "The entire object of true
pedoes, tanks, and many other minor warlike subjects. Prior education is to make people not merely do the right things,
to the formation of our committee inventors knew of no par- '"'* enjoy the right things: not merely industrious, but to love
ticular department of government where to send their pro- industry; not merely to learn, but to love knowledge; not
posals for consideration, and no particular department had merely pure, but to love purity ; not merely just, but to hunger
any specific organization formed to examine carefully the '>"d thirst after justice." I am sure you will agree with me
proposals submitted. We have on our committee representa- 'hat these objects should underlie industrial and technical
tive members of the military and naval services of the Gov- education, as well as every phase of education. It is not
ernment of Canada, the universities, and technical societies, merely sufficient to turn out well-equipped and efficient work-
all of whom are voluntary workers. We have also the assist- ^rs in every class of industry most fitted to their natural bents,
ance of the Patents Office staflf and other departmental ^ut to seek to make each worker discover the wholesome-
branches of the Dominion Government where the proposals "^s* ^"'' Happiness in the performance of every task, inter-
submitted require the investigation of specialists in their de- preting his experience in terms of pleasurable duty, which
partments. "''" l>''i"g" "ot only personal gain, but will add to the interests

We think that the work of the Inventions Committee, °^ t^e community and nation. "No pleasure," says Bacon, "is
although it has taken very little time from the regular duties comparable to the standing upon the vantage ground of
of the ofiicers of the Imperial Munitions Board, has served a fu'h." The great fundamental principle, therefore, under-
very important purpose, and has awakened and developed '>''"8' ^" education is truth— "truth in the inward parts."
many latent faculties. Evidence of genius has been marked. glasses to Be Educated in Industry
but the need for Its direction and instruction in the elemen- „ . , . , ,

• -If- I 1 I J • c J.I. Considering, then, the education ol the human forces in

tary principles of science have been revealed in many of the . , , , ^ .,., .

, T., • u T I, 1- ii .. -1 ■ . mclustry we have: (1) The juvenile at school and at work-
proposals. It is because I believe that your society, consist- /„v ,, , , is,,- wujk,
r , , ■ II . • , ■ c ja » • 1 '-' t"e adult worker; (3) tlie director ot production; (4) the
ing of technically trained men coming from different indus- ,■.•,. , , . ' ^
^., ^ .;:. ,. r \ ■ ■ 1 • distributor of production.

trial centres in Canada, can be of great service in educating , . .. ^, , ,

J J. ^. .. t . J ti t T I i J 1 cr . ^ wonder if a fifth class should be iiic uded — a class to

and directing the untutored that I have ventured to offer to • , ,, ,,.,,. .

^,. ■ ,. ,. ^1 1 ^- f provide the program of education? It is conceivable that our

you this evening some suggestions regarding the education of ^ , , . . , ,

., . J ^ • , , .. , , , r I • 1 T . J . teachers may have misinterpreted the true fundamental prin- ■

the industrial worker, the skeleton of which I presented to ■, , , , , . ^ ^oi h

., , r ^u /- 1- AT- • T ■.-,. i. .1 . cibles underlying industrial education. It may even be neces-

the members of the Canadian Mining Institute recently when ^ u i .7 i i ■ , • , , ,

. ,. .^, „c D ui - .1 T. J- • . f T ^^^y '° break the moulds in which our teachers have been

dealing with Some Problems in the Readjustment of In- ^ t ^i. i- i ^ i- ■ , . ,

, ^ „ T - t -.1 »- i c 1 X, • *^^5*- '" '"e light of present knowledge, I do not agree with

dustry. I wish, therefore, to confine my remarks this even- t- i , ■ i , •? , ' '^'- <^^"^^

,,,,.. r ., 1 .- 1 -^^ r J tmerson when he says in that beautiful essay on compensa-

ing to the functions of the educational committees of produc- ^- ..t, • , . , . ^ . .

^. , J , , ■ J , ! \i u J • , ''°"- ^here is a crack in everything God has made," but if

tion boards for each industrv, or of any other body organized .i u-u-^- r ■ t- r , .

.„ ^, , . , J 6 the exhibition of savagery in Europe for the past three and a
with the same object. . ,, ... ^ r ,, , . , , . .
half years is the outcome of the highest culture in science and

•Member and Ordnance Adviser, Imperial Munitions Board, Ottawa. are. Surely science and art have been prostituted to fiendish

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

May 1, 1918

uses, or we are misguided in our iiUcrprelalion of experience
;uid the lessons learned therefrom, and there must lie more
than a crack in our man-made culture.

Are Our Standards and Goals Right?
If the world's higher education in the intellectual and
industrial pursuits has led the people into such inhuman strife,
is it unreasonable to suggest that we pause and consider
whether anything is wrong with our standards and measures,
or is all this slaughter the outcome of their wrong uses? Have
we been listening to false prophets about the glory of that
land which will be plowed by the most efficient machinery;
where the labor of sowing and reaping will be reduced to a
minimum? Do we see before us a culture and genius which
will transform with a minimum of effort the raw materials of
tlic earth's surface, bringing with them a wealth and ease
which our tired bodies and hungry souls long for? Have we
yet discovered that "man shall not live by bread alone"? Are
we lowering- the standard of manhood by the kind of goals
we have set ourselves? There are other goals beyond the
gold fields; beyond the money values of. industry. If •'man's
cliief end is to glorify God and enjoy Him forever," then our
standards of culture which lead us from that end are unholy.
.\1I the cruelty, intrigue, disloyalty, and avarice, so rampant in
the world, and particularly in cultured Germany, indicate -\
self-inflicted deformity of God's image, which it was man's
proud fortune to possess. If the horrors of war are arresting
our thinkers and opening new vistas of unexplored mind
where spirit values instead of material values count in the
true adjustment of our inr" astrial affairs, there shall evolve
from the carnage and scientific barbarism a new era in which
a true interpretation of the loathesome experiences through
which we have passed will bring out the value of the funda-
mental principles upon which our industrial education must
be built. We shall then discover the principle underlying
education which will .give the worker the opportunity of main-
taining efficient service with a maximum of enjoyment.

Ability and Interest Essential to Efficiency
In the suggestions 1 am about to make I recognize the
futility of obtaining sustained, efficient service from any class
of worker, either by hand or brain, unless the worker has dis-
covered a pleasure and interest in his employment. I believe
that the co-operation of these two great human forces — ability
and interest — are absolutely essential to effective service.

1. Vocational Training of Children for Industry

l'"or the past four years there has lain upon the shelves ni
Canada's bookcases one of the most comprehensive repo.'ts
ever made upon industrial training and technical education. I
could not refer any educational committee of production
boards or similar organizations to better plans for their con-
sideration than those recorded therein. Dr. Robertson, who
was the chairman of the commission appointed l)y the Domin-
ion Government to investigate the scope and nature of indus-
trial training and technical education in Europe and America
did not only record the facts and make recommendations to
the Dominion Government concerning their application to
Canada, but has never lost an opportunity of emphasizing the
need of puting the recommendations of the commission into
practical operation.

The People of Canada Desire Industrial and Technical
Education

Dr. Robertson's report says that Canada does not only
require such education, but longs for it. One thousand, four
hundred and seventy-one men and women in Canada, repre-
senting the industrial, business, agricultural, home-making,
and technical work of the Dominion, witnessed to the com-
mission their anxiety to have better industrial and technica'
education for Canada.

Benefit of Vocational Training in Other Countries

Dr. Robertson's report also shows that great advance-
ment has been made in industry in England, Scotland, Ire-
land, Denmark, France, Germany, Switzerland, and the
United States by the addition to elementary education of
manual training, domestic science, nature study, and school
gardens. Children leaving school at 3 or 14 years of age are
transferred at the age of 11 or 12 years to classes having
what is called an industrial bias, commercial bias, and house-
keeping bias, where a d,efinite time is set aside for such edu-
cation. Trades are not taught at such schools, neither do
these classes displace general education from books. They
are known as "elementary courses,' 'and have developed at an
extraordinary rate in England and Europe. In Scotland, for
instance, ten years prior to the war there were 162 schools,
with 3,281 pupils, and in 1913 there were 1,9-15 such schools,
with an attendance of 43,281 pupils.

Dr. Robertson's Proposal Has Provided a Program

It is not my object now to propose any detailed pro-
gram for the vocational training of the child. My object,
rather, at present, is to point to the source of information
where well-considered thought has been given already to the
subject, and to seek to indicate how the application of such
plans to each industry could be established by the aid and
harmonious co-operation of the producers in each industry
and the educational authorities.

Co-operation of Educational Committees and School
Authorities

The Educational Committee of the Production Boards,
for instance, could work in the closest association with the
management committee of the school authorities of each dis-
trict, with a view to the selection and preparatory training of
the children required periodically for each industry. Such
selection would l)e made having in mind always the aptitude
and interest of tlie child in the class of work to be followed.
I am informed that in connection with the examination of
school children in .Australia phrenologists are employed by
the government to discover the direction of their bent for
industry.

By the co-operation of educational committees of pro-
duction Iinards with the scho.d authorities they could deter-
mine:

1. Tlic nalnre and duration of training most suitable for
boys anil .girls in the schools.

2. What partial attendance at schools and works was
necessary during the earlier stages of industrial training.

'■). Tlie iiuniber of hours for studj', manual labor, and re-
creation.

Duties of Educational Committees

Tlie duties of the educational committees of production
boards would also include tlie preparation of the courses of
training in the works for juveniles; the number of hours for
such training; periodic examinations, with a view to discover-
ing progress in interest and enjoyment in the work as well as
ability; the issue of certificates showing the standard attain'eJ
in the particular branch of the industry; the consideration of
rates of remuneration for each child during the period of
training, and also the provision of suitable conditions for the
welfare of the children.

2. The Education of the Actual Producers

Altliongh it has been said frequently that there is little
liope of educating more than an insignificant percenta.ge of
tlie large numljer of men and wojnen once they have drifted
out of boyhood and girlhoc „, cnere are many signs which
encourage the hope that not an insignificant 'percentage of
the workers are craving for knowledge and right leadership.
Educational authorities have done a great work in provitlini;
cniiiinuation classet" for general training in industry and in

May 1. 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

a r rallying classes for special study relating to classified in-
dustries.

Technical Instruction in Works
These advantages are eiiipliasized in the report of Dr.
Robertson, to which I have already referred. They could be
supplemented by making- provision for the instruction of
adults in districts where no schools exist, by the formation
of classes for instruction by qualified teachers, many of whom
could be found in the ranks of the industries over which pro-
duction boards preside. Many of the foremen, superinten-
dents, draftsmen and chemists could give manual and techni-
cal education in the tending of machines, the use of gauges,
moulding, plumbing-, blacksmithing, drawing, chemistry, etc.
Certificates of qualification could be issued after a definite
period of instruction and proved ability and interest. Such
classes could be made so attractive that all branches of labor
would be encouraged to qualify for a higher grade. The shop
or yard sweeper, for instance, would have the chance of
qualifying- for any .position requiring the highest skill in oper-
ating.

Workers' Educational Association
Perhaps the most encouraging sign of educational pro-
gress of recent years is the great movement begun by the
workers themselves for the education of the adult worker, and
known as the "Workers' Educational .\ssociation." It was
founded in 1903 in England by a group of trade unionists,
co-operative, friendly, and educational societies, and aimed
"at nothing less than the restoration of education to its right-
ful place among the great spiritual forces of the community."
This association, pioneered by the industrial workers,
joined hands in 1907 with the universities at a national con-
ference which was held at Oxford, vviiere seven representa-
tives from the universities and seven from the representatives
of labor formed themselves into a joint committee for the
establishment of what is known as the "University Tutorial
Class System." Every university in England to-day has its
joint committee for tutorial class work, consisting- of an equal
number of university and working class representatives. A
great alliance, therefore, has been formed between the
sources of education and the organized working classes.

The story of the development of this work is most en-
trancing. In 1914 there were 2.533 affiliated societies, scat-
tered over England and Wales. I believe that the educational
committees of iproduction boards would be able to obtain con-
siderable help from the study of operations of the W. E. A.
to enable them to formulate plans for classified education,
particularlj' in districts where technical schools were not
available.

2. Practical Training of Adult Labor
Many facilities during recent years -have been offered to
the adult worker in industry to improve his practical know-
ledge of his craft. Quite recently I received a description of
a training school for employees, organized by the Recording
and Computing- Machine Company, of Dayton, Ohio. It had
for its object the training of raw labor, men and women, to
work to the closest requirements in precision work, the limit's
running as low as five ten-thousands of an inch. The works
manager, Mr. U. Carpenter, had found that the method of
introducing workers into factories and placing them on ma-
chines to learn their operation by the assistance of shop fore-
men and fellow-workers was not only costly but imperfect.
The method adopted to overcome this common form of train-
ing- was by having all the workers trained in a well-lighted
room away from the factorj-, upon the kind of machines they
were afterwards to operate in the large works. A few daj-s'.
or sometimes weeks', training, by special teachers, qualifie-l
them to go into the works and operate machines without
having any assistance from tlicir fellow-operators, the fore-
man or leading hands in the factory.

Remarkable Advantages from Practical Training

Mr. Carpenter states that "in January, 191G, the average
production of :>1 women cmi)loyees was eight pieces per
hour." While operatives were apparently busy with this rate
iif prcnluction, my experinunts showed that there should be
produced from these machines, as a fair production, an aver-
age of :i3 pieces per hour. We put our old operatives into the
training department and within four weeks after the new and
'lid operatives had been through this training department
the average production was raised to over 35 pieces per hour,
and to-day (January, 1918) the average is over 55 pieces per
hour. The same results were obtained on all our work, such
as machining, inspection, and assembling." These facts from
actual experience confirm the opinions and recommendations
■ if advocates of industrial training, and are suflicient to
demonslrale the value of specific practical training. They also
confirm tlic great possibilities of organized methods of labor,
and show where work can be enjoyed while skill and output
are increased.

Training and Examination of Adult Labor
1 he functions of the educational committee of production
boards would include the classification of labor for such prac-
tical training and the direction of both men and women to the
pursuit of higher grades of practical knowledge in the indus-
try. Training courses, examinations, and certificates would
lie given, as in the case of juvenile workers.

3. Technical Training for Directors of Production

(Jn' first thought, the technical training for directors of
production might appear unnecessary. Why should the direc-
tor of production hold such a position in industry if not fully
qualified, and. if fully qualified, why should educational train-
ing be necessary?

On reflection we are reminded of the technical facilities
which are within the reach of directors of production who are
helped by the teclinical press — patent office literature, pro-
ceedings from various institutions, reports of commissions
and other organizations engaged in research and investiga-
tion for the solution of problems in industry.

Directors of production recognize that their echication
does not cease with their promotion to such positions, but
rather the necessitj' of education increases. Much of that
education which has to be secured outside the ordinary fac-
tory hours must be in tabloid or concentrated form. The real
problem is to kmiw how to place facilities for such education
within their reach without overloading them with unneces-
sary information pertaining to other industries than their
own.

Valuable Sources of Education Locked Up

In addition to the foregoing sources of information facili-
ties are alwaj's available at the various universities and tech-
nical schools for evening study during the winter months.
Lectures also are given at different institutions through which
knowledge is imparted to directors of production, but it seems
to me that the sources of concentrated technical education
which ought to be of the greatest service to industry are
locked up in volumes in different departments of the govern-
ment— volumes the existence of which is not even known to
the directors of production in industry.

There are, for instance, numerous volumes already issued
by the Mines Branch, giving account of minerals, metals,
fuels, and refractories, all of which are of vital importance to
industry. In addition to these there are valuable reports
issued b\- the Commission of Conservation, on questions of
tlie utilization of Canada's resources, reports dealing with
minerals, fuels, fisheries, game, animals, forests, lands, public
health, waters, and water-powers, town planning, etc., infor-
mation gathered by eminent men qualified to deal with the
subject. There are also most valualilc reports made by the

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

May 1, 1918

Department of Agriculture, the Department of Trade and
Commerce, the Department of Labor, and other departments
of government which would put industry under a deep obliga-
tion to the Dominion Government if they had the opportunity
of utilizing the information contained in them. But, I ask,
what is the value of all these records of industry? What
percentage of men directing industry, such as manager, super-
intendents, chemists, and foremen, have ever heard of these
valuable reports which minute investigation and much toil
have made possible.

It has been my good fortune to have the opportunity of
referring to many of these reports, and my regret has been
that time would not allow of greater reference to them than
was actually necessary in the prosecution of war w'ork.

Central Authority for Classifying and Distributing
Information

1 cannot, however, believe that the task of wisely classify-
ing for and distributing the results of those investigations to
industry, through production boards or any other medium
organized for this purpose, would be insuperable. I believe
that special classification of information relating to problems
and processes for each industry, together with the distribution
of such information, could be undertaken by a central author-
ity capable of dealing with the technical problems of indus-
try as a whole. Such a central authority would not only
become the principal body through which such knowledge
would be imparted, but directors of industry would involun-
tarily turn to such an agency for assistance when in trouble.

Co-operation and Co-ordination of Sources of Information

If I were, to venture to suggest for consideration a plan
whereby the most efficient service could be rendered to in-
dustry through its directors of industry I would propose a
union of the educational committees of production boards of
each industry with the Industrial Research Advisory Council
of the Government, or some similar institution which would
have the authority to advise as to the use of all the technical
educational sources of the country for the development of
industrial research.

The value of such a union would be in the assurance of
industry, through its production boards, receiving technical
help and advice from the Industrial Research Advisory Coun-
cil. With such co-operation and the co-ordination of the
valuable technical departments of the government, univer-
sities, technical schools, and other institutions for industrial
research, one can hardly estimate the value of such help to
industry. Such co-ordination, in my opinion, is possible with-
out any one of the institutions losing its identity or con-
trol. It might be necessary to re-arrange and classify the
work of some of the institutions in certain respects, but such
re-arrangenient could be made after mature consideration.

Advantages Arising from Co-operation

Soine of the advantages resulting from such a central
authority as the Advisory Research Council would be as fol-
lows:

1. The classification of all information coming from the
technical press, proceedings of institutions, reports of com-
missions, etc., suitable for the use of each industry, and dis-
tributing such information to the production boards con-
cerned in each district. Such information could be supple-
mented with any observations and advice which in the opinion
of the committees appointed by the Research Council would
be of technical value to the industry concerned.

2. In addition to this source of information periodic con-
ferences with directors of production in each industry could
be arranged whereby discussions upon special processes or
inventions could be held, with a view to the imprnvi-metit '>f
methods which would accelerate production

3. Further, all information relating to standards of mea-
surement, specifications for material, and standardization of
processes would be supplied through the Industrial Research
Council — in fact, the co-relation of the various departments
with the valuable facilities for research in them could form
the basis of an institution such as the Bureau of Standards at
Washington and the National Research Laboratory, London,
England, having committees for investigation and research in
all technical matters relating to each industry.

In addition to this affiliation the production boards ol
each industry might be linked with the universities or techni-
cal schools of the district, so that in co-operation with the
educational authorities facilities could be provided for the
training of directors of production. To be afforded the privi-
lege of using the various laboratories of the universities, col-
leges, and technical schools for experimental work which
could not be carried out in the works of the individual manu-
facturer would be of great service to industry.

While I have referred particularly to Canada and her edu-
cational institutions which could be linked with organized in-
dustry, the same suggestions apply to the institutions and
industries of Britain and other foreign countries.

Constitution of Central Authority
With regard to the constitution of such a central council
for research the present body might wisely be enlarged to in-
clude the heads of such departments of the governinent now
conducting research in different lines of industry. It might
also be advisable to make the head of each technical depart-
ment chairman of the section of the council's work relating
to the operation of the government department over which
he presides.

I believe the ccmstituted machinery of the government,
which has done admirable service id the past, with an effi-
ciency which has been seldom recognized or fully appre-
ciated, only remains to be geared up to some such central
authority to make each department of the fullest value to the
nation through the nation's industry.

4. The Education of Distributors of Production

We have, in conclusion, to consider the education of a
class of workers who cover perhaps a wider field of operations
as distributors of production than even the directors of pro-
duction. They are not only concerned in recording statistics,
accounting, and costing in relation to production, but in the
distribution of products, involving shipping, railroading, and
other means of distributing products — subjects in themselves
which form a most important part of the problems of factory
administration.

The work of the educational committee of a production
board would include in a general way the consideration of the
best systems of commercial training suitable for all branches
of a factory's office staff, but there are, in addition, larger
questions, which involve finance, accounts, costs, commercial
law, the systematic study and familiar knowledge of which are
essential if industry is to be established on an enduring foun-
dation.

By linking the educational committees with the educa-
tional authorities whose institutions make a special study of
this phase of educational work, plans could be more readily
formulated for the education of distributors of production in
every kind of development in 'commercial industry.

The Appointment of Advisory Council on Finance and
Commerce

Jt might be found advisable to appoint a government in-
dustrial central financial and commercial advisory body of a
nature and standing similar to that of the Industrial Research
Council, but having for its object the classification of all mat-
ters of finance and commerce common or particular to each
industrj', and the distribution of such information as would

May

I'.ns

ii !•:

I'. C T ]>: I C A I . N 1;. VV S

ailmii oi' the slandarilizatimi i>f nK'llMds I'nr ccliicrilii 'ii.il dc-
vcliipiiient in factory ailniiiiistratioii. accoiiiuiiif;', costiii,L;, cuni-
iiiercial law. transportation, and all other matters relatiiii; lo
the interchange of production hetweeii buyers and sellers.

Such a council jni.sjht consist of representatives of the
leading- financial institutions in the country, representatives of
universities dealing with i)olitical economy and commercial
training, representatives selected from the administrative side
of lar.ae business houses, representatives from the institutions

of accounlinj;, representatives from liie shipping and railroad-
ing companies, and representatives of the various government
departments, such as customs, trade and commerce, finance,
lalior, etc. The objects, formation, and value of such a coun-
cil to industry are worthy of the most careful consideration.

(ientlemen, 1 believe you are all ready and able to take
your part in the education of the industrial worker, and 1 hope
your society may give consideration to the jjroposals I have
made.

Electrification of Canada's Railways

• By John Murphy"

Note. — The writer wishes to acknowled.ge his indebted-
ness and to publicly return his thanks to officials of the rail-
ways below mentioned and of the manufacturers of the ap-
paratus referred to, as well as to the technical press from
which much of the following material has been gleaned.

Still smarting from the sufferings of two successive win-
ters' fuel shortages, caused by inadequate transportation
facilities, we arc foregathered to sec what can and should
be done to prevent, if possible, recurrences of such serious
and trying experiences.

No argument is required. I think you will agree, to sup-
port the contention that eliminating the need for coal at a
considerable distance from the mine is a greater measure of
relief, and of truer conservation, tlian increasing mine pro-
duction and thereby incidentally adding more load to the
already overburdened railways. Reducing coal consuinption
automatically relieves or releases men and apparatus all
along the route from the mine to the consumer — it also re-
lieves the route itself from some of its congestion.

So eminent an authority as Mr. E. W. Rice, the President
of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, addressing
that body in New York last month made the following state-
ment:—

"It is really terrifying to realize that 25 per cent, of the
total amount of coal which we are digging from the earth is
burned to operate our steam railroads — and burned under
such inefficient conditions that an average of at least six
pounds of coal is required per horse-power-hour of work per-
formed. The same amount of coal burned in a modern cen-
tral power station would produce an equivalent of three times
that amount of power in the motors of an electric locomotive,
even including all the losses of generation and transmission
from the power station to the locomotive."

Mr. Rice went on to say that 150,000,000 tons of coal,
nearly 25 per cent., as he said, of all the coal mined in the
United States, were consumed in steam locomotives last year.

Here in Canada steam locomotives also did their bit, and
consumed about g-.OOO.OOO tons— 30 per cent, of the 30,000,000
tons of coal imported into and mined in this country. Our
9,000,000 tons cover, I believe, wood and oil consumed on
steam locomotives; some 40.000,000 gallons of oil are covered
by the Canadian record. But in the United States' figures
40,000,000 barrels of oil, 15 per cent, of the total output,
are not included.

The conservation of — the elimination of the necessity
for mining — those great quantities of fuel would be secured
if all the railways were operated electrically, and if the elec-
trical energy were generated from water power. Modern
steam central statidns would save from 50 to 66 per cent, ot
the coal now used in steam locomotives if the latter were
discarded and electric locomotives used instead.

With such possibilities for fuel conservation in sight may
we not soon expect to learn that the fuel controllers in both
countries have asked the railways, and that the railway man-

'Chief Electrical Engineer; Department of Railways and Canals, Ottawa
Ontario.

a.gers have asked their engineers: — "How many of these
millions of tons of coal can you save — when will the good
work begin?"

It is said our fuel shortages were due to a combination
of bad weather and inadequate transportation. As we cannot
control the weather our attention and efiforts must be directed
to the transportation portion of the difficulty. Railway elec-
trification will reduce coal consumption and haulage; it will
also greatly improve traffic conditions; electrification, there-
fore, seems to be the solution of the problem. Under these
circumstances it may not be out of place to recite in general
terms what electrification has actually accomplished on some
notable railways.

Railroading in the mountains is the most strenuous kind
of railway work. The examples which I have chosen cover
mountain sections. The Butte, Anaconda & Pacific Railroad,
by electrification, increased its ton-mileage 35 per cent, and
at the same time decreased the number of trains, and their
incidental expenses, 25 per cent. The time per trip was de-
creased 37 per cent. It is said their savings in the first year's
operation, after electrification, amounted to 20 per cent, of
the total cost of electrification. Tliey buy power from water
power plants.

On the Norfolk & Western Railway power is obtained
from their own steam station. Twelve electric locomotives
have replaced 33 Mallets of the most modern and powerful
type. The tonnage has been increased 50 per cent. Electrifi-
cation obviated the necessity for double-tracking. The sal-
vage value of the released 'steam engines was 45 per cent, of
the cost of electrification. Electric locomotives make eight
times as many miles-per-train-minute-delay as the steam en-
gines. Their "terminal lay-overs average 45 minutes, and
they arc double-crewed every 34 hours. Pusher engine crews
have been reduced from 8 steam to 4 electric. Pusher engines
or locomotives have been reduced from 7 steam to 3 electric.
Steam locomotives used to "fall down" in cold weather — the
electrics always "stand up," are really more efficient, in cold
weather. At the New York Railroad Club meeting last year
their electrical engineer stated that "coal wharves, spark pits,
water tanks and pumps as well as roundhouses and turntables
have all disappeared from the electric zone. Our track capa-
city has been doubled. Our operating costs have been re-
duced. From an engineering, an operating and a financial
viewpoint our electrification has been a success."

Speaking of the value of the regenerative electric braking
of their system he went on to say: — "The use of the air
brake is practically eliminated, it is only used to stop trains;
it is regrettable we are unable to put a dollars and cents
value on this great asset; to appreciate it properly one must
have had experience with the difficulties of handling 90 car
trains with air." Another official, referring to the same sub-
ject, made the following statement: — "Trains of 103 cars
are taken over the summit, 12 to 20 times every day, down the
2.4 per cent, grade without ever touching the air. We

IIIK F.T.ECTRICAL NEWS

ATnv 1. 101!^

never broke a train in two or slid a wheel. It is done s.>
nicely we wouldn't spill a drop of water out of a glass in
the caboose."

The 440 route miles of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St.
Paul Railway which have been electrified will soon be aug-
mented by 4.50 miles more. Nearly 900 route miles and about
33 per cent, in addition for passing tracks, yards, industrial
tracks and sidings will soon represent the extent of this
great railway electrification. Among the advantages secured
by this railway on its electric sections are the following: —
The cruising radius of each electric locomotive is twice that
of the steam engine. Sub-divisional points, where freight
crews and steam locomotives were formerly changed, have
been abolished; the passenger crews' runs are now 220 miles
instead of 110. For railway purposes these stations do not
now exist; 7 or 8 miles of track have been taken up; through
freights do not leave the main line track at all; shops and
roundhouses have disappeared along with their stafis, and one
electrician replaces the whole old force. An electric loco-
motive has made 9,052 miles in one month. Although sched-
ules have been reduced the electrics have made up more than
3JX times as many minutes as steam engines — time which had
been lost on other divisions; 29 per cent, of electric passenger
trains made up time in this manner. On a mileage basis alone
the operating costs of the electrics are less than one-half
the steam engine costs. Freight traffic increased 40 per cent,
shortly after electrification — double-tracking w.ould have been
necessary to handle such increased business under steam
operation. .A.n average increase of 22 per cent, in freight ton-
nage per train has taken place. One electric handles about
syi times as many ton-miles as a steam engine; the reduc-
tion in time in hai Uing a ton-mile is 30 per cent.; faster
and heavier trains have accomplished these results, the
number of trains has not been increased. About 11J4 per
cent, of the energy used by the railway is returned to the
line in the process of regenerative braking, and this returned
energy helps to haul other trains. While this is a very im-
portant item and reduces the power bills, it is only regarded
by the management as of secondary importance in compari-
son with the more safe and easy operation of trains on the
grades and the elimination of former delays for changing
brake shoes and repairs to brake rigging when operating
with steam locomotives. The electrics maintain their sched-
ules much better than steam engines. In three months the
electrics only waited for the right of way 254 minutes, while
the steam engines in a similar period waited 1,910 minutes
or Tyi times as long. Extra cars on trains only delayed elec-
trics 1/9 of the time steam trains were delayed for a similar
reason. Cold weather delayed steam trains 445 minutes
in the three months under discussion, but the electrics were
not delayed a minute; the latter are more efficient in cold
weather. Many of the delayed steam trains were double-
headers — never more than one electric is hitched to a pas-
senger train. An entire suspension of freight service, due
to steam engines losing their steaming capacity and freezing
up was not an uncommon experience. Electrical energy for
the operation of these trains costs considerably less than
coal. This latter statement is one of the most interesting in
connection with the operation of the C. M. & St. P. Ry. and
it is especially interesting because it was made more than
one year ago.

The limitations of the steam locomotive are due to
the fact that it is a mobile steam power plant of very lim-
ited capacity; it is compelled to carry its own supply of
coal and water, and it is unable to take advantage of many
of the economical refinements of the large modern station-
ary steam plant. On the other hand, the electric locomotive
has no such limitations; it merely acts as a connecting link
between efficient gigantic stationary steam or water power

l>lanls and the train to which it is connected. The F.lcctrical
World summed up the situation a short time ago when it
said: — "Why continue to haul millions of tons of coal, for
and by uneconomical steam locomotives, all over the country,
and thus add more loads to the already over-burdened rail-
ways, when the power which they need so badly can be
much more economically and efficiently transmitted to elec-
tric locomotives over a wire the size of one's little finger?"

The continual increasing cost of coal and fuel oil will
force railway managers to look more and more carefully
into railway electrification. Estimates of a few years ago
now need revision. Money may be hard to get, but, if at
times fuel cannot be obtained at all, some substitute must
be obtained if normal life is to be continued in northern
latitudes.

A representative of the National City Bank of New
York, writing of the period after the w-ar, referred to the
stagnation which may ensue in all the great industries now-
engaged in war work as soon as peace is declared; the multi-
tude of people thus thrown out of work, in addition to the
men of the returning armies, would create unbearable con-
ditions unless suitable employment will have beeji arranged
for them in advance; he referred to the economic advant-
ages of railway electrification and was of opinion that this
work might solve the whole question if soon taken up with
vigor. The Minister of Public Works, Hon. F. B. Carvell,
M.P., addressing the Ottawa branch of our organization a
couple of weeks ago, spoke of the necessity of conserving
the energy of our water powers — instead of letting them run
to waste — so that this great store of energy might be em-
ployed in assisting to build up our own and to rebuild other
countries when peace comes. How nicely these two ideas,
w-ater power development and railway electrification, work
together if properly carried out?

With the view of securing something really worthy of
presentation to this important meeting I recently wrote an
eminent engineer, a man of international fame, and recognized
as an authority on railway electrificatiorvi requesting him to
tell me his own views upon this subject. .\ specialist's opin-
ion, in my opinion, is always very valuable. Here is a short
extract from his interesting reply. He said: — "Generaliza-
tion is always dangerous, especially in connection with elec-
trification of railways, where so many factors, such as the
physical location, character of loads, the power situation, etc.,
come in to affect the decision if applied locally." From his
sober statement it may be seen that my correspondent is an
engineer — not a politician. He proceeded as follows: — ". . . .
with present equipment prices the cost is absolutely pro-
hibitive." This opinion, let me point out, is in connection
with the proposal to "electrify everything.'' Do not let it
dampen our enthusiasm. Listen to this also and kindly
keep it in mind; it is another extract from the address of
Mr. E. V. Rice, above referred to. He said: — "I think we
can demonstrate that there is no other way known to us by
which the railroad problem facing the country can as quick-
ly and as cheaply be solved as by electrification."

While the present fuel shortage questions have made us
look to railway electrification for relief I feel such a pro-
ject on a large scale can only follow or go hand in hand with
power plant development and co-operative operation of power
plants. The location of a number of plants at different points
— large water power plants and auxiliary steam plants — so
situated, and inter-connected that a failure at one plant or
the connections to it will not jeopardize the others or com-
pletely cut off and isolate an important railway district is,
in my opinion, an essential feature in connection with any
large railway electrification project.

The 99-year contract of the C. M. & St. P. Ry. is worthy

M.IV I. I!1IS

THE ELF.CTRICAI. MKWS

(if nil no than :i nunnint's .•iltonli<iii nnil consideration in
this discussion. That railway has a contract willi a power
conipanj' wliich has a series of plants stretching across the
country parallel to the railway. The railway owns its suh-
stations and secondary lines but is not concerned with the
high tension lines of power plants of the power company.
A reasonable rate for power arranged between a willing
purchaser and a willing seller — a contract in fact which
each party knows the other will respect — is the basis and

llie rial reason for that great railway electrification. Neither
party <|uestions the other's integrity or financial soundness.
One delivers the power it has undertaken to supply and the
oilier uses it. The arrangement is ideal in its simplicity and
entirely satisfactory to everybody concerned. It will, in
my opinion, be necessary to have such attractive power-
supply situations as those outlined above, backed by abund-
ant supplies of power, m order to foster and encourage
early railway electrification work in this country.

Central Heating as Means of Conserving Fuel

By F. G. Clark--

Ccntral heating is the replacement of two or more indi-
vi<liial heating systems by one source of heat. The electric
central station and the gas generating plant arc illustrations
of central heating to the extent that their respective forms of
energy arc used in connection with heating appliances. The
use of electric energy and gas for this purpose is being dealt
with in other papers which probably means that the writer
is expected to deal only with steam heat distributed from a
central generating plant. As the subject probably covers
steam for power, providing it comes from a central plant,
this enlargement will be made. We therefore have as our
subject central steam plants as a means of conserving fuel
by replacing isolated power and heating plants.

The relative merit of high versus low press\ire systems
has been the subject of much discussion. It appears that
the high pressure systems were originally installed before
electric energy became an important competitor of the steam
engine. The central steam plant was generally able to sub-
stitute its service for the boilers of the consumer, and although
the steam engine is no longer an important factor, the high
pressure system remains in a number of large cities, and
probably for the reason that the generating plants have high
pressure boilers, and the street main cost of low pressure
piping is high in comparison. The ideal system would take
low pressure steam from a steam electric power plant. The
steam would be taken from the low pressure stage of steam
turbines through suitable regulating valves, and be super-
heated by a suitable heat exchanger before passing into the
street mains.

The conditions which best suit this method of sup-
plying heat, are a closely built up section of a city and
a central location for the supply plant. The location of
the station and the congested area usually gives a fan-like
distribution system. As an economic proposition the cen-tral
heating plant can offer to customers in a limited district a
supply of heat for approximately what their coal would cost
them, leaving a fair return on the central heating system in-
vestment. The purchaser of steam avoids the necessity of
purchasing and operating boilers, saves the space they and
the fuel would occupy and is free from the troubles of
operation. Steam mains laid in city streets, while not
entirely free from troubles, usually give ample warning of
failure, and can be depended upon for continuous service.

The loss of heat is a more or less constant quantity,
depending upon the length and size of pipe, its insulation, the
difference in temperature of steam in the pipe and the sur-
rounding earth, and the leaks. The nearer to capacity the
mains are worked the smaller is the percentage of loss. A
well-designed system, as for example, one covering that part
of Toronto between the bay and College Street, and from
Sheibourne Street to Spadina Avenue, if supplied from a
:cntral plant such as the Scott Street Station of the Toronto
ILlectric Light Company, would be able to furnish nil of

'Chief Engineer, Toronto Power Company.

the heat required in the district at a cost to the users from
10 to ;iO per cent, less than their present expense. The sav-
ing in coal might be over ."iO per cent., but in any case the
cost of coal at the central plant would be sufficiently less
than its cost delivered throughout the district to offset the
fixed charges and heat losses of transmission through the
streets.

On the assumption that 73 tons of anthracite at $9.00 a
ton, and 150 tons of bituminous at $7.00 per ton is used in
the district each week day for six months, and proportion-
atelj' smaller quantities during the remainder of the year,
the cost of steam imder present conditions would be over
$500,000 per year, of which the coal cost is about $400,000.

The central heating company would be willing to sup-
ply an equivalent quantity of heat for the cost of the coal,
depending upon their own saving in coal and its cost to meet
expenses and pay a dividend.

The conditions throughout Ontario and the populated
parts of Quebec are ideal for the development of central
heating plants because of cheap electric power, the number
of heating days and the high price of coal. Every town of
10,000 or more inhabitants and with buildings not too widely
scattered affords an opportunity for saving coal if it will
support a well designed and well operated central heating
plant. The smaller towns should depend upon hot water
circulation, the water being heated during the hours when
electric energy could be taken from steam engine units used
to produce the exhaust steam needed for heating. The
Hydro municipalities could use some of the energy they
have been expending upon the radial railway scheme in
the solution of this problem,, and produce an economic
saving of value to themselves and the country.

I would not care to make an estimate as to the saving
that would result from a comprehensive establishment of
central heating plants throughout the country. It is alto-
gether improbable that any installations will be made'in the
immediate future. The idea of cheap hydro-electric power
linlimited in quantity and in its capacity to replace coal has
so taken hold of the people of Canada and of Ontario in
particular, that they are simply waiting for the end of
the war or the completion of the Chippewa development to
heat their buildings electricallj' and thus entirely do away
with coal. I will, however, venture one prediction which
will have a considerable bearing on the question of central
heating, or rather on heating in general. Itjs, that within
ten years, gas and coal briquettes will replace the an-
thracite and bituminous coal now used and that the gas and
the briquettes will be made from powdered coal sent from
the mines to Hamilton or Toronto or London in pipes, just
as oil is now pumped from Oklahama to the Atlantic Sea-
board. The cost of the gas and the briquettes will be less than
one-half and possibly one-fourth the present prices for gas
and coal. What the situation with respect to the central
heating will then be is left to your imagination.

THE Er.F.CTRICAL NEWS

Mnv 1. 101S

Transmission Line Practice— Construction

and Costs— Article V.

The chief problems of engineering at the present day are
economic ones, and the achievements of the science are
worthy of note only where a true economic problem has been
solved. For instance, the development of a water-power some
three or four hundred miles up-country, its transmission
across unpeopled terrain, and delivery at a centre of com- '
merce, whilst effecting a technical result, cannot be classed as
an engineering achievement unless the same energy will turn
the wlieels of industry for a lower cost than any other means
and still pay iutere.st on the capital outlay involved. Power
stations have been very highly develoiied alnng economic
lines, substations still more so, and the main reason why
energy which can be transmitted 200 miles cannot equally well
he carried 500 is simply that the transmission line costs too
much.

A careful study of the different factors of cost in trans-
mission line work is, therefore, important, and the time when
'every motor will be turned, every lamp lighted, and every
train operated by hydro-electric energy will arrive only when
the cost of transmission lines, their construction and opera-
tion have been reduced to the minimum.

Briefli' summarized, the main factors in the cost of trans-
mission line are as follows:

1. Right of way — (a) Easements or purchase: (b) clear-
ing.

:.'. Surveys and engineering.

-.',. Material— (a) Tower steel; (b) conductors and ground
wire; (c) insulators; (d) hardware and equipment.

4. Labor— (a) Distributing material; (b) digging holes;
(c) setting footings; (d) assemibling; (e) erecting; (d) setting
insulators; (e) stringing wire and cleaning up.

:"). Interest.

(•). Contingencies.

The right of way item is necessarily the most nncertain of
all the cost factors; in some cases it has been the practice to

By Lieut. E. T. Driver and E. V. Pannell

to .$1,200 per mile, which figure is also stated to cover the cost
of surveys and engineering. Allowing the fairly representa-
tive figure of $500 per mile for these items, the actual cost of
right of way and clearing amounts to the appreciable figure of
about $700 per mile, or nearly $80 per tower. Between the
above two examples most costs of right of way will be found
to lie. Necessarily with the growing appreciation of the vital
importance of cheap electric power it will become the regular
practice for legislative assemblies to grant an act of eminent
domain to all bona fide power transmission systems and to set
a maximum i)rice on land particularly where it is being held
for the exploitation of the power company. The item for
clearing will generally be inversely as that for easements, be-

1913 ' 1^14

f3ie - /9/7

Pig 16 — Prices of galvanized steel shapes for towers during
years 1912 to 1917

expropriate a strip of terrain from 30 to 100 feet in width for
tlic whole length of the line, fn the case of one very large
transmission system in the South, an average of $11.43 per
acre was paid for a 100 foot wide right of way for easements
covering the right to erect towers and to patrol and maintain
the line. This cost works out at about $15 per tower. In
another similar system the cost of similar casements ;imnnnted

-f

-.\

1
/

■^

,,-■

■^

___

•

Copper
^ Flluimnium

Fig. IT — Prices of copper transmission cable during the years 1912 to 1917

can>e the most costly right of way will be that across cleared
:ind cultivated country.

Surveys of the kind necessarily for power transmission
lines are frequently effected at a cost of $100 per mile or less,
whilst subsequent engineering expenses account for about
$400 per mile. Naturally much depends upon the extent of
the system, its accessibility and the type of country. It will
ill most cases be found that these figures are upon the high
side As in every other kind Lit field work, a careful an'd per-
haps costly survey may save several hundred dollars per mile
'111 subsequent operations.

Turning now to the item for material, the most important
is perhaps tower steel. Tlie market prices of small galvan-
ized steel shapes of tlie kind used for transmission towers, cut
and punched in 500-ton lots, have varied somewhat according
to the curves in Fig. IC. A great diversity of shapes in the
required tonnage would, of course, involve still higher prices
than these, together witli more protracted deliveries. The
difliculties in respect of steel, together with copper and alu-
minium, have been not only the prices, but the scarcity, of
metal, and the congested state of the mills, l-'igures 17 apd 18
show the price tendencies in copper and aluminium conductor
cables during the last six years, and provide sufficient evi-
dence that an increase in powder rates is necessary if hydro-
electric energy is still to be generated and transmitted.

In the early days of the war it was customarjf to speak of
the time wlien prices would return to "normal" levels. This
unsound economic argument has since been exploded,- not,
however, before scores of important engineering projects had
been postponed awaiting the return to "normal"' prices.
Briefly, the cheapening of the gold standard has appreciated

May 1, 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

every raw comniodity by 100. ami the condition will probably
obtain, with minor market lluctuations, for the next half cen-
tury.

Similar coninienis apply to the situation as re.!?ards labor
and construction costs, with the qnalilication that in this case
economies of considerable magnitude can be efi'ected by care-
ful organization. It is a matter of experience that the con-
struction costs for the extensions to a transmission system are
ceteris paribus lower than those for the initial undertaking,
and, with the collection of actual working data, the unfore-
seen elements can he reduced to a niininiuni and costs also
diminished.. The seven items of cost in the "labor'' category
for six different transniission lines aggregated as follows:

t 70

\6o

%50

^30

t9lZ « 1913 » /W4 » /9/5 " /9/G " '9/7

Fig. 18 — Prices of aluminium transmission cable during the
years 1912 to 1917

Per tower.

System Xo. 1 $:10.00

System Xo. 2 .^ . . . 42.25

System Xo. 3 79.39

System No. 4 .J4.81

System No. 5 .59.24

System No. 6 67.00

Average $55.55

System No. 3 was over very unfavorable country, with
considerable guying for angles. It would be found at the
present time, however, that this figure is not far short of
being representative, and that $80 per tower is not an un-
reasonable estimate for the construction costs associated with
wire are included in this. The actual tower construction costs
a 4,000-pound structure. Hanging insulators and stringing
are estimated as follows:

Cost of tower steel, galvanized, punched, and l)uu-

dled. per pound 7.000 cents

Cost of distribution 20 cents

Cost of digging holes 35

Cost of setting footings 25

Cost of assembling 40

Cost of erecting 30

1.500

Total cost of tower. erected, per pound . .

S'S cents

These items, it will be seen, are all dependent upon the
quantity of material to be handled, and are. therefore, best
expressed as a function of the net weight of tlic tower steel
involved in the line. Setting insulators and stringing caMos
and ground wires are expressed by a fairly constant figu
tower:

Hanging insulators, per tower 5 COO

Stringing wire and cleaning up, per tower 15.00

All the above figures have been arrived ;it by ,i ..tudy f>f a

large number of 100,000-volt installations using double circuit
three cross-arm towers, spaced about 8 to 10 per mile. No
intention is implied, however, to do more than merely outline
tlie method of estimating, because the adoption of published
figures for serious work would be disastrous.

For the purposes of this article interest during construc-
tion is assumed at 5 per cent, of the total cost of material and
and labor, and contingencies may be considered fully taken
care of by an equal allowance. Necessarily the first item will
depend upon the time occupied between the placing of the
first contracts for material and the first supply of power over
the line. It will be lower wdiere the line is short and where
construction work can ^o ahead all the year round. The con-
tingencies item amounts to a safety factor to cover work not
anticipated under the heading of surveys or engineering.

It will be interesting to investigate the estimated costs of
material for a twin-circuit transmission line carrying 50,000
kw. at 110,000 volts, 60 cycles, and to consider particularly the
alternative use of different conductor materials. The size of
cable will be 4/0 B&S copper, and the equivalent size in
aluminium, aluminium-steel, and copper-clad steel. In Fig. 19
liave been worked out the towers for these four cables on a
600-foot span. It will be seen that the total weight of steel
per mile is not very diflferent for copper or aluminium, but is
appreciably more for aluminium-steel, and reaches a prohibi-
tive quantity in the case of copper-clad steel. The reason is
that these two latter conductors are not being economically
employed at a span of 600 feet, and if these cables were all
compared on the basis of 1,000-foot spans the higher tensile
conductors would show up more favorably. However, in
view of the fact that copper-clad calls for nearly the same
height of tower as aluminium-steel, whilst the tension along
the line is twice as great, the towers for copper-clad will
always cost about double those for aluminium steel. If there
were any saving on the conductor material itself to balance

.Mutniiu'uni- Copper-clgc!

Conductors. t'opper. .Muminiuiii. steel. steel.

Size, ejjuivalent 4/0 4 0 4 0 4 0"

Maximum sag, feet 14.4 20.4 K'Z 7.(»

lower height, feet < (i2.4 t)S.4 .50.2 .55.(i

Horizontal load, pounds . . 15,000 ll)..50O 2(j,(>0<) IS.Hdll

Weight, standard tower ... 4,700 4.150 li.70fl ]L'.:{Oll

Weight, special 7,050 6,210 10,000 1S,4IK)

Span, feet G(KI 600 61X1 GOO

Total steel per mile 49,400 43,600 70,400 129,500

I'nit price erected, cents... Sj< Si/, fi'A fiy^

Total cost per mile, dollars 4,200 3.700 .5.9SO ll.lXH)

Fig. 19 — Towers for a 600-foot span with different conductors

this inequality there might still be a good case for copper-clad
for regular transmission work across country, but, unfortu-
nately, the cost of this type of cable is higher than any other.
It must, therefore, be considered economically unsuited for
•he purpose, except in the case of special river crossing spans
T any locations where the conductance is of little or no im-
portance so that a relatively small conductor can be selected.

The average span of transmission systems ten years ago
was in the vicinity of 400 feet. This value has gradually ex-
tended until the majority of long-distance s\st<-nw nn- n .n

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

May 1, 1918

being constructed, with spans of 750 to SOO feet, in favorable
country. This tendency is dictating the use of materials of
higher tensile strength, such as aluminium-steel, which, with
the relatively small sag, call for a short tower. The tower
will, of course, be heavier for its height than a structure for
copper or aluminium cables, but with long spans it will be
found that the net weight of steel will be less.

Turning from materials to methods of construction it
sliould be mentioned that the above tower costs are based
upon earth stubs. In other words each tower leg is bolted to
a heavy angle member, extending some six or seven feet into
the ground and terminating in a steel grillage. As a standard
footing this arrangement is used with success on the majority
of the high tension lines now in operation. Where bad
ground is encountered, however, the concrete footing is neces-
sary, and the same applies to crossing towers, and where any
doubts exist as to the nature of the ground, to angle and dead-
end towers also. In a few instances a complete tower line has
been set with concrete footings, but this extra cost (usually
of the order of $100 per tower) is very seldom necessary if
the possibilities of a well-designed earth stub are carefully
considered.

Stringing wire is a rapid process in good country where
a team can be employed, but is more troublesome with only
manual labor. It is customary to provide the foreman of the
stringing gang with a table of sags, and these are sometimes
worked to, to the exclusion of the dynamometer. Now,
although it is important to string with the correct sag, the
dynamometer should not be neglected, because it affords an
opportunity to take the flexibility out of the cable by pulling
right up to the elastic limit and then letting it gradually down
to the required tension. It is certain that if this practice were
regularly followed out there would be less need for re-string-
ing lines.

cume, and, as I before stated, we find some of them are
equally as efKcient and reliable as the men, and with others
the main difficulty is their physical inability to handle the
work. I believe that, with the improved weather conditions,
the difficulty in this direction will be very considerably re-
moved, and that we shall have as much satisfaction from the
employment of women conductors as we have from the em-
ployment of men."

Canadian Railways Using Women Conductors

As the difficulty increases of keeping male employees as
electric railway conductors, Canadian roads will doubtless
find it necessary to substitute women for this work. In cer-
tain localities conditions, of course, are not favorable, but in
others the experiment has proved very successful. One ex-
ample is that of the Nova Scotia Tramways and Power Com-
pany, who are employing something over 30 women conduc-
tors at the present time. Regarding their efficiency, Mr. H. R.
Mallison, managing director of the company, writes as fol-
lows:

"We have approximately 32 women working as conduc-
tors, and their services are what might be termed reasonably
satisfactory. We have had them employed in this capacity
long enough to be able to judge as to their ability, and wc
firmly believe that if the women arc desirous of doing the
work, and will take the proper interest therein there is no
doubt that they can discharge the duties fully as efficiently as
the average man. Amongst the -women employed by this
company there are six or seven whom we consider as efficient
in every respect as any of the men we employ.

"I am under the impression that at the outset a number
of the women who took up the work did so without realizing
the difficulties of the position, and during the severe winter
weather they were physically unfit to stand the strain; others
took up the work more in the nature of a lark, and were care-
less and negligent in the performance of their duties, indulg-
ing in a great deal of skylarking with passengers on the cars,
and, as a result, were dismissed within a short time. Difficulty
was also experienced in impressing upon a number of the
women the absolute necessity of I)eing on time to take over
the cars and of advising the car starters of their inability to
return for duty. With those who remain in the employ at the
present time the majorty of these difficulties have been over-

B. G. E, R. Co. After Domestic Business

In our last issue we described the plan of campaign of the'
cit}- of Winnipeg electrical department to place more house-
hold equipment. The British Columbia Electric Railway Co.
also started their campai.gn for the sale of electrical appliances
early this spring. In the week commencing January 15 they
put on an electric washing machine campaign, and gave daily
demonstrations at their main salesroom; also one of the elec-
trical dealers demonstrated the machines in his windows. The
company's four outside selling agents followed up the pros-
pects obtained at the demonstrations and also made house-to-
house canvass in the better class districts, with the result
that they sold six machines during the week and fourteen
more since then — nearly $:!,000 worth of business in washing
machines already this year. They have also this year featured
suction cleaners and electric ranges in their advertising and
solicitation, with very good results. nuisiHo agents are paid
on a salary plus commission basis.

We print below copy of a letter whicli was mailed two
or three days before the agent's call during the summer
months last year, and which resulted in excellent business in
grill-stoves in districts where gas for cooking was not avail-
able. The agents found that they were given a chance to
demonstrate the appliance in nearly every case, and state
that the results of a house-to-house canvass can be greatly
increased by such a letter at very little additional cost. The
campaign was under the supervision of -Mr. Edmund E.
Walker, sales engineer.

Letter Preceding Agent's Call
Dear Madam:

Within the next :; Days our representative will l)e in your
neighborhood demonstrating in the homes of our consumers
a most useful household appliance known as the Electric
Grill-stove.

Your name is included on his list, and we hope you will
make it convenient to grant him a few minutes of your time.

He will explain the indispensable uses to which this elec-
tric table stove can be put. You will be surprised when you
see how easy it is to execute small cooking o-perations. How,
in fact, the whole of your cooking can be done quickly and in
an entertaining manner should guests call to see you.

He will also tell you about our easy payment plan, where-
by you can own one of these appliances with a very small im-
mediate cash outlay.

We feel sure you will find the demonstration an interest-
ing one, and take this opportunity of thanking you in antici-
pation for granting a short interview.

Your truly,

Edmund E. Walker,

Sales Engineer.

Canadian Electrical Association Meeting

The Managing Committee of the Canadian Electrical As-
sociation have decided that their annual meeting this year
shall take the form of a one-day strictly-business session, to
l)e held some time during the latter half of June. It has not
been settled whether the meeting will be held in Quebec, Ot-
tawa, or Toronto, but this will be determined within the next
few days by a letter vote of the members of the association.

1. I'.llS

THl-: KLECTRICAL NEWS

Teach Children to Respect DangHng Wires

\\ iniiipc'u;, .\hui., Aiinl ID. \:t\^.
ICililiir lilcctrical Xow^.;

1 have read witli much interest your eouiuieuts im ydur
correspondent's suggestion as to advisahility of teaching chil-
dren in the pulilic schools the necessity of refraining fr.oni
touching any wires dangling in the streets. I have passed
this along to Dr. Mclnlyre, superinten<lent of the Winnipeg
I'ulilic Schools Board, urging him to endca\cir to carry tlii'?
out. We have in the past had regrettalile instances of the
danger of touching Ijroken wires in this city. In some cases
these have resulted in fatalities, and the wonder is that a
larger number of fatal accidents lun c not taken place, as I
know personally of quite a few instances where 2,200-voIt
wires have been burnt otif and have been found han.gin.g in
the streets, and constaliles and other ofHcials of the city have
attempted to handle these, with the very best intentions, no
doubt, but with miraculous escape irom receiving' serious
shocks. I trust that your suggestion will meet with .general
approval, and that it will be carried out in a practical manner.
I am.

Yours truly.

F. A. Cambridge,

City Electrician.

Packard Electric Changes

A change in the management of the Packard Electric
Company, Ltd., St. Catharines, Out., has taken place during
the past month. Mr. George C. Rough, who has been secre-
tary and sales manager of the company for a number of years,
has lieen elected president, and their chief engineer, Mr.

IVIr. George C. Rough

Frank T. Wyman, vice-president, both to act as joint mana-
gers of the companj'.

Mr. R. B. Hamilton, who lias been president and manag-
ing director, has been relieved of his duties in order that he
may devote his entire time and attention to war contracts in
connection with the i'ackard F'use Company, Ltd. ■

The Montreal Tramways Commission

I'rof. 1.. A. Ilcrdl, of Met, ill University, electrical engi-
neer; Mr. John S. .Archibald, architect, and Judge St. Cyr, of
the C'ourtof Sessions, have been appointed members of Hic
Montreal Tramways Commission. I'rof. Herdt was the con-
sulting expert of the ori,ginal commission which enquired into
the conditions which resulted in a new agreement for a fresh
franchise being concluded lietwecn the Tramways Company
and the city, and lie was also a member of the valuation com-
mittee of the commission which lixed the capital value of the
company. He is a member of the electrical commission which
has the charge of designing and constructing the civic con-
duits.

The new contract is for 35 years, and the coniinission has
jurisdiction over all the company's lines or any of its subsid-
iaries, so far as linances, operation, extension, and disijutes
are concerned. The powers are very extensive, and cover the
entire range of the company's working, linancial as well as the
operating end. One of the first subjects to be discussed will
be that of fares, which can be modified by the commissioners.

The members of the commision are appointed for ten-
year terms, but can be removed by the Lieutenant-Governor-
in-Conncil for cause, and either the company or city of Mont-
real can demand the removal of any commissioner lor fraud,
corruption, and refusal to fulfill in good faitli his duty, by
means of quo warranto proceedings.

Promoting Better Relations with the Public

In its desire to |>romote good relations with the public
and effect a clearer understanding- of the utility problems, the
Winnipeg Electric Railway Company has established a pub-
licity department which will be under the direction of H. C.
Howard, formerly on the staff of the Winnipe.g FVee Press.
In connection with this publicity department it is the inten-
tion of the company to issue a publication which will take
the form of a pamphlet, and distribute same, as regularly as
tliey are published, througli the medium of the street cars.
This publication will provide a closer and more direct means
of communication between the company and its patrons, and
it is expected will lie instrumental in improving relations lie-
tween the company and the employees, helpin.g them in the
discharge of their dilticult duties to the public. Matters ('f
public interest will be discussed in the columns of the paper,
and from the frank talks which will appear therein from time
to time it is expected a greater degree of confidence and
.good-will between tlie company, its employees, and the public
will lie attained.

Plans are in progress for a new distriimting
the city of Sherbrooke. Que.

lation

The Problem of Service

Mr. .\. C). Dawson, vice-president and general manager of
the Canadian Cottons Company, Ltd., was the speaker at the
Montreal electrical luncheon on April 10. His talk, on "Tlie
Problem of Service," was a consideration of the duty of ser-
vice to our fellow-men, involving sacrifice of life, time, and
wealth. All progress, he remarked, was accompanied by the
sacrifice of men. The only method by which men could get
away from self-centered living was by sacrifice, and tlie only
way by wdiich they could develop their better selves was by
serving others. The men who thus served their fellows must
exercise patience, and must not be surprised if their efforts
were not always appreciated. In commenting on the war, Mr.
Dawson said that tlie time might come wdien Germany would
recognize that the .\llies w-ere serving Germany by this con-
llict. There would never be peace in this world until the
nations got together in the spirit of helping one anotlier, and
not with, the idea of crushing nations. The -spirit of service
cii.gendered a feeling of optimism and brou.ght joy info the
lives of those who served as well as those who beneliled.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

May 1, 1918

ana C oiy^racior

A Letter from the "Field"— Mr. Rufus Earle

with the Army in France Describes

Some of His Experiences

Our Toronto electrical-contractor readers and many
others throughout the province will be glad to know that Mr.
Rufus Earle, one-time secretary of the Toronto Electrical
Contractors' Association, has gone through two years of use-
ful experience in Europe and is still hale and happy. Mr.
Earle, it will be remembered, left Canada with Colonel S. S.
Sharpe's regiment. Apparently lie was having an hour or
two off duty on March 10 last, and possibly was a little bit
homesick-, for on that date he wrote his brother Gordon a
long and most interestin.g letter, which we are privileged to
reproduce, in part, below. In one jilace he says: "Mail from
home is eagerly looked forward to, and if you only realized
how much the news about friends in Canada is appreciated
and the news about what is going on, I am sure that every-
one would write more frecjuently." Now. can't you, friend
reader, spare him a half-hour of your pen and ink? The fol-
lowing are the extracts frnni his letter:

"In the Field, March Id. 1918.

"The last few days the weather has been glorious, and
quite warm, but, of' course, we must expect some bad weather
yet. I was at the Vimy Ridge scrap on April 9, last year, and
the weather for two or three days before and on the Easter
Monday morning, when the attack was launched, and for a
couple of days afterwards, was terrible — cold, with sleet, snow,
and rain. The morning of the attack- however, the gods were
with us, and the heavy sleet storm was blowing right in Fritz's
face. He had been expecting the attack every morning for
about three .weeks, and had been standing-to every morning;
but on Easter Monday, when his lookouts saw the weather
condition they must have decided that there would be no
attack that day, and gone back to bed, because he was taken
completely by surprise. All through March, and until about
the l.'Jth of April, 1917, the weather was very cold, but, follow-
ing that, it was beautiful. The fall of the year is also beastly
weather. I was at the scrap at Passchendaele Ridge, before
Ypres, in Belgium, in October and November, 1917, and the
rain was almost incessant, and the roads and paths almost im-
passable. "Duck-boards," or latticed sidewalks, had to be laid
on the ground to facilitate the passage of the troops, the
rations, and the ammunition up to the line. I have actually
seen a mule track through the mud made of 9.2 in. howitzer
shells (unexploded ammunition), laid on their sides, and form-
ing a corduroy road, over which the pack animals walked.
Lord knows what a shell of that size costs, but, it is the big-
gest gun outside of the big long-range guns situated' away
back.

"My trip to Paris was the experience of a lifetime, and I
only want to see more of this country before the opening of
another new year. To take the fourteen days' leave, which is
the period now, requires about 1,000 francs, and I have not
nearly that much on my pay book. Prices have gone up tre-
mendously over here. Rooms at hotels are remarkably cheap.

iiiilliiilliiiiLlilil! ililii.i . . . _. 1

and you can get really first-class accommodation for from 6
to 7 francs a night (roughly, .'30c to a franc), but food is very
expensive; also tobacco, etc. For leave in France you have
to pay your own fare on the railways after you leave the zone
of the armies, but the fare for soldiers is remarkably cheap.
The military travel third-class, and the fare for a man in uni-
form, whether French or allied, is about 5 centimes a mile, or
about Yz cent. Coming back from Paris to Amiens we slipped
it over their eye, and bought first-class military tickets. 1 do
not know what the distance is, but we rode first-class on a
fast train from 11.40 p.m. to 4.44 a.m. for 3 francs 40 centimes
each, or about O.'ic each. Tlic rate for civilians, however, is
jiot cheap.

"The liosche bombing planes were over our vicinity last
night and the right before, for the first time in about three
weeks, but tliey did not come anywhere near us. There is no
moon at the present time; the new moon doesn't start until
the 12th. I suppose we will have him back as soon as the
bright moonlight nights come again. 1 never mind him as
long as I am in company or in bed. However, 1 have to work
every night until about 9 o'clock, and when the moon rises
early and I am alone in the office and busy when lie comes
over, it is not very pleasant. However, it is all in the game,
and the chances of him hitting are very small. He came
near enough one night about three weeks ago to let us sec
the upheaval caused by the explosion of the bombs in an adja-
cent field, and to hear the bombs swishing down through the
darkness. However, when he gets that close they generally
get the searchlights focussed on him and then start at him
with the "Archies" (anti-aircraft guns) and the machine
guns, which generally turn him away from us. The heavy
60-pound aerial bomb is a fearsome thing, and does tremen-
dous damage. There have been casualties in camps on both
sides of us, but up to the moment we have escaped scot-free.
We have an aerodrome right alongside our camp, which at-
tracts his attention. Yesterday one of the planes came in
and made a safe landing, after having been riddled with nia-
chin-gun bullets through the body of the car. the propeller
and the tail, and after the pilot had received three bad leg
wounds. 1 hear that it was brought in by the observer. They
iiad been attacked in the air by eight Bosche planes, and,
after bringing one of the Bosche down, had to run for it, and
escaped in comparative safety. It was a smart piece of work.
Another chap came liack yesterday. He was 40 miles away
from the drome and <20,000 feet in the air when his engine
gave out, and he was forced to plane for it, with his engine
just running by fits and starts, and for some considerable in-
tervals he was without the engine at all, and he got home,
making a perfect landing. To-day, being a fine day, the air
has been full of planes all day. I couldn't sleep in my tent
this afternoon for the constant roar of their engines. The half
of this war will never be told.

"I often think that I would like to be home again, re-
counting some of my experiences out here, and the things I
■have seen, but some are so horrible that they are best for-
gotten Of course, there is alw^ays the houmorous side, and
a sense of humor is a saving grace out here. One of the

May 1, 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

strong points un \'ini\ l\i(l;;c licld by the Clcrniaiis was La
Folie Wood. You have no doubt read and will renieniber
the names of the strong points held in that battle which cost
so many Canadian lives — 'La Folie Wood,' 'La Folie I'ariiie.'
'Ecole Commune,' 'Bois de Chaudicre,' etc. 'b'olie' Wood is
contracted by the Canadian Tommy to 'Foley's Wood,' and a
chap said in our battalion one day when we were going over
the ridge to go in the line, which was at that time about
three miles in advance of the ridge: '1 have one ambition in
life, and that is to see old man Foley come back and try and
run that farm.' When you remember that the craters made
by our heavies are so close that the lips run into each other;
that the whole area is covered with ruined cement machine-
gun posts and barbed wire, twisted iron, and that tons of
unexploded explosives lie beneath the surface of the ground
in 'dud' shells, you will realize the humor of the saying. That
is one of the mysteries out here. Where are all these people
whose names are so familiarly used by us every day in speak-
ing of farms, houses, etc.? Can you imagine them coming
liack to these scenes of desolation wdiere once they lived and
labored at peace, and to the homes where they were, pos-
sibly, born and educated? It is pathetic to see civilians come
back to a ruined town after this is made possible by a British
advance. It is also pathetic to see with what tenacity some
cling on to their homes and little shops and estaminets, even
under heavy shell fire, and will not leave. You see houses still
unoccupied without a pane of glass, the window frames being
tilled with sand bags to protect the inmates against Hying bits
of shrapnel and shell casing — houses where every night the
owners sleep in the cellar, and where they take refuge in the
cellar every time the shelling starts, and still they refuse to
move. I have seen farming going on under shell lire, the
peasant — and sometimes it is a woman — calmly driving the
plow, apparently oblivious to all else liut the duties of getting
in the crop.

"In a little village at which we were billeted near Lens
some time last year, myself, our regimental quartermaster-
sergeant, the company sergeant-major of 'D' Company, and
one or two others, were sitting in the kitchen of an estaminet
having a bottle of white wine, when a Bosche heavy shell
whizzed up a nearby lane and exploded about four or five
hundred yards back of us. The old man and the old woman
immediately beat for the cellar, and the daughter followed
them in the rear, bearing a lamp and the cash box, and left
us all sitting there. The desolation in France that I have
seen, however, is as nothing compared to the horror of Bel-
gium. The destruction of Ypres is indescribable. By the
way, while I was up in Belgium I saw the famous White Cha-
teau, where the notorious Von Hissing used to live at one
time. Belgium is well named the graveyard of the Canadians,
and we left some of our best boys there, but the Canadians
made history there, when others had failed. War, as it is
played out here, is a very modern and up-to-date institution.
Within fifty yards of where I sit is a cinema theatre, which
will seat .500, and which runs two shows every night, Sundays
included. This afternoon — Sunday — there was a boxing tour-
nament held there. A few hundred yards more down the road
is another theatre of about the same size, where a concert
party of about 30 members is putting on shows nightly. The
battalion has started work on their farm, and have every pro-
mise of lots of fresh vegetables this summer, if we are not
rudely disturbed by the Hun, w^hile some of the officers have
had bulbs planted around their huts, between the outer wall
of the hut and the 4-in. wall of sandbags which surrounds it.
the intervening space being filled with earth, which forms the
garden. Football matches are played by neighboring imperial
troops on our front lawn almost daily. Do not imagine that
the troops are badly fed. Our menu for to-day. which is a
fair sample of what we get in mess regularly, was: Breakfast
— Porridge, bacon and egg, toast, marmalade, and tea. Din-

ner— Roast beef, mashed potatoes, cauliflower, rice pudding,
and tea. Supper — Boiled ham, mashed potatoes, pie, and tea.
Such things as condensed milk, sugar, margarine, and butter,
which are very scarce in England, are well supplied to the
troops. ( )f course, this is the sergeants' mess, where a con-
siderable amount is expended in extra rations eacii month,
liut the men fare well, also — much better than could be ex-
pected." i

Toronto Electrical Contractors' Association—

Don't Miss the May Meeting— Important

Matters are Coming Up

The monthly meeting of the Toronto Electrical Contrac-
tors' Association, held in the Walker House on April 4, was
one of the most successful of the year. President Mclntyre,
who has just returned from a meeting of the National Asso-
ciation executive in Detroit, announced that arrangements
had been concluded with the National Association of Electri-
cal Contractors and Dealers whereby the Toronto association
could purchase certain of their data sheets for distribution
among the members. Mr. W. C. Peet, chairman of the Na-
tional Association, was very cordial in extending an offer of
co-operation.

.\ letter was read from the secretary of the British Col-
umbia Association of Electrical Contractors and Dealers with
particular regard to the affiliation of Canadian associations
with the new National Association. This tiuestion is being
followed very closely by the officials of the Toronto Electrical
Contractors' Association. Mr. Mclntyre, just having returned
from the National Executive Committee meeting at Detroit,
spoke at some length on the Goodwin plan, reading the defini-
tion of the Goodwin plan, with comments, laying particular
stress on the fact that the movement is now under way, and
'hat it is being continued, principally through trade journals
and trade organizations, and noting the various statements as
to individual and organization responsibility in the industry.
The Goodwin plan, which was fully outlined in the Electrical
News of December 1 and December 15, 1917, is, briefly, as
follows :

THE GOODWIN PLAN
A campaign of education, conducted princi-
pally through trade papers, trade organizations,
and other channels, to co-ordinate the various in-
terests in the electrical industry, and to bring
them together in harmonious action so that there
may be established retail distribution of electrical
materials at fair prices to the consumers, and with
a fair profit to all parties taking part in the trans-
action.

Mr. Mclntyre pointed out that since it is becoming gen-
erally recognized that the "ills of the industry" lie outside the
circle of any one organization or of any one locality, there-
for*" it would seem that a corrective movement must be
national and,*in fact, international in scope, so far as Canada
and the United States are concerned.

Frequent calls for expressions of opinion by the mem-
bers were met with unanimous and enthusiastic response,
definitely showing that this is just what the local contractors
and dealers need and just what they want. The General
Electric Company has been asked to supply 150 copies of the
booklet. "The Bridge," which will be distributed to members
and to others of the local branches of the industry.

In response to a telegram from President Mclntyre, a
telegraphic message from Mr. ^\'illiam L. Goodwin to the
meeting was read: "Best wishes successful meeting Toronto
local contractors" association. Trust information gained at
Detroit meeting will enable you to direct the energies of your

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

May 1. 1918

association aloiiR a line wliicli will resnlt in tlie beneht ot
nicnilicrs. Shall he pleased to lend my assistance."

A message of thanks to Mr. Goodwin for his otifer of
assistance was proposed and an official invitation extended to
him to come to Toronto at the first opportunity to help along
the movement in this district. Definite step.s in this direction
are being taken.

A notice of an aiHendnient in the constitution was re-
ceived which will separate the oftices of the secretary-trea-
surer and provide for three members at large of the executive
committee, making the executive committee seven in number.
This change in the organization should result beneficially.

It has been reported that the Hydro-Electric Power
Commission electrical inspection department will discontinue
electrical inspection in the Northern Ontario district, and
the president was authorized to take up this matter with the
commission, to the end that no discrimination regarding m-
spection be allowed in diflferent parts of the provnce, and
that there should be no laxity in the requirements.

The question of licensing has been dropped for the pres-
ent, as the Toronto Electrical Contractors' Association is
opposed to a'ny local law. The policy of the association as
adopted will lead up to an endeavor to obtain a provincial act
at the next session of the legislature.

The labor question was discussed at great length, and a
general advance to the men was conceded as only fair. The
negotiations with the men have proceeded during the time
that has elapsed since tlie meeting of April 4, and a settle-
ment has now been readied wliicli will be announced at the
jiext meeting.

The question of having a chartered accountant as autlitor
was taken up, and, upon the recommendation of the presi-
dent, was adopted unanimously. It is desired to maintain a
strict business policy concerning the funds of the association,
and this is undoubtedly a step in the proper direction.

Nominations for Officers

Mr. Kenneth A. Mclntyre was nominated for president
and the nominations immediately and unanimously were
voted closed. Mr. Harry Hicks, for vice-iuesident. was ac-
corded the same treatment.

The nominations for secretary and treasurer were de-
ferred until the next meeting — May 2 — owing to the proposed
separation of these offices. Mr. E. A. Drury was nominated
for the executive committee, and further nominations will be
made at the next meeting, when the elections are to be held.

King binders for use in preserving the data sheets to be
issued by the association were distributed to the members,
at a price of $1.30 each.

It is the intention of the association not only to distri-
bute the blue data sheets of the National association, but also
to get out special sheets Of local interest from time to time.

The next meeting is at the Walker House, May 2. at 7.30
p.m. sharp, at which the elections are to be held and the com-
plete report given on the wage negotiations with the men.

Westmount Made a Good Shoeing

In the annual report <if the city of Westmount, P.Q..
signed by Mr. George W. Thompson, general manager, refer-
ence is made to the results of the electric light department tor
the year ending October .'il, 11)17. The total earnings were
$150,563.33, of which $134,797 were derived from electric cur-
rent sold, $13,210 from electric supplies sold, and $2,513 from
rental of conduits. Operating expenses totalled $90,45!), and,
after deducting Ixuul interest, sinking fund, etc.. and reserving
$22,084 for depreciation, a net profit of $1S.603 is left. The
report states that at the opening of the year the department
was faced with an increased cost in operating. It was, there-
fore, quite evident that if the usual good showing was to be
maintained it would be necessary to secure new business.

That this was accomplished is evidenced by the increased out-
put of 13 per cent. The electric cooking has proved a great
success forthe department, as well as for the user. One hun-
dred ranges have been installed. The laying of underground
conduits was only carried on in the lanes that were being per-
manently paved.

The Bell Telephone Company has continued the work of
placing their wires underground and the removal of the poles
and wires from the streets. The destructor plant has con-
tinued to give excellent results. During the year 17,639 tons
of household refuse and 383 domestic animals have been con-
sumed therein. The health department has been given a credit
of $8,338 for heat value of refuse consumed.

The Clemens Electrical Corporation

The Clemens Electrical Corporation of Canada. Hamil-
ton. Ont., have placed on the market a new electric soldering
outfit which is claimed to revolutionize the method of solder-
ing. These tools, made in several sizes, are known commer-
cially as the "J. C." tools. They dififer from others, in that
the current does not flow until the twin terminal touches the
work to be heated. The terminals are of carbon, which almost
immediately develops a very high temperature — up to 3.300
degrees C. ."Ks soon as the operation is completed and the
tool taken from the work the current, of course, ceases to
flow, as the circuit is open. The same company manufacture
a copper-pointed iron which is heated on the same principle —
that is. the circuit is closed by allowing the iron, operated by
a spring, to come in contact with the two carbon points.
When this contact has been made it is said to take less than
a minute to heat the copper ready for work. This iron can
also be used as a two-prong soldering tool by simply remov-
ing the tip. These tools are practically fool-proof, in that
there is nothing to burn out and that the only parts requirng
to be renewed are the carbon contacts. The company has
distributed an attractive booklet which illustrates and de-
scribes their equipment.

Trade Consolidation

.An interesting example of after-war trade organization
in the engineering industry is shown by the well-known firm
of Dick. Kerr & Co.. Ltd.. the development of whose busi-
ness organization during the war has been such as to place
this firm in an exceedingly strong position. For many years
past Dick, Kerr & Co. have occupied a leading position as
contractors for the' construction and equipment of electric
railways and tramways, waterworks, factories, etc.. with a
general engineering works at Kilmarnock and large works at
Preston for the manufacture of steam turbines, electrical ma-
chnery, and electric lamps. Recently they have also taken
over the control successively of the old-established business
of Willans & Robinson. Ltd.. of Rugby, well known as build-
ers of steam turbines and Diesel engines, and of the United
Electric Car Company, Ltd.. of Preston, prominent manu-
facturers of railway and tramway rolling stock; and, in addi-
tion, have completed a joint manufacturing and selling ar-
rangement with the Phoenix Dynamo Manufacturing Com-
pany, Ltd.. of Bradford, in regard to certain classes of stan-
dardized electrical machinery. One effect of this unique
combination of engineering interests is that while the com-
bined technical and manufacturing knowledge of the associ-
ated firms will be available for all, yet each works can confine
its output to those products for which it is .best equipped.
Under centralized direction the Dick. Kerr organization, with
its extensive home and foreign connection will be available
for the associated businesses, to the evident advantage of all.
Some idea of the magnitude of the combined undertaking,
may be gathered from the fact that, roughly. 20.000 people
are employed by the firm to-day.

May t, 1918

THE ELErTRfCAL NEWS

The "Sanitary" Mixer
The illustration herewith shows the ArnoUl Sanitary
Mixer now being distrbuted in Canada by K. 1". T. Pringle.
Ltd. In addition to the tlaini that it is clean and sanitary, it
is said that it will nii.x drinks in one-third of the time required
by any other machine; that none of the contents of the vessel
is ever spattered about, and that the ingredients are more

lure IS the appointmenl room, titled up with easy chairs and
generally made very comfortable.

/frnold

thoroughly mixed — none adhering to the sides of tlie glass.
On this account it is claimed that the .\rnold will pay for
itself in economies effected.

A Heavy Duty Plug

Harve)- Hubbell, Inc.. have designed the heavy duty
polarized attachment plug illustrated herewith, which is in-
tended to l)e used interchangeably witli the Hubbell line of

heavy duty polarized wall and tlush receptacles. It is rated at
660 watts. 250 volts. The base is constructed of porcelam and
the cap is orass covered for protection against breakage. Tlic
knife blade contacts are strongly constructed, the blades
being at right angles to each other to effect polarization,
making the plug desirable for use in connection with instru-
ments or other apparatus where absolute polarization is re-
(luired.

Show and Demonstration Room
With a view to more adequately displaying electric and
gas appliances, for which they have a large sale, the Montreal
Light, Heat, and Power Consolidated have opened an exten-
sive show and demonstration room in the old Ogilvy Build-
ing, St. Catherine Street West. Montreal. The entire lower
floor has been remodelled, the front windows also being util-
ized for showing various fixtures and appliances and for a
model room. Prior to planning the space, similar depart-
ments of many of the largest companies in Canada and the
United States were visited, and some of the ideas have been
incorporated in the laying out of the new showroom. .\ fea-

To Manufacture Ferro-Silicon

.\ plant for the manufacture of ferro-silicon — a new in-
dustry— is being erected at Heaui)re. I'.Q. The building con-
sists of one storey, and is to be built of brick and steel. The
main furnace room will be .50 x l(\n feet, and will contain
three .J-phase. .i.ooo kw. furnaces. There are to be nine 1,000
kv.a. transformers, which will be supplied by the Moloney
Electric Company of Canada Ltd. A substation is to be built.
The crusher room and storage sheds will cover an area of
ri) X 200 feet. .\ large electric traveling crane will be installed
ill the main building.

Mr. E. .\. Wallberg, of Montreal, who is largely inter-
ested in the Laurentian Power Company, of Seven Falls,
several miles below Beaupre, is at the head of the project,
and Mr. James Ruddick, also of Montreal, is manager of the
new concern. The plant was designed by Mr. J. M. Robert-
son, consulting engineer, Montreal. The company has a large
contract with the Imperial Munitions Board for the manu-
facture of ferro-silicon. and it is expected that the plant will
be in operation within three months' time, with a daily output
of 36 tons, and employing a staflf of one hundred or more.
The contract for the steel to be used in the building has been
awarded to the Eastern Canada Steel Company. The electric
power will be supplied by the Laurentian Power Company.
Beaupre, the site of the plant, is a short distance below Que-
bec City, on the line of the Queliec Railway. Light, Heat,
and Power Company.

Laco-dalite to Fit All Standard Reflectors
The Canadian Laco-I'hilips Company is putting on the
market a glass product under the trade name of "Laco-dalite."
"Laco-dalite" is simply glass chemically treated and made to
lit standard sizes and shapes of all rellectors on the market.
It is e<|uipped w^ith holders permitting it to be easily attached

to such reflectors. The manufacturer believe the i;;a^.> \\\\\
be largely used for display purposes in department stores and
for industrial lighting where color values or accurate mea-
surements will be required.

rUK ELECTRICAL NEWS

Miiv 1. UlIS

Canadian Drill and Chuck Company

Mr Harley W. Morden has' been appointed manager of
the Canadian Drill and Chuck Company, and is now in com-
plete charge of this company. They have added several new
departments, and have a fine line of service boxes and motor
starters. There will be a big improvement in the service, and
all of the lines will be guaranteed.

Personals

Mr. R. J. Swain, for the last 12 years electrician for the
City of St. Boniface, Man., ha.s been elected an associate
member of the Canadian Society of Civil Engineers.

Mr. Arthur Gaboury, superintendent of the Montreal
Tramways, has been the recipient from the French Govern-
ment of the Blue Ribbon of Officer of the Academie. It is
bestowed as recognition of his activities in the interests of
French workmen in Montreal.

Manufacturers' Catalogues

Numerous trade catalogues issued by the larger Ameri-
can and Canadian industrial firms are so elaborate in pictorial
and descriptive detail as to partake almost of a text-book
character. In many technical schools these have been found
to be almost a necessary adjunct to the class text-book, in
fact. The Information Department, Vocational Office for
Ontario, Invalided Soldiers' Commission, 185 Spadina Avenue,
Toronto, desires to obtain at once literature of this character
for placement where it will do most .good, and this journal is
glad to pass the pointer along.

To Conserve N. S. Water Powers

Following recent conferences between Mr. J. B. Challies.
superintendent of the Dominion Water Power Branch and
the Nova Scotia Water Power Commission, there was intro-
duced in the Legislature of Nova Scotia recently a compre-
hensive water power bill declaring the ownership of the
crown, in the right of the province, of all water and water
power in Nova Scotia, and providing for administrative regu-
lations to be approved by the governor-in-council. The legis-
lation as introduced is considered to be comprehensive and
timely, and should greatly assist in the conservation and use
of the many favorably located undeveloped water powers in
Nova Scotia.

Obituary

Mr. Charles Fleetford Sise. cliairman of the Bell Tele-
phone Company and of the Northern Electric Company. Ltd..
and a pioneer in Canadian electrical industries, died in Mont-
real on April 9, after three days' illness. He was 84 years of
age. The cause of death was pneumonia, resulting from a
severe chill contracted during an automobile ride. Mr. Sisc
was born in Portsmouth. N.H., was originally a captain in the
mercantile marine, and later was engaged in the fire insur-
ance business. In 187'.) he came to Canada from Boston and
organized the Bell Telephone Company, this being an amal-
gamation of various independent concerns. Mr. Sise was ap-
pointed managing director, and in 1890 became president, a
position he held until 1915, when he resigned on account of
advancing years, and was appointed chairman of the board of
directors.

Under Mr. Sise's direction the Northern Electric and
Manufacturing Company was formed in 1895, and four years

New Books

Telegraph Practice— by John Lee, M.A., late deputy chief
irfspector of telegraph and telephone traffic, London; Long-
mans, Green & Co., London, publishers; price $1. This book
is an attempr to outline the fundamentals of telegraph prac-
tice in such a way as to indicate differences in methods as
adopted by diiiferent administrations. The chapter headings
are as follows; The Acceptance of Telegrams from the Pub-
lic; the Centralizing of Telegraph Traffic; Telegraph Instru-
ment Rooms; Telegraph Instruments; the Telegraph Organ-
ism; the Delivery of Telegrams; Press Telegrams; Telegraph ,
Tarififs; the Future of Telegraph Practice. 100 pages; size,
5x7 inches.

Theory and Operation of Direct-Current Machinery— by
Cyril M. Jansky, B.S., B.A., associate professor of electrical
engineering, University of Wisconsin; McGraw-Hill Book
Company, Inc., New York, publishers; price $2.50. This work
is prepared to meet the needs of students with a limited
mathematical training. Only the more elementary principles
and methods are used, sufficient to explain the quantitative
relations of the physical quantities involved in the theory of
a. c. machines. The following chapter headings indicate the
scope of the work: Fundamental Magnetic Principles; Elec-
tromagnetism; Electromagnetic Induction; Units of Measure-
ment; Transformation of Energy; The Continuous-Current
Generator and Motor; The Magnetic Circuit of the Direct-
Current Dynamo; Armatures; Uses of Electrical Energy;
Types of Dynamos; Commutation; Operating Characteristics
of Generators; Operation and Care of Generators; Operating
Characteristics of Motors; Operation of Three-wire Systems;
Selection and Installation of Dynamos. Well illustrated; 277
pages; green cloth; size 0x9 inches.

The Late Mr. C. F. Sise

later the Wire and Cable Company was organized, both these
concerns manufacturing equipment for the Bell Company and
also for private customers. In 1913 the two companies named
were amalgamated, under the title of the Northern Electric
Company, Ltd.

Canada undoubtedly owes a great deal to Mr. Sise for his
untiring endeavors to develop the telephone and also for
establishing large electrical industries, giving employment to
thousands of people. The important position Canada holds
to-day in the telephone field is largely, due to Mr. Sise's
efforts. He is survived by Mrs. Sise and also leaves two
daughters and three sons — Mr. C. F. Sise, Jr., general manager
of the Bell Telephone Company; Mr. E. F. Si^e, president of
the Northern Electric Company, and Capt. Paul F. Sise .gen-
eral manager and vice-president of the Northern Electric
Company, who is at present in New York with the P.ritish
Recruiting Mission.

May 1, 1918

THF. 1-.LF.CTRICAL NEWS

PHILLIPS' CABLES

as supplied to the Toronto Hydro Electric System

Write us for detailed information.

NOTE. — Specification of cable in left-hand cut: 3 0 B. and S.
Three conductor. Each conductor 19 strands, each .094 in. diam.
Thickness of dielectric on each conductor. .21 in. Thickness of dielec-
tric on belt, .21 it,. Thickness of lead sheath, .16 in. Overall diameter.
2.60.

Specification of cable in right-hand cut: As stated in copy.

Eugene F. Phillips Electrical Works, Ltd.

Head Office and Factory: MONTREAL

Branches : Toronto

Winnipeg

Regina

Calgary

Vancouver

Phillips Factory
at Montreal

yki^yiiiiiifci:

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Mav 1, 191S

Current News and Notes

Edmonton, Alta.

Letters patent have been issued to the Unilectric Company
of Canada, Ltd.; head office, Edmonton, Alta.: capital stock,
$20,000. Chester McMann is at the head of the company,
which is empowered to carry on the business of electrical and
mechanical engineers, electricians, contractors, and manufac-
turers and to deal in electrical goods. I)Otli wholesale and re-
tail.

Guelph, Ont.

The annual report of the Guelph light and heat depart-
ment shows a total revenue of $100,288 in the electrical de-
l)artment. with operatiu* expenses of $85,382 and net surplus
of $»,2f)(l after providing for depreciation and interest.

Grand'Mere, P.Q.

The Laurentide Power Company have under considera-
tion the installation at Grand'Mere, P.Q., of three additional
units of 20.000 h.p. each, making the total capacity 180,000 h.p.

Kingston, Ont. .

The Kingston Utilities Commission have adopted power
rates ol 2.4. 1.7 and .!.> cents instead of the old rates of :'., 2 and
I cent per kw. hour.

London, Ont.

Instructions from the Militia Department to give Hour
mills first consideration recently rendered it necessary for the
London, Ont., hydro department to turn over :!00 h.p. to a
new mill in that city. .\s a result it has been found necessary
to arrange a schedule under which the various factories of the
city will close one hour each day. The city is divided into
eight areas, and one area will lie without power each hour oj
the working day.

Montreal.

According to the statement by Mr. J. E. .\ldred. the pre-
sident, the Laurentide Power Company will proliably increase
the capacity of the i)lant to isd.ooo lip.. f(U- which it was de-
signed.

Sir Lomer Gouin has announced tlie personnel of the
Montreal Tramways Commission as follows: President, Judge
St. Cyr. of the Court of Sessions, Montreal: engineer. Louis
.\. Herdt, professor of Electrical Engineering at McGill Cni-
versity; architect, John S. .Archibald, Montreal.

Eugene V. Phillips Electrical Works. Ltd.. Montreal,
have received an order from the Postmaster-General's De-
partment of the .\ustralian Conimonwealth for about a mil-
lion feet of paper insulated lead covered telepiione cable.
'I'his is believed to be the lirst order from this source which
lias been placed in Canada. The company have also received
an order for paper insulated lead covered double steel tape
armoured telephone calde from the I'tiion (iovernnicnt of
South .\frica.

Mr. R. .\. Ross, consulting engineer. Montreal, has licen
appointed by the Quebec Government one of the commission-
ers of the city of Montreal. He is one of five who have
charge of the civic government. The appointment came as a
surprise to Mr. Ross, who was named without licing con-
sulted. He is a past vice-president of the Canadian Society
of Civil Engineers and a member of the American Institute
of Electrical Engineers. Mr. Ross, who was formerly a mem-
ber of the firm of Ross & Holgate, is well known in the elec-
trical field, particularly in connection with the Ontario Hydro-
Electric Commission, and the development and distribution

of power at Niagara Falls. Lately he has taken a great inter-
est in the work of the Honorary .\dvisory Council for Scien-
tific and Industrial Research, especially in relation to the
utilization, commercially, of the large bodies of lignite in the
West.

Quebec.

.Vnother storage dam is to be erected by the Quebec
Streams Commission, of which Mr. O. O. Lefebvre is chief
engineer. This dam will be at Lake Brule, ten miles from
Beaupre, P.Q., and sixteen miles northeast of the' hydro-elec-
tric plant of the Laurentian Power Company, on the St. .\nne
River. The dam will give additional water power to this
company. The scheme consists of a stone-filled wooden dam,
225 feet long at the crest, and two small earth dams. The
pressure face of the wooden dam will be at an incline of 45
degrees. The dam will rest on solid rock.

Regina, Sask.

Superintendent Bull of the Kcgina electric <lepartnient
reports a good sale of electric ranges. .\t the time of the
annual exhibition last summer the department inaugurated a
special campaign, and since that date abuut TO ranges have
lieen installe<l in residences.

Sydney, N.S.

The Dominion (.oal Company Sydney, X.S.. contemplate
several extensions and improvements to their electrical ecpiip-
ment durin.g the summer months. .\ central station is to be
erected at Xevv Waterford. and from this point transmission
lines w-ill lie run ti:> the locations requiring current. It is ex-
pected that electricity will also replace steam for haulage
purposes.

Vancouver.

The W'estern Power (.'tniipany of Canada, which on Feb-
ruary 1st last took over the property of the Western Canada
Power Coni|)any, reports an improvement for 1917. The
revenue increased from $25<),2.->0 to .$.331,79.'!, a gain of $27.98
per cent. During the year the expenditure was $58,628 on
completion of power iilant buildin.g, installation of equipment,
extension to iransinission and distribution systems, etc.

Trade Publications

C. G. E. Publications — I'.nlletin Xo. 43410. "Light for the
Clothing Industry," and I'.ulletin Xo. 45103 .\. "G. E. Type H.
Transformers"; botli well illustrated.

Condulet Suggestion — Xo. 20, by the Crouse-Hinds Com-
pany of Canada, describing more particularly the use of con-
dulet bodies and outlet covers in the installation of panel
boards. .An actual illustration is portrayed showing the won-
derfully neat and workmanlike job that can be turned out
with the proper use of condulets.

Safety Switches — Safely auto-lock switches are described
and illustrated in some detail in special publication No.
1585-A, just issued by the Krantz Mfg. Company, Inc., of
Brooklyn. X.Y. These switches are designed for use on cir-
cuits wherever the ordinary knife switch may be applied.
They are especially desi.gned for safety, it being absolutely
impossible to touch the live parts regardless of the position
of the switch or of the door. They are particularly adapted
for use in steel mills, factories, mines and other similar loca-
tions where men are employed who have no practical know-
ledge of electricity.

^ray 15, 191S

THE E].ectrr:a

NICWS

Published Semi-Monthly By

HUGH G. MACLEAN, LIMITED

HUGH C. MacLEAN, Winnipeg, President.
THOMAS S. YOUNG, General Manager.
W. R. CARR, Ph.D., Editor.

HEAD OFFICE - 347 Adelaide Street West, TORONTO

Telephone A. 2700
MONTREAL - Telephone Main 2299 - 119 Board of Trade
WINNIPEG - Tel. Garry S56 - Electric Railway Chambers
VANCOUVER - Tel. Seymour 3013 - Winch Building
NEW YORK - Tel. 3108 Beekman - 1123 Tribune Building
CHICAGO - Tel. Harrison 5351 - 1413 Gt. Northern Bldg.
LONDON, ENG. 16 Regent Street S.W.

■ *

ADVERTISEMENTS
Orders for advertising should reach the office of publication not later
than the 5th and 20th of the month. Changes in advertisements will be
made wliencver desired, without cost to tlic advertiser.

SUBSCRIBERS

Subscribers are requested to promptly notify the publishers of failure
or delay in delivery of paper.

Authoi ized by the Postmaster General for Canada, for transmission
as second class matter.

Entered as second class matter July ISth, 1914, at the Postoffice at
Buffalo. N. Y., under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

Vol. 27

Toronto, May 15, 1918

No. 10

Toronto Section A.I.E.E. Has
Spent Active Year

It is a matter of regret that there were no representatives
of the manufacturers present to discuss the paper l)y Mr.
Ackerman, of the Toronto Power Company, on "High Ten-
sion Insulators," which was read before the Toronto section,
.\.I.E.E., on Fridaj', April 19. The paper, which dealt with
the operating aspect, was a most thorough one, and showed
not only tlie improvements which the last decade has brought
a])Out in the line insulator, but also the opportunity tor
further development to produce an insulator which should
prove more resistant to power arc discharges, as well as to
punctures. The modern pin-type insulator shows a somewhat
more compact design than that of ten years ago, being more
free from deep and intricate cavities which were of little use
in preventing leakage and none at all in reducing the rrsk ol
flash-over. Mr. Ackerman commented upon the desiraliility
of drawing the arc away from the insulator, and pointed out
that arcing horns and the well-known Nicholson ring were
not thoroughly effective in this respect, as they rather tended
to localize the fiashover until it was ruptured, or until the
insulator failed. A new type of arcing horn was described,
which took the form of a spiral around the wire with a radius
equal to tlie depth from the wire to the foot of the insulatur
pin. It was shown by a remarkable series of photographs
lliat this would instantly draw the arc well away from the
insulator towards the tip of the horn, and lliat until tlie sburt
was cleared no damage C(Uild happen to the insulator.

In the discussion Mr. II. C. Don Carlos di<I not agree

with the author in extending the field of pin type insulators
into the region above 60,000 volls; rather would he expect to
see suspension insulators adopted for 44,000 and all higher
tensions. In conversation with the engineers of the Missis-
sippi River Power Company, he had learned that practically
all the failures on their llO.OOO-volt lines had been due to
i-racks in the porcelain, and he believed that this experience
was not unusual. Mr. Davison pointed out that among other
ailvantages the suspension insulator permitted of easier test-
ing of the insulators on location, and, furthermore, that it lent
itself to standardization. If manufacturers were to be asked
for pin type insulators of 50,000, 00,000, 70.000 volts and higher
pressures, the cost of insulators would naturally be higlier
and the deliveries less satisfactory than where suspension
strings of staiidard elements were specified for these volt-
ages. A nuniher of other most interesting points were raised
in the discussion, which tended to demonstrate that there is
considerable diversity of personal opinion among transmis-
sion engineers regarding the insulator problem, and that the
same problem is being effectively solved in mpre than one
way in different installations.

The Toronto Section has just achieved a new record
among the thirty-three sections of the American Institute
of Electrical Engineers. Fifty-two new applications for
menihership have been filed during the campaign which ended
on April :!0 last; this corresponds to an increase of about
33 per cent, and, we understand, is ahead of that of any other
section, and testifies to the appreciation in which membership
in the institute is held. Non-members often do not realize
that a distinct advantage is associated with membership in
the Institute. The opportunity given for associating with
members of the same profession in different grades is of in-
estimable value. Great credit is due to Mr. K. B. Cooper and
his membership committee for the results obtained. We are
advised that the actual number (as distinct from the per-
centage) of members signed up in Toronto was surpassed
only Ijy Philadelphia and Pittsburgh.

The result of the elections for officers of the section for
the next year was declared at the meeting of Friday. April lu.
as follows:

Chairman— .\rthur H. Hull ( Ilydro-Electric Power Com-
mission).

Secretary— Ernest V. Pannell (Rritish Aluminium Com-
pany, Ltd.)

Executive— .A.shton B. Cooper (Canadian General Elec-
tric Company, Ltd.), Frank R. Ewart (Ewart & Jacob), Wil-
liam G. Gordon (Malm, Gordon & Co.). W. Percy Dobson
(Hydro-Electric Power Commission), William Volkniann
(Toronto Power Company), Herbert B. Dwight (Can. West-
inghouse Company. Ltd.), Gordon R. Langley (Can. General
Electric Company. Ltd.) The last-mentioned two are ..ut-of-
towu niemljers.

First Convention of
Municipal Electrical Association

The -Association of Municipal Electrical Engineers, plans
to hold its first meeting on June 14th and 15th next, at
Niagara Falls, Ont. An interesting programme is being pre-
pared, consisting of papers on subjects of importance to the
delegates, and a tour of inspection of the Chippewa Creek
development. Although this organization has been formed
for the l>enefit of the officials of municipally owned electrical
utilities in Ontario, yet it is felt that there will be much in
the proceedings that will be of interest to men in the elec-
trical tnidcs who are doing business directly with those
utilities. The .Association therefore extends an invitation to
electrical manufacturers, contractors, and dealers to have re-
presentatives attend that meeting, and assures a hearty wel-
come to all coming in such capacity.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

May 15, 1918

Montreal Electric Luncheon Club

"Tiie Value of i\ir Brakes" was discussed by Mr. \V. J.
Hatch, of the C.P.R., at the Montreal electrical luncheon on
April 34. Considering the investment, said Mr. Hatch, there
was no part of the railway equipment that would give greater
material returns when properly installed, maintained, and
operated than the brake. Electric locomotives were no longer
to be regarded as experiments, and there was reason for be-
lieving that a train w-ould be accelerated up to a speed of 60
miles per hour in one minute. This meant that the brake was
going to be more important in the future than in the past.
The ability to accelerate, or even to run at high speeds, must
lie measured by the ability to' stop.

'i'iiis feature was little appreciated. As an example, rail-
way men were often called upon at investigations to answer
such a question as this: "In what distance should the train
have stopped?" It seemed a simple question for an air-brake
man to answer, but to do so it would be necessary to know
the light weights and loads of the vehicles composing the
train; the percentage of brake power used with engine and
cars; if brake shoes were applied to all wheels, including
engine truck and trailer wheels; type of brake; pressure car-
ried; whether the train was accelerating -or decelerating; on
curve or straight track; on ascending or descending grades,
or level; the condition of the rail; if brakes were applied in
service or emergency or ordinary service then emergency;
the piston travel on each vehicle; the losses due to friction of
parts; brake beam release springs; wind resistance; quality
and thickness of brake shoes; the method of hanging them,
and other factors.

One heard very little about brakes in the papers, nothing
like one did about electricity, for instance, yet it had been much
more of a factor in railroad development up to the present
time than electricity. A good brake must be automatic, sim-
ple, durable, always ready, responsive, and flexible, and, in
addition, it was imperative that in a case of emergency the
maximum brake power be obtained with the time element
reduced to a minimum, so that a stop could be made in the
shortest distance and time possible. For service or regular
.^lops all these elements should be extended so that the trains
could be handled smoothly and acurate stops made without
inconvenience to passengers or damage to lading, keeping in
mind at all times that in time of danger to stop was the chief
consdieration. The braking power on hand must be avail-
able not only for one aipplication but for any number of them.
Not only must the brake dissipate energy due to momentum
when l)ringing a train to a stop but it must prevent the
accumulation of energy when descending a grade. A train
of ;i,000 tons commencing the descent of a 2 per cent, grade,
at a speed of ten miles per hour, would in three minutes, due
to acceleration of gravity alone, be moving at a speed of G4;X
miles per hour, and the kintic, or wrecking energy, stored up
in the train would be 417,500 foot-tons, sufficient to raise the
train to a height of 139.1 feet. So it was necessary for the
brakes to be able to dissipate in three minutes 417.500 foot-
tons, if the speed at the end of this time was not to be higher
than at the beginning, and still have a reserve to make any
desired stop.

There was a prevailing idea that the friction between the
brake shoes and the wheels was what stopped a moving train.
No doubt this was the primary cause, but the real factor was
the friction between the wheel and rail. For instance, if the
rails were made of ice, it was obvious that the stop would
be lengthened very much; the friction between the brake
shoes and wheels would be sufficient to lock and slide the
wheels. Therefore, brakes had to be designed in such a man-
ner as to prevent wheel sliding; it was also obvious that the
rail condition was a large factor in relation to the distance
required to stop a train.

Unfortunately lor air-brake men, co-efficient of friction
(which was the relation between the retarding force and the
pressure on the brake shoe) was one of the most elusive and
variable things in mechanics, and increased with the decrease
of speed and to a surprising extent. F'or example, a train run-
ning at 60 miles an hour would require approximately at least
four times the distance to stop in than if the train were only
running 40 miles an hour.

Mr. Hatch then dealt with the financial side of the sub-
ject, pointing out that the daily charge for the brake equip-
ment per car \\'as 1.095 cents, which was 44/100 of 1 per cent,
of the daily revenue (2.50) which the Ijrake made possible.

McGill Examination Results

The results of examinations in the faculties of Arts and
Applied Science at McGill University have been made public.
In Applied Science, Mr. Emil Edwin Weibel, who graduated
as a mechanical en.gineer, won the British Association Medal,
and the Crosbj' Steam Gau.ge and Valve Company's prize for
summer essay, while he took honours in hydraulics and lab-
oratorj' and hydraulic machines, machine design, and ther-
modynamics.

Passed for B.Sc. Degree

Civil Engineering — Henri B. Pelletier, Montreal. Un-
ranked — Arthur .A. Brown, Ottawa.

Electrical Engineering — In order of merit — Joseph M.
Conroy, Britannia Bay, Ont.; Joseph A. Dionne, Montreal;
William McL. Moore, Sydney, N.S.; William R. Way, Mont-
real; Daniel McL. Sutherland. New Glasgow, N.S.; Leo J.
Jordan, Lindsay, Ont.; Thomas J. Fox, New York; Frederick
L. Cann, Peterborough, Ont. Unranked — Ira W. Beverly,
Rossland, B.C.; William H. Gorrie. Kenora, Ont.; James F.
Patterson, Montreal; Roy A. Weagcnt, New York.

Mechanical Engineering — In order of merit — Emil E.
Weibel, Montreal; Charles S. Parke, Hamilton; Hugh A.
Crombie, Toronto.

Mining Engineering — In order of merit — Harold M. Ros-
coe, Centreville, N.S.; Edward .V. Livingstone, Washington
D.C." Unranked — William Weir, Notre Dame de Grace, P.Q.

Chemical Engineering — In order of merit — Herman R.
Dorken. Westmount, P.Q.; Clifford Greaves, Barbados, B.W.I.
Unranked — (jeorge G. Ulmer, Jr.. Montreal.

Small Hydro Plant for College

A hydro-electric plant for tlie College de Montfort, P.Q.,
is to be rebuilt, the contract having been let to Messrs.
.'Vrsenault & Plamondon, Limited, Montreal. A concrete dam,
10 ft. x 12 ft., is to be constructed at the entrance to a small
lake, a wood stave pipe line, .'i ft. in diameter, inside mea-
surement, conveying the water to a power house, of brick
and concrete, 25 ft. x 15 ft. The water wheel will be of 150
h.p., and will be manufactured by the William Hamilton
Company, Limited, Peterborough, Ont. The power will be
used for lighting the college, sawing wood, and for laundry
purposes. The water is to be pumped for domestic use and
for fire fighting purposes. .Arthur Surveyer & Co., Montreal,
are the consulting engineers, the electrical work — a portion
of which is already done — being carried out by E. Lionais.
Montreal.

The Kincaid Waterwheel and Power Company. Ltd.. has
been incorporated; head office. Vancouver, B.CT; capital stock.
$50,000. The company is empowered to carry on a general
electrical engineering and contracting business, including the
manufacture and installation of waterwheels and all kinds of
electrical power and lighting equipment.

May ir>, 191S

TTTF F.T.F.CTRICAL NKWS

Electric Heating-Some Practical Experience

Installed Capacity of 1.2 to 1.8 Watts per Cubic Foot of Air Space
Gives Normal Living Temperature

— By Mr. E. R. Shirley'

Electric lieat is simply electricity clisplayiiiif its energy in
the form oi heat. We might call it the modern scientific
method of heating.

Some of the particular advantages whicli are hard to ap-
preciate, except by using the same e.xchisi\ ely, are enumer-
ated below:

1. Great efficiency, the electric heater being nearly ]()()
per cent, efficient.

3. Entire absence of smoke, dust, and fumes.

,'{. Elimination of storage and liandling of fuel.

4. Lessening of fire hazard.

5. No vital oxygen is consumed from the air as in the
case of open flame heaters.

6. Great flexibility in temperature control, it being read-
ily adapted to automatic control schemes so that any prede-
termined temperature may be constantly maintained.

7. It is extremely portable, heaters being readily located
wherever required within very wide limits.

8. Heat is instantly available at the turn of a switch,
scarcely any care or attention being required, the heat ceas-
ing immediately the switch is opened.

My first serious attempt at electric heating was in Xorth-
ern Ontario, wlien with the British Canadian Power Com-
pany, at Cobalt. .\ number of the houses for our staffs and
also our office and several other buildings were heated elec-
trically. We made no particular attempts at making tests or
taking records of the amount of power required, simplj' in-
stalling as much heat as we were sure would suffice and then
using whatever percentage of that heat that we found was
required. I might say that we averaged about three watts
per cubic foot of heated air space installed capacity, but sel-
dom used more than from 30 to 50 per cent, of this amount.

The heaters were individual units, made in our own ma- *
chine shop, and consisted of ^ in. spiral coils of resistance
wire for some and galvanized iron wire for others, the wire
■being usuallj" about 14 B. & S. gauge. These were strung on
1 in porcelain knobs, fastened to an iron framework, and the
whole heater encased in perforated sheet metal.

While I was in this district we designed heaters for a
number of the buildings at the Wettlaufer Mine, in South
Lorraine, where the famous Keely Mine is located. These
were detached buildings, previously heated by steam from
the niairf steam plant. The boilers were fired by coal, which
had to be brought up Lake Temiskaming by boat to Silver
Centre, and from that point hauled about eight miles, over a
rough road. The laid-down cost of the coal would be in the
neighborhood of .$12 per ton. We based our calculations on
an efficiency of about 10 per cent, for the detached steam
heating and 100 per cent, for the electric heaters, and found
it worked out quite satisfactory. This was not cheap heating
by any means, as the Wettlaufer people paid us a price for
the power used which amounted to about 1 cent per kw. hr.
They, however, were quite willing to pay the price for the
convenience and safety involved.

Later on. when connected with the Canadian Exploration
Com.pany. I did considerable further experimenting with elec-
tric heating. \\'e had been using steam heat and were distri-
buting it among a number of detached buildings. Coal w-as
costing from $12 to $15^ per ton, laid down. We had a con-
siderable available surplus of electric power at 550 v., which

*Read before the Peterboro Engineers' Club.

ua.s costing us $1(> per li.p. per year, or about 14 cent per kw.
hr. 1 designed a heater which took 7 amperes at 550 v., or
;i..S5 kw. This was found to be a very satisfactory size, so we
used it exclusively. When a large heater was required we
combined two in the form of a double circuit unit.

In mining communities nothing, as a rule, is installed
which is required to last longer than the Ife of the mine,
which, ordinarily, is but a few years. Eor this reason our
heaters were made as cheap as possible. The frames were of
1 in. X 1/8 in. band iron. The coils were of ordinary stove-
pipe wire, wound in spirals on a 5/8 in. mandril. The spirals
were strung on 1 in. porcelain knobs. The heaters completed
cost about $3 each to make. The iron wire does not last as
long as the better grades of resistance wire, but it is cheap
and easily replaced when required.

In my own house, which was a one-storey frame bunga-
low, 32 ft. X 24 ft., with 10 ft. ceilings, which, allowing for the
walls, had a cubical contents of 7,230 cubic feet, I had very
good results. This was boarded and then covered with
builders" paper and clapboards. Inside was finished with
beaverboard, placed directly on the studding. The floors
were of hardwood. There was no foundation, the house
being simply placed on posts, the basement being boarded up
with one layer of inch boards and covered with heavy tarred
felt, fastened with 3 in. battens. The windows were standard
construction on pulley weights and fitted with double win-
dows for winter. The doors also were fitted with storm-
doors. The absence of a foundation made it necessary to
run a 2 kw. heater in the cellar to keep it above freezing tem-
perature. I had about 13 kw. power installed, which was a
total of 1.8 watts per cubic foot.

This totaJ amount was never turned on more than two or
three times during the time I occupied the house. The maxi-
mum in cold weather was usually 8.9 kw., or 1.23 watts per
cubic foot. This amount, in addition to heating the house to
70 degrees F,, did all my cooking: Outside temperatures at
times went as low as 43 degrees below zero. At one period,
in February, 1914, the minimum temperature for a continuous
perod of three weeks ranged from 18 degrees below zero to
43 degrees below zero. During this severe weather I had no
difficulty whatever in keeping my house temperature at 70
degrees F., and using only I.2:! watts per cubic foot as a maxi-
mum.

The average for this period did not run over 90 per cent,
of this, approximately 1.1 watt per cubic foot, making the
cost of heating the house and doing the cooking in the severe
weather about 48c per day at the price we were paying for
power, viz., J4c per kw. h. At the present rate in Peterboro.
of l]4c per kw. hr.. this would have cost $2.40 per day, or
about $72 per month, less discount.

The other installations at this same plant ran about the
same in capacity. One building had as low as 1.2 watts per
cubic foot installed, and the occupants claimed it was com-
fortably heated.

At the Laurentian Power Company's plant, near Quebec
City, I had an opportunity of making some very exact tests
on a complete electric heating plant which we had installed in
a six-house terrace for our staff. This terrace was of 46,688
cubic feet capacity, being a two and a half storey frame
structure, placed on a solid concrete foundation. The walls
were boarded with 1 in. boards and covered with builders'

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

May 15, 1918

paper ami clapboards. The interior was lath and plaster.
The windows were standard construction, on pulley weights.
The doors were also standard. There were double windows
for winter, but we did not use them, as e found they were
hardly necessary— in fact, there were usually one or more
windows in each house opened probably a foot. There were
no storm doors or porches. The basement was quite open : t
the top of the concrete foundation, due to poor consruction,
so that the cellar temperatures were seldom more than a few
degrees above freezing.

The temperatures were taken in the house situated at the
north end. on a thermometer placed close to the north wall.
Outside temperatures were standard government readings,
taken esi)ecially fur our plant. I'ower readings were taken
both day and nighl. on a meter installed for that particular
purpose.

Each house was arranged with ducts in the walls and
registers in each room as for ordinary liot-air lieating. 1 he
heating plant consisted of two iron boxes in the basement,
near the centre of the terrace. These were lined with Yz in.
asbestos, and contained the heating elements, which were ad-
vance resistance wire strung on porcelain knobs on \ron
frames. Each box contained IS frames, so arranged that they
c(nil(l be connected to a .I.')!) v. :;-iphase service, with switches
for connecting the set in closed or open delta, two sections in
series across one .phase or one set singly across one phase.
This gave a large degree of lieat variation. Each heater was
50 h.p. capacity, or a total of 100 h.p. for six houses. One
end of these boxes was connected with a long duct, which in
turn connected with the heating ducts of the various houses;
at the other end of each box was a motor-driven fan, capable
of delivering 2,()U0 cubic feet of free air per minute. These
fans forced the air through the heaters and into the houses.

.■\ continuous test run on the heaters from February IT
until March ai, 1917, gave an average internal temperature for
the houses of 70.3 degrees F. The average minimum tem-
perature of the outside air, to the end of February, was 8.G7
degrees below zero, giving a heating range of approximately
79 degrees F. The average watts per cubic feet of heated air
for this period was 1.27. During March the average mini-
mum temperature outside was 10..'i deg. F. above zero, givin.g
a heating range of 60 degrees F., the average watts per cubic
feet of heated area being .93. The maximum amount of power
used at any one period was l.C! watts per cubic feet of heated
area at a time when the minimum outside temperature was
28 degrees below zero and the maximum outside temperature
just zero. The internal temperature during this period was
just 70 degrees F., giving a heating range of 98 degrees F.

In considering these figures it should be remem.bered that
the results oljtained both in Northern Ontario and Quel)ec
were in places where the climate is exceedingly severe.

Our results at the plant of the Laurentian Power Com-
Iiany and also in Northern Ontario were so good that we
found it difficult to get them generally accepted. This point
of view is readily understood when we consider the fact that
the formulae generally used for computing the necessary
heating will, in nearly every case, give the amount of power
retpiired at probably double the quantities I have found to
be actually necessary. The formulae I refer to embrace a
large number of constants, which vary according to the type
of house or building to be heated, the amount of exposed
wall surface, the number and character of windows and doors,
the number of changes of air per hour, and the nature of the
heating, i.e., whether it is constant or more or less intermit-
tent. In considering all these facts, it is easy to vary the
formulae constants within such limits as to entirely alter the
heating prolilem. h'or this reason when using a formulae for
making any such calculations the problem in hand must be
very carefully studied.

'In view of the res\ilts I have olilained in different parts

of the country, and under very severe conditions, I have no
hesitation in saying that equally good results can be obtained
in Peterboro by using a maximum installation not exceeding
1.2.5 watts per cubic foot of heated air space. The avera.ge
power required would probably not run more than one watt
per cubic foot, even in the severest weather. 1 make this
assertion from the fact that the houses in a city are, as a rule,
better constructed than in the outlying districts where I con-
ducted my experiments. hTirthermore, the climatic conditions
are not nearly so severe, neither are you exposed to the ele-
ments so directly in a closely-built up community.

.'\n average house in Peterboro would probably be around
s.ooo cubic feet in capacity of air to be heated. Supposing it
is desirable to heat it to 70 degrees F. throu.ghout, about 10
kw. would probably be sufficient to take care of the average
conditions. At the present rates of ];4c per kw. hour this
would cost i2'/jC- per hour, or $:! per day, less the discount.
.As it is hardly desiralile, in most cases, to heat the entire
house to 70 degrees, this figure might be reduced to 60 per
cent., or say .$1.S0 per day, less the discount. It now seeni.s
possible that the Hydro rates may be cut to r>/8c per kw.
hour where the power consumption runs up to 60 kw. hours
or over. This would reduce our figures to 90c per day. Tak-
ing off the 10 per cent, cash discount makes this 80c per day.
For an average ;i0-day month this would amount to about $24;
or, supposing you heat for approximately six months in each
year, it would be roughly $144 per year, which figure would
be not unreasonable, and would be equivalent to from 12 to 14
tons of coal at the present price.

Individual heaters would probably be the cheapest instal-
lation. A circuit can be run in the basement and brought up
through the floors wherever it is found most expedient to
install heaters. One or two circuits would take care of the
upstairs heating. In fact, small heaters up to 600 watts capa-
city may be used on the ordinary lighting circuits where the
wiring is strictly up to date.

Individual heaters can be purchased from most any elec-
trical dealer, in sizes ranging up to 5.000 watts capacity, and
at prices up to $35 and $40 each. For instance, a 1,200-watt
heater sells at about $16, and a 2,400-watt size at about $22.
A 1,200-watt heater would cost to run at present rates l^c
[5er hour, less discount, and the 2,400-watt size 3c per hour, less
discount. It is now possible to obtain very nice electric logs
in capacities up to 3,000 watts and at prices up to $28. A
3,000-watt log would cost to run at present prices 3^c per
hour, less the discount, which is much cheaper than the equiv-
alent gas log.

Another form of heating which I might touch on here is
tlie electric circulation water heater for a range boiler, and
which could be easily attached to a hot water system. I have
used a large iiumlier of these and find they give excellent
service and are very economical. The ordinary heater can
now be obtained in capacities of 600, 1,000. 2,000, and 3.000
watts each. The 600-watt heater is for continuous operation
on a 30-gallon tank -and the larger heaters for intermittent
operation. The 3,000 watt heater heats 23 gallons of water
from 50 degrees to 140 degrees F. in one hour, and is practi-
cally equivalent to the ordinary gas heater consuming 50 feet
per hour. In this case the gas heater would cost 7c for an
hour's run, at the present rate of $1.40 per thousand cubic
feet, while the electric heater would cost 3^c, less the dis-
count, or practically half the price of the gas. Two or more
high capacity circulation water heaters attached to a hot
water system should be sufficient to heat a .house. The cir-
culation heater has been developed even furtjier in the induc-
tion type, which may be olitained up to 100 kw. capacity, and
have even now been used in certain installations for develop-
ing steam in a steam boiler.

The next problem that presents itself is. Can we obtain
the necessary power? Peterboro has a population of about

May 15, 1918

THE ELFXTRICAT. NiCWS

:i:i.(M)0; assuming I'mir nv five persons In a Inxisc, tlioic wmilii
he approximately 5.000 houses. Providing 20 per cent, of the
houses would desire electric lieatinK and tliat an average of
S kw. per house was installed, wliich would he a fair estimate,
we would require 8.000 kw., or over 10.000 h.p. .\ fact to be
considered here, also, is tliat the greater part of this power
would be used during the winter months only, and some other
use would have to be found for it in the summer, in order to
make tlie installation protitahle. Of course, we might ease
the fuel situation considerably by utilizing any available off-
peak load during part of the 24 hours and using coal or wood
during the time the peak load is on. This would need careful
investigation, and would have to be handled by the Hydro
representatives.

.\nother point f have not touched upon is llie increased
capacity required of the secondary distribution system should
such a heating load be taken on. This also would have to be
referred to' the above representatives.

Shawinigan Falls, Que., Wonder-
ful Power and Industrial Centre

"Shawinigan Falls, its industries, electro-chemical activi-
ties and transmission of power," was the subject of a talk
by Mr. H. E. Randall, of the Shawinigan Water & Power
Company, at the Montreal F.lcctrical Truncheon, on March 13.
The talk was illustrated by a large number of pictures, show-
ing the expansion of Shawinigan Falls, from a place with
practically no population, to a town of over 12.000 inhabi-
tants; the large numlier of buildings devoted to new in-
dustries, many of them now engaged on war work; and also
interior and exterior views of the power plants there and of
the Laurentide Power Company at Grand'Mere.

The town of Shawinigan Falls, said Mr. Randall, was
predestined to become important, due to the falls on the
St._ Maurice River, which are 150 feet high there, and due
to the fact that this spot furnished what at that time was
probably the cheapest hydro-electric development of- the
world, .^fter much hardship and ups and downs over a
period of ten years, the Shawinigan Water & Power Com-
pany finally got on to a strong financial basis and was de-
livering some 50.000 h.p., used for aluminum, paper, and
transmitted for lighting and power to the various parts of
the province. From that date the general use of power in
the province increased tremendously. The power houses
which produce power, which has made all these things pos-
sible, contain to-day an installed capacity of 196.000 h.p.
The city is the result of the workmen and management drawn
there to operate the large factories which have located there.
The Northern Aluminum Company, the Belgo Canadian Pulp
& Paper Company, the Canada Carbide Company, the Can-
adian Electro Products, the Canadian Electrode Company,
the Canadian Electro Metals Company, Fraser, Brace & Com-
pany's steel plant, and the latest addition to the .Shawinigan
industries is the Canadian .-Moxidc Company (the Canadian
name for the Carborundum Company), who will employ 24.-
000 h.p. in the works which are now started, nearly twice the
amount of power used by the Carborundum Company at
Niagara Falls. Some of the carbons for electric furnaces
manufactured by the Canadian Electrode Company were I'/z
X 7 X 8, and carried a current of 40,000 amp. La Loutre dam.
a picture of which was shown, will nearly double the capacity
of the Shawinigan Company, and will impound water re-
presenting a million kw.h.

The transmission system of the .Sliawinigan Company
amounts to about 1,700 miles of lino, reaching the more im-

portant places of the Province of Quebec. Practically all the
asbestos of the world is mined with Shawinigan power; by
far the larger portion of the paper made in the Province of
Quebec is made with Shawinigan power; by far the larger
portion of electric light used in the Province of Quebec is
snpplie<l by Shawinigan power — so that this transmitted
power has come to have an important bearing on the life of
the province. This has been particularly true since the war.
In other times the munitions plants would have had to wait
for the motive power to operate, whereas the power com-
panies and electrical apparatus companies were ready and
waiting to supply the motors and the power to turn these
plants as quickly as they could be assembled. This speed
and the resultant economy of operation have been important
factors in this war. Moreover, electro-chemical processes at
Shawinigan, some new, others old, have every one of them
supplied important munitions demands and have been a great
factor for that reason.

They heard a great deal about the Ontario hydro-electric
system, but the Shawinigan Company had three power de-
velopments, any one of which would handle the entire load
of the Ontario system in 1916. Continuing, Mr. Randall re-
marked: It is open to serious doubt whether the future com-
mercial loads, as we know them, will be handled by Hydro-
electric [ilants or by steam plants. The present efficiency of
conversion from water to electricity is well up to 90 per cent.;
the present efficiency of conversion from heat in coal to
electric power is around 20 per cent. In the one case you
have practically no possibilities; in the other case you have
tremendous possibilities of betterment.

At the present time, for ordinary commercial city loads
a well designed steam plant having large units, properly
located with respect to water, etc., can supply in most parts
of North America now settled, electric power for distribution
in city streets at a price which favorably compares with
Hydro-electric transmitted power. This is shown by the
remarkable success of the 100,000 h.p. steam plant located at
Butifalo. What then would result if somebody should produce
— as no doubt somebody will produce — a metal capable of
withstanding temperatures of a red heat at high pressure?
Immediately the efficiency of conversion from heat to elec-
tricity would jump, and all our elaborate transmission sys-
tems would be open to obsolescense, due to changing meth-
ods, because they cannot be materially improved.

Different Forms of Power Transmission

Witli regard to transmission, electricians think only of
electricity as a means of transmitting power, but what is a
train of coal but a means of transmitting power — latent power,
it is true, but it is transmission nevertheless. What is the
conduction of oil through pipe lines but the transmission of
power? And it is interesting to note that these two methods
of transmission far outstrip the transmission of power by
electricity in distance, there being pipe lines in the United
States nearly 2.000 miles long. So then, since there are sev-
eral kinds of transmission power, the electrically transmitted
water power has to compete at the receiving end with the
power transmitted by the railway line or otherwise, and in
this country where steam is used for heating during a large
portion of the year a still further advantage exists for other
kinds of power derived from heat, but nevertheless, with
cheap power at the source and with careful transmission,
with low loss, which in good lines should not e.xcced 5 to
10 per cent., it is possible to economically compete with other
transmitted power, and as a result the transmission lines
grown up.

Transmission, however, has another aspect, and which
will no doubt in the future become a most important aspect,
that is. transmission lines will not be used so much for trans-

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

May 15, 1918

mission of hydraulic power to its centres of use, but rather
for the tying together of all sources of power, so that the
use of electricity, or of the powers of the country transmit-
ted to your door by means of electricity, may be well nigh
universal. A map showing the more important transmission
lines of the United .States and Canada indicates that these
transmission lines have been built up almost exclusively
around water powers, there being a few through Ohio, Pen-
nsylvania and Illinois which are steam transmitting systems,
but these three states show the new tendency, the linking
together of large stations, feeding a vast network which brings
about a uniformity and continuity of supply at a low price,
so that the public utility is able to supply the public with
that which it desires at the lowest possible cost, and is,
therefore, successful.

I predict that the transmission lines will in the next
ten or twenty years become pretty well inter-connected
so that we will have not a large number of large or small
separate systems, but a large inter-connected system, pre-
sumably made up of a few large organizations inter-changing
their energy on some equitable basis.

We must not let our enthusiasm run away with our bet-
ter judgment when it comes to hydro-eleCtric power. To-
day it is a fetish in some parts of Canada, but it is subject
to many pitfalls, the most important one of which is other
kinds of transmitted power, but it nevertheless has a big
future, especially for those kinds of loads which we call high
load factor loads, that is, those loads which will use the tre-
mendously heavy investment in hydro-electric generating
stations and transmission lines the greatest number of hours
in a year. For other loads, that is, low load factor loads,
other means of producing power will probably show up more
advantageously than the present harnessing of hydraulic
power.

Electric Heating

We are hearing to-day a great deal aliout electric hcat-
fhg. The Shawinigan Company has for several years carried
out experiments in electric heating of houses, and while this
data has been crudely gathered, nevertheless there is avail-
able a pretty good indication of the facts. The basic prin-
ciple of electric heating is that electricity can be turned into
heat and distributed through the room at 100 per cent, effi-
ciency, whereas coal or other sources of heat can only be
turned into usable heat and distributed at some fraction-
say probably 50 per cent. — efficiency, but never forget that
1 kw.h. fundamentally and absolutely has only the intrinsic
heat value of one-quarter of a pound of good coal, and that
it only has the equivalent heat value of about one-third or
one-half of a pound of coal when burned in the ordinary
manner. So we cannot hope in the future for more efficient
use of electricity for heating except in the distribution of the
heat; that is, no electric heater will give or put into the
room more heat than there is in the electricity, and almost
any kind of electric heater from the standpoint of heat alone,
not long life or ease of operation, is the equivalent of any
other.

Most of us have been working on electric heating as an
off-peak proposition, realizing that it must be done with cheap
electricity to succeed. Now, an ofT-peak proposition can only
be worked when the ruling load is bigger than the off-peak
load. The data from electrical distributing companies shows
that the average city house takes a maximum demand of
about 400 watts on the average — say, one-half a kilowatt.
Our experiments on electric heating of houses show that the
average house requires about 20 kw. of maximum demand, or
of almost continuous demand in cold weather, to keep it
warm, and this with properly designed heaters. You can
see, therefore, that electrical heating can never be an ofl-

peak load unless some other load can be developed which
would be oiT-peak to it, and sold at a very low price.

We also find that it requires some 30,000 to 40,000 kw.h.
a year for heating the average house, and this in the winter
time, when our hydraulic powers are at their lowest. Let
us see what this means in horse power. To be ultra-con-
servative, let us say that instead of 20-kw. the average house
would only take 20 h.p. Now the city of Montreal has
roughly 125,000 houses— say 100,000. Now, 100,000 houses at
20 h.p. per house is only 2,000.000 h.p.. a figure which is
greater than the entire hydro-electric power of Canada to-
day, and in fact, there is not enough hydro-electric power
developed in the entire continent of North America to-day
to heat the little province of Quebec.

But now let us examine what this would cost. With
some knowledge I could say that on this tremendous scale
electricity could not be delivered to your door for less
than $20 per h.p. for the season's service; that is, the aver-
age householder would have to pay $400 a year, or the city
of Montreal householders would have to pay $40,000,000 a
year for heating their houses, whereas actually they pay, at
$10 coal, not over $7,000,000; that is. there is quite a margin
between electrical heating of the houses of Montreal and
heating them with coal, but you say — "What would we do
if we had no coal?" The answer is, there is always com-
merce, and while there is commerce there will be coal — at
least in our day and generation — and if instead of using this
tremendous amount of power for heating purposes, which
we electricians call low grade purposes, let us use it for
high grade mechanical, electro-chemical and electro furnace
processes, which would make this country the most import-
ant country in the world in this regard, and would probably
add tremendously to our wealth.

The city of Shawinigan Falls to-day uses 100,000 h.p. and
exports from Canada yearly products amounting to $20,-
000,000; that is, holding the same proportion, the 2,000,000
h.p. required to heat the city of Montreal would bring to
this country as a favorable trade balance twenty times $20,-
000,000, or $400,000,000 per year, whereas it was shown that
$7,000,000 would have purchased the coal which thTs tre-
mendous amount of power would have made unnecessary.

Is there any heal argument in favor of electric heating
when it means the sacrifice of valuable electricity, valuable
in producing new chemicals, new products, in increasing the
wealth of this province seventy times the value of the elec-
tricity used as heat? .\ftcr the war we are going to face debt
— the interest on debt. It is only by favorable trade balance
that this can be remedied. Let us, therefore, get together
and boost for the big thing, not the selfish heating of our
houses, but for the development of these water powers and
the use of this power for industrial purposes to increase the
wealth of this country.

The Canadian Bridge Company, Limited, of Walkerville,
Ont., announces the appointment of Mr. Joha W. Scens, as
sales manager, with offices in New Birks Building, in Mont-
real, eflfcctive May 1st, 1918. Mr. Seens was for the past
seven years manager of the Structural Steel Company, Lim-
ited, of Montreal, until that company discontinued opera-
tions the latter part of last year, on account of being obliged
to surrender their leased shop. During the period under
Mr. Seens' regime the Structural Steel Company successfully
carried out the fabrication and erection of many of Montreal's
largest buildings. They also furnished a large measure of the
steel work in connection with the large paper mill develop-
ment in Quebec and Eastern Ontario in recent years. Mr.
Joseph Labelle. formerly designing engineer of the Structural
Steel Company. Limited, has been retained as sales engineer
in the Montreal office of the Canadian Bridge Company, Ltd.

May 15, 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Possibilities of the Relief of Fuel Consumption
by Increased Use of Hydro-Electric Energy

-By J. M, Robertson*

The growing necessity for some comprehensive plan
looking towards the more complete and efficient utilization
of our resources has been apparent for many years to those
whose duties make them familiar with the tremendous wast-
age of materials which results from the lack of coordination
in the use of the various raw materials with which our
country is so richly endowed. The public, generally speak-
ing, has little real idea as to what constitutes the essential
of conservation of natural resources. Simple reduction in
demand, the restriction of the use of such materials, thereby
restricting the output of essential industries is obviously not
true conservation. The goal to be aimed at is development,
present and future, and in order to secure this end we must
make use of such materials as are necessary for the main-
tenance of our trade and commerce and the growth and de-
velopment of our national life. Economic utilization of such
resources, considering both present and future, would limit
the use of irreplaceable materials even though they might be
more cheaply and readily obtained under given conditions,
and promote the use of other materials whose use con-
serves to a greater extent the assets of the community.

Consider Other Factors Besides Cheapness and Availability

The elements of cheapness and availability of raw ma-
terials are large factors in determining the success or failure
of any industrial enterprise, and as such must be given due
weight. We have been, however, and we are still, too much
inclined to accept these factors as excuses for taking the
material nearest at hand which is suitable for our purpose
and letting the future take care of itself. A little thought
and investigation devoted to the development of possible
substitutes will frequently disclose methods by which an
industry may utilize materials or processes the use of which
does not deplete the resources of the country. The ideal
conservation would provide for the maintenance of the in-
dustries of the world by the use of basic materials sup-
plied from natural growth so that the stock of raw material
which constitutes the capital of the world -would not be re-
duced but would be handed down unimpaired from generation
to generation.

Such an ideal conservation is obviously beyond reach in
our present stage of development, but, although we are
still using up our capital at an alarming rate, the increasing
realization of the need of care and the increasing efficiency
of utilization which science is placing in our hands makes
the future look more hopeful than might be considered-
warranted by a consideration of the special and temporary
restrictive measures which have been applied to industry as
a whole during the past few months. From these experi-
ences it is apparent that the most essential elements in our
industrial life at present are transportation and fuel, and
to a large extent transportation means fuel, since the equip-
ment required for transportation can neither be produced
nor operated in the absence of an adequate supply of fuel.
It therefore follows that any modification of our past prac-
tice which will maintain our industries and at the same
time reduce the consumption of fuels will be an applica-
tion of true conservation principles in more than one way,
as first, it will reduce the consumption .of a material which
once used cannot be replaced, and secondly, it will' reduce

•Consulting Engrineer, Montreal, Que. before Professional Meetinsr Can
Soc. C.E.

the demand for transportation for such material and will
thereby leave for the use of some other industry a larger
supply of raw material for which for its purposes there is
no substitute.

Use of Raw Coal for Power Generation Uneconomic

The use of raw coal as a basis for the generation of
power through the medium of steam is fundamentally un-
economic, as too large an amount of valuable by-product is
sacrificed for very little return, and the efficiency of the
conversion is much too low. When it is considered that
under average conditions the amount of coal required to
generate a horse-power hour is of the order of five or six
pounds, representing an efficiency from coal to power of
only three or four per cent., which, generally speaking, must
be again divided by two before the energy is applied to the
work it can be readily realized that our present methods
of operation leave much room for improvement. In de-
fence of the steam plant it may be claimed that such figures
represent only the practice of the smaller plants and that
in the large manufacturing centres power is supplied from
steam plants which operate much more efficiently. It is a
very good plant which can average a kw.hr. on 1^ lbs. of
coal, including all auxiliaries, so that even under the best
conditions we get an efficiency only about 15 per cent. It
is, of course, necessary to remember that such low efficiencies'
are not due to imperfections in the equipment, but rather
to the limitations imposed by thermal laws, and until a
method of conversion radically different from the present
has been discovered such losses cannot be eliminated.

These figures, unsatisfactory as they are, tell only
half of the story. In using raw coal we are throwing away
in a wasteful manner material which contains many valu-
able by-products which add but slightly to its value as a
fuel, but which when extracted have a value greater than
the value of the coal itself. Many of these materials are
essential elements in our industrial life for which at present
there are no substitutes.

Notwithstanding this very unsatisfactory showing, the
necessities of the case require that coal should be used for
fuel in the absence of better means of providing readily
available energy. It would seem, however, more or less
elementary that the use of coal for such purposes should
be restricted to cases where no substitute is available in
order that when science places in our hands improved means
of converting fuel into power, we shall not be in the unfor-
tunate position of having squandered our patrimony and
left ourselves without the means to take advantage of the
improved processes when available.

Generate Power Before Using Steam for Heat

Climatic conditions in this country owing to the north-
ern location impose upon us a heavy burden every winter.
Heat must be maintained in our houses and shops. At this
stage of progress the only generally available means of heat-
' ing is by fuel — coal, oil or gas — of which the former is by
far the most important. We cannot avoid the use of coal
for heating our factories, but we can see to it that as soon
as practicable raw coal is not used for this purpose, and
that what fuel is used is for heating purposes only wherever
adequate substitutes for coal generated power are available.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

May 15, 1918

Too many ot uur iiuhistrial establishments are operated en-
tirely by coal simply because the controlling head likes the
idea of "independence," and declines to consider the pur-
chase of public service supply because he would then be
"dependent on the power company." In places where hydro-
electric service is available the power required by such es-
tablishments should be purchased and generally is purchas-
able at rates and under conditions more favorable than the
costs of operation by coal and with much less investment
for plant. In the cases of factories located where such ser-
vice only is obtainable sufficient engine plant should be in-
stalled to make possible the abstraction of the maximum
amount of energy from the steam before it is used for
heating, the idea being to operate steam plant only to the
extent of the heat requirements utilizing the steam equip-
ment as the reducing valve and increasing or decreasing the
purchased power to such an extent as may be required to
ofTset the variation in the by-product power recovered from
steam required for heating or process work.

As the average manufacturing establishment in most
parts of Canada requires more steam for heat than for power
during the winter months and almost no steam during the
summer months, and as the demand for electric energy for
lighting purposes is much greater during the winter, such
an arrangement works to the advantage of both company
and consumer as the combination makes possible the almost
ideal utilization of the energy in the fuel during the winter
and the capacity on the power system thus released becomes
available to take care of the increased load which must be
carried electrically. The diversity thus introduced into the
power demand makes possible the fixing of a power rate
which is attractive to the consumer, and. at the same time,
remunerative to the power company.

In some plants considerable ingenuity is displayed in
so combining equipment for utilizing steam, electricity and
compressed air or refrigeration with outside service so that
no fuel whatever is burned, except for supplying heat, and
every possible unit of energy is abstracted from the steam
before it is utilized as heat. Variation in the demand for
air and electricity is compensated for by use of machinery
driven by tvvo sources of power involving very interesting
cross conversion of energy.

The experience of those who have plants operating under
these conditions is quite satisfactory as they have secured
the convenience of freedom from, unnecessary heat and dirt
during the summer, the advantage of a standby plant as
protection against shut down — extremely low cost of power
during the winter and a satisfactory power service available
at all times when required.

The fact that such economies are usually realized in
plants of considerable size is due principally to the fact that
the large plants are directed by executives of broad views
who realize that elimination of waste is desirable even though
in a given case it may not result in a net saving of money.

Instances have arisen this year in which factories which
operate by steam power in winter and purchase hydro-electric
power during the summer months have anticipated the date
for the commencement of this purchased service with the
consent of the power company, and are reducing their coal
consumption as weather permits, to the minimum absolutely
necessary for heat, and are paying to the power company
for service to make up the deficiency in power recovery
the net amount they would have paid for additional coal.
The power company having power available is satisfied
to accept this amount for temporary service from month
to month without further obligation on the part of either
party. Such co-operation shows evidence of broad-minded-
ness on the part of all concerned and leads us to hope that

further progress in co-operation would develop many other
instances in which very real savings could be made to the
advantage of the country as a whole.

An indication of the extent to which an enlightened
policy under favorable conditions can carry the substitution
of hydro-electric service for steam in an industrial com-
munity is given by a comparison of the figures representing
the consumption of electrical energy in the more important
industrial centres in America. For the year 1916 the figures
in kw. hours per head of population were as follows: —

New York, 225; Philadelphia, 250; Boston, 350; Cleve-
land, 400; Minneapolis, 450; Pittsburg, 500; Buffalo, 586; To-
ronto, 700; Montreal, 783. The figures for 1917 are not yet
available, but it is probable that the figures for both Toronto
and Montreal would show an increase of about 10 per cent.
Montreal would thus be about 800, while the whole province
of Quebec was about 700.

The total power utilized in the Montreal district is about
200,000 h.p., of which about 165,000 is supplied from hydro-
electric sources and the balance by steam. If the city pump-
ing plant and the plant of the Tramways Company are ex-
cluded, the total steam capacity now in regular operation in
this territory would be about 10,000-12,000 h.p., or about 5
or 6 per cent, of the total power utilized. Even this small
part of the demand would be reduced materially were it
not for the fact that most of these plants arc of a kind which
produce large quantities of combustible waste which must
be disposed of by burning or are plants in which there is
relatively' large demand for high temperature steam for pro-
cess work and a relatively small demand for power.

When it is considered that the amount of coal required
to replace the electrical energy supplied by these hydro-
electric plants would be of the order of 1,750,000 tons per
year it is clear that while there still remains much to do
a very considerable amount has been done.

It should be borne in mind that this is no isolated in-
stance, what has been done here is being done to a greater
or less extent in many other centres as is clear from the
large and increasing load carried by the Hydro-electric Sys-
tem in Ontario. Toronto's use of current is almost equal to
that of Montreal, and both of them arc quite remarkable
for very complete utilization of purchased power. Co-opera-
tion between the consumer and the company with fair rates
and conditions for service rendered, and a reasonable will-
ingness on the part of the consumer to adapt himself and
his plant to new conditions, even when such adaptation may
perhaps entail the sacrifice of a little of his apparent inde-
pendence, will assist our power companies in improving the
already high character of the services they are now render-
ing by reducing to a. minimum the utilization of irreplacable
materials and extending and broadening the use of jjowcr
from inexhaustible natural sources.

The development and utilization of our water power
reserves is a measure of our economic advance in the scale
of civilization, and the formulating of a broad and liberal
policy which will ensure the keeping of such development
in advance of the requirements of our industries is some-
thing which should enga.gc the attention of our govern-
ment and our industrial leaders.

It is surely not too much to hope that in a country so
richly endowed with natural power sites, distributed almost
ideally from an economic standpoint, the time will come
when practically all of the power required for our industrial
life will be supplied from such sources, and we will be free
from the reproach that because it is easy and obvious we
cheerfully squander our patrimony while we neglect to de-
velop the natural heritage with which a wise Providence has
blessed irs.

Mav Ij. I'JIS

Till", I". I.I'.C

\C.\

NEWS

Toronto Electrical Contractors Doing Their Share in
Co-ordinating the Electrical Interests

The Toronto Ek-ctrical Contractors' Association varied
llio proceedings at their regular monthly dinner and meeting
on May 3, by inviting representatives of the central station,
manufacturing and jobbing interests to be present. The in-
vitation had been generally accepted and the attendance was
unusually large. This is undoubtedly a move in the right
direction — the Goodwin direction — which means a co-ordina-
tion of all the various electrical interests working in har-
mony for the good of the industrj- — and, indirectly but surely,
the good of the individual.

The chief interest and discussion centred around the
agreement which the E.xecutive of the association had just
concluded with the Union. The Executive have been work-
ing hard to reach a more cordial understanding with the
workmen, and there is good evidence in the agreement that
the men are gradually coming to realize that antagonism to
the contractors' association is a mistake. The association
stands for better work, better prices, better conditions. They
are working hard to remedy certain trade evils which, when
removed, will lienetit the workmen quite as much as the con-
tractor. For that reasoti there should be onl)' the closest
co-operation between the Union and the association. The
a,greement as accepted by both parties is printed on the
following page.

A request had been received from the Electrical Sec-
tion of the Board of Trade that the Toronto Electrical
Contractors' Association name a representative on the Rules
and Regulations Committee of the Hydro-electric Power
Commission of Ontario. Mr. Geo. T. Bcattie was elected to
represent the association.

The next meeting of the association will be held on
June 6. This will likely be the last meeting of the season
and a full attendance of contractors is expected.

The election of officers for the coming year, which was
held at the May 2 meeting, resulted as follows: K. A. Mac-
Intyre, president; Harry Hicks, vice-president: E. F. W. Salis-
bury, secretary; J. Everard Myers, treasurer; Executive Com-
mittee: E. .\. Drury, Harry Rooks, R. .\. L. Gray.

Rates Are Difficult to Understand

.\ correspondent, a central station man. who has operated
on a Hat rate of charge ever since his plant was put in opera-
tion some thirt}- years ago, and who finds that this method
is not satisfactory under present-day conditions, writes us as
follows:

''I have before me the Electrical Xews of recent date in
which you have gone into an analysis of the new rates made
by the Hydro and the T. E. L. Company, but do not under-
stand what is meant when you speak about comiuercial light-
ing by saying: 'First :!(> hours' monthly use of demand. .">
cents; next 70 hours' monthly use of demand. V, cents; bal-
ance monthly consumption. 1 cent.'

"For example, lake a store in this town open two nights

a week. How is the nnnibcr of hours burned to be com-
puted? Is it estimated or measured with some kind of a
clock? Then, say, this store has been lighted 100 hours. Does
this mean that in the first no hours there is to be so many
kilowatt hours allotted at the first rate and in the next 70
hours likewise?"

The answer to this (piestion lies in the meaning put on
the word "demand " — that is. tlie maximum demand, or. in
other words, installed capacity. \\'hen we speak of the first
oO hours' use of maximum demand, or installed capacity, it
does not mean that the full capacity has been used during the
exact period of .jQ hours, but that the equivalent amount of
current has lieen used. For example, a man may have an
installed capacity of 3 kilowatts. In his case the first :!0
hours' use of maximum demand would be l.")0 kilowatt hours,
whether he used it during- the first 30 hours or during any
longer period. I'^or example, he may only use this amount
over the whole month. In the same waj' the next 70 hours'
use of maximum demand represents a consumption of IS.'iO
kilowatt hours, as shown bj- his meter, the time durin.g which
it was used being immaterial. Tt will thus be seen that the
ordinary meter is the only instrument required where such a
rate is used.

In certain specific cases conditions of operation may be
such that the maximum demand is less than the installed
capacitj'. Under these circumstances, an arrangement mu-
tually satisfactory to the consumer and the central station
must be made on some other basis.

Power Plant Farthest North

A 45-kilowatt hydro-electric plant for light and power in
the town of Chitina, Alaska, has just been put in operation. It
was built by the owners, O. W. and M. S. Nelson, has been
under construction for two years, and represents an outlay of
$22,000. making it probably the highest priced, per kilowatt,
plant in the world One of its distinctive features is that it is
the farthest north of any year-round hydro-electric plant on
the continent. .'Adjacent to the town of Chitina is a three-
acre lake, which is fed liy a number of springs, of such mild-
ness that the lake does not freeze to any considerable depth
even in the coldest weather. This lake is 100 feet above the
Copper Rive.r and separated from it by a ridge. By driving a
1.400-foot tunnel through this ridge the water from the lake
is carried over to the Copper River side, where it is dropped
down a hundred feet through 270 feet of 10-inch steel pipe.
The tunnel w-as driven through 900 feet of frozen earth and
loose rock and through 500 feet of extremely hard, solid rock.
The earth and rock were thawed with steam points.

Non-Twist Canopy Ring

A new invention eliminating llie necessity of the objec-
tionable slip canopies has been provided by T. D. Parmenter.
of the Colonial Fixture Company, Ltd.. which will be known
as the "N'on-Twist Canopy Ring." Full information and de-
scription will appear in a later issue.

2S THE ELECTRICAL NEWS May 15, 1918

Toronto Electrical Contractors' Association

WORKING RULES

I. Adopted by the Toronto Electrical Contractors' Association, for the guidance
of its members, on May 2, 1918, in force from May 1, 1918, to May 1, 1919, and agreed
to by Toronto Local 35.3, I.B.E.W. These rules are to be posted in the shops of the
members.

3. Eight hours' labor' shall constitute one day's work. .\11 labor over eight hours
per day shall be paid for at the rate of one and one-half hours' pay for each hour's
work; work performed on Sunday and legal holidays shall be paid for at the rate of
double time. All men shall be on the job, ready to commence work at the regular
hours for starting work, which shall be between 8 a.m. and ,5.00 p.m. Saturday to be
a half-holiday; Saturday work between 12.00 noon and .t.OO p.m. to be paid for at the
rate of time and one-half; and double time thereafter until relieved.

When workingmen are required to report at the shop, they shall report not later
than 7.,50 a.m., and shall be ready to receive orders or supplies. Failure to comply with
this shall result in a reduction in pay for the time lost, and. if men are instructed to
report at the shop for work and are not sent on a job, they shall be paid for two hours'
time.

3. The holidays shall be legal and statutory holidays.

4. The help emnloyed shall be divided into three classes: Journeymen. Junior
Journeymen, and Helpers.

Journeymen shall have served at least your years at the trade, anil shall have quali-
fications at least as required by the by-laws of Local 353.

Junior Journeymen shall be helpers who have served at least three years at the
trade, and shall have qualifications at least as required by the by-laws of Local 353,
and who shall be allowed to work for one vear under instructions; that is, he shall be
allowed to work as a Journeyman, but shall have no one but a helper under his super-
vision. Employers shall be entitled to employ one Junior Journeyman for the first
four Journeymen and one for each four thereafter.

Helpers shall be those who have served at least one year at the trade. There shall
not be more than one Helper for each Journevman on any job. An employer shall
have the right to employ one apprentice if employing four men on the average during
the year.

5. The minimum wage of Journevmen shall lie 55c per hour, and all Journeymen
receiving now f.'\pril 1, igiS) more than 50c per hour shall receive a 5c per hour in-
crease. (Employers are advised to satisfy themselves, when employing men, that men
representing themselves as Journeymen are really qualified as such").

The minimum wage for first-year Helpers (one-year experience') shall be 25c per
hour.

6. All carfare, other than that to reach the job or shon within city limits and
return to his residence, shall be paid by the employer, either in cash or car tickets, at
his option. All workmen working on jobs beyond the present citv limits shall take
car going to or return from work, which arrives at the present city limits as near 8 a.m.
or 5 p.m. as car schedule will permit.

7. The Toronto Electrical Contractors' .\ssociation shall apooint two members
to act with two members of Local 353 as a Joint Examining Board.

8. No employer of labor for the installation of electrical work shall be given any
better terms or conditions regarding hours of labor, wages per hour, etc.

9. Employers, in case of work outside of Toronto, shall pay suburban car, railroad,
or boat fare, and all expenses for room and board.

10. There shall be a Conference Board, consisting of three members of Local 353
and three members of the Toronto Electrical Contractors' .\ssociation. This Conference
Board shall meet at least once each month, or at call of their chairman. All complaints
by employer or employee, or covering labor conditions, must be submitted to the Board
in writing. The Conference Board shall also work out and put into efTect rules govern-
ing ex-tra compensation to foremen. Rules and Regulations to govern the Board's
transactions shall be made by the members thereof.

II. Any Journeyman, who shall do any work in violation of the Electrical Insoec-
tion Department's Rules, or in such manner so that it will not pass inspection, shall do
said work properly on his own time and expense, or pav for same being done. (It
being understood that, if such work is done by order of the contractor, the contractor
assumes all responsibility as to it lieing passed by the Electrical Inspection Depart-
ment, and expense for making work rightV In the event of a Journeyman refusing to
comply with this provision, the matter shall be referred to the Conference Board for
investigation and, if the Journeyman be found responsible, the Local shall compel
him to comply with said provision.

May 15. 1918

THE ELFXTRICAL NEWS

History and Development

Nature

of Investigations Into the
of Light

-By Mr. J. F. Heffron-

Light plays so inipurtaiil a part in tiie liic of man it is
not strange that speculation as to its nature, and investiga-
tion of its laws, should have ooninu-nced at an early period of
the world's historj-.

In their investigations and experiments, the ancients were
seriously handicapped because they lacked the optical instru-
ments so necessary to any scientific study of its phenomena.
Hence they were unable to formulate anj' reasonable optical
theory. All the refinements, both of construction and theory,
may be said to have taken place within the last three hun-
dred j'ears.

Metallic mirrors, one of the simplest of man's devices
to reflect light, are of very ancient origin. Many of these
have been recovered from ancient Egyptian tombs, and we
find that they are distinctly mentioned in the books of Exo-
dus and Job. Burning glasses in the form of globes of water,
or of glass, were also known at an early date, .\ristophanes
makes mention of them in a comedy of his which was per-
formed about 424 B.C. But of optical instruments more deli-
cate than these, we may reasonably assume that the ancients
knew practically nothing.

It is surprising, therefore, to find that Pythagoras, the
Greek philosopher, who died about 520 B.C., formulated one
of the earliest, and at the same time one of the most reason-
able theories in connection with the phenomena of sight.
He believed, as did Sir Isaac Newton 2,000 years later, that
the sensation of sight was caused bj' minute particles of some
sort, being continuously shot out from luminous sources,
which particles were supposed to in some manner enter the
pupil of the eye.

We find Pla.to, with whom (Ireek philosophy attained to
the culminating point of its development, speculating on the
subject, but his hypothesis is so fantastic in its nature that
we are unable to form any definite idea of his meaning, for.
in addition to the lack of instruments so necessary in the
observation of natural phenomena, the speculation of the
Greeks had little or no basis on exact observation of nature,
and was not supported by a patient mastery of natural law.
They made many brilliant suggestions, but later genera-
tions did not, as in our times, immediately test and develop
these suggestions by actual observation of nature, so that
the dawning light of truth was not disclosed until many
centuries had passed during which these early suggestions
were lost sight of, and forgotten.

The Platonists were acquainted, nevertheless, with two
very fundamental laws of light. They were aware of the fact
that light travels in a straight line when it travels in a homo-
geneous medium, and were also aware that when a ray of
light is reflected at any surface, the angle between the inci-
dent ray and the reflecting surface is equal to the angle be-
tween the reflected ray and the reflecting surface.

Ptolemy, the Egyptian astronomer, about 150 A.D., in-
vestigated the refraction of light both by glass and by water,
but although he measured and tabulated the angles which
the beam penetrating the glass of water makes with the sur-
face, corresponding to certain angles which the incident
beam makes with the surface, he was unable to determine
the law which connected them.

Passing over centuries of inactivity in the realm of
physics, we find Albazen, the Arabian, in the eleventh cen-
tury, making a real advance in his description of the anatomy

of the eye. He was al)le to sliow how it jiroduced an image
of external things on the retina. He also accounted for
twilight, and for binocular vision, and made some real pro-
gress in the mathematical theory.

Little progress was made after this until the invention,
in 1(508. of the telescope, by Hans Lippershey, a spectacle-
maker, of Middleburg. A little later Galileo independently
constructed another telescope and, later still, about 1615, Kep-
ler demonstrated how the magnifying power of the telescope
may be calculated from the focal lengths of the lenses eiu-
ployed.

Snell, a professor of mathematics at Leyden, in 1621, dis-
covered the laws of refraction which Ptolemy had been un-
able to deduce from his experiments, and died in 1626 with-
out having published his results. Later, Descartes, having
perused the dead Snell's papers, published the discovery as
his own.

Glancing over the latter part of the seventeenth century
we find that it was a period of extraordinary activity and ad-
vance in the science of optics. Now possessing finer instru-
ments and the accumulated knowledge of those who had gone
before, w'e find that scientists during the fourteen years from
1665 to 1678 made more important discoveries than had been
made in all the preceding fourteen centuries, and it is these
discoveries which mark the beginning of our present know-
ledge of the nature of light.

In 1665 Grimaldi published a treatise on light, in which
be gave an account of some interesting experiments on "Dif-
fraction" which name he applied to a small spreading out of
light' in all directions upon its admission into a darkened
room through a small orifice. This spreading out of the
light, he maintained, shows that it bends around corners the
same as does sound, but, of course, to a smaller extent.

Newton's Invesrigations

Sir Isaac Newton, in 1666, discovered the decomposition
of white light into its component colors by means of a prism
which he had chanced to purchase at Stourbridge Fair. He
showed that no further colors were produced by a second
refraction through a prism. He showed further, that when
the component colors were recombined they once more pro-
duce white light. Newton explained that white light con-
sisted of a mixture of the component colors, and that the
function of the prism is to separate the components. Oddly
enough this view, one of the most important beginnings of
our modern knowledge of light, is one that we must abandon
in favor of the view that the prism actually manufactures
the difTerent colors out of the white light, and we also have
a pretty clear idea of how the manufacture is carried out.

Newton, when he for the first time projected the pretty
rainbow tints of the li.ght passing through the prism upon
the wall, little suspected, even with his great mind, how
that phantom riband of gorgeous colors would one day be
called upon to draw many secrets from the messenger of
the heavens traversing space in his thousand-league boots,
secrets that scientific men of former times did not conceive
of in their wildest dreams, and we may well suppose that the
spectroscope has not j-et told its entire story to man.

Newton carried on his experiments and finally developed
with remarkable ingenuity the idea that light consists of ex-
ceedingly minute particles shot out from a luminous body,
causing the sensation of sight when impinging on the retina.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

May 15, 10 IS

This became known lo the wnrld as the "corpuscular theory
of light." and, strangely enough, is the same as that advanced
by Pythagoras, 2,000 years before. Newton's exposition of
the theory was so masterly and his authority in the world
of science so great, that with this theory he was able to
retard the development of the later wave theory for fully
a hundred years.

The wave theory, of which Huygens may be regarded as
the author, and which became known as the " Undulatory
theory." first appeared in 16T8; it then supposed light to
consists of waves of some sort emanating from a luminous
surface. Huygens showed how reflection and refraction fol-
low-naturally from such a theory, but unfortunately was not
able to show why light bends round corners so little. The

Dr. Young's experiment is Jiagiammatically represented above. Liglit
of a certain wave length is admitted at a narrow slit S, and is intercepted
by a screen in which there are two narrow slits, A and P. parallel lo the
first one. A screen receives the light emerging from the two slits. If
the old corpuscular theory were true there would be two bright banils of
light, the one at P and the other at O, but instead Young observed a
whole series of parallel bright bands with dark spaces in between them.
Evidently the two small fractions of the original waves which pass through
A and 1! spread out from A and 1! and interfere just as if they were
indei)endent sources.

answer to the ol)jcction now is, that light does l)cnd round
corners though only slightly, and that the smallness of the
l)end is quite simply due to the extreme shortness of the light
waves. The longer waves are, the more they bend round
corners. This can be noticed in any harbor with a tortuous
entrance, for the small choppy waves are practically cut
off. whereas a considerable amount of the long swell man-
ages to get into the harbor. Huygens was unable to dem-
onstrate this, and consequently the wave theory made little
headway for over a hundred years.

Young, early in the nineteenth century, discovered the
principle of interference. He was able to show how a beam
of light may be divided into two portions, which under
certain conditions will produce darkness when both portions
illuminate the same point. As this follows quite naturally
from any wave theory, as is more fully explained later on in
this article, but would be inexplicable by a corpuscular theory,
the long rivalry between tlu- two theories came at last to
an end. and the corpuscular theory was forced to yield en-
tirely to the undulatory theory from this time onwards.

If light consists of waves they must, of course, be waves
in some medium, and since light travels across space in which
there apparently is no matter, we must suppose that the whole
of space is filled with some unseen medium.

Much speculation as to the nature of this medium,
which has been termed, in our day, the ether, has beeii in-
dulged in. Even the ancient Greeks attacked this problem,
and one of the chief ambitions of the early Greek evolution-

ists was to discover some one primitive substance or prin-
ciple from which all the contents of the universe had been
developed.

Huygens conceived of this medium as a kind of elastic
solid, through which the vibrations of a luminous source are
transmitted in much the same way as the vibrations of a
marble embedded in a jelly are transmitted through the sub-
stance of the jelly.

This idea served for some titne, and will, of course,
still serve for those properties which light has in common
with all other forms of wave motion, but it breaks down when
properties involving the actual character of the waves are
considered.

In the revival of scientific speculation Descartes recurred
to an idea advanced by the brilliant monk Giordano Bruno.
who was burned at Rome in IGOO. Bruno had suggested that
whirlpools or eddies in this ocean of ether might account
for the movements of the heavenly bodies; just as corks swim
round and round in the eddies of streams. As science ad-
vanced the theory of ether received a more solid justifica-
tion. Experiment showed that the air in a particular por-
tion of space — say, in the chamber of an air pump — might
lie withdrawn, yet soinething remained. A bell placed in
the exhausted space tnay continue to work, yet no sound
comes from it; but it remains visible, and so something must
proceed from the bell to the eye. It was suggested, there-
fore, that a very fine all-pervading fluid remained, and the
name of ether was eventually given to it. When the balloon
was invented, and it was found that the atmosphere became
tliinner as one ascended and must cease altogether at about
200 or ."{00 miles above the surface of the earth, it was -seen
that something must occupy the vast regions of space be-
yond, in order to transmit light and electrical energy to us.
-■^gain, the ether was invoked, and light, heat, and electricity
came to be regarded as wave-movements, of inconceivable
rapidity, in this ether.

It was Clerk Maxwell who demimstrated the solidity of
the theory of the ether when in IST.T he propounded, his elec-
tro-magnetic theory and showed that the ether which was
required for the transmission of li.ght, was also required for
tlie transmission of electric and magnetic actions, and that
the known laws governing electric and magnetic actions,
would lead to clectro-ma.gnetic waves, which have all the
characteristics of light. When by the method of interferences
the illustrous physicist Hertz was able to prove that electro-
magnetic induction did not take place instantaneously as had
until then lieen supposed, but according to Maxwell's theory
propagates itself w-ith the velocity of light, the issue was de-
cided and it became known that the same fluid, the ether,
which is the medium of luminous phenomena, is at the same
time the vehicle of electrical action.

The Wave Theory of Light

We see, therefore, that the "undulatory," or wave tliecry
of light took the place of the " corpuscular," or emission
theory, because the latter theory was found inadequate to
explain certain of the phenomena of light, of which tlic im-
dulatory theory yielded a satisfactory interpretation.

Tlic cliief importance that the establishment of Ihi- un-
dulatory theory of light lield, lay in the part it played in the
discovery of the existence of the luminiferous ether. We
are now forced to the belief that all space, including intramol-
lecular space, is fitted with an' imponderal)le substance cap-
aide of transmitting vibrations, and hence that li,ght is the
immensely rapid molecular vibration of the illuminating body,
which vibrations are transmitted through space by means
of the corresponding vibrations of the imponderable sul)-
stance pervading it.

The discovery of the real existence of this "ether" is

May 1">, 1918

111". I', LI' Cr RICA

Ni':ws

unc of llif great acliicvciucnts of the \icloriaii i-ra. Its cliai-
acter and mechanism are not yet known ti) us. for all at-
tempts to invent a perfect etlicr have proved lioyoml the
mental powers of the highest inlelleets. luit the ilillieiilly we
experience in trying to picture to ourselves the nature of
ether does not disturb our certainty of its existence. ' We
have to attempt to picture it in terms of our experience, and
our experience is confined to material things — that is to say,
to what is called "ponderable matter." which has very dif-
ferent qualities. Optics is now a most elaborate science, till-
ing volumes with its experiments, observations, and deduc-
tions. All these experiments proceed on the supposition
that light is an electro-ma.gnetic undulatory movement in
ether, and there is not a single observation or result of ex-
periment that does not harmonize with the theory.

We must then, for the present, be content with a know-
ledge of the fact that the ether exists, and must have existed
from the beginning of the transmission of energy in all its
forms, that it transmits these energies in definite waves and
with a known velocity, that it is perfect of its kind, but that
it still remains as inscrutable as gravity or light itself.

Some Characteristics of Light

We have seen, therefore, that anj' disturbance of the
ether must originate with some disturbance of matter. An
explosion, cyclone, or viliratory motion may occur in the
photosphere of the sun. A disturbance or wave is impressed
on the ether. It is propagated in straight lines through space.
It falls on Mercury, Venus, the Earth, and every other planet
or ])article of ponderable matter met with in its course, and
any mechanism, luiman or mechanical, capable of respond-
ing to its undulations indicates its presence.

Thus the eye supplies the sensation of light, the skin is
sensitive to heat, the galvanometer indicates electricity, the
magnetrometer indicates disturbances in the earth's magnetic
field. \\'e may look upon the magnificent generalization of

Refraction by Parallel Plate, — If a plane wave passes through a plate
of glass witli parallel surfaces it is evident that at the second surface it
will be de\'iated through tlie same angle into the original direction, the
wave being simply displaced sideways by its passage through the plate.
.\B, CD, EF, and CilT. in Fig. 2, represent successive positions of the
wave - front passing through the plate, which is shaded. The amount
of sideways displacement depends upon the obliquity of the wave to the
surface as well as on the thickness of the plate. The displac.ement is
evidently zero when the wave is parallel to the surface and is greatest
when the obliquity is greatest, i.e., when the wave-front 'is almost per-
pendicular to the surface.

Clerk Maxwell that all these disturbances are of the same
kind, differing only in tlegree, as one of the greatest scientific
achievements of our time. Light is an electro-ma.gnetic phe-
nomenon, and electricity in its progress through space we
find follows the laws of optics.

.-\ccepting, therefore, tlie unduUilory theory, we may

brielly summarize the leading i>oinls in the science by con-
sidering the salient characteristics of a ray of light.

\Ve have observed that light travels in waves, or a period-
ically recurring displacement or disturbance from a condi-
tion of staple equilibrium. These displacement waves occur
in the luminiferous medium or ether. When extremely short,
they are generally known as ultra-violet light, and arc in-
visible to the human eye, when longer they form visilile light:
and longer still, they once more beeonte invisible and ])ro-
duee radianl heat waves; while beyond lliat they fMnii the

Refractnm by a Pi ism. — If the second surface of the plate is not paral-
lel to the first we have a prism, .\ftcr passing through a prism the direc-
tion of the wave is altered as well as being shifted sideways, for the
wave on reaching the second surface is not inclined to it at the same
angle as it was to the first surface and therefore it will not be bent back
by the same amount. Fig, R shows successive positions of a plane wave-
front passing through a prism.

Hertzian waves employed in wireless telegraphy. These
waves when produced in a modern wireless apparatus are
miles in length.

Any wave which is propagated in a medium possesses
three principal features. It must have (1) a certain wave-
length, just as waves in the ocean have a length when mea-
sured from crest to crest; (2) a certain period, i.e., the time
taken by any portion of the medium affected by the wave
to describe one complete vibration; (3) a certain amplitude,
i.e., the distance on each side of the position of undisturbed
rest through which the portion of the medium vibrates to
and fro, and corresponding, in the case of ocean waves (to
continue the metaphor of a wave), to the height of the crest
or the depth of the trough, measured from the ordinary un-
disturbed sea-level.

Combining the first and second of these characteristics,
it is seen that the velocity of propagation of the wave, as a
whole, will be equal to the wave-length divided by the period.
.So delicate is the apparatus of research lised by the modern
physicist that it has been possible to measure the length of
these waves (from crest to crest) and it is found that the
waves which are calculated to make an impression on our or-
gans of perception range between the 1-40. 000th and 1-80, 000th
of an inch. In other words, they must impinge on our nerves
at the rate of between four hundred and eight hundred billion
per second. That there exist wave-lengths which lie beyond
the visible part of the spectrum, and which are either too
short or too long to affect the retina of the human eye, is
a fact well known to all students of physics.

The different periods of light waves can be deduced from
the relation to the speed of light. The term frequency is
used occasionally instead of period; it stands for the number
of vibrations per second, and therefore is the reciprocal of
the period, while the amplitude of a light wave is the factor
which governs the intensity of the ray, for with light of a
given wave-length the energy in the ray is proportional to
the square of the amplitude. The speed of light in its move-
ments through space has been determined by different meth-
ods, each of which show that ils most probable value is .-iboiii

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

May 13, 1918

186.000 miles per second, and that it is the same for all wave
lengths.

From the fact that li.sfht consists of an undulatory motion
in the ether, it is possible to explain the important phe-
nomena which arise when rays from two separate sources
meet at a point.

Analogous cases can again be foimd in ocean waves and
the phenomena of the tides. If. owing to any cause, two
scries of waves from different sources afifect the same water
surface, there may occur the case where crests of waves m
one series unite with crests of the other series. In this case
the resultant wave has an amplitude equal to the sum of the
component amplitudes.

But in the case where the crests of one series meet the
troughs of the other, the resultant amplitude is the difference
of the component amplitudes, and if these are equal there is
no disturbance of the sea-level.

Similarly, it is quite possible to produce a combination
of rays which will give either increased or diminished bright-
ness. This is known as interference, and is illustrated by
Fig. 1.

Another group of phenomena is due to the fact that
the vibration of the ether, being perpendicular to the direc-
tion of the ray, may be confined to one particular plane.
The light is then said to be polarized in that plane. Further,
since harmonic motions in directions inclined to each other
can be combined so as to produce circular or elliptic mo-
tions, we can combine polarized rays in a similar manner. So
long as a ray travels in the same homogeneous medium, it
does so in a straight line. But when it arrives at the sur-
face of separation between two media which are optically
different, a change takes place. One portion of the ray may
be thrown backwards into the medium in which it has been
travelling, and is thereby reflected, while another part may be
reflected in a diffuse or irregular manner, and it is by this
diffuse reflection that we see most objects which are not
self-luminous.

A third part may pass into the second medium, but in
doing so its direction suffers an abrupt change, and- is said
to be refracted, or bent. This peculiar property of light is
made use of in the use of the prismatic lens to direct light
in the direction desired, and is illustrated in figures 3 and 3.
Lastly, a certain portion may be absorbed by the second
medium and its energy transformed into heat. A perfectly
dull black surface may be said to absorb all the light which
falls upon it and reflects or diffuses none of it back, except
as heat.

Having given in outline the principal phenomena ob-
served in connection with light, and having also traced the
main outlines of the development of the various attempts to
explain its phenomena we desire in conclusion to point out
that at present the line of advance in physical optics seems
to be towards some satisfactory explanation of the manner
in which luminous matter transfers energy to the ether so
as to produce vibratory motion.

'l"he most protiiising explanation seems to be that, asso-
ciated with each atom (or perhaps constituting each atom)
there are electrically charged particles or electrons, whose
mass is mostly, if not wholly, electro-magnetic mass, and
whose motions give rise to ether waves. This resolves itself
into the necessity of fornuilating some hypothesis concern-
ing the basic stuff of which the material world is rnade, and
it is strange that the conception the physicist or chemist of
the present day forms of this basic stuff is fundamentally the
same as that of the earlier philsophcrs. These ultimate cor-
puscles, which are generally called electrons, are looked up-
on as minute structures or condensations of ether. We do
not know their real nature, as we do not know the nature
of ether. Some conceive of them as vortices ("whirlpools")
in a continuous fluid; some tliiiik ether a finely granu'ated

substance which is more condensed at these points which we
know as electrons.

But when we reflect that these corpuscles are able to
travel at 100.000 miles a second, and are so minute that more
than a thousand of them have space to execute their prodigi-
ous movements within the limits of an atom of hydrogen
(which in turn is so minute that billions of them might cir-
culate, at relatively vast distances, within the confines of the
letter "o"), we shall hardly expect very precise descriptions
of them.

The question is both deep and wide. The future may
see great changes in our present notions concerning this
phenomena, but that is a problem for the future. Those who
are impatient of the actual uncertainties of scientific men
should reflect at times on what scientific men have decisively
learned for us, and compare it with what people thought
aliout nature five hundred, or even one hundred, years ago.

Electric-Driven Sensitive Bench Drill Press
A bench drill press with several novel features has re-
cently been developed by the High Speed Hammer Company,
of Rochester. The press is. suitable for all work ranging
from the smallest to a 3/lG in. hole. The height of the drill
is 34 inches over 'all and the base is 7^ x 18 inches. The
standard spindle speeds are 3100 to fiOOO r.p.m., but special
pulleys can be furnished to give a main spindle speed of

10,000 r.p.m. The drill is so constructed throughout to in-
sure great accuracy in the work. The main spindle is heat
treated and ground to size; it is guided through a bronze
quill with an annular ball bearing support at each end. End
thrust is taken up by an cud thrust ball bearing under the
feed arm. A depth .gauge is also provided on the feed arm
arranged so it can be locked in position. The drill is equip-
ped with 1/10 horse-power, vertical Robljins & Myers motor.

The gross earnings of the Southern Canada Power Com-
pany for the half-year ended March 31 totalled $233,950, an
increase of $45,393; the expenses $138,737, an increase of $32,-
337; and the net earnings $104,323, a gain of $13,905.

May 15, 1918

TniC. ELECTRICAL NEWS

•ii

Personals

Mr. Raymond Beaudry, advocate, has been appointed
Secretary of the Montreal Tramvvay-s Comniission.

Mr. C. F. Sise, general manager of the I'.ell 'I'dephime
t'onipany. has lieen elected president of the t aiiadiaii fhih.
Montreal.

Mr. Charles Johnson, of Oakville, Ont., has been elected
a nieiuber of the Canadian Society of Civil Engineers. Mr.
Johnson is engineer of the Toronto and York Radial Railway.

Mr. George L. Guy, in private practice as an electrical
engineer, at Winnipeg, has been elected a member of the
Canadian Society of Civil Engineers. He is also engineer
of the Public Utilities Comniission of Manitoba, being form-
erly electrical engineer for the city of Winnipeg.

Mr. A. W. Eshelby, formerly with the British Columbia
Electric Railway Company, lias entered the railway depart-
ment of the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Com-
pany at Seattle, and will have charge of railway motor equip-
ment and control work in the Seattle territory for the com-
pany.

Mr. C. A. Lee, of the engineering staff of the British Col-
umbia Electric Railway Company, left on .\pril 20 for Wash-
ington, D.C., to join the United States navy civil engineering
corps, with the rank of lieutenant. Mr. Lee was in charge of
the work at Coquitlam dam in 1911 and the hydro-electrical
installation at Jordan River, near Victoria, from 1912 to 1915.

Mr. W. S. Ford, lieutenant Royal Garrison .\rtillery.
122nd Siege Battery. B.E.F.. who in the past has been assist-
ant hydraulic engineer with the Canadian Boving Company,
designing water-power plants, Diessel engine plants, etc., and
also with the Western Canada Power Company, Stave Falls,
B.C., on power-house construction, waterways, surveys, etc.,
has been elected an associate member of the Canadian Society
of Civil Engineers.

Mr. Frederick John Bell, of Toronto, president and gen-
eral manager of the Canada Wire & Cable Company, has
been elected a member of the Canadian Society of- Civil En-
gineers. Mr. Bell is also vice-president of the St. Catharines
Steel and Metal Company; manager for Mr. E. A. Wallberg.
C.E., Montreal, and acts in an advisory capacity for the
Laurentian Power Company,. For several years he was on
the staflf of the Canadian General Electric Company.

Mr. John Murphy, electrical engineer. Department of
Railways and Canals, has been appointed the duly authorized
agen.t of the Fuel Controller for Canada to promote the sub-
stitution of hydro-electric power for steam power, having in
mind the conservation of coal. Mr. Murphy has served a long
apprenticeship in the telephone, and the electric light, power
and railw'ay field, which experience is proving of great value
to the various federal controllers, commissions and depart-
ments with which he is now associated.

Captain Paul F. Sise, general manager and vice-president
of the Northern Electric Company, Ltd.. who was for some
time in the United States with the staff of the British Recruit-
ing Comniission. has returned to Montreal, for the purpose of
special work in connection with the recruiting of Jewish
young men for the Jewish battalions now being raised in Can-
ada and the United States for service with the British expe-
ditionary force in Palestine. The work will include Jewish
recruiting all over the Dominion, and Captain Sise will visit
other Canadian cities. The battalions will be mobilized at
Windsor. X.S.

Mr. W. R. Bonnycastle, of X'ancouver. has been elected a
member of the Canadian Societj' of Civil Engineers. Mr.
Bonnycastle is a consulting hydro-electrical engineer, special-
izing on water-power development, and is also engineer for
the Bridge River Power Company and the Indian Power

Company, B.C. .\s well as being connected with Mr. R. S.
Kelsch, of Montreal, on the design of the Kaministiquia
power development. Fort William, he was electrical engineer
with tlie Stave Lake Power Company, designing engineer
with the Western Canada Power Company, and engineer for
.Smith. Kerry & Chace.

W. H. Banlield 61: Sons w-ill move their fixture depart-
ment from Adelaide Street to a new sales and showroom at
80 King Street West, about June 1st. They will install a
complete range of fixtures, glassware, piano and table lamps,
silk shades and all classes of fixture accessories. This location
is in the center of the electrical district in Toronto and will
be very convenient for out of town customers.

The Siemens Company of Canada, Ltd., Montreal, has
obtained an order from the Department of Public Works,
Ottawa, for IT knots of submarine cable for delivery at Hali-
fa.x and Vancouver. The cable will be manufactured at the
company's works, Woolwich London, Eng.

The Montreal office of the Jeflferson Glass Company,
Limited, has been moved from the Royal Trust Building
to the 10th floor of the Guarantee Building, 285 Beaver Hall
Hill.

The electricians in the employ of the city of Vancouver
have been given an increase of $20 per month, which will
make their monthly wage $145 and $125 flat, instead of the
union scale they formerly advocated of $6.30 for a day of
eight hours, with double pay for overtime.

The Canadian Tungsten Lamp Company, Limited, of
Hamilton, have issued a booklet entitled "Blue Label Lamp
Data Book." It is well illustrated and contains a quantity
of useful information.

The Prince Rupert Hydro-Electric Company has offered
the city of Prince Rupert their plant at Falls River, including
all improvements, for $34,000 in municipal bonds, and the ofTer
is being given consideration.

The Canadian Refrigerating Plant, of Victoria, plans
changes in their equipment, amounting to $25,000. The capa-
city of the plan is to be increased bj' the installation of ma-
chinery equipped for electrical operation.

For the Amateur Gardener

Garden Steps — by Ernest Cobb; Silver. Burdett & Com-
pany, Boston, publishers; a manual for the amateur in vege-
table gardening. These are days when practically every
householder, whatever his down-town business may be, is
interested in the utilization of some small plot of ground for
increasing food production. E.xperience has shown, how-
ever, that there is a very considerable percentage of wasted
energy, due to lack of experience or knowledge of the rudi-
ments of vegetable gardening. In this connection we are
pleased to have located an up-to-date little book which covers
briefly and practically most of the operations with which
amateur gardeners are concerned. .\s the author states in
the preface, he has endeavored to gather into small space
"the necessary information regarding the culture of each im-
portant vegetable for the home garden and arrange it so that
the amateur may take each necessary step in its proper turn.
guided by clear, explicit directions." The book comprises 225
pages, nicely illustrated, of the most readable, helpful, and
practical information the writer has seen.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

May 15, 1918

Current News and Notes

CoUingwood, Ont.

The Water ami [,iglit Commission of CoUingwood, Ont.,
liave contracted to sup|>Iy a further hlock of 800 h.p. to the
ColIin,s>vvood Shipbuildiniv ("ompany. Additional transformer
and snii-station cajiacity will be reqnired.

Halifax, N.S.

As a result of' a pleliiscite on the Halifax Power Com-
pany question the city has been authorized to advance tlie
company $400,(1(10, receiving in return a mortgage for $400,000
and 51 i>er cent, of the stock of the company. The company
receives a 25-year contract for street lighting at $:!0,0()0 a
year.

Morrisburg, Ont.

The New York and Ontario Power Company liave made
application to the International Joint Commission for ap-
proval of plans to reconstruct their dam and idant at Wad-
dington. on the St. Lawrence. The company propose to con-
struct a new dam and power-house.

Niagara Falls, Ont.

The Niagara District Independent Telephone Company,
which has been serving the peninsula farmers for years, has
sold out to the liell Tele|)hone Company.

Quebec, Que.

The Levis County Railway have made fare increases
amounting to practically 100 per cent.
Regina, Sask.

The City Council of Re.gina, Sask., are considering a 20
per cent, increase in light and power rates. The cost of oper-
ating the power plant is said to have been $55,000 more last
year than was anticipated.

Sault Ste. Marie, Ont.

Fire, on the morning of May 2, destroyed the old power
station of the Great Lakes Power Company, Sault Ste. Marie,
Ont. The new plant, however, was not affected. Temporary
installation was made to take care of the street railway and a
portion of the d.c. power formerly supplied by the old plant.
As yet it has not been decided what action will be taken, but
it is very probable that, rather than reconstruct the old plant,
an extension will be made to the new plant. Tlie latter was
designed so that it could be readily extended.

Toronto, Ont.

Notice has been given to customers of the Toronto Elec-
tric Light Company of a minimum charge of 50 cents a month
on all domestic connections. The company will benefit cliicfly
during the summer months when houses are closed.

The Toronto Street Railway Company have now defin-
itely decided to employ women conductors. They will re-
ceive the same pay as the men, although it is possible they
may work on shorter shifts.

The gross receipts of the Toronto Street Railway Com-
pany for the month of April were $543,054.77, and the city's
percentage $108,010.95, as compared with gross receipts of
$510.:!:!4 for the corresponding month last year, with the city's
percentage at $102,00(i.9S, or an increase in the interests of the
city of $C.,54:!.97.

Vancouver, B.C.

The West Kootenay Power Company has begun prelim-
inary work on the high-.power line from Rossland to the Can-
ada Copper Corporation, at Copper Mountain, near Princeton.

The extension will be about 180 miles long, and is expected to
cost, including laterals and sub-stations, between $2,000,000
and $3,500,000.

The Kootenay General Hospital, Nelson, will soon be
equii)ped with an electric lighting system if the plans under
consideration are carried out. I'he cost of the work is ex-
I)ecte(l to be about $1,180.

The electrical equipment, including lighting and power.
in the assembling plant of the Imperial Munitions Board at
Victoria, was installed liy C. H. IC. Williams, contracting
electrical engineer. Securities Building, Seattle.

Winnipeg, Man.

jitnexs liave now been permanenlly banished in the city
of Winnipeg.

The Winnipeg Street Railway Company, it is said, will
immediately pay the city .$105,000 due on 1917 .percenta.ges,
grant salary increases to the amount of $82,000 a year, and
install a system for the protection of the city service mains

from electrolysis.

Trade Publications

Mellowlight— Bulletin R, issued by the Canadian Gen-
eral Electric Company, describing ''Mellowlight" semi-indi-
rect lighting fixtures; illustrated.

Condulets — Condulet Suggestion No. 27, by the Crousc-
Hinds Company of Canada, showing an actual installation of
Type FHF condulet, which makes an ideal fitting for control
of household heating devices; manufactured strictly in ac-
cordance with the Code.

C. G. E. Publications— Bulletin No. 44678, describing drum
type controllers for railway service. Also leaflets describ-
ing tank lifters for G-E type F, forms K5 and K13, oil
switches; G-E oil switches for pole line service, Type F,
Form P7, and Thomson direct current astatic watthour
meters for switchboard service.

M.S.L. Batteries— The Canadian Hart .Accumulator Com-
pany are distributing a handy pocket-size catalog giving com-
plete data regarding the care, maintenance, and repair of
storage batteries in general and also comprising com-
plete replacement data showing the various types and sizes of
batteries used on all makes of automobiles and the M.S.L.
battery suitable for each mod^l.

Rheostats— Circular No. 501, by the Ward Leonard Elec-
tric Company, describing their "Universal" battery-chargirtg
rheostats for garage service. The booklet describes a very
useful and efficient series of present-day equipment. The
Ward Leonard Electric Company have also issued Bulletin
No. 50, which describes in detail the method of determining
the proper size of a battery-charging rheostat.

"Electrical Equipment for Cement Mills"— Circular No.

7174, just issued by the Westinghouse Electric and Manufac-
turing Company. The pamphlet has an attractive art cover,
illustrating the interior of a motor-driven cemeiU mill, while
numerous photographic reproductions are given throughout
the publication. shr,wing the application of motors to various
types of jnachinery employed in cement mills. Advantages
of motor drive for this class of service and characteristics 're-
quired by ni.,tors to be specially successful are given brieflv

June 1, mis

Til

RLF.CTR I CM. NF.WS

X ^

Published Semi-Monthly By

HUGH G. MACLEAN, LIMITED

HUGH C. MacLEAN, Winnipeg, President.

THOMAS S. YOUNG, General Manager.

VV. R. CARR, Ph.D., Editor.
HEAD OFFICE - 347 Adelaide Street West, TORONTO

Telephone A. 2700
MONTREAL - Telephone Main 2299 - 119 Board of Trade
WINNIPEG - Tel. Garry 850 - Electric Railway Chambers
VANCOUVER - Tel. Seymour 3013 - Winch Building
NEW YORK - Tel. 3108 Beekman - 1123 Tribune Building
CHICAGO - Tel. Harrison 5351 - 1413 Gt. Northern Bldg.
LONDON, ENG. 16 Regent Street S.W.

ADVERTISEMENTS

Orders for advertising should reach the office of publication not later
than the 5th and 20tli of the month. Changes in advertisements will be
made whenever desired, without cost to the advertiser.
SUBSCRIBERS

The "Electrical News" will be mailed to subscribers in Canada and
Great Britain, post free, for $2.00 per annum. United States and foreign,
$'J.50. Remit by currency, registered letter, or postal order payable to
Hugh C. MacLean, Limited.

Subscribers are requested to promptly notify the publishers of failure
or delay in delivery of paper.

Authorized by the Postmaster General for Canada, for transmission
as second class matter.

Entered as second class matter July ISth, 1914, at the Postoffice at
GufTalo. N. Y., under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

Vol. 27

Toronto, June i, 191 8

No. II

Water Powers Should Be
Developed Without Delay

Recently tlic Comniissimi uf Conservation placed itself
on record "as being opposed to the granting of permits to
private interests to develop water power on the St. Lawrence
River. In its opinion these powers should be developed by
an International Commission, which would utilize the maxi-
mum ,amo,unt of power in the most economical manner pos-
sible, and make it available to the neighboring and tributary
population of Canada and the United States upon fair and
equitable terms."

There can be no quarrel with this suggestion of an In-
ternational Commission to control the waterfalls of the St.
Lawrence or any other boundary river, and another Com-
mission, working in sympathy with it, to control inland water
powers. It is not so evident, however, that the word "de-
veloped" is the happiest that could have been chosen. It
smacks not only of government cuntrol — which is right — but
also of government development and operation, which, as
we have learned in Canada, is not always so desirable. The
function of an International Commission should be that of
an organizer, not an operator. Its business it should be to
see to it that the power is developed — developed economically
and keeping the needs of the future, as well as the present, in
view; that the power is distriljuted where it rightly belongs
and where it will do us, as a nation, the most good; and
finally, that this power should be utilized economically and
in such a way as to ensure greatest commercial development
to Canada at large. The working out of these plans in detail,
however,, is scarcely the work of this Coinmission. The build-
ing of plants is a problem for engineers; also their operation;

also the utilization of the power in developing industries. It
also remains to 1)e proven yet that such undertakings do not
thrive best uiiihr private management — not private manage-
ment with unbridled license or franchises that make the un-
dertaking a financial K.imble, lint under proper coiilri>l siieb
as is easily feasible and, after the experiences of the past few
years, readily acceptable to all parties.

By all means let us have such a Commission and set
them to work without a moment's delay. Let it 1)e composed
of men who are acknowledged administrators, men with a
vision of C'anada's future, men who have no desire to tie
themselves down with the petty details of development and
ai)plication of electricity, but who will know how to pick men
to attend to these dct;iils. There docs not seem to be the
slightest doubt that Canada can use her water powers as
rapidly as they can be developed. Irrespective of the dura-
tion of the war, power will be in demand in rapidly increasing
quantity. If the United States will co-operate— and why
shouhl tliey not — why not get this Commission in action with-
out further loss and delay?

The Electric Fan
A Year-round Utility

The value of the electric fan in sutnmer is generally re-
cognized, but its winter use is very far from general. This
IS largely, we believe, because its value is not recognized by
the average householder. The latest developments in medical
science seem to point to the value of keeping the atmosphere
in which we live constantly in motion, and a stagnant at-
mosphere, we are told, is the cause of unhealthy and poor
working conditions, much more than the presence of car-
bon-dioxide or any other poisonous gas m the air. If this is
so, the electric fan should be found in every room where
human beings congregate and endeavor to use their brains.

The writer of an interesting article in the Electrical
World, Mr. Charles Catlett, emphasizes another point in
connection with the use of the fan which is very slightly
appreciated — that is. that the temperature of the upper part
of the average living room is very many degrees higher
than the temperature of the lower strata of air. In a gen-
eral way we have all realized this fact in that it is usually
our lower extremities that bother us most when the tem-
perature of a room falls below normal. Mr. Catlett quotes
temperature figures to show that in a room approximately
10 feet high, when the temperature at the ceiling is 83 de-
grees F., the temperature at the floor may he as low as 62
degrees F. His tests showed that at the time there was a
sufficient quantity of heat in the rooin to render the whole
area approximately 74 degrees, which is considerably in ex-
cess of what most people consider necessary or desirable.
The trouble, as he says, is that if a person were sitting
down in this room his feet would be at a temperature of
about ()2-03 degrees; the centre of his body about 67 de-
grees, and his head slightly above 70 degrees. If he stood
up his head would be about 75-70 degrees. Further, the
space above his head, which is ordinarily three to four feet,
would be considerably above nonnal temperature, and yet
the heat in this area is performing no useful purpose what-
ever.

Temperature Figures at Various Heights

Temperature.

Height.

124

108

80
76

Height.
44 .
31 .

4 .

0 .

Temperature.

There can be no question Init that an electric fan, or
some other means of agitating and mi.xing the air, would
be of the greatest service under these conditions. A tem-

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

lune 1, 1918

perature which appears to the occupant to be around 63 to
65 degrees can be changed to 70 degrees or more by the
use of an electric fan. The economy in coal is self-evident.
In addition we should be following the medical practitioner's
admonition to keep the air in the room well mixed. As a
combination solution for purifying a stagnant atmosphere and
conserving coal, the electric fan seems to give the greatest
promise. If these important items were brought to the at-
tention of the average consumer the use of fans would doubt-
less become much more general.

It is true that these are times when electric current must
also be conserved and at certain points in Canada no effort
is being made at the moment to sell current-consuming de-
vices. The fan, however, might well be taken as an excep-
tion on account of its almost insignificant current consump-
tion. Its more general use would appear to represent the
greatest amount of good with the least amount of expendi-
ture of essential energy.

The Electric Club of Toronto
Closes Successful Year

The Electric Club .if Toronto brought to a close a most
successful season on Friday, May 10, when the regular an-
nual meeting was held for the purpose of electing officers,
revising by-laws, etc. Mr, Frank T. Groome. president for
the past year, received a very cordial reception after his
past illness and showed that he had lost none of his former
optimism and vigor. The Club, under Mr. Groome's presi-
dency, has made a splendid record and has established itself
as one of the essentia! institutions of the city of Toronto.

During the year the members have met every Friday
at noon to lunch together and listen to addresses by pro-
minent men of the city and elsewhere. In the choice of
speakers the committee having this matter in hand have
been particularly fortunate, in that they were able in every
case to get men of outstanding ability in their particular
line. A list of the various speakers is given herewith in the
approximate order in which they were the guests of the
Club:

Rev. Father L. Minehan — "The Irishman Outside Ire-
land."

Sir Robert Falconer — "The University and the War."

Harbor Inspection — At the invitation of Mr. E. L.
Cousins, general manager and chief engineer.

Hon. Mr. Justice Sutherland (Late Speaker, House of
Commons) — "Professions."

Frank Stockdale — .\dvertising.

-\rthur Hawkes — "Relations between Ontario and Que-
bec."

Jos. E. Atkinson (President Star Publishing Company^ —
"After the War — Industrial Changes."

Prof. H. E. Haultain — "Vocational Training of Returned
Soldiers under the Military Hospitals Commission."

Prof. A. P. Coleman — "Recent Visit to South .\nierica."

Mr. E. N. Hyde (Montreal) — "Illumination."

Mr. Z. A. Lash, R.C. — "Courts of Law and Equity in
Canada."

Major Robert F. Massie, D.S.O. — "The Canadian Attacks
upon and Capture of, Passchendaele."

Mr. M. A. Sorsoleil (Principal Normal Model School)
' — "The Rise and Fall of Germany."

Col. Geo. G. Nasmith, Ph.D., C.M.Cj., "Keeping the Brit-
ish Soldier Fit."

Prof. Alfred Baker — "Need we fear the financial strain of
the War?"

Col. Gordon Morrison — Some Front Line Experiences.

Mr. Arthur V. White — Our International Waterways.

Prof. G. M. Wrong — "Some Aspects of the German Con-
stitution."

of International
College) — "Some

Prof. J. C. Fields— "Industrial Research Work in Some
of the Best L'nited States Laboratories."

Mr. H. MacDonald (Canadian Manufacturers' Associa-
tion)— "True and False Advertising.",

Prof. St. Elnie de Champ "Alsace-Lorraine."

Lieut. R. W. Harris — "Military Mining."

Lieut-Col. Cecil G. Williams — "The Empire's Navi,-,
Its Growth and Problems."

Mr. McGregor Young, K.C. — "Future
Law."

Principal W. L. Grant (Upper Canada
Educational Experiments."

Rev. Prof. J. H. Michael — "Lloyd George."

The tre~asurer reported that the fee of $1.00 did not allow
a sufficient margin for necessary expenditures in connec-
tion with the weekly meetings of the club and a motion was
carried making the membership fee $2.00 for the coming
season.

The election of officers for next year resulted as fol-
lows:^ — President, K. J. Dunstan, manager Bell Telephone
Co.; vice-president, D. H. McDougall, manager Toronto
Electric Light Co.: secretary. Frank Kennedy, Toronto man-
ager Bell Telephone Co.; treasurer, H. D. Burnett, engineer
Canadian General Electric Co.; with the following com-
mittee: H. H. Couzcns, general manager Torontu Hydro-elec-
tric System; R. T. Jeffrey, engineer Hydro-electric Power
Commission of Ontario; R. D. Perry, general manager Great
North Western Telegraph Co.; L. C. Horner, manager Sup-
ply Department. Canadian General Electric Co.; Geo. D.
Leacock, sales manager Moloney Electric Co. of Canada;
W. R. Ostrom, sales manager Northern Electric Co.; C. H.
Hopper, Canadian Westinghouse Co.; Geo. Palon. general
manager C. P. R. Telegraph Co.; Walter R. Carr.

Professor Evans on "Chemical Research"
Before Montreal Luncheon Club

The members of the Munlreal Electrical Luncheon con-
cluded a very successful season on May 15th, when Professor
N. N. Evans, of McGill University, spoke on "Chemical Re-
search," particularly in relation to the war. and on the im-
perative necessity of general and technical education in com-
peting for the world's trade.

Prior to the talk. Mr. T. H. Chennell. the secretary, sub-
mitted the second annual report of the luncheon, which was
inaugurated in February. 1916. From a beginning of seven
members, the roll, he said, had now attained a list of 293.
The average attendance of the season was 58, the highest
attendance being 118. Out-of-town guests numbered 99.
Twenty-eight meetings were held during the season. No
membership fee was charged, and in order to meet the ex-
penses $77.25 was collected, and $95 contributed by com-
panies when employees attended the luncheon. With other
contributions, the total income was $179.22, while the ex-
penses were $168.70, leaving a balance of $10.52. The report
also expressed appreciation of the action of the newspapers
and ma.gazines in pul)lishing reports of the proceedings.

On the motion of Mr. Randall, seconded by Mr. Wood,
the report was adopted. Mr. E. N. Hyde suggesting that
the Electrical News be included in the magazines referred to.
adding that the reports of the Electrical News had been
very accurate.

.\ vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Chennell, Mr. W.
H. Winter, who presided, stated that Mr. Chennell had done
splendid and enthusiastic work for the luncheons. In the
fall the members would have to consider the question of re-
organizing the luncheons, which were now carried on without
a permanent organization. Montreal had given Toronto the
lead in the matter of luncheons, and he understood that
Toronto had now a particularly live association.

Professor Evans, in the course of his speech, referred to

June 1, U>1S

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

the cheiuieal research which had heen the direct outcome of
the war. Prior to the conflict Canada had depended for many
chemical commodities upon Germany, and the war had natur-
ally cut off these supplies. The country had therefore to set
to work to produce these commodities for ourselves. Chem-
ists had a lont; way to catch up, as the Germans had taken
a strong lead, and many people were obsessed with the idea
that (lermany was capable of doing things which this country
was not able to do. But there were others who did not hold
this belief, and it was wonderful what had been accomplished
in a very short time.

Prof. Evans then sketched the results which had been the
outcome of research work. He instanced the manufacture of
optical glass in the United States, which had formerly de-
pended upon Germany for the supplies of this glass. It had
been found necessary to discover sources of raw materials,
the most suitable sand for the purpose being previously ob-
tained from Belgium. A long series of experiments were
undertaken, with the result that the United States were
producing excellent glass in many varieties which was as
good as that formerly imported. Just outside Washington
there were about 500 chemists working on the subject of
poisonous gases. Prof. Evans mentioned that mustard
gas was discovered by a German, and the United States were
now manufacturing this gas and sending it in large quantities
to the nation which discovered it. These chemists were also
at work on the subject of discovering antidotes to poisonous
gases.

In connection with munitions, a large amount of chem-
ical research had been carried out. .At McGill University
experiments had been made on t.n.t., particularly in relation
to the solubility of the liquor in which it was produced, and
how to conserve that liquor; also as to purifying the ma-
terials and making them stable. Considerable work had been
done in connection with steel.

With regard to acetone, they all knew what large quan-
tities were being produced by the Electro-Products Company
at Shawinigan Falls. In fact the development in connec-
tion with the production of acetone was one of the most won-
derful things in connection with the war.

Referring to potash and its use as a fertilizer, the speaker
stated that formerly the main supply came from Germany.
There were immense supplies of potash in Canada, but un-
fortunately no method has yet been found by which it could
be economically produced from the rock. On the subject
of nitrogen. Prof. Evans spoke of the success of electrical
fixation in Norway and Sweden. The Germans, too, were
producing nitric acid from the air, and he had been informed
that the United States were just as successful as Germany
in obtaining nitric acid by the fixation process.

It had been asked why Germany had gone so far ahead
in chemical research. One reason was the Gearmans were
a people of wonderful patience. In Europe the people stuck
to a business from generation to generation, while on this
continent they jumped from one biisiness to another. An-
other reason for the progress in Germany was the thorough-
ness of ordinary and technical education. One could not
haVe research work unless it were built on something, and
that something was education. Canadians would have to
submit to that spirit of thoroughness if they were to success-
fullj' compete for business. It was of the utmost importance
that our people should know more than one language. We
ought to concentrate upon our work. These were some of
the reasons why we had fallen behind, at any rate so far as
chemistry was concerned. There had been much discussion
as to imposing heavy tariffs, but in his opinion if we were
to keep our trade, there was only one way to do it, and that
was by making goods as well and as cheaply as other coun-
tries; otherwise we would not keep the business.

\ otes of thanks were passed to Mr. Winter, the chair-

man of the luncheons, and Mr. E. X. Hyde, chairman of the
papers committee. In. reply Mr. Winter said he believed
there was an important future for the luncheons, and he was
looking forward to a permanent organization which would
bring larger developments.

Commission of Conservation
Issue Ninth Annual Report

The Ninth .\nnual Report of the Commission of Conser-
vation is out and contains, as usual, a quantity of useful and
interesting information regarding Canada's resources. It is
in effect a report of last November's annual meeting, and
contains the papers read and reports presented at that time.
The papers include discussions on such topics as "Peat." by
Eugene Haanel; " Fuel Situation." by C. .\. Magrath;
Power Possibilities on the St. Lawrence," and " Niagara
Power Shortage," by A. \'. White; " Electrification of Rail-
ways." by S. T. Dodd. The papers have already been treated
in more or less detail in previous issues of the Electrical
News. A brief report by Mr. Leo G. Denis, however, had not
previously been published and it is of interest as outlining
in some detail the work the Commission has under way.
Mr. Denis' report is, therefore, printed in part below:

Waters and Water-Powers

Speci.il efforts were made during the jiast year to secure
descriptive information on electric power plants and Si'slems
throu,ghout the Dominion for a report to be published shortly
on the supply and distribution of electric energy in Canada.
The importance of this subject as related to our water-power
Resources need scarcely be enlarged upon. Without the im-
pulse given by the possibility of transmitting power over
long distances, water-pow-ers would not have attained the high
place they now occupy among the various natural resources
of a country. Long distance transmission of energy is only
possible through the medium of electricity and. while some
large developments, notably in the paper and pulp industry,
make direct use of water-power, practically all other develop-
ments of importance are for the production of electrical
energy.

The report will give a short description of all electric
central station systems, including power plants, transmission
lines and distribution, each system being described individu-
ally. In previous reports respecting this subject, the Can-
adian data have been appended to United States reports and
treated as secondary. Their incompleteness has created a
false impression to the detriment of this country. This is
simply due to the fact that complete information covering
the Dominion has not, thus far, been collected. The pro-
duction of electric energy in Canada is one of the develop-
ments to which we can point with pride and the data thus far
received demonstrates that, in this respect, we are l)ehind
very few countries, if any.

The greater portion of the information has been collect-
ed by correspondence, under the direction of your Water-
power Engineer and your Mining Engineer. The various
questionnaires sent out in this connection included the fol-
lowing items:

Hydraulic Plants. — Dams and hydraulic works; available
head, flow of river, hydraulic troubles, power houses, turbines,
generators and transformers, demand and output, interrup-
tions to service, costs and date of installation.

Steam and Internal Combustion Engine Plants. — Power
houses, boilers, gas producers, engines and turbines, gener-
ators, fuel, costs and date of installation.

Transmission Lines. — Location, voltage, capacity, con-
struction, protection and sub-stations.

Distribution. — Purchased energy, station transformers.

HE E L F, C T R I C A L NEWS

hiiie 1, HilS

output, mileage of streets covered, voltages, line transfonmrs,
connected load, street lighting, costs and rates charged.

Another subject receiving attention is the revision of the
list of developed water-powers in Canada as published in the
report of I'.ill. The developed water-powers are increasing
in number and, as no detailed complete information has been
published since the report above referred to. it seems most
desirable to have the data brought up to date. The Com-
mission is constantly receiving inquiries on various phases of
this subject. From time to time, estimates of developed
water-powers for the whole Dominion or for certain portions
of it have been made but these are of little value unless
specific information respecting each power included m the
estimates is given. The publication of a detailed list also per-
mits any grouping which may seem desirable.

Routine work included the preparation of a nunil>er of
short articles having reference to our water-power resources
and also brief reports on special subjects, including possi-
bilities of water-power sites, rates for electric energy, data
on discharges of rivers, industrial statistics, certain water-
powers of the Prairie Provinces, bibliography of Canadian
water-powers, general water-power situation in Canada, water
filtration plants in Canada, and electric energy required for
various purposes.

Coteau Dam Project

,\ report was prepared on the proposed scheme to dam
the River St. Lawrence for the development of power at the
Coteau Rapid, at the foot of Lake St. Francis. Apparently,
the principal object of the project is the exportation of elec-
tric energy from Canadian water-power. Permission for such
a development would be in violation of the recognized prin-
ciple that no further development should be allowed on the
St. Lawrence between Prescott and Montreal until a com-
prehensive plan of development for that portion of the river
has been decided upon. The necessity of this is emphasized
by the conditions at Niagara. There, the development by the
Ontario Hydro-electric Power Commission will utilize the
entire head, including the lower rapids, instead of being lim-
ited to the descent in the cataract proper, as has been the case
with all the power so far developed. It is also proposed to
"scrap" some or all of the existing plant which, if carried
out, will involve the destruction of many millions of invested
capital.

Ghamplain Dry Dock, Quebec,
Electrically Operated Throughout

In a paper on the Champlain drydock for Quebec harbor,
read at the Canadian Society of Civil Engineers, Montreal.
Mr. C. Valiquet, M.Can.Soc.C.E., s.uperintending engineer.
Department of Public Works, briefly described the electrical
equipment for the working of the dock. He stated that three
main centrifugal pumps, each of 63,000 gallons per minute
capacity, are used to empty the dock; two pumps of G.OOO
gallons per minute each are used to keep the dock dry. All
pumps are run by electric power. Eight boilers, of a total
capacity of 3,600 horse-power furnish the steam at 200 pounds
pressure to run the three direct current turbo-generators of
1,500, 750, and 300 kilowatts respectively, which furnish the
current at 550 volts to run the pump and other motors.

.\ direct current generator of 100 kilowatts, at 230 volts,
driven by a steam engine, will furnish the current for the
lamps around the dock and in the buildings. There are 24
lamps of 500 watts, hung from poles around the dock. The
poles are made of gas pipe, with the lower end set into sock-
ets fitted with electric connections and made removable in
case of necessity. All electric wiring for lamps and motors
outside of the buildings is placed underground.

There are nine electrically-driven capstans, with l."i h.p.

motors, four on each side of the dock and one at the head.
The rolling caisson is provided with six culverts, 42 inches in
diameter, closed by sluice valves that are operated from the
upper deck by a 15-horse-power electric motor, driving a
longitudinal shaft, provided with the necessary gearing; and.
by means of clutches, any one or all of the valves may be
worked. The culverts are used for flooding the dock.

Si.x water tube boilers of 500-horse-ipower and two of 300-
liorse-power furnish steam at 200 pounds pressure to produce
electric current. The boilers are .provided with automatic
stokers, ash and coal conveyors. The coal is unloaded from
cars into a coal crusher run by an electric motor and elevated
to a hopper of 500 tons capacity, over the front of the boilers.
Water heaters are provided, but the steam is not superheated;
one of the small boilers will be constantly under steam pres-
sure to run the drainage pumps and the lighting dynamo

The electric power consists of three direct current turbo-
generators of 550 volts, one of 1,500 kilowatts, one of 750, and
one of 300 kilowatts. The steam turbines are of the Curtis
condensing type, built by the General Electric Company. In
the large unit the turbine runs at 3,600 r.p.m. It is geared
down to 360 revolutions for the generator; the second is
geared from 5,000 to 750; the third is geared from 5.000 to 900
r.p.m. A 100-kilowatt generator, driven by a high-speed,
direct-connected engine, furnishes the current for lighting
purposes.

This power installation is more than ample for all -the
machinery connected with running of the dock proper. It is,
however, anticipated that the whole of it will be used when
large repairing and shipbuilding shops are in operation, to-
gether with the pumping of the deck.

This electric installation has been criticized on the
-ground that the large expenditure is not justified when elec-
tric current is availalile from private companies in the vicinity
of Quebec. When the electric installation was proposed by
the writer the idea in view was that no coniipany would be
interested or willing to furnish over 3,000 h.p. at any time of
the day or night for the short period of about 50 hours in the
year without interfering seriously with their general service.
It had also been ascertained by personal visits to five of the
principal navy yards of the United States Government that
each of them has provided its own electric power for pumping
their drydocks. Out of five, only one had installed alternating
current machinery. It has developed since that the only elec-
tric company that could furnish the ipower current is not will-
ing to entertain the proposition unless at a much greater cost
to the government than the private installation can be run.
including the interest on the outlay, which is approximately
$240,000.

The dock is emptied by three main pumps of the hori-
zontal centrifugal type, each having a capacity of 63,000 gal-
lons per minute. The bronze shafts are connected to the
armature shafts of 800-horse-power motors, running at 750
revolutions per minute. The motors are built tf) stand an
overload of 25 per cent, for two hours; the total lift will very
rarely be more than 33 feet. The suction and discharge pipes
are 48 inches; the water is discharged into a chamber pro-
vided with non-return valves, and to a culvert througlf the
entrance wall outside of the caisson. The main pumps are
guaranteed by the builders to deliver 63,000 gallons per min-
ute against a total head of 25 feet.

Two auxiliary pumps each of 6.000 gallons per minute
capacity, driven by electric motors of 125-horse-power, will
take care of leakages and seepage. These pumps will also
help while the dock is being pumped. The pum.ps were manu-
factured by the Allis-Chalmers Company.

The time occupied in emptying the dock will vary accord-
ing to the height of tide when the pumps are started and the
size of the vessel being docked. At high water of spring
tides the dock contains over 38.000.000 gallons of water This

June 1, 1918

THE li L K C T R 1 C A L NIC W S

quantity of water, however, will very rarely, if ever, exist
when puniiping: is started. It is estimated that the average
time for punipins out the diuk will he ahmit two and a lialf
hours.

The power-house is 1^0 x 100 feet, divided liy a brick wall
into two rooms, 120 x 50 feet, one being tlie boiler-room and
the other the generator-room. The walls are solid brick,
built on concrete foundation; the roof is built of reinforced
concrete slabs, supported by steel I-beams, which were pro-
cured from the unused steel of the first Quebec Bridge. The
building is provided wih extra large windows, with steel
frames Skylights and ventilators are also provided. The
floor is concrete overlaid with red tiles; and the lower part of
the interior walls for the generator-room is finished with a
white tile wainscoting 6 feet high. The generator-room has
an overhead travelling crane of 15 tons capacity. The lifting
is done by motor; the travelling gear is worked by hand.

Cos Figures on Generating Station
$70 per Kw. for Completed Plant

It is always difficult to get accurate construction figures
on electrical installation work, and for that reason a short
article appearing in a recent issue of the Electrical World,
giving the itemized cost of construction of a Massachusetts
central station, is of timely interest. The cost includes the
building, which is designed for one 500 kw. and two 2.000 kw.
turbo-generators. Only the 500 kw. and one of the 2.000 kw.
generators is installed and included in the cost, which covers
building, boiler, coal handling and piping installations ade-
quate for the completed 5,500 kw. The total cost of the
plant is $209,000 and it is estimated the second 2.000 kw.
unit can be installed for about $40,000, a total of $309,000. or
about $70 per kw. The itemized cost of the plant, as at pre-
sent built to 2.500 kw. capacity, is as follows:

Land

Land $25,000

Docks, walls and filling 4,271

Legal expenses for do 348

Surveying for do 43

Dredging and intake 3,035

$32,697

Preliminary engineering investigation 7,000

Building

Sub-surface foundations $9,040

Steel for station building 18,080

Superstructure 27,641

Stack, 200 ft. high, 9 in. inside diameter 6,954

Steam heating 772

62,851

Service Equipment

Coal and ash handling $11,594

Coal and ash bunkers , ... 3,063

Water supply and storage ' 353

Oil filters and storage 48

Crane 1,588

16,646

Boiler Plant

Four 342-h.p. B. & W. boilers with superheat-
ers and settings $34,074

Four Taylor underfeed stokers and drive . . . 8,664

Flues and air ducts 459

I'umps — turbine-driven duplicate set .j. ... 2.597

Blowers — turbine-driven duplicate set 1.674

Feed-water heater (1500 b.h.p.) 866

Instruments and regulators 1,092

39,426

Piping for 4500-kw. Rating

High-pressure steam piping, steel valves and

fittings $4,222

Exhaust steam piping, valves, fittings, etc. . . . 2,278

Water and oil piping 1,304

Condenser piping, outside building 9.337

17.141

Turbo-Generator Plant, 2000-kw. Unit

(500-kw. unit fr.im ohl station, scr later section)
Turbo-generator, 2000-kw. rating, 80 per cent.

power factor $22,904

•Surlace condenser, 3,500 square feet 9,054

Condenser pijiing, inside 1,423

.Air supply and clcanin.g 935

34,315

Switchboard and Electrical Equipment

Switcliboard, oil switclus. nistrunicnts. etc. ..$12,567
Exciter and 100-kv.a. auxiliary three-phase

transformer 2,393

Municip;il staticm apparatus 21

Station wirin.g '.. 1,075

Connections to overhead lines 5,400

^ 21,456

Miscellaneous

Interest during construction $3,706

Fire insurance 080

Liability insurance 162

Steam coal used during building and in tests 1,031
Miscellaneous material, apparatus, tools, hard-
ware, etc 1 .569

Unclassified labor, watchmen, foremen, etc.. 1,817

General expenses, unclassified 410

9,375

Engineering

Engineering architect $6,300

Field supervision 2,860

Drafting and blueprinting 1,858

Drafting and office expense 259

11.277

500-kw. Turbine Transferred from Former Station

Turlio-alternator. 500-kw. : $10,000

ripin.g for turbine 2.755

Wheeler condenser (second-hand) 1,000

Air and circulating pump 1,435

20-h.p. Terry steam turbine 425

25-kw. direct-current niotor-.generator exciter

set 1,220

Instruments 85

16,917

Total $369,101

The Alberta Hydro-Electric Company
Planning a Series of Six Developments

The -Alberta Hydro-electric Company, Limited, Calgary,
recently called tenders on the construction of a series of dams
and hydro-electric developments in connection with some
half-dozen water falls in the immediate vicinity of the city
of Calgary. The total fall in the Bow River at this point,
over a distance of 10^ miles measured along the river, is
120 feet. This is divided appro.ximately into si.x falls, two
of which are located within the city limits. Rou.ghly the
heads and capacities of these various falls are as follows, it
being estimated that the flow of water is 2,000 c.f.s.:

No. 1 — head 21 feet, ma.xinium development 3,818 h.p.

No. 2 — head 30 feet, maximum development 3,636 h.p.

No. 3 — head 12 feet, maximum development 3,181 h.p.

No. 4 — head 17' feet, ma.ximum development 3,091 h.p.

No. 5 — head 12 feet, maximum development 2,182 h.p.

No. 6 — head 17.5 ft., maximum development 3,183 h.p.

Total development 18,090 h.p.

The above information has been supplied to us by Mr.
Zeph. Malhiot. vice-president and manager of the company.
who advises that the reason for the series of dams, rather
than one or two large ones, is that this plan will obviate
the inundation of certain city areas. The calling of tenders
is not to be interpreted that the plan will be carried out
immediately. The question at the present time is one of
financing. Calgary needs the power but the problem of se-
curing capital for new projects is no more easily solved in
that city than elsewhere.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Juno 1, 191S

Transmission Line Practice— Modern

Systems— Article VI.

By Lieut. E. T. Driver and E. V. Pannell

It is interestintj after stiulying- some of the factors of

transmission line design to review briefly some of the more
important and extensive installations in diflferent parts of the
world to see how far actual practice is consistent with the
theories outlined. A brief survey has been made of a few
modern transmission lines in the United States. Mexico, India,
South Africa, New Zealand, Japan, and Germany. Beginning
with .'\merican practice, one of the most important systems is
that of the

Mississippi River Power Company

The Mississipiii River Power Company, generating power
at a :iO ft. head on the Mississippi River, near Keokuk. la.,
and transmitting at 110.000 volts, 25 cycles, to St. Louis, Mo.,
144 miles away. As with all transmission systems, there are
branch lines to different distributing points, but the main in-
terest centres in tlie trunk lines to St. Louis. Conductors are
copper, liOO.OOO cm. in size, strung on spans of 800 ft. standard
length: this long span is one of the remarkable features of the
line. Ten years ago the average span of tower lines was
about 500 feet, and curves showing the most economical span
length generally have their minimum point at about 600 feet.
The advantage of longer spans than this is that the number of
insulators is still further reduced, and the right <if way charges
are also probably lower.

Over each of the two circuits about :{4.noO kva. is trans-
mitted, a total which, considered with the long spans and
river crossings, the large size of conductors, and the very tall
towers, renders the Mississippi transmission line almost iinicjue
for the boldness with which it has been engineered. The
ma.\nnum power of any long distance transmission line is pro-
l)al)ly conveyed by the Cedars Rapids Manufacturing and
Power Company, along the double circuit line from Cedars
Rapids to Massena. X.^'.

Cedars Rapids Line
A total of aljout 40.000 kva. per circuit is carried a dis-
tance of 60 miles to the electro-chemical factories at Massena
at 110.000 volts, 60 cycles. The conductors are aluminium-
steel, 500.000 cm., carried on double-circuit towers, with a
span of 660 feet. This combination probably calls for the
heaviest standard tower in general use, the average weight of
these structures being 7,000 pounds. There are three general
types of tower in use; suspension towers are designed to
stand with two conductors broken on one side and ma.ximum
wind and ice loads. Anchor towers are designed for the same
stress, but are equipped with strain insulators. Dead-end and
corner towers are designed to stand with all conductors
broken and maximum wind and ice conditions. Since the
elastic limit on this size of aluminum-steel cable is 12,000
pounds, the failure of six cables leads to the enormous unbal-
anced pull of nearly 72,000 pounds on the dead-end tower.
Such a failure is in the last degree improbable with these steel
core cables. Nevertheless, it forms the basis for the tower
design, and, with the liberal factor of safety, this is the most
heavily-constructed long-distance transmission line in exist-
ence. In more southerly latitudes it will be seen that con-
struction is much less rugged, because the absence of sleet
involves lower stresses and tower loads. .\ typical modern
southern transmission undertaking is that of the

Tennessee Power Company

I'Vnm Cleveland, in the Cmnberland Mountains, to .\ash-
ville City, is 140 miles. Power is generated at a 350-foot head

and transmitted at 120.000 volts, 60 cycles, the kva. per circuit '
being about 20,000. The greater part of the line is constructed
with two single-circuit tower lines, having the conductors
hung in the horizontal plane. The conductors are 2/0 B & S
copper, and the spans 660 feet.

The adoption of the two separate circuits is a valualile
factor in reliability. In the first place, the spacing can be
more liberal, thus quite eliminating corona loss and short cir-
cuit.'' due to sleet juniip. The greater spacing frequently per-
mits, a longer span being run. Furthermore, the design of
tower is very compact; it has no great length of cross-arm,
and its height is at least 20 feet less than that of the equiva-
lent twin circuit tower. The disadvantages lie in the extra
cost of right of way and the higher costs of construction.
However, where ma.ximum possible reliability is to be secured
it is probable that two separate tower lines will in future be
adopted. The same practice is adopted upon the highest volt-
age transmission line at present in operation, that of the

Pacific Light and Power Corporation

This line sup]>lies tlie city of Los Angeles frinii the power
station at Big Creek, in the Sierra Nevada, 241 miles away.

Fig. 20. One of the semi-anchor towers, equipped with lock insulators, on
the Cedars Rapids Manufacturing and Power Company's transmission line.

The present output per circuit at 150.000 volts, 50 cycles, is
35.000 kv.a., but this is far from being the limit of the develop-
ment. The conductors are of liberal size, being 605,000 cm.
aluminium-seel, strung on 660-foot spans. The standard one-
circuit tower weighs 5.600 pounds. The reason for the some-
what heavy construction lies in the large size of the cables and
the high elastic limit. Furthermore, it will be seen that a

June 1, 1918

THE ELI-XTRICAL NEWS

siiiKk' circuit tnwcr >li<iul(l he liMUrcd lu willistaiul llic fuikn'c
nf two cal)lcs, or two-thirds of the conductors on (Uic side; at
the same time a doulile circuit tower is figured lor just the
same eventuality, wliich in tiiis case amounts to only one-
third of the wires on one side. This is the reason for the
single-circuit structure always lieing a little heavier than
niiglit appear necessary in comparison witli ihc twin-circuit
type.

Tata Hydro-Electric Company
Turning from American to European practice, it is inter-
esting to survey two modern high-tension transmission lines,
designed and constructed by an F.nglish firm. The first of
these is the Tata Hydro-Electric Company, operating be-

Fig. 21. Heavy river crossing tower, on the Tennessee Power Company.

Copper cables strung on Ohio Brass strain insulators.

Fig. 22. Double-circuit anchor tower, on the Tennessee Power

transmission line.

tween Khopoli and Bombay, India. Power is generated at a
1,700-foot liead in the Western Ghats, and conveyed 4:! miles
to the city of Bombay, at 100,000 volts, .iO cycles. Tiie voltage
has been criticized as being very high for the short distance,
but tlie intention is to extend this system considerably as soon
as the load develops. Furthermore, it is believed by some
transmission engineers that upon leaving the range of the pin
insulator there is no wisdom or economy in operating below
the 100 kilovolt figure. The ipower transmitted per circuit
amounts at present to 25,000 kv.a., and the conductors are of
seven-strand copper, 121,000 cm., strung upon spans of 500
feet, with steel towers. Tlie standard tower lias a narrow
base, but the line is reinforced at intervals with broad base
anchor towers. It is interesting to note in comparison with
American practice that, instead of l)eing built up with gal-
vanized sections and sherardized bolts, the towers are riveted
together on the site and afterwards painted. The standard
towers are figured for two conductors failing, and the anchor
structures are designed to take care of a failure of all the
wires on one side. Loading consists of a wind pressure of
25 pounds per square foot, and the wires are calculated to
have a ma.ximum stress of one-fourth the ultimate strength;
in other words, the factor of safety is about double that com-
monly used in America. Several long crossings are encoun-
tered, especially on the creeks around Bombay, and the prac-
tice is to use a high tensile bronze wire for these spans.
Suspension insulators are, of course, used throughout, and
are suspended by swing links from the longest cross-arms, so
that the unbalanced pull when the wire fails is minimized.

This practice would not be possible were the cables not
strung well nut of the same vertical plane.

Victoria Falls

.\niither transmission system engineered by the same
En.glish lirni as the above (Messrs. lUillers, Ltd.) is that of
the Victoria Falls and Transvaal Power Company, in South
.Africa. 1 1 links Uip an extensive group of steam power sta-
tions with llie Kand mines and other industrial points, Trans-
miission is |iartly at 40,000 and partly at 80,000 volts. Con-
ductors are of seven-strand copper, 130,000 c.in. in size, there
being two double-circuit tower lines for the 80,000 volt trans-
mission. The general design and construction are similar to
those of the installation just described, except that the safety
factors for towers and cables are five instead of four. In
both these examples, it will be noted, there is no necessity to
allow for any sleet loading, so the high safety factor does not
lead to extremely heavy construction. Every fourth tower is
an anchor structure, designed to withstand the failure of all
the conductors on one side.

The SO.OOO-voilt transmission e.xtends from \'ereeniging
to the Rand, 35 mUes, and the power transmjtted per circuit
is 15,000 kv.a. Si.x-unit suspension insulators are used.

Lauchammer Company, Saxony

The power supply situation in Germany is complicated by
the fact that not only are there no easily-developed water-
powers in the country, but the coal supply is very poor. Dur-
ing the war these resources have been developed to their
utmost, and most of the great nitrate and other electro-
chemical works are supplied with steam-.generated electric
power, transmitted from the mines. Shortly before the war
the first undertaking of this kind was iput into operation,
namely, the system of the Lauchammer Company, Saxony,
and it may be assumed that a large number of similar instal-
lations of the same kind are now worki:i.g. The Lauchammer
transmission was the first 110.000-volt line in Europe. Power
is raised from the low-.grade soft coal known as "braunkolil,"

Fig. 23. On the 150-foot right of way of the Pacific Light and Power
150,000-volt lines.

which is consumed at the mine location. To transport this coal
it must be compressed into briquettes; it was therefore found
to be an economical proceeding to generate electric power and
transmit that instead. A double-circuit line conveys the
power to Groditz and Riesa a total distance of 34 miles. The
voltage is very high in comparison with the length of line,
but the reason given by the engineers of the line was that
only suspension insulators could be considered, on account
of the liability of the pin type to damage due to mischief or
other causes. Having adoipted suspension units, there was no
object in setting a lower voltage than the one chosen. It is,
however, more 'liljely that this undertaking was intended as

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

hine 1. I'JIS

an experiment, and that the voltage was chosen with a view
to systems of much larger extent, such as are now operating.
The frequency is 50 cycles, and about 10,000 kv.a. is car-
ried over each circuit. Wires are of copper, seven strand,
50,000 cm. in area, strung on narrow base steel double-cir-
cuit towers. The standard span is 500 feet, with a long cross-
ing to negotiate the River Elbe of 900 feet. Instead of the
usual German practice of using bronze wires for this long
span, it was decided to employ copper of 85,000 cm., strung
with a safety factor of five. The spacing between conductors
is very short, being only six feet. With this short spacing.

Fig. 24. One of the anchor towers on the lines of the Pacific Light
and Power Corporation.

the small wires and the high voltage, it is not surprising tliat
considerable corona losses have been experienced, a factor
which was evidently quite overlooked when the lines were
designed. As with most European lines, grounding arms are
provided on every tower, so that the conductor cannot fail to
make contact with one of them if it breaks. Furthermore,
conductors are arranged on the equilateral plan, and are
transposed si.x times in the total 35 miles.

Lake Coleridge Development

The Ontario Government is not the only one which has
personally supervised and conducted great water-power and
transmission developments; similar achievements have been
made in New Zealand. The first of the government power
undertakings to be put into operation is known as the Lake
Coleridge Development. The lake is situated in the Southern
Alps of South Island, about 70 miles from Christcluirch.
About 50,000 kw. is available at this source, but the initial
development was for 10,000 kw., which is transmitted by a
double-pole line to Christchurch. .Another line has also been
constructed to the port of Timaru, 100 miles further south.
The voltage is 66.000, at 50 cycles.

This is another instance of the construction lieing modi-
fied by special conditions. Owing to the fact that structural
steel has all to be imported, a pole line was decided upon for
this transmission. Australian ironbark forms a cheap and
most durable pole material, and it is employed throughout
this system. The voltage used is the highest possible under
the limiting features ai pole cross-arjiis and pin insulators;
nevertheless, the construction is extremely economical. The
two-pole line circuits are carried to their destination by
entirely different routes, so that localized lightning disturb-
ances are not likely to aflfect both circuits. Conductors arc
aluminium 3/0 B & S, strung with spans of :i00 feet, and ;i
spacing of 72 inches.

Inawashiro Hydro-Electric Company
Hydro-electric |Jower is being rapidly deveh ped in Japan,
and the most extensive system up to the present is the Ina-
washiro Hydro-Electric Company. Lake Inawashiro, located
144 miles from Tokio, the commercial capital, provides the
reservoir, frcnn which at present 40,000 kv.a. is developed.
Transmission is at 115,000 volts, 50 cycles, over a di>uble-cir-
cuit steel tower line, the conductors being of copper, seven
strand, 200,000 cm. Whilst it is true that a very large propor-
tion of the electrical plant sold in Japan is of English nianu-
( facture, .American engineers are responsible for almost every
detail of their transmission lines, and the Inawashiro trans-
mission, together with the Katsuragawa and niher systems,
are very closely in liine with similar installations on this side
o* the Pacific. There is every indication that the Japanese
have gained the experience they required, and they are now
rolling structural steel and manufacturing insulators with a
view to supplying their own requirements for future trans-
mission line engineering.

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UlIU- 1. 1!)1S

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Electrical Systems for Automobiles

Summary of Paper Read by Mr. J. M.
Branch of the Canadian

Dealing first with ignilioii systems, the author pointed to
the striking fact that over 70 per cent, of the cars turned out
in the United States of America in r.Mii and I'.ilT used a bat-
tery and coil system of ignition, in a reiined and inijiroved
condition, but essentially the same as the first cars put on the
market. The magneto had for a time superseded the coil
and battery, but the development of starting motors and
•lighting generators, with the resultant ease of keeping a
storage battery in good condition, had brought us back to the
^irst-mentioned system. The remaining :iO per cent, could
not be passed over lightly, as it included ilual, and where ex-
treme reliability was aimed at, double and triple systems. For
the most part these systems were luxurdes, or relics of a time
when the high tension magneto was not yet accepted with-
out suspicion. The paper aimed at dealing with the improve-
ments only in the modern magneto.

Slides were then shown and described, dealing first with
a simple battery system for a one-cyllinder motor, the differ-
ence between three and four termiinal high-tension coils and
the action of the condenser being explained. Coming next to
four and six-cylinder motors, where a timer on the low-ten-
fion side was used, it was necessary to have as many coils as
cylinders, hence the introduction of the high-tension distribu-
tor and single coil.

The Ford was. possibly, the only car using the first
method, and it was also the only one using a vilirating coil.
With the usual non-vibrating coils it was, of course, neces-
sary tii have an interrupter synchronous with the contacts on
the H. T. distri'butot'. These were of two types:

(a) The long contact or closed circuit system.

(b) The short contact or open circuit system.

The latter method had to a great extent replaced the
closed circuit for one obvious reason, viz., the drain on the
battery and resultant economy, although the closed circuit
advocates claimed '"perfect synchronism" and therefore eli-
mination of mechanical and electrical lag. By "electrical lag"
was meant that the spark would not occur in the same posi-
tion as regards piston travel at different speeds. The "open
circuit" had to both close and open the circuit, and therefore
the range of time for a possible misfire was longer.

The reason for discarding the vibrating coil was that the
latter gave rise to a succession of sparks, the hottest of which
usually determined the ignition. Ignition ought to occur with
the first sp3rk at the end of the compression stroke, but was
generally late.

One favorite type of open-circuit ignition was the At-
water-Kent. Its interrupter was so rapid that the eye could
not follow the contact. An actual breaker was shown, with
slides illustrating the trigger action. In the one shown the
condenser was included 'wiith the breaker, but on most sys-
tems the condenser was connected directly across the primary
coil and included in tlie coil box.

A study of dia.gram. Fig. 1, showed how that was possiljle,
since the condenser, usually connected across the interrupter
contacts, in this case included also the battery.

The Delco. 1916. was a similar type, l)ut as it did not in-
clude a trigger, a resistance unit to limit tlie current in the
primary coil at low speeds was used. In former types, when
dry batteries were used as an auxiliary, a relay or vibrator cut
down the current. This had now been discarded. The auto-
matic spark advance, which had been also discarded in the
very latest types, was a device introduced to overcome the

F. Wilson, B.Sc. before the Manitoba
Society of Civil Engineers

mechanical lag nionlioncd abme. ,\ sliiie showed the mechan-
ism.

The W'estinghouse system slmued Imw the timer or in-
terrupter, the distributor, and the coil could be combined in
one unit. The pularity switch, which was intended to reverse
the current periodically through the interrupter contacts, pre-
vented the wearing away of the posi.tive contact and the de-
posit of metal by electrolytic action on the negative contact.
The ballast resistance unit was similar to the Delco, the rise
in resistance through heating causing the current to remain
practically constant in the primary coil at all speeds, and if
perchance the circuit remained closed when the car stopped,
would materially reduce the drain on the Ijattery if the igni-
tion switch was left in the "on" position.

Sketch of Westinghouse
One example of the long contact or closed-circuit system
was the Connecticut. This had a five-terminal coil, because
the interrupter contacts and primary circuit were insulated
and not grounded, as in the Remy three-terminal coil. The
Connecticut had a thermo-static cut-out, wliich actuated a
mechanism to throw out the main circuit-breaker if the igni-
■ tion switch was left "in" for more than two minutes after the
car was stopped. This was merely a double bar of brass and
iron heated by a small coil of Nichrome resistance wire. The
switch-box was shown.

Magnetos

--\s regards magnetos there were two systems:

(a) .\n L.T. magneto, combined with a separate H.T. coil.

(b) .An H.T. magneto, a complete ignition unit.

There were two interesting improvements in recent mag-
netos. First, the Bosch N U 4 (used on the Overland) dis-
pensed with the distributor altogether and used two half-seg-
ment insulated slip-rings, each half segment being diametri-
cally opposite, and connected each to one end of the H. T.
coil of the magneto instead of grounding one end of the wind-
ing, as was usual. There were four bj-ushes. with two spark-
plugs in series, so that the spark occurred in two cylinders
simultaneous/ly, the extra spark doing no harm, as it took
place during the exhaust stroke in one cylinder.

The second innovation was the "rocking field" or the
rotation of tlie magneto so as to make the sparking uniiform
at all speeds. In an ordnary magneto the most effective
spark was obtained nnly at one position, the armature circuit

I-,

■J

In/frniprer

^^ 7i // T^ D/i/niurar

M. Tl/l/ihJim

Fig. 1— Condenser connected across primary coil.

being opened when the armature core had just passed beyond
the point at which it bridged the pole pieces. When the
spark was retarded the opening of the circuit occurred some-
what later, with a wider gap between the iron of the arma-
ture core and the pole piece, and consequently produced a
weaker spark. Generally magnetos were designed in this way

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

June 1, 1918

so that in starting, with the spark retarded, the magneto was
working under great disadvantages. Some makers had tried
to reverse the order, under the impression that the higher
speed in running would compensate for the weaker effect of
the armature position, but Taylor, in the Electric Journal for
May, 1917, has shown this is a fallacy, as a magneto gives its
best effect at 900 r.p.ni. and then falls off again with higher
speed. If the magnets could be rotated at the same time as
the spark lever, to keep 'the relative postion of armature and
pole pieces the same at all speeds, the spark wouhl lie the
same.

The author then proceeded to describe the Mea and the
Di.xie as examples of this method. A Dixie magneto was
taken to pieces to illustrate the action. The Dixie had other
innovations which were ingenious. The contact points on the
interrupter admitted of adjustment, while running, and the
distributor block on the eight-cylinder set was built in two
parallel planes with only four contacts in each, any one con-
tact in one pilane being displaced at i:i5 degrees to a contact in
the next plane. This eliminated the difficulty of constructing
eight points in one plane. The magneto in this case ran at
engine speed, instead of the usual double-speed ratio.

The Bosch two-spark ignition used a double distril)utor,
with an additional spark-plug in each cylinder, arranged
directly at the inlet valve with the H. T. winding of the mag-
neto connected to the central point on each distributor. In
any motor the object of advancing the spark was to com-
pensate for the slow development of the explosion pressure.
Double-pole or two-spark ignition increased enormously the
rate of development, with a consequent reduction of the ad-
vance necessary. It might be cut down 30 to 50 per cent.
Power was gained through avoiding the back pressure at the
end of the compression stroke, caused by too much advance
in the single-plug method. .\ retardin,g effect could be
obtained by short-circuiting one set of plugs. To overcome
the objection to the weak spark of an ordinary magneto at
starting, impulse starters had been introduced. In the Zis-
tram. or K.W. starters, the armature, at slow speeds, rotated
in a series of jumps, caused by a fi.xed notched bar and an
extended spring. At high speeds centrifugal action cut out
the device.

Electric Starting and Generating Systems

The above were classified into (a) single unit; (b) two
unit; (c) three unit types.

In (a) a motor-generator unit charged the battery, oper-
ated the lights, and acted as a cranking motor. Sometimes
two units in one frame were erroneously classed as a single
unit.

In (1)) there was a generator for charging and taking
care of the lights and ignition, with a separate unit for crank-
ing; while in (c) there was a generator for charging and
lighting, a motor for cranking, and a magneto for ignition.

Starting motors were arranged either to drive (I)
through the flywheel or (2) through a gearin.g to tlie crank-
shaft. The latter required no starting resistance.

In regard to the voltage at the motor terminals, si.x-%olt
systems had several advantages over the twelve-volt. There
was greater stability of the lamps filaments, and in certain
instances the six-volt battery weighed 35 per cent. less tlian
the twelve-volt for the same capacity in watt-hours. The
reason for the greater weight of the twelve-volt is that, start-
ing from a given three-plate cell of one positive and two
negatives, doubling the capacity for the same voltage would
only require two more plates, with a slightly larger cell, while
doubling the voltage would mean another complete cell.

As far as the starting motors were considered, it was
easier to design a twelve-volt than a six-volt machine, but
their efficiencies and costs were practically identical. The
type of battery used for starting was invariably the lead cell.

on account of the fact tiiat its only connpetitor, the Edison
battery, while a favorite for lighting, had such a high internal
resistance that it could not furnish the necessary starting
torque unless it had twice the weight of the lead cell. Quot-
ing from a paper read by Bailey before the .A.I.E.E., we find
that a 50 amp.-hr. load battery (three cells) weighed 45
pounds, while the same capacity Edison, with four cells, giv-
ing nearly the same voltage, weighed only 37 pounds. This
Edison battery would be satisfactory as regards lighting, but
on occasion the lead cell could provide 135 amperes at 5.2
volts or 702 watts, assuming an internal resistance of .002
ohms per cell. To compete with this a much larger Edison
(the A6) would be required, having an internal resistance of
.002 ohms. This battery would give 194 amperes, but with a
drop of 1.9 volts or a terminal voltage of only 3.(")2 the watts
would be the same as above, viz., 702. Its weight would be
80 pounds, or nearly double that of the lead battery. If tbe
resistance of the motor was .00S5 ohms, since the total inter-
nal resistance of the Edison is .OOHO ohms a current of 310
amperes, as against 415 for the load battery, is all that is
available for starting. This wruild mean that the lead cell
would give a 35 per cent, better starting torque.

The various methods of placin.g the starting motor were
then explained. Wherever planetary or double-reduction
gearing was used the efficiency of the drive was reduced to G5

Fig. 2— Generator with three brushes.

per cent, as comjjarcd with 90 per cent, for single reduction.
Slides were shown of the over-running clutch for cutting out
the motor when the en.gine was driving, and of a favorite
form of drive called the Bendix drive.

Generating Systems

Turnin.g finally to generating systems, the author ex-
plained the princiiples involved. It was necessary to have the
battery on charge when the car had attained a speed of from
seven to ten miles an hour. In order to prevent the lights
))eing burnt out at excessive speed some method of control-
ling the output was essential. To prevent the battery motor-
in.g the generator when the speed dropped lielow normal the
circuit was .generally I)roken by some form of automatic cut-
out and cut-in switch.

Tlie methods of re,gulatin'g were classified as follows:

(a) By field windings on the generator poles (reverse
conxpound).

(b) By electro-ma.gnetic devices contrtdling the shunt
belli current (vibrating and other types).

(d) By thermal devices (increased ballast resistance).

(e) By third brush excitation of the shunt winding.
The slides showed a Westinghouse system illustrating

the first method, the Gray and Davis, and the Bijur, vibrating
shunt control, the now discarded Gray and Davis slipping-
clutch constant speed system, the old Delco Mercury tube
regulator, and the modern Delco third-brush control.

The last method has been adopted recently by so manj-
makers on account of its simplicity that it deserved more than
passing attention.

About ISOO Sayers devised a generator with its shunt

lunc 1, I'JIS

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

field connected between one ol the main linishcs and a third
brush placed a few segments away from llu- other lirush, bin.
3. If a test were made on any generator, as the load was in-
creased it would be found that a voltmeter would register an
increased voltage between one of the main brushes and a cer-
tain segment on the commntator. while tlie voltage would
decrease lietvveen the other brush and the same segment.
Sayers used the first method of connection to keep the volt-
age of his generator constant, while the second arrangement
was the method required to automatically reduce the sliunt
field current as the speed of a generator on an automobile
increased. The effect was due to distortion of the magnetic
lines from the main poles as they passed through the arma-
ture, by the magnetic field produced at right angles to the
main [lole lield. due to the current in the armature.

In the 1918 Delco set, which was shown to the members,
it was interesting to note that the automatic cut-out, the
vibrating relay, and even the automatic spark control had
been dispensed with, the whole tendency of modern w^ork
being to simplify.

The paper was completed witli. a description of the all-
electric Owen car, using the General Electric Tntz transmis-
sion system for dispensing with the change-speed gears.

Growth of Montreal Tramways

.\t a luncheon of the Rotary club of Montreal recently
Mr. M. J. Hannaford. assistant engineer of the Montreal
Tramways Company gave a very interesting talk on the his-
tory of the company and some of the present operating diffi-
culties experienced. The first street car. lie said, was used in
171S, although not in Montreal. Strap iron rails were used;
then cut stone and lumber substituted. In 1776 the first suc-
cessful formed rail was laid. To-day rails from 50 pounds
per yard to l(i4 pounds are used in. street railway work; in
Montreal they use 110 pound rails, 7 inches high. The old
Montreal City Passenger Railway Company was formed in
May. 1801. starting with S cars and six miles of rails. Sev-
eral extensions were made later, and in 1892 the line was
electrified, there being 13>< miles of track. In 1893 there were
94 miles and in 1910 360 miles. Ei.ght hundred and sixty cars
are being used at the present time, not including the small
ones used during rush hours. Some of the cars are of the
p.a.y.e. type.

Referring to the present high cost of maintenance Mr.
Hannaford said that the steel alone for a crossing like that
at Guy and St. Catherine Streets would cost from $0,000 to
$8,000, and labor about the same. Track construction on
main streets costs about $43,000 a mile.

Personals

Mr. J. D. Johnston, fi.ir five years manager of the B. C
Telephone Company at New Westminster, has been appoint-
ed accountant at the \'ancouver office.

Mr. R. P. Dryer, assistant sales manager, Canadian .\llis-
Chalmers, Limited, Toronto, has resigned to take a position
in the Pittsburgh office of the AUis-Chalmers Mfg. Company
of Milwaukee.

Mr. C. J. Bats, manager of the Hydro-electric Depart-
ment at Walkerville, has been appointed manager at Leam-
ington, Ont., and is assisting in the change-over from the
Edison interests.

Mr. James H. Spicer, formerly chief draftsman and sfiop
superintendent of the bridge department of the Canadian
Allis-Chalmers Company, is now works manager for C. W.
Hunt Company, Inc., \\'est Brighton, N.Y.

Mr. E. K. Adamson, who has been elected an associate
member of the Canadian Society of Civil Engineers, is the

resident engineer and >uperintendent for the Western Power
Co. of Canada at Stave Falls, B.C., the maintenance of dams,
railway, and general construction being under his charge.

Mr. W. R. Warren, Rcgina, A.M.I.E.E., has been elected
an associate member of the Canadian Society of Civil Engi-
neers. He has had British experience and in 1913 was ap-
pointed chief engineer of the department of telephones, pro-
vince of Saskatchewan, in charge of the construction, main-
tenance and o])eration of the system.

Mr. E. C. Adair Hanson, A.M.S.E.E.. M.l.M.i:., London,
the electrical engineer of the city of Saskatoon, has been
elected an associate member of the Canadian Society of Civil
Engineers. Mr. Hanson, in addition to experience in the Old
Country, has held positions with the Canadian General Elec-
tric and Montreal Light, Heat and Power Companies.

Mr. Howard Murray, vice-president and for several years
manager of the Shawinigan Water & Power Company, has
been appointed manager of Aldred & Company, Limited,
Montreal, just formed, with a capital of $1,000,000, to carry
on the business of investment bankers and fiscal agents. Mr.
J. E. Aldred is the president of the Shawinigan VN'ater &
Power Company.

Captain R. H. Nichols, who is well known in electricaf
circles and has been on overseas service with the Canadian
Expeditionary Force, returned to Toronto last month for
a short time before going to India under the direction of the
Imperial Minister of Munitions. Captain Nichols has been
appointed general manager of the Bengal Iron & Steel Com-
pany, Limited, Kulti (E.I.R.), Bengal, India, a corporation
employing 25,000 men.

Mr. E. A. Jacobson, general manager of the Boving
Hydraulic & Engineering Co.. Ltd., has been elected a mem-
ber of the Canadian Society of Civil Engineers. Mr. Jacob-
son studied hydraulic engineering in Sweden, the L'nited
States and Germany, and carried out work in the two former
countries. He later was appointed chief engineer of Boving
& Co. of Canada, Ltd., and in 1915 assumed his present posi-
tion with the Boving Hydraulic & Engineering Co.. success-
ors to Boving & Co.

Obituary

Many friends throughout the Dominion will have learned
with regret of the deatli, in France, of Michael Chapman,
formerly of Chapman & Walker. Toronto, and previous to
that with the Canada Foundry Company. Mr. Chapman
took the officers' training course in 1915 w'ith the Royal
Grenadiers, and later obtained a commission with the Gren-
adier Guards in England. He leaves a widow and a young
son and daughter.

Mr. Alfred R. Miller, treasurer of the Canadian West-.
inghouse Company, Limited, died on Sunday, April 28th,
1918, at Hamilton. Ont., aged 43 years. Mr. Miller was born
in England, and removed to Canada with his parents at an
early age. His whole business life was virtually spent with
the Westinghouse interests in Canada, having entered their
employment in his young manhood, about twenty years ago,
and by his ability, industry and close application to business,
progressed with the company until at the time of his death
he occupied the responsible position of treasurer. Mr.
Miller endeared himself to a host of friends by his kindly
disposition and thoughtfulness for others.

The Ferranti Electrical Company of Canada. Limited,
announce a change in address of their Montreal office from
704 Unity Building to Room 101, Southam Building, 128
Bleury Street.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

1, I'MS

Costs and Accounting lor the Electrical Contractor-
Co-operation of Manufacturers and Wholesalers
Needed He the Poor Credit Risks

At a time when the Toronto Electrical Contractors' As-
sociation is wrestling with the problem of establishing a
uniform system of accounting, our members will be en-
couraged to know that the National Electrical Contractors'
Association are wrestling with the same problem, equally
siezed of its importance and equally determined on a solu-
tion. At the recent meeting in Detroit, which by the way
was attended by our president, Mr. K. A. Maclntyre, Mr. J. E.
Sweeney, Chairman of the National Committee on Costs and
Accounting, after a thorough study of the subject, made the
following report. Mr. Sweeney outlined the work of the
Credit and .'\ccounting Committee as follows:

To collect information on improved bookkeep-
ing systems and methods of cost accounting,
overhead, etc.; to improve the credit of mem-
bers; to obtain information as to the credit of
customers of members and to furnish informa-
tion as to the liest ways of collecting accounts,
etc.; to confer with National Electrical Credit
Association and other credit associations.

The work of this committee, as I see it, is
divided into four parts, as follow.s:

First, collecting information regarding a suit-
able bookkeeping system and getting this in-
formation into form to subiuit to our members
with the recommendation that they use it.

Second, collecting information and data on
Cost Accounting and Overhead Expenses to be
submitted to our members for their guidance in
conducting their business.

Third, to study the prolilem of imi)roving
the credit ratings of our members and to furnish
information as to the best methods of collecting
accounts due them.

Fourth, to obtain information as to the creilit
of customers of members
On these various topics Mr. Sweeney made the follow-
ing remarks, as re|)orteil in the Electrical Contractor-Dealer:
In connection with the first item, the bookkeeping sys-
tem. It is my idea that this should conform as nearly as
possible to standard accounting practice, and if this is ad-
hered to the system can be submitted to any contractor, re-
gardless of the size of his business, for his use, and it should
place him in a position to draw oflf a statement of his assets
and liabilities that can be presented to his banker or whole-
saler in an intelligent manner. In connection with this book-
keeping system there should be a standard classification of
accounts for the use of the contractor and dealer. This
should not only include the capital accounts appearing in the
statement of assets and liabilities, but should include accounts

covering expense items that go to make up the overhead, or
cost of doing business. I have prepared a statement of as-
sets and liabilities, also a list of expense items which is shown
herewith. These have been presented at the various dis-
trict meetings of our State Association, at which were pre-
sent jobbers and central-station men, as well as the contrac-
tors. During these meetings much discussion has been pro-
duced regarding the relation of one account to another, and
how a good or bad condition may be shown by the state-
ments; also how a general analysis of the running of the
business can be obtained from a comparison of the accounts
shown in the statement. .\11 of this pertains to the book-
keeping system or accounting, but is very closely allied to
the general question of credit.

Collection of Cost Accounting and Overhead Expense
Information
In regard to the second division of work, the Ctdlecting
of Information and Data on Cost Accountin.g and Overhead
Expense. The statement of these items, which is itemized
here, shows the general expense items that compose the
cost of doing business. If it were possible to get all ol the
contractors to desi.gnatc their expense items in the same man-
ner, and by the same name, in a short time we would be able
to collect very valuable information regarding the relation
of various expense items to the amount of business done, and
it would be possible to take any concrete example and work
out with a fair degree of accuracy whether the business in
question had a fair chance to succee<l. and, if not, it could
be determined just where the fault lay and steps could be
taken to have the troul)le corrected. We should have these
expense items worked out on a percentage basis against
different classes and different volumes of business.

Improvement of Credit Rating

Third: Regarding the problem of improving the credit
ratings of the members and to furnish them with information
as to the best methods of cidlecting accounts. This is a
pretty large subject, and the best method of procedure must
be determined after consulting with the National Electrical
Credit Association, the jobbers, manufacturers, and others
interested, as well as the members of our own executive
committee. The fundamentals of a credit risk arc character,
capacity and capital, which means that the memljcrs should
be of good general and moral character, and have such
other qualifications as are required to be known as a man
of good character; and next, that they should have capacity
of aliility to understand running their business in a business-
like way; and right here, in addition to technical ability, could
be included that they should have a uniform system of ac-
counting, maintain a good cost system, and have such other
up-to-date business methods as are required in other lines
of successful business.

And finally, in the matter of capital I believe that, gen-

IllIU' 1. I'llS

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

cr.illy spcakinii, ihc contractor is almost iiivarialily sliort of
ftmds in his Inisincss. We slioultl so build up the qualities
of character anil capacity that it will be easier for him to
secure additional ca|iital to extend his business, or handle
his i>resent business without embarrassment or without asking
for unwarranted favors from his wholesaler or banker.

Determination of Credit of Customer
Fourth, regarding the matter of obtaining information
as to the creilit of customers of members. It seems to me
that there is very little llial can be done )iy our .Association in
this regard as far as local information is concerned.

In general, it seems as though it should be possible to
adopt a system of bookkeeping and accounts and publish a
booklet coverin.g the subject in detail, which could be dis-
tributed to members. I think we cmild be reimbursed by the
cost of the book by charging a dollar a copy, or whatever
was necessary to defray the expense, and it would be my
recommendation that we co-operate w itli tlie Electrical
Credit Association: the Society for Electrical Development,
the Jobbers' Association, and any others who may be inter-
ested, with that end in view of finally making a summary
of the information and data collected, to be distributed at
the lowest possible cost. This book would, of course, cover
the general information regarding a suitable bookkeeping
system, but would leave the selection of the different types
of books to use to accomplish the results to the individual
judgment. It would also cover the matter of Cost Account-
ing and itemize the items that go to make up "overhead,"
and give the correct method of figuring the overhead costs.
In regard to the matter of credit, it seems to me as
though this will eventually take care of itself as we get

Statements of Assets and Liabilities

ASSETS
Current

Cash in bank

Petty cash fund

Certified checks outstand-
ing

Accounts receivable

Notes receivable

Liberty bonds

Trade acceptances
Inventories

Merchandise

Wiring supplies

Fixtures and glassware

Motors

.Appliances

Work in progress
Fixed Investments

Furniture and fixtures

.•\uto-Truck

Buildings

Real Estate
Prepaid Values

Insurance

Association membership

Miscellaneous

LIABILITIES
Current

.Accounts payable

Notes payable

Notes payable — Liberty
Bonds

Trade acceptances
Capital

Capital invested or

Paid up cajiital stock
Surolus Account

I'lidivided profits
Current Profits

Earnings for period
Reserve Accounts

Bad and doubtful debts

Interest

Depreciation — ;F. & F.
Depreciation — Auto-Truck
Depreciation — Tools
Taxes

EXPENSE ITEMS
Comprising Cost of Doing
Business Known as "Over-
head Expense"
Salaries — Management
Salaries — Sales
Salaries — Office
Salaries — Shop
Commissions — Bonus
Rent — Heat — Water
Light and power
Telephone and telegraph
Fire insurance

Iowa compensation insurance
Liability insurance
-Advertising
Ta.xes

Interest on l)orrowed capital
.Auto expense
Truck expense
or delivery-
Association membership
(Jffice expense
Travelling expense
Office supplies
Donations
General expense
Repairs and upkeep '

Losses — Bad accounts
Depreciation

-Auto truck

Furniture — Fixtures

Tools

Stock
Service account
.Shop expense and supply ac-
count
Interest on invested capital

better and more accurate bookkeeping and cost-accounting
systems; but we must have the co-operation of the manu-
facturers and wholesalers in the building up of the credit
of our meml)ers. Probably our greatest trouble right now
is caused by these branches of the industry going out and
selling to so-called contractors who are not worthy of credit.
who never have been worthy of credit and at the time the
sale was made had no indication of having the proper requi-
sites, namely, character, capacity and capital, which would
entitle them to credit. When the loss comes, as it must
when credit is granted on this basis, the jobber and manu-
facturer set up the complaint that the contracting business
is a hazardous business, and that all contractors are poor
credit risks, whereas their particular trouble is with them-
selves rather than with the contractor. Their credit men and
their salesmen should be educated as well as the contractor.
They should confine their selling efforts to establishing elec-
trical contractors of sound credit rating, and this will do as
much, or more, good to establish the credit of our business
as any one thing that I know of.

A "Convenience Outlet" Campaign

The Society for Electrical Development have decided to
conduct a "Convenience Outlet" campaign to be carried out
along lines similar to the "Wire Your Home" and "Elec-
trical Christmas" campaigns. The Society will issue attractive
booklets, folders and lithograph posters and will endeavor to
procure the co-operation of the entire industry in educating
the public to an appreciation of the convenience of additional
outlets, preferably on a separate circuit to the lighting sys-
tem. With the scarcity of servants and the general plentiful
supply of money it is felt that the time is opportune to induce
the people to add to the comfort of their homes in this way,
at the same time assisting in the conseiTation of coal.

The thirt\--fourth annual meeting of the National Electric
Light Association, and its forty-first convention, will be held
at the Hotel Traymore, Atlantic City, on June 13-14. .All
business will be devoted to probletns arising out of the war.

Irving Smith, Electrical Apparatus and Specialties,
Montreal. P.Q.. announces his change of address to 602 New
Birks Building. 10 Cathcart Street. He was formerly at 809
Unity Building.

Trade Publications

C.G.E. Publications — Bulletin No. 48025, describing elec-
tricity in logging and sawmills: chart describing C.G.E. round
pattern curve drawing instruments, both a.c. and d.c, and
bulletin No. 43.t53A describing motor generator sets. .All
bulletins illustrated.

The Ohio Brass Company, Mansfield, Ohio, have issued
supplement No. 1, containing additions and improvements in
O.B. materials for electric railways, mine haulage and Hi-
Tension porcelain insulators. This supplement is to be used
in conjunction with general catalog No. 16.

Rheostats — Circular No. 502, by the Ward-Leonard
Electric Company, describing current regulating rheostats
for 32 volt lighting plants and for 20 ampere moving pic-
ture lamps. The same company have also just issued a
price and data book on armature speed controllers and a
leaflet on small circuit breakers.

Crocker- W'heeler — Bulletin No. 183, describing motor
drive for printing machinery; bulletin No. 184, direct-current
lighting and power generators, direct connected and engine
types. 25 to 3750 kilowatts, and bulletin No. 185. coupled and
belt types of alternating current generators, two and three
phase. 50 kv.a. and up. .All bulletins well illustrated.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

June 1, 191S

Code of Lighting for School Rooms

Revised Edition Just Issued by the Illuminating Engineering Society— Of Extreme
Importance to the Future Well-being of the Race

The Illuminating Engineering Society recently an-
nounced that the revised edition of the code of lighting for
school buildings would be published in the near future and
this edition is now in type. Copies of the code may be oli-
tained at nominal cost from the New York offices of the
society.

From time to time we have printed extracts from this
code as variations have been made, feeling that the import-
ance of the subject justified all the publicity it could be given.
Following this policy we are printing below copious extracts
from the revised code and urge that engineers bring the
important matters contained therein as forcibly as possible
to the attention of school boards everywhere. The import-
ance of conserving the sight of our school children cannot
be overestimated and the cost of proper lighting to-day is
very much less than the average school trustee imagines.
The latest types of lamp have gone a long way towards mak-
ing ideal school lighting a possibility at small cost.

CODE OF LIGHTING SCHOOL BUILDINGS
Article I. General Requirements.— When in use, all build-
ings should be provided, during those hours when daylight
is inadequate, with artificial light according to the following
Articles.

Buildings hereafter constructed should be so designed
that the daylight in the work space is reasonably uniform
and the darkest part of any work space is adequately illum-
inated under normal exterior daylight conditions:"

Article II. Intensity of Artificial Illumination.— The de-
sirable illumination to be provided and the minimum to be
maintained are given in the following table:"

Desirable and Minimum Illumination

Artificial liRlitiiig

Fool-caiulles (Lumens per
Square foot)" at the work

Mininnitn Ordinary
Practice!

Storage spaces ■■■ tl.2.1 O.-i- I. 'J

Stairways, corridors 0.,^ I-*'- --•>

Gymnasium 1-0 2.0- r,M

Rough shoi) work l.i') T'2 ,"

Auditoriums, assembly rooms ... 1.3 2.5- 4.<l

Class rooms, study rooms, libraries, labora-
tories, blackboards 'i-** ^-5- ''.'*

Fine shop work -J-S . i"' J^"

Sewing, drafting rooms •^■'^ (;.l>-12.0

Article III. Shading of Lamps. — Lamps should 1)C suit-
ably shaded to minimize glare. Glare, either from lamps or
from unduly liright reflecting surfaces, produces eye-strain.

Article IV. Distribution of Light on the Work. — Lamps
should be so arranged as to secure a good distrilnition of
light on the work, avoiding objectionable shadows and sharp
contrasts of intensities.

Article V. Color and Finish of Interior. — Walls should
have a moderate reflection factor; the preferred colors are

*It should be borne in mind -that intensity of illumination is only
one of the factors on which good seeing deitends.

tLhuler the column headed "Ordinary jiractice," the upper portion of
the range of intensities is preferable to the lower; where economy does
not prohibit, even higher intensities than those cited are often desirable.

M>aylight illumination values should be at least twice the values given
in the Table, .\rticle TI, for artificial lighting.

-The illumination intensity should be measured on the important plane
which may he the desk-top, blackboard, etc.

The method of computing the flux of light (lumens) required to do
any desired illumination is described under the heading ''Design of Light-
ing Installation."

For more specific information regarding the lighting of shops, see
"Code of Lighting Factories, Mill and Other Work I'laces," issued by the
Illuminating Engineering Society.

light gray, light bufif, dark cream and light olive green.
Ceilings and friezes should have a high reflection factor;
the preferred colors are white and light cream. Walls, desk-
tops and other woodwork should have a dull finish.

Article VI. Switching and Controlling Apparatus. —
Basements, stairways, store rooms, and other jjarts of the
liuilding where required, should have switches or controlling
apparatus at point of entrance.

Article VII. Emergency Lighting. — Emergency lighting
should be provided at main stairways and exits to insiire
reliable operation wlicn, through accident or otlier cause, the
.regular lighting is extinguished.

Article VIII. Inspection and Maintenance. — .Ml parts of
the lighting system sliould be properly maintained to prevent
deterioration due to dirt accumulation, burned-out lamps and
other causes. To insure proper maintenance, frequent in-
spection should be made at regular intervals.

DAYLIGHT

Intensity of Daylight. — In general, the mininuim intensi-
ties of daylight ilhinnnation should be considerably greater
than those provided in artificial lighting, owing to the adapta-
tion of the eye to a much higher level of illuinination (bright-
ness) in the daytime.

Direction of Light. — One of the fundamental rules for
proper lighting of desks is to have the preponderance of light
come from the left side. For this reason many school au-
thorities advocate unilateral lighting, that is, lighting by
windows located on one sitle of the room only, especially
for class rooms. This method of lighting is recommended
where the rooms do not exceed about 24 feet (7.9 m.) in
width, with windows about 12 ft. (:i.O m.) high. If the rooms
are much wider than this, bilateral lighting, that is, lightin.g
by windows located on two sides of the room, may be re-
quired in order to provide sufficient illumination in every
part of the room and at the same time to prevent too great
a diversity of contrast in the intensity of light on the work
spaces.

To secure the highest lighting value it is recommended
that the room be so designed that no working location is
more distant from a window than one and one-half times
the height of the top of the window from the floor.

Windows at the left and rear where practicable are
preferable to those on the left and right sides of the room,
because of cross shadows created by the latter arrangement.
Lighting by overhead sources of natural illumination although
sometimes used for assembly rooms, auditoriums and libra-
ries, with relatively high ceilings, has ordinarily little appli-
cation in class rooms and has found little favor in practice.

The sky as seen through a window is a source of glare.
For this reason the seating arrangements should always
be such that the occupants (pupils) of the room do not face
the windows.

Window Openings. — Tests of daylight in well lighted
school buildings indicate that, in general, the glass area does
not fall below 20 per cent, of the floor area.

As the upper part of the window is more effective in
lighting the interior than the lower part, it is recommended
that the windows extend as close to the ceiling as practicable.

Lighting Value of a Window. — The lighting value of a
window at any given location in the room, will depend upon

luiU' 1, 1018

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

tlic liriijhtiiess of the sky, the aiucninl of sky visiliK- tliroug:li
the window at the given location in the room, and indirectly
upon the reflection factor of the surroundings and the di-
mensions of the room.

Ohservations in well lij>^htcd scjhool rooms having a com-
paratively unohstnicti il horizon, show thai under normal con-
ditions of daylight, satisfactory illumination is usually ob-
tained when the visible sky subtends a minimum vertical
angk- i)f 5 degs. at any work point of the room.

In cases in which the horizon is obstructed, as by ad-
jacent high buildings or by trees, provision should be made
for a larger window area than would otherwise be required;
also if need be. for redirecting the light into the room by
means of prismatic glass in the upper sashes of the windows,
or by prismed canopies outside of the windows.

Window Shades, — .Mtliough direct sunlight is desirable
in inlerior.s from a hygienic standpoint, it is often necessary
to exclude or diffuse it by means of shades. These shades
should ijcrform several functions, namely, the diffusion of
direct sunlight, the control of illumination to secure reason-
able uniformity, the elimination of glare from the visible
sky and the elimination of glare from the blackboards wher-
ever possible. These requirements make it desirable to equip
each window, especially in class rooms, with two shades
operated by double rtillers placed near the level of the meet-
ing rail. The window shades may thus be raised or lowered
from the middle, which provides the maximum elasticity for
shading and diffusing the light. The shades should be pre-
ferably of yellow-colored material that is sufficiently trans-
lucent to transmit a considerable percentage of the light
while at the same time diffusing it. This method of installa-
tion permits of lowering the window from the top or raising it
from tlie bottom without interference with the shades.

.\ more complete control of the light from the walls of
courts is very helpful in increasing interior illumination.
Hence the walls of courts should have high reflection factors.
Dark colors should be avoided.

Maintenance — Windows and overhead sources of natural
light (so-called skylights) should be washed at frequent in-
tervals and surfaces such as ceilings and walls should be
cleaned and refinished syificiently often to insure their effi-
ciency as reflecting surfaces. It should be borne in mind
that the maintenance of adequate daylight indoors is also
dependent upon various external factors, such as the future
erection of buildings and the growth of trees or vines.

ARTIFICIAL LIGHT

Systems of Lighting. — It is customary to divide the sys-
tems of artificial lighting into three classes, namely, direct,
semi-indirect and indirect. This division is arbitrary and the
boundary lines are quite indefinite.

A direct lighting system is known as one in which most
of the light reaches the work plane directly from the lighting
unit including the accessory which may be an opaque or
glass reflector or a totally enclosing transparent or trans-
lucent envelope Direct lighting systems may be further
classified as localized and general or distributing. In the
former the units are so placed as to light local work spaces,
and in the latter they are well distributed so as to light the
whole area more or less uniformly.

A semi-indirect system is known as one in which a por-
tion of the light reaches the work plane directly from the unit
and a relatively large portion reaches the work plane in-
directly, by reflection from the ceiling and walls. The ac-
cessory is usually an inverted diffusing bowl or glass re-
flector. When this glass has a high transmission factor the
lighting effect approaches that of ordinary direct lighting,
and when of low transmission, the effect approaches that of
indirect lighting.

.\n indirect system is known as one in which all rir prac-

tically all the light reaches the work plane indirectly after
reflection from the ceiling and walls. The accessory is usu-
ally an opaque or slightly translucent inverted bowl or shade
containing a reflecting medium.

-All three of these systems of lighting are in successful
use in schools. There has been a growing preference for
semi-indirect and indirect lighting, especially since the in-
troduction of modern lamps of great brilliancy. Local light-
ing by lamps placed close to the work is unsatisfactory ex-
cept for special cases such as the lighting of blackboards,
maps, charts, etc.

Shading of Lamps. — Except in very rare instances bare
light sources should not be exposed to view. They should
always be adequately shaded or completely hidden. Even
when shaded by translucent media, such as dense glassware,
the lighting units should be placed well out of the ordinary
range of vision; in other words, it is recommended that
lighting units be of low brightness,' even if they are located
liigli in thv field of view.

The maximum brightness contrast of juxtaposed sur-
faces in the normal visual field should be preferably not
greater than 20 to 1; that is to say, the darkest part of the
work space observed should have a brightness preferably
not less than one-twentieth of that of the brightest part.

Glossy Surfaces and Eye-Strain. — Glossy surfaces of pa-
per, woodwork, desk-tops, walls and blackboards are likely
to cause eye-strain because of specular or mirror-like re-
flection of images of light sources, especially when artificial
light is used. Matte or dull finished surfaces are recom-
mended. It is to be noted that a high reflection factor does
not necessarily imply a polished or glazed surface.

To minimize eye-strain it is recommended that unglazed
paper and large plain type be used in school books.

Children should be taught to hold their books properly,
to assume a correct position relative to the light source,
and to safeguard their vision.

Color of Light. — It has been found in practice that the
admixture of daylight and artificial light is not satisfactory
unless the latter is derived from lamps designed with special
reference to producing daylight color values. Hence in wan-
ing daylight it is desirable to shut out the daylight and to
use artificial light exclusively unless the lamps are of the
, type mentioned.

Design of Lighting Installation,— The illumination in-
tensity on the horizontal work plane should be as uniform as

'Preferably not to exceed 250 millilamberts. A millilambert is equal
to the bnghtness of a perfectly reflecting and diffusing surface illuminated
to an intensity of 0.929 foot-candle, (0929 lumen per square foot). It is
also equal to 0.002 candle per square inch.

The following table shows the order of magnitude of the brightness
of some light sources in common use :

.■\ppro.\imate brightness

Candles
T J- » 1- , .■ •,• ,. , , M'lhlamberts per sq. in.

Indirect lighting: ceding, directly above

the lighting unit ... 5. ,o 75. o.Ol to 0.15

Semi-indirect hghting : heavy density

glassware ,3.5. to 100. 0.07 to 0.2

^emi-indlrect lighting : light density

glassw-are 200. to 1. 000. 0.4 to 2 0

Direct lighting: 10 m. (25 cm.) opal

glass ball containing lOO-watt vacuum

tungsten lamp at center 250. to 500. 0 5 to 1 0

Direct lighting: vacuum tungsten lamp,

(frosted) in open bottom reflector ... 2,01 «>. to .1,000. 4. to 6

Vacuum tungsten lamp, filament exposed

to view 500,000. 1.000.

Gas-filled tungsten lamp, filament exposed

to view 2,0<W,l)()O. 4.I«H)

Gas-mantle, bare 15,000. ;io

Gas-mantle, concealed in 0 in. (15 cm.)

opal glass globe 1.000. j

Mercury arc tube (glass) .S.oot). k"'

Daylight: clear bfue sky 1,(HH). 2

■•This ratio refers to the light received bv the object illuminated and
should not be confused with the ratio of 20 to 1 for brightness contrast
previously given, which refers to the light radiated by the object For
examide. a blackboard and a white sheet of paper on it may receive
the same amount of light, but (he latter will reflect much more light
than the former, thus causing a marked brightness contrast between the
two surfaces.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

June 1. 191S

I). 22
0.20

o.4r)

O.Hd

(i.2ri

O.GD
n.40
0.3R

possible. The variation should not be greater than 4 to 1.*
The chief factors which must be considered in arriv-
ing at the size and number of lamps to be used in a given
room are (1) the floor area; (2) the total luminous flux"'
emitted per lamp, and (3) coefficient of utilization of the
particular system considered. The first should be measured
in square feet. The second may be obtained from a data
book supplied by the manufacturers of lamps. The third in-
volves many factors such as the relative dimensions of the
room, the reflection factor of the surroundings, the number
of lighting units and their mounting height, and the system
of lighting. By coefficient of utilization is meant the pro-
portion of the total light flux emitted by the lamps which is
effective on the work plane. In the accompanying table
approximate coefficients of utilization for modern lighting
equipment are given. The work plane in this case is a
horizontal plane 30 inches (76 cm.) above the floor. These
values refer to the initial installation without any allowance
for depreciation.

Approximate Coefficients of Utilization— Modern Lighting
Equipment

Small Rooms (Offices. Corridors etc.)

T.ight color walls Medium color walls

Light color ceiling Ligiit color ceiling

Direct lighting; dense glass (open

bottom reflectors) 0.4IJ

Semi-indirect ligliting; ilcnse glass .. 11.2:)

Indirect lighting " 2:i

Medium Sized Rooms (Class Rooms, Laboratories, etc.)
Direct lighting: dense glass (open

bottom reflectors) O.no

Semi-indirect lighting; dense glass .. t).3o

Indirect lighting /•-'"•

Large Rooms (Auditoriums, etc.)
Direct lighting; dense glass (open

bottom reflectors) ".(S

Semi-indirect lighting; dense glass.. 0.43

Indirect lighting f'.40

For determining approximately the size and number of
lamps to be used in a given room by means of the co-
efficients of utilization given in the preceding table, it is
necessary to know the luminous output in lumens per watt
for the electric lamps considered or in lurnens per cubic foot
of gas consumed per hour if gas lamps are considered. At
the present time (1917) the light output of tungsten fila-
ment electric incandescent lamps, based on average service
conditions of regularly maintained irrstallations, ranges from
8 lumens per watt for the smaller vacuum tungsten lamps
to 14 lumens per watt for the larger gas-filled tungsten lamps,
employed in school lighting. For incandescent gas sys-
tems similar service values range from 1.50 to 250 lumens
per cubic foot of artificial gas consumed per hour. The
computation for the total lumens required to give a certain
illumination intensity in foot-candles is as follows:
N = number of lamps.
L = lumens output per lamp.
E^ coefficient of utilization.

A = area of floor or horizontal work plane in square feet.
I ^ illumination intensity in foot-candles.
N X LX E

A
that is, the number of lamps nmltiplied by the outiiut jier
lamp in lumens, multiplied by the coefficient of utilization,
divided by the area of the horizontal work plane in square
feet, gives the illumination intensity in foot-candles.

If the size of the lamps is to be ascertained the com-
putation is made thus:

I X A

L =

N X E
To illustrate by an example, assume a room, whose floor
(also work plane) is 30 ft. by 18 ft, (9.1. by 5.5 m.), to be
lighted by a semi-indirect system from six fixtures con-

taining one lamp each. It will also be assumed that the
ceiling is highly reflecting, the walls moderately reflecting,
and the illumination intensity desired is 5 foot-candles. The
luminous output required oT each of the six lamps will In-
found by substituting the assumed values in the equation,
thus:

5 X 30 X 18

L = =1,500 lumens

6 X 0.30
Allowing a depreciation factor of 30 per cent, as represent-
ing a well maintained installation, the lumens actually re-
quired would be 1.500/0.8 = 1,875 lumens. If gas-filled
tungsten lamps are considered, whose average output under
service conditions is 12 lumens per watt, it is seen that a
150-watt lamp in each fixture will give the desired results.
If gas mantle lamps are considered. , whose average out-
put in lumens under service conditions is 350 lumens per
cubic foot of gas consumed per hour, it is seen that a lamp

r- ^

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^^>

C'^.^

— Z^

r^l

e/e^^^r/cn -^^-""^^

J-''

£/^i/a t/on

°The flux is measured in lumens. A lumen is the unit of light flux
and is the quantity of light reciuired to illuminate 1 square foot of area
to an average intensity of 1 foot-candle.

Fig. 1 —Diagrammatic illustration of glare from blackboards.

(a) Showing the occupants of seats in shaded area are subjected today-

light glare from blackboards.

(b) Showing angles at which glare is experienced from daylight and

from artificial light,
(c) Arrangement of local artificial lighting to minimize glare.

consuming 5 cubic feet of artificial gas per hour will be
satisfactory in each fixture.

The above example is intended solely to illustrate the
method of computation. Estimates of the illumination inten-
sity obtained from an actual install;ition may also be made
by a similar computation.

Suitable switching and controlling arrangements should
be made to permit of lighting one or more lamps inde-
pendently as conditions may require.

The teacher's desk may l)e illuminated by one of the
overhead lighting units, or if necessary, by a desk lamp.

With the usual lighting equipments the distance between
the units should not exceed one and one-half times the

June 1, 1918

THE F.LFXTRICAL NEWS

height of the apiuirciit source of iUuinination above the
workiu.y level.

Blackboards.— Blackboards should be of minimum size
praeticalile and should not be placed between windows.
Their position should be carefully determined so as to elim-
inate the Kl.ire due to specular reflection of images of either
artificial or natural light sources directly into the eyes of
occupants of the room. The surface of blackboards should
be as dull as possible and this dullness should be main-
tained.

In order to avoid excessive brightness contrast which
is trying to the eyes, blackboards should not be placed on
a white or highly reflecting wall.

Rehabilitating the Lighting of Old Buildings. — This will
be illustrated by an actual case where the artificial lighting
of a class room was made satisfactory at a small expense.
In Fig. 2 (a) is shown an elevation of a section of the class
room showing the old fixtures. In Fig. 2 the circles con-,
taining crosses X indicate the positions of the two old fix-
tures in this room. The chief objections to this old sys-
tem were as follows:

(1) The lighting units were hung too low, so that eye-
fatigue resulted from the bright sources in the visual field.

(2) The light sources were not shielded from the
pupils' eyes.

(3) Two fixtures are insufficient to provide satisfactory
illumination over the entire work plane in a room of the
dimensions shown. This unsatisfactory condition was reme-
died by means of si.x fixtures placed as indicated by the
circles.

These fixtures consisted of inverted difTusing glass
shades containing one lamp each. The dimensions of the
room are shown in the illustration.

Maintenance. — .^ systematic maintenance should l>e pro-

E:nB:;D::0:iD;:0:ni0

n::y:|[H]::0::q:[i
s:nrfn::E:r] ! ^

mVUMTJ.'R

- /o' 1 I -I- a-9- — I — M- a-9' — I ! -i'

kj_:di0:n.a:!n"E:d:[0 -•

UMUM .

■k

Fig. 2— Two crossed circles represent old ligliting, plain circles new out-
lets for artiAoial ligiiting of school rot m.

vided in order to insure against depreciation in the illiim-
ination intensity due to burned-out lamps, broken gas man-
tles, discoloration, etc., and to accumulations of dirt upon
the lamps, and upon the surfaces of the reflecting and
transmitting media. It is found in practice that carelessness
in this respect may easily reduce the eflfective illumination
by 50 per cent., especially in indirect and semi-indirect
lighting.

Glare, due to specular reflection from blackboards, may
be reduced or eliminated by lighting them by means of pro-
perly placed and well shaded local artificial light sources.

In Fig. 1 are shown some simple graphical considera-
tions of blackboard lighting. In (a) is shown a p'an view of

a room with windows on one side. Rays of light are indi-
cated by A, B and C in a horizontal projection. These are
supposed to come from bright sky. By the application of the
simple optical law of reflection — the angle of incidence is
equal to the angle of reflection — it is seen that pupils seated
in the shaded area will experience glare from the blackboards
on the front wall. In (b) is shown the vertical projection
of the foregoing condition. It will be apparent from this
graphical illustration that by tilting the blackboard away from
the wall at the top edge, the pupils in the back part of the
room will be freed from the present glaring condition. Whe-
ther or not this tilting will remedy bad conditions may be
readily determined in a given case. In (b) the effect of
specular reflection of the image of an artificial light source
is shown by D. In (c) is shown a proper method of lighting
blackboards by means of artificial lighting units. This will
often remedy bad daylight conditions whether due to an in-
sufficient illumination intensity of daylight or due to reflected
images of a patch of sky.

Fred Thomson Company in New Quarters

The firm of Fred Thomson Company, Limited, manu-
facturing and contracting electrical engineers, Montreal, have
removed from 336-328-330 West Craig Street, to their own
new building at 7-13 St. Genevieve Street, a couple of short
blocks west of their old location..

This company makes a specialty of electrical repairs of
all kinds — from fan motors to the largest electrical units in
use in Canada. They also manufacture induction motors U])
to 25 h.p. capacity and expect in their new establishment ta
enlarge their already considerable business in this connection
They design and build special apparatus of all kinds, trans-
formers, magnetic apparatus, coils, etc., for special purposes
They buy, sell and exchange new and second-hand electric
motors, generators, etc., a feature of their business being E
positive guarantee with any second-hand machine that has
gone through their repairing and testing departments.'

In their new building, which is of fireproof mill construc-
tion and consists of three floors and a basement, and which
was designed by Mr. Jas. H. Hunter, of Montreal, to meet
their special requirements, they have a total floor space of
over 30,000 square feet.

The various floors, which have light on three sides,
are arranged to accommodate the different departments.

On the top, or third floor, there are the draughting and
designing room, the storeroom, the pattern shop, the trans-
former department, and the coil making department.

On the second floor, at the front of the building, there are
the general office and the two private offices for the officers
of the company, and at the rear of these offices the main
winding, repairing and testing departments, where the general
work of repairing, winding, assembling and testing is carried
on. Special reference should be made to the impregnating
and baking department, where on a concrete floor are the
dipping and impregnating tanks and the electrically heated
bake ovens and an overhead travelling crane which handles
all motors, motor parts, heavy coils, etc.. between the tanks
and the ovens. The testing department, switchboard and
accessories are equipped for testing at all voltages and at
any of the frequencies desired on alternating current and at
any required voltage on direct current.

On the first, or ground floor, there are the receiving and
shipping room, the showroom where all new and ready-for-
sale second-hand machinery is kept, a department where all
heavy work of winding, assembling and testing is done and
an up-to-date machine shop.

In the basement, which contains the heating apparatus,
and which is used principally for storage of second-hand ma-
chinery, castings for motors, pulleys, heavy hardware, etc.,

■10

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

June 1, 1'.I18

the cutting and puncliing of the discs for the stators and
rotors of their induction motors is carried on.

The building is fuWy equipped throughout with travelling
cranes for handling conveniently and with a minimum of
labor all apparatus wliich they are called upon to build or
repair, a freight elevator operates between the basement and
the top floor, and there are adequate wash rooms and todet
arrangeiuents lor the employees: altogether it is in every
way an up-to-date manufacturing establishment.

This company is one of the oldest and best known in the
electrical industry throughout the Dominion. The firm .was
founded by Mr. Fred Thomson, one of the pioneers in the
electrical line, who came to Montreal in 1S83. and who. after
eleven years as chief electrician of the old "Royal" Electric
fompany, started in business on his own account in a small
way in 1894 in a small office in the old Temple Building, on
St. James Street. The business grew, and after two or three
changes of location, each time to larger premises, they moved
to Craig Street in IS'Ji), where they had been established up
to \\k time of their recent removal to St. Genevieve Street.

The officers of the company, which was incorporated as
a joint stock company in 191 IS, are: Fred Thomson, president
and general manager: Clarence Thomson, vice-president and
secretary-treasurer: H. .■\. McThee, superintendent; A.
Walker, electrical en.^ineer. and J. B. Lacroi.x, electrical en-'
gineer.

Combined Fuse and Outdoor Disconnecting Switch
In connection with the operation of small outdoor sub-
stations the combined fuse and disconnecting switch here
shown is used primarily for the protection of transformer
banks where no primary switches are required. Tlie fuse is
suitable for opening the exciting current of transformer banks
not exceeding :)00 kv.a. Secondary switches should l)e pro-
vided so that the load can be removed in case it should be-
come necessary to open the primary side with the fuses.

The fuse holder is removed by a fuse hook from the ground.
To open the circuit the holder is lifted completely out of the
contacts by the fuse hook which is so constructed that the
fuse holder will han,g vertically wlicn held by the hook.
Then if desired, llie upjier end of the fuse holder is inserted
in and hangs from the cap, which partly surrounds the lower
contact clips. To close the circuit, the upper contact of the
hfildcr is placed in the ui)i>er clips liy the operating hook and

then the lower contact is pressed by the hook into the lower
clips. The supporting insulators are of the petticoat type.
The fuse holder has petticoats so spaced as to provide
ample creepage surface. The contact parts, at the ends of
the fuse holder are of brass and when the holder is in normal
operating or closed position engage with the stationary con-
tacts on the supporting insulators. The contacts are pro-
tected against the cflfccts of ice, sleet and snow, by the
method of mounting and by means of a punched hood at-
tached to the top of each supporting insulator. The fuse
passes through the centre of a treated fibre tube within the
porcelain fuse holder and is attached to the upper or closed
end of the fuse holder by means of an adjustable clamp, and
to the lower or open end of the fuse holder by a circular
ring, which when tightened, holds the fuse firmly in place
without a tendency to shear off. When the fuse blows, the
explosion consequent upon the expansion of the gases foriued,
.effectively expels the arc through the open end of the holder
<lownward and instantaneously opens the circuit. New fuses
may be inserted readily.

This combined fuse and disconnectin.g switch, made by
the Canadian General Electric Conii)any, and known as the
type TD-137, is made in sin.gle-pole imits for vertical mount-
ing on flat surfaces. It can be obtained for use at l.">,000,
33,000, :J5,000 and 45,000 volts. The maximum current rating
is 50 amperes. No special arrangements are needed for
mounting: the supporrin.g bracket is bolted to the cross arm. '

A New Type of Safety Switchboard

.\ novel type of switchboard, kmiwn as the Kranlz .\ulo-
Lock switchboard, has been placed on the market by the
Krantz Manufacturing Company, of Brooklyn. This line
of boards has two distinctive features: (1) unit construction,
and (3) absolute safety to workmen operating the switches.

Fig. 1.

renewing fuses, or walking around the board, _The unit con-
struction of the board, with each switch in a separate com-
partment, is best seen from the rear view. Fi.g. 1, Each of
the smaller sections represents a switch unit and each of the
larger sections represents compartments for bus bars, wir-

J line 1, I'JIS

T 1 1 !•: !■: L E C T R 1 C A L N !•: \V S

ing KUttcrs. ami pull box. I'lic suiuli unit, as shown in Fir.
3, consists of the enclosing box, the slate base on which the
fuses, terminal lugs, and switch contacts arc mounted, the
switch proper, and the operating lever. The bus bars arc
mounted on the back of the switchboard slate and wdien the
switch unit is inserted the blades of the switch make direct
contact between the l)us bars and the fuse terminals. These
switclies are all intcrchan.geablc and may be readily replaced
by a switch of larger or smaller capacity, should the occa-
sion arise. Nothing is mountc<l on the front of the switch-
lioard except the switch handles and a card holder to indi-
cate the circuits controlled l)y the switch. Since the switch
handle is not connected with any surrcnt carryiing part, the
front of the lioard is absolutely safe. At the hack of the
board no live parts are exposed, as everything is totally en-
closed. If all the switches arc closed so that the fuses are
alive, all the fuse doors are automatically locked. Should it
be necessary to renew a fuse, the switdi atTected is thrown
off and then the switch door can be opened, as shown in
Fig. 1. .Ml the current carrying parts are now dead, however.

OOOR POR FUS6
AWO TERMINAL

SWITCH MAK&5
DIRfCT CONTACT
WITH BUSBARS
WHEN SWITCH

Fig. 2.
and the fuses can be removed without danger. It

also

impossible for one man to close a switch when another is
renewin,g the fuses, for the door must be closed tightly lie-
fore the switch can be thrown on and the fuses energized.

The switch itself consists (when single-pole) of a mov-
able arm. When closed, one end of the movable arm is
pressed against the bus bar. and the other end against the
fuse terminal, thus bridging the gap between them. When
the switch is open, both ends of the arm are clear of their
respective contacts. The switch is. therefore, double-break,
and wdien open, leaves the entire fuse box dead. The switch
arm is laminated, and makes contact under considerable
pressure. It opens with a quick snap, no matter how slowly
the operating handle on tlie front of the panel may be moved.
.\11 parts wliicli are not necessary to reach in normal opera-
tion are protected by covers held in place by screws. These
are readily removed, however, in case of necessity, and every
part can be reached for making connections, replacements,
etc. The w'ires cai> come in at the top or at the bottom
and those feeding the switches on the right hand side of the
board are placed in the right-hand gutter; those feeding the
left-hand switches, in the left-hand gutter. All branch wires
are accessible, with the switches open or closed, but no live
parts are exposed. No wires cross the bus-bars or the cable
terminals.

The (Jttawa and Hull Power Company has under con-
sideration the installation of two additional units, each of
"..■ino h.p. .A considerable amount of construction w^ork has
already been done.

Individually Boxed Fixtures

The illuslralion herewith shows hxlure No. T.'.KI. twelve
inch, one of the new lines manufactured by W. II. Banlield
& Sons. Limited, Toronto.. They aVe furnished in brush
l)rass. Flemish, rich g(dd. matt, or chocolate bronze. It will
be of interest to jobliers and dealers to learn that all of these
lixtures are boxed and sealed in individual packages at the

factory, tlius eliminating the lial)ility of damage to the hnish
or the possibility of missing parts. This innovation will
prove of value to the dealer where stock has to be repacked
and shipped.

New 660 V/att Socket

The Duncan Electrical Company. Limited, of Montreal.

are now manufacturing a OHO watt, snap cap. quick-make-and-

break brass shell socket, in >/x in. and H in. key and keyless.

These sockets are practically adapted for fixture work, as

a narrow groove in the neck of the cap permits a wide turn-
ing of the socket even after it is firmly fitted on the stem.
The holding catches on this shell and cap are so arranged
as to provide a maximum of strength and rigidity.

The Civic Commissioners of Montreal and the Tram-
ways Commissioners have granted to the Montreal and
Southern Counties Railway Company an extension for ten
years of its contract with the city of Montreal, dating from
June isth. The company will extend its line so as to obtain
a connection with the lines of the Montreal Tramways Com-
pany and also to enable it to deal more expeditiously with
the traffic at the terminal.

THE ELECTRICAL N]':WS

Tunc 1. l'J18

Current News and Notes

Aurora, Ont.

The contract for light and power between the town of
Aurora and the Toronto and York Radial Railway Company,
having reached the time of its termination, the council have
notified the railway that they desire another five-year renewal
on the same terms and conditions. -

Chatham, Ont.

W. H. Somers, of tlie maintenance department of the
Hydro-electric Power Commission, was electrocuted at the
Kent sub-station on May 20 by coming into contact with a
switch carrying 26,000 volts.

Edmonton, Alta.

New rates on Edmonton street cars came into effect
on May 1. as a result of which the cash fare has been in-
creased to 7 cents till 11 p.m., after which the fare is 10
cents. The revised rates fixed by the council are as follows:
Tickets purchased oflf the cars at ticket-selling stations, r,
for 2a cents; tickets bou.ght on the cars, 4 for 2.5 cents. No
workmen's tickets are now issued. Children under six years
old are carried free. Tickets for children over six and under
fifteen years old and high school pupils carrying certificates.
10 for 25 cents, or one-half fare. Children after 11 p.m. to
pay one-half fare. Between 5 and 6.:!0 p.m. 5 cents to be
charged for baby carriages and large parcels. No change
has been made regarding transfers on cars.

Eburne, B.C.

.\ new electric furnace is being installed liy the I'acific
Steel Works at Eburne, B.C.

Hull, Que.

The Hull Electric Company, Hull, Que., have commenced
paving and double tracking their line from Aylmer Road
to Montclair Avenue on Montcalm Street and the Chelsea
Road — a distance of about one and one-half miles. It is ex-
pected to complete the work this year.

Kenora, Ont.

The town council of Kenora, Ont., have adopted a special
domestic rate during the months of June, July and August,
tlie price being fixed at 2 cents per kw.h. It is hoped to en-
courage the use of electricity for cooking.

Montreal, Que.

The first full year's statement of the Montreal Light,
Heat and Power Company since the amalgamation of that
company with the Cedars Rapids Power Company, shows
a gross revenue for the year ending April .30, of $10,390,084.
Operating expenses and taxes for the year were $4,767,809.
After deduc-ting other charges amounting to $1,039,068 and
fixed charges the amount available for dividends is $3,588,725,
or 5.6 per cent, on the capital stock. After providing for the
annual dividend of 4 per cent, and $20,000 for the pension
fund, the total surplus is $1,585,313.

The Corporation d'Energie de Montmagny, Limited, has.
been formed, with a capital stock of $400,000, to manufacture,
purchase and distribute electric power, light and gas in the
counties of Lotbiniere, Levis, Dorchester, Beauce, Bellechase,
Montmagny, L'Islet, Kamouraska, and Temiscouata. Au-
tliority is also taken to acquire and develop water powers and
to build conduits, etc.
New Westminster, B.C.

Two more electrically operated lumber plants are being
erected on the War Whoop Road and McFarland place, near

New Westminster, B.C. With the complelion of these two
new industries there will lie seven electrically operated mills
in this immediate neighborhood.

Ottawa, Ont.

The Ottawa city council have named a committee to
conduct negotiations and report on the possibility of acquir-
ing the plants of the Ottawa Electric Company and the Otta-
wa Gas Company, which are controlled by the Ottawa Light,
Heat and Power Company.

Perth, Ont.

The High Falls power site at Perth, Ont., has .been pur-
chased by the Hydro-electric Power Commission of Ontario.
although immediate development is not contemplated.

Peterboro, Ont.

It is stated that the city of Peterboro will shortly cm-
ploy motorwomen, as well as conductorettes, on the street

railway.

Regina, Sask.

.\ motion introduced in the city council of Regina to
increase light and power rates twenty per cent, was defeated
but on amendment it was decided to boost the rates ten per
cent. The plant has been running at a loss for some time.

Southampton, Ont.

The Saugeen Electric Light and Power Company, Liili-
ited. Southampton, Ont., have called tenders for a concrete
dam to replace their wooden dam on the Saugeen River car-
ried away by spring freshets. The total w^dth of the dam is
450 feet, of which 150 feet was constructed of concrete in
the year 1913 and 100 feet more last year.

Toronto, Ont.

Tlie Toronto Street Railway Company plan putting sev-
eral p.a.y.e. cars in service shortly.

Vancouver, B.C.

Tlie city of North V'ancouver, through Mayor Vance, is
endeavoring to secure electric power for industrial purposes
at cheaper rates than those in vogue at present from the
power supply company operating in the city. Mayor Vance
promises a scheme to secure the necessary energy at $50 per
h.p. at North Vancouver. From his statement it appears that
the Nairn Falls Power Company is offering to the city its
water rights (at present conditional), situated at Green River,
on the P.G.E. Railway about 90 miles from North Vancouver,
for the sum of $75,000. The cost of carrying the installation
to the city, with the necessary power plant, is estimated at
about two and a half million dollars, the horse-power de-
veloped to be about 50,000.

Winnipeg, Man.

Tlie Marcli report of the Hydro-electric System of the
city of Winnipeg shows a surplus of $6,462.64. The operating
revenue was $89,815.22. The total expenses, including opera-
tion, were $83,352.38. The surplus at March 31 was $236,-
231.08.

Just as we go to press announcement is made that Win-
nipeg's strike of civic employees is practically at an end.
About three weeks ago the city electricians, waterworks men
and health department teamsters struck for higher wages and
the dispute eventually involved nearly 15,000 workers of all
kinds. It is said that concessions are being made on both
sides and the strikers arc now all back at work.

June If), 1018

THE ELKCTRICAL NI-.WS

Published Semi-Monthly By

HUGH G. MACLEAN, LIMITED

HUGH C. MacLEAN, Winnipeg, President.

THOMAS S. YOUNG, General Manager.

W. R. CARR, Ph.D., Editor.
HEAD OFFICE - 347 Adelaide Street West, TORONTO

ADVERTISEMENTS

Orders for advertising should reach the office of publication not later
than the 5th and 20th of the month. Changes in advertisements will be
made whenever desired, without cost to tlie advertiser.
SUBSCRIBERS

The "Electrical News" will be mailed to subscribers in Canada and
Great Britain, post free, for $li.UU per annum. United Slates and foreign,
S2.50. Remit by currency, registered letter, or postal order payable to
Hugh C. MacLean, Limited.

Subscribers arc requested to promptly notify the publishers of failure
or delay in delivery of pajicr.

Authoiized by the l■u^lnla&ter General for Canada, for transmission
as second class matter.

Entered as second class matter July ISth, 1914, at the Postoffice at
Buffalo, N. Y., under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1S79.

Vol. 27 Toronto, June 15, 1918 No. 12

No Reason for Hazard
in Farm Lighting Plants

Mr. .\. O. Fisher, provincial fire commissioner, of Regina.
is quoted as stating that the public favor with which the small
farm and rural electric light plants are meeting has resulted
in the creation of a new fire hazard and that his department
has been forced to give consideration to the best methods of
preventing extensive fire loss throughout the province by the
introduction of this new method of rural lighting.

It is unfortunate if the impression should get abroad
throughout the farmers and other rural residents of Saskatch-
ewan or any other province of the Dominion, that electric
light plants are dangerous either to life or property. If pro-
perly installed, they cannot be said to constitute any hazard
whatever. As a matter of fact, gasoline engines have been
installed for many years in the barns and barn basements of
many farmers, constituting a very dangerous hazard, with
surprisingly few disastrous results. The explanation doubt-
less is that farmers have been warned of the possible dangers
and, being naturally of cautious disposition they have taken
the necessary care. Farmers, in general, do not carry as much
insurance as they might and rarely think of adding to the
amount when their barns are temporarily filled with grain or
stock. On this account they have learned to be doubly cau-
tious. Under these circumstances there seems no reason
whatever why rural electric plants should constitute any haz-
ard, and it can only be by the grossest carelessness in instal-
lation or operation that such would be the case.

It is just possible that in their endeavor to keep the cost
of the plant and the installation down to the lowest possible

hgure. certain makers are failing to use ordinary precautions.
I'ossibly also, they are making light of the dangers inherent
to electricity. The former is something that each government
should be watchful of. .As much care should be taken in the
installation of an electric plant in a rural home as is required
in a city home. Nor can we see that manufacturers or dealers
in these small plants can hope to gain anything by minimiz-
ing the possibilities of danger. Much better that they should
explain the possibilities and at the same time make it plain
that these possibilities can be removed beyond the shadow of
a doubt by the use of common sense and every-day caution.

The introduction of the isolated electric lighting and
power plant into farm and other rural homes is one of the
greatest blessings of the present age, and it would indeed be
a great pity if any errors in judgment should interfere with
the steady progress which is being made toward the more
general use of such equipment.

Labor Unions Do Not Hesitate

To Tie Up Industries of a Great City

Street railway transportation in the city of Winnipeg,
.Man., was tied up for three days during the week of May
18th, owing to 1,000 employees of the Winnipeg Electric
Railway Company striking, in sympathy with civic employees
who struck for a raise. The strike, which involved 15,000
workers in over a dozen unions was the most disastrous in
the history of the city and from the time that the first civic
employees walked out until a settlement was effected was
over a month.

The city was without street car service on one of the
most important holidays of the year, Victoria Day, May 24th,
being the first summer holiday, and the tieup, while it only
lasted three days, caused inconvenience to thousands of
workers, who living in the outlying districts, had to walk
in many cases as much as six miles to get to their places of
employment. Hundreds of owners of motor cars co-oper-
ated at the request of the civic authorities, and at the rush
hours a continuous string of cars could be seen passing up
and down the busy thoroughfares.

The street car men walked out on the morning of May
32nd and a settlement was reached at noon of the 25th. The
settlement was effected as a result of the visit of Senator
Gideon Robertson, of the Dominion Government, who acted
as a mediator, and who at the time the street car men struck
was on his way west. The street car men were called out
as a last resort by the striking committee, and this action
was considered tlie trump card.

A magnificent spirit of cooperation was manifested
throughoi^t the city in a desire to keep the public utilities
running. Society women who did not know the meaning
of work manned the telephone switchboards and helped to
maintain a service for a week that the operators were out.
Girls in railroad offices dropped their pens, donned overalls
and hustled trucks when the freight handlers joined the
striking unions, and private motor car owners acted as jit-
ney drivers in their desire to assist those to their work who
had long distances to travel.

The underlying motive of the strike was not based en-
tirely upon the> refusal of the city to grant increases in tlie
different departments, but rather on a point of principle.
The city maintained that employees should arbitrate matters
of this kind in war time. Labor spokesmen asserted that
the life of unionism rested solelj^ upon the right of labor to
strike to procure their demands. The thorn in the flesh in-
sofar as the city was concerned was due to the fact that about
three-quarters of the firemen who had lately formed a union
were the first to go out in sympathy, leaving the city without
adequate fire protection. The basis of the agreement finally

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

June 15, 1918

reached was that all matters affecting increase in wages
should be arbitrated with a strike as the last resort.

The Winnipeg Electric Railway Company suffered the
loss of thousands of dollars in revenue as a result of the
rolling stock being tied up over the holiday, May 24th came
on Friday, and preparations on a large scale had been made
for entertaining the public at the various parks. Up untd
noon of the holiday hopes were held out that an agreement
would be reached that day and crews were at the various
barns waiting to take their cars out. The walkout from a
street railway standpoint was very regrettable owing to the
fact that only last winter a new schedule had been drawn up
for street car men, providing for increases in all branches,
and the best of relations exist between the company and its
employees.

The Shortage of Engineers

The United States is now beginning to appreciate one of
the difficulties that we have been meeting in Canada for some
time, namely the shortage of engineers. In a recent letter
from President Wilson to the Dean of the College of En-
gineering of the University of Michigan, the importance of
maintaining tfie number of engineering students was urged. ^
President Wilson expressed the greatest concern at the fall-
ing off in the number of students in the engineering depart-
ment, stating, "there is not only immediate necessity that as
many students as possible should prepare themselves for en-
gineering duties in the army and navy, but it is also of first
consequence to the country that there should be an adequate
supply of engineers for the period of reconstruction which
must follow the war."

It was stated that the attendance in engineering classes
since the United States entered the war has fallen from 25
to 35 per cent., and that the graduating classes this year were
not more than half their usual size. This approximately re-
presents the condition of Canadian colleges after a year of
war, and the United States will do well to prevent the crisis
which has arisen in our own universities. The fact is that in
the engineering departments of both Toronto and McGill —
and doubtless it is so in the other universities — the graduat-
ing class reaches the vanishing point before the course is
completed. In certain of the courses where the demand for
men is greatest, there are no students beyond the second
year. Canadians are endeavoring to rectify this serious con-
dition, but the process is slow and it would have been ever so
much better if precautions had been taken at an earlier stage
in the war.

A Dominion Power Board

The question of an adequate supply of fuel and power
for all of Canada is one which has been brought sharply into
yiew as a result of the acute fuel shortages during the past
two winters. Certain phases of the situation demand and
are receiving immediate action through the Fuel and Power
Controllers and the Honorary Advisory Council for Scientific
and Industrial Research. The general problem oi the fuel-
power requirements of Canada is one that the end of the war
will not solve. It is not merely a question of looking ahead
for a year or two years or for whatever time the present
conflict may last, but rather a matter of providing for all
time to come.

Canada is recognized as one of the greatest water power
and coal countries in the world. No people enjoy to a greater
degree the benefit of cheap, dependable hydro-electric power,
and none have had this benefit more universally adapted for
municipal, industrial and domestic use. Canada's resources
of coal are of tremendous extent, but are so located and of
such a nature that special problems must be solved before
they are made available to their maximum possible extent for

domestic and manufacturing purposes. The future progress
of the country depends very largely on the development and
,use of all the available fuel-power resources. To realize this,
the Government has formed a Dominion Power Board, com-
(prising nine permanent officials of the various departments,
iwho have become, as a result of their regular departmental
work, recognized authorities on varied aspects of the fuel-
power problems of the country. This Board has also been
.charged with the responsibility of co-ordinating all the in-
.vestigation activities of the Government with regard to fuel-
power resources.

The Board has two main functions: (1) the collection of
information (i.e., Intelligence Service); and (2) to advise up-
on the development and use of fuel-power resources of the
country (i.e., an advisory body). The Honourable Arthur
Meighen, Minister of the Interior, is Chairman of the Board.
The members are comprised of the following officials: —
Arthur St. Laurent, assistant deputy minister, Department of
Public Works; C. N. Monsarrat, consulting engineer, De-
partment of Railways and Canals; W. J. Stewart, consultin.:;
.engineer. Department of External Affairs regarding Interna-
tiona! W'aters; John Murphy, electrical engineer. Dominion
Railway Commission; H. G. Acres, chief hydraulic engineer.
Hydro-electric Power Commission of Ontario; O. Higman,
"chief electrical engineer, Department of Inland Revenue;
D. B. Dowling, geologist. Department of Mines; B. I". Haanel,
chief engineer. Fuel Testing Division, Department of Mines;
J. B. Challies, chief engineer and superintendent, Dominion
Water Power Branch, Department of the Interior.

The Electric Club of London

An organization has been formed in London, Onl., known
as "The Electric Club of London." The aim of the Club is
the mutual assistance and education of its members along
technical and commercial lines, standardization of methods
and electrical development. Meml)ership in the association
is open to all electrical contractors, electrical manufacturers,
central stations and electrical jobbers and dealers doing busi-
ness in the city of London and also to the local inspection
department of the Hydro-electric Power Commission.

The officers and members of the Club are as follows: —
President, ,B. W. Wilcox, Benson-Wilcox Electric Co.; vice-
president, L. R. Folley, Commercial Electric Co.; secretary-
treasurer, A. T. Taylor, Western Ontario Electric Co.; B. L.
Baulch, Northern Electric Co.; Thos. Benson, Benson-Wilcox
Electric Co.; W. R. Bowley; E. V. Buchanan, general man-
ager. Public Utilities Commission; E. L. Campbell, Western
Ontario Electric Co.; F. R. Dark; Frank Gray, The People's
Electric Co.; J. C. Ingram; W. B. Legate, Hydro Inspection
Department; W. H. Morgan, Canadian General Electric Co.;
E. C. Morkin, Stewart & Morkin; J. H. Pollock; W. E. Rider,
Hydro Inspection Department; B. E. R. Thomas, Hydro In-
spection Department; J. Wine.garden, People's Electric Co.;
Wm. Stew^-irt, Stewart & Morkin.

Employment for the Blind

Among other firms who are using employees that have
been deprived of their sight, is the Westinghouse Electric &
Mfg. Co. The particular class of work for which blind men
and women show the greatest aptitude is the taping of coils,
and at the present time the company have seven persons em-
ployed in this way. To date the quality of the work the blind
employees turn out is quite satisfactory, but it is taking them
a little longer than ordinary to get up their speed; this is only
natural. A few issues ago we reported on a similar venture
by the Crocker-Wheeler Co. It would appear from the sat-
isfactory results obtained from the experiments_ already car-
ried out that employment in this direction will be available
for large numbers of returned soldiers.

June 15, 1918

THE ELECTRICAL Nl-lWS

The Overseas Distribution of Engineering
Equipment and Appliances

Exporience has sliowii that iht' cmintry wliich carries
out any original enginferinK work abroad usually secures the
bulk of the subsequent trade of that country, created by the
industries thus estalilished. The British Empire owes its pre-
sent industrial position to the fact that for many generations
this country has been the recognised engineering workshop of
the world, though in recent years Germany has made special
efforts to undermine Great Britain's long-estalilished lead. It
is, therefore, a matter of the greatest national importance
that British engineering industries should be fostered and
developed to the fullest possible extent, and that, if neces-
sary. State funds or credit should be applied to tliis purpose.

All who have visited engineering works in other countries
— particularly in the United States (jf America and in Ger-
many— must have been impressed Iry tlie fact that, as pure
engineering craftsmen, British artisans can more than hidd
their own with any and all competitors, but that as an
economic distributor this country has much to learn both
from the United States and from Ciermany. Great Britain's
superiority as a producer of engineering appliances is fully
recognised by her competitors, and it would almost appear
that both Germany and America — having recognised the
strength of this country's position as a producer — decided to
concentrate their attention iii)on improving distribution, and
have thereby attained an exceedingly high state of efficiency
in that particular respect.

Mere efficiency of production is, comparatively, of little
value unless combined with efficiency of distribution. As
many of the problems associated with overseas trade are so
closely analogous to the difficulties wdiicli have been success-
fully overcome in distributing electrical energy, the past ex-
periences of electrical engineers should enable them to render
valuable assistance to the executive officers of the various
organizations which at the present time are devoting so much
attention of the improvement of British foreign trade.

The attitude of those manufacturers who cater only for
trade f.o.r. their own works may ba compared with that of
a power-plant superintendent wdio only concerns himself with
efficient production at the main bus-bars, and assumes that
all questions relating to distribution are beyond his province;
and who, moreover, considers that a reliable low-priced sup-
ply should be sufficient inducement to the consumer to make
his own arrangements for the distribution and application of
the service outside the generating station.

Naumann, in his "Mittel-Europa," says: — "In the last
20 years our German industries have assumed a wholly new
appearance. Whilst growing they have grown into one an-
other. Through employers' associations, buying arrange-
ments, agreements as to prices and selling areas, a complex
system of mutual attachments and dependencies has come
into being. . . . This dovetailing of the individual-self into
the community-self is what we are pre-eminently able to
achieve. . . "

What Germany claims to have achieved in 20 years, the
British Empire has accomplished in as many months. The
conversion or aggregation of many thousands of industrial
factories in all parts of the Empire into one huge arsenal for
the manufacture of war material is, without question, the
most remarkable example of the dovetailing, or sinking, of

• From Paper Before I. E. E.

By Leonard Andrews, M. I. E. E

the individual

If into the cumnuinity-self that could be

mdivK
imagined.

The absence of comiietition between engineering manu-
facturers since the outbreak of war has been mainly, if not
entirely, due to the fact that the demand for war material
has been more than sufficient to keep all of the old-establish-
ed works, and many new ones, fully employed. It has,
indeed, been an illustration of the fact that competition is en-
tirely controlled by the law of supply and demand, ft
has been demonstrated by electric power supply undertakings
that demand can be created to an almost unlimited extent.
Therefore, to reduce or eliminate excessive competition,
demand should be developed or increased to balance avail-
able sources of supply.

There are millions of British subjects working in overseas
territories for the benefit of those who prefer to stay at home,
who are just as appreciative of, and equally entitled to enoy,
the comforts of modern civilization as those who are already
benefiting by these conveniences. The scope for developing
a demand for modern engineering appliances in this field
alone is practically unlimited.

The need for more perfect co-ordination between indivi-
dual producers and between producers and distributors is now
freely admitted. There are, however, considerable differences
of opinion as to whether the centre of such co-ordination or
control should be the State, or some private enterprise such
as an association of manufacturers, or, alternatively, some in-
dependent trading association.

The objection to private enterprise control is that any
such undertaking must depend for its existence upon its pro-
fit-earning capacity, and where its aims in this direction con-
flict with the community interests — and there are bound to be
many such cases — the latter will be liable to suffer.

On the other hand, the obections to State control are: —

1. Such control would be liable to stultify individual ef-
fort, and since the entire fabric of existing British trade supre-
macy is the outcome of the work of individual firms and per-
sons, it should be the first essential of any scheme of indus-
trial reorganization that individual effort be maintained in a
state of maximum efficiency at all costs.

2. State control of any one trade or industry would en-
tail the employment of a very large number of Government
officials who would generally know much less about the sub-
ject than the principals of the firms they would be endeavor-
ing to control. Moreover, it may be anticipated that the
efficient co-ordination of the work of such numerous Gov-
ernment officials would prove to be a greater problem than
that of co-ordinating the work of the firms to be controlled.

It appears that actual production, at least, should be left
to individual effort, and should be entirely uncontrolled,
though a closer co-operation between individual producers,
such as is being effected by the various trade associations,
and is the aim of the proposed trade parliaments, is undoubt-
edly to be desired. Some more direct control of distribution
appears, however, to be necessary, but whether such control
should be by the State or by private enterprise is still an open
question. It is possible that some combination of State and
private enterprise control may eventually prove to be the
best solution.

The ideal to be aimed at is a subconscious co-ordination
by indirect influence rather than the despotic mandatory con-

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

June ir>. lOlS

trol under defined rules and regu^tions usually inferred by
reference to State control.

A symbolic illustration of such an ideal is afforded by the
coupling in parallel of alternating-current generators where
the sole controlling or co-ordinating influence is that result-
ing from the mere connection of the generators to common
bus-bars. The generators may be of widely varying capacity,
and of greatly differing speeds. They may derive their power,
some from steam engines and boilers, or even from motors
and secondary batteries. So long, however, as they are all
connected to the common bus-bars, each to the several units
will supply its quota of power to the demand upon such bus-
bars.

To carry this analogy a little further, let it be assumed
that the successful paralleling of alternators had hitherto
never been achieved, and that every generator in this country
was directly connected to a group of consumers whose max-
imum demand at any time was equivalent to the full-load
capacity of the generator. Even though the efficiency of such
individual units was the maximum attainable, it is obvious
that the inability to take advantage of the improved plant
factor, the increased diversity factor, and other economics
accruing from parallel running and bulk supply, would result
in a combined fuel consumption at least 100 per cent, greater
than under existing conditions. Let it also be assumed that
the individual unit supply service described is suddenly called
upon to meet the competition of a bulk-supply undertaking
able to run its generators in parallel. It will be evident that
notwithstanding the established connections or goodwill of
the individual supply units, the bulk-supply plant will be work-
ing under such advantageous conditions that it will rapidly
capture all of the demand.

The above analogy represents the conditions under which
many British manufacturers, with their individual producing
units, were working prior to the war, in competition with the
co-ordinated or parallel producing units of the United States
and of Germany. The distributing networks of these foreign
bulk-supply undertakings were being extended rapidly in
every direction, but especially in British Overseas Dominions.

Those who favor State organization of distribution can
point to an excellent example of successful indirect State co-
ordination of industry in the Government Postal Service (ser-
vice, not control). Here is no despotic dictatorship — no rules
and regulations to control commerce, no interference with
individual effort, and yet has there ever been a more potent
influence upon the conduct of industry?

If some system of overseas trade service were inaugur-
ated and run by the State, or by State and private enterprise
combined, on the same general lines as the postal service, it
should be a great boon to all industries. A service of this
nature is by no means so impracticable as may at first sight
appear.

It must, however, be essentially a public service, and not
a trading concern, its first aim being to afford British subjects
in all parts of the world facilities for procuring British-made
engineering products on satisfactory terms, and its second
aim to furnish British producers with the fullest possible in-
formation respecting overseas requirements.

Notwithstanding all that has been done in the past to
maintain and improve British overseas trade, there is abun-
dant evidence that the results achieved fall very short of pos-
sible attainment. For instance, a large amount of machinery
and engineering appliances of all descriptions is imported
into Canada every year, but it is estimated that less than 5
per cent, of these imports are manufactured in the United
Kingdom.

The author's opinion is that maximum efficiency will only
be attained by grouping the various elements, upon which
successful .overseas trade is dependent, under three self-con-
tained, closely allied, and inter-connected sections which may

be classified respectively as: — (a) Production, (b) co-ordina-
tion, (c) distribution; the suggested co-relation and constitu-
tion of these respective sections being shown below.

Production.
The sole aim of those responsible for production should
be to manufacture appliances to meet the ascertained require-
ments of overseas markets (f.o.r. their own works) at mini-
mum prices consistent with reasonable manufacturing profits
and a liberal scale of wages to employes. In order that pro-
ducers may be free to concentrate their entire efforts upon
improving the efficiency of production, it should not be ne-
cessary for them to devote their attentions to the many in-
tricate problems associated with overseas trade. At the same
time, they should be entirely untrammelled by any unneces-
sary restrictions in the management of their respective busi
nesses in which they, and they alone, are experts.

Co-ordination.

There are at the present time so many organizations de
voting their attention to the problems of co-ordinating and
reconstructing industry — particularly the engineering trades
— that it is difficult to follow and keep in toucli with the vari-
ous projects which are being formulated.

Co-ordination may be defined as the most efficient utiliza-
tion of all existing and potential factors of production and
distribution. To ensure this, it is suggested that each of the
several State and private enterprise organizations at pre-
sent attacking the problems of overseas trade devclopmeni
from different aspects should be represented by one of its
members on a central board of service, which board should
be the recognized centre for all matters relating to overseas
engineering trade. The primary obect of this board should
be:—

(a) To provide for adequate representation of all British
engineering manufacturers in every overseas market, for
which purpose city shipping merchants having established
overseas branches should be utilized where possible, and dis-
tributing centres under the direct control of the central board
should be organized in those overseas territories where no
existing channels for British trade exist.

(b) To ensure that every engineering manufacturer in
this country shall have an equal opportunity of competing for
overseas trade, for which purpose area boards of manage-
ment— such as have been employed by the Ministry of Muni-
tions for procuring the maximum and economic production of
war material — might be Otilized as a decentralized purchasing
agency for the large variety of engineering requirements for
overseas trade.

Very complete information respecting the productive cap-
acity of engineering works throughout the country is already
in the possession of the several "Munitions Area Boards of
Management" created by the Ministry of Munitions for the
purpose of procuring the maximum output of war material.
This decentralized system of purchasing engineering products,
which has proved to be such a satisfactory method of pro-
curing munitions on an economic basis, should be even more
beneficial for the purchase of the large variety of engineering
requirements for overseas trade.

Distribution.

To provide for anything approaching efficient distribution
of engineering appliances, it is necessary that in every over-
seas industrial centre a complete distributing organization
shall be established consisting of a business general manager,
an engineering staff, a number of sub-district salesmen (pre-
ferably local men well-known to every potential buyer in the
particular department allotted to them), an accountancy and
credit department, adequate cle'rical assistance, warehouse
and showroom or exhibition accommodation, etc.

The managers of the respective distributing centres should

Tune 15, 191S

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

be men possessing tacl, initiative, judgment and resource, as
well as a wide field of general knowledge. Tliey must be
given absolute authority to enter into and exeeute all con-
traets without reference to headquarters, though they should
report to the central board all transactions conii)lcted each
week.

The engineering staff should consist yl men who have
been trained in engineering works in this country, and who
are consequently familiar with British workshop practice and
British standards. They would advise local buyers as to the
type of British-made plant best suited to their individual
requirements, and would carry out contracts for the erection
of complete installations where required to do so.

The sub-district salesmen (or local travellers) would be
allotted separate areas to work, of such a size as to enable
them to keep in touch with all buyers of engineering appli-
ances in their respective areas. Unlike manufacturers' sales-
men, who are rightly expected under all circumstances to
push the sale of their own principals' products only, distribu-
tion salesmen would be required to report to the local district
oftice all prospects for engineering work of any description.
Their sole aim would be to procure the maximum possible
turnover in British-made apliances without favouring the pro-
ducts of any individu'al firm.

A good and trustworthy credit department is an absolute-
ly essential adjunct to every overseas distributing centre. The
usual terms of payment in, say, Canada, are 00 days after
delivery at purchasers' works, or, alternatively, part payment
on delivery and the balance in instalments, frequently extend-
ed over very long periods. The local banks invariably dis-
count purchasers' promisory notes, and make collections
through their various branches when due. The principal
safeguard against bad debts is an efficient credit department.
Every wholesale distributor submits all important orders
before executing them, to his credit manager, who either
knows or has means of ascertaining what is the financial
position of every buyer, or prospective buyer, in the territory.

.A.ny attempt to give or control credit from tliis side is
bound to lead to heavy losses through bad debts, or, alter-
natively, to the loss of a large amount of profitable business.

The pricing and estimating department is possilily the
most indispensable section of an overseas distributing centre.
Numerous inquiries by mail and telephone, all calling for
immediate attention, are received daily, and the conditions
to be met are so varied that it is seldom an estimate prepared
for one scheme can be used without modification for another
inquiry. British manufacturers are frequently recommended
to price their catalogues in the currency of the country in
which they wish to do business. For engineering work this
would usually be- of very little, if any, value, since the cost
of a plant f.o.b. English port is of no interest to the average
overseas purchaser, who invariably requires the cost erected
on site — say, 8,000 miles from the coast, and possibly some
miles from the nearest railway siding — which cost will amount
to from 150 per cent, to 300 per cent., or more, of the f.o.b.
cost. Moreover, inquirers invariably call for composite tenders
covering appliances made by a number of different firms.
Thus a quotation for, say. a pump would usually not be con-
sidered unless it also included a petrol engine, suction-gas
plant, electric motor, or other means of driving it. with
switchgear, sundry pipe work, valves, tanks, etc. Perform-
ance specifications and detailed operating costs are also re-
quired with each tender.

As very few people in this country appear to have any
idea of the cost of running an overseas distributing centre
(manufacturers frequently suggest 5 per cent, as an adequate
selling commission), the particulars of a year's costs, shown
in Table I, actually incurred in one of the industrial centres of
Canada, may be of general interest.

Table I.

Renl. rates, taxes, and insurances £1,205

Salaries, management, engineering, and clerical.. 3,482

Salaries, salesmen, and travelling expenses l,7i)S

Packing and delivery charges 764

Office supplies, advertising, legal, and general ex-
penses i 572

Bank charges, interest, discount, and exchange... 310

I'ostage. telephone, and telegrams 341

Depreciation and bad debts 39G

£7,763

Total turnover during period covered Ijy above operating
costs = £30,013.

Ratio of operating costs to turnover. 25.8 per cent.
Gross profit, £7,012 = 22.4 per cent, of turnover.
An analysis of the above charges appears to show that
sliglitly more than half of the total expenditure is incurred
on charges unaffected by turnover, but controlled mainly by
tlie size of the area to be. worked, whereas the remaining ex-
penses are approximately proportional to the turnover.

The distributing area in which the results shown in Table
I were obtained is known as the Middle West or Prairie Pro-
vinces of Canada. It is bounded on the east by the Great
Lakes, and on the west by the Rocky Mountains, the chief
centre of distribution being the city of Winnipeg. Some
particulars of the developed portion of this area, given in
Table II, will show how impossible it is to work such a dis-
trict efficiently witliout incurring heavy operating expenses.
Table II.

Extreme length of district, E. and W Miles. 1.300

Extreme width of district. N. and S Miles. 300

Approximate area Sq. Miles 160.000

Total mileage of railways Miles. 10,000

Towns having a. population of over 500 150

Aggregate population of above towns 770,000

Average population per town 5.000

Number of rural post offices 3.400

Finance.*

In endeavouring to compute what capital or financial
backing would be required to carry out the overseas engin-
eering trade service proposed, one encounters the difficulty
that the engineering industry covers anything from, say, the
supply of the smallest electric motor to the equipment of a
bulk-supply power scheme or the building of a railway.
Whilst the organization, through its overseas distributing
staff, would find many opportunities of rendering valuable
assistance in connection with heavy engineering schemes,
its principal source of revenue would probably be the
profits on trading in general engineering merchandise of a
kind that would be handled by shipping merchants.

Reference has been made to the desirability of procuring
the collaboration of shipping merchants in all markets where
such merchants have established distributing branches. The
co-operative purchasing, and other features of the proposed
central control scheme should greatly increase the previous
profits and turnover of these established businesses — on the
other hand, their experiences, local knowledge, and trade con-
nection should be invaluable to the central organization. It
is suggested that as an inducement to such firms to merge a
portion of their increased profits in the co-operative scheme,
they should be guaranteed an annual net profit equivalent to
tlie average net profit during the three years prior to the war.
and that they should retain in addition one-third of the extra
profit earned each year as the result of the larger turnover,
and other benefits accruing from their amal.gamation with the
central organization. The remaining two-thirds of the excess
profits would be applied toward? meeting the expenses of the
central control board.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

June 15. 1918

Commodity Prices and Public Utility Rates

I'ractically the only coninioditj- universally used by the
public of our towns and cities to-day which has not increaseil
treniendouslj' in price is electricity, and w-ith it railway fares.
Yet in the face of the universal advance in price, varying
anywhere from 25 to 200 per cent., of the simple necessities
which enter into the everyday life of the average citizen, the
cost of electric current has, if anything, been reduced since
the outbreak of war.

It is difficult to understand why this should be the case,
and it is open to very grave question if the course we are
pursuing in this respect is a wise one. The cost of everj-
thing that enters into the production of electricity is greater.
Why then should not the product be more costly? The only
explanation that can be advanced is that somewhere in the
back of our heads we have a remote hope that as soon as
the war is over the cost of manufacturing and delivering
electricity will be quickly reduced. However, there seems
to be very little ground for such a hope. Just as with other
products, electricity depends upon the cost of materials and
labor and a rapid reduction in either seems unlikely. The
logical conclusion, therefore, would seem to be, in fairness
not only to the operators, but also to the consumers, that the
price of electric current rates and electric railway rates should
be in proportion to the added cost of production. This is
particularly true in view of the fact just stated, that any re-
adjustment in prices to pre-war levels is more than likely to
be a long-drawn-out affair.

.\n interesting address was delivered recently before the
Wisconsin Gas and Electric Association at Milwaukee by
W. J. Hagenah. Mr. Hagenah showed that historical pre-
cedents proved that the decline of prices from their present
high levels will be very slow, even after the war is over. In
consequence rate increases should be made now, not only for
the duration of the war, Irut until such time as prices in gen-
eral shall have become adjusted. An interesting chart was
also shown, giving the movement of commodity prices over
a hundred years of war and peace. At the present moment
the upward trend in the curve is somewhat alarming and this
may lead us to hope that the adjustment, to a certain extent
at least, may be rather more rapid than in past historj'. The
following extracts from Mr. Hagenah's address are verj-
much to the point:

We are witnessing at the present time a most important
development growing out of our disturbed economic and poli-
tical conditions — one which is destined to have a most far-
reaching effect on the operations of public utilities. Econo-
mists have for some time foreseen and predicted the condition
which is now exerting such tremendous pressure on every
form of activity, individual as well as corporate and public
as well as private. There is hardly an individual or an enter-
prise that has not already felt this staggering force or is not
destined to feel it in the near future, but among all forms of
industry which are staggering to effect a readjustment none
has suffered so acutely as have the public utilities. 1 refer to
the steadily rising level of prices, to which such decided im-
petus has been given by our entry into the great European
war.

For over fifteen years before the opening of the European
war we witnessed in this country a gradually increasing price
level. Coincident with this was our great industrial and com-
mercial development.

The mine owner, the manufacturer, the farmer, the trades-
man and the professional man met the rising level of prices
by shifting the burden through increased charges for their

product or his service, but not so with the utility. Its rates
were fixed and could not be increased except by action of the
proper public authority. So long, however, as the utility has
not yet reached the reasonable limit of its technical develop-
ment and while the territory which it served was still far
from saturation, these increasing costs were largely offset by
improvements in apparatus and methods. In fact, there are
many instances where in spite of these conditions net earn-
ings, because of especially favorable local conditions, showed
annual increases. Electric production units were each year be-
coming larger and more efficient. The art of distribution and
transmission was making great strides. The investment per
unit of capacity generally tended downward. At the same time
the demand for utility service was growing, and what fifteen
years ago was considered a luxury in a short time became a
necessity. As long as this condition w'as present the econo-
mies growing out of increased efficiency and service develop-
ment tended to offset the rise in labor and material prices,
but when relatively high efficiency had been realized and the
increases in the price level appeared to be gaining in momen-
tum, the trend of net earnings in most instances turned defin-
itely downward. With the reasonable limit of expansion
reached, the crisis in the history of the utility industry ap-
proached. Between the pressure of increasing costs and the
declining purchasing power of the dollar of income net earn-
ings were threatened with extinction. This, in brief, was the
condition of the utility industry when in 1914 the storm of
the European war burst on the world — a v/ar which each year
has enveloped additional peoples and has gained in fury and
destructiveness. And w^ith the coming of this war the level of
prices, wh!'ch was already at the highest point reached in a
generation, turned abruptly and violently upward, which ten-
dency it has maintained to this time.

Commodity Prices That Go Back a Hundred Years.
The diagram reproduced with this article shows Sauer-
beck's ten-year average index prices for the years from 1817
to 1916. on which I have •=npcr:mposed the annual index prices
of the London Statist in order to show what has taken place
beyond the periocl covered by the Sauerbeck data and what
the extension of the Sauerbeck data for the next few years
will reveal.

Just as the political history of the nineteenth century
dates from the Congress of \ienna and the final defeat of
Napoleon, so the economic history of that century also be-
gins with the conditions then broadly recorded. The year
1815 is one of those years in history which marks an epoch
and the influences of which time extend for many decades.
In the next few years we are likely to witness another such
epoch-making date, when the world, bled white by war, will
close a chapter of great social and economic forces in conflict,
in the soil of which mighty political movements will have
taken root.

Let me call attention to the fact that from the high-price
level following the Napoleonic wars to the high level of the
Civil War period was approximately fifty years. Also, follow-
ing the low point reached in about 1846, it was again fifty
years before the low level after the civil war was reached.
Singularly, it is now just fifty years since the high level of
prices in the Civil War period. In view of these events of the
last century, covering two complete major economic cycles,
in each case growing out of conditions similar to those with
which the world is confronted at this time, can it be expect-

June 15, 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

ed that following the declaration of [uacc in this war we shall
see a quick decline in prices to the pre-war level or lower?

Prevailing Prosperity is Largely Fallacious.

In spite of prevailing conditions, we appear very prosper-
ous at this time, but let us not be deceived. This is a war
prosperity, and both Enghuul and (k'nnany report the same
kind of business activity. However, in view of what we know
of conditions, it would be more correct to say that we are
extremely busy rather than extremely prosperous, since we
are not creating wealth. Our country, along with almost the
entire world, is just now engaged under pressure of the great-
est necessity in carrying on campaigns which are exhausting
the man power and wealth of the world and from which all
vfill emerge as peoples much poorer than before they enter-
ed. From this period of intense activity, of strained produc-
tion and increasing consumption, we shall enter a period
after the war when this destruction must be paid for by the
hard labor and economics of the people. The reaction will
be as great as was the action, but it will be extended over a
much longer period of time. This does not mean that we

ise obligations were established and on which rate schedules
were established may not again be reached in fifteen years or
even longer. There are some who say that prices will decline
([uickly with the return of peace. Whether they will or not
no one definitely knows, but when we stop to consider the
extent and dcstrucliveness of this world-wide war and remem-
ber the i)rice movement after each of the other two great
wars, it is not difficult to believe that many men in this room
will not live to see the return to the price level of 1914.

As a result of this violent price movement which we are
now witnessing the work of the utility commissions has not
only been enormously increased but the character of their
decisions reflects the really constructive purpose of such in-
stitutions. During the decade of commission activity extend-
ing from 1907 to 1917 the almost universal results of commis-
sion investigations were reductions in rates. For the larger
part of this period the rise in prices was gradual but extrem-
ely moderate in comparison with the last two years; but
these increases were in many instances ofifset by the increased
elificiency in utility operations and the great extension in
service. .So elastic was the industry and so quick its response

130

lid

114
nllO
«106
EIOB

■0 90
c
- 86

«i6
62.

-Sauerbeck's Ten YearAvefoge Index Numbers

— London Sto+ists Average Annual Index Numbers

o — m \D
3 <o 5 5

— lO ir>

(VJ OJ cy
O (O <o

T~- c^ ~ tn iCi
tu C^J rO rO rO
O <0 cO O flO

CT* — K>iDf~-0; — nX> T--0

as3a|aliii£iillii££|&li??sliiiiii§ii??£^2i

Ye a r s
The movement of commodity prices in 100 years of war and peace.

shall at once have a serious depression. On the contrary, the
necessity for urgent reconstruction and the accumulation of
deferred work, will lead to considerable activity for a year or
turn of peace, will lead to considerable activity for a year or
more after the close of the war; but the period of readjust-
ment and of producing from the soil and other natural resour-
ces and by hard labor the wealth to pay for these struggles
will cover many years, and during this time we shall undoubt-
edly experience a relatively high level of prices, but with a
gradually declining tendency the world over.

Based on the course of the price movement after periods
of great world wars in the past and in view of the special
conditions with respect to the currency and banking systems
at the present time, we may look forward to a considerable
period of high prices, a period of business readjustment and
a period of new social legislation. What this means in its
full significance to individuals, to business in general, and
especially to public utilities, can be readily understood without
attempt on my part either to generalize or to go into details.

However, reflect on what it will mean to business to be
required to make extensions and to finance requirements on
this level of prices while operating under a rate schedule de-
termined five years ago if we should not return for fifteen or
twenty years to the price level on which such rate schedule
was based. What will it mean to business to have to purchase
operating supplies on the price level of five years ago? The
price level under which plants were built, under which franch-

to reasonable rate reduction that these years, which represent
an almost unbroken record of rate reductions, at the same
time mark the golden years of utility growth — years during
which public utilities reached a point of growth in size and
stability comparing favorably with the greatest industries of
history.

At the present time, however, the commissions, which
were quick to take advantage for the public of every economy
in operation or profit resulting from improvements, are now
foremost in granting relief from the pressure of high prices.
Nearly five hundred public utilities have received increases in
rates or have been relieved from burdensome obligations by
state utility commissions and by city councils within the last
fifte'en months, and among this number are companies oper-
ating in many of the large centers of population. If the pre-
sent tendency among state commissions and city councils to
permit increases in rates to ofTset rising costs continues, the
year 191S will witness a practical cancellation of much of the
work for rate reduction accomplished by these same authori-
ties after many years of labor. It will also show that the or-
iginal conception of a public utility commission as a continu-
ing investigating body created to do justice to investor and
public alike was correct, and that even in the midst of this
great war, wherein every element of our national life is strain-
ed to the utmost, the desire for justice and fair play to all in-
terests is still firmly grounded in the heart and mind of the
public.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Tune 15, 1918

Winnipeg Electric Railway Company Remodelling
Their Entire Rolling Stock

The renioilelling of the entire niHing slock ol llic \\ in-
nipeg Electric Railway Company, whicli has 1)ecn under way
for some time in accordance with an agreement entered into
with the city in the latter part of April of this year is being
proceeded with rapidly in the company shops at Fort Rouge.
The entire work is under the supervision of T. L. Robinson,
a young mechanical engineer of wide experience, and at tlie
present time the remodelled cars are being turned out at the
rate of six per month. While the remodelled cars are those
that have been in the service for some time, the extent of the
changes and modifications is such that when finished tliey
present almost a new appearance.

The terms of the agreement state that tlie company m
the remodelling of the rolling stock must make the cars
modern in every respect. Front exits, improved lighting and
route signs, removal of running boards and installation of
folding steps are among the innovations called for. The
folding steps manufactured by the McGuire-Cummings Co.,
of Chicago, have been adopted as a standard, and the light-
ing fixtures of the Safety Car Heating and Lighting Company
will be used throughout.

The front exits will be on the same scale as the rear
ones, only on a smaller plan. One 2-leaf folding door to
fold out and back, to be controlled by the motorman, will
be installed, with which will be operated a folding step
provided with anti-slip tread and kick plate. In the right
hand vestibule window an illuminated sign box of the Key-
stone type will be placed. A removable winter-proof parti-
tion for the motorman between the bulkhead exit and the
vestibule door, glazed to allow motorman full view of exit
door and step and provided with door for motorman, is a
feature.

The interior lighting arrangements call for five shaded
lights to be placed in the centre of monitor deck through
selector switch on rear platform, sixth light to be on rear
platform over conductor's position. Keystone illuminated
side window signs will be installed in each rear window.

The rear bulkhead is to be installed with swinging door,
on left side full panelling and sash in centre so arranged
to care for sliding door to be installed on right hand side,
swing door arranged to swing in and towards side of car.
Sliding door at exit side to close toward body post. Centre
double dash arranged to allow conductor to make announce-
ments without opening doors.

The changes in the rear platform call for the installation
of two 2-leaf folding doors in vestibule opening, rear set to
fold out and back and front set to fold out and towards
body. Rear half of vestibule opening is to be used for en-
trance and the folding step is to work in conjunction with
the folding door. The first half of the vestibule opening is
to be used for an exit and each door is to be separately con-
trolled, the controlling handles to be mounted on rail near
conductor. A protective compartment for the conductor is
provided for with heater, raised floor and a seat.

.\ new fender type, similar to that in use, will be adopted.
and tlic present trucks and motors will be removed. New or
rebuilt ones will take their place. The new type of truck
called for will be provided with 2(>-inch wheels with axles ft)r
G.E. 258 C motor or equivalent, and having S^ x 7 journals.
The present brake quipment and rigging will be modified
to work efficiently with the new truck and motor equipment.
The bolster will be modified to allow the use of roller side
bearings which will be installed. The remaining present
electrical equipment will be modified to meet requirements of
new motor equipment.

Twenty-five end entrance p.a.y.e. double truck trailer
cars will be built. The cars will be 41 feet in length and
have a seating capacity ai 48. They will be patterned after
the same style as the remodelled cars and will be equipped
with two baby motors and straight air brake equipment with
emergenc}^ feature. Folding doors and stops arc called for
and six shaded lights in the l)ody and two in each vestibule
will be installed. The route signs will be of the same pattern
as the remodelled cars.

The open cars for summer use with the side running
boards are also slated for treatment. The running boards
will be eliminated and a centre aisle cut through. Only open
cars are in use.

Greater Use of Electric Railways to Relieve
Traffic Congestion

Following a campaign of pulilicity in connection with the
value of motor trucks for relieving the traffic congestion at
various large centres on this continent, the Electric Railway
Journal has taken up the case for the electric railways, and
maintains that these are not being used to their fullest capa-
city. Of course, in the United States the system of electric
railways is much more complete and covers much wider areas
than is true of Canada, but it is doubtful if the possiblities
of our own electric railways for carrying freight have been
sufficiently considered. It is easily believable that much relief
could be given in a number of cities by the use of these lines,
if not during the day-time at least from midnight till early
morning when the passenger traffic is negligible.

It is true very few of the franchises of the Canadian street
railway systems admit of carrying freight, but if it can be
shown that the present congestion can be relieved in any
way, there should be no difficulty whatever in having this
restriction removed. In addition, it would probably add
somewhat to the revenue of the street railway companies,
which are so sadly depleted at the present time, owing to the
fact that the cost of operation and maintenance is much
greater than formerly, while the fare remains in almost every
case the same.

There is no more anomalous condition existing to-day on
this continent than the fact that the average street railway
is still selling transportation at 5 cents a head or less, just as
it was five, ten or fifteen years ago, when the price of every-
thing else the man on the street buys has increased in value
from 50 per cent. up. The result of course is that very few, if

June 15, 191S

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

any, of our electric railway systems are paying expenses,
which means again that the tracks are being worn out and
the rolling stock becoming dilapidated," to say nothing of ne-
cessary extension work being at a standstill. Unless some-
thing is done immediately to remedy this condition, it seems
inevitable that many of the railway systems of Canada will
be bankrupt and cease operations. All through the United
States and in a few isolated cases in Canada, this situation
has been realized and fares have been raised. For example,
in Edmonton, a municipally operated system, the rate has
just been raised to 7 cents for cash lares. Indeed the tendency
appears to be to allow the municipally owned lines to make
these increases, while at the same time, private companies
operating under franchises are being held strictly to the fran-
chise rate. However, there is no getting away from the un-
written law that the public gets exactly what it pays for, and
if the rate at \'ancouver, Montreal, Toronto and other cities,
is held at 5 cents or less, just that much service will inevitably
be supplied to the people who ride. When this condition be-
comes intolerable, the operation of the systems must cease.
In the article referred to above, a number of conclusions
were drawn from the arguments presented. These are appli-
cable to Canada, possibly, in less degree than in the United
States, but nevertheless are of sufficient interest to quote:

Conclusions.

1. From a purely economic standpoint, existing electric
railway facilities should be used to their fullest capacity be-
fore the development of any other type of freight transporta-
tion is attempted.

2. The investment in electric railway systems of the
present day is so great that it would be most uneconomical
practically to disregard a highly developed system of trans-
portation service such as electric raihvays can render under
present conditions.

3. Many interurbans are handling traffic which is com-
mensurate with that of steam railroad service, and where faci-
lities exist they are in a position to handle practically all
short-haul traffic in their respective territories.

4. Federal asistance to the electric railways by supply-
ing cars, improving physical alignment and freight terminal
facilities would place the interurban railways in a position to
handle a large percentage of the short-haul freight which is
now congesting the steam railways.

5. Furthermore, the expenditure required to place the
electric railways in the condition above mentioned, would not
amount to one-tenth of that which would be needed for the
extension of motor-truck freight haulage in the same terri-
tory now being agitated.

The article concludes as follows: Therefore, immediate
relief can be secured for the steam railroads through assist-
ance from an existing facility which only needs proper fos-
tering to become immediately an important factor in our na-
tional emergency and for the future. In order to eflFect this,
there should be universal interchange of freight rolling stock
between steam and electric lines that can handle steam roll-
ing stock, and federal financial aid to those electric lines that
would be able to do so with the proper assistance.

For the year 1917 the gross earnings of the Calgary Pow-
er Co.. Ltd.. totalled $262,161 against $266,982 a year ago.
Operating expenses at $40,059, however, compare w-ith $49,923
a year ago, leaving net earnings at $221,202, against $217,058,
in 1916. The net profit for the year after payment of inter-
est charges was $71,212, against $65,209. From the year's
surplus $35,000 was appropriated for depreciation, leaving the
net balance in profit and loss account $143,947, against $107.-
735 in 1916.

Conductorettes in Kingston

The Kingstciii, I'cirtMiiouth & Cataraqui Electric Rail-
way Company, Kingston, Ont.. have been employing six
women conductors for the last six months and three more
have been trained to act as "spares." Mr. Hugh C. Nickle,
general superintendent, advises that the '"conductorettes"
have been most satisfactory and that the travelling public
are well pleased. The women arc not required to operate

switches, this being done by the motormen. They do, how-
ever, operate the interlocking system where the street car
line crosses a steam line. Our illustration shows the winter
uniform worn. It is the intention of the company to pro-
vide a regular uniform which will likely be of tan color in
order that dust w'ill not show unduly. The male employees
of the company have made no protest against the employ-
ment of women.

Motor Busses in Winnipeg

The Winnipeg Electric Railway Company is now oper-
ating four motor busses in a section of the city which is not
served by the street railway lines in accordance with the
agreement entered into with the city last spring that the
street car service in outlying districts must be supplemented
by motor busses until the trolley lines were projected in
that area. The service is very satisfactory from the public
standpoint and as there are only three busses in operation
at one time, one is kept for emergency use should a break-
down occur.

The busses, which were illustrated in our issue of .April

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

June 15. 1918

1, are the standard one-ton IG-passenger type, manufactured
by the Studebaker Corporation, and embody all the details
laid down in the detailed specifications provided for this
style of car. The busses are finished in gun metal with an
ivory stripe, wei.gh ;.i,7nO pounds and cost $2,295 f.o.b. \\"alk-
erville.

The specifications of the busses are as follows: wheel
base, 135 ins.; frame of pressed steel channel section 5 x 3 x
3/16 in.; width 36 ins.; length 186 ins. overall; transmission —
selective type mounted on rear axle, 3 speeds forward and
reverse; gear ratios — 1st, 18.2:1; 2nd, 10:1; 3rd, 5:1; reverse,
23.7-8:1. Equipped with Timken roller bearings. Aluminum
transmission case. Propeller shaft equipped at either end
with universal joints, tubular l^/g in. 3/16 in. wall. Axles —
front axle, forged L-beam section. Rear axle, full floating,
equipped with Timken roller bearings. Cast steel axle hous-
ing. Axle shafts, iVs in. in diameter. Chrome nickel steel.
Radius rods. Drive is through radius rods. Torque arm —
pressed steel channel section firmly bolted to transmission
case and secured in axle housing by forged braces. Springs
— semi-elleptic in front, semi-elleptic in rear. Spring centres
— front, 37-11/16 in., 2 in. wide; rear 51 in., 2"^ in. wide.
Steering gear — left hand drive, 18 in. steering wheel, ir-
reversible worm and gear. Spark and throttle control — Hand
control on steering wheel, carburetor accelerator operated
by foot. Wheels — wood, artillery type, 12 spokes. Heavily
constructed for truck purposes. Brake drums securely bolted
to spokes. All wheels equipped with Timken beai-ings.
Tires — Dominion plain tread tires in front, 35 x 5 pneumatic.
Safety tread tires in rear. 35 x 5 pneumatic. Clutch — cone
type faced with woven wire asbestos material. Clutch pedal
mechanism connected to ball thrust bearing on propeller
shaft for shifting clutch. Pedal adjustable. Brakes — emer-
gency, expanding band type; service, contracting band type.
Brake bands faced with woven wire asbestos material 2 ins.
wide, acting on 15-in. brake drum. Brake rods equipped with
equalizer beams. Brake pedal adjustable. Hand control —
centre control. Lamps — electric dash lamp, tail lamp and
head lamps (the latter provided with dimmer switch).

Quebec Railway Fare Increases

The Quebec City Council has authorized the Quebec
Railway. Light, Heat & Power Company to increase its
street railway fares. The new rate is a straight 5c fare, (m-
stead of G tickets for 25c). five tickets for 25c or 21 for a dol-
lar. The workmen's tickets are to be 8 for 25c, and are good
between 6 a.m. and 8 a.m. and 5 and 7 p.m. Children's fares
are 3c each or 10 tickets for 25c. The question of extensions
in the outlying wards came before the Council, but the Com-
pany pointed out that it was impossible to obtain the neces-
.sary rails, and as soon as those could be secured work would
be commenced.

New Electric Traction Book

Electric Traction— By A. T. Dover, Lecturer on Electric
Traction at the Battersea Polytechnic, London; Whittaker
& Company, London and New York, publishers; price $6.00.
This book is a treatise on the application of electric power
to tramways and railways and is intended for engineers and
advanced students. Representative examples of modern
tramway and railway practice are included, but discussions
on generating stations and transmission lines, as being a
specialized subject, are omitted. The subject matter has
been arranged as follows: Mechanics of train movement;
motors; control; auxiliary apparatus; rolling stock; detailed
study of train movement; track and overhead construction;
distributing systems and sub-stations. .\ number of worked

examples have been included in the text. The scope of the
work may be gathered from the following chapter headings:
Mechanics of Train Movement; Continuous-Current Traction
Motors; Single-phase Traction Motors; Polyphase Traction
Motors; The Testing of Traction Motors; The Control of
Continuous-Current Railway Motors; The Control of Single-
Phase Railway Motors; The Control of Three-Phase Railway
Motors; The Control of Continuous-Current and Alternating-
Current Motors for Regenerative Braking; Auxiliary Elec-
trical Equipment for Tramcars; Auxiliary Electrical Equip-
ment for Electric Locomotives and Motor-Coaches; Rolling
Stock for Electric Tramways; Rolling Stock for Electric
Railways (Motor-Coach Trains); Electric Locomotives;
Train Resistance; The Calculation of Speed-Time Curves and
Energy Consumption for Electric Trains; Tramway Track
Construction; Track Construction for Conduit Tramways;
The Tramway Track Considered as an Electrical Conductor;
Conductor Rails and Track-Work for Electric Railways;
Overhead Construction for Tramways; Overhead Construc-
tion on Railways; Feeding and Distributing Systems for
Tramways and Railways; Sub-Station Converting Machinery
and Switchgear for Continuous-Current Tramways and Rail-
ways. There are 518 illustrations and 5 folding plates; 667
pages. There is also a long list of 33 tables.

Mr. Kelsch is Vice-president

Mr. R. S. Kelsch. consulting engineer, of Montreal, has
been elected vice-president of the .\nierican Institute of Elec-
trical Engineers. The election was by letter ballot.

The American Institute of Electrical Engineers will hold
their annual convention in .\tlantic City, N.J., on June 26-27-
28.

C.E.A. Will Hold One-day Convention

The secretary of the Canadian Electrical .\ssociation has
sent out notices that the 2Sth annual convention of the Asso-
ciation will be held at the Chateau Laurier. Ottawa, on Fri-
day, June 21. The announcement states that as this is a
war-time convention no entertainment will be- provided and
the matters discussed will be principally confined to the effect
of the war on the central station industry. It is specially
urged that there should be a full attendance of meniibers.

June 13. laiS

THE ELKCTRKAL XI'.WS

avd C oiy^ractor

Toronto Electrical Contractors Transact Much Busi-
ness at Last Meeting of ttie Season

The last meeting and dinner of the season was held by
the Toronto Electrical Contractors' Association in the Board
of Trade dining room on Thursday evening, June 6. There
was a good attendance and a very satisfactory representation
of manufacturers and wholesalers.

President Maclntyre reported that he had sent out re-
quests to the various manufacturers that they co-operate with
the association in having their discount sheets made of such
a size and punching as to fit into the association members'
filing cases. A number of favorable replies had been received
and in one case a proper size discount sheet had already been
received.

The discussion centered chiefly around the form of or-
ganization of the association. The chairman outlined the plan
that had been drawn up by the executive and which is repro-
duced herewith. From this it will be seen that the presi-
dent confines his attention chiefly to the Goodwin plan of re-
organization and to the labor committee, of which he is
chairman. Along with him on the labor committee there is a

GOODWIN PUAN

Organization plan of Toronto Electrical Contractors.

conference board of three members and an examining board
of two members. The conference board includes Messrs. E.
C. Clarke, G. E. Davenport, Kenneth A. Maclntyre. (chair-
man). Messrs. Harry Rohlader and Dan Robson comprise
the examining committee.

Mr. Harry Hicks, vice-president of the association, is to
have charge of the exchange sheet. This is a little publica-
tion which deals with materials, motors, etc., which the mem-
bers of the association may buy and sell among themselves.
Mr. Geo. Matthews, and one other member to be elected, were
named on this committee. Mr. E. F. W. Salisbury, secretary
of the association, becomes chairman of the accounting com-
tuittee. Mr. Geo. T. Dale is chairman of the repair section
and Messrs. J. Everard Myers, treasurer of the association,
R. A. L. Gray and Geo. J. Beattie. (chairman), are on the
merchandising committee, and will concern themselves with

the issue of price sheets regarding materials. lal)or, etc. Mr.
E. A. Drury becomes chairman of the licensing committee
with members to be elected. Mr. Harry Rooks is chairman
of the membership and attendance committee and under him
will Ije ten captains, each having charge of a district, as al-
ready outlined.

K resolution was passed commending the work of the
Compensation Board. During the year the rate has been re-
duced approximately 25 per cent. The secretary was in-
structed to write the Board expressing their appreciation of
the manner in which the association members have lieen
treated.

The Code of Ethics of the National Association was
read and discussed and adopted unanimously by the mem-
bers.

One of the most important items was the decision to
take steps towards affiliation with the National .Association
of Electrical Contractors of the United States. The presi-
dent was particularly insistent in this case that each member
should be given an opportunity of expressing his views and
there was no opposition.

The scale of fees, as worked out by the e-xecutive. will be
according to the yearly business turnover and will likely be
as follows: Up to $12,000, $20 a year; $12,000 to $25,000, $30
a year; $25,000 to $50,000, $10 "a year; $50,000 to $100,000, $G0
a year; $100,000 to $150,000, $flO a year; $150,000 to $200,000.
$120 a year.

A number of members expressed their intention of going
to Cleveland to attend the annual convention of the National
Association, July 17 — 20, these being Messrs. Salisbury. Mac-
lntyre. Clarke, Gray, Myers, Hicks, Drury, and Rooks.

A pleasing feature of the proceedings was the presenta-
tion of a substantial cheque to Mr. Geo. T. Cross, Mr. J. Ev-
erard Myers' assistant, who has given so freely of his time,
energy and ability to the association during the past year.

133 Ranges Per Month

In the Electrical News of April 15 we described the suc-
cessful campaign the City Light and Power Department of
Winnipeg had put on to increase the sale and use of electric
appliances. At that time Mr. R. A. Sara, sales manager,
stated that they were inaugurating an electric range cam-
paign and described its organization briefly in the article.

We are just in receipt of a further note from Mr. Sara
stating that the electric range campaign resulted in the sale
of 133 electric ranges in the city during April. He had an-
ticipated that the May sales would be equally satisfactory
but the strike then under way in Winnipe.g would probably
interfere.

A resolution extending the authority of the United
States Secretary of War to grant permits for water-power
diversion at Niagara Falls has been adopted by the Senate.
An amendment to repeal the law prohibiting power com-
panies from installing new machinery was defeated.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

June 15. 1918

Electric Plants in Country and Farm Homes

The Farmers are Ready to Buy and Only Need to be Convinced—
The Electrical Contractor is the Logical Salesman

The importance of farm lighting plants is again illustrat-
ed by the fact that Electrical Merchandising, in its May is-
sue, has given over practically the whole of its space to a
description of the various phases of this interesting subject—
The value of the plant to the farmer; methods of convincing
him that he needs it; what is the best type of man to sell it;
the attitude of the farmer's wife on the question; the matter of
profits; and so on. One of the most interesting articles is by
Mr. L. C. Spake, who writes on the question of teaching men
how to sell farm lighting plants. Mr. Spake says the farmer
is going to buy lighting plants. Everybody in the electrical
and inter-allied farm-lighting- plant fields lielieves that. The
open question is: Who will sell him those plants?

The chap who is distributing through the electrical trade
says it will be the electrical dealer. The fellow with a bunch
of specialty men as distributors says it will be a specialty man.
Both answers may be all right for the immediate present, but
in the near future, it seems pretty plain, the fellows who will
get the farm-lighting plant business will be men who are
combination dealers and specialty salesmen.

The manufacturers' sales-policy problem therefore sim-
mers down to whether to hire specialty salesmen as distribu-
tors and try to educate them to be dealers as well, or to en-
list the aid of established electrical dealers and try to train
them or some of their men to become specialty salesmen.

There is absolutely no reason why both of the plans men-
tioned above will not work — with the net result that the elec-
trical trade will be the gainer to the extent of acquiring sev-
eral thousand better retail merchants.

The farm-lighting plant manufacturers who realize this —
and most of them do — are getting busy on their program of
dealer education. There is a particularly interesting develop-
ment along this line in the group which is teaching dealers to
sell farm-lighting plants. Take as an exainple, the activities
of L. C. (Jack) Marron, whom all electrical dealers know as
a fellow contractor and retailer. Mr. Marron has gone into
the farm-lighting and power plant manufacture business. In
addition to being an electrical dealer, he was formerly a Delco
agent. He has sold plants of other makes as well as his own.
From the experience he gained in this work he has dug
up facts and information to help show his own dealers how
to sell. He contends that the fundamentals of the plan are
applicable to any worth-while line of plants. What he has
learned is of real value to the electrical man who contem-
plates hiring one man or a whole force of men to sell plants
for him. When he was asked what he taught his dealers he
replied:

"When we hire a man to sell plants to farmers we as-
sume that that man at the beginning is 90 per cent, legs and
10 per cent head. We try hard to change the proportion by
intensive education. When he arrives at a point where he
appears to be 50-50 on legs and brains we give him a car to
take him to places where his head can work — on the farmers.
Up until that time he walks."

How "intensive education" means a lot more than those
two words convey. Here is what a man has to learn.

Price and Terms His Opener.

The first time he approaches a prospect he is under abso-
lute instructions to get the following information off his
chest.

"My name is Bailey. I represent the Marron Manufac-
turing Company. I think I have the best farm-lighting plant
that has been offered to the farmer. I believe I can prove it
to you. This plant sells for $585 f.o.b. factory including bat-
tery. You build the foundation. We set up the plant and
hook it up to your wiring and start it oflE for you. It is ship-
ped bill of lading attached, a check for $25 accompanying the
order."

The salesman as an opener has told his price and terms
of sale! An unheard of process of selling, you will remark.
And so did I. But here is the way Mr. Marron explains ex-
plains the logic of the plan:

"Suppose, for example," said he. "a salesman spends
half an hour getting a farmer all worked up telling what a
whale of a plant he has to offer. He talks about excellence of
mechanical features, the guarantees, etc. During this time the
farmer, who knows very little about what electrical machin-
ery costs, begins to form an idea of what the selling price
really is. His idea is usually about one-half too low — espe-
cially if the plant in question is a so-called high-priced plant.
Then when the price is stated at the end of the conversation
the farmer throws a fit, throws up his hands, and more than
likely throws the agent off his place. In any event the agent
has to start all over again.

Farmer Can See a $1,000-Value.
"On the other hand if the farmer has been told the price
and terms at the outset the agent has prevented the prospect
from making up his mind in advance to something which is
not true. Then things can proceed on a sound business basis.
There need be no fear in proposin.g a $1,000 proposition to a
farmer. He is no piker. He has spent big money for mach-
inery and equipment before and he can see a $1,000 proposi-
tion just as clearly as anyone if the seller has $1,000 worth of
real value to oflfer."

When the prospective salesman has learned this much of
his lesson he next tackles the mechanical features of the
plant. He is given complete technical information on the en-
gine, generator, switchboard and battery. For forty-eight
hours he is supposed to devote real study to this literature.
When he thinks he has mastered it he comes back for an
examination. And it is some examination. "What is the piston
made of? Describe the features of our ingenious oiling sys-
tem. Tell how the laminated pole pieces of our generator are
made." Those are some of the questions the salesman must
answer to qualify.

Technical Detail Helps Explain Cost of Manufacture.

It may seem foolish to some to go into such intricate tech-
nical detail, but it is contended by farm-lighting manufactur-
ers that the farmer is a "bug" for that sort of dope. He un-
derstands machinery in a general way and later in the sales
talk when he wants to know why the plant costs so much, it
is very effective to be able to point out the many minute and
obviously costly operations that go, for instance, into the
manufacture of a laminated pole piece. Moreover the farmer
studies all farm-lighting plant sales literature and is better
versed technically than might be imagined. So it pays to
know and to talk some of the mechanical features.

The same idea applies to the battery. The agent is taught
to state that the plant is sold preferably with a battery which

June 15, 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

is positively guaranteed for five j'ears. Tliat always gets a
rise out of the farmer who has had the sad experience of re-
newint; his automobile battery at the end of one or two years,
and most farmers have had that experience once or twice.
The agent is even tauglit the details of construction of the
battery so that he can actually convince the farmer that there
is no "nigger in the woodpile" in tliat (ive-ycar guarantee.

Now all this sounds as if the plan was to "feed up" the
farmer on nothing but "technical dope." But, not so. The
agents are advised against talking technicalities more than
twenty minutes. Then conies the "heart-interest stuff," so
called. In reality it is not so much the sob-sister sort of
story as it is just getting down to a sensible discussion of the
farmer's home problem — in the farmer's own language. An
average agent's talk runs like this:

Discussing the Farmer's Home Problems.

"Why, man, you ought to modernize your home like the
city man. Even if you had a mortgage on the place that
should make no difference. The salaried man in the city at
$100 a month building a cottage out of Building & Loan
funds would not think of doing without electric light. If you
are not as progressive as he, how do you expect to compete
with the city for the interest of your boys and girls? You
w:ant them to stay at home, don't you? But even at that it
is really not a question of spending money. Buying a farm-
lighting plant is really making an investment at 30 per cent.
interest. As for the use you will get out of it. there is no
comparison between it and your other equipment. You use
your corn planter ten days each year, your binder seventeen
days, your corn plow thirty days, your tractor fifty-six days
and your automobile not more than 100 days a year. A farm-
lighting and power plant is used 365 days a year."

The farmer usually recognizes the correctness of the
average days' use of his equipment as quoted, but that "20
per cent investment" figure so casually thrown into the con-
versation loks questionable and interesting. To the farmer
who is looking for a reason for not signing up, it looks like a
chance to "trip up" this smooth agent. So he says "How do
you figure that 20 per cent investment? How is a farm-light-
ing plant going to make me any money "

"The answer to that is easy," replies the agent, getting
out his pencil. "'Now, your wife spends a weary half hour
every day at the dirty work of cleaning lamps. That's three
hours a week. She will admit (and I can see by looking at
her clean house) that she spends two hours a week sweep-
ing. Running the cream separator takes fifteen minutes a day
or one and three-quarter hours a week. Some one has to
spend fifteen minutes a day, or another one and three-quar-
ters hours a week, pumping water and that is darned hard
work. Churning takes an hour a week and the electric way
produces more even churning than the hand process. Cracked
feed goes farther than whole grain when ted to chickens and
stock, and a light and power plant will save at least a half-
hour a week from this job, in addition to reducing grain con-
sumption."

In this way the agent runs through the farm duties in
which there is a real opportunity to save time.

Reducing to Dollars and Cents the Savings Efifected.

Then the agent continues: "I suppose you pay your
hired man $50 a month and have to feed his horse. His total
cost to you is around $75 a month. Say it is 35 cents an hour.
(The farmer will admit this is conservative nowadays.) Your
wife's time and your time is surely worth as much as that of
your hired hands. And even if we go no further with the
time-saving study than those items already mentioned we
have a saving of ten hours a week or an annual saving of
$183. In fact it would be easy to show how in time-saving
alone the plant will nearly pay for itself in one or two years."

This sort of argument interests the farmer's wife who is
usually "in on" the conversation. So does the "comfort"
talk. The farmer is usually busiest in the heat of the sum-
mer, and it does not take nmch imagination to draw a picture
of the solace of an electric fan on a hot summer evening.
The pleasures of ironing on the porch instead of in the swel-
tering kitchen is another easy point to make. Plants have
been sold on the argument that electric light relieves eyestrain
and increases the ease with which children study. If any of
the family wear glasses, this is a very strong point to em-
pliasize in view of the supporting fact that city schools now
examine the eyes of children and recommend glasses in many
cases to increase their efficiency as students.

Closing the Sale Requires Tact and Persistence.

When things get along this far the farmer is usually not
loi iking for a reason not to buy but he is certainly anxious to
locate a reason for not signing the order to-day. The talk
drifts to the cost of house wiring. A unit system figuring
easily disposes of the wiring material and labor. Fixture
selling has also been reduced to what is practically a Sears-
Roebuck plan. On 100 loose leaves in a folder, different types
and styles are shown and on the same sheet each fixture is
full)' described in glowing language.

Any one can read it to the prospect. It is written so that
it sounds good — it sounds just as a real fixture merchant might
say it. No real knowledge of fixtures on the part of the sales-
man is therefore necessary, according to the plan. A choice
is made and the remainder of the loose leaves — except those
showing one or two appliances, which the a,gents intend to
figure in — are stowed awaj'. The complete bill is figiired and
is quoted to the farmer in a lump sum.

In preference to quoting in the form of an itemized bill
this method of quoting a lump sum is very strongly recom-
mended. It leaves no room for haggling over details or for
small eliminations from the order to effect a price reduction.
When this price is quoted, added to the price of the plant,
the sale is then down to the "closing point" where it seems
that a large degree of persistence on the part of the agent is
one of the largest determining factors.

The foregoing are some of the things Mr. Marron be-
lieves in teaching his agents. He also believes that the elec-
trical contractors could well afford to hire salesmen and
teach them these things. The smaller contractor-dealer is
generally so busy himself that he has little real time to de-
vote to farm-lighting plant sales. In consequence he is some-
times wont to put off starting his campaign "until next week
when he has more time." Next week never comes. So the
really progressive dealer hires salesmen and puts them to
work on the job. .\s a piece of good advice on hiring these
men Mr. Marron said, "Hire only the man who is willing to
and able to finance himself for thirty days. If he cannot do
that he is no success and the chances are he never will be."
Experience shows that nearly all Mr. Marron's agents sold a
plant within two weeks. Even those who did not finally make
good succeeded in this. So the thirty-day financing need have
no terrors to a man who is a real specialty salesman.

The real big message from Mr. Marron to his contractor-
dealer friends, however, is: "Get into the game. Some one
is going to make real money out of it. .\nd that man will
make most money who knows best how to teach men to sell
farm-lighting plants."

Duncan Bond, Denver, Colorado, has joined the sales force
of The Packard Electric Company, Warren, Ohio. Having
been brought up in the west, Mr. Bond will look after the
business of the Company in that section where he has won
the enviable title of "Electrical Wizard of the West." He will
be a strong addition to the Packard organization. It is said
that the company is building some very large transformers
for western interests.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

June 15, 1918

Methods of Computing Overhead Ex-
penses of Electrical Contractors

Many articles that have appeared in the trade papers re-
garding overhead exjpense do not seem to cover the field
fully and I do not pretend to be able to add anything to the
volume of literature already published on the subject, but 1
promised to start the discussion, and believe if we each con-
tribute some of our own experience we can apply the fruits
of some of these articles to our local conditions.

No feature of our business is more important to the con-
tractor or business getter than the subject of overhead ex-
pense. Most of us know too little about this at the be-
ginning of the jear and too much about it at the end of
the year; and our present problem is to take the experience
we get at the end of the year and use it at the beginning
of the year, or when we are planning our business-getting
campaign. No contractor should be satisfied with breaking
even when managing an independent business. He should
not be satisfied in making the same money that he would
make if he were working for some one else on a salary.
A contractor who does not make a profit above his salary
would better close out his own business and take a position
working for one of his competitors. In this way he will
save gray hairs and worry, get more satisfaction and com-
fort out of life, be just as far ahead financially and have time
and leisure to devote to the cultural things of life.

Overhead Expenses Same for All

We Iiave it on no less authority than that of Mr. Good-
win, who made the statement in the Hotel Wisconsin at our
January convention, that the larger contractor has a larger
percentage of overhead than the smaller contractor. This
I doubt very much. I do not believe there is any very
great variation. I do believe, however, that overhead ex-
pense today is very' much greater than it was a few years
ago. Overhead expense should cover all such items as rent,
telephone, manager's salary, insurance, postage, printing,
automobile maintenance, office salaries, advertising, superin-
tendents' salaries, interest, legal expenses, and the proper
allowance for bad accounts and for breaka.ge or loss of
material. The small contractor may think that he saves
some of these items, but if he analyses matters carefully he
will find that he has to pay them all in the end. If he is
his own manager, he should consider the salary he would
be making if doing it for someone else and should charge
himself with the same salary. When all these things are
taken into consideration I believe he will find his expense
running between 30 per cent, and 25 per cent, of the sales.
In discussing these problems it is customary to assume a
figure of 25 per cent. This may have been right a few years
ago, but we believe it should be more now.

Three Methods of Getting Overhead

First Method. — It is a very simple matter for us at
the end of the year to sit down and take our expense after
the bills are all paid, figure out a percentage of overhead
and determine to use it through the following year, but I
believe a more careful study of the matter is needed than by
simply arriving at a certain percentage. I have not seen any
article suggesting any method of figuring overhead expense
except to take a flat rate and apply it to all our business.
This we will call the first method.

But this I object to. If we take this percentage and
apply it to the sale of an attachment plug where we fiddle
around 15 or 20 minutes making a connection for nothing,
you are going to be very sadly in the hole. If we take this

* By P. C. Burrell. before Wisconsin Contractors' Association.

percentage and apply it to a 15-horse-power motor you are
going to be beat out by some of your competitors. I do not
say that it costs as much time or worry to connect the 25-
cent attachment plug as it does to sell the $250 motor, but
I do say that the percentage of overhead should be as many
times as great on one job as on the other.

Second Method. — The second method advanced for solv-
ing this problem is to have a different rate of overhead to
apply to different pieces of cost. This can be illustrated by
a chart covering the year's business. Now this chart gives
a complicated method of figuring expenses wherein j^ou will
have to use some such proportion of this:

Material $100.00

5 per cent, overhead on material . . . 5.00

Labor 50.00

14 per cent, overhead on labor . . . 7.00

25 per cent, on general expense

10 per cent, profit (approximately) . .

$lfi2.00
32.40

$194.40
20.60

Total $215.00

This is the second method of figuring overhead expense
and one that is used in most businesses, but to which I
still object as it does not show the proper relation of cost
between small and large jobs.

Third Method. — What I am trying to get at is that it
costs a great deal more in proportion to handle the small
job than it does to handle a large job. If we have a hundred
$5 jobs and one $500 job, we will figure 9/10 of our time
fiddling around with the little job and 1/10 attending to the
large job. I believe that the little jobs should carry many
times the overhead expense that the big job carries. I do
not know any way to separate this expense between the
small and the large jobs in the way I have done between
material and labor above.

But the truth is we are getting a higher rate of gross
profits on the small job and we believe this will give us
a key in the right proportion in figuring this e.xpense. I
have, accordingly, analyzed the business of a certain month
and grouped together all the jobs that cost less than $1, $3,
etc. You will find the same standard in all these groups,
namely, that we are taking a much larger gross profit on the
small job and a much smaller gross profit on the large jobs.
I got still better results by taking together the entire group
of jobs handled in four months, as shown in the table here-
with:

No. of Sale Cost Average Per cent.

Jobs Cost Gross

Profit

382 $ 409.34 $ 205.69 $ 0.54 99

380 "1.236.31 649.30 1.71 90.3

201 1,632.65 907.37 4.51 79.

192 3,802,53 2,325.15 12.11 63

135 5,850.83 3,905.77 31.24 50

90 7.974.21 6,322.41 70.25 26.1

51 8,194.06 6,678.58 130.95 22.6

14 4.992.47 3,942.90 281.58 26.6

13 16.816.90 13,403.45 1,031.03 25.5

1.448

.$50,909.29 $38,339.81

This gives a total of 1,448 jobs at a total cost of about
$38,000, and a total selling price of nearly $51,000. I argue
that it is fair to apply our overhead expense in the same pro-
portion as the gross profits on this group of work. If we
can get some way to figure overhead expense so it follows
a definite line, we will get a method which will let us put a
fair price on all our work.

Imic 15. lUlS

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

What is New in Electrical Equipment

A New Pressure Governor for Gas and Liquid Systems.

A iK'w pressuri' sovcrnor to cuiitrdl slaiulard self-starters
fipr motor operated pumps and conii)ressiirs lias been develop-
ed by the Canadian General Electric Company. The gover-
nor maintains a pressure between predetermined limits on
any gas or liquid systems that will not corrode the Bourdon
tube. This governor is called the CR 3923 and can be used
on any standard A. C. or D. C. circuit. It is rated tor pres-
sures of ()0, 100, 160. :iOO or 500 jiounds, and operates within set-
lings of from 3 to 13 pounds between high and low pressures.
Governors for higher pressures can be suii]>lied if desired.
The governor consists of a Bourdon tube, an indicating
needle, a graduated pressure scale, adjustable high and low
pressure stops to detemine the desired pressure range and a
relay which actuates the contacts in the control circuit of the
self-starter, all enclosed within a dust-proof case easily opened
for inspection. Action of the governor is dependent on the
Bourdon tube which should be connected to an independent
discharge pipe from the pressure tank. The free end of the
tube "T" (See Figure) is mechanically connected to the in-
dicator needle '"N," moving it over the scale as changes of
pressure afifect the tube. After the settings for the pressure

Pressurg governor, cover removed.

range have been made, the governor will automatically main-
tain pressure within those limits.

The operation of the pressure governor is as follows:
Assuming that the pressure is at the low value, as indicated
by the left hand indicator (1), the contact (C) on the needle
(N) completes the circuit through the contact (C) on the
movable arm (M) which at the low pressure point rests
against the stop (P'). When this contact is made, the cir-
cuit is completed through, the relay coil (R), causing the arm-
ature (A) to close. Attached to this is the contact (CO)
which upon closing, completes the control circuit to the self-
starter, causing the motor to start. The armature is also at-
tached to the spring (S) which holds the contact (C) firmly
against (C) until contact is broken at (P). As the pressure
increases, the rieedle pointer moves to the right, but its lower
part to which the contact (C) is attached moves to the left,

and is followed by the movable arm (M). When the high
pressure point is reached, the movable arm is prevented from
traveling farther by stop ( P) and the needle continues its
course, breaking the circuit by separating contacts (C and C).
The instant the circuit is broken, the delay (R) is de-energiz-
ed, its armature falls, releasing the tension on the spring
(S) and because the movable arm (M) is counterwcighted it
returns to the stop post (P'). When the pressure is decreas-
ed to the minimum value, the contact (C) again completes

Pressure governor, complete.

the relay coil circuit l)y engaging contact (C) and tlie cycle
of operation is repeated. The case is tapped and drilled at
the bottom for the pressure pipe and electrical conduit con-
nections.

Instrument gives Warning of Peak Load Excess
The peak load and its effect on the distribution system,
has perhaps been given more consideration by station engin-
eers than any other problem with which the latter have had
to deal, with the result that its effect on the commercial suc-
cess of the undertaking is very fully realized. The result has
been the adoption of a number of different methods of charg-
ing, each suited more or less to specific local conditions.
Among these methods may be mentioned:
1. Ampere maximum demand;
3. A two rate principle;

3. A restricted hour use;

4. Flat charge for a definite h.p. with a motor reading

in kilowatt hours all current consumed in excess
of the definite h.p.;

5. Kilowatt hours maximum demand;

(a) Based on the h.p. installed;

(b) Based on the maximum demand meter;

Of these 5 (b) and 5 (c) are becoming more and more
common for large customers and would appear to be essen-
tially fair to both the customer and the supply authority, pro-
vided that it is understood by the customer. Unfortunately
this is not always the case, and the effect on the customer is
easily illustrated by an actual example. Presume that the
normal requirements of the customer caller for 100 h.p. In
one particular district of Canada the service charge as shown
by a maximum demand meter is .$1.00 per h.p. per month.

34 THE ELECT

The meter charge is: The first 50 hums use at 2.0; the sec-
ond 50 hours use at l.S; the balance at 1.5. Assuming that
the customer runs 10 hours per day on the unrestricted basis,
his bill would be subject to discount of 10 per cent, cash,
and would read as follows:

Service charge— lOO H. P.= iflOO.oo

Consumption charge —

First 50 hours' (75 kw. .K 50)=3750 kw.h. at :i.(i $97.50

Second 50 hours' =3750 kw.h. at 1.8 $67.50

Balance, 150 hours =8350 kw.h. at .15 $12.40

Total 15750 $277.40

Cash discount $27.74

Net Bill *349-66

For a load of less than 300 h.p. the peak is taken at one
minute. Therefore if once during a month, due to carelessness

RICAL NEWS

June 15, 1918

ment, time lagging element, bell ringing transformer and
bell. The current element is built with a standard of 5 ampere
winding for use with the transformer. It is capable of ad-
justment to the required lead by means of the steps of the
rheostat, from 1.5 to 5 amps.

The time element has a range in the instrument shown,
from 0 to 5 minutes. The time range can, however, be ar-
ranged for any particular requirements by a slight change
in the gearing. The method of operation is as follows:

The current element is set to the maximum load requir-
ed during the month and the time element slightly under the
maximum permitted by the power contract for the above
amount of power. When the current rises to or above the
set maximum, the current element immediately operates,
throwing current on to the time element. This element then
operates until the time setting is reached, when the bell rings
out a warning that the load is excessive. The construction
of the instrument is such that it is only necessary to reduce
the current 3 per cent, below the predetermined load for the
bell to cease ringing and reset the time element.

Platinum points are used throughout, and the meter, if
anything, errs on the side of solid construction. The instru-
ment is being manufactured by the Chamberlain & Hookham
Meter Co. Ltd. of Toronto, following the design of Mr. S.
L. B. Lines, the general manager of the company.

Instrument for giving peak load warning.

or ignorance, the load is permitted to rise to 125 h. p. for one

minute, the bill would read as follo\ys:

Service Charge. 125 H.P $125.00

Consumption Charge.

First 50 hours (93.7 kw. x 50)=4680 kw.h. at 2.6 $122.00
Second 50 hours use =4680 kw.h. at 1.8 84.50

Balance 6390 kw.hrs. at .15 9.58

Total 15750 $341.08

Less 10 per cent, discount 34.10

Net Bill $306.98

This shows that the customer would pay $57.32 more in
the second instance than he would in the first for exactly the
same kw. hours consumption, in spite of the fact that the out-
put in his factory would probably not be increased at all.

To assist the customer to control this situation, an
instrument has recently been placed on the market which
gives the customer warning when the peak duration is pro-
longed. This instrument is shown in the Figure. It consists
of a current clement, rheostat for control of the current ele-

Small Geared Turbines.

To drive small electric lighting oullits, exciter units for
large alternators, or for direct mechanical drive, there has
been a demand for a line of steam turbines which would be
constructed along the same lines which give durability, case
of adustment, and high economy to the larger turbine units.
To meet this demand, which now comes principally from our
new merchant marine for lighting sets, the Westinghouse
Electric & Manufacturing Company has developed a line
which is being manufactured in sizes from 15 to 50 kw. for
direct-current service; from 30 to 50 kw. for alternating-cur-
rent service, and from 30 to 100 h.p. for mechanical drive.
This machine is a geared unit, very compact, and- of rugged

Reversing Rolor.
Chamber.

WalerSealed i
Oland

.»_'^.«v- - .

-4 ^- ^

' 'Omjpeac \ "
MtyJfop. Stem Pinion Bearing. . i
Strmer J

construction, as shown in tlic view ul the direct-current unit.
The turbine operates at a speed of 7200 r,p.m. and it is
suitable for both condensing and non-condensing operation.
It is built for normal operation on any steam pressure from
75 lbs. to 250 lbs., and for non-condensing operation on any
back pressure up to 20 lbs. It embodies the three-point sus-
pension principle, being supported by two lugs on the gener-
ator and one under the centre of the turbine, thus maintain-
ing perfect alignment of the turbine, gear and generator.

The generator is of the well-known Westinghouse "SK"
type, compound wound, with commutating poles. This designe
insures sparkless commutation even at heavy overloads with-
out shifting the brushes — an important advantage since no

June lo, 191S

Til

F.Ll-.C'I'RTCAT. NEWS

attention is reiinired to adjust for changing loads. Coils are
impregnated by the vacuum process, making theni proof
against even extreme dampness. The outboard generator
bearing is supported by a single-piece bracket bolted to the
frame. In this a steel shell lined with babbitt forms the bear-
ing itself; it is pressed and pinned into place and in case of
trouble can readily be renewed by driving out with heavy
hammer. Oiling is by a ring running over the shaft and dip-
ping into an oil well. The shaft may be pressed out of the
armature without disturbing the connection between coils and
commutator. Liberal spaces for ventilation are provided.
The internal construction of the turbine is practically identi-
cal with that of the larger machines. It consists of a single
rotating wheel with blades or buckets around its periphery;
the steam from the directing vanes or nozzles impinging
against these blades, causes the wheel to rotate and the work
to be performed. The full energy of the steam is extracted
by using only one wheel with the aid of what is commonly
known as the re-entry principle; that is, the steam after pass-
ing through the blades the first time, is changed in direction
by means of reversing chamber and is directed against the
blades a second time. The nozzle and reversing chamber are
made of phosphor bronze, designed specially to resist the ero-
sive action of steam at high velocities. In the 15 and 25
kilowatt units, the nozzle block contains liut one nozzle, while
in units from twenty-five to fifty kilowatts capacity, the block
contains two nozzles, one of which is controlled by a hand
operated valve; at partial loads this valve may be closed and
thus the water rates are greatly decreased, and a much higher
efficiency is obtained.

One of the special features on this unit is the automatic
throttle valve, operated directly from the governor by means
of a connecting rod. This valve is of the balanced type and
very sensitive in operation, thus insuring a close speed regula-
tion. One of the latest refinements provided on very few
small turbines, is the overspeed governor release. This is a
simple device contained in a small hole drilled in the shaft
between pinion and rotor, and it consists of a cylindrical
weight held in place by a coil spring surrounding it. In case
the turbine should speed up to ten per cent, above normal
speed, the weight due to centrifugal force, overcomes the
spring tension and protrudes a short distance from its normal
position. By so doing it comes in contact with a lug, which.
in turn, is fastened to a lever, the movement of which trips
the throttle valve catch and allows the valve to be closed by
a heavy coil spring.

Large Hydro Transformers

The Canadian General Electric Company is now com-
pleting, at Peterboro, an order for fifteen 5,000 kv.a., 25 cycle,
110,000 volt transformers for the Hydro Electric Power
Commission of Ontario. These transformers are for the
Strachan Avenue Terminal Station of the Commission at
Toronto, and nine of the fifteen units are already installed.
When the installation is completed in a month or two, the
Commission will have in this station a total transformer
capacity of 75,000 kv.a., on the basis of 40 degs. C. rating or
approximately 100,000 kv.a. on the basis of maximum rating.

The Toronto Station was originally laid out for two banks
of 1,250 kv.a. transformers with one spare unit. At a later
date, the 1,250 kv.a. units were replaced by 2,500 kv.a. units,
and later, the station was extended to accommodate three
additional banks of 2,500 kv.a. transformers. Two of these
banks were installed but, before the last bank was ordererd,
the decision was reached to again double the unit capacity.
To accomplish this with the floor space limitations of the
original transformer pockets, it was necessary to increase
the height dimensions very materially. The new units mea-
sure 24 feet from the rails to the top of the high tension

heads. This accounts for the slim appearance of the tank
as shown in the accompanying cut. The floor space limita-
tions also precluded the possibility of using core type con-
struction in this case.

The transformers are shell type units with reinforced
steel plate housing and supports. The economy in weight
by this construction made it possible to utilize the existing
foundations without material change, in spite of the fact that
the main weight of the transformer loading is carried over to
the central foundation wall by a short cantilever construc-
tion.

The transformers have button type spacers between
coils and the coil ends extending above and below the core
are firmly braced against distortion from short circuit strains.

Particular attention is drawn to the appearance of the core
m the accompanying cut showing the core and the coil hous-
ing. The cut, however, does not do justice to the unusually
fine results which the Peterborough organization is accomp-
lishing in piling sheet steel laminations.

The tanks for these transformers, which, it will be noted,
are without horizontal seams, were made at the Davenport
Works, Canadian Allis-Chalmers, Limited.

Motor-Driven Drill and Tapper

To speed up production without danger to machine or
operators, is the purpose of the new Barnes self-oiling, all
geared drill and tapper which handles high speed twist drills
from J/>-inch to 2 inches. This is essentially a manufacturing
machine, built for heavy duty work and rapid production.
Belts are entirely eliminated, all power being transmitted
through gears. With the exception of the spindle sleeves
and cross spindles, all bearings and all gears are continuously
lubricated by an automatic self-oiling system. The oil for
this purpose is pumped from the reservoir at the base of the
machine by a geared pump. Eight changes of speed are
provided, with control levers within easy reach of the oper-

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

June 15, 1918

ator from his position in front of the drill. The spindle may
be stopped by placing the shifter lever on the neutral po-
sition, or by throwing out the clutch gear. All transmission
gears except the friction clutch gears, are cut from special
high-grade chrome nickel steel, heat-treated, and tempered to

prevent wear, and to increase strength and stiffness. There
are ten instant changes of geared feeds, controlled by levers
directly in front of the operator. The feeds are indicated in
plain figures on an index dial plate. All important feed gears
are cut from steel and are case-hardened. A safety collar pro-
tects the machine against damage from overloads. For
tapping, the machine may be equipped with an automatic
reversing mechanism, which is very desirable, especially for
depth tapping. A trip on this mechanism can l)e set so that
the instant the tap reaches the depth required, the spindle
will automatically reverse. It is also possible to set the shift-
ing lever so that when tripped, either automatically or by
hand, it will return to the neutral position, thus stopping
the spindle instantly instead of reversing it. A small hand
trip lever is always ready for use if it is desired to stop or
reverse the spindle at any point in the operation. These
machines are driven through a silent chain by a Westinghouse
10 h.p. direct-current motor provided with a Westinghouse
automatic starting panel. This panel is shown exposed in
the illustration, but is provided with a metal case when de-
sired. All gears are entirely enclosed, meeting the require-
ments of modern safety laws.

Electric-Driven Laboratory Grinder.

A unique electric-driven grinder for laboratory service has
recently been developed by The Bauer Bros. Co., Springfield.

As shown liy the illustration the outfit consists of a Robbins
& Myers motor with one end head replaced by the grinder
mechanism which is directly connected to the motor shaft.
The grinder opens like a watch and all interior parts are
readily accessible and easily cleaned, so a variety of materials
can be ground in the machine without any (me sample being-

contaminated by the others. The outfit i? used chiefly by com-
mercial laboratories for grinding samples of cotton seed cake,
linseed cake, corn cake and feed stuffs of all kinds, also for
coal and nearly any materials which require grinding in the
laboratory for analysis. The outfit is also used where small
amounts of materials are ground continuously and for this
service it is provided with a special base which permits a
constant flow of materials to pass through the mill. The di-
mensions of the outfit are as follows: Height overall, 24
inches, width overall, 16 inches; length overall closed 25
inches, open 33 inches. The hopper is 10 inches in diameter,
and the plates are 8 inches in diameter. The speed is 1800 r.
p. m. and the weight is 300 pounds.

The outfits are regularly stocked with 3 horse-power, 220
volt, 3 phase 60 cycle motors, but can be furnished on order
with 3 or 3 phase, 110, 440, or 530 volt motors.

Makes Push Switch Installations Steam-Tight

Double push button switches, because of their ease of
operation, have always been popular, but their use has lieen
restricted by reason of the liability of moisture, gas or dust
getting into the operating parts. The Crouse-Hinds Com-
pany have designed and placed upon the market a cover with
a switch-operating mechanism for use with these switches,
when installed on condulets of either the FS or FD series,
wliicli eliminates the objectionable features. This cover is
made in one and two-gang forms. In one of the accompany-
ing illustrations a two-gang cover is shown installed on a
condulet, while the other illustration is of single gang
condulet and cover, with cover unmounted. Like the condu-
Jet, the cover is a casting, either iron or brass, as specified.
Iron covers are regularly finished in black enamel, although

galvanized finish or any other plated hnisli will be furnished,
if desired. Marine finish is standard for brass covers. The
mechanism which operates the push button is under the dome
of the cover and is controlled by a shaft, flattened at its inner
end and extending through the side of the cover, where it
terminates in the operating handle. That portion of the shaft
which passes through the cover is provided with grooves
containing hard grease, which effectually seals the bearing,
and a ruliber gasket likewise seals the joint between the cover
and condulet. "On" and "Off" indicators, cast on the ends
of the handle, facilitate the operation of the switch. With this
cover and the necessary condulet, it is now practical to use
push switches in places where excessive moisture, explosive
or corrosive vapors or fine dust circulate in the atmosphere,
as in marine use, ammunition plants, refineries, textile and
flour mills and the nimiberless other locations which readily
suggest themselves to the electrician. Complete description
and listings of these covers are given in Condulet Bulletin
No. lOOOH, which has just been released by the Crouse-
Hinds Company, and will be mailed on request.

Mr. Henry Holgate, consulting engineer, Montreal; Mr.
Guy W. Currier, chief counsel for the receiver of the Bay
State Street Railway Company, Boston; and Prof. Albert S.
Richey, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Mass.,
have been appointed by the New Brunswick Government to
investigate the affairs of the New Brunswick Power Com-
pany and decide upon the merits of that company's applica-
tion for an increase in rates in street car fares in St. John.

June 15, 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Personals

Mr. S. Wilkins, lornierly eiiyincpr, Winnipeg Electric
Railway, has been appointed !-.'.;iintenance engineer.

Mr. C. Bibby has been appointed assistant superintendent
and secretar3' ot the Sudl)urj--Copper Cliff Sul)urban Electric
R;.ilvvay, succeeding the former secretary, Mr. M. J. I'owell.

Mr. Lawford Grant, manager of Eugene F. I'liillips' Elec-
trical Works, Ltd., has been elected a representative of the
Montreal branch of the Canadian Manul'acturers' .\ssociation
on the executive council of the .Association.

Captain W. G. Conway has been appointed secretary of
the British Columbia Association of Electrical Contractors
and Dealers. Captain Conway is said to be one of the livest
wires in the city of Vancouver and there is every indication
that this Association will forge ahead.

Major George W. Shearer, M. Sc., Assoc. Mem. of the
Engineering Institute of Canada, Montreal, has been awarded
the D.S.O. Before joining the 27th Battery, C.F.A., in 1915,
he was practising as an electrical engineer, being a graduate
of McGill University. He is in command of the 11th Battery,
C.F.A.

Mr. F. H. Williams has been appointed publicity agent of
the Winnipeg Electric Railway Company, succeeding Mr. H.
C. Howard. Mr. Williams will continue the policy of this
company of cementing the bond of good fellowship between
the Company and its patrons in all matters pertaining to the
operation of the system.

Mr. Thomas Henry has opened an ottice at 58 Front
Street West, Toronto, where he will act as consulting en-
gineer on power proposals, including both construction and
operation. Mr. Henry is also acting as machinery broker for
power equipment of all kinds — steam, electric and hydraulic.
He has had wide experience, having designed and built the
Erindale hj-dro-electric plant of the Interurban Electric Com-
pany and, as chief engineer, operated this plant for 12 years.
He has latterly been on the staff of the Toronto Electric
Light Company.

Trade Publications.
Ward Leonard — Enamelled Resistance Units, another
booklet on field Rheostats, by the Ward Leonard Electric
Company; both well illustrated and containing a quantity of
useful, general information.

Induction Motors — Bulletin Xo. 3000 by the Canadian
Cieneral Electric Company; illustrating and describing poly-
l)hasc induction motors.

Electrical Features in New Ship Industry

Coincident with the establishment ol the wooden ship-
building industry in the West were born many dependent
enterprises — among these the turning of wooden spars, which
is handled by such firms as the Western Spar Company, of
Portland, Ore. In former days this work was done mostly by
hand labor, or steam-driven machinery, but to-day the entire
equipment is electrical. In the above company's plant there
are two large woodworking lathes, which can turn spars 160
feet in length; they are equipped with 220-volt, .i-phase induc-
tion motors, as follows: Three 15 h.p. three 5 h.p., three 1 h.p.,
and one '3 h.p. The 13 h.p. motors are on the carriages to
drive the cutting tool and other apparatus, and have to be in-
stalled with long, tle.xible cable connection, so that they may
be run hack and forth over the 160-foot length of track. Plugs
are installed midway on the run and supporting the cable on
strain insulators strung on a steel messenger wire.

Electric Railway Supplies — Catalogue No. 18, by the
Drew Electric Company, Indianapolis; illustrating and des-
cribing their line material and electric railway supplies — a
handsome catalogue of 96 pages.

The Quebec Streams Commission have returned all ten-
ders for the construction of the proposed storage dam at
Lake Brule, ten miles from Beaupre. P.Q. The estimates were
too high to justify, in the opinion of the Commission, work
being proceeded with, and it has consequently been postpon-
ed. The dam would have given additional water power to the
hydro-electric plant of the Laurentian Power Co.

A Handsome Catalogue of Electric Heating
Equipment.
The National Electric Heatmg Company, To-
ronto, are distributing a handsome 56 page cata-
logue describing their various products. These
include domestic and commercial irons; a vari-
ety of household and kitchen utensils, such as
toasters, disc stoves, percolaters, chafing dishes,
etc.; their well-known line of electric ranges from
a single burner hot plate to the biggest range re-
(luired for large families, hotels or restaurants;
circulation water heaters; glower type air heat-
ers; portable and stationary air heaters for the
home, office, warehouse, street car or automobile;
luminous type house radiators; special radiators
up to 200 kw. capacity; a number of special appli-
ances such as glue pots, celluloid press, bread
sealing machine, electrically heated glove forms,
etc. The catalogue is splendidly illustrated. The
illustration herewith shows a model arrangement
with range and hot water heater occupying a min-
imum of space and giving a maximum of ser-
\ ice.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

June 13, 191 S

Current News and Notes

Brantford, Ont.

The threatened strike of employees on the Brantford
Municipal Railway has been averted, the men accepting the
new rates of pay offered by the city, namely, 29, 31 and 32
cents an hour. The old rates were 23, 25 and 36 cents an
hour.

Esteven, Sask.

It is stated that a government plant for the manufacture
of lignite briquettes will be established near Estevan, in the
near future. It is further reported that the plant will cost
$400,000 and be in operation by next winter.

Fort William, Ont.

Women conductors are ;i pussiliility mi (lie Fnrt Wi'h'am
electric railway shortly.

Gladstone, Man.

Thr ((■wn council of (iUul.stouc, Man., contemplates the
installatido of au electric li.^hting and jiower system.
London, Ont.

Employees of the London Street Railway Company have
been granted a new wage schedule of 30, 32 and 35 cents an
hour. Formerly the highest rate was 28 cents an hour. By the
new agreement the men also get 10 cents more per hour for
overtime.
Newcastle, N.B.

The town council of Newcastle, N.B.. have raised the
electric light rates from 15 to 20 cents per kw.h. A discount
of 20 per cent, is allowed for prompt payment.

Ottawa, Ont.

It is not impossible that in the near future the citizens of
Ottawa, Ont., will be requested to vote on the question of
purchasing the Ottawa Electric Railway. Figures given in
the last annual statement of the company indicate that it was
the most successful year in the company's history. Gross
earnings amounted to $1,240,627; total expenses were $830,961,
leaving a net surplus of $409,665. Passengers carried numbered
29,347,692 and dividends amounting to 15 per cent, were paid.

Regina, Sask.

A committee has been appointed by the city of Regina,
Sask., to enquire into the efficiency and management of the
street railway department. The scope of the enquiry will
cover the handling of tickets and money, accounting, traffic
organization, efficiency of employees, track and equipment
maintenance.

In our last issue it was stated that the light and power
rates in the city of Regina would be increased 10 per cent,
and that the plant had been operating at a loss. Our source
of information proved inaccurate, however, as we have been
since advised that this plant has not operated at a loss for
twelve years but, on the contrary, has turned over a very sub-
stantial surplus each year to lower the tax rate of the city —
in 1915, $34,917; 1916, $57,061, and 1917, $24,005. The object
of increasing the rates is to provide for a surplus after meet-
ing the increased cost of coal and labor — the advances being
approximately 40 per cent, since the light and power rates
were fixed.

Safeguard the One Vital Point
in the Central Station —

the bus bars

/^THER individual parts of the equipment
^^ may fail or be destroyed — but as long as
your switchboard and main bus bars remain
intact, you can redistribute the load and keep
the power flowing.

Franklin Bus Bar Supports combine great
mechanical strength, great electrical
strength, with sound engineering design and
the finest workmanship. They have many
superior features.

Consider most carefully the bus bar sup-
ports you install.

Install the FRANKLIN and forget it

SELLING AGENTS

\\ Ki I !■: If 'k i:i i.i.i: 1 i.\s

Franklin Cable Potheads
Franklin Post Type Insulators
Franklin Hus Bar Clamps
Franklin Disconnecting Switches
Franklin Cleat Type Insulators
Franklin Compartment Doors
Franklin Compression Fuse

Switches
Franklin Instrument Cutout

Switches
Fr&nklin Air Pressure Relays
Reverse Phase Relays
"Maxum" Grounding Box

The Philadelphia Electric Company Supply Department

132 SOUTH ELEVENTH STREET

PHILADELPHIA, PA., U.S.A.

July 1, mis

THE ELECT

Published Semi-Monthly By

HUGH G. MACLEAN, LIMITED

HUGH C. MacLEAN, Winnipeg, President.
THOMAS S. YOUNG, General Manager.
W. R. CARR, Ph.D., Editor.

HEAD OFFICE - 347 Adelaide Street West, TORONTO

Telephone A. 2700
MONTREAL - Telephone Main 2399 - 119 Board of Trade
WINNIPEG - Tel. Garry 856 - Electric Railway Chambers
VANCOUVER - Tel. Seymour 2013 - Winch Building
NEW YORK - Tel. 3108 Beekman - 1123 Tribune Building
CHICAGO - Tel. Harrison 5351 - 1413 Gt. Northern Bldg.
LONDON, ENG. - - 16 Regent Street S.W.

ADVERTISEMENTS
Orders for advertising should reacli llie office of publication not later
than the 5th and 20tli of the month. Changes in advertisements will be
made whenever desired, without cost to the advertiser.

SUBSCRIBERS

The "Electrical News" will be mailed to subscribers in Canada and
Great Britain, post free, for $2.00 per annunr. United States and foreign,
S2.50. Remit by currency, registered letter, or postal order payable to
Hugh C. MacLean, Limited.

Subscribers are requested to promptly notify the publishers of failure
or delay in delivery of paper.

Authorized by the Postmaster General for Canada, for transmission
as second class matter.

Entered as second class matter July ISth, 1914, at the Postoffice at
Buffalo, N. Y., under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

RICAL NEWS Wbl^^'^'^ 2'^

considcraliDii the increase in lalmr and material, loiiiul a
necessary to provi<le for a total revenue of appro.ximately
Icn million dollars Un ihi- Ivvelve mrniths ending June liOth,
I'.il'.i. This gross revenue exceeds (he revenue of the year
cndiny June .'iOth, 1917, by an amount of .$2,500,000, during
whirl] period the fares averaged 4.11c per revenue iiassenger.
"The increased cost of wages and material, as well as
tlie increased fixed charges due lo additional capital refjuired,
brings up the estimated cost per revenue passenger to ap^
proximately 5.5c. This increase of about .$2,500,000. is made
iMi as follows:

(a) Estimated increase in wages lor l:; monihs... $750,000

(b) Deficit incurred since llu- pulliiiL; in force of the
contract until June :;mb. IIPIS 4iii).oiio

I"'"^^ 1.000.000

(il) .Additional hxed charges 280 000

Vol. 27

Toronto, July i, 1918

No. 13

Montreal Tramways Gommission
Recognizes Justice of Fare Increase

I'he advance in wa.yes and the high cost of materials
have caused the Montreal Tramways Commission to raise the
fares. The company submitted detailed information show-
ing that the cost of material has risen from 12 ])er cent, to
700 per cent, in some instances. The Commission has de-
cided that the old rate of 6 tickets for 25c and 8 workmen's
tickets for tlie same money will be abolished, and that in
what is called the uniform tariff territory the rate will be live
tickets for 25c, willi a cent extra for transfers, except from
5 to 8 in the morning, when transfers are free. The .cash
fare from 8 a.m. until midnight will be 6c, in addition to a
cent for a transfer, while after midnight the cash fare will
be 15c. School children will obtain 7 tickets for 25c, the
tickets being available from S a.m. to 6 p.m.. transfers free.
Another schedule of rates has been fixed for districts outside
the uniform tariff territory, these being generally 5c for local
traffic, 10c after midnight, with the uniform tariff extra when
passengers are carried into tliat territory. In some instances
there is an actual reduction in fares from Montreal to out-
side points. In order to .get over the inconvenience of pay-
ing for individual transfers, arrangements will be made to
sell strips of transfer tickets.

In explanation of the decision, the Tramways Commis-
sion state: "The revetuie to be derived from such tariffs are
to provide tramways service at cost. The Tramways Com-
mission, after a careful study of the expenditures incurred
by the Tramways Company in previous years and taking into

Elimination of Unnecessary Shock

Winnipe.y. Man.. June 12th. litis.
Editor. Electrical News:

While numerous bodies have fr.nii linu- to time promul-
gated rules for protection of jjroperty against hazardous
methods of electric installation, it is only recently that any
attempt has been made to grapple with the question of this
danger to persons from such causes. Noteworthy efforts are.
however, discernilile in certain directions, such as those of
the Hydro-electric Power Commission rules, which are a
step in advance, and more especially the National Electric
Safety Code, issued by the Bureau of Standards. Washington.

.Vs illustrating one little point in above connection I
enclose copy of a notice recently sent out by us to all manu-
facturers of electric ranges. There is, to my mind, no valid
reason why women and children should be exposed to risk
of shock in such ways as are spoken of, when they can be so
easily protected. It is, I think, up to electrical engineers and
plant superintendents to bring pressure to bear on this prob-
lem and insist upon the elimination of these needless hazards.
Yours truly,

F. A. Cambridge,

City Electrician.

Notice to Electric Range Manufacturers

\\ bile we have on several occasions drawn your atten-
tion to the necessity of placing the individual switclies on
electric hot plates and ranges on one of the "outer" wires
of the three-wire feeds, and not on the neutral, we still find
considerable carelessness in the observance of tliis retjuire-
ment.

illustrating tlie necessity for the above precaution i
would point to two complaints recently received.

(a) Woman while wiping off top of range with a damp
cloth complained of receiving shocks, although all element
switches were "ofT" at the time.

(1)) Woman pickin.t.- ui> kettle and with other hand totu'li-
ing range body got shock although all element switches
were "off." In this case there would appear to have been
some substance accidentally hridgiiii; the kettle liottoni aiitl
the element wire.

Both above cases were fortunately in districts where
the neutrals are grounded, hence, the- maximum voltage to
ground would be limited, but it is evident that with un-
grounded neutrals shocks of much greater intensity are pos-
sible. .A fatal accident due to such a cause would not only
be exceedingly regrettable, but would materially check the
growing popularity of electric cooking.

May I count on your thorough co-operation in eliminat-
ing the above risk?

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

July 1. iai8

Chicoutimi Pulp Co. Expanding

The Chicoutimi Pulp Couipany, P.Q.. announces that
it has acquired a controlling interest of 11,150 shares in the
Saguenay Light & Power Company, which operates an elec-
tric light and power system in the town of Chicoutimi and
surrounding district. This company owns and controls val-
uable water grants on the Peribonca River, hydro-electric
station on the Chicoutimi River, and two small hydro-electric
stations on the Ha! Ha! River, the output of which is sold
to the Ha! Ha! Bay Sulphite Company, Limited. This latter
company controls through stock ownership La Compagnie
du Telephone Saguenay-Quebec. operating over 1.000 miles
of telephone lines in the vicinity of Chicoutimi and Lake St.
John, and connecting with the telephone companies into the
city of Quebec. It also controls through stock ownership
Le Credit Municipal Canadien. operating a small electric
light and power company, located at Rimouski. Province of
Quebec.

National Contractors Association Convention

The eighteenth annual convention of the National Asso-
ciation of Electrical Contractors and Dealers will be held in
Cleveland July 15-20. with headquarters at the Hollenden
Hotel. The executive committee meetings will occupy Mon-
day and Tuesday, and the convention proper will be opened
at 10 o'clock. Wednesday. July 17. An interesting item on
Wednesday's program will be a paper by L. K. Comstock.
of New York, on "Scientific System of Wage Adjustment."
On Thursday, J. R. Strong, past-president of the .Associa-
tion, will spe"ak on "Organization." and W. L. Goodwin will
describe the Goodwin Plan. On Friday. G. M. Sanborn, of
Indianapolis, will read a paper on "How to Open a Retail
Store." .\nother interesting paper will be "How an Electrical
Contractor Can Become a Successful Retailer."

Montreal Employees Get Increase

."Xfter prolonged negotiations, the Montreal Tramways
Company has come to an agreement with its employees as
to advances in wages. The representatives of the men asked
for a larger increase than is to be given, and as the com-
pany put forward a lower schedule, a compromise was agreed
upon. The advance will involve an average increase of 20
per cent, of the wages bill of the company, or a total of
$600,000. Motormen and conductors obtain increases of from
6 to 9 cents an hour, the new rates being from 31 cents an
hour to 37 cents an hour. .\11 other branches are included in
the arrangement, including power house, linemen, rolling
stock, car barn, construction, and bridges and building de-
partments. The raises here are from 3^ to 13 cents an hour,
switchboard operators and assistant engineers being the high-
est paid employees in the electrical department, with wages
of 42 and izyi cents per hour respectively. The linemen are
paid 32J4 cents per hour. Ten hours will constitute a day's
work, with time and a half to be paid for all time over ten
hours.

90 per cent, are granted rate increases.

Mr. Samuel Insull. President of the Commonwealth
Edison Company of Chicago, recently said that out of 460
applications made by United States central station companies
for increased rates in the year 1917 upward of 400 decisions
were given favorable to an increase. Mr. Insull added: "The
experience with those of us who have appealed to the pro-
perly constituted authorities to deal with the question of our
rates gives me every confidence that, if we are diligent in
the presentation of our situation to those properly consti-
tuted authorities, we are bound to get relief."

B. C. Contractors Association

The B. C. Association of Electrical Contractors and
Dealers held their regular monthly meeting at 406 Yorkshire
Building, Vancouver, B.C., on the 4th instant. There was a
large attendance, the chair being taken by the president, Mr.
C. H. E. Williams. The business of the meeting consisted
of the appointment of a secretary-treasurer. Captain W. J
Conway, 1575 12th Ave. W., Vancouver, B.C.; and the ap-
pointment of a special committee to make arrangements for
the next (second) annual meeting, which is to be combined
with a picnic to be held at Victoria, B.C., about the middle
of August, when, it is hoped, Mr. Elliot of San Francisco
will be present to repeat his kindness of last year, by giving
the association the benefit of his advice on matters electrical.
The president read his report on the California Convention.
and was tendered a vote of thanks for his excellent work and
report. Mr. Hayward was present as a delegate from the
Victoria Association.

Toronto Hydro Seventh Annual Report

The Toronto Hydro-electric System have issued their
seventh annual report covering the year's operations January
1 to December 31, 1917. The gross income for the year
amounted to .$2,049,383; cost of electric curr-cnt, including
expense of operation, management, repairs and maintenance,
$1,294,023. This left surplus income on operating account of
$753,360. Interest, depreciation and sinking funds required
$720,893, which left a net surplus of $34,467.

The number of meters in use is now 50,461, an increase
of 15 per cent, for the year. The connected load is 169.118
h.p.. an increase of 20 per cent. The number of kw. hours
sold during the year was 171,691,213, an increase of 24 per
cent. Rates have been reduced as follows: Residence lighting
9.4 per cent.; commercial lighting 8.1 per cent.; coinniercial
power 10.1 per cent. The total assets of the system now
amount to $10,317,531.

The year's operations may be summarized from the gen-
eral manager's report as follows: Increased income for the
year, $343,200 — roughly a gain of 20 per cent, over 1911); in-
creased operating expenses. $66.000 — an increase of only 12^^
per cent. Thus the revenue has increased at a considerably
more rapid rate than has the cost of operation — and thi.s in
sjiite of a lower revenue per kw. hour sold.

-\ number of interesting items are mentioned in the gen-
eral manager's report, such as the difficulties encountered due
to power shortage; the inconvenience caused by their head
office fire; the' extension work necessitated for the supply of
power to British Forgin.gs, Limited; the decision to carry
the System's insurance in connection with the Workmen's
Compensation .\ct; for this laeter purpose a fund has been
set up to wliich is credited a sum based on the cost of carry-
ing the insurance if placed through an insurance company.
The report also notes that a special sub-department has been
started to deal with accident prevention along educational
lines; the installation of synchronous apparatus for the cor-
rection of the system's power factor; the prosperity of the
appliance department, in which the number of articles sold
was in the neighborhood of 20,000, and. finally, the honor
roll on which it is noted that during the year additional
casualties include 2 killed in action or missing and 7 wound-
ed. The commissioners have continued the grant, as before,
to the dependants of the employees with the colors, the cost
being deliited to the year's operations.

Dr. S. S. Wheeler, President of the Crocker-Wheeler
Company, stated at the .\tlantic City convention that there
are now forty blind men in the employ of his company.

July 1, 1918

THl;; KLECTRICAL NEWS

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I" 1 1 ]•: E L !•: c r r i c a l n e w s

July I. r.'l>

Association of Municipal Electrical Engineers

Holds First Annual Convention at Niagara Falls— Inspection of Ontario Hydro
Commission's 300,000 h. p. Chippawa Development

The first annual convention of the Association of Muni-
cipal Electrical Engineers of the Province of Ontario was
held at Niagara Falls on Friday and Saturday, June 14-1"),
Mr, E. W Buchanan, general manager of the London Public
L'tilities Commission, presiding. In his opening adress Mr.
Buchanan remarked on the fitness of the location for the first
convention of the Association of Municipal Electrical En-
gineers— the centre of Hydro-electric power for the province
and where so great a reserve of water-power still awaits
development. He did not think any group of electrical men
on the globe had a greater heritage than we in Ontario, and
in this connection he coupled the name of Sir Adam Beck,
whose recognized ability, tireless as it was keen, was chiefly
resjionsiblc for the development of the whole great project.
The President regretted that a number of the municipalities
had not yet joined the Association and urged that each mem-
ber should become a recruit in explaining to these munici-
palities the advantages to be gained through membership.

Brief reports were presented by the secretary, treasurer
and the officers of the standing committees. These indicated
that the Association was in a most healthy condition, both
as regards members and finances. The various standing com-
mittees, for the most part, had little to report on account of
the short interval that had elapsed between their election to
office and the present convention.

Amendments to Constitution.

One of the first amendments to come up for discussion
was that regardin.g the advisability of including manufactur-
ers as members of the Association. A keen discussion by
Messrs. Yates, Shearer. Ireland, Kribbs, Lines, Leacock,
Phelps. Chase and others, resulted in the adoption of a
motion to the effect that an annual fee of ,$10.00 be charged
and that manufacturers should consider themselves free to
send as many representatives as they wished. The discussion
rather tended to favor a grading of the fee, but it was felt

that this could be left for further consideration at a later
date .

Another amendment to the constitution related to the
expenses of the metnbers of the executive committee to the
various meetings in Toronto and it was finally decided that
it would be fair that delegates should charge their railway
expenses to the Association and their other expenses to their
municipalities on the supposition that the members would be
able to combine with the business of the Association a cer-
tain amount of business for their own municipalities.

Another important amendment dealt with the represen-
tation of the various municipalities on the executive com-
mittee of the Association, the province being divided into
sections, each electing a member.

The President then introduced Mr. H. F. Strickland, who
read a paper on "The Evoluticm of Electrical Inspection in
Ontario."

Discussion on Mr. Strickland's Paper.

There was a considerable amount of discussion and criti-
cism of the rules and regulations of the Commission, many
of the objections doubtless being well taken. It was pointed
out by Mr. Strickland, however, that the Fire Underwriters'
Association absolutely controls the situation and they are
guided by the National Code, Mr. Strickland further em-
phasized the fact that this National Code is the result of most
careful deliberation of the various electrical organizations
of the United States, and if they felt that these regulations
were in the best interests of the electrical industry at large
we could probably not do better than follow in their foot-
steps, Mr. Scott asked Mr. Strickland to give the association
some ideas on the evolution of electrical rules, and Mr.
Strickland, at some length, described the various i)hases of
discussion and consideration through wdiich these rules must
pass before they become law.

As the outcome of Mr. Strickland's paper, and the dis-

President E. V. Buchanan, Londo

Secretary S. R. A. Clement. Toronto.

jiil\' I. nils

rill'. E L J ■ C T R I C A L. N ] ■: w s

cussidii which liiMowid. :i nioii.in was canitil r(i|iu-,lin,L; lln'
(■tiilcs anil Rc-yuhitioiis ( ..niniltln- of Ihr 1 lyclrd-clcclric
I'owir ( (iinnilssii Ml ti. alhiw a n-pi'i'scnlalivi.' of ihi- Asscii-ia-
tii>ii to liv adiK-d to thai C'oniniitU'C. Mr. Scon. ulio intro-
duced the sugj^estion, emphasized the fact that tlie men in
tlie field were more closely in touch with the re{|uircments
as regards rules and regulations than the Hydro men them-
selves could possihly be and. for this reason, they sliould have
a representative on the (.'ommittee. Mr. Strickland favored
the suggestion. .A representative will be named by the chair-
man of the Rules and Regulations Committee of the Associ-
ation.

KiKiuiry was maile as to the (Uitcome of tlii' resolution
previously submitted to the Hydro Commission asking tliat
the name of the Inspection dei)artnient be changed so as to
omit the word "Hydro." As the secretary reported that no
decision had ever been .given on this point he was instructed
to write the Commission again to urge that action be taken
immediately .

"Factory Lighting"

An interesting, illustrated jiaper on "Factory Lighting"
was presented by Mr. H. H. Madgsick, of the Engineering
Department of the National Lamp Works of the General
Electric Company. A hearty vote of thanks to Mr. Madgsick
was moved by Mr. Krilibs.

On Friday evening the Association supper was held in
the restaurant of the Administration Building of the Queen
N'ictoria Park Commissioners, at which some IGO delegates
were present. The chairman dispensed with imnecessarj^
toasts and introduced Mr. Fred W. Field. H. M. Trade Com-
missioner, of Toronto, who spoke on "Overseas Trade." Mr.
Field explained that the relationship Ijetween the colonies
and the Mother Country was being more closely cemented
as the various units of the Empire realized one another's
resources, and in this respect Canada had come in for a great
deal of valuable publicity. At the present time a very keen
interest was taken by the Mother Country in Canadian trade
which after the war would doubtless develop, if properly-
handled, to tremendous proportions. With this end in view
the number of trade commissioners had been increased.
Canada now having four. Mr. Field himself representing the
Province of Ontario.

Mr. Geo. C. Rough, president of the Packard Electric
Company, followed with an intensely interesting address on
his experiences during "Thirty Years as an Electrical Sales-
man." Mr. Rou.gh deprecated the idea that salesinen are
liorn and not made. Of course a good salesman is all the
better for having natural tact and ability to size up the cus-
tomer at first glance, but success in selling is very largely a
matter of hard work, long hours, and the faculty of arousing
the interest of the customer through an appeal to one or
other of his personal hobbies. A description of the visit of
Joe Fissette to an electrical convention in Quelicc City was
the climax of a thoroughly enjoyable half-hour.

On Saturday mornin.g Mr. J. F. S. Madden, sales engineer
of the Hydro-electric Power Commission, delivered an address
on "Sales Service." Mr. Madden discussed a number of in-
teresting points which resulted in considerable discussion.
r)ne of the points about which considerable interest centered
waS that of a central purchasing department and. in connec-
tion with it. the action of manufacturers combinin.g together
for the purpose of securing better prices. Mr. Madden
pointed out that in the United States the power of manufac-
turers to fix prices will probably soon be legalized and the
tendency appears to be in the same direction in this country.
A number of the delegates considered that a centralized pur-
chasing department was not without its disadvantages. The
larger municipalities did not stand to profit as much as did
the smaller. The chief objection to such an arrangement.

however, seemed to be that by placing a \ i r\ large order
vvilli one uianufaclurcr, competitors in tliis particular line
were for the time being greatly inconvenienced and. so, un-
able to keep their organizaticins together. .Vt the same time
the one manufacturer who had obtained the order would lie
over-driven and probably unable to make delivery. If the
order were given to another manufacturer the next time this
condition would .dimply be reversed. In Mr. Maddcn's oi)inion
it was l.irgely this practice that had driven the manufac-
turers to combine for self-defence. Unless it were possible
for a central purchasing committee to distribute the orders
fairly evenly it appeared to be the consensus of opinion that
municipalities had better be left to do their own purchasin.g.
IJelegates who participated in the discussion included the
President, Messrs. Yates. Sifton. Coleman. Kribbs. Phelps.
Shearer, Fisk and Chase.

Synchronous Motors.

Mr. M. J. McHenry. mana.ger of the Hydro-electric Sys-
tem. VV'alkerville. read a paper on "Apjilications of Synchro-
nous Motors." Mr. Lee. of the Toronto Hydro System, dis-
cussed Mr. McHenry's paper at some length as did also
Messrs. Lines. Ireland, .Sifton. Yates, Kribbs, Hceg and
Scott. The opinion was generally expressed that the cus-
tomer should be held responsible to a greater degree for the
correction of power-factor. Mr. Lee thought a little educa-
tion would go a long way in this direction. It was pointed
out that many customers are now charged on a power factor
basis — that is. they are penalized if their power factor is poor,
or bonused if it is particularly good. This seems to be the
fairest method of adjustment for everyone concerned and it
has quite frequently Ijcen found possible to correct the trou-
ble without resorting to the installation of corrective appar-
atus.

Resuscitation.

Mr. Wills Maclachlan, safety engineer, Toronto, gave a
demonstration of resuscitation on two hydro linemen. Mr.
Maclachlan has practically organized the whole province in
resuscitation work and accident prevention, both for the
Hydro-electric Power Commission and for the private com-
panies, and a noticeable decrease in accidents is reported.
Evidence of his good work is shown on every hand.

The Saturday session concluded with a brief description
of the Chippawa development of the Cintario Commission by
Mr. H. G. .\cres, chief hydraulic engineer. Mr. .Acres outlin-
ed the various schemes that had lieen considered, explaining
the advantages of the route finally adopted. Following Mr.
Acres' discussion the delegates were driven by motor over
the twelve-mile route and given a chance to observe actual
operations. .\ Ijrief description of this development work
appears on another page.

Municipal Delegates

Oswald M. Scott, Belleville: G. E. Chase, Bowmanvillc:
Geo. Ostrander, John Spiers, Brampton; W. P. Catton, .An-
drew McFarland, Brantford; Royal Quick, Brighton; W. S.
Uussell, Campbellford; J. E, Comfoot, Cannington; J. G.
Jackson, Chas. E. Clements (Mayor), Chatham; H. B. Chant.
Clinton; J. E. Skidmore, Cobourg; E. J. Stapleton, W. B. H.
Patton (Mayor). .S. Burnside, Collingwood; Charles Eberlee,
Dresden; Geo. E. Whiton, Dundas; R. Elliott. Gait; V. F.
Hunt, Gravenhurst; John J. Hee.g. M. W. Wheeler, Guelph;
E. I. Sifton, W, H. Childs, Hamilton; M. E. Jardine, W. D.
Scott, Hespeler; H, G. Hall, Ingersoli; S. A. Saylor, Kenora;
V, S, Mclntyre, Geo. Lippert. Kitchener; E. J. Plartrick.
Kin.gston; C. J. DeBatts, Leamington; W. E. Reesor, Lind-
say: E. V. Buchanan, A. C. Hunt. G. W. Blay. London; W. R.
Savigny. James Rennie, Merritton; J. S. Mllliken, Midland;
.•\. C. Clemens, J.- C. Grosch, Milverton; Thos. E, Bell, Ge::

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

July 1. lyis

Stubbs, Mimico; Charles A. Walters, Napanee; Geo. Morley,
New Hamburg; J. W. Cook, New Toronto; J. W. Bayliss,
G. E. Foster, Niagara Falls; W. Daykin, xNorwich; A. T.
Hicks, Oshawa; J. R. McLinden, A. F. Armstrong, Owen
Sound; H. O. Fisk, Peterboro; G. W. Currie, Petrolia; V. B.
Coleman, Port Hope; C. S. MacKenzie, Preston; J. E. B.
Phelps, Sarnia; H. F. Shearer, Geo. B. Frost, Smith's Falls;
P. B. Yates, F. M. Sewos, St. Catharines; E. A. Burgess, F. E.
Welker, I. B. Rutsacher, St. Jacobs; E. H. Campbell, J. J. I'io-
berts, St. Thomas; R. H. Myers, Stratford; E. R. Smithairn,
Strathroy; J. E. Techoe, Tilsonburg; R. H. Martindale. Sud-
bury; H. H. Couzens, E. M. Ashworth, R. G. Lee, W. C.
Burch, C. E. Schwenger, ."V. W. J. Stewart, J. B. Kitchen, C.
W. Fatt, Wm. F. Kelly, Toronto; W. J. McHenry, Walker-
ville; J. R. Forbes, T. C. Savage, Water word; Geo. Grosz,
Waterloo; H. E. Timmerman, Welland; A. G. Pierson, F. G.
Cousins, Weston; O. M. Perry, Windsor; W. J. Mclntyre,
Whitby; J. G. Archibald, Woodstock.

O.M.E..'\. Delegates — W. K. Sanderson (St. Thomas'),
W. Ellis (Hamilton).

Associates — F. A. Gaby, J. S. Parker, S. L. Eisenhoffer,
Gordon Krihl^^, G. F. Drewry. G. J. Mickler, R. M. Bond, E.

R. Lawler, A. G. Lang, J. N. Wilson, J. H. Caster, J. J. Jef-
fery, L. G. Ireland, S. K. A. Clement, R. C. McCollum. H. J.
Surtees. F. T. Stocking, J. F. S. Madden, W. M, Bostwick.
Wills Maclachlan, W. H. Mulligan, K. R. McClellan, E. T.
Brandon, B. O. Salter, H. C. Don Carlos, H. F. Strickland,
W. P. Dobson, Hydro-electric Power Commission of Ontario.
Visitors— J. A. Shand, J. F. Hill, W. H. Christie, H. A.
Burson, Canadian Crocker Wheeler Co.; J. W. Taylor, .\. C.
Johnston, W. M. .Andrew, Canadian Westinghouse Co.; W.
K. Greenshields, Canada Wire & Cable Co.; H. E. Hunter.
F. A. Mahoney, C. H. Beavis. A. S. McCordick. B. F. Selby.
Wm. \. Bucke, A. G. Cooper, W. G. Young, Canadian Gen-
eral Electric Co.; S. L. B. Lines, Chamberlain & Hookham
Meter Co.; W. S. Ewens, H. J. Hammond, Northern Electric
Co.; R. H. Starr. Geo. D. Leacock, Moloney Electric Co.;
Geo. C. Rough, Packard Electric Co.; C. C. Bothwell, Laco-
Phillips Company; Fred W'. Field, H. M. Trade Commis-
sioner; H. G. Acres, Hydraulic Engineer, H. E. P. Co.; S. L.
Weber, St. Jacobs; S. Stroud. Hamilton; C. N. Farrow. J. J.
O'Hearn, Toronto; L. M. Bradley, St. Thomas; K. M. Sor-
rich, Chatham; C. V. Edmonds, V. K. Stalford, Geo. W.
Howse. .\. T. Smith, wiring inspectors. H. E. P. Ci>.

The Evolution of Electrical Inspection in Ontario

By Mr. H. F. Strickland

Electrical Inspection in Ontario dates back appro.ximately
to the year 1892. as near as I can recollect, a year or two
after what was then known as the Toronto Incandescent
Electric Light Co., was established. At that time I was con-
nected with the old Incandescent Company under Senator
Frederic Nicholls and had a good deal to do with the ob-
taining of contracts for the installation of wiring and motors
in Toronto, the estimating on these jobs and looking after
this part of the work generally.

Electrical inspection at this time was introduced by the
Fire Underwriters as a precautionary measure and what in-
spection there was then was in charge of Mr. A. Bruce Smith,
then Superintendent of Construction for the G.N.W. Tele-
graph Co., and now Manager of Telegraphs for the Grand
Trunk Pacific Railway. The peculiar part of the situation in
those days was that inspectors carefully and in due form
certified to what we now would just as carefully condemn.
This was not, of course, through any fault of the inspectors.
In those days I can distinctly remember the lay-out of wiring
jobs and often think how different they were from the present
day and more often what would occur in Ontario to-day
if wiring was still performed in the same manner. No doubt
you have all used the argument and had it used in turn upon
you, at least I know we have, that because a wiring in-
stallation as performed twenty years ago did not always
burn the building down the first night it was connected up,
that it is just as good as the work done to-day and that there
were not more fires then than there are now. This state-
ment may sound perfectly logical to anyone who wants to
believe it without knowing the facts.

In those days I knew aliuost every installation which was
connected up in the City of Toronto, and practically every
wiring job which was being done in the same city. Toronto
was at that time a city of considerable proportion and popu-
lation and it was not very long after that when there was a
very large building boom. Nevertheless, when there were
three or four wiring jobs being done at the same time, things
were what we might say "humping."

In the year 1892 and the two or three years following,
wiring was installed in a variety of ways, which to say tlic
least would be startling and interesting to behold at the

present day. I can at the moment clearly see. with my mind's
eye. the wiring in a building in Toronto which has since been
pulled out which consisted of rubber-covered wire threaded
through the joists with gimlet holes and then tacked on to the
brick ways between the strapping with pieces of tape and
a nail, much in the same way as a Virginia Creeper would
be trained up the side of a house. When these wires, or
electric creepers, were carefully tacked on the walls they
were then covered in with fresh wet plaster. These circuits
were ostensibly protected by wooden cutouts dipped in paraf-
fine with open fuse wire and then mounted in wooden
pockets in the walls, strictly without asbestos.

The chief form of protection and general finish in most
wiring was a good daubing up with P.&B. compound, which
was commonly known as "stink." So long as a wireman
could daub a lot of P.&B.. on the cutout box and generally
daub everything up that did not look right electrically, it
was generally considered a very good job.

The service equipment consisted generally of a piece of
board nailed up some place handy; it did not make much dif-
ference whether it was in a clothes-closet, basement or attic.
The service wires came in from outside through a couple of
gimlet holes in the board and after being wrapped with tape
they generally ran directly to the branch cutouts after pass-
ing through an Edison electrolytic meter. No doubt, theor-
etically this meter was the most accurate registering meter
which was ever produced, but no doubt before the customer
received his bill there were several inaccuracies which might
creep in, such as the weighing of the elements and the
recording of same in the books, and ultimately the comput-
ing of it in dollars and cents. Of course, we know that no
one in the electrical business would think of increasing' a
customer's bill, but I merely point out what an easy matter
it would be with meters of this description for someone to
read these meters as high or low 3s was considered advisable
or necessary.

When this meter was installed on the board, the meter
board such as it was was likewise well daubed up with
"stink" and the service was completed in due form.

The salvation of a great deal of the wiring in those
days was undoubtedly owing to the high-class of wire used.

July 1, 191S

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Rubber-covered wire was very superior, and 1 may say vast-
ly superior, to the wire which lias been used in Ontario up
to the last year or two, in fact rubber-covered wire became
a standing joke and I have heard it stated on good authority
that one manufacturer made the broad statement that he
was making rubber-compound for wire without using any
rubber. The new Code rubber-covered wire which is requir-
ed to-day, is however, very much superior to that which has
been used during the past ten or fifteen years, but I doubt
very much whether it is as good as llic rubber-covered wire
which appeared in the early part of I'.IOO.

It does not require a very great anuiunt of abstruse cal-
culation to answer the question touched upon a few moments
ago as to why there were no more fires at that time than
there are to-day with all our modern improvements; one has
only to consider the ratio as between the amount of current
used then and at the present time, to answer this question.
In those days the large percentage of electric light, especi-
ally in the large cities, was direct current, and the question
of break-down between high and low tension and the ground-
ing of secondary did not enter very largely into the
question at all, until some few years later and where there
was one building wired up in those days there are many
hundreds to-day.

It now seems an opportune time to pass some comments
on the Electrical Inspection of the past to make it very plain
that I do not wish to reflect in any way upon the past inspec-
tion or anyone connected with it. One might as well com-
pare the efficiency of a soldier with the old flintlock musket
and the marksmanship of a crack shot armed with a modern
Enfield rifle. The present inspector is vested with Rules and
Regulations which are the outcome of past experience, and
now enjoys a legal status which did not exist in those days.

The Fire Underwriters, who inspired the first production
of an electrical code, did not do so out of love for their fel-
low men but as a protection to themeslevs and no one should
blame them for having so done. It seems to me that when
an aggregation of companies is expected to pay for fire losses
that they have a right to know what they are paying for.
The motive of the Underwriters' Regulations has always
been the protection of buildings against fire, and they did
not pretend to make regulations for the protection of life,
although there are a certain number of rules in the National
Code which have been adopted for that purpose, but only
recently.

A few years ago, practically the only inspection which
was carried on in the North American Continent was that of
the Underwriters' Inspection Bureau in the different cities
and towns of Canada and the United States. This has been
followed in recent years by some of the cities, where civic
ordinances were passed causing Electrical Inspection to be-
come mandatory.

In most cases the Underwriters objected to anyone doing
electrical inspection but themesleves. Possibly they are to
be excused for this attitude, owing to the fact that they are
paying for the losses. I know that at the present time the
Fire Underwriters frequently hand me some comments to the
effect that our electrical inspection is far from being as
effective as it should be, and it was only during the last
month that I was told by the chief official of the Under-
writers' Association that we are unable to carry this inspec-
tion as far as we should and in many respects it is a failure.
This, of course, was said to me in an apparently friendly
spirit and no doubt this body sincerely believes this to be
true.

This Would Satisfy the Underwriters.

There is only one system of Electrical Inspection which
will ever satisfy the Underwriters (and this is said with the
best feeling and with all deference to them) and that is a

system of inspection which will not allow any electrical
work til be installe<l in buildings at all, nor any electric cur-
renl In lie supplied thereto and the only electric light which
should be permitted in buildings to be in the form of port-
al>le flashlights. Such a condition would be ideal for the Fire
L'nderwriters as there would be positively no fire losses from
electrical causes.

Commenting further nu the attitude of the Underwriters
towards this inspection, 1 think the chief trouble is that they
have not really seriouly analyzed the work of the Inspection
Department or made a fair comparison as between wdiat is
being done now and what was done in the old days. Having
been Chief Electrical Inspector for the Canadian Fire Under-
writers Association for a period of five years I think that I
can justly claim to know as much about the subject as anyone
else. .\s a matter of fact, I was the first inspector employed
by the Underwriters who was called upon to devote his
whole time to organizing and enlarging the whole system.

When I took over Electrical Inspection in Toronto some
twelve years or more ago, the entire work was being carried
on by Mr. Smith, who was Superintendent of Construction
for the G.N.W. Telegraph Co. No one who knows Mr.
Smith would say anything about him except what would be
favorable from every point of view. Mr. A. B. Smith en-
joyed the respect and admiration of everyone who knew him
and undoubtedly if he had the opportunities which I have
had and had devoted his whole time to Electrical Inspection
he would have made a great success of it and my effort
would have looked very small in coinparison. At that period,
however, Mr, Smith's time was very largely devoted to the
work of the Telegraph Company and as there was no law
requiring inspection, no one was obliged to have work in-
spected. Such conditions tended to produce chaos. For in-
stance, no wireman could tell whether to figure on a good
job or a bad one. The general result with the wiring was that
a good contractor wished to do a good job and only did so
when he had the work at his own price, or after having
ascertained who was competing with him. If only two or
three good wiremen were asked to figure on the job there
was some chance of getting a fairly good job done, but if two
or three cheap men had a hand in the pie, chances were that
the job was a poor one with no guarantee that it ever was
inspected, in fact it often was not. As soon as it was ready
(and often before") the electric light company would issue a
service certificate.

I can remember in the early days of the Toronto Hydro
where rows of houses were being built, it was often a race
between the Toronto Electric Light Co., and the Hydro for
service and I have seen one or the other of these supply
authorities install services in a whole row of houses before they
were lathed and plastered, and put the meters in and turn on
the current. This was a very undesirable state of affairs, and
it was a wonder that there were not a number of people
killed or a number of fires resulting from this mad rush for
current regardless of the safety of others.

I distinctly remember one case where a couple of Italians
were digging in the cellar of a house when one of them hap-
pened to touch the main switch. He got a nasty shock and
out of retaliation he took his spade and smashed the meter
and everything else to pieces.

Companies Mixed Their Meters.

Things became worse and worse and I have known cases
where the companies forgot whose meters were whose. I
remember another instance where a Hydro meter was in a
house and was connected up to the Toronto Electric Light
Co's. service wires, so that one company was deriving a
revenue from the other company's wires through their own
meter. Jumpers around meters to shut them out altogether

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

July I. I'.n-

was also a very popular past-time in those (lays and no one
need be deprived of service owing to a blown fuse so long
as there was a wire nail or a pant l>utton not working. But
this was not all. There were a few legitimate wiring contrae-
tractors in Toronto ami vicinity and a score or more of peo-
ple doing wiring (with the accent on the doing); and not
only doing the wiring Init also the people for whom they were
doing it. You can judge to what an extent this was carried
when I tell you that I know of a row of houses in which
the wiring was let to some itinerant contractor and the build-
ers, after having paid this contractor about 85 per cent, of
his total contract (of course without inspection) suddenly
discovered that there were no wires in the houses at all, that
the contractor had merely wired up to the outlets and suc-
ceeded in some way in having it lathed over before his little
joke was discovered. In other words, the woods were full
of carpet-bag contractors, boys and other amateurs who con-
sidered themselves quite competent to wire up anything as
they felt disposed.

I have in this paper so far alluded chiefly to the condi-
tions in Toronto. Ths is owing to the fact that Electrical
Inspection in Ontario was very largely a matter of Toronto.
There was a little inspection done on the side, consisting of
the local managers of the G.N.W. Telegraph Co., in Ham-
ilton, BrantforcU and Kingston, and only after I took over
the Underwriters' inspection there was an inspector appoint-
ed in the City of Ottawa.

To make a long story short and to make a fair compari-
son of the conditions which exist to-day as against those ex-
isting in the days of Underwriters' inspection, one has only
to state that to-day in the I'rovince of Ontario there is not a
square inch of territory left uncovered. Electrical inspec-
tors are now duly appointed and have been carrying on their
work in the dilYerent districts extending from Windsor to
Ottawa and from the very southernmost part of the Niagara
Peninsula riglit up to Kenora. Sudbury and Timmins on the
north.

Touching on Electrical Inspection as it is to-day one of
the most important requirements, in fact I believe that it is
the very backbone of the whole inspection system, is the
permit, which is required before the work may be performed.
If the law merely called for an application for inspection
on all work as performed or that had lieen performed, it
would not begin to be as effective as the permit. Any itiner-
ant or other doubtful wircnian could always make the
excuse that he intended having the work inspected. This
excuse could be raised a day, a week or if necessary a year
after the work was done, but the permit to perform
the work clinches the argument at the start and I
believe it has been the means of weeding out more
doubtful and inferior wiremcn than any step which has been
taken, and I am glad to say that the Commission has sup-
ported us in enforcing this requirement.

Activities of the Inspection Department,

The energy of the Inspection Department has not been
solely devoted to the inspection of new work either, as the
following figures will show: From June 1st, 1917, to May
11th, 1918, the sum of $241,936.46 has been expended by
electric light consumres, owners of buildings and others re-
sponsilile, in removing dangerous and doubtful wiring and
these figures would have been much greater were it not for
the abnormal price of labor and material.

In addition to this we have annual contracts with 435
manufacturers and other concerns which entitle these parties
to a monthly inspection of their works. These monthly in-
spections have proved so satisfactory that the larger pro-
portion of them were renewed this year .-ind such as dropped
out have been rei)laced with new ones. I have not heard of
iny inspection department on this Continent which carries

on a system precisely the same as this, nor do 1 know of
any department where the perniit system is as strictly en-
forced or as generally uniform as it is in this province.
There are a few departments in the States where they have
local by-laws, each with its peculiar differences in law and
interpretation but I do not know of any district as vast as
Ontario which is under one administrative head and which
is under the same uniformity of law and interpretation as
this.

Xor are we behind the times in our methods of construc-
tion. In many up-to-date inspection departments in Canada
and the States the open switch and service equipment is stilL
accepted as o.k. I have seen electric services in many cities
in the States and Canada and do not know of anything which
is more up-to-date, more finished looking, safer or modern
than our iron-clad service equipment, especially when hitched
up to an .\-\ conduit installation.

At this juncture I would hint at an innovation which is
likely to materialize in the very- near future, in fact before
this paper is read it may have become a reality, and that is a
new method which has been submitted to the Commission
and approved, covering the installation of electric fixtures.
This system does away at one sweep with all the objections
to the hanging of and wiring to the fixtures at the outlets.
Of all the dirty jobs in the wiring of a house, the hanging
of a fixture is the meanest to be found. .Anyone familiar
with house wiring knows that under the fixture canopy is
the weakest spot in the job. Often we find here a mixture
of crowfeet, joints in wires and screw nails, all jumbled up
in a heap right at a hole in the ceiling where shavings and
other inflammable material accumulate and where a fire can
l)e beautifully encoura.ged with the draught which is so
common between joists in any building.

Result of a Transformer Breakdown.

T remember quite clearly an incident in a large city in
Ontario where a transformer broke down one afternoon and
something like twenty-two fires developed iii a few city
blocks supplied from this large transformer.

I examined a number of these installations and in nearly
every case the fire broke out under the fi.xture canopy. The
new method referred to will enable a school child to install
the ordinary electric fixtures in n house with a twist of the
wrist. The brackets can be put in as easily as an electric
iron can be attached to a receptacle and the only difference
with the pendants being the assistance of a step ladder, and
fixtures can be removed just as easily and quickly. In order
to make this method of installing fixtures possible and to
facilitate the adoption of same, the Rules and Regulations
of the Commission will be amended to call for outlet boxes
on all outlets in connection with knob and lube work, now
only a recommendation. The added cost of an outlet box is
a small matter and the first installation of fixtures on a
job will more than pay the entire cost and it will be a gain
each time fixtures are put in and taken down.

The enforcing of electrical inspection sometimes appears
different to the inspected tlicn it does to the inspector and
we meet with all kinds of people and all kinds of arguments.
In all fairness to the Electrical Inspection Department it
must be conceded that in order to carry on a system of in-
spection it is first of all necessary to have a set of Regula-
tions and liy the very nature of electric construction it is
demonstrated tliat they must contain a great variety of detail
" and figures. There are times when the enforcing of a Regu-
lation may appear arbitrary. On the other hand, a little laxity
may appear to the other fellow as rank favoritism. This
depends entirely upon the attitude of the parties interested
and whether they are the inspected or the inspector.

\\ e liave endeavored in every possible way in enforcing

hilv 1. litis

'I' 1 1 1-: i: I . !•: c t r j c a l n r w s

these rules to keep the new work strictly up to the Rules
and Regulations. This seems to be the only way to give
ultimate satisfaction and 1 think 1 can safely say that the
majority of the best wiring contractors and parties interested
in Ontario appreciate this fact. By so doing, all contractors
and others are placed on a fair basis when estimating on
work, and if not now. perhaps sooner or later jjeople will feel
that they have some measure of protection when letting con-
tracts for wiring when they call for the production of the
inspector's certificate.

Inspectors are Experienced Wiremen.

Neither the writer nor any of the inspectors on this staff
claim to be a finality on everything electrical, — far from it.
I do claim, however, that every man holding a position as
electrical inspector on the Commission's staff has been a
well-trained journeymen wireman before he commenced his
training as an inspector, in fact the large majority of these
inspectors served many years in the electric wiring trade
with the largest and best-known electric concerns in Can-
ada and the States, and not only were they familiar with the
trade itself but were well posted on the tricks of the trade.

There is an old saying that "it takes a thief to catch a
thief" and the varied tricks of shady wiremen and contractors
are quickly detected. Not only must inspectors keep abreast
of the wiring trade and the development of this art but they
must keep thoroughly familiar with every fitting which is
used, just why it is used and whether it is real or imitation,
and incidentally keep track of the doings and saj'ings of all
the different wiremen and their peculiarities.

We are frequently confronted with electrical installa-
tions which are almost in accordance with the Rules. This is

a very distressing condition because if one person is permit-
ted to get away with work that is almost right, the next con-
tractor is prone to take advantage of it, and so on, all down
the line and eventually the rule which has been almost brok-
en will become very much dislocated and openly violated, in
the long run.

It would take a great deal of time and space to intelli-
gently record and put into interesting reading form all the
idiosyncrasies of the Electrical Inspection business. There
are many things we would like to speak of and some things
for obvious reasons we cannot, and in touching on these ques-
tions of the tricks of the trade we do not like to pass over
the point without speaking in no uncertain terms of appre-
ciation of the co-operation we receive from regular bona
fide contractors and their affiliated organizations.

W'e have tried in every way to improve the wiring condi-
tions and liring electrical construction and inspection up to
a high and sane standard in this province and we hope to
continue to do so. as long as we receive the support which
which we now do from the Commission and the co-operation
which is enjoyed from the contractors and others.

With the foregoing remarks I will bring this paper to a
close. If my subject has proved at all interesting and there is
any discussion to follow I would be glad to hear any sugges-
tions or questions which may arise and in concluding I can
only say that Rome was not built in a day and I think I can
fairly claim that our efforts in developing this inspection work
in the Province have met with at least some measure of suc-
cess and that no stone will be left unturned to further im-
prove conditions. .-Ml I ask is that hasty judgment or de-
structive rr!ii<iim be avoided.

The Commercial Application of Synchronous Motors

By Mr. M. J. McHenry

The theory of die synchronous motor in its application
as a power factor corrector, is familiar to every engineer,
and is not greatly complicated. It is not the purpose of this
paper to discuss this theory or to call attention to the most
approved methods of design calculation. An attempt will be
made, however, to point out the principal characteristics ot
this type of apparatus which make it applicable to certain
classes of service, and further to discuss the industrial use
of these motors in relation to the central station and its cus-
tomers. A few remarks will also be included on the selection
of the proper motor for different classes of load.

The discussion of the characteristics of synchronous
motors can probably best be accomplished Ijy comparison
with those of the well known polyphase induction motor.
.\lmost everyone to-day. is more or less familiar with the
induction motor and its operation, since this type of motor
has been almost universally applied wherever electric power
supply is available. In considering the industrial application
of synchronous motors, such a comparison should be made
with reference to the operation of the apparatus. This would
call for a comparison covering starting characteristics, rug-
gedness and durabilit)- of the equipment, simplicity of con-
struction, efficiency and freedom from interruption of service.

Synchronous Motor Maintains High Power Factor.
■ The principal characteristic of the synchronous motor,
and the one which gives it a commercial value, is its ability
to maintain high power factor and. if necessary, to be used
to improve a poor power factor due to other equipment on
the system. For anj^ given load, the induction motor oper-
ates at a constant power factor which is always lagging —
the' lighter the load, the greater the lag. The power factor

of the synchronous motor, on the other hand, is always with-
in the control of the operator and can be made unity, lagging
or leading at will, by manipulation of the field rheostat. This
feature is of particular importance to the central station to-
da}-. especially where there is long distance transmission and
heavily loaded lines, or where the feeder re.gulation is poor.
It also becomes of great interest to the customer whose
power factor is low and who is. consequently, being pen-
alized by the power company. This ability to correct power
factor calls for the use of the synchronous motor commer-
cially, to increase the capacity on transmission lines which
are operating under an overload in current due te low power
factor, to increase the capacity of transformers similarly
overloaded, to raise the power factor of isolated industrial
loads and to assist in maintaining the voltage of feeders and
transmission lines within proper limits.

The starting characteristics of the synchronous machine
do not differ greatly from those of the induction motor, either
machine drawing a heavy lagging current from the line if
starting under its load. It must be remembered, however,
that it is comparatively easy, in certain types of induction
motors to so design them that they can come, up to full
speed with full load, and not cause a severe drain on the sys-
tem. ( )n the other hand, synchronous motors that can
develop as good torque in starting up. are generally of quite
special construction. Consequentl}'. it is not possible to apply
the synchronous motor to every service that can be taken
care of by the induction motor. .\s the starting torque of
the synchronous motor is usually obtained by means of
aniortisseur windings, similar to the squirrel cage winding
in the rotor of an induction motor, it is possible to vary the

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

July 1. 1918

torque by modifying this winding. Theoretically, this is a
practical proposition, but for various loads, it is prohibited
by the commercial cost of the design required. It is of in-
terest to note that widely different characteristics can be
obtained by the use of different materials and methods of
design in the amortisscur windings of a synchronous motor
without serious detriment to the efficiency of the motor,
since it always runs in synchronism under load. On the other
hand, the induction motor always has a slip with consequent
losses in the rotor winding, which losses are increased with
an increase of the resistance in the winding. The starting
apparatus required for both types of motors, is somewhat
similar, but there is the additional complication, in the case
of the synchronous motor, introduced by the d.c. field with
its special exciter.

Simplicity an Advantage of the Induction Motor.

From a mechanical view point, there is no question but
that the induction motor, with its absence of sliding contacts
and its simply constructed rotor, lends itself to more severe
service than the synchronous motor with its more compli-
cated rotating field and auxiliary exciter. From an electrical
standpoint, the induction motor still has its advantage of
simplicity, since little auxiliary equipment is required for its
operation and little attendance is necessary after it is once
started. The synchronous motor, on the other hand, must
have a separate d.c. exciter with rheostats, field switches,
etc., and good operation depends largely on the degree of
field excitation given the motor.

With regard to the possibilities in efficiency, the synchro-
nous motor, in its nature, has the higher efficiency at the
higher loads and the induction motor, at the lower loads,
this difference being due to the energy required for excita-
tion of the synchronous machine as compared with the rotor
losses of the induction motor. In the synchronous motor, due
to the larger air gap and the limitations in heat dissipation
in the field coils, the excitation at "no load" is relatively high,
but this excitation is not increased greatly at "full load." In
the induction motor the secondary loses at "no load" are
small as compared with those at "full load." In general, how-
ever, it is possible to obtain higher efficiencies with synchro-
nous apparatus than with induction motors. As an example
— let us compare the efficiencies of two machines of approxi-
mately the same size as shown in Fig. 1. This figure gives
efficiencies for a sqiurrel cage induction motor of 250 h.p.
capacity, 600 r.p.m., 2200 volt, 3 phase, 60 cycle, and also the
efficiencies for a synchronous motor of 240 h.p., 600 r.p.m.,
2200 volt, 3 phase, 60 cycle.. Curve No. 1 gives the efficiencies
for the synchronous motor at 100 per cent, power factor;
Curve No. 2, for the synchronous motor at 80 per cent,
power factor leading; Curve No. 3, the efficiencies for the
induction motor, and Curve No. 4, the corresponding power
factor for the induction motor. It will be noted that at full
load and ■>^ load, the efficiency of the synchronous motor
exceeds that of the induction motor, while at the lighter
loads, the induction motor has the advantage. It must be
remembered, however, that at the lighter loads, the synchro-
nous motor has the advantage of maintaining a high power
factor, while the induction motor, has a very low power
factor, as will be noted from the curve. Furthermore, the
induction motor power factor is always exceedingly low
compared with that which can be obtained from the synch-
ronous motor. Extremely good efficiencies have been
obtained with synchronous motors, the following be-
ing those obtained on actual test with a 250 h.p., 3 phase,
60 cycle, 4000 volt. 1200 r.p.m. synchronous motor for direct
connection to centrifugal pump.

Full load 95.3%

M load 94.8%

Vi load 93.4%

The efficiencies to be obtained with a squirrel cage
induction motor of the same capacity and rating, would be
as follows:

Full load 93 %

« load 92J/<%

y. load 91 %

From an efficiency standpoint, it would appear in general
that better results can be obtained with the synchronous

motor.

A valuable characteristic of the synchronous motor is
the possibility of increasing its excitation in such a manner
that the motor is not in danger of breaking down. It is well
known that the maximum torque of the synchronous machine
can be increased by over excitation. This increase in exciting
current can be accomplished by means of a field regulator
actuated by automatic relays, or in the case of motor gener-
ator sets, by series coils on the motor fields, excited from
the d.c. generator armature. The maximum torque of the
induction motor on the other hand, is fixed for any one
machine, provided the voltage is constant.

It is well known that once a synchronous motor has
fallen out of step, the excitation must be reduced or entirely
removed in order to get the motor back into synchronism.
This is sometimes used as an argument for the induction
motor in cases where the line voltage is likely to be inter-
rupted for a short time or drop to such a low value that the
motors fall out of step. This argument is questionable, how-
ever, as should full voltage come on an in<luction motor at

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Q90

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ul
u

K
lU

^70

rsYN.MoroF 100^
[ir IND. "EFFY.

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»•

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Fig. 1.

too

LOAD

IE5

rest or running at low speed, the draught of current would
be so great as to trip the oil switch and necessitate starting
up in the usual manner. It is the general experience in prac-
tice, that synchronous motors behave much better under
such conditions as partial short circuit, or even the dead
short circuit to ground of one phase of the line running to
the motor, than induction motors. This is due to the fact
that the synchronous motor has its excitation supplied from
an outside source and this excitation tends to raise the volt-
age at its terminals, rather than to reduce it when there is
any cause at work on the lines tending to drop the voltage;
and furthermore, to the fact that any given strength of field
on a motor tends to maintain the ability of a motor to carry
load when the potential back of the motor is reduced. On
the other hand, in the case of the induction motor, any drop
in voltage in the lines leading to the motor must result in a
still greater reduction of the voltage at the motor and, con-
sequently, an increased current to carry the load. This in-

July I, I '.I IS

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

creasfd current, in turn, results in a still further reduction of
the supply voltage and consequent dropping out of step.

Before concluding the comparison of these two types of
motors, it would be well to consider the question of torque
characteristics, Fig. 2. This figure gives the comparative
torque characteristics of 350 h.p.. 1200 r.p.m., 60 cyc'e, 2200
volt synchronous motor and squirrel cage induction motor.
The speed torque curve given for the synchronous motor
can be taken as characteristic of this type of motor with
squirrel cage winding of average resistance, or that most
common in commercial machines. It will be noted that the
initial torque of the synchronous motor, exceeds that of the
induction motor but that the final or "pull in" torque of the
induction motor, is much better than that of the synchronous
motor. By using the curves of apparent torque efficiency,
we note that for the same input, the torque of the synchro-
nous motor is greater up to aliout .SO per cent, of speed.
It then falls off rapidly, until at 90 per cent, of speed, it is
not nuicli more than one-half that of the induction motor.

UiAOO

eo 3o 4^0 to 60 70

PERCENX SYN. SPEED

Fig. 2.

eo 90

Beyond this point the synchronous motor torque is small
in comparison with the induction motor until the d.c. field
is excited at about 05 per cent, of full speed, when it rises
abruptly to full torque.

In view of the foregoing, it is perfectly obvious that
either type of motor has advantages which are peculiar to
itself, proper consideration of which will enable the engineer
to put the right motor in the right place. It is useful to keep
in mind the broad distinction that the induction motors are
poor and expensive at low speeds while they are exceedingly
satisfactory and comparatively cheap at high speeds. Also
the greater the capacity of the machine required, the greater
the advantage of the synchronous motor in relation to first
cost. It is evident that for extremely small applications of
power the synchronous apparatus (except in a few isolated
cases) has the disadvantage of extremely high first cost and
complicated equipment and operation when compared with
the induction motor.

It may be stated in general that the customer of a power
company has little technical interest in the use of synchro-
nous equipment, since it is more expensive than induction
motor equipment, is not readily adapted to extremely small
unit installation and is, even with the present design, less
rugged and easy to operate. On the other hand, in the larger
units, these points are of less significance and industrial
application of synchronous motors can be made where rela-
tively large concentrated power applications occur. This
may sometimes be supplemented by. but is generally differen-
tiated from, group and individual motor drives in a manufac-
turing plant. It will, therefore, be found that such applications

will be made on large centralized equipment, such as air
compressors, refrigerating machines, pumps, motor generator
sets, etc., or in certain instances where there is one central-
ized power supply using mechanical distribution throughout
the plant. .\n example of this latter case is the smaller mill-
ing concerns, where all the manufacturing processes are
correlated and there is no diversity factor since all machines
operate at load when the mill is in commission. This parti-
cular case gives an opportunity for the commercial applica-
tion of synchronous machines more especially so as there is
no re(nn"rcment for frequent starting and stopping which
obviou>ly is not advantageous to the synchronous equip-
ment.

From the standpoint ul the consumer of power, the
motive for the synchronous motor application is found either
in a power rate favorable to unity power factor or leading
load, in a sharing of the expense of initial installation by (he
central station company, or in a special rate lower than that
for the induction motor service and offered by the central
station in consideration of the improvement of distribution
conditions which will prove advantageous to the central
station company.

.Almost all modern systems of charge for electric power
are based on the maximum demand in conjunction with the
kilnwatt-hours usually in the form of a direct charge for
power and another direct charge for energy or on a load
factor distributed over a period of time. In the latter case
the charge comes back to either a recorded demand charge
or the rating of the connected equipment. Uusually a metered
system of demand seems to be distinctly preferable.

II such a metered demand were based on the kilovolt
amperes rather than on the kilowatts, the consumer has a
<listinct interest in maintaining the power factor as near to
unity as possible. In the case where energy is supplied from
a hydroelectric plant, over a long distance transmission line,
this is the rule and the customer has an incentive to make
synchronous installation of usually from ten to thirty per
cent, of the annual cost of power.

When operating companies take account of the power
factor of the customer's load in making their rates, it is to
the customer's benefit to install condenser capacity and thus
obtain the benefit of decreased power rates, if, by so doing,
the saving in power cost will pay the fixed charges on the
capital required, as well as the increased operating charges,
due to the installation of such an equipment. Another in-
stance of the value of the correction of the power factor
alone would be in case the customer owns the step-down
transformers and. due to the natural growth of this plant,
the induction motor load has reached the limit of the trans-
former capacity. The power factor of the average commer-
cial induction motor load is in the neighborhood of 70 per
cent, so that by installing a synchronous motor, which in
addition to delivering mechanical power would also furnish
sufficient leading current to raise the power factor of the
whole load, the capacity of the plant could be increased by
a considerable amount without increasing the transformer or
switching equipment. Under these conditions a synchronous
motor of 35 per cent, of the total transformer capacity will
deliver an energy load of 20 per cent, of the total capacity
and at the same time raise the power factor of the system
to 90 per cent.

The efficiency of a generator is affected by the power
factor, although this variation is greatly modified by the ratio
of the constant to the variable losses in the machine. This
is determined by the design of the generator. There will be
a difference of 2 to 2}/^ per cent., however, in the efficiency
of a generator operating at normal load and unity power
factor, and the same generator operating at the same kv-a.
and 0.8 power factor. The excitation required by a genera-

36 THE ELECT

tor wlu-n opcraliiiL; at O.S power factor «ill lie in tlie neigh-
Ijorhood of 30 per cent, greater than that required for the
same kv-a. at unity power factor. Tliis rale of increase in
excitation does not continue for power factors Ijclow SO per
cent.

The eflfccts of varying the power factor on transformers,
although smaller in magnitude than the effects on the gen-
erator, must he considered since they occur twice, at the
step-up and step-down transformers. The losses in a trans-
former with constant kv-a. output are practically the same
for any power factor. However, since the losses are usually
small in a well designed transformer, the decrease in the
efficiency, due to decreased power factor, will he about 0.4
per cent, with a reduction in power factor to 0.8.

Due to the fact that transformers contain a certain
amount of inductance it is readily seen that lagging current
will cause an increase in the internal voltage drop of the
transformer and thus will aflfect the regulation, particularly
in the case of large transformers which usually have a high
reactance. The capacity of a transformer decreases with
the power factor in the same manner as in the generating
equipment.

The decrease in efficiency, between unity and 0.8 power
factor for constant kv.a. in a circuit, wliich includes gener-
ator, transformers and the transinission line, assuming aver-
a.ge values, will be approximately as follows:

Generator 2.0 per cent.

Transformers 0.8 per cent.

Transmission Lines 2.3 per cent.

This gives a total of ."i.O per cent, decrease in efficiency.
The regulation of the system becomes steadily worse with
lower i)owcr factors, although the increase varies in differ-
ent portions of the circuit. This condition results in either
greatly increased excitation on the .generators, or else widely
varying voltages at the receiving end of the circuit for vary-
ing loads. The capacity of the system for equal heating
will be decreased directly with the power factor. This point
is modified, however, in the case of the generator fields,
which will suffer an increase in temperature with lagging
power factors, due to the increased excitation required.

It will lie noted that by an investment of a relatively
small amount in the condenser, a much larger amount re-
presented by the prime movers, generators, transmission line
and transformers, is made available. In addition, the oper-
ating efficiency of the entire system is very greatly increased.

.\n attempt has been made in the foregoing to point out
various conditions which make the installation of the syn-
chronous equipment of commercial value. The discussion
has tjeen primarily confined to that covering a synchronous

R T C .\ L N E W .S

July 1. liiis

motor carrying both mechanical load and condenser load.
This is, of course." the ideal arrangement as highest efficiency
is obtained from the synchronous machine under those con-
ditions. There is, however, a special application of synchron-
ous motors coming under the classification of "Synchronous
Condensers" and divided into two main classes of service.
First — the regulation of power factor, merely, without me-
chanical load; second, the regulation of voltage by means
of varying power factors. In th-e first class of operation.
the condenser would probably be installed as a portion of
the customer's equipment and would, therefore, probably
be removed from the control of the power company. Where
a condenser is used, however, for regulating the voltage of
a transmission line, the condenser will probably be the pro-
perty of the owner of the line and will be operated as a part
thereof, and moreover will probably be controlled by an
automatic voltage regulator.

In the case of the first class for jiower factor correction
only, the synchronous condenser will only be required to
deliver leading current and would cost approximately 15 per
cent, less than synchronous motor having the same continu-
ous rated capacity.

In the case of the second class for volta,ge regulation
where automatic regulator is used in conjunction with the
motor to maintain the voltage constant, the condenser must
deliver both leading and lagging current and the cost will
be practically the same as a synchronous motor of the same
capacity.

a The installation of the synchronous equipment is. how-
ever, not warranted in every instance and is a matter which
should be given every detailed consideration before tile in-
stallation is proceeded with.

For any such installation which may be under considera-
tion the matter should be brought down to a dollar and cents
basis, if possible. The cost of the new apparatus should be
balanced a.gainst increase in capacity. Increased operating
costs should be balanced against increase in elTicicncy, and
a comparison should be made of the service with and with-
out the condenser.

In general a synchronous condenser will have the most
effect and therefore, will be of the greatest value when it is
installed at the same point as the load since in this case it
benefits all apparatus between itself and the generator. A
further gain is obtained by driving a mechanical load in
addition to the corrective action of the condenser.

For the average industrial use, it may be taken as a
general rule that the synchronous motor having equal motor
capacity and condenser capacity, is the most efficient and
economical. In this case, the motor will carry full rated
mechanical load at approxim;itely 71 ])er cent, power factor.

The New 300,000 H. P. Hydro Development

Probably the most interesting item in connection with
the convention was the illustrated description of the pro-
gress of the work of the Ontario Commission on the 300,000
h.p. Chippawa plant, given by Mr. H. G. Acres, chief hyd-
raulic engineer to the commission. This was followed by an
inspection of the work by the delegates who motored over
the route.

. The plans of the commission have now reached a
stage when we are able to reproduce a lay-out of the whole
scheme and also a cross-section of the development works
at the power-house.

.\s will be seen from the drawing, the canal encircles
the city of Niagara Falls, Ont., having its intake at Hog

Island, Chippawa, and its outlet just above Qucenston and
in close proximity to the famous Brock monument. The
total length of the canal is approximately twelve miles.
After the most careful study of cost and efficiency figures, it
was decided to make an open cut throughout, though for a
section of the course where there is a heavy rock cut the
advisability of tunnelling was carefully considered. It was
shown, however, that the advantages were in favor of the
canal even on this section.

The canal follows the course, for about the first four
miles of the work, of the old W'elland River, in which the
direction of the stream has been reversed — that is, the Nia-
gara River is tapped at Hog Islaiul, the water being drawn

July 1. I'.PIS

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1 -

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

July 1, 1918

HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER COMMISSION

NIAGARA POWER DEVELOPMENT

Canal intake at Hog Island, outlet just above Queenston— A 12-mile open cut.

west up the W'elland River some four miles hefnre it turns
north into the canal. The grade of the eanal throughout
is such that the current will vary from one to four miles per
hour, the velocity over the greater portion of the distance
being around the latter figure. At this higher speed there is
practically no danger of the formation of ice.

The work of excavation is going along as well as could
possibly be expected under all the adverse conditions of the
present day. A feature of the construction is the use of elec-
tric power down to practically the minutest detail. The
engineers of the commission studied this question very care-
fully and were able to show a saving of almost T)!) per cent,
over other sources of power supply. One of the features of
the excavation work is an 8-yard Bucyrus shovel, also elec-
trically operated.

The canal and all the general works are planned for a
development of oOO.OOO h.p., though it is probable that only
100,000 h.p. equipment will actually be required at the start.
A cross-section showing the general plan nf the fore-bay,
gate-house, generating, and transforming house, is also
shown herewith. The total head obtainable according to this
drawing is that appro.ximately between elevation 554.0 and
elevation 3-16.0, a difference of 308.0 ft.

The standard width of the canal will be 48 ft. and the
maximum depth of cut 135 feet. Approximately one-third
of this cut is through rock. The earth sections will be con-
crete lined as will also the rock sections if it can be shown
that a sufficient added capacity would result to justify the
additional expenditure.. The penstocks connecting the head
gates with the turbine room will be appro.ximately 14 ft. in
diameter, and 450 feet in length. This latter figure indicates
that the penstocks will be almost in a vertical position, this

being possible by the advantageous location of the power-
house, which will stand at the water's edge under a sheer
rock precipice. The turbines will be single runner type, 50,000
h.p. capacity, so that the initial installation will call for
two units. Generators will be vertical type, suspension bear-
ings, operating at 187,'.. r.p.ni. and generating 12,000 volts.
The ultimate installation will probably be seven such units —
six for continuous operation and the seventh as spare.

The work of installation also necessarily includes the
erection of a large number of bridges, including accommoda-
tion for four railways.

-■K most interesting feature in connection with the design
of this plant is an experimental duplicate, in miniature, at
present in course of erection. The results of tests with this
miniature plant will be utilized to verify the theoretical con-
clusions of the commission's engineers and will have a direct
bearing on the ultimate design of a number of the details.
This plant is nearing completion at Dufiferin Island, which is
located a short distance above the falls.

The work of installation on the 50,000 h.p. addition to
the Ontario Povyer Company's plant is also going forward,
and it is expected this amount of power will be in readiness
for the next winter's peak. When the larger development is
completed, it is the understanding that the new additional
installation at the O. P. Company's plant will be dismantled,
this being considered an economical proposition on account
of the much greater capacity obtainable from the same quan-
tity of water owing to a practical doubling of the head.

The city council of .St. Thomas, Ont., have under con-
sideration the purchase of one-man cars to be operated as a
means of reducing the annual deficit.

July 1. uns

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

3i>

Canadian Electrical Association Convention

One-Day "War" Session at Chateau Laurier, Ottawa— Valuable Reports
Presented — A. Monro Grier, K. C, New President

The :2sth ainuial nic-eliug of llu- C aiiadiaii Electrical
Association was held in the Chatean Lanrier, Ottawa, on
June 31, 1918. On account of war conditions it was decided
to confine the meeting strictly to business so as to encroach
as little as possible on the time of the delegates. .\s a re-
sult, only one day was given over to the convention.

Following the policy of a year ago, no papers were pre-
sented for discussion, the programme consisting almost en-
tirely of the reading and discussion of reports of the various
committees. The session opened at 10 o'clock on Friday
morning with President D. H. McDougall's address, followed
by the report of the secretary-treasurer. Mr. T. C. Martin,
secretary of the National Electric Light Association, was
present, and addresed the delegates. Mr. Wills Maclachlan
gave a demonstration of resuscitation from electric shock,
and a brief description of the accident jirevention work he
is carrying on throughout the province.

The following reports were presented in more or less de-
tail:

Prime Movers Committee Report — Mr. R. M. Wilson.

Overhead Lines Committee Report — Mr. A. A. Dion.

Committee on Electrical .\pparatus Rei)ort — Mr. J. F.
Neild.

Meter Committee Report — Mr. William X'olkman.

Commercial Light and Power Sales Committee Report —
Mr. H. E. Randall.

Representative of N.E.L..\. Light Sales Bureau — Mr. E.
N. Hyde.

Rate Research Committee Report — Mr. P. T, Davies.

A number of these reports are printed in the following
pages.

Pressure was brought to bear on Mr. McDougall. the
retiring president, and who has held the office for three years.

to continue lor another year. Mr. McDougall was able to
advance sufficient reasons, however, lor relinquishing the
oftice, and his resignation was regretfully accepted. Mr. A.
Monro Crier, K.C., vice-president Canadian Niagara Power
Co.. was unanimously chosen to succeed him. The complete
list of officers and executive follows:

President, .\. Monro Grier, K.C.: first vice-president, E. A.
Dunlap. MP. P., Pembroke Electric Light Company. Pem-
broke, Out.; second vice-pres.. C. S. Bagg, Montreal Light.
He.il & Power Company, Montreal; third vice-pres., A. P.
Doddridge, Quebec Railway, Light. Heat & Power Company,
Quebec: bon. sec, T. .S. Young. Toronto; sec.-treas., W .
X'olkman, Toronto.

Management Committee — D. H. McDougall, Toronto
Electric Light Company. Toronto; J. S. Norris, Montreal
Light. Heat & I'ower Company. Montreal; P. T. Davies,
Southern Canada Power Company, Montreal; P. M. McDon-
ough. Queliec; J. S. Gould, Citizens' Electric Light Company,
Limited. Smith's Falls. Ont.: H. M. Hopper, St. John Rail-
way Company, St. John, N.B.; Louis Pratt, Dominion Power
& Transmission Company. Hamilton. Ont.; J. B. Woodyatt,
Southern Canada Power Company. Montreal; W. H. Mcln-
tyre, Ottawa Electric Company, Ottawa; E. J. Beaumont.
Sbawinigan Water & Power Company. Montreal; H. E. Ran-
dall. Sbawinigan Water & Power Company. Montreal; .\. \'.
Gale. Hull Electric Company, Hull; J. F. Neild, Toronto.

A number of interesting reports were submitted at the
afternoon session, and a unique demonstration was given with
the assistance of two linemen from the Ottawa Electric Com-
pany, who feigned electrocution in order that the delegates
might be given an op])ortunity of seeing the prone-pressure
method of resuscitation. The proceedings wound up
with a banquet in the Chateau Laurier.

President-Elect. A. Monro Grier. K. C.

Past-President D. H. McDougall, who has just been
elected third vice-president of the N. E. L. A.

THF. ELECTRICAL NEWS

luK

1. 1'.il-<

Report of Committee on Light and Power Sales

In presenting our report herewith, your Committee has
followed, with a few modifications, the subdivisions set forth
in report of last year, and has tried to carry out in a con-
cise manner the extension of ideas there presented, up to the
present time.

LIGHTING SALES

Residence Lighting

The use of semi-indirect, indirect and dense ornamental
lighting units has been increasing throughout the past year,
due to the softness and uniformity and pleasing appearance of
the light obtainable from them, together with the not-too-
exorbitant cost of operating such lighting units, brought
about by the use of high efficiency lamps, the general ten-
dency today is to make the lighting of the house more in
accord with the ornamentation, and to eliminate the use of
bare, ugly ■ lighting units, in an otherwise artistic room.

This increased use means, in spite of high efficiency
lamps, a very materially increased use of electricity, and one
which warrants the increasing attention of the central sta-
tion, and can probably best be handled by the use of special-
ists who will indicate to the consumer the advantage and
disadvantage of various lighting units, and will in this way
assist in bettering the class of lighting in residences along
the lines of pleasing appearance, softness and uniformity, all
tending toward the more secure position of electricity as the
ultimate source of artificial illumination, equalling — if not
surpassing — daylight. This tendency will undoubtedly react
very much to the advantage of the central station.

Store Lighting
The same general conditions which have brought about
the softening of the source of light in residences have been
even more plainly manifested in the lighting of stores. The
present-day merchant is daily becoming more convinced of
the usefulness of high grade lighting in bringing customers
to his store, and pleasing them when they are there. Win-
dow lighting, due to the more aggressive spirit of the stores
and the results obtained in store lighting, has made re-
markable strides. The use of very high lighting intensities
in store windows, properly produced by suitable fixtures con-
cealed from view and distributing the light uniformly over
the display, is coming into more general use. This recogni-
tion of the value of good lighting of the storekeeper is a
fertile field for the central station, due to long burning hours
and the large units taken, and should. be cultivated intensely.
It is interesting to note tliat in those sections of the
country where window lighting has been reduced on account
of power shortage, the storekeeiJers report that they never
realized the great value of proper window lighting until de-
prived of it.

Industrial Lighting

The central stations of Canada have played an import-
ant part in the production of munitions in a way not usually
thought of, that is, by assisting manufacturers to increase
their night production, and their day production in dark
parts of their factories, l)y adetiuate. properly designed fac-
tory lighting. The efifect of such lighting is incontestably to
materially increase the production possible with old-time fac-
tory lighting, and to make possible a night production equal
to the day production. At this time of shortage of man
power also, there is the other aspect of a very material re-
duction in industrial accidents brou.ght about by adequate
factory illumination.

The necessity and the usefulness of this type of lighting
is so apparent today that every central station should immedi-

ately look over its field to determine if it cannot aid in muni-
tions production, or in general industrial activity, by assist-
ing the manufacturers in properly lighting their factories, to
the mutual lienefit of both the manufactvirers and the central
station for whom the high load factor of this lighting service
should be a material benefit.

Outdoor Illumination

The use of flood lighting for the lighting of large spaces
has gone forward rapidly during the past year, for nighi
work on construction jobs, for working in large industrial
store j'ards, and lor police protection around plants of every
description. The use of flood lighting at night has demon-
strated its usefulness in making every passer-by a policeman,
thus allowing more efficient protection to our factories.
waterworks, and shipyards, etc.. without materially increas-
ing police protection with a diminished police force.

A new use which is coming to the front for this type of
lighting is the lighting of the area around a burning building
to assist the firemen at night and. to prevent theft.

Many American cities are now using flood lights, erected
on the corners of the hi.gh buildings in the busy sections of
the city, for intensely illuminating the corners where traffic
congestion exists — this supplementing the ornamental and
ordinary illuminations existing at these points.

Wherever tried, the reduction of accidents and the ease
with which traffic can be handled at night without a police-
man has been amply demonstrated, and is leading to the use
of this type of lighting for corners in the less cou.geste(l
districts.

Street Lighting
Extensions to street lighting services, due to general
war conditions, have not been numerous during the past year.
it being the general tendency in those sections where street
lighting contracts are expiring, or where new types of street
lighting arc being considered, to continue with the present
type of lighting until a more favoralile cost for lighting units
exists, as otherwise street li.ghting services, wdiich are very
largely a capital cost proposition, will be materially increased,
perhaps to the detriment of proper street illumination. There
is a tendency, however, to change from arc lighting systems
to high efficiency incandescent lamp systems and to make
extensions wherever possible on the incandescent lamp sys-
tem, due in considerable measure to-day to the lower first
cost of the incandescent system, and its lower maintenance
cost, thus freeing men for other services. The use of bare
incandescent lamps is practically discontinued in sizes over
too c.p. An extensive use of glassware which properly dis-
tributes the li.ght for street lighting purposes is becoming
exideiit.

Daylight saving, which came into effect in this country
in the early spring, has not been in effect long enough to
accurately determine its effect on lighting income, but it
would presently appear that lighting income during the sum-
mer months will be decreased some 10 per cent., which, how-
ever, will probably be made up l)y the increased use of liglit
which generally follows upon a reduction of lighting bills,
which should be of considerable assistance in increasing light-
ing income during the winter months; so that although this
feature should be carefully reported on next year, it is prob-
able that the gross income over a year's period from lighting
service will be actually increased after a few years' opera-
tion of the daylight saving law.'

Moreover, the increased demand for domestic service,
as set forth later in this report, will, during the summer
months, if properly cultivated, more than offset the slight

July 1. nns

111", i: l.l'lc TRl t'A L Nl'.WS

iltcrcase in lighting iucmiic uiricli will cxisl i!iiriii.u; this yo;ir
;in<l lor a lew years to come.

General

It seems evident that the tendency to-day is for the con-
sideration of electric lighting, not merely as a plain, ugiy
source of lig:ht, hut as a means of producing a soft, pleasing,
properly distrihuted, artistic illumination, which can he ob-
tained at low cost, and which is beyond competition. The
uses of light in an industrial way are playing an important
part in business and in the production of munitions, and this
role is becoming much more generally recognized. The cen-
tral station may, therefore, with some degree of satisfaction
review its activities in the lighting lield over the past year,
and should endeavor to play a still nmre important part in
the lighting lield in the years to come.

POWER S.\LES

The demand of the central stations for the supply of
power in large quantities on short notice to munition plants
has continued and increased throughout the past year. The
supplying of this power has in some sections of the country
produced an acute iiower shortage, which has occasioned
more careful study of power delivery conditions to munitions
plants.

Such studies have in many cases indicated that the sup-
ply of power to these plants, which was assumed originally
to have been of a very temporary nature, was carried out over
lines which w'ere of small capacity and which occasioned
very heavy losses in power as the manufacturers increased
their loads. In many instances the handling of these loads,
or increases thereto, has been more satisfactorily carried out,
l)0th from a service standpoint and a saving in power stand-
point, by the delivery of power to the larger munitions plants
over high tension circuits witli transformer equipment at the
manufacturing plant.

Power demands have also increased materially., due to
coal shortage, which has again brought to the front the more
economical production of power by central station means, as
demonstrated by the Fuel Controller's coal saving- through
the use of central station plants for power supply rather than
.the isolated plants in the various factories.

Those central station companies generating liy hydraulic
power are in this way very materially assisting in the elimin-
ation of the eoal shortage, and thus helpiny in the solution
of the transportation prolilem.

The power sliortage has called to the atlention of the
companies suffering from it the necessity of being" much
more careful in their sale of power, and the conditions of
sale, among wdiich perhaps the most iniiiortant is the regula-
tion of power-factor. In the past, due to loose power-factor
conditions and non-enforcement thereof, power lines have
become encumliercd with motors of excess capacity or cif
improper voltage, or imjjroperly repaired, with the result that
many companies were supplying motor loads at a very low
power factor, materially decreasing their line capacity, their
generating station capacity and transformer capacity, all of
wdiich is so urgently needed at the present time for muni-
tions and general purposes.

Most companies throughout the country are now strictly
enforcing their power-factor regulation clauses, or writing
in new power-factor clauses in their new contracts, with the
result that the users of power, due to penalties involved for
poor power-factor, are readjusting their equipment to oper-
ate at a proper and reasonable power-factor, which has worked
very much to the benefit both of the central station and of
the consumer.

The power shortage in some sections of the country has
made necessary the curtailment of the supply of power to
non-essential industries, and if relief is not afforded will tend
to the complete elimination of power supply to such indus-

tries. 1 1 wi>uUl seem to your C'ommittee that provision should
be m.idc, by government assistance or otherwise, just as
mucli til the power company as to the munitions manufac-
turer, inasmuch as the power company is supplying one of
the most important raw materials — that is, power — to so
enable the power company to maintain its business so that
the normal manufacturing activities of the country may go
on, llnis tending to stabilize the industrial conditions in the
country after the war, and in many instances allow the estal)-
lishment or expansion of industries to supply export demands
which were previously supplied from Germany. If this coun-
try is to maintain its industrial place and to make this place
a more important one, the activities of legitimate, normal in-
dustries of the country, even although not strictly employed
on munitions work, should be encouraged and assisted in
e\cry proper manner, and should by no means be allowed to
be stamped out, due to a shortage of power.

We also feel that new applications for power supply for
motor power uses should be met insofar as is physically pos-
sible, inasmuch as it w-ould build up the industrial activity of
the country and make for a more stable condition after the
war.

Domestic Service

Nowadays the use of electricity in the home is far from
limited to the simple electric light, but it is becoming more
and more important for other domestic uses, such as toasters,
grills, percolators, flat-irons, vacuum cleaners, washing ma-
chines, dish washing machines, sewing machines and other
small motors, and to a larger degree the electric range and
electric water heaters. Your Committee, therefore, believes
that this report should comprise a section devoted to these
domestic uses of electricity outside of electric light, as these
bid fair to far surpass the income from domestic electric light,
and under present-day conditions serve also as important con-
servers of fuel, thus aiding the national cause.

The use of the smaller of the household appliances noted
above has increased greatly during the past year, due to the
difficulty experienced by householders in obtaining domestic
help, and they have, therefore, turned to this "universal ser-
vant" for assistance and have been in this way made familiar
with the great assistance that electricity can offer through
the above appliances.

The familiarity with domestic electric appliances which
the householder has thus gained, and the absolute success of
these appliances, make it easy for the central station to get
a very much increased amount of this business during the pre-
sent \-ear, and canipaigns with this in view should be carried
out.

The most important source of domestic service revenue
is the electric ran.ge, from wdiich an income of between .$35
and .$7.) a year can in general be secured, wdiich is many times
the income from tlie same liouseholder for lighting service
only.

.\t this time the use of electric range becomes more and
more important as it is a conserver of fuel, even though the
electricity is generated in a steam generating station. The
average range will consume something between 10 and 175
kw.h. per month, which generated in a modern steam gener-
ating plant would not require more than 200 to 350 lbs. of
coal, whereas the ordinary coal range consumes some 600 to
1.000 lbs. a month, thus making a net gain of approximately
00 per cent., wdiich if applied to all the householders of Can-
ada would mean a tremendous difference in the congestion of
our railroads and the amount of money sent out of the coun-
try for coal. Of course, where water power is the source of
electricity, the net saving of coal is 100 per cent.

All companies having available power and who have been
supplying electric ranges previously report tremendous in-
creases in the use of electric ranges, which amply demonstrate
their success.

We therefore recommend that every central station ini-

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

July 1, 191S

mediately investigate carefully the electric range possibilities
and make suitable rates therefor, as we feel the income to be
thus obtained will be a most important factor in the central
station industry in the very near future.

We further recommend that the sale of all electric ranges
be carried out on an installed price liasis, so that only one
sale has to be made covering complete range, as it is found
that where a range is sold by itself it is sometimes difficult to
make the sale of the installation on account of its excessive
cost in certain sections of the country.

In those cases where the central station does not do the
installation work, this basis can still be used by co-operation
with the contractors' association or the contractors in the
various cities.

As electric cooking represents a new and advanced type
of cooking, it is very necessary that central stations going
after the electric range business should lie prepared to furnish
adequate service, preferably by means of a competent demon-
strator, so that all purchasers of ranges will be properly in-
structed in their operation, and during the first few Tionths
of operation periodical inspections should be made to ensure
that everything is operating satisfactorily, and that the pur-
chaser is obtaining all the information which will lead to the
fullest success of the range. The purchaser should be made
to feel that attention to details or repairs or any defect with
the stove will lie immediately and satisfactorily taken care of,
and that when a purchaser takes an electric stove he is gomg
to be absolutely satisfied therewith.

While this service is very necessary at the present time,
later, when the use of electric cooking becomes universal, and
as standard stoves are developed, the necessity for this ser-
vice will probably disappear, as it has in the gas business.

It is already noticeable that manufacturers are following
up the suggestions made by the central stations and are in
this way olitaining what will soon become a standard range,
which will be practically free from minor defects, and which
will require practically no attention. The central stations
should continue this policy of suggestions, because they are
in the liest position to determine the slight defects which ex-
ist and the slight changes which may be necessary to per-
fect the electric range, and we feel certain that all range
manufacturers will be very glad to get the suggestions from
central stations.

Electric water lieating is becoming more and more com-
mon on all services supplied from hydraulic plants, and, as
stated in last year's report, it seems certain that the electric
water heater should always be installed whenever an electric
range is installed on systems with such a source of power
supply. Marked improvements and betterments in electric
water heaters have been brought about during the past year,
and heaters now available are giving excellent service. On
those installations on electric water heaters in which fur-
naces are used for water heating in the winter time and the
electric water heater only used in the summer time, water heat-
ing load gives a more uniform yearly load curve for the in-
stallation, as it is thus prevented from overlapping the lighting
peak in the winter and fills up the valleys of the load curve
wliicli normally exist in the summer.

Most central stations are supplying water heater ser-
vices on a flat rate basis, either directly or on a double throw
switch, so that electric stove and electric water lieater cannot
be used simultaneously.

Other Uses
Arc Heating Processes during the jiast year have expanded
in use by the industries reported last year. Calcium carbide,
ferro-silicon and steel have very largely increased, probably
in the total by 50,000 h.p., whereas the production of zinc by
arc process has been discontinued. The use of the electric
steel furnace for average steel foundry practice seems to have
become assured, as for the average small foundry it offers

a means of making a superior steel at low cost and with a
freedom from uncertainty which is quite impossible with the
methods hitherto used. It is probable also that electric fur-
naces of this type will also be used for grey iron casting, and
it might be that in small foundries, casting both iron and
steel, the same furnace be used for both. Central stations
should look over their field of operation and call the atten-
tion of steel foundries to the use of the electric furnace.

Resistance Heating Processes have increased materially,
notably for calcining coal and the manufacture of carbon
electrodes, and very largely for abrasives. During the past
year the use of electrically-heated japanning ovens has grown
to a large extent, both for light sheet metal products and for
heavier products. This type of load being a very high load
factor is very desirable for the central station.

Electric Welding has advanced materially during the pa-^t
year and seems to be now expanding in usefulness for the
heavier welding processes. Spot welders are liecoming al-
most universal in replacing light riveting processes.

Electric Bake Ovens have been installed in many places
in Canada and are giving universal satisfaction, turning out
a superior quality of bread at very low baking cost. This
use of electricity is destined to largely expand in the near
future and offers an attractive use for off-peak power, al-
thougli the business readily stands the firm power rates. The
use of electrically-heated muffle furnaces for heat treatment
and other purposes is expanding considerably, and the use of
small electrically-lieated melting pots for base metals is com-
mencing.

Electrolytic Processes

No material advances to electrolytic processes have taken
place during the past year except for the production of hydro-
gen, oxygen and chlorine. Electrolytic generators for hydro-
gen, oxygen and chlorine furnish a cheap and easy means for
the production of these gases in relatively small quantities
for industrial uses. Industries requiring these gases are be-
coming more and more numerous, and, due to the difticulty
of olitaining these in the open market, many companies are
installing their own gas generators.

Industrial' Trucks
During the past year the use of small storage battery
trucks and tractors has increased considerably. These trucks
are used in industrial establishments for moving materials
through the plants, in railway stations for handling baggage,
mail and express to and from trains, for freiglit terminals,
steamship docks and a great many other jiurposes. These
trucks replace a great number of men used as truckers, and
not only free them for the national service, but materially de-
crease the cost of service. This load, being in general an
oflf-peak battery charging proposition, is a very attractive one
for the central station. This report of your Committee is
intended to concisely state the advances in electric lighting
and power sales which have taken place during the past
year, and advances in the use of electricity. A review of this
report must indicate the tremendous value of the central
station industry to the country and the most important part
that it is accomplishing in the production of munitions, in the
advancement of industry in the solving of the servant prob-
lem in the home, in the conservation of fuel and thus in trans-
portation, the conservation of man power, and in many other
ways — all materially assisting in the attainment of the success
of our national efforts and in the building up of the industrial
condition of this country, not only to be of service in winning
the war, but to be of service in the general upbuilding of the
country after the war.

Respectfully sulimitted,

W. H. Mclntyre, F. M. Dusenberry.

L. W. Pratt, M. C. Oilman.

H. E. Randall (Chairman). R. B. McDunnough.

July 1, l'.^^

J.K.CTKI lA L \1':WS

Rate Research Committee Report

To the President arJ Members of the Canadian Elec. Assn.:
Gfiitlemen : —

Your Committee reports th;it they have carefully watched
the trend of current events with a view to incorporating in
their report any changes in rates or any tendencies in public
opinion and have noted the following matters as being, in
their opinion, worthy of notice. Using the chart which was
designed last year as a basis for their investigations, they
have looked into the following matters:

Contracts

Legal .Arbitrations — .\n outstanding matter for Canada
has been the settlement of the Tramways Franchise in the
city of Montreal by a Board appointed by the Provincial
Government. The matter of a new franchise for the city of
Montreal and its surroundings has been the centre of political
agitation for a matter of some six years, but in the fall of
1917 the matter was taken out of the hands of the civic
authorities and placed in the hands of a commission, who had
authority to study the details and had to report back to the
provincial government their ratifications.

The contract, or franchise, as finally approved is a three-
sided agreement whereby the companj' is protected in its
investment, the public protected on the rate of fare, and the
city is protected on the point of view of taxation, and gen-
eral conditions involving routes of cars and maintenance of
service, etc. The agreement is a very long one, but the
special point worthy of notice is tlie fact that the company
is permitted to charge fares which will cover their bond in-
debtedness and up to a reasonable percentage on the com-
mon stock. .After providing for renewals and the city's
portion a fund is created into which all surplus earnings are
placed. When this fund exceeds a certain amount, the fares
are automatically reduced, and if the reduction does not effect
this fund then further reductions may be ordered. If, how-
ever, the fund is eaten into then rates are automatically
raised again.

The interesting point about this agreement is that the
province of Quebec has followed the lines of the United
States Government in protecting privately owned public utili-
ties, and, at the same time, protecting the pul)lic. While this
policy has been in force throughout the United States for the
past eight or ten years, and is continuously becoming more
widespread, in Canada on the contrary, privately owned pub-
lic utilities have regularly been singled out for political ac-
tivity with a resulting insecurity of investment, wdiich has
tended, especially in Ontario and the West, to curtail their
development.

Obligations

The obligations of customers in Canada in view of the
shortage of power and high cost of machinery have been in-
creased in the matter of providing proper apparatus, especi-
ally with a view to the employment of power factor, where-
as in the past power factor clauses have not been vigorously
applied. Nowadays nearly all companies are requiring the
customer to keep their power factor within reasonable limits
at all times and to pay for any deficiencies. The question of
the measurement of pow'er factor as to whether same should
be computed to the time of maximum load on the consumer's
installation or to the time of ma-\imum load of the company's
system, or whether the average power factor taken by the
customer of the whole period of his operation should be
taken as the determining factor is not yet standardized.

Special. — In the matter of rates for summer business, it

is a known fact that no meter rale can prni)eily produce
enough revenue on the average summer customer to pay the
interest on the investment, and it should be noted that in the
United States rates as high as ISc per kilowatt hour have
))een tried.

One of the member companies has instituted a new type
of rate this year witli a view to getting, at least, fixed charges
out of these customers, the rate being $1.00 per outlet for the
lirst 10 outlets plus 50c per outlet for the excess over 10,
payable in advance, plus 4}/c per kilowatt hour. It is found,
generally' speaking, that summer customers get away without
paying their last Ijill and are very difficult to trace In the
case of the above rate a good deal of the charges are l)eing
collected in advance, and the company does not stand to lose
so much revenue from "skips."

Cooking Rates. — .A study of the rates charged for electric
cooking in the United States shows that the prevailing rate
is 3c per kilowatt hour for straight cooking. While this may
seem high to those who are accustomed to the low rates pre-
vailing in Winnipeg and Ontario, nevertheless, electric cook-
ing is within the economical reach of anyone who has ever
used gas or oil stoves. .An average taken over a number of
cases shoW'S that for cooking in the average family that 25
kilowatt hours are required per person per month, and at
the above rate of :Sc this represents 75c per head. .After five
or six persons are catered for the usage per head drops off
very fast and the usage of over 200 kilowatt hours per month
is quite exceptional. Various rate forms are being tried out
by member companies for electric cooking, but the com-
mittee has no hesitation in advising member companies that
a ilc net rate is an acceptable and profitable rate.

Revenue

Measurements. — Xo new instruments have been devised
for the cheaper measurements of maximum demand, and the
lack of such instruments is still felt. The same thing applies
to measurement of power factor.

Psychology

E.xpediency — Political. — The Rate Research Committee
feel that they can hardly present their report without re-
ferring to the political significance of the shortage of power
in the Niagara district, as this is a case where political action
has resulted in a curtailment of necessarj' supplies which
may have a very important bearing upon the positions of the
allies in the great war. In the Niagara district, on both sides
of the river, are many plants whose output is- essential to
the successful prosecution of the war, this output being abso-
lutely dependent on the supply of power. Political action
placed these plants, at any rate on the Canadian side — where
tliey are. although in other parts of Canada ample power was
available, and is still available for their requirements.

The output of these plants has been regularly and seri-
ously curtailed owing to the fact that the political machine
in Ontario over-sold their output in a blind manner, and
gambled upon Providence helping them out. Even today it
is reported that the output of the plants, instead of being
supplied to the necessary and essentiail war industries, is be-
ing diverted to light up the small towns and villages far dis-
tant from the plants. The political significance of this action
is only equalled by its immorality.

Bibliography

The weekly issue of tiic rate research Iiulletiii of the
X.E.L.-\. will keep the member companies supplied with the

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

July 1. 1918

most recent information, and those of our member companies
who are not subscribing to it are strongly advised to do so.

Cost of Service

The cost of service has naturally raised in all parts of
the country, but it is with pride that the electrical industries
in Canada can point to the fact that the cost of service to
the ordinary consumer has not yet been advanced. In the
case of short term contracts on munition business higher
prices are now obtainable than originally, but in most cases
the rates charged are in no way comparable with the cost of
any other kind of service.

Taxes.— The Committee find that the original chart did
not include the sub-heading "Taxes." ami are, therefore, in-
cluding one. In the point of view of taxation, a new impost

has been developed in one of the towns. This consists of a
tax of 2.5c per month on all users of electricity. This tax
was successfully passed over to the consumer, although the
company supplying the current has tried to do the collecting.
While any tax of this kind is liable to become general, mem-
ber companies are warned to take steps to see that the lax
is placed on tlie consumer and not on the company, and, sec-
ondly, that such tax is kept as low as possible, as even 25c
per head has had the effect of causing some users of elec-
tricity to discontinue same.

The whole respectfully submitted:

A. A. Dion,

M. C. Oilman.

J. B. Woodyatt.

P. T. Davies (Chairman).

Report of Committee on Electrical Apparatus

Your committee herewith submit the following notes on
the progress in the development of electrical apparatus.

Tlie past year has been one of high pressure in business,
the insistant demand for electrical machinery, particularly
motors of all kinds, has forced the intensive production of
standard types, and this has no doubt in many ways re-acted
in delaying the normal advancement of the development of
electrical apparatus.

There has been a wide expansion ..f the ai)i>lication of
electrical processes in the metallurgic and chemical indus-
tries, causing many proljlems to arise in heat control, speed
control, protection, etc.. and these should prove a very fruit-
ful field for an interesting report in the future.

Tlie development of remote coiitrcd. self control and
autcniiatic synchronizing and paralleling devices and the rug-
gedncss of machines, has made possible the automatic sub-
station. The fact that motor generators and rotaries are now
left to run virtually unattended, speaks eloquently for the
progress in machine design, and in these days of labor short-
age and the necessity for economy, the automatic sub-sta-
tion should receive the widest possible attention.

In alternating current generators, no radical changes
appear, but the mechanical improvements permit of higher
speeds in larger units. A horizontal waterwheel generator
rated at 20,000 kv.a., 660 volts, 60 cycle, and operated at
360 r.p.m., represents the limit of this class as attained at
present, while in the slow speed machine, a 10,000 kv.a., 6600
volt vertical waterwheel generator, 60 cycle, has been built
at 55.6 r.p.m.

In alternating current motors, the siieed coiitnd <iuestioii
is developing, and now, motors of 220 h.p. are made with a
speed range of 4;i0/300. With auxiliary speed control ap-
paratus, the synchronous speed disappears, and control can
t)e maintained in most cases without sacrificing torque.

In heavy duty motors for mill work, progress is being
made especially in the reversing drive type, and installation
has been made of a 22,000 h.p. unit. This is a doul)le unit
consisting of two motors electrically in series on a common
base. The current is supplied by a flywheel type motor gen-
erator consisting of three units electrically in series.

In the question of transformers, the principal improve-
ment lies along the lines of better insulation distribution, and
greater ability to resist the mechanical forces imjiosed by
short circuits. These results are obtained liy using circular
coil construction.

The development of single phase self cooled transform-
ers up to 8.000 kv.a. has resulted in a type of cooling appar-
atus using external radiators, combined with the standard
corrugated case. Oil conservator tanks are also used. In

this arrangement the transformer cases are air tight, and are
completely tilled with oil, the expansion being taken care of
in the external conservation tank usually placed on top of
the case.

In direct current motors, the principal advance has been
in speed control, being obtained by an auxiliary winding em-
bedded in the main pole pieces, additional to the commutat-
ing poles. This comi)ensating winding practically prevents
flux distortion losses, permitting rapid acceleration from
low to hi.gh speed.

The ([uestion of service, particularly on higli tension
power lines, is demanding eflfectual relay application, and to-
day important feeders are no longer affected by troubles be-
ing allowed to spread.

These results are largely brought al)out by the applica-
tion of balanced currents with instantaneous overload relays
of the single plunger type or with relays nf the induction
type.

The single plunger relay is now a more rugged piece of
apparatus, and is proving capable of the heavy duly at times
imposed on it.

The gieat advanta.ge of the inductifin tyiie relay is the
accuracy and permanence of the calibration.

Your committee wish to express their appreciation to
those who have assisted them.

Respectfully submitted,

J. F. Neild. Chairman.
Committee on Electrical .\pparatus.

New Use for Vacuum Cleaner.

During the recent Rc<l Cross caiiii)aign in New York
City one of the features was the use of a vacuum cleaner
to extract coins and bills from the crowds that assembled
around the speakers' stand. The long tube was thrust out
into the crowd and the money placed at the opening was
quickly whisked out of the donor's hand into a bag at the
rear. The novelty of the scheme added not a little to the
sum total of the campaign.

Canadian Westinghouse Secretary is Dead

Mr. John H. Kerr. .Secretary of tlie Canadian Westing-
house Company, died at his home in Hamilton on June 24,
after a brief illness. Mr. Kerr was born in Pittsburg and
was associated with the Westinghouse Electric and Manu-
facturing Co. as early as 1S92. When the Canadian company
was organized in I'.IO:! he then was appointed secretary and
has since resided in Hamilton.

July 1. ini^^

T H !■: ] •: L K C r R 1 C a l. N E W S

Report of the Meter Committee

Owing to the great ami pressing needs hriiuglu about
by the war there has been little time available for manufac-
tures of incters to devote to new developments, so that in
going over the field we find very little change during the
past year.

Watthour Meters.

The General lUectric Company standardized their 1-14
watthour meter for general use about three years ago. This
meter is still standard willi lliem and no changes have been
made in the design.

The Canadian Westinghouse Company have developed a
new single phase watthour meter known as the Type CC,
whicli now supercedes the Type C in sizes from 5 to 20
amperes, two wire. In designing this meter, simplicity of
construction, calibration and manufacture have been given
great attention, all parts are made on an interchangeable
basis, and the assembly of parts is checked by gauges so that
very little variation is found in the product. All wearing and
calibrating parts are readily accessible so that the costs of
repairing and checking are reduced to a minimum. The tests
on this meter show a performance considerably better than
the Type C. The 60 cycle meter load curves show a varia-
tion of .2 percent from no load to 75 per cent, overload,
and a drop of .8 per cent from 75 per cent to 100 per cent
overload; the performance of the 35 cycle meter while not as
good as the 60 cycle is much better than the Type C. The
load curves vary about .3 per cent from no-load to full-load
with a drop of 1 per cent at 50 per cent, over-load and 3.2
per cent at 100 per cent over-load. There is little change in
the accuracy for voltage variations 10 per cent above and be-
low normal.

The Sangamo Company have made no changes in their
type H. meter which has been their standard for the last
two years. It might be of special interest, however, to note
that the Sangamo Comjiany are now assembling all of their
meters and manufacturing 90 per cent, of the parts in Can-
ada.

The Packard Company have made changes in the de-
sign of their Type K. induction meter which overcomes the
previous difficulties encountered in their product.

There have been no changes in the line of d.c. watthour
meters during the past year which have come to the atten-
tion of your committee.

Graphic Wattmeters.

The \\'estinghouse and General Electric Companies have
made no changes in their line of graphic meters during the
past year.

The Esterline Company have made some changes in de-
sign on their type E.B. meter which will considerably in-
crease the usefulness of this meter. We understand, however,
that these improved meters are not as yet in production, -so
that it will probably be three or four months before they be-
come available to the trade.

The Bristol Company have developed a line of graphic
strip recording meters for a.c. and d.c. of the dynamometer
type. The electrical design has been given very close atten-
tion so that these meters should prove very acceptable to the
trade. The clock mechanism is very substantial and is ar-
ranged for a normal speed per hour and a special speed by
moving a lever of the same speed per minute.
Indicating Meters.

Switch-board type — There has been very little change in
the general lines of switch-board meters during the past year.

the principal changes being entirely along the lines of
smaller meters, so as to decrease the amount of switch-board
space required. All companies manufacturing these lines now
have a line of small meters.

The (iencral I'-leetric Company have placed on the mar-
ket a miniature round pattern a.c. ammeter appro.\imately
3 in. diameter, similar in appearance to their direct current
instrument Type D.M. This instrument has a rolled bake-
lite cover and drawn brass cover with full glass dial.

.\ new line of "fan-shaped" instruments has been placed
on the market by the Weston Electrical Instrument Com-
pany. These instruments arc of the permanent magnet type
and are d.c. voltmeters and ammeters for switchboard mount-
in.g. There are four sizes known as models 267, 269, 271, and
373. The principal dimensions of model 267 — 1-5/64 in.
wide -x :i)'^ in. high x 1 3-32 in. deep, scale length 2.5 in.
and the large instrument, model 273, dimensions are 9-5/16
in. X 7-31/32 in. x 2-1/16 in., scale length 7.6 in. These in-
struments have remarkably long, open and legible scales,
the longest scale ever attained in instruments of their size.
The scale arc is 120 degs. as against about .S6 deg. for the
round pattern Weston meters of similar principle. The shunt
drop of the ammeters is 50 m.v. and the voltmeters have a
sensitivity of about 100 ohms per volt. Each model has a
wide list of standard ranges, for instance, model 267 voltme-
ter being listed in 38 ranges from 50 m.v. to 150 volts, and
the ammeter ranges run from 1 amp. to 150 amps, in 21 capa-
cities all self-contained to 30 amps.

Laboratory Instruments.

A laboratorj' standard line of voltmeter, ammeter and
single phase wattmeter known as the Model 326, has been
developed by the Weston Electrical Instrument Company.
These instruments are of the dynamometer type and are for
a.c. and d.c. service. These instruments are conservatively
guaranteed to be within 1/10 of one per cent on direct cur-
rent or an alternatin.g current up to 133 cycles, or if specially
ordered up to 600 cycles. They are compensated for tem-
perature, are air damped and shielded from external mag-
netic and electrostatic influences. The scales are provided
with mirrors and are sub-divided into fifths by means of
diagonal lines intersecting with si.x concentric arcs. The
length of the scale is appro.ximately twelve inches. The in-
struments are provided with zero correctors, spirit levels
and adjustable leveling screws. The wattmeter is entirely
compensated for phase angle errors and the current circuit is
designed for 100 per cent, continuous overload.

Demand Meters.

The determining of customers ma.ximum demands is
probably one of the greatest problems of the meter engineers
at the present time. For large customers this is not as great
a problem as for the small customers, for in the former
case the power company is justified on account of the great-
er revenue in installing the more expensive meters now
necessary to determine the maximum demand, but for small
loads this method cannot be considered.

There are on the market at the present time quite a
number of definite time maximum demand meters manufac-
tured by the diflferent companies, but practically all of these
meters are open to the objection that if a customer's ma.xi-
mum demand does not occur in synchronism with one of
the definite time periods, the actual maximum demand would
not be recorded. The problem of obtaining a customer's

4ii

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

July 1, lUlS

inaxinuim demand by the definite time demand meters de-
pends of course upon the type of load being supplied. In
other words, the nearer a customer operates to 100 per cent,
load factor, the more accurate this method becomes. Smu-
larly, if a customer's maximum demand occurs only once
or twice during a month, and this maximum demand
is considerably above his average load, the operating
company is liable to lose as high as 50 per cent, of its revenue.

From a meter or engineering standpoint the ideal is to
be able to obtain the absolutely correct maximum demand
at whatever time it occurs. However, since the present range
of meters are not always practicable for this purpose, com-
l.romises are necessary between the rate charged for power
and the method of determining the amount of power used,
so as to insure the requisite return to the power company
for services supplied.

Probably the latest development in the line of maximum
demand meters is the Westinghouse Type R. H. meter,
whcih is built on an entirely new principle. This meter is
operated on a thermal and heat storage basis. A coiled
thermostat, the temperature of which is directly controlled
by the amount of kv.a. in the circuit, is enclosed in a metallic
case. This case is made light or heavy, depending upon the
length of demand period desired. Upon any change in load
the temperature of the element begins to change and con-
tinues to do so until the rate of heat loss is balanced by the
rate at which energy is being supplied. The change in tem-
perature takes place according to a logarithmic law. and
it is in this respect that the meter gives an entirely diflfcreiit
type of maximum demand from that given by the straight
line electro-magnetic meters. The meter is designed on a 1.")
and :!0 minute basis.

The principal feature claimed on this meter is the fact
that it takes into account the healing of generating equip-
ment as it follows the same general laws. However, while
this is true the adoption of the meter would mean an entire
re-arrangement of rates and contracts in order to insure the
operating company the necessary income.

Power Factor Determination.

One of the greatest problems which the operating com-
panies have to face at the present time, owing to high costs
of material and long deliveries, is the question of getting
out of their available equipment 100 per cent, value. Wher-
ever a.c. power is used for power purposes the capacity of
lines and apparatus must be greater than would actually be
necessary if we did not have to provide for the wattless
energy of customers apparatus.

The meter to be desired for this purpose is one which
will record volt amperes directly. Considerable lime and
money have been spent in an attempt to design a meter of
this type, but as yet none have been produced. The Westing-
house Type R. H., however, comes closer than any other
since it is operated entirely on the thermal principle which,
of course, takes the wattless component as well as the watts.

Discussion,

At this time, when central stations are confronted with
the problem of handling an ever increasing load over existing
lines, and are confronted with extremely high cost for addi-
tions to line capacity, the relief which can be obtained by
the bettering of power factor of consumers' loads is of prime
importance.

Those comp^mies which in the past have not paid parti-
cular attention to the power factor of their customers' loads,
and have made no provision for a reasonable power-factor,
or have made such provision and have not enforced it, have
found, upon investigation, that in general the power-factor
of these consumers' loads is extremely low, and instances of
60 per cent, and less are by no means rare. If the power
factor of the consumers' loads was increased to some reason-

able figure, say 8,5 per cent, to 90 per cent., the carrying
capacity of secondary lines for the same voltage drop would
be more than double, and a corresponding saving in power
lost would result.

In the past, there seems to have been no standard clause
covering the regulation of power factor in power contracts,
but one of the larger power companies has the following
clause, which would seem to adequately cover the entire
correction of power factor, either for power sold on a maxi-
mum demand basis, on a kilowatt hour basis, or on a mixed
rate, as follows:

"If at any time, when the power is being de-
livered to the purchaser at normal voltage and
frequency, the total volt-amperes so delivered
exceeds that which would result if the power
which the purchaser is then taking hereunder
were delivered at a power factor of 83 per cent.,
the volt-amperes delivered shall be calculated as
power upon the basis of 85 per cent, power fac-
tor."
and in this regard, it should be noted that the determina-
tion of power factor, which is to be used as a basis for pen-
alty, requires a materially different method of determination
when applied to maximum demand power or when applied
to kilowatt hour energy consumption.

Some companies have adopted the practice of writing
into their contracts the statement that kv.a. for billing pur-

o 10 eo X) 4-0 .5"o 6o ro so 90 lOo,,

poses is to be taken as the kw.: this is applicable to both
the maximum demand method and kilowatt-hour method.
This method, of course, is only applicable to special con-
tracts, where the rate can be readily changed, i.e., it would
not be entirely fair where definite power rates are establish-
ed for an entire community unless all contracts are written
to contain the clause.

It would, therefore, seem of importance to outline the
means and methods available for the determination of the
power-factor of the consumers' loads; in order to properly
apply the penalty in case of low power-factor, which will
sooner or later result in the bettering of the consumers' low
power-factor, and in the meantime will allow the power
company a reasonable return on the line capacity used for
the supply of power to low power-factor loads, which could
otherwise be employed for the supply of new consumers.

Methods,

1. The instrument first brought to mind to obtain some

J.,1

1. 1018

THF ELECTRICAL NEWS

record of power-factor, is some sort of power-factor recorder
or indicator. These instruments have, however, not been
found satisfactory by several of the nu-mber coinpanii-s, in
that they require at least (iO per cent, of full load to be of
sufficient accuracy to warrant their use, and also in that they
are least accurate at low points of the scale, where most
penalty power-factors lie. One of the member companies has
gone so far as to abolish their use entirely, replacing them
by a graphic watt meter, connected to read the wattless com-
ponent on consumers' loads, and even in power stations. For
these reasons, these instruments can be assumed as unsatis-
factory for our purposes.

11. The simplest and most obvious method of deter-
mining average power-factor is by the use of either two

C B/l

F^/G y^

vi'S'u'V^'Vi.'V

-•WVArVW-W*-

— 'V'WWVW—

-■A^-V-V-VVV^-

r/c s

CB/\

Plate II.

single phase meters, or one single-phase meter in connection
with a polyphase instrument, which gives the total energy
consumption. This method is of course applicable in cases
only where the consumer is charged on a straight kilowatt-
hour rate, or on a mixed rate basis. This method assumes
e.xact balance of load, and is not applicable to loads which
are badly unbalanced. On large loads of induction motors,
however, there is no objection to using it. as very closely
balanced loads are the rule.

Assuming balanced load. then, in any three-phase cir-
cuit, the reading of one single-phase wattlmur meter w'ill be
\V,=VIcos (9-1-30°)
while \\\— VI cos (9—30°)

will be the reading of the second single phase meter.

The sum of these two quantities may l)e shown to lie
the total power in the circuit, while the ratio of their sum
and difference may be reduced to the following quantities:

Tan fl=(W,— W=)^(\V,-|-\\\.)
therefore, the angle of lag may be found from which the
cosine or power-factor may be taken from any talile of
natural functions.

An easier method, perhaps, of determining power-factor
is to read off the value of power-factor from a curve plotted
between power-factor and ratio of watthour meter readings.
One familiar form of this curve is shown in Plate I attached,
the ratio being expressed as less than one. that is the ratio
of the smaller to the larger reading.

In cases where single-phase meters are employed, in
connection with polyphase meters, the reading of the former '
is to be subtracted from the latter, the ratio being taken be-

tween the difference and the reading of the single-phase
nutcr. or vice vers.i. as the case may be. The average power
factor is llun dclcmiiniil frum the curve, and the total con-
sumption increased in the ratio of contract jxiwer factor to
the actual value.

Metering Badly Unbalanced Loads.

III. In cases of badly unbalanced loads, or in cases
where power is sold on a maximum demand basis, the above
method is not applicable, and it becomes necessary to use
equipment which will give the average power-factor of an
unbalanced load, or power-factor at the time of peak.

One method available to determine average power-factor
under these conditions is by connecting a standard watthour
meter or graphic wattmeter to read proportional to the watt-
less component of the load. This method was partly describ-
ed by H. S. Baker before the 1911 convention of the Cana-
dian Electrical Association. This equipment used in connec-
tion with ordinary apparatus giving true power or energy
offers a means of obtaining power factor at peak.

In plate II., Fig. A, is shown the standard connection
of a meter to read true power, or the energy component of
the load. Fig. B. shows the connection in which the indica-
tion is proportional to the wattless component, in which it
is noted that the current in element I of the meter is reversed,
while the potential of element I is taken from phase
B.C. instead of B..\.; the current of element II is unchanged
but its potential is taken from phase B.A. instead of B.C.
It may be shown that with the meter connected in this
manner, the indication is equal to 2 VI sin 9 for balanced
loads, and for unlialanced loads, it is still proportional to
the wattless component. By multiplying this indication by
8(5.6 per cent., the true wattless component is obtained.
Therefore, from tlie corrected reading of this meter in con-
nection with reading of true power, the angle of lag, and

I00\

^."^

/ /

COMf=>£

-s/SAT-SC.

Af£T-£-fl

60 70 SO

/oo

P-3te III. — .\ — Curve for .\ccurate Meter.

I! — Compensated to read MM'/, K.V..-\. at io'/i P. F.
C— Compensated to read flO''.; K.V-.A. at .S57, P.F.
D — Compensated to read 95^/ K.V..A. at .^5'/J P.F.

and hence the power factor, may be determined by taking the
ratio of 86.6 per cent, of the former to the latter reading.
or again a curve may be constructed between ratio and power
factor.

Instead of using the above factor of .S6.6 per cent., there
is no reason why tlie manufacturers of the various types of
meters could not turn them out to read the wattless com-
ponent directly. Indeed one of the larger manufacturers has
already done this for one of the member companies.

Considerable care should be exercised in connecting up

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

July 1, 191 S

this meter to olitain the correct indication. One method
found to he successful is as follows:

Referring to Plate II, Fig. A — If the potential lead of
element I is connected to phase C. instead of A. the potential
lead of clement II is connected to phase A. instead of C.
the middle wire being unchanged, while no changes are made
to the current coils; if the meter was connected correctly at
first, the indication under the revised connection will he zero.
If it is not the current coils should be changed until a zero
indication is obtained.

IV. A third method which is applicable to watthour
meters and indicating watt meters, and which has been
applied to an indicating watt meter by a German instrument
company, consists essentially of overlagging the potential
clement of the meter, so that the angle between unity power-
factor current, flux and the potential flux will be 90 plus an
angle, say alpha instead of 90. This overlagging may be
accomplished liy inserting an externa! reactor in the poten-
tial circuit of the meter, or by using the compensating coils
of the commercial type of meter, should a sufficient amount
be obtainable for cases met in practice.

Assuming a contract power-factor of 85 per cent, as a
basis to work upon, the idea! meter would be one whicli
would indicate 83 per cent, of kv.a. for all values of power-
factor. To approach this ideal condition, this method consists
of artificially shifting the voltage coil current so that the in-
dication will be a certain percentage of kv.a. at 85 per cent,
power-factor, and so that the registration will be as near 85
per cent, of kv.a. as possible, at the actual operating power-
factor.

W'ith the meter compensated to read a certain percentage
of kv.a. at .S5 jier cent, power-factor, the voltage vector
will l>e turned throu.gh some angle, say <!'. to effect the de-
sired compensation; then the readings of the two elements
of the polyphase meter will be as follows:
\V, — Vl cos (:!0" + (»— 0))
W,.=VI cos CiO"— (9— 0))

To illustrate the equations four curves have been i)lolteil
as per Plate III. in which different degrees of compensation
have been chosen, which are shown in the table below:

Curve.

A
B
C
D

I at S5't
P. F.
:ii° 4S'

31° 48'
31° 48'
31° 48'

Reading at
85% P. F.

85'';{ K\'A
100% "

'M'/o "

95% ••

.'\ngle of
C'om]iensation
0

31° 48'
0°
13° 30'

From a consideration of these curves it will be seen that
with a 70 per cent, power-factor load, and with a meter com-
pensated tn read 95 per cent. kv.a. at 85 per cent power-factor,
shown by Curve C, Plate III, the consumer would be
charged actually 85 per cent of kv.a . and for variations in
power-factor of 5 per cent, either way. the meter would
register sufficiently accurate for all material purposes.

Upon examination of curve B, which is for a meter
compensated to read 100 per cent. kv.a. at 85 per cent.
power-factor, it is seen that the power-factor may vary from
70 per cent, to 95 per cent, without a result in error greater
than 3 per cent, in volt-auiijerc measurement. Therefore, on
consumers whose power-factor falls between these limits, it
would be possible to install a meter with this compensation
taking 85 per cent, of the readings as amount to be charged
for. assuming, of course, contract power-factor to be of this
value.

Plate IV. shows curves similar to those of Plate III., but
drawn to sliow the rate of overcharge and undercharge at
various power-factors for the different compensations. It
should be noted in connection with this type of meter that
for leading power-factor, there will be a deduction in regis-

tration, so that it should not be used unless a reduction in
price per kw.h. for energy taken at leading power factors
is justifiable. .\lso an inherent drawback of the compensated
meter, as well as of the ordinary meter, is that, as the power-
factor decreases the rate of under-cliarge decreases, a mucli
less desirable arrangement than if the rate of undercharge
decreased only when power-factors of more than cootract
amount were obtained.

Example.
One exami)le of additional revenue to the central station
from the application of penalty due to low power-factor may
be cited. Power is sold to this consumer on a kilowatt-hour
basis, and the load is a very closely balanced one. power-
factor bein.g determined from ratio of readings of two single-
phase watthour meters.

ilonth

Average I''

.F.

I^etu

rn due to

low P.F.

Jan.

82.r.%

.$109.08

Feb.

79.5%

260.16

Mar.

78.5%

282.03

Apr.

83.1%

91.54

May

78.5'^^',

:i38,n4

Conclusion.
•Summarizing, it may again be emphasized that the question
of consumers' power factor is of vital importance to centra!
stations in these days of increasing loads and costs, and all
available means of bettering conditions should be rigorously
investigated.

We have seen that, among others, four methods are

SO
so

/) ^^

60 70 SO 90

rlale l\'. — .\ — t'urve for .\cciirate Mtter.

I! — Comiiensatcd to read 10(1% K.V..\. at ^TV, P. F.

(■—Compensated to read 90% K.V..\. at 85'/r P.K.

I) — Compensated to read 95% K.V'..\. at f3';l I'.K.

available, the graphic power factor ineter probably being of
little use. and may be rejected. The single-phase meter
method is cheap and simple, but assume balanced load, and
also is of no use where power is sold on a maximum demand
basis.

The third method of connecting standard wattmeters or
watthour meters to register proijortiona! to tlie wattless
component would seem to be most preferable in cases of un-
balanced load of widely varying factors, both for power sold
on a maximum demand basis, or kilowatt hour 1}asis.

The fourth method, the compensated meter, is applicable
for load, the power-factor of which is fairly constant, and
has the advantage of reading kilowatt-hours at contract
, power-factor direct!}-, provided the meter with correct com-
pensation can be taken.

lulv i:.. iwis

THE ELECT

Published Serai-Monthly By

HUGH G. MACLEAN, LIMITED

HUGH C. MacLEAN, Winnipeg. President.
THOMAS S. YOUNG, General Manager.
VV. R. CARR, Ph.D., Editor.

HEAD OFFICE - 347 Adelaide Street West, TORONTO

ADVERTISEMENTS
Orders for advertising should reacli the office of publication not later
than the 5th and 20tli of the month. Changes in advertisements will be
made whenever desired, witliout cost to the advertiser.

SUBSCRIDERS

Tlie "Electrical News" will be mailed to subscribers in Canada and
Great Britain, post free, for $2.fKl per* annum. United States and foreign.
$2.50. Remit by currency, registered letter, or postal order payable to
Hugh C. MacLean, Limited.

Subscribers arc requested to promptly notify the publishers of failure
or delay in delivery of paper.

Authorized by the Postmaster General for Canada, for transmission
as second class matter.

Entered as second class matter July l.Sth. 1914, at the Postofiice at
Buffalo, N. Y., under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

RiCAL NEWS A^^^

'>f the use of the arc process at numerous points throughout
the country were forcibly presented. He explained the
-iiiipic working of this prcess. the possibility of using it at
■ ■iT-peak hours without loss of efficiency, the advantages of
establishing comparatively small plants at numerous favor-
able locations and the improvement in load-factor which
would follow to the central station. The paper also points
uut that this process works in admirably with a coke-oven
plant to produce ammonium nitrate. This latter suggestion
may well prove a valuable lead to Canadian operators who
have large areas of coking coal at their disposal. Extracts
from this most interesting paper appear elsewhere in this
issue.

Vol. 27

Toronto, July 15, 1918

No. 14

Fixation of Nitrogen
Off-peak for Smaller Plants

The need of the present moment is explosives and of
the immediate future, in Canada at least, is fertilizers. For
both of these nitrogen, in one form or another, is essential,
which seems to make the probleiii of the fixation of this
element from the atmosphere one of the most important
both present and future.

There are different methods of capturing nitrogren
from the air. but the simplest is by the arc process. For
this process a considerable amount of electric power is re-
quired and the cost of this form of energj' has. in the past,
been the chief obstacle in the way of its greater use in this
industrial development. However, the present is no time
to consider low cost as a first essential. The main thing
would seem to be expediency and, for this reason, it would
appear that the fixation of nitrogen by the arc process is
not receiving the amount of attention it deserves. With the
uncertain state of ocean transportation it surely is not wise
to depend entirely on the Chile beds, which represent the
main source of nitrates to the .Allies, especially when there
are coal and water resources in abundance lying idle which
could be readily utilized, to say nothing of spare generating
capacities at numerous Canadian points. Why not utilize
these dormant powers to the discomfiture of the enemy,
both during and after the war?

At the recent convention of the -'\.I.E.E.. held in At-
lantic City. Mr. E. K. Scott read a paper on "Electric
Power for Nitrogen Fi.xation," in which the points in favor

Public Control with
Private Operation

It is understood that General Manager Kidd. of the
British Columbia Electric Railway Company, which sup-
plies transportation, light and power to Vancouver and vic-
inity, is making an offer to the city council whereby the sys-
tem shall be operated at cost, the company merely acting in
the capacity of administrators— as Mr. Kidd puts it: "The
citizens would control and the company would operate."
The idea evidently is that the rates would be placed on a
floating basis as is done in one or two cases in the United
States. .\ schedule of rates is arranged which are tempor-
arily on trial. If at the end of a pre-determined period there
is just sufficient to cover operating expenses, reasonable in-
terest on investment, depreciation and sinking fund charges,
the rates stand for another similar period. If there is a defi-
cit the rates are graded upwards: if a surplus, the grading is
downwards.

Even the strongest advocates of municipal ownership
should see much in favor of such an offer for. in effect, the
only diflference between that and municipal ownership in its
purest form is that in one case the conipany receives the
interest on the investment for distribution to the bond and
shareholders, while in the other it is paid direct to the bond-
holders. Further, the arrangement of public control and
private operation is a combination that is believed, by many
students of the subject, to be the best solution of the pre-
sent situation — it is the average between the two extremes.
E.xcellent as the theory of municipalities owning their own
utilities may be. there is no doubt whatever that it has been
a fatal policy for many of our cities and towns throughout
Canada, who. in their endeavor to avoid the evil of uncon-
trolled private ownership, fell into the trap of uncontroll-
able municipal ownership.

There is evidence, however, that all over Canada, hav-
ing now^ had experience with both evils, we are sitting back
and taking a survey of the whole situation with a view to
effecting a compromise that will include as many as pos-
sible of the good points and as few as possible of the bad
points of the two tried systems. Mr. Kidd's oflfer to the
\'ancouver municipality seems to be coming pretty near the
mark.

Electric Truck Operating Costs Data

In selecting transportation equipment, sentiment, likes
and dislikes, fancied or otherwise, should play a very small,
if any, part. Transportation engineering — for transportation
is an engineering problem, and should be approached like
an\- other science — should be applied, particularly if most
economical and efficient results are to be realized.

In the final analysis, the real test of a truck's value is its
service record for a period of time sufficiently long, to meet
both good and bad conditions. A single, one-day demon-

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

July 15. I'.ns

stration under ideal conditions is not broad enough. It
should take at least a month of steady work to prove tlie
good qualities of a truck, and bring out all its weak points,
if any.

Following is a record of a 750 lb. electric truck used in
ordinary city deliveries for thirty working days. Compare
with horse-drawn and gasoline truck costs to fully appreciate
its true value:

Days operated •'"

Miles traveled 1140.5

Kilowatt hours used .■)r.i.5

Number of miles per kilowatt hour :i-57

Greatest current consumption for 1 day kw.h. i:i.

Smallest current consumption for 1 day kw.h. 10.

Average current consumption for 1 day kw.h. 10. G5

Shortest run miles :i:i.5

Longest run "li'es 46. 5

Average run miles 38.01

Greatest merchandise load (overload of 750 lbs.) lbs. 1,500

Smallest merchandise load If^s. 500

Average merchandise load (overload of 250 11)S.) lbs. ],ooo

Current cost per car mile at I'c per kw.h .$.00»

Current cost per car mile at 4c per kw.h Oil

Current cost per car mile at 5c per kw.h 014

Maintenance (maximum estimate) including repairs
and renewal of all mechanical and electrical parts,
including tires, battery, and painting of wagon
should not exceed, per car mile -14

Power Situation in Great Britain to be Under
Control of Five Commissioners

Troublesome as the power situation has been at certain
points in Canada it is easily understood that in the British
Isles, where the demand has been so much greater and
more insistent and where, besides, there are few large water-
powers, the need for conservation has been much greater.
Conditions governing operation are dififcrcnt, too, in Eng-
land, in that there are very few long-distance transmission
lines, each small centre operating its own plant by coal,
and as the result of this absence of interconnection, it is
not possible to utilize excess power which may lie lying idle
in one town for manufacturing purposes in another town.
Also, as often happens with old steam plants, no doubt just
as it is in Canada, the efficiencies become very low and much
more coal is consumed than should be allowed.

In order that a careful study may be made of the
power situation in England and some constructive recom-
mendations based upon the results of these studies offered
in solution, the British Board of Trade recently appointed
an Electric Power Supply Committee "to consider and re-
port what steps should be taken, whether by legislation or
otherwise, to insure that there shall be an adequate and eco-
nomical supply of electric power for all classes of consum-
ers in the United Kingdom, particularly industries which
depend upon a cheap supply of power for their develop-
ment." Representative associations throughout the country
were invited to give evidence and the Committee has now
brought in a recommendation that five electrical commis-
sioners should be given complete control, one commissioner
to each of five districts, and that the existing system under
which electricity is separately generated for small areas
should be abolished, utilizing larger units from which the
various municipalities should buy their power. Briefly, the
recommendations may be summarized as follows:

(a I That a new body, to be called the Electricity Com-
missioners, should be set up, to whom should be transferred
the existing powers of the Board of Trade, Local Govern-
ment Board, local Government Board for Ireland, and Scot-

tish Office, relating to the supply of electricity, and to whom
large additional powers should be given for regulating and
encouraging the generation and distribution of electricity.

(b) That the Electricity Commissioners should, subject
to an appeal to Parliament in certain cases, have general
control over the generation and distribution of electricity
in the United Kingdom.

(d) That the Electricity Commissioners should, after
local inquiries, divide the United Kingdom into districts tech-
nically suitable for the economical generation and distril)u-
tion of electricity.

(e) That in each electrical district a District Electricity
Board should be set up which should purchase all .generat-
ing stations of authorized distributors, whether local auth-
orities, companies, or power companies.

(f) That the District Electricity Board should be re-
sponsible, by themselves or their lessees, for the future
.generation of electricity in their district and for the estab-
lishment of new generating stations and prc)per systems for
the main transmission of electricity in their district.

(.g) That existing electrical undertakers should, if they
so desire, retain their power of di.stributing electricity with-
in their local areas, but should purchase electricity in bulk
from the District Electricity Boards or iheir lessees,
due provisions being made for controlling the profits of
of distributors so as to ensure a cheap supply of electricity
to consumers.

(h) That District Itlectricity Boards should make no
divisible profits.

(i) That District Electricity Boards should lie financed,
in whole or in part, by funds raised with government assist-
ance, except where it is shown to be desirable and practic-
able to finance the boards locally.

(j) That largely extended powers should be granted
for. inter alia: (a) The use of overhead wires: (b) way-
leaves; (c) acquisition of water rigliCs.

Daylight Saving in Canada Has Not
Had Revolutionary Effects

Central stations everywhere in Canada viewed with
some trepidation the introduction of t he daylight-saving
scheme. Being an entirely new departure here they were
unable to form any reasonalile judgment as to its probable
effect on the load factor or the revenue. However, we have
now had an experience covering over two months and, for
the most part, we can say that nothing very much out of the
ordinary lias happened. Recently, with a view to gathering
the results of experiences to date, we addressed enquiries
to a number of the prominent private and municipal oper-
ating organizations askin.g what noticeable effect the change
had made on their load factor. From a large list of replies
it would appear that no very great loss in revenue has been
sustained nor is there, in general, any appreciable change
in the load curves. Perhaps under normal conditions the
effect would have been more evident, but owing to war busi-
ness, the load in the majority of cases has not only been
greatly increased, but also has entirely changed in its char-
acteristics so that it is impossible to compare, say, June of
1918 with the corresponding month in l'.)17 — about the only
reasonable basis of comparison. The replies, Tiowever, are
interesting from an operating standpoint, and we quote a
number of extracts from the letters received:

1. We cannot trace any great change in our load curves.
On the other hand, we certainly notice it on our financial
statement. It is my opinion that daylight saving will affect
the lighting-revenue from 15 per cent, to 20 per cent., and we

July i:.. vns

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

will need to sell lots of irons and apparatus to coax tlie elu-
sive dollar.

2. On account of the short time during which daylight-
saving has beeti in operation, it has not yet been possible
to analyse the effect of this change of time.

;j. In so far as our plant is concerned it is somewhat dif-
ficult to determine with a fair degree of accuracy to what
extent daylight saving reduces the load factor.

In the first place, it is <lifficult to make a comparison of
our load curves of last month with those of the same month
a year ago as the load conditions have undergone value. A
comparison of the curves for the first month that daylight
saving was in force with those of the month previous is
also of little value, because the change in load conditions
at that period of the year are so rapid that little information
would result from this comparison. However, we find by
taking the totality of kw. hours supplied for lighting pur-
poses for February and March that they are practically the
same as the kw. hours supplied for the same months a year
ago. On niakin.g the same comparison for May we find a
reduction of approximately 32 per cent. This 32 per cent..
I believe, represents approximately the effect of daylight
saving on the current supplied for lighting purposes.

4. Our lighting load and any load that would be af-
fected by daylight saving is so small in comparison to our
other load that daylight saving has no affect on the load
factor of our station.

5. We are unable to supply this information with any
degree of accuracy owing to the fact that while our lighting
load shows a falling off this is more than offset by the gain
in power sales, so that there is but a very slight change in
our. load factor. It is also a diOicult matter to make com-
parisons from revenue because our rates for electric light
and power now in force are considerablj- low-er than the
rates prevailing during .the corresponding period last year.

6. The "daylight-saving" is noticed very little in our
plant. The reason for such would be that the streets are
lighted by natural gas, all the houses are piped for natural
gas and have been for years before the electric li.ght plant
was installed. With natural gas at lac per 1.000 cubic feet,
and electricity at Oc per kw.h.. long hours of daylight in
Western Canada, puts us in a position that the extra
lighting load could scarcely be read at our switch board.

7. It is a very difficult matter for us at the present time
to determine what the effect on the load factor has been,
owing to the abnormal demand for power for munition pur-
poses. We are looking over our station records endeavor-
ing to segregate the purely residential districts from the
others, with a view to obtaining the load factor on these
circuits before and after the new- bill came into operation.

If the information thus obtained furnishes any data of
interest w'e will be pleased to forward it to you. but, as
stated above, we are unable to determine what effect the
new bill has had on the load factor of the total system, due
to the increase at the present season in the demand for
power for munition purposes.

8. W'e are unable to find that it has had any effect what-
ever upon our load factor.

9. We are not in a position to compare our load curves
as to effect of "daylight-saving." owing to the variation on
power load.

10. On acount of the load being so much under control,
due to the shortage of power, our charts do not show the
saving due to the change in the clocks.

11. We have pleasure in enclosing typical lighting curve,
which we believe will give you the information you require
for your article. .\s noted on the curve, the lighting load
increased 10.5 per cent., but the peak is reduced 8.3 per
cent., which demonstrates the effect of "daylight saving".

12. ( )ur load is largely a power one and as yet we can
notice very little difference. In fact we are all very much
pleased with the "Daylight Saving" and would like to see
it carried right through the year. We believe in the fall of
the year it would reduce, if not wipe out altogelhei , the
severe overlap of light and power between .") and (J p.m. If
we could be relieved of this overlap we think that it would
more than comijensate us for any reduction in the demand
for light.

What Will Become of Canada's So-called In-
dustrial "Prosperity" When the Orders
for War Materials Stop Coming?

It has been said that Canada's industrial condition to-
day is better described as "active" than as "prosperous."
That is to say, a business which is more or less temporary,
as this war business must be. does not represent a real sta-
bility and prosperity as we interpret this term in normal
times. This condition maj' last five years or it may only
last as many months and it is nothing more than common,
everyday horse-sense to ask ourselves what will happen, in-
dustrially, when the war is over.

Statistics show that Canadian exports in 1917 exceeded
those in 1913. the last year before the war. by something
over one billion dollars. This was made up roughly of 40
per cent, agricultural and fiO per cent, manufactured pro-
ducts. It may reasonably be argued that the 40 per cent, of
agricultural export will still be required after the war. and
much more, but the same is not true of the 60 per cent,
made up of manufacturers. It is plainly an urgent question
then as to how our manufacturers are going to weather the
inevitable slump. There will be ample labor, ample raw
material and. to all appearances, ample capital, but where
will the orders come from?

Our captains of industry are not indifferent to these
conditions and have a worthy leader in Senator Frederic
Xicholls, president and managing director of the Canadian
General Electric Company, who has repeatedly raised his
voice in warning during the past two years that we must
be prepared for the future. Senator NichoUs has champion-
ed the cause of the manufacturers in the Canadian Senate
where it is safe to say his forceful and unanswerable argu-
ments on international trade questions have made him the
outstanding figure of the past two sessions. Nor has he been
satisfied to rest the matter there. Before meetings of the
Manufacturers' .Association and in the financial and technical
press he has advanced telling arguments in favor of a defi-
nite, thoroughly organized plan of co-operation between the
manufacturers and the government, to the end that the ex-
port trade of the Dominion may not suffer with the cessation
of war orders.

Senator Nicholls makes a strong point when he calls at-
tention to the recognized adaptability of the Canadian manu-
facturer to new conditions. He recalls that very high offi-
cials in the British War Office stated that Canada had shown
greater adaptability in the matter of munition manufacture
than even the Motherland. He naturally concludes that there
should, therefore, be no sound reason w-hy we cannot adjust
ourselves, to whatever extent it may be necessary, to after-
war conditions.

Senator Nicholls is now addressing himself to the general
press of the country and asking for co-operation. During the
past few days, letters, of which a copy is reproduced below,
have been sent out to the newspapers and there is little doubt
they will give it their hearty support. In years to come
when Canadian manufactured products shall have become
as commonly known the world over as were "German pro-
ducts before the war, it will not be forgotten that the success

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Tul

I.j, I'.IIS

is largely due to the courage and persistent energy lit this
man who has never lost confidence in the ultimate triumph
of Canada as a great export manufacturing world power.

Senator Nicholls' Letter.

:.'13 King Street West, Toronto,
Dear Sir; " •'""'^ 21, 1918.

I venture to direct your attention to a matter
in wliich the newspapers may render a great public service.

At present this country is exceedingly prosperous by
reason of the balance of trade which is so greatly in our fav-
or. When the war is over, and our exports of munitions and
war materials to the value of over a billion dollars yearly
shall have ceased, we will be left with huge financial obliga-
tions the cost of our share of war expenditure, and unless
we prepare and are ready to meet the changed conditions, we
will be face to face with the most serious financial situation
that Canada has yet experienced.

The responsibility of sounding a note of warning and
also a call for action lies with the newspapers of Canada,
w-hich are the educators of the public in regard to conditions
as they may arise, and 1 submit that next to winning the war
the most important problem before the Canadian public i.s
the question of preparedness for adverse conditions that must
arise following the conclusion of the war.

The interest and sinking fund char.ge per capita on our
national debt has increa.sed fropii $1.70 to 1913 to $10.00 at
present, or over five hundred per cent, in four years, and is
still increasing, and the Reconstruction Comniittcc of the
Federal Cabinet should be urged to initiate some policy de-
si.gned to oflfset the shrinkage of exports of agricultura', man-
ufactured and natural products which will most certainly di-
minish as soon as the war ends.

The farmer, the lumberman, the manufacturer, the miner,
the financier, the mechanic and the laborer, in fact every
class of the community, are directly concerned, and the
press of the country can render great public service in urg-
ing the importance of preparedness and the mobilization of
our national resources in an efficient manner.

I enclose herewith some facts and fi,;;ures* wliich have

been carefully compiled.

Yours faithfully,

Frederic Nicholls.

*A booklet costaininK reprints of addresses and discussions (»ti this
subject in the Canadian Senate, and articles written Iiy Senator Nicholls
fur the Technical Prct^s.

Annual Meeting Montreal L. H. & P. Co.

The gross revenue of the Montreal Light, Heat & Power
Consolidated for the past year was the lar.gest in the history
of the company, said Sir H. S. Holt, at the annual meeting
on June 5. This was due in part to the demand for power
by the munitions companies and also to the high prices re-
ceived for by-products. There was no reason to look for any
slackening of this demand for electrical energy as plants
formerly engaged in munition work were already taking up
other lines of business and continuing with electric power.

As to the amount written off for depreciation, the presi-
dent explained that this was necessary, and stated that no
company in Canada, and but few in the United States, pro-
vided so liberally for depreciation as did their company. Old
engines that were in use a few years ago have been thrown
aside for more economical ones.

The demand for power had necessitated the installation
of two new units at Cedars, which would he in operation by
September.

The price of gas and electricity in Montreal was the low-
est in .America, but if materials and taxes continued to ad-
vance, the company would be forced to increase the cost of
the commodities it sold.

Winnipeg Municipal Electric Display

.\t the recent convention of the Retail Mercliaiits Associ-
ation, held in Winnipeg, the Municipal Light and I'ower De-
partment had an attractive display. The decorations of the
exhibit were white trellis woodwork, back and sides covered
with creeping nasturtiums, the whole effect being light and
attractive to the eye. An interesting contrast was shown be-
tween the old and modern methods of cooking by an electric
range in the centre with a coal range and a gas range on
either side of it. The former had a display of coal, wood and
ashes ticketed up "Coal to carry," "Wood to Cho])," "Ashes
to clear away." On the gas ran.ge there was the following
show card:

YOUR MONTHLY GAS BILL!
WILL YOU LET ELECTRICITY CUT IT IN HALF?

A few examples of how electricity has saved money for
other citizens of Winnipeg — why not you?

Monthly Monthly

Gas Electric

Bill Bill

Mr. Frank Wiley. G4 Middlegatc. . . . $10.00 $4.50

Mr. F. K. Herchmer, ysuGrosvenor.. 9.00 3.08

Dr. Christie, 150 Canora 8.00 3.50

Dr. Fletcher, 220 Elm 5.85 , 1.76

Mr. J. Swan. 605 Alfred Ave 3..')0 l.fio

This card gave the salesman a slron.ij talking point. They
also had a display of other electric cooking ranges, heaters.
water heaters, show cards, etc. The visiting merchants, as
well as the general public, were iiiiu-h interested in the dis-
play, and the management are confident the exhibit will prove
a beneficial advertisement for future Imsiness. The exhibit
was in charge of Mr. R. A. Sara, sales manager.

Promotion by Merit

Our Union Government has given evidence of their sin-
cerity regarding the abolition of the patronage system in the
promotion of Mr. W. E. Lemon to the City of Toronto post-
mastership. It is true Mr. Lemon i,s eminently fitted for the
post, but this, in the past, has not been considered sufficient
qualification when in competition with importune politicians
who have had to be provided ior. It is to be hoped the old
system has gone forever. Without doubt the appointment of
Mr. Lemon will have a beneficial effect thron.ghout the Cana-
dian Civil Service, the members' of which will see in it a
recognition of the principle that merit and devotion to duty
are to be determining factors in selecting men for positions
of greater trust.

Prize for Paper on Co-ordination of Research
in Works and Laboratories

The Council of the Institution of Electrical I'.ngineers
are prepared to receive papers on the subject of "The Co-or-
dination of Research in Works and Laboratories," with a
view to the paper being read and discussed at one of the or-
dinary meetings of the Institute in London and also before
one or more of the local sections.

Papers should not exceed 15,000 to 20,000 words in
length, and the Council are prepared to award a special [ire-
mium of £25 to the author of the paper which in their judg-
ment best fulfills the objects of the discussion, provided such
paper reaches the standard aimed at by the Council.

Papers should be sent to the secretary of the Institution
not later than the 4th November, 191 S. It is the intention of
the Council to publish the selected paper (which will become
the properly of the in.stitution") in the Journal, together with
the discussion. Competitors intending to submit papers are
invited to communicate with the secretary.

JuK

!.■), 101 S

TMI-: ELECTRICAL NEWS

Electric Power for Nitrogen Fixation

Production by Arc Process Has Merit of Simplicity and Low Cost for Fquip-
ment— Off-peak Output of Small Plants May be Utilized

^By E. Kilburn Scotf—^

One of the most powerful combinations in the world is
that connected with the exploitation of Chile nitrates, and
to extend the uses of that matcrkl and regulate prices, etc.,
there is a Chile Nitrate Committee supported by the various
interests concerned.

It was created for propa.ujanda work amongst farmers
and others, to facilitate the use of nitrate as a fertilizer but
since the advent of air nitrates some attention has been
given to discrediting the methods of fixing nitrogen from
air. This lias l)een done partly by paragraphs in the press
throwing doubt on the financial and technical success of
such methods, etc. German inlliKiice. working through
political clubs and the press, also a.ssisted the Chile nitrate
propaganda while at tlie same time German scientists were
being assisted in every possible way to develop air nitrate
processes in their own country.

Years before the war, some of us saw the question of
supplies of Chile nitrate for the manufacture of explosives
would be an important factor, and in 1911, at the Ports-
mouth meeting of the British .Association, and later at a
meeting of the Society of Arts in London, I sounded a note
of warning.

To show how different the Germans tackle these mat-
ters, I may say that wlien the war started, the German gov-
ernment appointed an electrical engineer, head of the .Ml-
gemeine Elektricitats Gesellschaft, to expedite the manu-
facture of explosives.

On the other hand -when the British government started
its explosives department a lawyer politician was put in
charge, and even afterwards, when a Minister of Munitions
was appointed he also was a lawyer politician and had as
second in command, a doctor of medicine.

The appointment of politico-legal persons to positions
concerned with scientific and engineering matters, has been
favorable to Chile nitrate and to German propaganda, in
that it retarded developments that would have assisted to
make the .\llies independent of Chilean supplies.

Even after three and a half years of war, the Allies
still remain practically dependent for explosives on supplies
which have to be brought thousands of miles. This requires
much shipping that might be used for other purposes and
also occupies the attention of jiart of llie Navy, in order to
keep open the sea routes.

It is to their credit that certain scientists and engineers
of this country not only saw the danger, but insisted on the
authorities taking action by providing nioney to establish
plants for the manufacture of nitrates.

.\t the same time, in this country as well as in England,
there has been time lost, owing to certain parties man-
oeuvring to obtain the adoption of their own process to the
exclusion of others. In so large a field as nitrogen fixation
there must necessarily arise numerous improvements in the
various processes so that it is not possible to-day for any-
one to gauge or forecast their future relative economic
values.

This is particularly the case with processes in which
electrical energy plays a leading part for it is a sort of in-
grained habit of the electrical cn,gineer to simplify and re-
volutionize existing methods that they eventually become
•Before the A.I. E.E.

essentially electrical. The whole history of electrical pro-
gress, and especially of electro-chemistry and metallurgy
establishes that fact.

I consider that boards or committees dealing with nit-
rate problems should be largely made up of engineers who
have expert first hand knowledge of electrical power condi-
tions and of appartus, etc. Chemists, pure and simple, are
useful but they should not have power to pass upon pro-
cesses in a field which electrical engineering is capturing so
completely as the production of nitrates.

In certain quarters there has been too great a readiness
to listen to the tittle tattle of propaganda such as hinted
of a'bove.

I feel that tlic merits of the arc flame process for mak-
ing nitric acid have not been adequately and sympathetic-
ally considered, and this paper is written with the special
object of stating them. I wish also to remove the miscon-
ception that the arc flame process is dependent on water
power and that it can only be installed economically on a
very large scale. The matter is one of special interest to
electrical engineers because the process is essentially an elec-
trical one.

Electric Power.

As a ))asic load for a power house the direct arc process
presents the advantage that it can be established anywhere,
because the raw materials being only air and water, consid-
erations of transportation do not enter into the situation.

It is particularly suitable for ofT-peak or oflf-season
loads, for there is no fused material to solidify, and little to
deteriorate in case of stoppage. Some of the furnaces can
be switched on and off like an arc lamp, without detriment
to brickwork or structural details, or to the process of man-
ufacture.

.\s there seems to be some doubt as to the possibility
of •running arc furnaces intermittently on a commercial
scale, 1 wiiuld mention tliat about seven years ago a nitric
acid factory was built at Legnano, Italy to utilize 10,000
horse power, especially during the night. Of course this
plant has been considerably extended especially since the
war. I am also credibly informed that in Germany there is
a very large arc process plant working with ofif-peak power.
At any rate there is no difliculty in doing it, whereas it is
impossible to work intermittently with any other method
of fixing atmospheric nitrogen.

In some ways, it is an advantage to run a plant for
SOOO or less hours per year, instead of the full number, be-
cause the spare time can be conveniently used for renewals
and repairs. Less spare plant is thus required and the iilant
can be operated by two shifts of men.

Because the plants in Norway are very large and only
use hydro-electric power, a mythology has grown up. that
the arc flame process can only be worked commercially on
a very large scale, and with water power. As a matter of
fact it is well worth while to build plants of 10,000 kw.

As a matter of fact hydro-electric power may be a dis-
advantage because of its distance from industrial centres,
for either the factory has to be placed in an out-of-the-way
position, or e'se the power has to be transmitted over a long
transmission line. I am of the opinion that electrochemical
factories should be placed near the power supply, and the

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

July 1."), lylS

ideal position is alongside the pnwer hotist- rspccially if off-
peak power is used.

In a national emergency it is surely better to bring into
immediate use all the surplus ec|uipment that already exists,
than to start building new power houses, whether hydraulic
or steam, and seeing that the direct-arc flame process is
suitable for working with off-peak power, I suggest that a
number of nitrate plants be forthwith erected at existing
power houses.

By erecting say. ten or more nitrate plants of say 10.000
kw. each at power houses in places near where nitrates are
required there would be considcralde saving in transporta-
tion; early deliveries of nitrate could lie made. Further there
would be less risk of temporary interruption of supplies in
case of accident or sabotage.

.\s a matter of fact there are power houses which could
easily spare more than 10.000 kw. for over 30 hours a day
and through the week end. Also there are power houses
fully equipped with steam plant wdiich are now standing idle.
In the present crisis they might just as well be brought in-
to use even if the cost of generation is high.

In some power houses the load factor might be doubled
and this would have the immediate effect of reducing costs,
but there has been far too much shilly shallying considera-
tion given to the question of cost. With U-boats on the
high seas tryin.g to stop supplies of Chile nitrate, the rail-
ways congested with trafh« and electrical engineering works
making munitions, what is the use of discussing power costs.
The thing to do is to jump in and make full use of plants
already installed.

Recently much has been heard of the suitaliility of
Muscles Shoals. Alabama, as a site for the manufacture of
nitrates, because of the water power which is being deve-
loped there, but it will take at least four years to complete
these hydraulic works. In the meantime a large steam pow-
er house is being built in order that the cyanamid process
may be put into early operation. This includes a 00,000 kw.
turbo-generator and should anything happen to it the nit-
rate plant would be stopped as the various steps of the indi-
rect cyanamid process arc so interlocked.

Viewed from this standpoint it would seem to be bet-
ter in every way to have the manufacture of indispensable
materials for explosives manufactured in a number of
smaller plants, in widespread centres and by other process-
es than the indirect.

Coke Oven and Nitrate Plants.

At the present time ammonium nitrate is required in
very large quantities for burster charges for shells, torpe-
does, mines, grenades, etc. This is made from two compon-
ents, viz.. nitric acid and ammonia, Ixith of wdiich are diffi-
cult to transport, the first Ijecause it is a corrosive acid,
and the second because in every ton of aqua ammonia there
are about 2^^ tons of water. An industrial process capable
of furnishing electric energy as well as a supply of ammo-
nia would be ideal, and it so happens that this is the case
with a regenerative coke oven plant. Half of the total gas
made is available and this can be easily turned into electric
energy whilst at the same time the nitrogen contained in
the coal provides about the right amount of ammonia neces-
sary to combine with the nitric-acid made from the electric
energy by the arc flame process.

In order to show how ideal such a system is for making
ammonia nitrate, I have prepared the diagram Fig. 1.

The scheme provides for a combination of a battery of
coke ovens with an ammonia recovery plant together with an
electric power house in order to utilize the surplus gas. Along
side the power house, there is an electrochemical plant for
the manufacture of nitric acid from air by utilizing the three-
phase high-tension current.

It happens that the by-product of the acid factory is
sodium nitrate-nitrite, which is made by combining the
gases remaining from the acid towers with caustic soda or
soda ash. Electrolytic cells may be laid down as shown in
the dia.gram for purpose of making caustic alkali from brine.

It will thus ))e seen that the complete project retpiires
only two raw materials viz., coal and lirinc, aiul on the
other hand, the products which can be made are coke and
ammonium nitrate together with toluol, benzol, naptha, tar
and sodium nitrate-nitrite.

If electrolytic cells are used there are also the products
chlorine and ))leaching powder. The chloride can be com-
bined with the benzol to form chloro-benzol which is an
important intermediate in the manufacture of dye-stuflfs as
well as in the manufacture of picric acid.

From the point of view of efficient management, and
of elimination of transportation charges, the combination is
unique, for the ammonia has only to be piped a few yards
to the nitrate house and there is no carriage of acid.

RAW
MATERIALS

Caustic SodA
Plant

Caustic Sodai Chlofine Plant
Electfolytrc cells

mijijiiiiiiiiniiiiniiiiii;ii i

TiTiiriniiiMmTiiMiiiuiim | I — ,

clwtfic Bowel
8rine

Nilralr from
Air i'lajil

Electric
Power House

S [ C'ystalliiing drymg & hafrelling Plant

for Ammonium fjitrate &So<)ilim Nitnte

Ammonia
.Sodium Nitrate
! Nitrite

IrA

Electric tumaees ADsorption towers [ -z c ;

(=3
OO

Water
C^ustir Soaa

SteafTT
Tufbo GeneratQia Boilers E-ng'^g^ ^ Dynamos '

cm
cm

) Gas

■flam f!S

Coke Oven &
By-product Plant

Plant lO' recovering Ammonia etc
4 f.asMain teas

Cohe pusning Machine

CAUSTIC SOOA

Chlorine
Bleactiing Powder

AMMONIUM NITRATE
Sodium Nitrate
Sodium Nitrite

NITRIC ACID
Sodiun' Nitrate Nitrite

Tliree PTiase Electricity
Direct Current Eleclncity

AMMONIA

Tar

Toluol

Benzol

Naptha

COKE
Cohe Otrer Gas

■ ■ — — 1 Note This Comtjination only

requires Coal & Brtne
to be purchased outside

Diagram layout of nitrate frcm air riant with electric power house
using coke oven gas.

As a cheap supply of coal is indispensable for the pro-
ject, it would be well to locate the plants at industrial centres
where this raw material is readily available and which in
all probability would lie locations where transi>ortalion
charges are low.

In order to show what can be done with a coke oven
lilant the following iiarticulars will be of interest. I take a
Koppers type of oven as being the best known.

Tons Hours

Quality of coal per char.ge coking time

Low volatile coal 13K> 18

Mixture containing SO per cent bi.gli

volatile 30 per cent low volatile.. 12}/; IG'/z

High volatile coal 1114 15

A battery of ovens varies in size but we may as well
take a round number of 100, for which the avera.ge yields
are as follows:

Number of ovens 100

Tons of coal per oven 12'/

Hours coking time Hi

Total yield of coke 72 per cent .

Yield small coal anil breeze 5 per cent.

lulv l.V I'.iKs

THE ELECTRICAL Nl'.WS

Net yield good coke i)7 per cent

Ammonium sulphate per ion of coal U") lb.

Reckoned as ammonia per tmi of coal (>K> lb-
Tar per ton of coal 'J Ral.

l.iK'it oil per ton of coal '. ■■i:i\-

Total Kas per ton. of coal 1 l.OllO en. ft.

British thermal units .'ioO per cii.ft.

Surplus 5>as •">•"> l>er cent

Sur])lus £jas iier ton of coal (i.ooo cu. ft.

Such a battery of ovens, each of which distils l:i|j tons of

coal in Ui hours, will deal with

100X12.5X24/lG=l.>ino tons per day.
.■\ssumin^ liOOO cu. ft. of surplus s>as per ton of coal and

oJO B.t.u. per cu. ft. the total heat value per hour will be
liinOX 0000 X.").")0/24=2(il). (100. (100 B.t.u,

If eiuployed in yas engines usint; Ki.OOO B.t.u. per h.p.hr.
the power will he

260,000,000/13, 000:=20,000 h.p., or say. 14, ()()() kw .

If steam boilers and turbines arc used instead of .yas en-
gines the power will be less so to be on the safe side, we will
lake the round figure of 10,000 kw.

We will also assume that electric furnaces utilizing 10.-
000 kw. for a whole year, can produce (i,300 tons of 100 per
cent. acid. Nitric acid capable of furnishing theoretically 8000
tons of ammonium nitrate as indicated below:

.\H:,-fHNO==NH.NOr.

Molecular weights IT (i:! 80

in short tons 1700 (iiiOO 8000

.\Ilowing 23 lbs. of sulphate of ammonia or (")'/_■ lb. of am-
monia per ton of coal, a total consum])lion of I'.IOO lon.^ of coal
per day should give.

1900 X 365 XG..)/2O,O0O^22.')O tons per annum.

It vvill thus be seen that there is plenty of ammonia to
comljine with the acid made by the surplus .gas, even if a
higher yield of acid is allowed [ler kw.yr. and more power is
generated.

1 purposely leave out of discussion, ciuestions as to types
of nitrogen fixation furnaces and of yields obtained. I may
say, however, that it is not ri.ght to assume that yields are
limited to those usually obtained from certain well-known
furnaces which must of necessity work with single-phase cur-
rent.

The amount of ammonium nitrate will be less than the
theoretical figure because the efficiency of the reaction is not
100 per cent, also it is usual to convert a certain amount of
the gas into sodium nitrate-nitrite. .\ safe figure would be
TOOO tons and at this rate it can be shown that with electric
energy at ."> mils per kw-hr. and ammonia at 13 cents a iiound.
the ammonium nitrate can be made at less than half the price
the government is now payin,g:.

In order to show how large a business the nitrogen in-
dustry has become, the following figures (compiled by Dr.
Paul J. Fox) give the nitrogen balance sheet for the United
States for 1917.

Imported Supplies.

Tons Tons

of 2.000 lb. of nitrogen
Chile Saltpetre 9.'> per cent NaNO:, 1.742.540 272.880

Ordinary saltpetre, potassium nitrate 4.(109 (i45

Ordinary saltpetre and .gunpowder

containing 75 per cent KNOa 1.500 210

.•\nimoniuni sulphate 8.135 1,725

.\mmonium chloride 1.073 280

Domestic Supplies.

Coke oven ammonia — NH;, 113.760 93,625

Gas Works ammonia — NHs 12,500 10,288

Calcium cyanamid at 20 per cent

nitrogen 12,800 10,534

Nitrogen Exported.

Tons Tons

of 2.000 lb. of nitrogen

N'itric .\cid. 15 per cent Nitrogen 486 73

Picric .\cid. ISptrcent Nitrogen 26,010 1.790

Dynamite. 12 per cent nitrogen 8,t;63 1,255

(iunpowder and smokeless powder,

1.1 per cent nitrogen 223,270' 29,025

( )rilinary saltpetre 875 123

In addition to the above, there are also about 8.800 tons
represented nitrogen in the following items, which are the
figures for 1917:

Value.

Loaded cartridges $42,090,000

Fuses 34,000,000

Shells and jirojectiles 74.000.0110

.Ml other 202, 000. 00)

■|"| >lal $253,000,000

It will be iKiticed that ammonium nitrate is not inclinl-
ed in these ligures, but I assume it would be ab(iut 50.000
tons for 1917.

In Great Britain the consuiuption of ammonia nitrate
is now probably 400,000 tons a year, and the production
here will have to be at least as much. To make this, the
theoretical proporliim of ammonia required is about 85.000
tons and of nitric acid about 315,000 .tons.

It will thu> lie seen that the coke oven plants in the
comilrv could supi)ly all the ammonium nitrate recpiircd if
they were init onto the job.

L ntil recently most coke o\cii ammonia was converted
into suli)hate. but owing to the war demand for nitrate.
more and more of it is being made into aqua-ammonia of
about 29 per cent strength. In some cases this is being
transported many hundreds of miles prior to conversion in-
to ammonium nitrate, and since each ton of ammonia neces-
sitates the transportation of about Syi tons of water, the
bearin.g on this, on the present railway congestion is at once
apparent. T;ink cars have to be used and they must return
emptj'. So the freight on the actual ammonia carried is ex-
tremely high.

There are many coke ovens of tlie wasteful bee-hive
type in ojieration. which do not recover l)y-products and
the replacement of these by modern coke-ovens would be a
great iiumediate economic gain and meet the war condi-
tions better than the building of large dams for water pow-
er.

In the present emergency coke ovens arc of great value
because they give coke for making steel, gas for power pur-
poses, ammonia for nitrate manufacture, and toluol and
I}enzol for explosives.

After the war ammonium nitrate will be in demand for
fertilizer as well as for safetj' explosives and other purposes.
The high percentage of nitrogen which it contains viz., 35
l)er cent, and the ease with which it can be converted into
other compounds makes it especially useful for conveying
nitrogen in the fixed form over considerable distances.

It is more profitable to make nitrate than sulphate, be-
cause, pound for pound, the nitrate contains nearly twice as
much fixed nitrogen and the nitrogen commands a higher
jirice per unit when in tlie form of ammonium nitrate.

The Canadian (ieneral Electric Company have opened
a branch oftice and warehouse at 27 Notre Dame Street,
West, Quebec, in order that they may be in a better posi-
tion to care for their rapidly-growing business in Quebec
city and vicinity.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

July 1.-), I'JIS

The Bugbear of Electrical Merchandising
is "Inadequately Wired Houses"

The Society for Electrical Development have started out
on their advertising campaign preparatory to the Service
Outlet drive they will make in September next. It would
seem that this year the Society has struck at the very root of
the reason why more domestic appliances are not used in
the home and that, by concentrating their energies on making
it possible to use these appliances, they will get much bigger
results, eventually, than they could possibly do by urging
the merits of equipment which, in the home of the average
householder, is practically useless. By this campaign the
Society recognizes the force of the argument that the weak
point in electrical merchandizing lies in that overwhelming
majority of poorly wired houses for which, in the main, we
have the indifferent attitude of the architect to thank. The
proper time to wire a house for any electric service, and to
instal the necessary outlets is when the house is being erected,
but these are essentials in modern home-building that are
conspicuously absent from the plans and specifications of
ninety-nine out of every hundred buildings. It is to be hoped
the forthcoming campaign will, in part, bring this fact home
to the architect and the householder alike. In that case it
will have, served a double purpose.

The first letter in the campaign, which has just been
received, is entitled "Save food, fuel, time, money— by wire."
A number of good arguments are advanced and, in the mam.
a strong case is made for more outlets. The following are
extracts :

Does the use of electrical specialties actually conserve
food, fuel, time and money in the household ?

If so, a broader, more thorough application of such
devices must go a long way toward furthering war work. If
not, then the figures of household statisticians, as well as the
inherent beliefs of millions of housewives who have bought
and are buying such appliances, are all wrong.

But that Great Purchasing Agent, the housewife, is sel-
dom wrong in her choice of what will save labor and money
in her home, and assuredly not in this case. The remarkable
increase in the sale of household electrical appliances and
specialties since the war began is not the result of whim,
chance or guesswork on the part of that vast army of women
buyers. On the contrary, it is worthy of note that the sale of
such labor saving devices increases fastest in those territories
where the "better half" is most active in Red Cross and cor-
responding war work.

Said a central station manager recently: "The more time
the woman must spend outside of her home, these days, the
more she turns her attention to those electrical devices that
cut hours of housework off her daily schedule, the quicker
she buys them, regardless of price, and the mor-e she depends
upon them."

It would be difficult to reconcile the sale last year in the
U. S. of more than $10,000,000 worth of washing machines,
more than .$4,000,000 worth of vacuum cleaners, and more
than $7,000,000 worth of other electrical labor saving appli-
ances, with anything but the fact that there is a real and ever
growing need for such appliances in the home.

Even the skeptic, who sees the electric washer save the
woman a day a week (not to speak of the GO per cent, saving'
in linen and lingerie saved by doing away with the wash-
board) cannot dispute the essentialness of this when he learns
that the 200 washers sold each day last year gave the women
of this country 3,000,000 additional days, to do with as they
wished.

Let the man who loves to get it down in black and white
— in actual figures — take pencil and paper and do a bit of

figuring in his own home. Start with the job of housecleaning.
Twice a year, how many days were given over to dust-pan,
mop and broom? Each day. how much dusting, sweeping,
l)eating of rugs and carpets? Then put down against the old
method the hour a week (or whatever the small amount of
time) used in cleaning the "electric way." It makes no differ-
ence whether the servant had to do the work, or the house-
wife. Servant's time is valuable — and servants arc becoming
scarcer every day. Let him figure what he might save if his
servant could be dispensed with. And many f.imilies are
supplanting them with electrical specialties.

These are reasons enough for any intensive campaign or
propaganda that helps to deliver the message of greater con-
servation, greater efficiency, greater economy into ever)' home.
It will hardly be denied, therefore, that the Society for Elec-
trical Development's Canipai.gn for a broader, better use of
electrical household helps strikes a popular chord. It does
not matter so much as to how the appeal is made, or what
form the educational matter takes, so long as it is built on
sane, sober, serious lines, such propaganda cannot fail to pro-
duce faithful returns.

The Viewpoint of the Industry

That the electrical industry, in its every rainification, is
faced with serious, vital problems today will not lie denied.
Neither will it be contradicted that the government desires.
Neither yill it lie contradicted that the government desires,
where and when possible, to keep business intact. It would
lirefer to see every business on a "going basis." It -is not say-
ing to the electrical contractor, for instance: "You shall not
become an electrical merchandiser," nor does it say "If you
have the opportunity to secure construction and installation
business that will enable you to keep your business intact,
you shall not go after it." It puts the success or failure of
each man's business squarely up to each man.

The main problems facing the central statiim, the contrac-
tor-dealer, the electrical jobber and manufacturer require no
recountal here. They are too well-known. But it is inter-
esting to study how the forthcoming campaign will benefit
each of these branches of the industry. The use of more
outlets on the present lines of the central stations need not
necessarily result in increased peak. It aflfords the quickest,
easiest means of saturating present lines, of filling the valleys
in the 24 hour load, and of furnishing work for salesmen who
might otherwise have to be laid off.

For the contractor-dealer it offers the quickest solution
of his trouble "where to get business and how." Every ser-
vice connection he puts into a customer's house (new house
or already wired, it matters not) can be made a revenue pro-
ducer for him. for a long time to come, if he wills it. When
electric service goes into the home for lighting, only the first
step has been taken. The contractor-dealer, or any electrical
merchandiser owes it not any more to himself than the cus-
tomer, to demonstrate the utmost possibilities of that service.
If the electrical specialist does not believe this, he had better
take a few days off, and sell himself on his own proposition.

Finally, that which benefits the central station and con-
tractor-dealer must benefit the jobber and manufacturer.
Their cooperation in the movement is assured.

A feature of such a campaign is that it automatically
adapts itself to any wiring or appliance campaign the con-
tractor, central station or merchandiser may have scheduled
for that same period. It will stimulate wiring orders as
quickly as it will stimulate appliance sales, even though the
drive is concentrated on additional outlets, plugs and recep-
tacles.

The Bell Telephone Company has moved into a new
l)uildin,g at Smith's Falls. It is of the usual type of the
company's fireproof structures, siu-cially designed for tele-
phone purposes, and fitted with magneto equipment.

luiv 1."), i:)IS

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

High Tension Work in Quebec Province

Carrying out the policy of (.'xtcndinL; its system, the
Sotithcrn Canada Power Company has completed and put
into operation a high tension transmission line between
I'.romptnnville and Cowansville, a distance of 7H miles. The
line recently underwent a severe test in the way of a very
heavy windstorm, and stood up under the strain.

The line passes through a district which has considerable
industrial possibilties, and one in which new industries are
being located, one reason being that, even in these times of
scarcity of labor, there is a fair supply to be obtained. Na-
turally the availability of dependable power is another im-
portant consideration, and in this connection experience
shows that industries will locate at points where they can
obtain this power. Recently a number of copper mines have
been opened up in the Sherbrooke & Rastray districts..

The line is 48.000 v. 3 phase, of fj/Ki in. steel wire, re-

High tension line, Reaving Granbv.

presenting a departure in long-distance transmission in Can-
ada. The poles are of wood, 3.5 ft. 7 in. tops, two cross arm
triangular type, the 5/16 in. steel ground wire being on a
bayonet extension at the top of the pole. A private telephone
line is placed six feet below the lower cross arm.

The power is supplied from Sherbrooke, instead of as
formerly, from a number of small plants along the route of
the line. Sub-stations are located at Foster, West Sheflford,
Granby, Cowansville, and Bromptonville, with provision for
sub-stations at Eastman, Magog, Rock Forest and Adams-
ville. Various points are equipped with a standard sectional-
izing tower and outdoor sub-station, designed for 300 kw.

For crossing the river at Granby two steel towers were
erected by MacKinnon, Holmes & Co., Ltd., Sherbrooke.

The insulators are of the pin type, tested for 125,000 volts

Standard Outdoor Sub station— Southern Canada Power Co. ,! 1

wet flashover test, and were supplied by the Canadian Porce-
lain Co., Ltd., Hamilton.

Mr. J. M. Robertson, of Montreal, was the consulting
engineer.

3-500 kw. 48,000 2400 volt transformers, Granby.

The company is also building additional high tension
transmission lines connecting the new development at Drum-
mondville with the city of Sherbrooke and with St. Hyacinthe.

.\ deputation from Perth. Ont.. which recently waited on
the Hydro-electric Power Commission of Ontario, was as-
sured of almost immediate deevlopment at the High Falls
site, recently purchased by the Cotiimission. The work will
involve an expenditure of between $300,000 and $400,000.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

July ir., I'JlS

Electric Deliveries of Coal

By A. Jackson Marshall

Even though wc arc.' crcdiU-d with rflativcly shml mt-
niories, the vicissitudes of last winter, particularly those
resulting from scarcity of coal, have been too indelibly
stamped on our minds to be rapidly eradicated by a few days
of warm weather. Besides, there is another winter coming
and there arc no assurances that it will be free from vexing
coal problems. Therefore, having had one series of severe
lessons, and with prospects of others likely to be encoun-
tered, it behooves us to take such steps as may be necessary
to adequately fortify ourselves, and one of the most im-
portant phases of the coal situation which may be antici-
pated and provided for is that of transportation, particularly
in the delivery of cnal from the railroad cars to place of
consumption.

The horse, heretofore the most popular motive power,
is rapidly being shown to be a liability rather than an asset,
and while such means of locomotion may be called upon in
emergency, the far-sighted and progressive coal dealers are
rapidly discarding such inefficient motive power for the tire-
less, dependable, sturdy and economical motor truck; and
many dealers whn have approached their delivery problems
from a transportation engineering basis, have selected elec-
tric trucks which have proven most satisfactory in service.

An interesting comparison of the performance of an
electric truck and two gasoline trucks operated in Boston,
follows: Three trucks were employed on a contract for coal
to be delivered to the State House on Beacon Hill. The
round trip from the loading platform was 3.7 miles, condi-
tions of loading and unloading were exactly the same, and
the time constituted a full day's performance for each truck.
The "electric" was a six-ton unit, while the gas trucks were
five-ton. and four and one-half ton. respectively. The five-
ton gas truck delivered I!) tons of coal in 13 trips; the four
and one-half ton gas truck 40 tons in Hi trips, and the six-
ton "electric" 86 tons in Hi trips. The actual running lime
of the electric truck was from 7:12 in the morning until
4:40 in the afternoon, with one-half hour out for lunch. It
will be noticed from these figures that the "electric" was
consistently overloaded, and that both gas trucks were un-
derloaded. The battery of the electric truck was "boosted"
once during this period.

Electric Hauled Twice as Much.

It is interesting to note that the two gas trucks hauled
practically the same amount of coal during the day that
was hauled by one electric truck. That this was not a freak
performance of tlie "electric" is evidenced by the fact that
the next day the "electric" carried 12 loads of 78 tons, and
the following day 12 loads of 7li tons, making a total of 24(1
tons in three nine-hour days. This same "electric," a few-
days later, on shorter Ivauls. delivered ]3.'i}4 tons of coal in
19 loads, leaving with the first load at 7:13 a.m. and finish-
ing at the garage at .").0") p.m.. with about ■% of an hour
rest at noon. The loading time was si.x minutes per load,
and the actual miles covered were 2G^<. The company oper-
ating these trucks estimates that their per diem cost on the
gasoline trucks is from 50 to 70 per cent, greater than it is
on an "electric."

Follows some data on operating cost for coal delivery
which was the result of four years' study and research work
along these lines by the Massachusetts Institute of Technol-
ogy. In studying these figures it should be borne in mind
that they are average costs covering several large installa-
tions that have been m operation for a number of years.

Estimate for Coal Delivery (5 ton rating).

.\verage maximum load, approx 10,

Mileage per trip

Hours per trip for li.ading

Hours per trip f(U' unloading

Hours per working day

\'ehicles >I1.000 lb. 10.000 lb.

Electric ("lasMlinc

-Average running speed, miles per

hour

Hours per trip, standing

Hours per trip, moving

Hours per trip, total

.Vverage no. trips per 9-hour day .

Miles per day

Tons delivered per day 2:i.5

Days used per year 395.0

\ehicles miles per year SOOO.O

Tons delivered per year (i700.0

n.'.i

1.0

I. '.I

1.7

2S.0

0.9

O.S

1.7

5.:5

:12.0

20.5

270.0

SGOO.O

7l.-)0.0

. . . 0.2
. .. 0.7
. . . 9.0
:i- Horse
wagon
2 Extra
liorse

0.9

3.0

3.9

3.1

18.5

1.5.5

285.0

5300.0

4400.0

Expense — Annual.

Tires or shoeing, etc
Repairs .

.$400

$520

$175.

. . :!i)0.

700.

100,

Battery .

440

Veterinary . . .

;iO.

Lubricants . . .

l."i

70.

Electricity at :ic per 1
Gasoline at Ific per g

290.

allon . .

i:;ii

Feed

900.

Garage or stable

270.

;t:i5.

Driver and helper

1310.

1280.

1210.

Depreciation .

400.

7<1().

Interest

1 :i5.

1 .■.().

45.

Insurance

l.-)0.

200.

40.

Total annual expense

Cost per day . ,

Cost per ton delivered..

Cost per mile

:!(iIO.

1 :i..!0

.54
.45

4380.

3135.

Ui.20 11.00

.01 .71

.51 .59

It should be noted th;it in the above rating the price of
gasoline is quoted at 10c per gallon, which is considerably
below the present price, and would greatly affect the total
yearly expense given of $430.

While economy and efficiency botli favor the "electric."
as the above statements show, there is still another factor
which we have not considered and that is the humane ele-
ment. .Anyone who h;is ever watched a struggling team of
horses hauling a 4 or 5-ton load of coal over wet pavement,
or an icy road, or who has seen them strain every muscle,
with heads bent nearly to the ground in the eflfort to haul
this load up a steep hill, has probably been impressed with
the thought that the requirements of modern haulage de-
mand something more powerful than the "animal motor."
While buildings have continued to increase in size and the
demand for fuel has grown in projjortion. many dealers
have continued to use the same delivery methods that were
used a decade ago when the horse was quite capable of per-
forming the necessary labor. But to-day, when a commod-
ity such as coal must be supplied in such great bulk, it is not
only uneconomical to use horse equiiiment. but inhumane
and illogical.

The simplicity of operation is also an argument for the
"electric" as it does not require a skilled mechanician for a
driver, and its necessary repairs are slight and infrequent
— a. feature of consiilerable importance these days of de-

July I.".. I'.ns

rill-: i: LJ'X: ru I (■ A !. nf.ws

j.lcUil iiian-piiwcr and scarcity of niacliiiuil repair nialcrial.
In this conni'ctiiin il is notcil from a report from the (ilas-
Kow Cooperative Society (London) that one of their three-
ton electric coal trucks was onl of commission one after-
noon and the following morninu; durinjj an entire year (307
working days) thus attaining a reliability coefficient of y"J.(>5
per cent .

Three Rivers Safety Car

Herewith we illustrate the light safety car in use on tlie
system of the Three Rivers Traction Company, Three Rivers.
Que. It derives its name in part from the device hy which
tlie car is brought to a standstill in the event of the motor-
man taking- hi? hand off the controller. T^he power is then
autiniialicallv shut off and at the same time the doors of tlic

car are opened. In case of an accident to, or sudden illness
of, the motorman. there is no danger of the car getting out
of control. The car is of the one-man, paj^-as-you-enter type;
will seat .".O people and is fitted with an automatic sander.
It was manufactured by the St. Louis Car (rompany, St. Louis.

Public Service at Cost

The Buzzer, the i)reezy little pamphlet distributed by
the B. C. Electric Ry. Co. among its patrons, puts the whole
matter of increased costs and fixed revenue of central station
companies in a nutshell, as follows: "

Public utility service at less than co.=;t cannot
go on indefinitely.

Cost includes the cost of operation and a fair
return on the investment.

Public service commissions agree that in order
to safeguard the public service, companies must
receive sufficient to pay the cost of operation and
a return on the investment sufficient to attract
new capital.

Whether in the railway or the light and power
department, service at less than cost means that
the public service will suffer.

The Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company.
Pittsburgh, Pa., has purchased the property, business, and
goodvsnll of the Krantz Manufacturing Coinpany, Inc..
Brooklyn. N.Y., manufacturers of safety and semi-safety
electrical and other devices, such as auto-lock switches, dis-
tribution panels, switchboards, floor boxes, bushings, etc. The
Supply Department of the Westinghouse Electric & Manu-
facturing Company will act as exclusive sales agents.

Women Drivers in Scotland

,\u iiileresiiug talile api^ars i[i a recent issue of the Tram-
way Journal with reyard In the number of women employed

as tramcar drivers in Scotland, and showing the numbers o!

women employed as drivers and conductors on all Scottish

undertakings. The percentage of female drivers is IS-C and
of male conductors, 13.

Aberdeen Corporation 100 (i li» m

.Aberdeen Suburban fi 4 — 10

.Ayr Corporation .'i irj l 20

Rroughty Ferry it — 4 11

(."oatbridge I 9 — 20

Dundee Corporation '.)."i — — lo.-,

Dumbarton 1.5 :; — 25

Dunferndiue 21 — — :il

Edinburgh 2."i4 — 7!! 244

Falkirk 7 11 — 18

Glasgow Corporation 1,370 2:)0 253 1.435

Greenock 17 .'ifi 1 54

Kilmarnock Corporation 10 ^ — 20

Kirkcaldy Corporation :>:', — :: 24

Lanarkshire 17 101 — 105

Leith Corporation :i:.' r;i lo 52

Musselburgh (i ;) — iC>

Paisley 59 — — 77

Perth Corporation 15 — 15 —

Rothesay 2 ! — :;

Stirling 4 — — 4

W'emyss 10 — — ;-

1.99S

45,S

;!70

2.40:!

M. & S. C. Want Higher Rates

The Monlrtal & Southern Counties Railway Company
has applied to the Railway Commissioners for authority to
increase the passenger and freight rates. For the company
it was submitted that the same reasons existed for increases
in the case of electric railways as in the case of steam rail-
ways, and that as one had been granted there was equally
good reason for the granting of the other. The united muni-
cipalities served by the lines of the companj' strongly oppos-
ed the application, mainly on the .ground that under con-
tracts entered into in 1909 it was agreed that the present
rates and charges should stand for 20 years. The munici-
palities argued that this contract should be respected. Judg-
ment was deferred.

Winnipeg Railway Changes

-A reorganization of the traffic department of the Winni-
peg Electric Railway is. announced. There will in future be
three divisions — central, south and north. Mr. C. Colwell,
formerly chief inspector of traffic, has been appointed super-
intendent of the central division and J. S. Beckwith and M.
Flood, formerly travelling inspectors, wi'l have the north
and south divisions respectivley. The divisional superintend-
ents will have charge of the operation of all cars on their
divisions and will be responsible to Mr. R. R. Kno.x, traffic
superintendent. The company have also in view the estab-
lishing of an instruction department for new men.

The Levis County Railway, Levis. Que., intend making
improvements to their track equipment. When* the line was
built no ballast of any kind was provided, the rails being laid
on ordinary country road without drainage. The line will
now be ballasted with stone; rails and ties will be replaced
and necessary grading carried out.

THE RLKCTRICAL NEWS

July 13, lOH

Personals

Mr. S. A. Neilson, l-e^.i^leIlt engineer of the Hull Elec-
tric Co., P.Q.. lias been elected a junior member of the En-
ginering Institute of L'anada.

Mr. R. G, Black, for the past four years the member of
the Toronto Hydro-Electric Commission representing the
provincial commission, has resigned that office.

Mr. J. A. Burnett, electrical engineer. Grand Trunk
Railway System, Montreal, has been appointed technical as-
sistant to the British War Mission at Washington.

Mr. Herbert J. S. Dennison, patent attorney, has an-
nounced his change of address from the Star Building, 18
King Street West, to the Kent Building. Yonge and Rich-
mond Streets, Toronto.

Mr. W. Nelson Smith, electrical engineer, with twenty-
five years' experience in many electric railroad centres of the
United States, has recently joined the staff of the Winnipeg
Electric Railway Co. He will make a study of matters affect-
ing power requirements and distribution, paying particular
attention to the eliniinaliou of electrolysis.

Mr. George H. Thompson, one of the vice-presidents
of the Union Bank of Canada, has been elected a director
of the Bell Telephone Company. On the board of directors
he succeeds the late Mr. C. F. Sise. Mr. Thompson has lived
all his life in Quebec City and was at one time president of
the Quebec Railway, Light, Heat and Tower Company.

Mr. George Wright has been appointed by the Hydro-
Electric Power Commission to succeed Mr. R. G. Black, re-
signed. Mr. Wright was born in Glasgow and early in life
joined the British Navy. Later he was connected with the
Canadian Pacific Railway Company and is now the head of
the firm of George Wright & Company, proprietor of the
Walker and Carls-Rite Hotels, Toronto.

Mr. George Garret, for sixteen years master mechanic
and superintendent of rolling stock on the staff of the Win-
nipeg Electric Railway Co., has resigned his position and
will take a well earned rest before taking up similiar duties
elsewhere. Mr. Garret has been succeeded by W. H. Mc.^tl-
oney of Halifax, N.S., who for some years was superintend-
ent of rolling stock for the Denver Tramways.

Mr. F. F. Espenschied has resigned as assistant engineer
of the Hydro-electric Power Commission of Ontario to be-
come connected with the Combustion Engineering Corpora-
tion of New York City. Mr. Espenschied is a graduate of Cor-
nell University, 190,"). and before coming to Canada was gen-
eral manager of the Interstate Light and Power Company,
Galena, 111., and previous to that with the West Penn Power
Company at Connellsville and Pittsburgh, Pa.

Lieut. C. E. Knox was among those included in a list
i]f officers, mentioned in dispatches by Sir Douglas Haig for
conspicuous work in France. Lieut. Knox is a son of R. R.
Knox, traffic superintendent of the Winnipeg Electric Rail-
way Co. He has lieen in France for the past two years having
left with the lOIst battalion. His entire platoon was made
up of conductors and motornien. Lieut. Knox was in the em-
ploy of the company, before going overseas, as chief clerk to
his father.

Mr. J. E. Brown, general manager of the Ottawa Hydro-
electric Commission, has been elected a member of the En-
gineering Institute of Canada. Mr. Brown, who commenced
his electrical career with the Royal Electric Co., Montreal,
has been connected with the Standard Electric Co., Ottawa,
Deschenes Electric Co., P.Q., Hull Electric Co., Ottawa,
and Hull Power Co., Consumers' Electric Co., Ottawa, and
since 1905 has been with the Ottawa Hydro-electric Com-
mission, of which he was appointed general manager in 1912.

Mr. J. S. Gillies, of Gillies Bros., Ltd., lumber merch-

ants, Braeside, and Mr. Harry A. Sifton, Ottawa, son of Sir
Clifford Sifton, have joined the Board of the Southern Can-
ada Power Co., while Mr. C. J. McCauig has retired. The
Board is now constituted as under: Messrs. W. C. Haw-
kins, president; F. W. Teele, vice-president; Jas. B. .Wood-
yatt, general manager; L. C. Haskell, secretary-treasurer;
W. K. Baldwin, H. T. Chalifoux, James Davidson, W. H.
Miner, Lt.-Col. J. R. Moodie, A. J. Nesbitt, Geo. Parent. K.
C. Chas. E. Read, J. M. Robertson, C. W. Tooke, J. S. Gil-
lies, and Harrv A. .Sifton.

Obituary

Mr. Charles Cassils, vice-president of the Bell Telephone
Co., and director of the Northern Electric Co.. died in Mon-
treal, on July 2nd. aged 77. Mr. Cassils, who was a Scotch-
man by birth, was also a director of several other companies.
He was identified with the iron and steel business, represent-
ing British and ."Kmerican companies.

Speaking at a recent gathering of telephone employees,
Mr. Cassils related how he came tf) this country on the same
vessel as ."Mexander (Jraham Bell. Mr. Bell was accompanied
by his father and mother, the latter of whom was very deaf.
Mr. Cassils recalled the fact that when Mr. Bell played the
piano Mrs. Bell used a very large ear trumpet, which was
placed right into tlie piano. Mrs. Bell's deafness was one of
the reasons which led Mr. Bell to study the subject of sound.
and which resulted in the invention of the telephone.

Wilford Phillips, for seventeen years general manager
of the Winnipeg Electric Railway Company, i)assed away at
Rochester, Minn., on June 12th. following a prolonged illness
and an operation. Mr. Phillips retired from his post as gen-
eral manager of the company on October 1st, 1917, as a re-
sult of ill health, and from that time until his death had been
under the doctor's care. His remains were interred at To-
ronto.

The late Wilfurd Phillips was born on Oct. 8th in Prince
Edward County, Ontario. He remained on the farm until he
was 38 years of age, during which time he gathered a know-
ledge of engineering, and in March, 1890, accepted a position
with the Metropolitan Street Railway, Toronto, the first rail-
way to successfully operate an under-running trolley road in
Canada. He remained there until July. 1,S92, when he ac-
cepted the position of engineer and superintendent of the
North Toronto Waterworks and Electric Light Co. In March,
189,'!, he became engineer of the Niagara Falls Park and
River Railway and in 1896 was appointed mana.ger of the
same company. In June, 1900, he resigned, and in August.
1900, accepted the managership of the Winnipeg Electric
Railway Co. He was married in June, 1881, to Susan Dor-
land of Prince Edward County. His wife and one son sur-
vive him.

Electric Light for Matheson.

The ratepayers of Matheson. ( )nt., decided on Friday.
June 28th, to accept the scheme for an electric lighting and
pumjiing plant which had been submitted by J. Everard
Myers, electrical contracting engineer, of Toronto and Hailcy-
l)ury. The plant will consist of oil engine, .5.50 volt generator,
exciter, main switch board, transformers, 40 street lamps and
overhead feeders I'/i miles from town for driving pump, con-
sumers lighting, etc. The plant will cost about $10,000. The
council are arranging for the poles and erection of same, A'l
other work will be carried out by J. Everard Myers. The
lighting will be ready for use by October.

Plans for enacting legislation in the United States autl>
orizing government control of telegraph, telephone, cable
and radio systems, are under way.

July 15, 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

avd Goiy^ac/or

How a Small Merchandising Business was

Turned into a Huge Success by Applying

a Few Practical Ideas

There is an old saying" that "nothing succeeds like suc-
cess." and yet it is probably nearer the truth that the same
policy that produced the original success is the cause of its
continuance. If a man is successful in business it is generally
because his methods are right and, vice versa, if his merchan-
dising methods are good, business success is almost inevit-
able. This is as true of the electrical contractor-dealer as in
any other kind of business.

.\n interesting story of merchandising success was re-
cently told before the Wisconsin contractor-dealers by Mr.
Acker, of Sheboygan, and is reported in Electrical Merchan-
dising, as follows:

In our old building we were doing a merchandising busi-
ness that ran from $50 to $75 per month, but the basement
location did not seem to be suited for retail trade so we de-
cided to move. We bou.ght a building. Tlie building we pur-
chased did not prove to be entirely suital)le for our purpose,
however. It was a two-storey affair about IS ft. wide and
was so arranged that it was necessary to put the fi.xture stock
on the second floor. We iound it was difficult to get people
to go upstairs to look at these things, so after a very short
stay here we decided on making another change.

We were very fortimate in being able to lease at a fav-
orable figure a building in the very heart of the retail dis-
trict of the city. At the same time we found it possible also
to rent the building we had purchased, at a tigure high
enough to pay our rent in the retail section. We had the
owner of the leased building put on a good front for us, and
moved uptown.

We fitted up a rest room in the front of the building with
rugs, rocking chairs, a telephone from which free service was
furnished, and other accommodations, which pleased the fem-
inine trade.

Then we began to work all sorts of schemes and ideas
to get the woiuen to come into our place of business. We
let it be known that this front vestibule was open to the
women for all sorts of public work. They have conducted
Red Cross and Liberty Loan campaigns from this headquar-
ters regularly until it has becoiue one of the downtown social
centres.

Since we recognize that a great deal of our trade does
come from the women, we make an extra eflfort to keep the
store clean. It is scrubbed and swept with precise regularity.
Moreover, we have gone in rather strong for 'Warner' cases
so that a woman does not have to know the name of a piece
of electrical goods in order to buy it. She can walk up to
one of these cases and say 'I want one of those,' pointing out
the article to which she is referring, and can get it without
any lengthy conversation with the clerk.

We make it a point to carry a good line of the expensive
hollow ware. Some of this runs from $50 to $75 a set, but it
gives the store tone, and we manage to turn over enough of

a to make it pay to carry the line. Our women customers help
us very materially in this.

The fixture business is now carried on on the ground
floor. Three booths have been constructed for this business.
In connection with the fixture trade we have done sometliing
which I believe is extraordinary, in that we have built up a
considerable business in dresser brackets. We have put fix-
tures of this sort on some of the best furniture in town, and
we consider it extraordinarily good business because the in-
stallation of fixture brackets always makes for additional (Uit
lets on any wiring jol).

I have known of instances wherein twenty-five to thirty
additional outlets have been placed in a single house owing
to tlie necessity for providing current taps for these dresser
brackets. Sometimes as many as five outlets will be placed
in a single bedroom to make it- convenient to hook uj) the
dresser in several of the locations whicli it may occupy at
different seasons.

In connection with the dresser bracket idea it is always
possible for us to talk heating pads which also furnishes the
store with profitable business. It is our policy, in talking
about these dresser brackets, to quote the price for the brac-
ket installed with the outlets in a lump sum. The prices for
the installation of these brackets run from $;i.50 to $S apiece.
The value of carrying out the fi.xture business along these
lines may be judged from the fact that our fixture business
has increased about 500 per cent since we have moved into
the new .gtore.

In fact, by improving the looks of his store both as to
exterior and interior appearance, the contractor-dealer puts
himself in a position where he cannot avoid getting increased
business. Over the counter in our new store during the first
year we did a business of from $150 to .$300 a month. .\l
present our cash sales will run from $500 to $700 a month .
The sales which are made on charge accounts will add ap-
proximately 50 per cent to this figure.

It is my opinion that a store which will do a real mer-
chandising business along these lines need not fear competi-
tion from its local central station. Last fall we made a re-
cord of our sales and reduced this record to wattage so that
w-e could show the record to the officials of our light and
power company. .\t this time they were thinking about start-
ing a merchandising department. When th^y discovered what
a thorough job of loading their lines we were doing through
our merchandising activities, they stated that our store was
of as much value to their company as any merchandising de-
partment operated by other properties in the same sydicate.
They of course decided to let well enough alone and have not
gone into the merchandising business in Sheyboygan.

The problem of jobber competition likewise will take care
of itself if merchandising is handled on a businesslike basis.
When the jobber sends the contractor-dealer a letter stating
that a certain firm in his town has asked for prices on an
electrical product, the contractor-dealer should go out and
get the business and answer the jobber's letter.

Too many contractor-dealers take the stand that tlie

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

July 15, 1918

man will have to come into the store and buy the material
anyway, so it is no use to follow up the jolilicr's inquiry
closely. This sort of inactivity leads to calls liy the jobbers'
salesmen upon the prospective customer, and id course leads
to loss of business.

A bigger problem than handling central slaticni or jobber
competion is the problem of handling store help. I thorough-
ly believe that the contractor dealer should delegate to his
store help, full authority to run the store. It is a very good
thing for him to be around and to do missionary work, and
to handle cases where customers demand to see the owner
of the store. Nevertheless, the force should be sufficiently
well trained and sufticicntly competent to handle any prob-
lems that come up. .\t my store the force consists of a girl,
a bookkeeper and one additional man, all of whom are cap-
able of quoting on small wiring jobs.

"To sum up. it seems to me that the cardinal points in
bringing to the store of the contractor-dealer a bigger vol-
ume of merchandising business are: (1) To conduct a con-
sistently clean place of business; (2) To work all sorts of
I)lans to .get the women to come into the store; and (3) To
use every means possible to impress upon the customers the
fact that they .get courtesy, even down to the point of lieing
w-aited on in their proper turn."

How to Increase the Sale of Electrical Appliances
— Everything Depends on Co-operation of
Manufacturer, Wholesaler, Con-
tractor and Dealer

Plans for the success of any electrical merchandising
campaign cannot be carried through unless complete unanim-
ity prevails among the various interests. Neither can such
plans be carried out by a few. There must be team work and
everybody must be in it. This is the text nf an address by
Mr. J. G. Spurr, recently delivered liefore the New Jersey
Association of Electrical Contractors and Dealers, when he
spoke of plans to increase the turnover of every man in the
state connected in any way with the electrical business.

One object of the plan is to vastly increase installations
for electric service, to make these installations better, to in-
crease the sale of current consuming devices, whicli will, ni
course, be followed liy an increase in the consumptiun of
current. Fundamentally, we must recognize that our busi-
ness possibilities increase directly with the increase of in-
stallations for electric service. Therefore, it is the avowed
intention to vigorously go about the increasing of these in-
stallations so as to increase the electrical business opportuni-
ties as to the sale of appliances, supplies and labor.

The first movement will l)e the education of the general
jiublic to the valuable service that can be had by the use of
electric service in connection with li,ght, heat, cooking and
power. We will then take up the education of the architects
and owners of buildings to be more comi)lete in tluir plans.

For every new circuit installed will make added luisiness
immediately for some one, and open a field for the future,
that would be restricted by just that much were the circuit
not available.

Organization.

The work that is being done is the organizing of the dif-
ferent branches of the industry. One organization, that of
the manufacturers, one, that of the jobbers, and one tliat of
the contractors and dealers. Each one of these separate
organizations to carefully consider their interest in the mat-
ter, to thrash out the objects they wish to attain. To have
these objects so broad that they can be subscribed to by the
vast majority of all concerned, and then to bring these or-
ganizations together to be molded into a single group re-

presentative of the whole, with a declaration of principles,
and a code of ethics that wiH insure success for future efforts.

Jobbers' Organization.
We are organizing all the electrical jobbers, both large
and small, who are located in the State, into one general or-
ganization, which will meet each week for the purpose of
discussing ways and means for the increase of sales of elec-
trical merchandise, and to appoint such committees as are
necessary to co-operate with the electrical contractor and
dealer, and with the lighting companies for the purpose of
assisting them in educating the architects, increasing the de-
mand for quality goods, and insuring the maximum outlets
being provided for in all new buildings, and co-operating with
them in all ways that will tend to increase electrical current
consumption .

Contractors' and Dealers' Organization.

In the organization of the contractors and dealers it is
intended to include all individuals, firms, and corporations
that engage in the business of electrical contracting and the
retail dealers in current-consuming appliances. This organ-
ization, through committees, to work in harmony with other
organizations connected with this movement to do their part
to attain the common goal.

Manufacturers' Organization.

The organization of the manufacturers will wait on the
successful organization of the jobbers and the contractors
and dealers. When this is done the manufacturers will un-
doubtedly organize on similar lines.

.■\ movement of this kind nnist necessarily be in the
hands of those who have gone into the details of the opera-
tion and know the possible results. Certainly, no man in bus-
iness can be hurt by what it is intended to do. and it is just
as certain in my opinion that if carried to a successful con-
clusion the individual interest of every man in the business
will be served in a most substantial- way and increase in gross
and net profits must result.

1 would like to have you C(jnsicler the (ioodwin plan un-
der which we arc operating.

1. The Goodwin I'lan —

.V plan of or,ganization strong enough tn imdertake the
solution of all problems affecting the four branches of the
industry and to provide a code of principles or ethics by
means of which all interests can work harmoniously, each
paying due respect to the functions jicrformed by the other
without discrimination to any branch or to the public in gen-
eral.

2. Joint .\ction is Necessary —

Without joint action, i.e.. all fi>ur branches of the indus-
try working in harmony, it is impossible to reorganize any
industry, much less the electrical. Contractor-dealers, jobbers,
manufacturers and central stations, must have their associa-
tions, and these associations working through their joint
committees can eliminate many of the ills of the industry.

3. Let Us Face Facts —

The old basis of competition was price. The new basis
is service. Your business cannot stand still for any length of
time — it must either advance or go backward. A successful
business requires time, money, and knowledge, which is true
of the electrical and all industries.

4. Stand by Your Leaders —

(a) .\s industrial and commercial enterprises expand, the
demand for able leadership becomes more and more insist-
ent.

(b) No plan, no tnatter how well designed or how care-
fully installed, can be effective unless all who are concerned
in its operation co-operate to the full extent of their ability

Julv l.">, lOlS

THE i:lectrical news

and stanil by tlieir leaders, irrespective nl llic fact thai tliey
may be wroiifi; temporarily.

o. The Closed-DiMir Policy —

Nothing can be gained l)y keeping allied interest in ignor-
ance of your operations, .\ssociations arc built on the prin-
cii)le.of the co-operation of all, not on the will of a few.
Nothin.g is more destructive than suspicion of action or in-
tentions.

6. Statistics will show Contractors Importance —

The electrical contractor is the lar.gest single factor in
the purchase of electrical material, but because he is poorly
organized has less to say about its distribution than any of
the other branches of the industry.

7. A Good Sale is a Good Buy —

(a) It is recognized to-day to be both poor ethics and bad
business to stock a dealer with anythiu.g that lie cannot sell
to advantage.

(b) A sale is not a coldly scientific process; it is a friendly
red-blooded luan-to-nian transaction.

9. Develop Non-Competitive Business —

(a) Many who would never take a five cent piece belong-
ing to another appear to have no conscientious scruples about
cutting when he knows the price of the other man.

(b) In the best sense true profits are the rewards of a real
service, of foresight and judgment, whicli often requires cour-
age, good sense and great ability.

10. Help Your Jobber and Let Him Help You —

(a) Partly because of the general ignorance of the job-
ber's service, a suspicion has arisen that his service is un-
economical and not worth the money to be paid for it.

(b) The middleman is influential in helping to establish
relatively uniform prices over comparatively large areas.

(d) Prices must never ,gct so low as to eliminate margins
of all who serve.

(e) Goods are made for the consumer, not the jobber or
dealer, and so every step in distribution must be planned for
the needs of the consumer.

In closing, gentlemen. I wish to say that the next step
forward in the organization of our industry will be along the
lines of finding and adopting the true standard conditions
under which we shall all labor.

National Contractors' Convention, July 15-20

The 18th annual convention of the National Association
of Electrical Contractors and Dealers will be held in Cleve-
land July 15-20 inclusive. An attractive programme has been
prepared, including the following papers; Scientific System
of Wage Adjustment, by L. K. Comstock; Organization, by
James R. Strong; The Goodwin Plan, by W. L. Goodwin;
How to Open a Retail Store, by G. M. Sanborn; How an
Electrical Contractor Can Becoine a Successful Retailer; The
Application of Electricity as Applied to Industrial Plants;
and so on. Doubtless the greatest interest centres around a
discussion of the famous Goodwin plan, which its originator
designed to bring into closer touch the contractor, the manu-
facturer, and the wholesaler. There is plenty of evidence that
this plan is working well, but it is also evident that all the ills
of the electrical industry have not been removed as completely
or as quickly as it was anticipated they might be. by a closer
cooperation of the various elements of the trade, when this
plan was originally sug.gested. There seems to be a tendency
to take it for granted that this plan will work itself out. when,
as a matter of fact, it will be necessary that the various con-
tractors' associations be constantly on the alert that their

enthusiasm and the enthusiasm of the manufacturers and
wliolesalers does not wane.

.■\s aiiiuiiniced in last issue, a number of members of the
Toronto I'Hcctrical Contractors' .\ssociation will attend this
convention. .\ registration fee of $">.00 will be charged to help
defray convention expenses. The convention is open to any
one who is suHlciently interested to attend and listen to or
take part in the discussions.

"Pegging Away"— Do You Happen to Know Jim ?

The loafers gather on the steijs of Jones' Electric Store;
there's dust on Jonescy's counter; there's junk on Jonescy's
floor. There's a snag in Jonescy's system — that's as plain as
-A B C; not a thjng that's ever wanted is wdicre it ought to
be. Jim never cleans his windows — says it makes the light
too strong: he never straightens out his stock — it takes too
cussed long. Jim Jones abhors "fine fixin's." says he doesn't
think they pay. "I'll git along," says Jim. "as long as I kin
peg away." So Jim he pegs away at this and pegs away at
that, sells Mrs. Sinks an iron, or wires uj) a flat, takes an or-
der for a washer, or sells an eight-inch fan. He pegs away
at keeping store and does the best he can. but with all of Jim's
persistence he doesn't get ahead — says business needs assist-
ance, that the dad blamed town is dead. So he tinkers in his
workshop, says he "hopes to make 'er pay," and "By Heck, I
don't see why she won't — I always peg away." Jim could take
a hundred hunches from the grocer up the street, who sells
green stuff tied in bunches, who is l)ugs on being neat, who
never mixes spuds and greens, or cabbages and peas, wdio
keeps his records perfect, and collects his bills with ease, who
knows the cash that each day brings, the profit on each sale,
kntiws how to watch the little things and gather in the kale.
That's why this man of corn and lieans can joyride in his bus.
while Jim, who ought to have the means, nmst peg away and
cuss. — Contact.

New South Philadelphia Works of the Westinghouse
Electric and Manufacturing Company

Spurred on by the urgent need of the government for
ships, the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Com-
pany has made a record in the erection and operation of
its South Philadelphia Works, now devoted entirely to the
production of ship propulsion machinery for the Navy and
the merchant fleet. A little over a year ago. the present site
was plowed field; now it contains seven large buildin.gs which
gives employment to 3.500 people. These buildings, com-
prising a floor space of over 600.000 square feet, include a
pattern storage shop, foundry, forge shop, power house, erect-
ing shop, and two machine shops. It is expected that eventu-
ally, this plant will be of a size comparable with the East
Pittsburgh W'orks, which now employ in the neighborhood
of 25,000 people, and cover a floor space of over 100 acres.
A portion of the land will be devoted to a townsite capable
of accommodating about 5.000 people.

A number of tool manufacturers are devoting a consider-
able portion of their facilities to the manufacture of tools
needed by the United States Government to help win the
war. Prominent among them is the Smith & Hemenway Co..
Inc.. whose plant at Irvington. N.J.. is very largely given
over to the making of tools for Uncle Sam. The "Red Devil"
tools have proven so satisfactory to the Government that
Smith & Hemenway Co., Inc.. have been obliged to put up
a new building, which is now being completed. New mach-
inery of tlie latest design is being installed, and the result
will be an increased output and a saving of time in producing
it. Late last year the factory in Hill. N.H.. added a new
building, which has increased the facilities for producing
"Red Devil" glass cutters at that factory.

:-!<

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

July l.i, I'.ns

What is New in Electrical Equipment

Motor-Driven Machines in Cork Factory.

Progressive manufacturers of bottle-corks find that pro-
duction is multiplied and costs reduced by the installation
of electrically-driven automatic machines. A glance through
one of these modernized cork works is quite interesting.
The raw cork is imported froin Portugal and arrives at the
factory in flat blocks from Vi to 2H inches thick. The first
operation is to cut these blocks into strips the width of
which is determined by the length of the corks to be made.
For this process circular saws are used, each being driven
by a Westinghouse alternating-current motor running at a
speed of 1735 revolutions per minute. As the strips are saw-
ed they drop into large baskets, and are then taken to the
punching machines.

In the older factories the punching machines were ar-
ranged in groups and driven from a line shaft. The punch-
ing was done by a rapidly revolving cylindrical knife which
could be moved sidewise by operating a pedal. Thus the
operator fed in the strips of cork and punched out eacli
cork by pressing the pedal. In our improved factory we
find these machines each driven by its own Yi, horsepower
Westinghouse motor and operating two punches instead of
one. No special skill is required of the operator who sim-
ply feeds in two strips of cork, all other operations being
performed by the machines and the finished cylinders drop-
ping into barrels behind the machines.

Many of these straight cylindrical corks are used in this
form, but for most purposes they must be tapered. The

Cutting cork into strips -Four circular saws each driven by a one
horsepower Westinghouse single-phase motor.

tapering machine is entirely automatic. The cork cylinders
are thrown into a large hopper which narrows at the bot-
tom to a pipe, through which the corks pass in single file.
At the end of this pipe a mechanism seizes each cork and
holds it against a disc-shaped knife revolving on a horizon-
tal plane. This knife removes a thin shaving which is car-
ried away by the exhaust system, while the finished cork
drops into a basket. This machine can be adjusted so that
any desired degree of taper can be obtained. Ten of these

tapering machines, a knife-grinder, and a blower are driven
as a group by a Westinghouse squirrel-cage induction mo-
tor of five horse-power capacity.

.\fter being tapered, the corks are sorted by hand, no
machine having as yet been designed which will successfully
perform this work. In the highest grade, the corks are

Puaching cork cylinders from strips— Five automatic Duple.x cork
machines, each driven by Westinghouse alternating-
current motor.

.smooth and almost free from imperfections, while in the
lowest grade they are coarse and full of small holes and
woody ducts. Between these extremes are various grades
according to the degree of perfection and the uses to which
they are to be put. The last process is cleaning and polish-
ing the corks, which is done in a tumbling barrel, after
which they are ready for market.

Siemens Now Entirely British

The firm of Siemens Bros. & Co., Ltd.. London. Eng.,
with an office in Montreal, is now entirely British, the Ger-
man interests having been eliminated. The Siemens Bros.
Dynamo Works Ltd. has been taken over by Siemens Bros.
& Co. It was stated at the annual meeting in London that
the business in 1917 was a third larger than that of the pre-
vious year, and that the expansion was principally in insu-
lated wire and cables, ebonite and batteries. Considerable
work had also been done in installing automatic telei)hone ex-
changes.

Since the entry of the new directors into office negotia-
tions had been inaugurated with other companies doing sim-
ilar industrial business with the object of bringing such man-
ufacturers together for the reduction of unnecessary com-
petition and the avoidance of duplicating machinery work-
shops, and offices. Co-operation would make for the more
continuous running of p'ants. with the attendant advantages
of cheaper prciduction, increased efficiency, and improved
quality of the work done, avoiding unnecessary expense in
storage, selling organizations, and reducing the duplication
of stocks to a minimum. An even more important advantage
aimed at was the amalgamation of designing offices, and in-
terchange of experience, designs, and methods to the pro-
motion of economy and efficiency. Such industrial alliance
would, moreover, make it possible to carry out complete in-
stallations within the allied group. An alliance of this nature
had already been arranged with Messrs. Dick. Kerr and Co.
Ltd., in the field of dynamo installations in all its ramifica-
tions and other alliances were contemplated.

July 15, 1918

THK ELECTRICAL N I'.WS

A Compression Chamber Arrester for 10,000 and 13,200
Volt Circuits.

To protect pnle type traiisfornicrs >mi I(I,(IIIii and i;;,;.'ii(i
volt distrilnitins" lines, the Canadian (jeneral I'-lectric Com-
pany has ijlaced on the market a uniipie form of cmiipressor
cliamlier, multigap liglifnint;- arrester in which is embodied
the slumt resistance principle. Fig. 1. Gaps of a simple,
tljough rather unusual design, are connected in sliunt witli
and mounted on, the resistance rods from whicli tliey are
suitably insulated. The arrangement of the gaps and resist-
ances is shown in Figs. 3. :; and 4. Protection from the wea-

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

ther is obtained l)y enclosing the gaps and resistances in a
porcelain tube. By reason of this combination of gaps and
resistances the arrester will discharge at low rises in poten-
tial, is sensitive to lightning over a wide range of frequency,
and following the lightning discharge, quickly cuts off the
generator current and jirevents "grounds" or "shorts."

Several paths for the lightning discharge through the
arrester are offered by the four units of shunting resistance

P Nine Gaps Porcelain Rings

OpCOOOOOO 9

Shuniina Resistance.

Fig. 4

used. .-Vs the resistance rod in contact with the series gaps
is grounded through the other resistances the initial dis-
charge is made easy, because the ground potential is brought
up to the bottom of the series gaps. The path which the dis-
charge takes after passing through the series gaps depends
on the frequency and quantity. Very high frequency will
discharge straight across all the gaps. Discharges of lower
frequency will take place through one of the shunt paths.
The generator current which follows the lightning discharges
will shunt to the resistance rods, being thus limited to an

.ininiinl that can be extinguished readily Iiy the scries gaps.
TIk- arrester affords com|)lele ])roleclion and is light, eflicicnt,
conip.ael ami iinml' against lire and weather. It is recom-
mended for outdoor installations of small caiiacity trans-
formers.

A Real Safely Switch

In many steel mills, factories, mines, and similar indus-
tries where most of the workmen have little knowledge of
electricity, it is desirable to use switches having no live parts
exposed or accessible in the ordinary operation of the
switches or when replacing fuses. This is fully accomplished
in the Kr.mtz auto-lock switch, now marketed by the Westing-
house Company wliieh is intended for use on main circuits or
wherever an ordinary knife switch is applied. The switching
parts and fuses are enclosed in a steel bo,x, the cover of which
is in two parts, one part being screwed on to form a per-
manent covering for that end of the box containing the
switch, and the other i)art being hinged so as to swing back
and permit the renewal of fuses, which are located in this
portion of the box, .\n ingenious latching mechanism makes

THIS SIDE DEAD

SIDE ALIVE

it impossible to open the cover without first throwing the
switch to the "off" position and rendering all fuses and other
accessible i)arts dead. Thus fuses may be rcjilaced at any
time with absolute safety. ,\s long as the door of the case
is open, the switch contacts can not be closed. By using a
padlock, the svvitch handle can be locked in the "ofif" posi-
tion, making it impossible for any one to close the switch,
except the person holding the key to the padlock. B)' using
another padlock, the cover may be locked shut, so that the
fuses cannot be tampered with. Kither of these padlocks
can be used indeiiendently of the other, so that the switch
cover can be locked shut with the switch either "on" or "off,"
or the switch can be locked in the "off" position with the
cover either locked or open.

Contact is made by means of a laminated spring copper
brush, double ended with auxiliary arcing contacts at each
end. The outer leaves of the brush are bronze to provide ad-

SWITCH OFF

THIS SIDE DEAD

,:, SIDE ALIVE

ditional spring pressure. The stationary contacts arc of
hand-drawn copjier and are mounted on slate bases, one of
wdiich in the fused switch carries one of the fuse clips while
the other forms the terminal block for the incoming line and
is mounted under the statitmary portion of the cover. The
operating mechanism is galvanized steel of the toggle type,
and is attached to the under side of the stationary end of the
cover. This mechanism can be easily removed for inspection

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

July ir.. l'.)18

by removing several screws. In closing, the pressure be-
tween the contacts causes the laminations of the brush to
spread apart, giving it a wiping or self-cleaning action. The
double-ended brushes provide a double Ijreak, dividing the
arc between the two ends, each of which is provided with a
separate arcing tip. In the closed position the switch is held
in positive contact by throwing a toggle over centre. A
spring provides a quick-break for opening, the mechanism
being independent of the operating handle. These switches
are supplied for 250, 500 and 600 volt, for either alternating
or direct current service, and in capacities up to 2,000 am-
peres. The safety features of this switch have been recog-
nized by the American Museum of Safety which has awarded
it a gold medal and special mention.

Armored Corner Insulators for Feeder Cables
A new Pittsburgh-tyi)e corner insulator, for securely hold-
ing feeder cables on curves, is l>eing marketed by the West-
inghouse company. It is provided with a special collar or
rotating ring for use where the curve is slight and the cable
likely to slip off an ordinary insulator. This collar has an
extended lip which curves up around the cable and keeps it
in the groove regardless of the angle at which the cable turns.
This eliminates the necessity for tie wires and saves time in

erection. This collar is free to move on the insulator cap, so
that after the insulator is screwed to the pin, the collar may be
turned until the cable seat is in the proper position best to
support the cal>le. For sharp curves, the insulator can be
used without this collar, as the deep side groove holds the
cable firmly in position. These insulators are made of mould-
ed insulation surrounded by a sherardized malleable iron caii.
They are made with a one-inch pin hole and are furnished
in two sizes for feeders of 50n.(mo ami 1,000,000 circular mils
respectively.

Important New Motor Book.
Lair & Lee, Inc., Chicago, announce that ihey have now
in i)ress the 191S-1919 edition of "The Modern Motor Car,"
by Harold P. Manly. It will be issued in one compact volume
of 5,30 pages, large 12mo, with 235 illustrations from detail
drawings and photographs, and a 24-page alphabetical inde.\,
durably bound in flexible keratol, with round corners and
colored edges. The revisions and additions bring this stand-
ard work up to the very minute, making it a comp'ete, prac-
tical and handy reference cyclopedia on all matters connected
with the care, repair and upkeep of every type of automobile,
old and new. Price $2.00, postpaid.

Mr. Calhoun Gets Promotion.

The appointment of Mr. L. D. Calhoun as assistant sales
manager, has been announced by the Square D Company, De-
troit, manufacturers of electrical safety switches. Mr. Cal-
houn has been advertising manager of the Square D Com-
pany for the past year, and in addition to his new duties, will
continue to handle the company's advertising.

The Dominion Bridge Company has received an order
from tile Imperial Tobacco Company, Montreal, for a 400 k.w.
turbo-alternator.

Banfield Show Rooms on King West, Toronto

W. II. Ban field & Sons, Limited, have taken over the
buildings at SO King Street West, Toronto, where they have
opened up new and up^to-date showrooms and sales office,
taking in the whole three floors. This company will now
have all facilities for taking care of their city and out-of-
town customers. They will show a full line of fixtures and
fixture parts, fittings and accessories; also a full line of
glassware and portable lamps.

Two More Bucyrus Shovels for Hydro

Tlie Ontario Hydro-electric Commission has just ac-
quired through the Canadian Equipment Co., Ltd., Mon-
treal, two additional Bucyrus electrically operated shovels,
making a total of eight shovels sold to the Commission.
These shovels are used in connection with the new liOO.OOO
h.p. plant- of the Commission, the work on which is now
being proceeded with.

H. W. Gillett, chemist of the Bureau of Mines. Washing-
ton. D.C., after five years' experimentation, carried on in
co-operation with the laboratory of Cornell University and
the .American Institute of Metals, has announced a perfected
electric melting furnace which, it is stated, will revolutionize
the making of brass.

The aldermen and commissioners of Montreal have de-
cided to appeal to the Public I'tilities Commission against
the increase in the fares of the Tramways coinpany recently
granted by the Tramways Commission. There has been a
certain amount of opposition on the part of the public to the
increases, the projiosal to impose a cent for a transfer being
objected to in particular.

Trade Publications

The Crousc-1 linds Comjiany of Canada have issued a
colored folder emphasizing the care with which their pro-
ducts are packed, catalogued and shipped.

Boiler Feed Pumps — Pamphlet issued by the De Laval
Steam Turbine Co., Trenton, X.J., entitled "Centrifugal Boiler
F'eed Pumps," describing the De Laval combined steam tur-
bine and centrifugal boiler feed pump.

.A handsome catalogue is being distributed by the Jef-
ferson Glass Company, Limited, Toronto, describing and illus-
trating their color decorations, etchings, cuttings and other
finishes on illuminating glassware. This is known as cata-
logue No. G, and will be mailed on request. The catalo.gue
contains 70 pages of very attractive and interesting matter.

L'.\ir Liquide Society are distributing copies of their new
catalogue, which has just been issued. In the preparation of
this catalogue the company have departed somewhat from
the usual method of preparing such publicity matter and have
given a comprehensive, though necessarily somewhat cur-
tailed, outline of the o.xy-acetylene process of welding and
cutting in its many useful and indispensable applications. It
also mentions the chief characteristics of the apparatus. The
company announce that a coi)y of this catalogue will be sent
on request to anyone interested in the oxy-acetylene process.

C.G.E. Publications — Bulletin No. 46018-.'\, describing
portable instruments, type P-8; also descriptive folders cov-
ering the following: CR 3105 drum-type controllers; CR 3940
push-button stations; CR 3820-784 overload relay for use with
magnetic control panels on a.c. or d,c. circuits; CR. 2820-723
current-limit relay; CR 3100 drum type controllers; Cata-
logue No. 618, twelve pages illustrating and describing C. G.
E. pipe fittings; Catalogue No. 257, twenty-two pages, illus-
trating and describing Regent bowls, globes and reflectors
for commercial and ornamental illumination.

July 1.1. i;u^

111': in.l'X-'FRlCAL .\'F,WS

PHILUPS' CABLES

as supplied to the Toronto Hydro Electric System

These illustrations show cross sections in the original size of cables recently supplied to the
T. H. E. System and reordered by them for further extensions. The specifications are as follows. —
Conductors composed of 37 strands each, .082 in. diameter. Thickness of dielectric on each conduc-
tor, .210 in. Thickness in belt, .210 in. Thickness of lead sheath, .160 in. Overall diameter, 2.61 in.,
250,000 CM. Three Conductor, Paper Insulated, and plain Lead Covered Cable for 13,200 volts. We
can supply you wdth wires and cables of any size for Power, Lighting, Telephone, Telegraph, etc.

Write us for detailed information.

NOTE. — Specification of cable in left-hand cut: 3 0 B. and S.
Three conductor. Each conductor 19 strands, each .034 in. diam.
Thickness of dielectric on each conductor. .21 in. Thicl<ness of dielec-
tric on belt. .21 it.. Thickness of lead sheath, .15 in. Overall diameter.
2.60.

Specification of cable in right-hand cut: As stated in copy.

Eugene F. Phillips Electrical Works, Ltd.

Head Office and Factory: MONTREAL

Branches : Toronto

Winnipeg

Regina

Calgary

Vancouver

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

July 15, 1913

Current News and Notes

Cornwall, Ont.

Work on the new transformer station a short distance
west of Cornwall. Ont., liy the Hydro-electric Power Com-
mission of Ontario, is progressing favorably. The foundation
is ready for the concrete which will be poured shortly. Brock-
ville and Prescott will be supplied with current from this sta-
tion when completed.

Fredericton, N.B.

The Maritime Electric Company, Fredericton, N.B., have
been granted a Dominion charter with hydro-electric powers
and an early development is anticipated. Several sites are un-
der consideration. In the meantime sufficient new equipment
is to be purchased to allow the company to generate current
sufficient for all present requirements.

Gladstone, Man.

A by-law providing for the sum of $1.'),000 to be spent on
an electric lighting system, has been passed by the rate-
payers of Gladstone, Man. The Echo Floar Mills Company
of Gladstone will generate the necessary current.

Kirkland Lake, Ont,

.\rrangements have been completed for the installation
of electrically-driven mining plant at the property of the
Ontario Kirkland gold mines about two miles south of Kirk-
land Lake. The work of clearing a right-of-way for pole line
is proceeding.

London, Ont,

Tlie annual meeting of the Western Counties Telephone
Association was held in London recently, about fifty members
attending. Mr. John Perry, of St. Marys, was elected presi-
dent for the coming year; Mr. James McEwing, of Drayton,
first vice-president; Mr. J. R. Forbes, of Waterford, second
vice-president and Dr. \V. Doan, of Harrietsville, secretary-
treasurer.

Moncton, N. B.

A device for telephoning from moving trains has been
successfully tested on the Intercolonial Railway at Moncton.
N. B. The instrument has been patented by Isidor, Abraham
and Samuel Berliner, of Toronto, who have also submitted to
the United States government a device for detectmg submar-
ines. It is stated that three conversations can be carried on
from one train and that the voices are absolutely clear.
New Westminster, B.C.

The city light and power department of New Westmin-
ster. B.C.. reports a revenue of $3.'), 000 for the first five months
of iniS, compared with $:!4,2.')8 for the first five months of
1917.

Construction has started at New Westminster, B.C., on
a modern steel plant. Electric furnaces will be used for the
conversion of scrap.
Port Arthur, Ont.

The t'ity C<juncil of Port Arthur have applied to the
Railway Board for permission to raise the fares on the street
railway. The new schedule is as follows: Adults — Five cents
cash fare or one ticket at the rate of five tickets for 35 cents.
Children (5 to 12 years inclusive) — Five cents cash fare or 1
ticket at the rate of eight for 25 cents. Under five years of
age, free. Good between the hours of 5. .30 a.m. and 12 o'clock
p.m.. and double the above fares between the hours of 13 p. in.
and 5.30 a.m. Workmen's tickets will be abolished and the
free privileges heretofore extended to Dominion policemen
will be cancelled.

St. Stephen, N.B.

Application has been made by the Calais Water and
Power Company, St. Stephen. N.B.. for permission to estab-
lish a new scale of rates for the town of Milton. The com-
pany purchase water power from the town of St. Stephen.
Sherbrooke, Que.

Lomis Dakin, Limited, Sherbrooke, Que., have been
appointed general contractors for the construction of a dis-
tributing station in that city.
Toronto, Ont.

Emijloyees of the Toronto Hydro-electric system, and
their families and friends, to the number of about thirteen
hundred, held their annual outing at Queenston Heights on
July (). Prominent figures on the judging committee were
Messrs. P. W. Ellis and George Wright, of the Hydro com-
niissidn, and Giiural Manager H. H. Couzens.
Vancouver, B.C.

Employees of the British Columbia Electric Railway
went on strike on July :i for higher wages and shorter hours.
Two thousand shipyard employees also struck, refusing to
work with machines operated by the "non-union" current of
the Western Canada Power Company. It is now stated that
providing the city council of Vancouver will agree to an
increase in fares the B. C. E. R. Company have agreed to
meet practically all the demands made by their employees.
The recommendations of the board of conciliation appointed
to deal with the dispute, did not prove satisfactory to the
employees.

Winnipeg, Man,

Tender- have been recived by the city of Winnipeg for
a new 200 kw. generator and switchboard equipment to be
installed in the power house of the General Hospital.

Boilers for Immediate Sale

Suitable for shipyards, munition works, mines, mills, elevators,
electric power stations, etc.

5450 H. P. of B. & W. Stationary Boilers

with forged steel headers, and superheaters, in the following

sizes: —

2 — 450 h.p. Boilers, 16 wide 12 high, 2 48-in. drums each, in-
stalled 1902.

3 — 590 h.p. Boilers, 21 wide 14 high, 3 42-in. drums each, in-
stalled 1905.

3 — 390 h.p. Boilers, 16 wide 12 high, 2 42-in. drums each, in-
stalled 1910.

1 — 580 h.p. Boiler, 24 wide 12 high, 3 42-in. drums, installed
1910.

2 — 515 h.p. Boilers, 21 wide 12 high, 3 42-in. drums each, in-
stalled 1910.
l-Liglit of liiesi- eleven iJoiltrs arc now allowed 150 pounds steam, and

three allowecl l.'f5 iiounds. . All are in operative condition.

If il is desired to add to the capacity of any modern boiler plant

carrying 2()0 pounds pressure for sufiplying steam turbines, these boilers

can lie easily adapted to 'JOO pounds pressure by being fitted with new

dnuns.

To be sold as they* now stand, including grates and the usiial boiler

connections and fittings attached to tlieni. Purchaser to make his own

inspection, to liave access to all available records in owner's possession.

and lo remove lloilers at his own cxi)ense.

If promi>t possession of any or all of these Boilers is desired, time

will be saved by imrchaser sending his representative here without delay.
forresponfleiicc desired only with parties who have immediate use for

any or all of the lioilers.

Upright closed tyi>e feed water heaters, and boiler feed pumps be-
longing to this pkmt are al^-o foi sale.

WINNIPEG ELECTRIC RAILWAY COMPANY,

WINNIPEG, MANITOBA

AiiKUsl 1. 191S

Til

I'.LECTRICAL NEWS

r ^

Published Semi-Monthly By

HUGH G. MACLEAN. LIMITED

HUGH C MacLEAN, Winnipeg, President.

THOMAS S. YOUNG, General Manager.

VV. R. CARR, Ph.D., Editor.
HEAD OFFICE - 347 Adelaide Street West, TORONTO

Telephone A. 2700
MONTREAL - Telephone Main 2399 - 119 Board of Trade
WINNIPEG - Tel. Garry 856 - Electric Railway Chambers
VANCOUVER - Tel. Seymour 3013 - Winch Building
NEW YORK - Tel. 3108 Beekman - 1123 Tribune Building
CHICAGO - Tel. Harrison 5351 - 1413 Gt. Northern Bldg.
LONDON, ENG. 16 Regent Street S.W.

ADVERTISEMENTS
Ordeis for advertising should reacli the office of publication not later
than the 5tli and 20th of the month. Changes in advertisements will be
made whenever desired, without cost to the advertiser.

SUBSCRIBERS

The "Electrical Kevvs" will be mailed to sulisciihers in Canada and
Great ISiitain, post free, for ^■.Mil) per annum. United Stales and foieign,
$1!.5U. Remit by currency, registered letter, or postal order payable to
(high C. MacLean, Limited.

Subscribers are requested to promptly notify the publisher! of failure
or delay in delivery of paper.

Authorized by the Postmaster General for Canada, for tiansmission
as second class matter.

Entered as second class mailer July ISlli, 1!)14, at the Postoffice at
Buffalo. N. Y., under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

Vol. 27

Toronto, Au&ust i, 1918

Value of Resuscitation Methods Should
Be More Generally Known

.\ lew days ayn an accident occurred nil tlie work of the
Toronto Harbor Comtiiissioners, whereliy one of the em-
ployees received an electric shock which resulted fatally.
There were a number of otlier workmen in the immediate
neighborhood and resuscitation methods were promptly em-
ployed. The men claim that their efiforts were just meeting
with success and that there were actual signs of returning
consciousness when a policeman came along and insisted that
the work be stopped. The policeman telephoned for an am-
bulance and the injured man was taken to the hospital. The
policeman later claimed that the workman was dead before
he arrived.

The greatest difficulty is invariably encountered in form-
ing a judgment as to whether a man might have died who
has actually been resuscitated, or whether a man might have
lived had resuscitation work been commenced earlier or car-
ried on longer, or been followed out in a different way, but
in the present case there seems to be a reasonable probability
that the arrival of the policeman on the scene was the cause
of this man's death. At least, it was manifestly unwise to take
time to remove the injured man when a few seconds might
mean all the diflference between life and death. There is
every possibility that the man may have been just on the point
of recovering and that continuation of resuscitation work may
have brought him around in due course. However, the police-
man arrives — an all-powerful authority — and orders tlie work
discontinued.

It i-. aihiiluT example ^f what electrical men in part'cu-
lar ha\c !(■ coiUciul with in connection with tlieir resuscita-
imn work. In spile of the fact that Ontario las now been
fairly well covered by a resuscitation expert who lias given
actual demonstrations to practically every operating company
and e\ cry municipality in the province of Ontario, the results
so far do not appear to have gone beyond the electrical oper-
ating men themselves. It looks as if it would be necessary
to start out on a new tack. Whatever experience this un-
fortunate man's fellow employees may have had in resuscita-
tion, or whatever their knowledge of the most approved pro-
cess may have been, any policeman, who lacks this informa-
tion, appears to have had the pirwcr to prevent the work be-
ing carried on. Either it will be necessary, therefore, to
keep such officials ofif the ground when an accident happens,'
or, which seems to be the better practice, these men will have
to be trained and educated so that they may intelligently cope
with tlie exigencies of such an accident.

The biggest difliculty lies in the uncertainty which arises
out of the whole situation. It has never Ijeen possible, and
never can be, to say absolutely, when a man has been resus-
citated by this or that method, that he would have died witli-
opt it, but there is evidence enough to convince those who
have mailc a study of the various meth'ods that these are of
great value and that, under ordinary circumstances, there is
one best method. There is also evidence to show that these
methods have resulted in restoring a man after very con-
siderable periods, and it is recommended that work should
not be discontinued inside of a couple of hours unless there
is unmistakable evidence that the man is dead.

We hope this particular case will be given so niiKh pub-
licity that it will be brought to the attention of those who are
primarily responsible for the apparently unwarranted action
of this policeman, so that there may be no future recurrence
of such a fatal mistake.

Vancouver Operators Guilty of
No IS Indefensible Tactics

The placing in jeopardy of so essential a public service as
light, power and electric transportation by the action of a
body of men who acknowledge no responsibility to the public,
is, we believe, a situation which should not be allowed to pass
v. ithout all possible publicity. During the last few weeks, an
unprecedented state of afTairs has arisen in Vancouver due
to the action of the operators of this company's power plants
and sub-stations in wilfully attempting to close down all elec-
trical supply as a means of enforcing their demands regarding
wages and other alleged grievances. This occurred at mid-
night on Saturday, July 13, without notice being given to
the company or the public.

The agreement between the B. C. Electric I^ailway Com-
pany, the Western Power Company and the B. C. Telephone
Company, respectively, and the electrical workers, expired on
June 30. Previous to that the men laid a new agreement be-
fore these companies, embodying many drastic changes. The
two first named offered the men increases of 10 per cent., but
this was refused. Accordingly a conciliation board under the
Lemieux Act of Canada was proposed, but again the men re-
fused, thereby necessitating the Dominion Government nam-
ing an arbitrator for them. The conciliation board was formed,
but the electrical workers refused to recognize it.

In the meantime, an arbitration with the street railway
men employed by the B. C. Electric Railway was going on,
but its sessions did not close until June 28, and no time was
left in wliich to bring down a decision before June 30. The
men in both unions decided to go on strike at midnight. July
1, in contravention of the law of Canada.

It is believed that the electrical workers fully intended
that \'ancouver au'l the surrounding country should have been

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Auaust 1. litis

left without light or power on their going on strike, but the
electrical superintendent and some seven or eight of his as-
sistants, maintained the service in a score of sub-stations scat-
tered over the mainland. No inconvenience was occasioned
except by the absence of street car service, partly because the
street car men were on strike and partly because the handful
of men could not keep the rotaries in operation.

On Thursday morning, July 11, about 1.10 o'clock, the
company came to a settlement with the two unions and agree-
ments were signed. Service resumed the same day. It was
believed that the matters at issue had been finally settled with
the exception of one or two minor details, such as free trans-
portation and a lighting rate concession wliich had, by con-
sent, been left to be adjusted later.

Struck Again After Settlement
The astonishment, of the whole district, the management
of the company included, may be judged when a few minutes
after midnight on July 14, suddenly, and without warning, all
lights, power, street cars and interurban cars fed by the B. C.
Electric system stopped. Thousands of persons were around
at this hour. Street cars were loaded. Interurban cars were
miles from their destinations. One car with 60 passengers
and another with about 70 persons in it was stalled at New
Westminster, unable to proceed along the Fraser Valley divi-
sion. Other interurlian cars were stalled on the Lulu Is-
land and Burnaby lake lines, each with passengers in them.
The effect of the stoppage of light and power in hospitals
and cold storage plants need not be emphasized. It is evident,
however, that the men intended to make the tie-up com-
plete, because not a switch was left in place in the main re-
ceiving station. The electrical superintendent arrived there
within a few minutes and found a large group of linemen and
operators around the station. Luckily lie had an electric torch
in his automobile, for without it he would hardly have been
able to make his way through the station. There was not a
lantern left. Tlie suli-station had been deserted.

."Ml that the company were able to ascertain was that the
operators had received orders from someone unknown, not the
load despatcher, to close down the plant. The operators at the
Lake Buntzen hydro-electric plant were telephoned to and
they threw oflf the machines there. .\11 switches throughout
the country were pulled, thus entailing a tremendous mech-
anical task to_ reinstate them.

Superintendent Newell immediately got in touch with
Lake Buntzen and aroused the superintendent there, who had
retired for the night. Other engineers arrived, and in forty
minutes the most of the city load had been picked up, and an
hour and a half later most of the railway lines were operated
and cars were able to proceed to the barns. Many of them
finished their own runs.

An attempt was made to arrive at the cause of the trouble,
but communication with E. H. Morrison, business agent for
the electrical workers, could bring no coherent account. Mr.
Morrison intimated finally that they would not meet the com-
pany in any way unless the electrical superintendent was dis-
charged. On Sunday morning, Mr. Morrison called up and
asked if this had been done, and when he was told that it had
not, he refused to have further communication with the com-
pany. He mentioned that other unnamed officials would have
to be discharged also. It has been stated in the newspapers
that the men's union have cabled to the directors of the com-
pany in London, England, demanding the dismissal of the
electrical superintendent.

Employees Were in the Wrong

On Sunday, July 14, members of the board of trade and
Mayor Gale formed a committee to endeavor to bring alioul
a settlement. Street cars were again tied up, owing l)otli to
the scarcity of current and to the refusal of the men to work
while the electrical workers were on strike. A joint com-

mittee was formed having on it several labor representatives
and the company laid its case before them. The men demand-
ed transportation and lighting concessions, and although the
company pointed out that these had never come up, they
granted them forthwith. The men alleged that 25 men had
been dismissed in discriminating fashion and strike breakers
kept on. Mr. VV. G. Murrin, assistant general manager,
showed clearly that the men who had been laid of! were line-
men and groundmen and were extra stafT that had been work-
ing on special work which the company expected to lay off
several weeks since on the completion of the work. These
men were laid off strictly according to the length of their
service and not a single non-union lineman or groundman
was in the employ of the company. The men demanded the
dismissal of Mr. Newell, but it was pointed out that these
25 men had not been laid off by him, but by the foreman in
the regular course of work. The company, however, agreed
to place the case of the electrical superintendf nl up to arbitra-
tion while the electrical workers should go back. This solu-
tion was accepted by the joint executives cf electrical work-
ers and street railway men, who promised to recommend it
to their members. The street railway men met on Monday
and car service was resumed the same afternoon. The elec-
trical workers met on Monday night but refused to carry out
the recommendations of their executive aiid demanded the
dismissal of the superintendent immediately.

The arbitrary attitude of the electrical vvurkers is with-
out precedent in this country. We believe that they will be
censured without exception for their deliberate attempt to tie-
up the life of Vancouver and district when they shut down
all electrical supply without warning or notice on the morning
of July 14. This has ceased to be a matter between the B. C.
Electric Railway and the employees. It is a matter for the
public and for governments to settle — whether they will allow
any person or body of jiersons to close down such essential
services as electric light and power without a moment's no-
tice and without responsibility for the consequences. The
men may have the right to cease work, but they have not the
right to tamper with the company's property, thereby incon-
veniencing thousands of persons and causing destruction of
property and death.

Hydro Development at Armagh

A small hydro-c!ei-tric dcvclnpmcnt is m cnurse of con-
struction at .Armagh, near Levis, P.Q., from plans by Messrs.
Gauvin & Beauchemin, consulting engineers, Quebec. The
water power is on the .Armagh River, and it is proposed to
develop 400 h.p. as a minimum. The plans provide for the
erection of a concrete dam, 81 feet high, with a concrete
power house 20 x 30 feet. The wooden penstock will he 4.50
feet long. Two 180 kw. generators, supplied by the Canadian
Fairbanks-Morse Company, will l)e direct connected to hor-
izontal turbines, made by the William Hamilton Company,
Peterborough, working under a head of 88 feet. The power
will be used for manufacturing purposes. The Canada Elec-
tric Company, Montreal, are the contractors for the electrical
equipment. ,

The Dominion Railway Board has granted the Hamilton
Railway Company permission to increase their passenger
rates subject to the limitations created by municipal fran-
chises. So far as the town of Burlington is concerned, there-
fore, there will be no change, although the fare to inter-
mediate points may be increased. There is no agreement in
the town of Oakville covering radial fares, and increases at
this point will no doulit go into effect shortly.

Incorporation has been granted to the Globe Electric
Company of Canada, Limited, Winnipeg, as z joint-stock
company. The capital stock is $100,000.

Aiisust 1. mis

R IC" A L X F. W S

Front show window— Interior liflht* on, window off.

Front show window— Interior lights off, window on.

London Hydro System in New Buildin;

Tlie London Hydro-electric Commission have just moved
into a tine new administration building, some features of
which are illustrated herewith. It will be seen that the com-
mercial end of the enterprise is exceptionally well taken care
of, for it is doubtful if more beautiful and attractive demon-
stration and sales rooms are to be found anywhere in Can-
ada. One of the views shows the interior of the main room;
another shows a section of the basement. In this latter the
lighting arrangements are particularly good; the majority of
the light is obtained from artificial windows in the wall shown
at the right hand of the photograph; this is a false wall and
behind it are mounted numerous lamps, the light of which is
directed outward against the real wall and reflected back in-
to the basement through ground glass window glass; the
reflecting wall is painted sky blue, so that the final effect is
that of an almost perfect daylight. The photograph shows
that the distribution is as good as could be desired, there be-
ing practically no shadows.

The other two photographs are exterior views of the show
windows. In one of the photos the window lights are oflf and

the interior lights on, and in the other window lights are on
and the interior lights off. This latter picture demonstrates
the very good effect obtained bj' means of window lamps con-
cealed in the archway above the window with prism .glass
mounted along the under side of the arch.

The foundation of the building is concrete, with tlie super-
structure in gray Indiana limestone. The partitions are of
gypsum block; wire glass windows are used in all partitions.
The floor of the main room, shown in the photograph, is tile,
and the finish is Laurentian marble. Steel trim is used
throughout, treated to imitate Circassian walnut. The only
wood used in the building is said to be the top of the coun-
ters. The stairs leading from the first to the second floors are
also Laurentian marble.

General Manager E. \'. Buchanan, who is largely re-
sponsible for the planning of this fine building, states that it
is modelled to a very considerable degree on the New York
Edison Company's plan, though, of course, on a smaller scale.
The building is approximately 50 x 90 feet, three storeys and
basement. In the meantime the third storey is being oc-

Interior Main Business Office— London Hydro.

A section of the basement— Lighted through a false walL

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

August 1, 1018

cupied by the London Board of Education. The oust when
completed, which will be in about a month's time, will be
in the neis^hborhood of $115,000. The Iniildiug was officially

New Administration Building of London Hydro System.

opened on July 10, when invitations had been widely issuer
by the government to Hydro supporters throughout the pro-
vince.

Fire Loss in Canada Greatest in World

A report just issued by the Commission of Conservation
on the fire waste of Cana(hi sliows us up in a very unenviable
light. The fact is that our fire loss, per capita, is the greatest
in the world, amounting to approximately $3.00. This is a
big load for every man, woman and child to carry and seems
all the heavier because it is unnecessary and unreasonable.

Of course, it is useless to argue that this loss is borne
by the insurance companies. It all comes out of the people —
directly out of those who pay premiums and indirectly out
of those wdio do not, for tire means a national loss which is
shared by all. And the property loss is not all — there is the
inconvenience, the loss of business, of revenue, of wages —
all clogs in the wheels of our national industries. And to
think that much, very much, of this is due to sheer careless-
ness! The report summarizes the results of the Commission's
investigations and offers recommendations for remedying the
unsatisfactory conditions:

General Conclusions

1. That the annual loss of life and property by lire in
Canada— the latter averaging $2.7:i per capita annually for the
years 1912-1915 — is greater per capita than in. any other
country in the world, and constitutes an enormous and in-
creasing drain upon the resources of the Dominion, besides
most seriously affecting the economic prosperitv and general
well-being of the people.

2. That such losses can be very materially reduced.
This is clearly shown by the experience of European coun-
tries which have attacked the problem at its source.

:!. That the loss by fire is chiefly ascribable to

(a) Carelessness due largely from a sense of security
created by the present system of fire insurance.

(b) Faulty building construction.

(d) Lack of adequate fire prevention laws, such laws as
exist being poorly enforced.

4. That, for immunity from the danger of fire losses, the
people of Canada are relying largely upon elal)orate and ex-
pensive systems of fire-fighting and are giving too little at-
tention to the prevention of fire.

5. That our fire departments, while among the best in
the world in both apparatus and personnel, are not prevent-
ing the steady growth of losses.

6. That the monetary indemnity proviiled by lire insur-
ance does not restore the values destroyed, but merely dis-
tributes the loss, through the channels of commerce, over the
whole people.

7. Tliiifcthe cost of.ltte insurance and lire prevention is,
in a large measure, determined by the amount of the fire loss
and cannot be expected to decrease except as the fire waste
declines.

8. That, although the aggregate loss by fire constitutes
,1 national problem, all fires are local in origin and are, there-
iore, locally preventable and controllable.

9. That jiroperty owners generally have not been suffi-
c cntly inllucnced i)y their own interests or tlie welfare of
(he country at large to use efTective means to correct lire-
waste conditions.

10. Tliat existing legislation respecting the prevention of
fire is inadequate and lacking in uniformity.

11. Tliat such legislation is almost entirely confined to

I Canada $2'73

lUriitc-dStates$e26

iSpain $1-86

■ Belgium SI02
lRussia$0 97

■ France$0 74
England $0 64
Norway $0-55
Italy $0-53
Japan$0 51
Sweden$042
Austria $0 32
J $0 28
■ SwitzerlandSO 13
iNetherlandsSOII

Annual per capita lire loss In Canada and other counlrUs.

cities and more important towns, and that the dangers and
hazards of fire in small communities and rural districts are
without regulation or control, despite the occurrence of a
large proportion of the fire waste in rural districts.

13. That the only possible solution of the national fire-
waste problem lies in the adoption of compulsory measures
which, by reducing to a minimum the fire hazards in all com-
munities and properties, will prevent the occurrence of fires.

13. That, owing to the failure of local authorities to deal
adequately with the situation, the provincial governments
should undertake the removal of a burden imposed upon the
whole people and should safeguard the lives and property
which, in the final analysis, constitute the true wealth of the
country.

Government control of the telegraph, telephone, cable
and ra^clio systems in tlie United States was put into clfect on
July :il. Authority to operate the lines is vested in tlie jiost-
master-general.

August I. mis

Til

I', LI' r'l'K I (A 1. N !• \VS

The Oxide Film Lightning Arrester

-By Crosby Field*-

This papor will Iil- cnntMuil tn ii briof statcnu'iil nf the
scientific principles underlying a new type of lightning ar-
rester called the "oxide film arrester." The functioning of
this arrester depends upon the fact that certain dry chemical
compounds can he changed with extreme rapidity from very
good conductors of electricity to almost perfect non-conduct-
ors by the application of a slight degree of heat. I.cad perox-
ide is a good example of such a substance. It lias a specific
resistance of the order of one ohm per inch cube. The resist-
ance varies with the pressure to which it has been compressed.
.\t a temperature of about 150 deg. cent, the lead peroxide
(PbOi) will be reduced to red lead, commercially known as
minium (PbjOi). This has a specific resistance of about 24
millions ohms per inch cube. At slightly higher temperatures
this minium will be reduced through the sesquioxide (P'b-Os)
to litharge (PbO). which last named is practically an insula-
tor. |.\ megger reading of infinity is obtained on a column
Ii millimeters long (0.11 in.) and .') scpiarc millimeters area
(0.3 sq. in.)]

Again the oxides of bismuth give similar characteristics.
There are, furthermore, several other compounds and mix-
tures of compounds that will give these same results.

Lead peroxide is normally in the physical state of a pow-
der. If this powder be placed between two electrodes and a
current passed, the temperature due to the resistance at the
contact of the peroxide and the metal will cause heat to be
generated locally at the surface. When this heat is sufficient
to create a temperature of about 150 deg. cent, a film of the
lower oxides of lead forms, producing a film of insulation
which stops the current. This method of film formation over
any large area is rather irregular, and of course the oxide
is not used in such a fashion in the commercial arrester. In-
stead of tliis formation of litharge film any insulating film
may be put on the electrodes initially. As insulating film
spread on the metal plates there have been used thin lay-
ers of the following: glass, water glass, halowax, cloth,
balsam, shellac, oil, paints, lead paints, varnishes, and lac-
((uers of all available kinds. In all cases the results are sim-
ilar, varying only with the voltage at which puncture of
the film of insulation occurs.

The foregoing statements define the principle of tne
commercial oxide film arrester. It comprises two sheet
metal electrodes set about 0.5 in. apart, one or both covered
with a thin insulating film and the space between the plates
filled with some such substance as that described above
as. for example, lead peroxide. At a permissible voltage
of 300 volts per cell the insulating film prevents any appre-
ciable current flowing under normal conditions. As soon
as the voltage rises slightly above normal the film punc-
tures in one or more microscopic points, the lightning
charge meets with practically no resistance and flows to
earth. Fig. 1. The dynamic current starts to follow, but be-
cause of the fact that the insulation was punctured in such
fine points, the current density near these points is exceed-
ingly great. This results in a localized heating which speed-
ily raises the temperature to a value sufficient to change to
insulating litharge all the conducting peroxide in this min-
ute path of the current flow in contact with the electrodes.
The film consequently reseals, stopping the further flow of
dynamic current. This action is so rapid that its duration
cannot be measured on an oscillograph giving two thousand
cycles per second, that is to say, the action of resealing
•Before the A.I.E E. Convention

occurs in less than one fnur-thousandlh |jart of a second
after the excess of lighlnin.g voltage has ceased.

Fi.g 'i shows a magnified, ima.ginary representation of
one of the films on one metal plate. .\s shown, the film is
punctured by a spark and filled with a litharge plug which
i> reiireseiilnl by llic open circles. The cross-section in the
dischar.ge i;ath. a short distance away from the metal elec-
trode, is sufficiently expanded to make the current of low
enough density not to heat the peroxide to a temperature
of reduction to litharge. The peroxide is represented by
the solid dots and only those in the path of the discharge
are shown. At the other electrode, not shown in this mag-
nified dia.gram, a similar effect may he taking place, al-
thou.gh there is a difference between the positive and nega-
tive craters.

This film can be made of litharge itself, as well as any
of the insulating materials above named. For example,
metal plates may be inserted in any of the well-known lead
electroplating solutions, and thus a very thin lead peroxide
film (measuring a few hundred thousandths of an inch)
formed. By projier heating this will ))e changed to litharge
and this form of electrode can be used. Peroxide may also
be sprinkled over any metal plate and the plate healed,
which will reduce the peroxide to litharge. Again, the met-
al chosen for the electrode itself may be lead and if heated
in the air a thin film of litharge will be formed on the sur-
face. Again, an aluminum electrode may be put in any of
the common electrolytes, and a thin aluminum film he built
up. This may he used with the peroxide powder. Of these
metliods of forming the film the most preferable is by dip-

^'J" tl^^DEj^qiifl^CELL

_ . 1 .

:inn ji^*-""

300 . ^*T^-^

^„ ^5^/'

^ ^2^ ±

if^ ^iy ±

■?nn H* *Sr/

a ^w?'^

J- 5^^!_t

u?"^

>v^

inn V

/ fiMiTiiri;

0 7

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Fig. 1. Comparative Ciiaracterislics of Oxide and Aluminum Cells
ping in varnish or lacquer highly burnished surfaces of
brass, steel, or copper, and is consequently used in the com-
mercial arrester. The ohmic resistance of the arrester dur-
ing discharge is quite low (less than 1 ohm per cell). Thus,
when the insulating filin is punctured the arrester ofTers
very slight impedance to the flow of energy at abnormal
voltages.

There is a certain range of voltage necessary to pierce
any given insulation. The exact voltage depends not only
upon the thickness of the insulation and its dielectric
strength but also on the relation of the dielectric spark lag
to the duration of the super-spark potential and the fre-
(|uency of alterations of the transient surge.

If an arrester is to give protection of insulation in shunt

THE ELECTRICAL Nl'.WS

Auariiit 1. iOlr

with it. tlic arrester nuist relieve the abnormal electric pres-
sure before damage is done to the insulation. Although
tests are frequently made with the arrester and the insula-
tion it is to protect in parallel, a more convenient method
has been standardized and is known as the equivalent sphere
gap test. Both the insulation and the arrester are compared
by comparing each to the equivalent sphere gap.

The equivalent sphere gap of the oxide film arrester
may be analyzed, as in other cases, into separate and distinct
parts. First, there is the equivalent sphere gap of the main
gap to initiate a discharge through the insulating film on
the plate surface of the cell. Third, there is the equivalent
sphere gap of the resistance drop of the current discharging
through the powdered peroxide in its path. Fourth, there
is the equivalent sphere gap of the inductance of the
arrester.

Commenting on these factors in their relation to this

Fig 2. Imaginary rcpresenUlitn of Oxide fi m on ore metal pJate

arrester, the main gap is itself a sphere gap which has the
fastest spark of any practical gap. The gap setting, like
that of the aluminum arrester, is only slightly above that
of the normal voltage of the circuit.

Tlic equivalent sphere gap of the film is several times
greater than the thickness of the film because solid mater-
ial has a greater dielectric spark lag than air, but with this
multiple of the thickness of the film the equivalent sphere
gap is still low. Since peroxide is a good conductor, the
series resistance in the path of the discharge is insufticient
to give an undesirable voltage drop. As to the inductance
of the arrester, it has a minimum value due to the fact that
each cell is only 0.5 in. long, and these cells are placed one
on top of another. In other words, the total length of the
arrester (which constitutes the inductance) is short as com-
pared to the necessary length of conductor from line to
eartli .

One of the obstacles that had to be overcome in the
making of this arrester was the increase in the resistance
after a great many heavy discharges had passed through it.
The predominant reason for the increase seems to be ex-
plained by the following theory. The current passing
through this small puncture in the lilm heats up very rap-
idly not only the lujwder but also the air contained within
the interstices of the powder. The particles are thereby
thrown out of contact with each other, thus producing a fluf-
finess. The decrease in the number of contacts decreases
the actual cross sectional area of conduction and hence in-
creases the resistance. This raises the equivalent sphere
,eap. This action is accelerated, of course, by the giving ofif
of the oxy.gen itself evolved in the reduction from lead per-
oxide to the lower oxide. If, however, this same arrester
be violently jarred or the filling powder he compressed, or
any other method utilized to restore the particles to their
previous intimate contact, the equivalent needle gap will
fall again. While increased flufiiness appears to be the pre-
dominant cause of change of the equivalent sphere gap, the
increased thickness of the film of litharge at the point of
puncture of the film is finally a factor of moment. The total
area of the film must be sufficient to give a reasonable num-
ber of years of life to the arrester. There are other factors

relating to the details of manufacture which give a limited
degree of control over this change in equivalent sphere gai).

In all the commercial oxide film arresters used for al-
ternating current the power factor is nearly unity. For spe-
cial purposes however, the jiower factor can l)e made any-
thing desired from 10 per cent, to unity. This is obtaine<J
by combining with the conducting oxide other non-conduct-
ing materials. This principle has been made use of for
condensers, but it has not been found desirable to incorpor-
ate it in the arrester.

To summarize — an arrester operating under a new ]iriii-
ciple has been made which comprises in essence one or
more metal electrodes covered with an insulating film, and
separated by a conducting powder, which has the i)eculiar
characteristic of becoming a non-conducting powder upon
the application of heat, \oltage higher than that which
can be withstood by the insulating film punctures it in one
or more points of aliout o.oOo cm. diameter. Dynamic
current fiowin.g gives a high current density in the conduct-
ing powder adjacent to these punctures which in turn heats
it up rapidly, reducing the powder to a non-conductor, and
sealing the holes in the film. The powder being a poor heat
conductor localizes this action, so that very little more
powder is reduced than is actually necessary to seal up
these minute punctures.

The critical spark voltage and that part of the equiv-
alent sphere gap controlled thereby is a function of the
thickness and kind of material used for the lilm.

Comparison of the "Oxide Film" writh Aluminum Arrester.

The earliest form of non-electrolytic lilm arrester was
known as the dry aluminum arrester. It was a direct attempt
to utilize the dry film which forms on the surfaces of pure
aluminum immediately after it comes in contact with the
oxygen of the air. The hydroxide film is easily formed in
electrolyte and (ui drying becomes a dry film which gives
sufticient action to prevent a discharge up to a given critical
voltage, dependin.g upon the thickness of the film. The film
can also be formed by a spark or arc of a conductor in con-
tact with a plate. Naturally this conductor should I)e of a
non-metallic nature. In the earliest form tried powdered
carbon was used mixed with dio.xide of magancse which
gives a liberal supply of oxygen at the heated point.

One of the objects of the development of this arrester
was to decrease the cost of manufacture and it was found
with the new principle involve<l in the oxide film arrester,
where the powder furnishes the film rather than the ])late,
that the .aluminum could be replaced by a cheaper metal.
such as steel, and. as already described, the initial film
known in the early sta.ges of development as the "paint skin"
type could be furnished by a layer of varnish. On first si.ght.
knowing the extreme thinness of the hydroxide film on
wet aluminum cell it migiit not seem that the dry cell would
give the same general characteristics as the wet cell. Hut a
comparison of the volt-ampere curves shows the same gen-
eral characteristics. For a.c. voltages of :iOO volts average
per cell the current in the dry cell is of negligibly small
value up to -to milliampercs. The \)Owcr-factor is nearly
unity and the current flow is due to very slight leakages
through the films. In the case of the aluminum electrolytic
cells there is an equivalent condition, the d.c. leakage cur-
rent of the order of one milliamperc being due to leaks
through the hydroroxide film. In the a.c. aluminum ar-
rester the leakage current on the plate area used is much
greater, due to the destructive action of the alternating
current on the hydroxide film. Furthermore, the wet cell
with its thinner film is a condenser of appreciable capacit-
ance which takes a charging current of abmit O,.'; ampere at
(10 cycles. When the voltage reaches a certain critical v.ahic
which is between 300 and 400 volts for the wet aliiuiinum ceil

August I. I'.ns

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

;inJ l)et\vi-cii :iOl) and .">(Hl for tlu' oxiilc inll (nr IukIut if
tlu' painl tiliii is niailc thicker) tlu' ciincut is all.>w<.-.l In
pass freely through llie cells, limited only liy the uliniic re-
sistance of the cell independent nf the liltu. Since the oxiilc
tilm arrester has no dissolution of the hhn, as occurs in the
wet ahnniiiuni cell, charging is not nnly unnecessary but un-
desiraMc. This extends the use of the oxide lilni arrester
to localities where there are no attendants.

.\lthough the wet aluminum plate becomes frosted to
an appreciable thickness by the passage of current in long
use. the actual thickness of th
critical voltage, is not changed In

tilm. as rei)resented by the

the oxide film arrester, cause a discharge

however, the tilm less than one 1 mil thick initially thick-
ens up by the addition of successive spots of litharge fur
each successive discharge. This represents the wear on the
arrester and limits its total life. Fig. 1 shows comparative
volt-am|)ere characteristics of the o.xide film arrester and the
a.c. aluminum arrester. Since both of these arresters have
a leakage current which wears the plates of the cells when
alternating current is supplied, it is necessary, as previous-
ly stated, to place a spark gap in series with the cells. This
spark gap is set at a value slightly above the normal poten-
tial of the circuit so that nothing but abnormal voltages will

The Electric Vehicle as a War Measure

By James H. McGraw"

Transportation is one of the vital problems of the day.
it deserves the attention of the biggest men in every industry.
War has en.irmouslv increased congestion in lactones, on
railroads, in warehouses and terminal yards, and on our city
streets We have more raw materials and more i.roducts to
handle with fewer men. and with the need lor real economy
in handling costs.

More minds are being concentrated on transportation
than ever before. Government officials, Washington Bureaus
and War and Xavy Departments, as well as engineers, central
station men, electrical engineers in industrial plants, all are
considered parts of the problem.

A brief survey of transportation problems in this country
brino-s striking facts to light. Forty-five per cent, of the
popidation live in 11 per cent, of the area of the United
States This restricted area includes X. E. States, New \ ork.
Pennsylvania, Xew Jersey. Maryland. Ohio. Indiana, and parts
of Illinois and Michigan.

Of all goods made in the United States, approximately
70 per cent, are made in this area. This concentration of
population and manufacturing brings naturally a congestion
of traffic, that is little realized until a tremendous added bur-
den is put on it liy war needs.

Within the congested area is a still smaller zone which
to-day is the red flag zone of the government departments.
In this zone, which Iforders the Atlantic and extends from
Baltimore to Maine, there are no raw materials, no bitumin-
ous coal, no iron nor other base supplies. To get these raw
materials into this region they must go through four gate-
ways, located at Williamsport, Altoona, Shippinsburg and
Baltimore. To get coal and Ixisic supplies into the great
manufacturing district of New England, where there are so
many war plants, there are three gateways: Harlem River.
Poughkeepsie and .Mbany.

No Time for Building

\\'e must win this war with our present main equipment.
We haven't time to build more gateways, more railroads,
more trunk lines. The so-called red-flag zone this next year
will require uO.OOn.OOO tons of bituminous coal. 80,00(1,000 tons
of hard coal. -Ml this product must go through the four gate-
ways.

What does this mean? Broadly, it means that we must
concentrate our attention on auxiliary means of transporta-
tion to move goods faster and transfer goods more quickly
at this point. Every freight car must count. According to
lately gathered statistics we need 150.000 cars for reidace-
nient alone. The government ordered 100,000, a tremendous

* Before the N.E.L.A. Convention

order, it is true, but only a part of what is needed to liamlle
materials.

Electricity offers three means of auxiliary aid to the
steam railway freight problem at this time. Various classes
of hoists and transfer cranes and platforms operated by elec-
tricity are in use. Second, there is the industrial electric
truck, a low-body, small wheel vehicle which is being used
for transfer work in government yards, docks and terminals,
munition factories, and so forth; and third, commercial elec-
tric trucks for short-haul many-stop deliveries from ware-
hciuse to merchant, from merchant to customer.

In both these fields the electric vehicle is now perform-
ing work of direct help in war service, and there is a very
real opportunity to extend this development tremendously.

Electric industrial trucks are being used more extensively
than generally realized in direct government work. Hun-
dreds of trucks are in use at embarkation and debarkation
points. Practically all goods going into France are handled
at some .point by electric trucks. Special trucks with crane,
and hoist attachments have been developed. Because of the
nature of the work, it is not i)Ossible to descril)e these appli-
cations in detail.

Operation Costs

The average cost of operating an electric industrial truck
of this kind, including tires, battery upkeep, mechanical re-
pairs, charging, drivers' wages and interest on investment, is
between five and six dollars a day. In many instances one
truck will do the work of four to six men. In one instance,
a truck saved eighteen men a day. These trucks have a speed
of live miles an hour loaded, and a capacity of two tons.
They are particularly serviceable in operation in munitions
factories because the risk of fire is practically negligible.
These trucks are being built by hundreds. There are esti-
mated to be 5,000 in use to-day.

Specialized electric trucks for government service have
also been built for hospital supply wagons ar,| ambulances at
base hospitals. An electric kitchen wagon also has been built.

Electric tractors are in operation at the navy yards and
supply depots for hauling ammunitions cars.

The war has especially shown the inefficiency of our
methods of handling goods out of cars, across platforms and
into warehouses. Goods are handled and rehandled without
regard to time or labor. This is one of the biggest parts of
our transportation problem.

It should be a matter of pride to realize that electricity
at the terminals and gateways is helping to move goods
cheaper and faster. The industrial electric truck, the electric
driven overhead crane, the hoist and telpher systems operated

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

August 1, I91n

by electricity, the night ilhiniination, are all factors in this
problem.

Electricity Doing the Job
Electricity is helping to get the job d<ine. and the demand
for the industrial electric truck for this work is ahead of the
supply, although the trucks are being turned out by several
manufacturers. l''or loading and unloading steamships the
electric industrial truck has found a place, out only because
it saves time and labor, but because practically every other
type of power vehicle is eliminated from both docks and
steamships by insurance companies on account of fire risks.
Industrial electric trucks are helping to get work done in
munition factories and arsenals. They have revolutionized
the methods of handling goods in many plants. These fac-
tories need to-day to increase output by every possible means.
They also need to conserve men, both laborers and mech-
ics. The industrial electric truck replaces men, speeds up
production, and is so simple a mechanism that it requires
little skilled attention.

As a concrete example of what an industrial truck will
do, the Packard Motor Car Company have three electric in-
dustrial trucks handling scrap metal from the lathes and
presses where formerly 48 men were required.

Electric transi)ortation in the factory is simply another
example of the widening use of electricity in industries. Cen-
tral station service and the motor drive have been adopted.
The power engineer from the central station has had an op-
portunity to act as an electric engineer of transportation and
to point out to the factory manager just what electricity can
do for transportation to his factory.

Local delivery methods are getting the same overhauling
as railway, terminal and factory systems. Men are growing
scarcer. Wasteful delivery methods can no longer be toler-
ated. The problem is part of the complete city transporta-
tion needs.

Economy in Retail Service
The Commercial Economy Board of the Council of Na-
tional Defense has just issued a booklet entitled Economy in
Retail Service.

The Council of National Defense as a whole also has
made this statement: "The Council of National Defense has
given its formal approval to all measures designed to facilitate
the use of motor trucks in transportation wdierever it can be
utilized. It is urging all communities as far as possible to
adapt the motor truck to their local needs and encourage
its use in any way to help existing transportation problems."
In neither of these pronouncements is direct reference made
to any type of motor truck, but the general idea of replacing
horse drawn trucks and perhaps more antiquated delivery
systems is being widely promoted. The booklet issued by
the Commercial Economy Board is a part of a broad program
started in 1917 to show how economies introduced by volun-
tary co-operation of business would release men, materials,
equipment and capital for carrying on the war. The work in
retail deliveries was undertaken primarily to conserve labor,
to make it unnecessary for merchants who lost delivery men
through the draft and other war causes to replace them out of
supplies available for ship building, farming, railway trans-
portation, and other war work. A careful survey of the whole
country was made among retail and wholesale merchants.

Several of the findings of this survey point particularly
to present opportunities for the electric vehicle to meet the
problem of local delivery under war conditions. In Massa-
chusetts it was found that .'■),2:!0 stores, about half in the state,
operated 4,473 vehicles. Of these 3,129 were horse drawn
and 1.344 motor trucks. This general proportion of horse
drawn and motor propelled trucks holds for the country.

Cutting Costs of Retailing

A. second point in this general investigation worth
the attention of tlie electrical industry, is the relative im-

portance of this transportation cost as an clement in the
merchant's total cost. In the city of Washington, the delivery
costs for bakery products averaged 19.H per cent, of gross
sales; for dairy products, 12.1 per cent.; for ice cream, 14.9
per cent.; for coal and wood, 1.').2 per cent.; for ice, 4.5.6 per
cent., and for food products, as a whole, 7.4 per cent.

The report contains definite suggestions for changing the
methods of delivery. It points out that short haul many stop
deliveries generally provide the best service to the customer,
and it suggests plans for working out such systems. This, of
course, is the ideal field for the electric vehicle. Ninety-five
per cent, of the work done by horses on the street can be
done by motor trucks. Eighty-five per cent, of the city haul-
age can be accomplished by the electric vehicle. l''igures com-
piled many times show the inherent economy of the electric
in place of the horse drawn wagon. .\ light truck will move
a single horse wagon load of goods one mile for one cent
(current at 3 cents per kilowatt hour). Gasoline for that
same mile would cost 3 cents and oats for the horse 5 cents.
.\nd this is only one element in the cost.
Saving in Hauling Coal
All of the coal used in the Hudson Terminal Building i:;
New York City is hauled from Jersey City by two five-ton
electric trucks. By hauling the coal from storage and Inly-
ing in large volume, the company saves $45 per day. The
ferry charges were reduced several dollars a day because the
electric for the same capacity was about three feet shorter
than a gas truck and so came in a lower class. The cost of
handling fuel is one of the elements in our fuel supply that is
receiving careful analysis. The electrical truck with suitably
adapted bodies is an economical solution of the problem. In
one case now being investigated one five-ton truck with dif-
ferent detachalde bodies could replace both horse drawn and
gas equipment, eliminate surplus equipment and eflfect a large
saving of about 3.5 per cent, to 40 per cent.

1 have briefly summarized the way that electricity is a
part of the transportation problem to-day.

The general advantages of the electric vehicle as a part
of the big transportation problem may be summarized as fol-
lows:

General Advantages

Manufacture — .Simplicity of design requires few parts, and
almost the total absence of machined steel in power plant.
.Need of skilled mechanics reduced to a minimum.

Operation — Skilled mechanics unnecessary. Young and
old, men and women, are successful operators.

Maintenance — Few parts and absence of reciprocating
features assures maximum uninterru|)ted service with mini-
mum supervision and repair, thus releasing skilled mechanics
for more vital war work.

Costs-Operating — Lowest for work accomplished of any
form of mobile transportation.

Fuel — Current for battery charging taken ofl-peak. Con-
ditions abroad are not the same as in this country. We are
not yet faced with the drastic shortage in liquid fuel and
operators that have faced our allies. The fact remains, how-
ever, that the electric has filled a very definite place in the
transportation development abroad. F'or example, there have
been six times as many electrics put into service in England
alone during the past three years as in all the time before.
Electrics have been adopted for handling municipal work, for
example, in eighteen towns and cities for garbage collection,
road construction, street cleaning and coal deliveries. The
Midland Railway has about 110 electric trucks in service and
the Great Northern Railway, with eight '.iyi-ton American
electric trucks displaced the entire horse unit in Leeds, 3;i
horses and 16 vans.

The Electric Vehicle Section of this Association has been
working with the French High Commission in New York
looking forward to the manufacture of the electric \ehiclc

August 1, IDIS

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

ill France as a part of the great problem of reconstruction
and water power development under way in tliat country.

Norway is to-day an active market fur llu- electric ve-
hicle, both commercial and pleasure cars.

Opportunity for Central Stations

This discussion has been undertaken Id bring before this
association not the detail economies of the electric veliicle.
which are well known, but the opportunity that the central
stations of the country have to aid tlie government by tak-
ing an active [lart in helping to solve the transportation prob-
lem as a wiiole.

The central stations to-day are lurnisliing light, lieat ami
power to meet war needs and to conserve men and materials
in the commercial and domestic life of the nation.

Tlr.' transimrtalion problem needs the alteuliou mI' i>nr
bi.ggest electrical men. 'l'ransi)orlalion to-day is handled with
tremendous losses. The movement of freight to-day is a
transportation engineering question. As an engineering ques-
tion the electrical industry will play a large part in the future.
The supply of electricity for the big developments to come
in cheapening the cost of handling goods in terminals and
wareliouses, and in cutting the cost of deliveries "on our city
streets is wortli the attention of every central station. The
electric vehicle to-day offers an economical solution for an
important part uf our big transpurtalicin ]iriiblem.

More Power From Shaft by Use
of Turbine

Electric motor drive, the simplest solution to additional
power supply problem, is oftentimes not available to mill
owners, whose plants are driven by line shafts. Often, how-
ever, there is suflicient boiler capacity in the plant to do the
work, if it is effectively applied, particularly where line shaft
drive to a small number of machines is used, in which case
the installation of a turbine with speed-reducing gears is an
ingenious solution to the problem. A unique line shaft drive,
consisting of a low pressure turbine and a daubee reduction
gear has been installed in a Western Pennsylvania paper mill.
There are two main line shafts to which the machines are
belted. To one of the line shafts are belted two cutters, ten
beaters and one Jordan. An identical equipment, with the
exception of the cutters, is belted to the other shaft. Only
seven of the ten beaters, under ordinary running conditions,
are in operation at one time, and these, with one Jordan, re-
quire about 600 horse power, with an additional 20 horse
power for the rag-cutters. Heretofore these two line shafts
were each driven by a non-condensing reciprocating engine.
However, one of these engines was wrecked, which necessi-
tated obtaining a drive to replace it.

It is interesting to note the considerations entering into
the linal selection of the new drive. These conditions were
somewhat as follows: two 100 horse power non-condensing
engines turned the rolls and gears and gave practically all
the e.xhaust steam necessary for feed water heating, so that
all the e-xhaust steam from the 700 horse power non-condens-
ing Corliss engine driving one of the line shafts would have
to be discharged to the atmosphere, unless some means were
provided for abstracting the energy still available in it. A
low pressure turbine was the logical prime mover, without a
doubt, but it would have been of little use, on account of its
high speed, had there not been a reduction gear to receive
the power generated and to deliver it to the line shaft at low-
speed.

While this particular mill was not enlarged, it is evident

that with a given amount of e.xhaust steam, either from non-

, condensing engines or condensing engines run non-condens-

ing, a large increase of power is made available by the in-
stallation of a low pressure turbine. Further evidence of this
liossibility for expansion is the fact that in this paper mill
when the two line shafts were driven by non-condensing re-
ciprocating engines, a battery of t:i boilers was re(iuired,
whereas, now only eight boilers are required for the maxinuini
load.

So far this has beeen a discussion o'f the application of a
low pressure turbine, but the means of transmitting its high
speed power to a slow speed line shaft is fully as interesting
and important. The change in speed is made by means of
tWM rcducliiin gears because the first cost of a single ge;"'
and pinidii of ratio :;(i to I I would be prfdiibitive, and the gear
would be very large and unwieldy. The first speed reduction,
ii.dilii r.p.ni., tij 730 r.p.m., is made with a hxed bearing type
I if reduction gear, the gear shaft of which is direct connected
to the iiinion shaft of the second gear which reduces the speed
from 7::(l to Ki:; r.p.m. This larger reduction gear is of the
flcxiible pinion frame, Westinghouse I-Beam type. It is this
1-lieam feature which makes the application of the geared
drive possible.

It may be asked why a fixed bearing type of reduction
gear was used in one case and an I-beam in the other. It
was a question of tooth pressure which determined the de-
si.gn. Take for instance a pinion transmitting (100 horse power
at iJ.fiOO r.p.m., which was the case of the first reduction gear
in the particular installation under liscussion. If the same
pinion were to turn at 720 r.p.m. and with the same tooth
pressure (i.e., pounds pressure per inch) of tooth face it would
be capable of transmitting one-fifth of 600 horse power, or
130 horse power only. It follows, then, that the second gear
would have been made five times as large as the first if the
same type had been used, and for the transmission of the
same amount of power. Such reduction gear would have
been large and Imlky. It -would also have been costly, be-
cause cost is a function of size.

Hydro Tenth Annual Report

The Hydro-electric Power Commission of Ontario have
issued Vol. 2 of their tenth annual report, which covers the
year ended October 31, 1917. This report contains a review
of the operation of the various systems controlled by the
Commission, financial expenditure on each, quantity of power
used, extensions made during the year, and so on. The horse-
power load on the various systems in October, 1917, was as
follows: Niagara, 121,538; Severn System, 7,854; Eugenia Sys-
tem, 1,715; Wasdell's System, 275; Central Ontario System,
17,436; Muskoka System, 930; St. Lawrence, 739, and Ottawa,
6,500. The expenditures noted on the various systems are:
Niagara, .$14,386,531; Severn, $867,971; Eugenia, $1,371,736;
Wasdell's, $264,731; Muskoka, $190,239; St, Lawrence, $307,-
334; Ottawa, $433,000; Port Arthur, $109,438; Renfrew, .$30,-
389; Central Ontario, $9,505,349; Ontario Power, $7,996,617.
The grand total of expenditure to date is placed at $37,176,901.
Tlie report also contains information covering the financial
operations of the various municipalities throu.ghout the pro-
vince— their rates, expenditures, earnings, etc.

In order that the financial difficulties of the city of Prince
Albert, Sask., due in a large measure to the expenditure of
over a million dollars on the abandoned La Colle Falls hydro-
electric scheme, may be overcome, it is proposed that the
Saskatchewan government should lend $50,000 a year for a
few years at a low rate of interest, and debenture holders be
asked to agree to the suspension of sinking fund payments
for a similar period, pending the reorganization of finances.

A new Bell Telephone exchange at St. Hyacinthe, P. Q.,
will soon be put in. A change will be made from magneto to
central energy service.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

August 1, I'.ilS

Teaching the Public Why Higher Fares are Essential

The Cape Brctdii Electric Company, (iperating an electric
railway in Sydney, N.S., recently made application to the
Public Service Commissioners of their province for an in-
crease in fares. It is indicative of the changed attitude of the
average public service organization toward the people it
serves that coincident with this application the company in-
augurated a systematic campaign of advertising in the local
press in an endeavor to advise the general public of the facts
and educate them up to the point where they will be al>!e to
make a fair ju<lgment on this question. The aTerage citizen
does not stop to consider that the cost of operating an electric
railway system has increased in about the same proportion
as the price of the average commodity he buys, whereas the
rate of fares which the railway company is allowed to charge
for its service remains fi.xed. If 5 cents was a reasonable
charge for the average rate four years ago, then, by the law
of averages, it should cost 7, 8 or 9 cents to provide the same-
convenience to-day. As a matter of fact, though this rate
would be justified in many cases, no company has asked for any
such increase. They have first turned their attention to every
possible economy, and now, all sources of revenue having
been exploited, they are forced to ask for fare increases.

The form which the advertising of this company, under
the control of C. C. Curtis, manager of the company, has
taken, is an advertisement about 7 x 10 inches in the form of
"One-Minute Talks." For example, in Talk No. 8 there are
a few paragraphs explaining how the prosperity of the com-
pany and of the public go hand in hand. Talk No. It explains
about the appointment of a select committee to look into the
same question in the British Isles. Talks Nos. 12, 13, 14, 15
and 16 are along the same lines, each of them pointing out one
separate viewpoint which is probably new to the railway pat-
rons. As typical of the form these arguments take we are
reproducing three of them below:

A campaign of a similar nature is also going forward in
other Canadian cities. For example, in Montreal, where the
Montreal Tramways Commission conceded the company the
right to increase the fares, an effort is being made to prevent

One Minute
Tram Talks

Talk
No. 12

Capitalization Does Not
Affect Fares

For when it comes to a question of what price
a Public Utility may charge the public the con-
sideration of the amount of stock and l)onds
whicli it has outstanding is all cast to one side.

The Public Service Commissioners ascertain
the fair value of the property used for the bene-
fit of the public, what the owners have received on
that fair value in the way of income and what will
be received in the future. They ascertain the
earnings and expenses and the needs of the Com-
pany for proper up-keep.

After thorough investigation they will render
their decision based on the law which allows a
Company to earn at least 6 per cent, on its actual
investment.

The Company never has earned this amount
and will not with only the small increase in fares
now proposed.

C. C. CURTIS, Manager,
Cape Breton Electric Company. Limited.

One Minute
Tram Talks

Talk
No. 16

THE FACTS IN A
NUT SHELL

Their earnings are strictly limited l)y law and
Pulilic Utilities cannot make war profits. If the\
make war losses they can seldom recover tlicm.
Therefore they must be kept financially sound and
healthy at all times if they are to fullil their duty
ti> the public.

The increase in fare asked for is estimated I"
bring in a))Out $30,000.

.^11 this and more is needed to take care of in-
creased wages and increased costs of material and
to keep the property generally in good operating
condition.

We hoi)e for your support, not only in our own
interest, but also in yours.

C. C. CURTIS, Manager.
(ape lireton Electric Company, Limited.

One Minute
Tram Talks

Talk
No. 8

Your Prosperity and Ours
Go Hand in Hand

.Are we mtercstcd in your ])ro»perity?

Most decidedly. YES.

Personally we are interested because prosperity
i-. more conducive to happiness than poverty ami
hard times.

In a business way we are interested because
our Company cannot prosjicr anil grow unless you
and the community in which you live have a fair
share of i)rospcrity.

W'e are dependent upon you.

Are you interested in our prosperity''

We believe you are.

^ iiu dei)end upon us for tram service, for trails
piirtation to and from work; to and from play.

^'ou could walk liut then you wouldn't have the
time you now ha\c for work and for play.

If we are not pros|)erous we cannot furnish
good service; we cannot improve our service.

If a merchant's expenses are greater than his
income he quickly goes out of business.

We are subject to the same laws of business
and common sense.

C. C. Curtis, Manager,

Cape Breton Electric Company. Limited

the execution of the order. It is surely a perverted idea of
justice that would require a traniway company, or any other
public utility, to continue operation at a loss, but tliis is what
is demanded of the Montreal Tramways Company by a por-
tion of the city. To correct the false impression being created
by the propa.ganda of these people this company also is hav-
ing resort to the daily papers. F'ollowing are a couple of
their recent advertisements:

Aiisust 1. mis

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Tramways and the Risin«; Tide

Unprecedented increase in cost of material
eats up earnings rapidly

The unprecedented increase in the costs of all
materials used in construction and operation of
street railways, has placed the street railway busi-
ness in a very serious position. In most cities in
the United States the 5-cent fare which has pre-
vailed for many years has been found to be quite
insufficient to enable them to do business at a
profit, and testimony before various Public Ser-
vice CommTssions has shown that many of the
companies are heading straight toward bank-
ruptcy— or will be if relief is not granted in the
shape of higher fares. Not half of the Upstate
companies in New York States, for instance, are
earning even their fixed charges, and matters are
growing worse. In some cities fares have already
been raised to 6 cents or higher, and practically
every important street railway company in the
United States is applying for an increase.

E.xactlj- the same condition of affairs confronts
the Montreal Tramways. Since the war broke out
the costs of all materials, supplies, and labor, have
increased enormously. Everything the street car
companies buy or do costs more money than ever
before. Here are the main facts of the present
situation in the Montreal Tramways Service:

1. The ticket has been buying more and better
car service for you every jear since street rail-
ways were invented. '

2. The ticket buys for the company less than it
ever did of the labor and materials needed to give
service.

It takes nearly twice as many tickets to pay
for the Montreal Tramways Company's supply
bills as it did five j'ears ago.

The reason why the quarter's worth of tickets
has shrunk to a value of 15 cents is shown by the
following increases in prices, as compared with
the prices paid in 191.3:

Increase in prices 1918 as compared with prices
in 1913:
Per cent
.. 250

Asbestos . .
.Armatures { W. H.

533) 104

Axles 171

Babbitt 147

Brooms, corn .. 118
Brushes, carbon. 200
Brass, sheet . . .200
Buttons, push . . 450
Car Bodies ... 50

Castings 160

Charcoal 140

Copper, sheet . . 128

Chain 192

Cement 89

Controllers .. . 100
Coal,irun-of-mine 110

Slack 143

Switches, track . 119^2

Fibre 141

Glass 235

Gears 180 1/3

Gear Cases ... 215 1/5
Heater Equipment

113

Iron, wrought . 156

Per cent.
Motor Equipment

105 1/3

\ails 112

Nuts 109 2/3

Switches, electric

110 3/5

Pins, cotter . . . 112

Paint 85

Plumbers' fittings

100 to 130

Poles trolley . . . 100

Pinions 300

Rope 100

Rivets 150

Rattan 700

Rails 140

Rods, tie 125

Solder 144

Screws, iron.

wood 129

Screws, brass . . 200
Steel, mild . . . . 137

Spikes 158

Shellac 176

Tacks 200

Trolley bases . . 104
Tin 108

Increased Rates Granted to
Public Utility Companies

The movement for higher fares on the Street
Railways, caused by unprecedented increases in
the cost of materials and operating is now genera!
throughout the United States. The following are
some of the fares recently put in force:

St. Louis, Mo ... 6 cents

Kansas City 0 cents

State Railways of Missouri 6 cents

Middlesex & Boston Street Railway ... 7 cents

Philadelphia 6 cents

Buffalo (authorized by city) 6 cents

Portland, Ore 6 cents

New Haven G cents

^cranton 6 cents

Fall River 6 cents

Bridgeport 6 cents

New Bedford G cents

Lowell 6 cents

Hartford G cents

Reading 6 cents

Lynn 6 cents

Lawrence 6 cents

Sioux Falls 6 cents

Wilmington 7 cents

Pittsburgh 5-7 cents

Edmonton, Alta. (municipally owned).. 7 cents

Forty-one other cities in the United States of
over 100,000 population, including New York.
Chicago, Baltimore, Minneapolis. Indianapolis and
Albany, have applied for a 6-cent fare or higher,
and the applications are now being considered.

The .Administrative Commission of Montreal have been
in conference with the representatives of the Montreal
Light, Heat & Power Consolidated, Montreal Water &
Power Co., Bell Telephone Co., Public Service Corporation,
Montreal Tramways Co., and Dominion Gresham Guarantee
Co., on the subject of repairing breaks in the streets. It
was agreed to abolish the old fixed rate of $2.50 a cubic yard
paid by the companies and that the latter pay the actual
cost of repairing the roadways after the excavations have
been made. W'ith a view to the general convenience, it has
been arranged that the companies make deposits of lump
sums; when a company applies to break up a road, an esti-
mate of the cost of repair will be made by the engineering
department of the city, and the permit granted if there be
sufficient money on deposit to cover the cost. No road is
to be broken up without a permit, except in very exception-
al circumstances, such as breaking of water or gas mains.

Mr. Justice Lafontaine. in the Superior Court of Quebec,
has just ruled that poles and wires of telegraph systems can-
not be taxed as "immovable property" for school or muni-
cipal revenue. The school commissioners of Lachine, Que.,
had brought an action against the Great Northwestern Tele-
graph Company asking that the poles and wires of the com-
panj' — no mention being made of the number or place — be
hypothecated for the recovery of $20.80 alleged to be due as
school taxes for the years 1915-16-17. The action was dis-
missed.

Fares on the Tacoma street railway have been raised to
cents.

:^ti

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

August 1, 1918

L__

'" "I '-li'i-'i «'"'

The Manufacturer's Relation to
the Contractor

-By J. Nelson Shreve-

At times it seonis as if the manufacturer's interest often
ended at his own shipping door. Nowadays more and more
manufacturers are realizing that in the electrical business
the retailer posseses even more power to make or mar the
product of a manufacturer than in other lines of industry
where less engineering is involved. Besides this considera-
tion of the contractor's ability to assist in the engineering
end, we have a consideration of the fundamental economic
principles of all business. Unless these are understood and
industry based uiion them, its foundation is of sand. In the
past there have lieen too many sand foundations. It is true
we are getting away from this period, which was due large-
ly to the fact that economic principles were regarded as
purely academic. The idea of applying Iju-m Id everyday
commercial life was thought Utopian. If they are sound
they are practical, a truth which every business man must
recognize. As a nation we have in the past lieen handicap-
ped in our industrial development by too much individual-
ism and too many laws supporting it. We are just entering
the age which older nations entered years ago — the age of
co-opcrati<ni .

Efticient co-operation is possilde only when llic func-
tions of every factor in an industry are clearly understood,
and their interrelation honestly recognized by everyone in
the industry, and when each is supported by all in the ex-
ercise of its proper functions. This is the only sound basis
for practical co-operation, and it seems to me no one has
presented this so clearly as Mr. Goodwin.

Two Primary Parties.

So far as the electrical industry is concerned there are
two primary parties to every transaction — the manufacturer
and the ultimate consumer, or, I might say, the public. A
sale is not completed until the goods are in service, the final
payment made and the public's approval obtained. This ap-
proval does not depend solely upon the manufacturer, and
it is not determined immediately but only after satisfactory
service for years. Between the manufacturer and the public
are interjected several important factors: The jobber upon
whom many manufacturers depend for the distribution of
their product, and the contractor who installs it. The archi-
tect and the engineer are also important, though indirect
factors, as they are responsible for planning the electrical
system and advising the ultimate consumer as to the qual-
ity of materials. However, the manufacturer is principally
concerned with the jobber and the contractor. The forego-
ing is general and I shall now consider specifically the points
raised.

'President of the Electric Cable Company, beiore New York State As-
sociation of Electrical Contractors and Dealers,

Responsibilty to the Public.

1 he manufacturer must at all times be conscious of his
responsibility to the public, if he would secure and hold its
approval. This is the very essence of a successful business
policy. It means that his goods must be of a quality that
will insure their rendering the public efficient service. In
establishing prices he must consider the following:

(1) What are the most economical units in which he can
manufacture?

(2) What is a fair additional cost for disbursing them in
quantities ordinarily used by the wholesale trade?

(.i) What further costs are justified when distributing
.goods in (juantities suitable for the retail trade

These are important consideraticms in cost accounting,
and any manufacturer who ignores them is fooling himself,
as well as the pulilic. Recognition by the manufacturer of the
service function fulfilled by the electrical jol>ber and the
electrical contractor lakes the form of discount. Now
everyone. 1 believe, will agree that there are only two reas-
ons for discount — quantity and service, either or both. \
concern tliat claims maximum discounts from a manufactur-
er on any basis but that of quantity and service, should not
have the claim recognized. The fact that a concern is in the
electrical jobbing or the contracting business, or a member
of an association, is not sufficient reason for according the
recognition asked. To do so would be unjust to those whose
services entitle them to the maximum consideration. Manu-
facturers' selling schedules should be arranged on a basis of
differentials which attract and encourage the wholesaler to
buy in the most economical units, and the retailer, in turn,
to buy as to render maximum service to the manufacturer,
the jobber and the consumer.

"Reputation" is Proper Basis.

Reputation, which forms the basis of business building,
necessarily plays an important part. What encouragement
is there for a manufacturer of high quality materials to give
the' maximum recognition to a joblier or retailer whose pol-
icy is formed solely on price Or to a contractor who sells
his services not on the basis of quality but of cheapness?
None whatever. I nthe first instance, he is encouraging the
inefficient distribution of his product; and in the second in-
stance, he is promoting a quality of work that may make it
impossible for his goods to render the service they are cap-
able of rendering. The result is loss of the public's approval.
I am presenting no new thought. The facts 1 have called at-
tention to are well known, but they are not always given
proper consideration in establishing a sales policy, and,
therefore, reiteration is justified.

Right Also in Practice.

I know the argument that will be advanced in some
quarters in opposition to this policy. It will be said that
theoretically it is all right, but that competition makes its
full practical application impossible. This is not true. The
policy is all right in theory and in practice; it is the only
sound, economical policy; it can be applied fully and con-

AuKUst 1, 11118

THE I-: L E C T R I C A L N R W S

timiously. I know tliis is tnic liccause T have studied it in
older industries and other hranclics of the electrical indus-
try, and have proved it in my own company 1 make this
latter assertion because tirst-hand experience is the most
convincing. The public does not demand unfair competition
but it wants all that it pays for. Think of the leading con-
cerns in any line of business. Have they attained their posi-
tion by selling cheap or by selling on the liasis of service
and quality, with the recognition of the fundamental prin-
ciples of all business ? The question answers itself. It is
not worth while wasting time on a prospective customer to
whom you cannot sell policy, quality and service, as well as
material goods.

Cost Accounting.

The electrical industry is comparatively new, and one
of its most serious faults is that it has not developed scien-
tific merchandising to the same e.xtent as older industries.
The subject is a large one, and I shall refer only to one
phase of it — cost accounting. Unless we have an accurate
knowledge of costs, scientific merchandising is impossible.
Inaccurate cost accounting is the real cause of most of the
unfair competition that exists to-day. Let me illustrate
what I mean by presenting a well-known condition in the
electrical industry.

There are concerns whose activities include two or more
of the factors between the manufacturer and the ultimate
consumer. .A light and power company may act as a dis-
tributer of electrical equipment; a jobber may do contracting
work, and a contractor may be a wholesaler and a retailer
of electrical devices. Serious objection has been raised to
this practice on the ground that it promotes unfair compe-
tition. There are many who believe that each factor should
be confined to its special function. 1 do not agree with this
point of view. It is not economical to attempt to build arti-
ficial barriers in the channel of distribution. Unfair competi-
tion does not arise because the concern is operating more
than one branch of the industry, but because it is not scien-'
tifically merchandising its goods or its brains, and the reas-
on for failure to do so is faulty cost accounting. Costs are
averaged with the result that a profitable branch of the bus-
iness is often made to carry an unprofitable one. You recall
the old saying, "Every tub should stand on its own bot-
tom." This contains a sound econionic truth. The central
station, for example, is not an undesirable factor in jobbing
or contracting or retailing, provided it recognizes the fac-
tors of cost applying to these branches, and thus preventing
its main business from being used to create destructive com-
petition in other lines of the trade in which specialist con-
cerns depend for their entire living. Every branch of a bus-
iness should be treated as a separate unit in the determining
of costs, and made to show a profit; otherwise it is working
an injury to the trade as a whole from which it must itself
suffer in time. .A.ccurate cost accounting, scientific merchan-
dising— on these depend the. fullest development of our in-
dustry. As soon as they receive practical recognition, un-
fair competition will disappear. No concern can justly ob-
ject to fair competition. If it cannot meet such competition
the fault is in itself, and not in any e.xtraneous condition.
Practical Co-operation.
The war has taught us many economic facts, and the
necessity for practical co-operation is one, and perhaps the
greatest. The government has recognized the necessity for
holding in abeyance laws that obstruct legitimate co-opera-
tion, and this may be regarded as preliminary to their abo-
lishment or amendment. In no time in our history has there
been greater necessity for business men to co-operate in
bringing about the scientific merchandisin.g of our goods, our
brains and our experience. The winning of the war and the
future prosperity of our country depend upon it. This is

one of the princijial problems of the War Industries Board
at the present time.

The Contractor An Essential Part of the Industry.

Therefore, for the development of each individual con-
tractor's business, and for the furtherance of the nation's
interest as a whole in the war, it is the duty of every con-
tractor to consider himself an essential i)art of the great
electrical industry, and endeavor to completely fulfill his
functions. This involves not only running his own business
at a profit — which is a fundamental obligation — but assisting
the jobber and the manufacturer to run their Inisiness at a
profit and to forward the industry as a wlxde.

Each must co-operate in local, State and national or-
ganizations as far as possible. The more the contractor re-
gards the manufacturer and the jobber and central station
as necessary parts of his business, the more they will re-
gard him as a necessary part of theirs. Only by organized
co-operation can the electrical contracting and merchandis-
ing business be built up to the strong position it must oc-.
cupy in order to do its full part in the development in this
country of the great el(?ctrical industry.

Electrical Contracting and
Retailing

-By J. E. Sweeney'

Just a few short years ago the average man .got out ol
bed shivering on a dark, cold morning, lit a smelly kerosene
lamp, hustled into his cold clothes, fussed around lighting a
wood or coal fire, put on the kettle for coffee, shavin.g water
and face and hand bath. Waited around for half or three-
quarters of an hour for the fire to burn up and breakfast to
be prepared. If he wished to go to the basement, closet or
dark outbuildin.g be carried that smoking kerosene lamp, a
flickering candle or a dim lantern. When ready to go to his
work he walked four or i\\e t)locks to the horse-car line, witli
straw or hay on the floor as the heatin.g apparatus, which car-
ried him along in semi-darkness and full discomfort at the
rate of possibly six or seven miles an hour.

If his office was above the ground floor he tramped up
flight by flight of tiresome stairs. If he wished to communi-
cate with any other person in the city he either walked out
to see them or sent a message by the errand boy. .All day
long that man was dependent on direct manual service. On
dark days he was at a loss for any suitable light; on a hot
day he wielded a palm-leaf fan, swore at the heat, mopped
perspiration from his brow and let it go at that, to the sac-
rifice of his comfort and efficiency.

In his office he wrote his own letters long-hand; if he
wanted to add a column of figures he did it as he had done
in school, and probably had it checked by a clerk who used
tlie same method. Arriving home again at night, to com-
municate with a neighbor meant a visit, to summon a doctor
in sickness meant possibly a dangerous delay. Everything
that he did was in a way or by a method that we to-day, less
than a generation later, would call most uneconomical and
inefficient. His whole daily life, both commercial and do-
mestic, was only a slight improvement in materials and meth-
ods over that of the savage.

What Electricity Has Done

Now let us see what electricity has wrought. In the
electricall}- equipped home when Mr. Man retires at night
he does so without a household worry. If a burglar tries to
break into the house a gong sounds both inside and outside
of the house, a light flashes in Mr. Burglar's face, sending h:m
•Before Waterloo Rotar>' Club

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

August 1, I'JIS

flying away. At the proper time in the morning an electric-
ally-operated thermostat arranges things so that the tempera-
ture of the room will be just right, and upon arising he has
lijiht at the touch of a button. Breakfast also can be pre-
pared at the touch of a button, and when he is ready to go
to work he can telephone to the garage for his electric coupe
or walk to the corner and board a bright, clean, electrically-
heated, ventilated and well-lighted electric street car, and is
whisked to his business in safety and comfort. Reaching his
office building he climbs no stairs, but an electric elevator
hoists him smoothly and quickly to the second or steenth
floor, where his office is brightly lighted and cheerful. He
has telephones, dictograph, adding machines and other elec-
trically-operated ■Appliances. All day long the electric cur-
rent surrounds him and works for him; smooths his pathway
in business and pleasure, saves him time, effort, energy and
worry and increases his efiiciency, lengthens his day, shortens
his working hours and tirelessly works for his safety, com-
fort and convenience.

In the Factory

So much for the man in his office. Let us go out to the
electrically-operated factories, where we will And electric mo-
tors directly connected to every known kind of a machine
tool, increasing production and efficiencj'. and making better
articles and more of them than was possible with the older
methods, or with the same machine tools driven with other
means of power. We also And proper lighting, reducing the
possibility of accidents and making better working conditions
for employees. In fact, every process that can be electrirted
is always handled in this manner.
The Home

And then coming back to the home again. In tliese days
we find that you are giving your wife a square deal and full
advantage is taken of the many labor-saving devices designed
to make the work of the woman easier and more pleasant.
Household appliances have been developed to such a point
that with their assistance the work of the ordinary home can
be accomplished without the aid of hired help and without
the work being a burden to your wife. Such machines as
electric washers, vacuum cleaners, electric irons, dish washers,
toasters and percolators have been developed almost to per-
fection and should be placed at the disposal of the women in
the home by all means. Take, for instance, a washing ma-
chine; I venture to say that if Mr. Hubby were to make an
agreement with Friend Wife to do the washing turn about
that it would work out something like this; there would be
just three real regular wash days; she would do the first wash-
ing, Hubby would do the second washing, and Friend Wife
would do the third, Ijut when it came Hubby's turn again he
would see to it that it was done electrically, and, in all prob-
ability, would arrange to have a number of other electrical
devices put into the home, such as sewing machine motors,
percolators, toasters, etc., if they were not there.
Low Cost of Operation

And then, too, let us consider the cost of operation of
these remarkable conveniences. A washing machine is oper-
ated at an approximate cost of M cent per hour; a sewing ma-
chine will run for about five hours for 1 cent; a 40-watt Mazda
lamp, which gives approximately 40 c.p., costs 10 cents for 25
burning hours. Another remarkable feature is that in spite
of the increasing cost of labor and materials no increase has
been made, as yet, in the cost of electric service or Mazda
lamps.

It's Up to the Contractor

Now comes the part that 1 am interested in as an elec-
trical contractor and dealer. You should realize that the in-
stallation of electrical wiring and equipment in a modern
building, whether it be factory, office or residence, is one of
the most important elements in the satisfactory and com-

fortable use of that building. Provision should be made for
all of the electrical conveniences of to-day and foresight used
in providing for other devices that we know will be com-
n-.ercialized in the near future.

Telephones in Trains

Keports have recently been made public of a successful
test of telephone communication between a train despatcher's
oflice and a moving train, made by the Canadian Government
between Moncton and Humphries' Station in New Bruns-
wick. It is stated that communication was easily established
between the despatcher and the conductor when the train
was moving at a rapid rate; also that the conductor in one
part of the train was able to comnnmicate satisfactorily w.th
the engineer, who filled orders to disconnect his engine, pro-
ceed forward, stop, return, recouple, back the train onto a
switch and perform other operations without any other means
of communication. There seems little reason to doubt that
it is merely a matter of time when sufficient refinements w;ll
have been made in this phase of telephone equipment to per-
mit passengers in transit to place themselves in communi-
cation, for business or social purposes, with friends and
acquaintances many miles away.

New Hydro Development in Port Arthur District

Sir ,\dam Beck, Chairman f>f the Hydro-electric Power
Commission of Ontario, has announced the probability of
another hydro-electric power development in tlie neighbor-
hood of Port Arthur on the Nipigon River. On this river
there are two sites with a combined possibility of approxi-
mately 70,000 h.p. each. .At one of these points — the one it
is proposed to develop first — there are two main falls within
a short distance of each other, with a combined head of 105
feet. One of these falls alone, it is calculated, would give
about :{0,000 h.p. under a head of something over 50 feet. The
Commission's engineers have not yet determined just what
plan will be pursued, but present indications are that the
first development will be planned to include the whole head
of 105 feet for an ultimate capacity of 75,000 h.p. .An order-
in-council has already lieen passed for an initial development
of ;^0,000 h.p. This will probably require four units and the
expenditure authorized for this development is .$4„500,000.

This site is about 65 miles from Port .\rthur, which city
will be connected with the power site by a 110,000 volt trans-
mission line. The Canadian Northern Railway runs within
a few hundred feet of it so the develoimient work will be
greatly facilitated.

Re-establishing Cripples
Much has been said regarding the plans of the Dominion
Government to help war cripples secure remunerative em-
ployment in spite of even the most serious wounds or other
injuries, but comparatively few people have seen actual evi-
dence of the miracles being wrought for the men by special-
ized vocational training and physical reconstruction. At th'e
Canadian National Exhibition some fifty men who have been
restored to full usefulness, will demonstrate how the soldier
beneficiaries of the government's rehabilitation programme
have been made economically self-supporting. Included will
be a number of blind men. who have been re-educated and are
back on the civic payroll. These men will demonstrate at
least 15 industrial processes, including typesetting, oxy-acety-
lene welding, jewelry manufacture, lens grinding, assaying,
etc.

A newspaper report states that the Marconi Company
will shortly erect the world's largest wireless station near
Buenos Aires. Three towers, each the size of the Eiffel tower,
are to be erected.

August 1, 1!i1>?

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

3»

What is New in Electrical Equipment

Kraft Cord "Braiduct"
The Flexible Conduit Cimipany, Liinited, of Guelpli. Out.,
have placed on the market an addition to their lines of flexible
conduits, under the name of Kraft Cord "Braiduct." A new-
feature is that the Kraft Cord is fireproofed and made to
special speciluations prepared by the company. The insulat-
ing compouiuls used are made in the company's own plant

and the product is uniform in flexibility. Every foot is fished
by an automatic fishing device invented by themselves. The
company further state that Kraft Cord "Braiduct" is regu-
larly inspected and labelled by the Underwriters' Laboratory,
under the direction of the National Board of Fire Under-
writers, and every coil carries the Underwriters' label.

Westinghouse Brings Out Small Turbo-Generator Unit.
The Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company
has recently produced a small turbo-generator unit for di-
rect-current service. This unit is designed for 10 kilowatts
output, although a temporary load of approximately 12.. 5
k\v. may be obtained. The most important feature of this
unit is that it is but one revolving element in which the gen-
erator shaft is extended so that it also carries the turbine
rotor. This nut only makes a very compact machine, but

eliminates all coupling and misalignment troubles, and dis-
penses with turbine bearings and packings. The turbine
rotor is made of a high grade open hearth steel forging ac-
urately finished, in the periphery of which are placed blades
of electric furnace steel which are held in place by pins
tightly driven in through blade and rotor. The blades are of
the impulse type and although there is only one row of
blades yet by means of a reversing chamber the same steam
is passed through the blades a second time, thus allowing

complete expansion of the steam. Since the unit is design-
ed to occupy the least possible space, the manufacturer has
equipped the generator with ball bearings (no bearings be-
ing required on the turbine instead of the usual type of sur-
face bearing; thus saving in bearing friction with a conse-
quent decrease in length and weight of the unit is efl^ected.
Moreover these self-aligning ball bearings on small units
are suited for a variety of services, particularly for marine
work which often times compels the unit tu operate at an
angle due to the position of the ship.

New Hughes Water Heaters

The Hughes Electric Heating Company have placed a
new type of water heater on the market in various capacities.
as shown in the accompanying illustration. These heaters
are made in sizes 500, 750, 1,000, l.oOO. 2,000. ;i,000 and 4,000
watts. Larger sizes are made to order. In capacities less

lOOU Watt

than 1,000 watts only single heat switches are supplied; from
1,000 to :i,000 single, two or three heat; 4,000 and over, six
"heat. These heaters are manufactured with a very special
insulation and are claimed to be very efficient. The fact
that some 700 of them have been sold within the last six
months appears to bear out this claim. They are manufac-
tured for either 110 or 220 volts.

Two linemen were severely shocked in St. Thomas re-
cently while cutting and trimming trees. A large limb fell on
a high tension wire, short circuiting the street lighting sys-
tem. Considerable damage was caused in the power-house
and to smaller wires throughout the city.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

August 1, lUlH

Wiremold Catalogues

Conduits Company, Limited, have issued an attractive
Wiremold catalogue with installation suggestions. This com-
pany are sole Canadian distributors for Wiremold, and in this
booklet point out the economical possibilities of its use. It
is stated that 3,700 feet of Wiremold, as compared with an
equal quantity of 1/2 inch conduit, saves a ton of steel — no
small consideration at this time, when so much of the latter
commodity is required for war purposes. The catalogue is
divided into three sections: section I. describes the various
fittings and their method of installation; section II. contains
some notes on bending Wiremold. passing around beams,
tapping, etc.; section HI. illustrates a number of typical Wire-
mold installations in homes, stores, ofiices and factories. The
company have also ready for distribution a couple of attractive
booklets, ■•Wiremold in Your Business" and "Wiremold in
Your Home." In these booklets actual installations are por-
trayed showing the many uses to which Wiremold may be put
and the resulting conveniences.

The fare on the P.. C. E. R. in Vancouver is now six
tickets for 35 cents, or six cents straight. No money is to be
deposited in fare box — single tickets must be purchased from
the conductor and placed in the box by the passenger. To
relieve the shortage of coppers the company have issued one-
cent coupons which are accepted as cash by conductors or
redeemed at the head office.

Personal

Vancouver Convention
The second annual meeting of the British Columbia .As-
sociation of Electrical Contractors and Dealers will be held
at Victoria on Friday and Saturday, August 16-17, and will
include banquets and a picnic, in addition to the regular busi-
ness. It is felt by the officers of the Association that this
will be the greatest meeting of electrical men ever held in
Western Canada, and a cordial invitation is extended to the
electrical trade everywhere to be on hand, if at all possible.
It is announced that .Albert Elliot, of San F"rancisco, will be
present to address the gathering. Further information and
particulars regarding the convention may be secured from
the secretary. Captain \V. J. Conway, 406 Yorkshire Build-
ing, Vancouver.

Mr. Arthur Parent, superintendent of lighting for the city
of Montreal, has been appointed a deputy director of the civic
Public Works Department, with charge of the lighting, parks
and ferries, incineration, and municipal buildings.

Dr. Alfred Stanfield, for many years professor of metal-
lurgy at McGill University, has been in British Columbia for
some time investigating the possibility of the electrical smelt-
ing of iron ores in that province. The investigation is being
undertaken on belialf of the Department of Mines.

Mr. C. H. Tillett has been appointed electrical engineer
of the Grand Trunk Railway, in succession to Mr. J. -\. Bur-
nett, who has been appointed technical assistant with the
British War Mission, Washington. Mr. J. J. Ginty succeeds
Mr. 'I'illett as supervisor of signals, eastern lines.

Major William Thomas Wilson, R. E., .A.M.E.I.C, has
lieen awarded the Military Cross. Major Wilson was formerly
a member of the engineering staflf of the Montreal Light, Heat
& Power Company, and later manager of the Dorchester
Electric Company, Quebec, now controlled by the Shawinigan
Water & Power Company. He joined the overseas forces in
1915, and was afterwards transferred in France to the Imperial
Forces, being promoted to captain, and in 1916 to major. He
has been twice mentioned in despatches.

Mr. M. C. Oilman, for several years with the Toronto
Electric Light Company, latterly as sales manager, has re-
signed to become manager of Willis L. .Adams' Montreal
office, at 501 Power Huilding, who handle the sale of Pack-
ard transformers and meters; Thomson spot, butt and seam
welders; Majestic electric heaters; a line of motors and arc
welders; and "oil gas" furnaces in Canada east of the C.P.K.
line Kingston to Renfrew. In addition to his regular work
with the Toronto Electric Liglit Company, Mr. Gilman has
been particularly active in association work. Latterly he has
been secretary of the Canadian Electrical Association, in ad-
dition to which his name has always been in evidence on
committees. Some of the most valuable committee reports
presented before the Association in recent years have been
largely due to Mr. Gilman.

The British Columbia Electric Railway Company, Van-
couver, B.C., have outlined a tentative proposal to the city to
operate their system on a "carry for cost" basis, the com-
pany requiring only a reasonable interest on the capital value
of the plant and facilities used, to be established by valuation.

.At a meeting of the ratepayers of Mount Dennis, Ont.,
recently, it was decided to enter negotiations with the Hydro-
electric Power Commission for a supply of power for the
town. It was pointed out. as an argument in favor, that the
town of Woodbridge, where the installation was only four
years old. was now entirely out of debt.

Trade Publications

C.G.E. Publications — Type IL series transformers for
street ligliting service. This is a transformer designed to
operate single 15-20 amp Mazda series lamps, the current be-
ing stepped up from standard G.6 or 7.5 amp. The dimen-
sions are such that the transformer may be comfortably
housed in the post of the lamp-pole, or, if necessary, may he
placed underground near the lamp-pole. Other publications
include a folder describing CR 3204 drum type controllers for
slip-ring induction motors, and folder C'R 2820-797 time ele-
ment overload relay.

Electrical Catalogue No. 45 E, by .Vcrlich & Company,
Toronto, contains descriptions and illustrations of fixtures,
portables, glassware, brass parts, supplies, Hashlights and ap-
pliances carried by the company.

r..A-?r{ .■,.'-{^';f'/i«>'r''' 1

^^^ One of a larf e numbrr
^^^L of attractiv«> table
^^H lamps shown in Ner-
^^^B lich's handfome new
^^H catalogue noted above.

Au^st 1. 1918

TPIE ELECTRICAL NEWS

PHILUPS' CABLES

as supplied to the Toronto Hydro Electric System

These illustrations show cross sections in the original size of cables recently supplied to the
T. H. E. System and reordered by them for further extensions. The specifications are as follows. —
Conductors composed of 37 strands each, .082 in. diameter. Thickness of dielectric on each conduc-
tor, .210 in. Thickness in belt, .210 in. Thickness of lead sheath, .160 in. Overall diameter, 2.61 in.,
250,000 CM. Three Conductor, Paper Insulated, and plain Lead Covered Cable for 13,200 volts. We
can supply you with wires and cables of any size for Power, Lighting, Telephone, Telegraph, etc.

Write us for detailed information.

NOTE. — Specification of cable in left-hand cut: 3 0 B. and S.
Three conductor. Each conductor 19 strands, each .094 in. diam.
Thickness of dielectric on each conductor. .21 in. Thickness of dielec-
tric on belt. .21 ir.. Thickness of lead sheath, .15 in. Overall diameter.
2.60.

Specification of cable in right-hand cut: As stated in copy.

Eugene F. Phillips Electrical Works, Ltd.

Head Office and Factory: MONTREAL

Branches : Toronto

Winnipeg

Regina

Calgary

Vancouver

Phillips Factory
at Montreal

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

August 1, 1918

Current News and Notes

Brantford, Ont.

The Brantford Municipal Railway Commissioners have
decided to eliminate the eight-for-a-quarter limited tickets,
retaining the six-for-a-quarter tickets which may be used at
any time. Tliere will be no further changes at present, the
cash fare remaining at 5 cents. On the Grand Valley Rail-
way, liowever, fares have been raised from :iO cents to :ia cents.

Hull, Que.

An increase in the passenger and freight rates on the
Hull Electric Railway Company's lines to .Aylmer and inter-
mediate points has been allowed by the Board of Railway
Commissioners. Passenger rates are to be increased approxi-
mately 15 per cent, and freight rates will vary in increase
according to the commodity transported.

Kingston, Ont.

For the lirst time in its history the Camden Independent
Telephone Company is unable to pay a dividend. It is thought
that the recent increases in the price of material and labor will
necessitate a higher rental.

Montreal, Que.

A. .'\. Giddings & Company, Limited, have been granted
letters patent to carry on a general electrical business. Head
office is tu be in Montreal, and capital stock $50,000. The
present business of A. A. Giddings & Company is to be taken
over.

La Compagnie d'Ouvrages .\rtistiques en Cuivre, Ltd..
has been formed with a capital stock of .$49,000, to manufac-
ture electroliers, light fixtures and electric heating apparatus,
electric clocks, and other electrical supplies. The principal
place of business is Montreal.

The Globe Electric Company of Canada, Limited, Mont-
real, have been granted a Dominion charter.

Newcastle, N.B.

The city council of Newcastle, X.B., have under consider-
ation the expenditure of $125,000 on an electric plant. It is
proposed to generate power on the Sevogle River, 26 miles
from the town, and a report on the feasibility of such a plan
is now being prepared.

Rainy River, Ont.

The Rainy River Electric Liglit & Power Company have
completed arrangements to sell their property to the muni-
cipality. The latter will take possession in the course of the
next few weeks. Mr. W. H. Green, manager of the Rainy
River company is, fortunately, retaining his position with the
municipality.

Regina, Sask.

The (jreat Western Electric Company, Limited. Regina,
have made application to change the name of their comp.nny
t(i the Midland Electric Company, Limited.

St. Catharines, Ont.

The financial report of the St. Catharines light and power
department for the month of June showed earnings of $11,-
743; expenses $9,035; gross surplus $2,708, and net surplus
$1,708. There are 3,270 consumers and a steady increase in
business.

Scarboro Township, Ont.

TIk- power lines of the Ontario Hydro-electric Commis-
sion, being constructed through Scarboro township, are
practically completed and current will soon be available in
Agincourt.

Sorel, Que.

The Sorel Electric Light & Power Company, Sorel. Que.,
are changing their system from 30 to 60 cyles and their trans-
mission voltage from 11,000 to 20,000 volts. The change-over
includes installing automatic induction regulators on all feed-
ers, changing the town distribution from 2,300 volts. 3 wire,
to 4000 volts, 4 wire, and the building of new sub-stations and
installation of synchronous condensers.

St. Hyacinthe, Que.

Millette & Company, electricians. St. Hyachinthe, Que.,
have registered.
Teeswater, Ont.

The ratepayers of Teeswater, Ont., voted July l.j. on the
question of purchasing the privately owned eleclrlc plant
and operating it as a municipal system.

Toronto, Ont.

The Hydro-electric Power Commission have granted the
city of Toronto a rebate of $1 for each street light discon-
tinued under the conservation of electricity scheme, and it
is estimated this will mean a saving of $44,000 yearly for the
taxpayers.

The Leaside Munitions Compafiy, Tfironto, have applied
to the Hydro commissioners for a supply of 2,500 horsepower.

The Toronto Hydro-electric commissioners have under
consideration a supply of power for the new Union Station.

Walkerville, Ont.

The net surplus of the Walkerville municipal light and
power department for the last financial year amounted to
$10,386, an increase of approximately 100 per cent, over the
previous year. Earnings during the past year totalled
$152,162 as compared with $112,465 the iircviuus year.

White Rock, B.C.

The Corporation of the District of .Surrey. Cloverdale.
B.C.. have commenced the installation of 20 street lights at
White Rock, having signed an agreement with the British
Coluiiil)ia Electric Company to furnish current for seven years.

Produce and Save

The management of the Canadian .National Exhibition
have distributed this year a poster entitled, "Produce and
Save." Production is imi)ersonated by a young maiden,
".\griculture," who is shown with a graceful, powerful stride
scattering the grain broadcast over the prepared land. In
the background are shown the exhibition buildings, as typical
of the time and place where we are taught how best both to
produce and to save. The paster draws attention to the date
of the exhibition, .August 26 to September 7, inclusive, and,
briefly, to the most prominent features, which include 1,200
performers, a spectacle of courage and faith in "Britannia
Militant," tlie usual varied and complete exhibits of farm pro-
ducts— live stock, and an unusual display of tractors and other
man-power-saving devices. In view of the importance of agri-
culture in winning the war. our national exhibition should
attract more than ordinary attention this year.

The Hydraulic Power Company, Niagara Falls, N.Y.. are
working on an addition to their present jilant, which will have
an ultimate capacity of 330,000 horsepower. This will be
made up of 10 units of 33,000 h.p. capacity each. The im-
mediately present installation calls for two such units and
these, it is expected, will be in operation this autumn.

August 15, i91S

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Published Semi-Monthly By

HUGH G. MACLEAN, LIMITED

HUGH C. MacLEAN, Winnipeg, President.

THOMAS S. YOUNG, General Manager.

W. R. CARR, Ph.D., Editor.
HEAD OFFICE - 347 Adelaide Street West, TORONTO

Telephone A. 2700
MONTREAL - Telephone Main 2299 - 119 Board of Trade
WINNIPEG - Tel. Garry 856 - Electric Railway Chambers
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NEW YORK - Tel. 3108 Beekman - 1123 Tribune Building
CHICAGO - Tel. Harrison 5351 - 1413 Gt. Northern Bldg.
LONDON, ENG. 16 Regent Street S.W.

SUBSCRIBERS
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f2.50. Remit by currency, registered letter, or postal order payable to
[ugh C. MacLean, Limited.

Subscribers are requested to promptly notify the publishers of failure
or delay in delivery of paper.

Authorized by the Postmaster General for Canada, for transmission
as second class matter.

Entered as second class matter July 18th, 1914, at the Postoffice at
Buffalo, N. Y., under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

Vol. 37

Toronto, August 15, 1918

No. 16

Heavy Depreciation and
Low Labor Efficiency

Particulars of the large depreciation in the value of
obsolete cars were given by Mr. David E. Blair, C. E., tlie
superintendent of the Montreal Tramways Company, during
the hearing of the appeals to the Quebec Public Utilities Com-
mission against the proposed increased fares. The Tramways
Commission has issued a schedule of fares, the main feature
being a 5c fare with Ic transfer; against this the City of
Montreal and others apepaled, while the Tramways Company
on its part asked for a 7c fare with free transfers. The Com-
pany submitted a mass of information to show that it would
be impossible to run the cars at a profit unless this increase
was granted.

Mr. Blair told of how the efficiency of labor decreased
notwithstanding that wages increased. When a car be-
came obsolete the Company burned it, and sold the parts
as scrap. Only about 2 per cent of a car could be salved, ten
per cent of the trucks and 9 per cent of the motor equipment.
In a recent car scrapped the figures were: Former value $3,-
350; cost of body, $1,500: cost of electrical equipment, $1,200;
cost of truck, $350; cost of assembling these, $250; scrap
value of the body, $35; scrap value of the electrical equip-
ment, $100. $50 for each motor; scrap value of the truck, $35;
and perhaps $20 for all other parts, $190 in all. The Com-
pany believed that the salvage just paid the cost of scrap-
ing. At present prices cars were bought for $15,000 and in
1914 for $8,000. Each car was supposed to run about 40,000

miles a year. The company had now 1,1. "lO passenger cars
and 73 freight cars.

Lieut. -Col. Hutcheson, the general manager, Mr. W. K.
Graves, the chief engineer, and Mr. A. S. Byrd, superinten-
dent of power plants, also gave evidence, the first named
stating that in his opinion, the proposed increase in fares
would result in a decrease of 7 per cent, in traffic. The earn-
ings of the company had been adversely affected by reason
of so many young men. joining the army. The cross-examina-
tion on behalf of the city was directed to show that the
estimates of increased expenses by the company were ex-
cessive.

Progress in Electric Illumination

The general trend of practice for direct liglitiMg is very
decidedly toward units of low brightness. The extended use
of the high-powered incandescent lamps has stimulated the
appreciation of good diffusing devices which will give satis-
factory light distribution but by their low brightness minim-
ize glare. The enormous increase in commercial activities,
particularly in those lines which are connected with sup-
plies for the Government, has made night work the rule and
brought a realization of the importance of proper illumina-
tion from the standpoint both of the maintenance of quality
and quantity in production and of the health and comfort
of the worker. Progress toward this end is evidenced in
the revision of industrial lighting codes in several states
and by the appointment of a National Committee on Light-
ing to act as a sub-committee of the Advisory Commission-
Council for National Defense for the preparation of sug-
gested regulations to govern industrial lighting, which have
subsequently been published in the form of a Code of Light-
ing by the Committee on Labor.

War conditions have also brought about a more careful
consideration of protective lighting and the best way to utilize
it. Thus it has been found that in many cases inexpensive
reflectors of the ordinary type may be used for lighting open
spaces in and around a plant leaving the special flood light-
ing units for those locations requiring particular treatment.
In many cases the use of a large number of properly shaded
low-intensity units will avoid dangerous shadows better than
high powered sources, even though the light flux from the
latter is greater.

A sphere formerly considered impregnably held by the
arc lamp has been finally invaded by the incandescent lamp.
Motion picture projection work required light flux of ex-
tremely great intensity and the small area and high intrinsic
brilliancy of the source of light in the arc has enabled it to
meet the requirements in a way hard to duplicate. By using
a mirror back of the filament and for a condensing lens one
of the Fresnel type, it has been found possible to make an
incandescent lamp which will give satisfactory results within
a certain limited field of motion picture work.

The motion picture theatre has in itself become an arena
in which unique lighting effects are being experimented with
continuously. Thus in several cases, by the use of several
circuits in each fixture, lamps of different colors may be light-
ed and thereby give a color to the whole illumination.

The action of the Government in attempting to save fuel
by restricting its use for lighting purposes has shown in many
localities the important part played by display lighting in
maintaining the illumination of streets and sidewalks.— Re-
port of A. I. E. E. Lighting Committee.

The City of Verdun, P. Q., has inaugurated the new
underground conduit and lighting system, already described
in our columns by Mr. A. S. Clarson, the city engineer. The
lighting system, which is located on the three principal
streets, was installed by the Northern Electric Company.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

August l.i. \'.)'.i

Electrical Industry in the Enemy Country

A report on "German Trade and the War." published by
the U. S. Department of Commerce, says in regard to the
electrical industry:

The electrical industry is concentrated in the hands of a
few gigantic firms or combines which are related or have
working agreements, so that the exploitation of foreign busi-
ness is greatly facilitated. The Allgemeine Elektrizitats-
Gesellschaft of Berlin, capitalized af 155,000,000 marks, has
branches all over the world and also working agreements
with large electrical undertakings abroad, and the other large
concerns, Siemens-Halske and Siemens-Schuckert, have sim-
ilar connections. In 1913 the exports of electrochemical
products from Germany were valued at .$69,082,000. The
chief products exported were appliances for illumination,
transmission of power, electrolysis, etc., valued at $17,623,000,
and incandescent lamps— chiefly metallic-filament lamps-
valued at $11,451,000. In 1912 Germany produced 97,161,000
incandescent lamps, imported 2,294,000, and exported 58,339,-
000. The exports declined somewhat in 1913. The electric
concerns have also worked for military needs, and the Allge-
meine Electrizitats-Gesellschaft was able to increase its net
profits during the first year of the war to 26,570,000 marks,
as against 18,163,000 in 1913-14. The net profits for 1915-16
were 26,487,000 tnarks, and for 1916-17 29,574,000 marks. The
capital of the company was increased to 184,000,000 marks in
1916-17. The shares of the company were quoted at 232 at
the end of 1917.

The electrotechnical factory of Max Schorch at Rheydl,
which had been paying 8 per cent during the years 1910 and
1913, increased its dividend to 12 per cent in 1914. The fac-
tories of the company were fully employed during the war,
night shifts being necessary at times.- In 1915 the turnover
w^as five times as large as in the preceding years, and the
company distributed a dividend of 20 per cent, with a bonus
of one new share for every two old shares, thus really P'O'-
ing a dividend of 70 per cent.

In Bavaria and Saxony steps have been taken to make
the production of electric power a state monopoly. This
action would seem to make impossible the institution of an
imperial monopoly of electricity.

In December, 1917, the government of Prussia announc-
ed its intention to build a large central plant in Hanover for
the production of electric energy. The initial production is
estimated at 50,000,000 kilowatt-hours. The state is ulti-
mately to monopolize the production of electric energy,
though not its distribution. The existing private and muni-
cipal works may remain in operation, and the state is to seek
close co-operation with them.

A Big Electric Picnic

A representative gathering of Toronto electrical men
met in the Engineers' Club on Tuesday, August 13th, to talk
over, in a informal way, the prospects and possibilities of a
huge picnic, to include all men connected with the electrical
industry in Toronto and vicinity. It had been hoped that con-
ditions would favor holding such a picnic this autumn, prob-
ably within the next couple of weeks, but Mr. Frank T.
Groome, who occupied the chair, in sumtning up the express-
ed opinions of the members present, concluded that it would
l)e a great mistake to run any risk of failure by hurrying the
matter forward unduly, and that it would apparently be in the
interests of the industry to proceed deliberately, so that the pic-
nic organization may be as nearlj- perfect as possible. It was
therefore decided to call a general meeting at some later date
in the near future, at a time convenient to all, so that a thor-
ougly representative gathering may have an opportunity of

discussing the whole situation. The opinion was freely ex-
pressed that under proper conditions there should be little
difficulty in getting three or four thousand people (including
the wives and children) together, and with this object in
view the meetin,g was temporarily adjourned. It is possible
the matter may be discussed before the Electric Club of To-
ronto, when it meets again this autumn. Committees should
be arranged early and a complete organization set going so
that every detail may be worked out properly without any
undue haste. It may be said of the idea of a monster picnic,
that it met with the approval of every member present, and
there should be comparatively little difficulty in making the
suggestion a reality some time during the summer season of
1919.

New Plant for Pulp Company

.\ special general meeting of the shareholders of the
Riordon Pulp and Paper Company has been called for Septem-
ber 10 in connection with the financing of tlie new plant of
the Kipawa Fibre Company, Limited, which the Riordon in-
terests will operate. The circular issued in this connection
says, in part: ".At the last annual meeting ■ the directors
reported that the company had undertaken the establishment
of a mill at Temiskaming, Que., for tire manufacture of
bleached sulphite pulp. The site has been purchased, water
power and timber rights secured and the construction of the
mill is well under waj'. This new mill will be constructed
and operated by the Kipawa Fibre Company, Limited, which
will be managed jointly with your company and have the ad-
vantages of oirr experience in manufacturing and facilities for
marketing the product. In addition to the investment to be
made by your company, which w-ill ensure permanent control
and a large share in future profits, your directors have de-
cided that it is advisable to secure a further sum of approxi-
mately $3,000,000 for investment in the new company, and
subject to the approval of the shareholders, tentative arrange-
metns have been made for the sale of bonds or debentures,
particulars of which will be announced in due course, after
the requisite legal formalities in connection with the issue
of the securities have been completed."

Transmit at 140,000 Volts

The Consumers Power Co. has recintly completed a
hydro-electric plant in the state of Michigan which, though
rated at only 16.500 kw., is being operated with a transmission
voltage of 140,000 over a 100 mile line to Grand Rapids. This,
we believe, is the highest transmission voltage on record
for any considerable amount of power. Transmission is at
7,500 volts and the 7,500/140,000 transformers of 5,000 kv.a.
capacity are Westin.ghouse manufacture. On each transform-
er are 120,000 volt to 140.000 volt taps arranged in 5.000 volt
steps. The 140.000 volt oil switches which are type G.2. ,100
amp. units, are non-automatic, solenoid-operated and set on
concrete foundation. The 140,000 volt electrolytic lightning
arresters, with their horn-gap structure, are also on concrete
foundations and are served by a cone-stack derrick.

The War Labor Board of the United States have just
awarded wage increases to the employees of street railways
in 16 cities, including Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo
and Rochester. Increases in fares are to be granted whefe-
ever they may be necessary to meet advanced costs of opera-
tion.

The minting of a six cent coin is a possibility in the
United States for convenience in paying the six cent fare now
charged on so many electric railways.

AllL'llSt 1."., l!Us

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

A Review of Recent Electrical Engineering Progress

By E. W. Rice, Jr.

In lilt tally days the progress of llie electric ^.cieiice
and arts was so rapid that it was relatively easy to find each
year plenty of material for a review. Progress has con-
tinued and will continue, but naturally a decided tendency
to saturation is shown in many directions. In some in-
.<;tances, this saturation can be demonstrated to be due to
the fact that limits of perfection have been so closely ap-
proached that little remains of possible accomplishment.
In other instances the slowing up is due to lack of knowl-
edge, or, especially at the present time, to lack of workers,
such workers having been diverted to the work imperatively
needed to secure us against the attack of our enemy on the
fiiundations of our existence.

There has been no inaterial improvement for several
years in the matter of efficiency in electrical units, such as
dynamos, motors, transformers, etc. The efficiencies staled
in Past-President Lincoln's address, in 191.5, still remain al-
most exactly of the same values, and for the reasons which
he so clearly pointed out.

The efficiency of conversion of mechanical into electrical
energy, or the reverse, of electrical into mechanical energy.
, is still about 90 per cent in the average case, under practical
.conditions of operation; the efficiency reaching as high as
97 per cent or 98 per cent in the most favorable cases, with the
large units, and falling below 90 per cent in unfavorable cases,
or in the small units. The efficiency of conversion of electricity
from high to low potential, as in transformers, also remains
substantially the same, reaching as high as 98 plus per cent
in the largest units. It is obvious, as Lincoln pointed out that
no material change can be expected where such practical per-
fection has been reached.

Increase Efficiency in Converting Water to Electric Power.

The conversion of mechanical power of falling water into
electrical energy by our water-wheels and electric generators
has increased from about 87 per cent to 90 per cent in the
largest units of 40,000 h. p. This represents about the limit
which ma}' be expected.

In the field of thermodynamic engines, rejjresented large-
ly by the steam turbo-generator unit, some improvement has
been obtained. Lincoln stated that 75 per cent of Rankine
efficiency had been obtained in some large modern steam tur-
bo units in 1915. This has now been increased to about 80
per cent is quite common practise even in such moderate
sized units as 10,000 kw. This improvement, while not large
'IS doubly impoitant because of the great increase in the cost
'of fuel. It has been realized mainly by bringing the practical
' design more nearly in accord with the theoretical, by in-
creasing the number of stages or processes of steam ex-
traction, reducing various losses, and by improving many
details which, when properly looked after make in the ag-
gregate, gains of practical importance.

Increase in the initial pressure of steam and lowering
of terminal pressure, by better condenser arrangements, have
also contributed to improvement, as it enables an increase
^in the range of temperature to be utilized. This makes pos-
sible better thermal efficiencies, even with the same per cent
of Rankine efficiencies.

The following information illustrates the improvement
in efficiency of turbo-electric units beginning with the first
.,.5000 kw. installed in this country, in 1903, and continuing up
to the close of 1917:

Year

I90:i

1 90S

I'.ll 1
i9i:i

lilUi
1917

Size. kw.

5,000
14,000
IJO.OOO

:.'o.oo()

20,000
35,000

steam
pressure

175

aoo

235
200
250
330

.Steam Conditions-

lb.
lb.
lb.
lb.
lb.

lb.

Superheat
fahrenheit

12.5o

lOOo

200..
250..
2()0m

Back
pressure

Lbs. Her cent.

per of rankine

kw-hr. efficiency

24.00 37.8

U.
1
I
1

m.
ill.

13.00
13.20
10.74
10.00
10.14

06.1
07.0
75.9
76.5

78.7

It is gratifying to note that a percentage of Rankine effi-
ciency of approximately 80 has been reached. This progress
reflects great credit upon the designers of turbo-electric
machines and is a record of achievement found only in elec-
trical development.

Improvements in Steam Producing Devices.

t'oncurrently with this improvement in the turbo-elec-
tric machines, great advances have been made in the design
and operation of steam producing devices — the boilers, and in
auxiliaries and other features of the modern power station.
As a result the thermal efficiency has been rapidly improved.
The thermal efficiency to which I refer may be stated, as the
ratio of the total energy produced at the terminals of the
generator, to the total energy in the fuel burned — express-
ed as a percentage. It takes account of all losses from the
coal under the boiler to the electricity at the dynamo ter-
minals. It is the ratio of the heat units equivalent to one
kw.hr.. divided by the similar heat units in the fuel
consumed to produce one kw-hr. at the generator terminals.
This thermal efficiency is after all, to the electrical engineer,
the most important measure of progress. It measures the ad-
vance in station fuel economy, and as stated, many factors
in addition to the improvement in turbo-generators have con-
tributed to the result. Thermal efficiency may obviously
be used to express the results of a single unit, consisting of
turbo-generator, with its bank of boilers and other accessories,
or it may be used to designate the combined result of all the
units in a given power station.

The progress in the case of a combination unit, i.e. turbo-
generator, with its boilers, auxiliaries, etc. has been as fol-
lows:

Year

Size

of unit

kw.

Thermal
efficiency
percent.

1903

5,000 .

10.15

1908

14.000

1913

20.000

1917-18

35.000

21. (i

'President A. I. E. E. Before .A^nnua! Convention.

For comparison, I may state that large gas engines in
steel mill practice, under best test conditions, show 25 per
cent thermal efficiency, but in actual operation, an efficiency
higher than 18 to 20 per cent is rare.

High compression oil engines of the Diesel type, driving
electric generators, realize 35 to 26 per cent thermal effi-
ciency when new, but are difficult to maintain at such effi-
ciency.

The figures given must not be confused with the much
higher thermal efficiencies often quoted for gas and oil en-
gines, which refer to indicated horse power and not to
electrical output.

Further Advances Possible in Steam Turbo-electric Unit.

The steam turbo-electric unit has not reached its limit
of thermal efficiency. Calculations show that, with pressures
of the order of 500 lb. gage, a thermal efficiency of 26 per
cent should be easily realized. For any further substantial
improvement, we must look to new methods, such as the

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

August 15, 1918

use of two fluids, for example mercury and steam, as planned
by W. L. R. Emmet. This method is still under development
but its progress has been hampered by the pressure of war
work.

As a matter of interest of electrical engineers. I may say.
parenthetically, that the steam turbme in this country owes its
existence and development almost entirely to the electrical
engineer, and this is not surprising as the electrical engineer
was familiar with the advantages of rotary machines, and
perhaps it is not too much to say, prejudiced in their favor.

While, as stated, the efficiency of electrical units reached
about its limit some years ago, those familiar with electrical
engineering development are aware that progress has been
made and is still possible in the generation, transmission and
utilization of electrical energy. The struggle for improve-
ment in efficiency has been transferred from the unit to the
aggregate, called the system. We cannot have a system
of maximum efficiency without units of maximum efficiency,
but individual units of highest efficiency do not, of them-
selves, insure that the system upon which they are used will
1)6 of the highest efficiency, so progress has been made in
the direction of improving the system economy or system
efficiency.

To obtain the highest efficiency in practical operation,
the element of time enters as a powerful factor. Our con-
ception of efficiency should not be limited to a consideration
of the relation betwc'n the instantaneous value of available
heat units in coal and the electrical units produced at the
point or points of consumption, but should consider the re-
lation between the total number of heat units in fuel con-
sumed in a given time, say 24 hours, to the total number
of electrical units produced and used in the same time. The
attempt to improve the efficiency of the system has shown
the necessity for utilizing the generator units and trans-
mission and distributing systems, for the maximum possible
time.

Elements in the Efficiency Problem.

This has led to the study of sucli questions as load fac-
tors of generators, of stations, and of the system as a whole,
to the study of the diversity factor, to the reduction of idle
currents in alternating current systems by the use of syn-
chronous condensers, and to means for the reduction of the
constant and no-load losses in all machinery, in transformers,
etc.

The resulting improvement has been effected, not only
by changes in designs of the units themselves, but also by
their method of use, based upon the recognition of the fact
that the elimination or reduction of the losses at light load
will greatly improve the total efficiency, especially when the
time of use of the apparatus under load is a small part of the
total time.

Automatic substations for transformers and synchronous
converters have come into existence; different power houses
of the same system have been tied together electrically; trans-
mission lines of different systems have been interconnected, so
that the units may be usefully employed for the maximum per-
iod, or lie idle or unloaded for the minimum time.

This general development has led to marked improve-
ment in total energy efficiency, represented by the amount of
fuel burned per electrical unit sold or utilized, and has also
reduced cost of operation and charges for investment. There
is still room for continued improvement in this direction and
the progress will be rapid due to the pressure for maximum
efficiency in the use of coal and of existing investment at the
present time.

Plants Linked Together for Exchange of Power.

Many interesting examples of the methods and devices
adopted to improve station and system economy and effi-
ciency may be found throughout the country. In California.

large electrical systems have been arranged to be tied to-
gether electrically, for exchange of power. In Washington
and Idaho, power systems under diflferent management have
made similar arrangements. In the South, all important
hydro-electric systems have been tied together for exchange
of power. The advantage, as I have stated, of such arrange-
ments is better utilization of variable stream flow, improve-
ment in load factor, increased reliability of service, and the
net result is to improve the efficiency of the system, not only
financially, but in a purely technical sense. One most im-
portant advantage is the obvious reduction of the necessary in-
vestment in reserve machinery of every description.

In Montana, eight hydro-electric plants successively use
the ■ same stream flow, the total effective head amounting
to 600 feet, and not only is the natural flow of the stream
thus successively utilized, but all the storage water is elTect-
ively used by each plant in series. In this same system, the
yearly load factor is stated to reach 7.5 per cent and the
monthly load factor to reach 80 per cent.

The interconnection of hydro-electric plants brings about
another extremely important saving, based upon the var-
iation of rainfall in amount and time on the different water-
sheds which are thereby 1)rought to serve a common system.
It frequently happens that there will be plenty of precipita-
tion on one watershed, while another watershed may suffer
from long continued drought. This condition varies not
only in the same year, but in different years. Interconnec-
tion serves to eliminate these variations by a process of aver-
aging, and where the inter-connected system covers a suf-
ficiently wide area, a remarkable increase in total useful power
is made availa1)le.

It has frequently happened that thousands of horse power
have been wasted over the dams of one system, the water-
sheds of whose plants happened to have a wet year, and at
the same time, a nearby hydro-electric plant, supplied by an-
other watershed, was without water power. The result has
been that one system wasted power, while the other was suf-
fering from a power shortage which would frequently be
made up by burning a large amount of high grade coal, in
the operation of an auxiliary steam plant. This condition has
to a large extent been remedied by the interconnections to
which I refer.

Interconnection May Increase Efficiency 25 Per Cent.

It has been estimated, and it seems a conservative esti-
mate, that through the saving in reserve equipment, improve-
ment in load factor, and the diversity of different loads, the
useful output of groups of large systems may through inter-
connection be increased about 25 per cent.

Electric regeneration of power, that is the utilization of
the weight of trains running on a down grade due to the
force of gravity to generate electricity which is fed back
into the electric system to help other trains up grade, is an
illustration of the same important improvement in the system
efficiency.

I have thought it desirable to call your attention to the
improvements obtained in system economy of efficiency be-
cause of the important savings in investment, in coal, in
transportation, in labor and material, which in the aggregate
have already been realized. It illustrates the wonderful flexi-
bility, value and economy of a general system transmitting
energy by electricity, 'compared with any other possible
method.

These advances have been more rapid during the last
year, due to the imperative demands for economy, saving and
increased efficiency imposed by the war. , It is a great satis-
faction that the foundation had all been well prepared during
the times of peace.

The development of our industry has been so rapid that
the need of intelligent and constructive standardization was

Ausust 1."), I!)I8

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

realized some years ago. The Standards C'oniinittee of llie
Institute, formed in IS'JS. has been of inestimable value to
the profession and to the industry. The standards adopted
have been fie.xible enough to ensure progress and yet to dis-
courage variations which were valueless. The standards pro-
;nulgated by our committee have so appealed to the profes-
sion and to the industry that they b;ive been cheerfully fol-
lowed, and 1 am convinced that, as a result, the cost of elec-
trical apparatus to the consumer has been greatly reduced
over a number of years and the quality has not been
sacriticed, but has been improved. I consider that the
money value of the work so done could be conservatively
placed at many millions of dollars.

Sixty-cycle systems have shown, during the past few years,
a more rapid growth than 25-cycle, and it is now estimated
that 00-cycle systems represent about TO per -cent of the
total power supplied in the country. This is undoubtedly
due to the lowered cost of transformers, generators, induc-
tion motors, and similar apparatus. The relative growth of
60-cycle as compared with 25-cycle systems is reflected in
steam turbine installations. In 1910 about 60 per cent of
the steam turbine energy of the country was supplied from
(iO-cycle units; in 1917, this had risen to approximately 75 per
cent.

This is an instance where standardization is desirable
and economical. It will liasten the time so often predicted,
when a network of transmission lines, carrying electrical
energy, will cover the coimtry. These will be fed by super-
power stations, suitably located with respect to cheap re-
liable supplies of coal for fuel, and water for condensing pur-
poses and into the same network will also be fed energy from
the various hydroelectric installations.

Electric Furnace Comes to the Front.

Marked advances have been made during the past year in
the application of electricity to the electric furnace. It is
estimated that the number of electric furnaces in the United
States has been increased about 40 per cent in the past year
and that there are now in operation over five times the number
that existed five years ago. The world's output of steel from
electric furnaces has grown to approximately four million
tons per annum.

Experience has demonstrated that the electric furnaces
can utilize the cheapest and most inferior raw material to
produce steel of the most uniform and highest quality, with
the greatest regularity. The cost of steel so produced, while
reasonable, considering its quality, was higher, until re-
cently, than that produced by the open-hearth method. It
is now possible to produce electric steel at substantially the
cost of that produced by the open-hearth method. This
result has been brought about partly by the increased cost
of the open-hearth method, due to a variety of well known
causes, but largely by a reduction in the cost of electric
furnace operation. The marked change which has taken
place in the reduction of the cost of operating electric fur-
naces is based upon greatly increasing the rate at which
energy is delivered to the metal, both during the melting
and the refining period. This has reduced the time required
for an individual heat and also the kilowatt hours required
per ton of metal melted, with a net result of increasing the
daily output of the furnace.

\fi a concrete example, I mention the history of a five-
ton furnace. It was originally supplied with 800 Kv-a. at 80
vcdts. This was increased to 2000 kv-a. at 150 volts for the
melting period and about 1400 kv-a. at 100 volts for the re-
fining period. The time for the heat was reduced from six
to three hours, power consumption was reduced from 877
kw-hr. to 588 kw-hr. per ton, and the number of heats per
24 hours was increased from three to five, increasing the
net output from 15 to 25 tons.

I'Mectric resistance furnaces of large sizes, for special
beat treatment requiring unusual exactness, are being ex-
tensively used. i)rn(h-.cing results .greatly superior to oil or
gas fire furnaces.

Electric welding, both by the arc and incandescent met-
hod, is being rapidly extended and is destined to greater de-
velopment in ship-building and similar operations.

The Electrical Engineer's War Activities

Klectric engineers have been devoting much time to the
solution of many war problems. It is not desirable or pos-
sible to review such work at present, but when the veil is
lifted, we will all be gratified with the result. We must con-
tent ourselves with the mere statement that this work has
covered means for the detection of the pirate submarine:
wireless signalling and telephoning for army and navy, and
aircraft devices; searchlights of novel design and great
power; improved methods in manufacture of ammunition and
ordnance; electro-chemical work of every description; elec-
tric welding; X-ray sets of greater simplicity and accuracy
and many other lines too numerous even to mention.

The great industrial research laboratories, the educa-
tional and governmental research departments have all co-
operated enthusiastically and effectively, and the members
of their staffs have labored day and night, without regard
to pecuniary reward or public applause, sustained entirely
l>y the high purpose of .giving their best to the service of the
country. I hope the time may come when the story may be
told, so that the world may realize the debt which it owes
to scientific men and engineers, without whose arduous, un-
selfish and almost inspired work, our cause, righteous as it
is, would have no chance of a victorious conclusion.

In my address at the opening of the mid-winter con-
vention of the Institute, in February, 1918, I called attention
to the advantages which it seemed to me would follow a
more general electrification of the steam railroads of the
country. I merely repeat at the present time that electric
locomotives have been so improved and simplified that they
are competent to haul the heaviest train that can be held to-
gether with the present train construction; to operate at the
highest speed permissible by the alignment of the road and
independent of its grades: and that the electric locomotives
can meet in the most eflncient and adequate manner the trans-
portation problems confronting the country, and offer better
results than are now obtained or seem possible with steam
locomotives.

Electrification Would Help the Transportation Situation
There can be no question that railroad electrification is
not only economical but imperatively needed to improve the
present standards of steam operation. Our mountain districts
are congested almost entirely by the limitations of the steam
railroad systems, and the addition of more tracks, under
such conditions, is not the best solution of the problem. The
electrified divisions of the steam roads have been free from
troubles during the past severe winter and I repeat that the
coal famine which the country suffered last winter could have
l)een largely avoided if the steam railroads had been electri-
fied. Moreover, it should not be forgotten that steam loco-
motives burn about 25 per cent of the entire coal mined in the
L'nited States and that 12 per cent, of the entire ton mileage
movement of freight and passengers carried over our rail-
road tracks is represented in cars and tenders required to
haul coal to supply steam for the locomotives.

It is a truism, which has been frequently stated, that
war requires the mobilization of the nation's industries and
their devotion to essential work. This is especially true in
this country, as it has been necessary in addition to create
substantially new industries on an enormous scale, such as
the production of ships, ordnance, ammunition, airplanes,

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

August !.■). r.iKs

clitmicals, etc. To operate these industries, it has been neces-
sary to mobilize to the fullest extent our available material
and labor, but material and labor can only be converted into
war work by the application of power. This power, m view
of its great economy and flexibility, must be electrical.

While this country was fortunate in having available a
magnificent system of power stations, so great was the magni-
tude of the demand for increased power, created by the war
industries, that it is estimated that there will be a shortage
of at least 5(il».000 kw. of electric power in the Eastern dis-
trict.

It takes from one to two years to build and equip the
large units which are essential for the production of such
power. This illustrates the importance of all of the methods
which I h4ve mentioned to conserve, utilize and increase the
elbcicncy of existing equipment and investment, as such
methods can produce results in a much shorter time.

It is, however, vitally important that the great electrical
power producing companies of this country should be helped
in every way to meet the heavy demand which is placed upon
them. It has been demonstrated that the quickest, most effi-
cient, and altogether best way to meet the demand for power
is through the expansion of such existing organizations and
installations.

Fortunately, there is general appreciation of the fact
and comprehensive schemes are under consideration which
will provide for the erection of large steam electric power
stations in the mining regions. Favorable locations exist
which are witliin reach by transmission lines of electric power
stations now serving large industrial areas. By intercon-
nection, present investment and machinery will be better uti-
lized and a large amount of additional electric power made
available, without making any increased demand upon our
congested railroad facilities.

It is evident, therefore, that we need to consider and put
into effect, every practical method for conserving our exist-
ing developments, and also, we should take a courageous
view of the future; we should provide, for the future growth
at least as liberally as has been the custom of the managers
of the great public service systems in the past. It has been

tlieir custom to build from two to three years in advance of
existing requirements, in anticipation of the future. I have
yet to learn of a single important instance where such fore-
sight has not been amply justified.

I would say in conclusion that the saving in fuel, by
such improvements as I have mentioned in various parts of
my address, amounts to many millions of tons every year;
the saving in material and investment represents millions of
dollars, which manifestly represent service of the highest
value to the industry and to the country. Such work is just
as much the province of the electrical engineer as improve-
ments in the design and efficiency of the electrical units, and
requires the same scientific ability, vision and industry.

While I admit to considerable prejudice in favor of things
electrical, I think that in no other field of engineering has
there been such a remarkable improvement and a condition
which so nearly approaches, in the matter of efficiency, to
100 per cent, as has been shown in the field of electricity.
This phenomenal record is not the result of accident. It has
been due to the enthusiastic devotion of the scientist and en-
gineer and executives to their work. They have not been
satisfied with things as they are, or with mediocrity. They
have wanted the best; have not been contented with a 75 per
cent, to 80 per cent, efficiency when something better was
obtainable. The causes of inefficiency have been scientifically
attacked; the loses have been studied and their causes dis-
covered and removed.

Handsome Montreal Showrooms.
The cut herewith shows the interior of the new sales
and show room of the Montreal Light, Heat & Power Con-
solidated, at the corner of Mountain and St. Catherine
Street. Montreal. The lower floor is utilized for the display
of various electrical and gas fixtures and appliances, and as
the cut indicates these are effectively arranged. The whole
interior is very attractive. .\t, the rear are the cashier's
desks, and next to these is the rest room, furnished with
Persian rugs and easy chairs. The windows are also utilized
for the showing of appliances. A large electric sign is erect-
ed over the entrance on St. Catherine Street.

Aim\ist I". i*is

TITF, ELECT RICA I, NEWS

Engineers and the European War

-By Major General Willi<-im M. Black'-

It is nil lioiior to lie privileged to address you uii a suli
ject 111' such iinijortancu tn our country, the duty ol the
Rngincers in war. Althmi.yh the part phiyed by Engineers in
this war is great and the responsibilities of the profession
are correspondingly large, this war, like all wars in the past,
is and must be a war carried on in accordance with the prin-
ciples of the art of war, which are unchanging and which
have been recognized and taught ever since organized armies
were first created.

Do you realize that almost the only absolutely modern
method of warfare now in use is the warfare of the air? The
invention of submarines was made during the American
Revolution, and submarines were used successfully, though
to a limited extent, in our own Civil War. Gas and flame
fighting are of ancient origin. Trench fighting is liardly
better known to-day than it was to the veterans of ('.rant
and Lee, of Sherman and Johnson.

Engineer Must Add to His Peace Equipment.

Tlie advances in human knowledge have caused corres-
ponding improvements to be possible in the weapons of war-
fare. Increased knowledge of chemistry has produced more
powerful explosives and improved methods in metallurgy
have enabled these explosives to be utilized, by making pos-
sible heavier and more powerful guns. Improvements in the
means of transportation have enabled larger bodies to be
moved more quickly and more readily and to be subsisted and
supplied with greater certainty. The telegraph, the telephone
and the wireless have afforded a means of prompt commun-
ication and have enabled larger bodies of men to be given co-
ordinated action. With such changes, battles are fought on
the same principles and won or lost from the same causes
as in the time of Alexander the Great. This war has been
called a people's war and so it is in the sense that due to
modern facilities the entire resources of the people can be
utilized to-day as they could not have been utilized in the
days of old. It has also been called an Engineer's war be-
cause in the quickness of movement and in the works neces-
sitated by these modern inventions the services of Engineers
become more conspicuous and perhaps more necessary than
in the past. But engineering in warfare has always been es-
sential and it is even doubtful whether the science of en-
gineering does not owe its birth to the works of war. .\n
Engineer myself, I would be the last to belittle the work
of our profession. It is a matter of pride that the men of
our profession, due to the nature of their employment in
time of peace, are, of all the civil professions, most prepar-
ed to serve the country in war, but to serve the country ade-
quately in war, the Engineer must add to his peace equip-
ment for professional work. The profession of arms is a
profession in itself and it is the profession which deals with
the very greatest in magnitude of all the endeavors of men.
The eflfective use of an army which is properly constituted
exemplifies the best that men can do in organization, in dis-
cipline and in the devotion to duty which causes a man to
re.gard his own life as a thing of small moment toward the
attainment of the end sought.

Deluge of Suggestions.
There would be a great amount of effort saved if our
people recognized more clearly the existence of the techni-
calities of the profession of arms. The government is simply
deluged with suggestions and so-called inventions for the

* Chief Engineer, U, S. Army, before A. I. B. E. Convention.

winning of the war. Tlie records show that about iiH jier
cent of all of these are without military value and that time
and labor have been tlirown away liy men eager to help, but
entirely ignorant of the history and conditions of warfare.

.'\n example with which some of you are familiar is the
electrical gun. For years the possibility of such a weapon
has been a fascinating line of study to electricians. Tlie
principle of the solenoid is the germ. If a series of solenoid
coils were to be energized and de-energized in succession
sufficiently and rapidly, such a series around a tube can be
made to impart a movement of translation and rotation to
a projectile. But practical results are to-day impossible. .\
si.x-inch service rifle having a length of 20 feet, fires a pro-
jectile weighing 110 lbs. with a muzzle velocity of 2,600 ft.
per sec, or in other words, the projectile leaves the muzzle
with a kinetic energy of translation of 115, .500 ft-lb. This
energy has been stored in the projectile during its travel
through the bore of the rifle, or say in l/6.5th of a second.
The average power expended has therefore been at the rate
of 7,G07,.''>00 ft-lb. per second or about 14,000 h.p. or 10,.'')00
kilowatts. These figures are simply appro.ximations and
neglect entirely the power required for imparting velocity
of rotation and for overcoming the friction in the bore. You
can easily estimate the weight and dimension of the gener-
ating equipment which would be required for even a moder-
ately powerful gun were all the mechanical and electrical
problems of its manufacture solved, and making due allow-
ance for the short-load periods. You can understand the im-
practicability of transporting the electrical plants required
for any number of such guns, and the impossibility of distri-
Ijuting this power over shell-swept ground to guns whose
position must be constantly shifted, and which must be put
in action on a few seconds' notice. I think that you will
agree that until new discoveries give a much improved meth-
od of storing or generating electricity, smokeless powder will
continue to be the most compact and convenient form of
stored energy for guns.

And yet there has been a good deal of time and money
wasted in trying to perfect such a gun by men whose patriot-
ism is undoubted, and whose ignorance, also, is undoul)ted.
In other words, if a man has an invention or an idea of an
invention, by all means let him work on it, but before he
goes to Washington and takes up the time of men busy try-
ing to devise means to beat the Boches, let him make sure
that he knows the conditions of war and what he is trying
to do to meet those conditions, and then if he is sure of the
means, let him present his ideas and inventions to the proper
autlioritics.

We want all we can get and want the best we can get.
We want the inventive power of our coutry if it can be exer-
cised to do good .

Inventors' Home Proposed.
There was a proposition made seriously at Washington
recently that the United States should provide a fund, of 1
do not know how many million dollars, and make a Home
for Inventors, wdierc any one who thought he had an in-
vention would be able to go, and work it out at the public
e.xpense;- and recently, although we had a committee of ex-
perts there to pass upon these inventions, the results were so
utterly unsatisfactory to the inventors that they came in a
perfect horde upon the secretary of the navy and the secre-
tary of war, so much so that they had to make a brand new
committee of three men, who could be much better occupied

:!0

THE ET.KrTRTrAI. NEWS

Alisr.St ir., lOlS

.to go aht-ad aiul do this same thing; and I am only waiiniy
for the next drive of inventors to show that this committee
will not suit them one particle better than the old one did.
]n addition, without doubt, there are many men in our
country of the highest patriotism who are sore-hearted be-
cause they are not given something to do directly toward the
winning of the war. They do not understand, that some con-
dition peculiar to themselves, possibly age, possibly physical
condition, possibly mere ignorance of war and its conditions,
compel it that the bit that they must do for their country
at this time is to continue in their work in civil life and do
their part in keeping up the normal life of the country — in
itself a service of importance.

The part which en.gineers are now playing in the war
is a very great one. The records of the .\merican Institute
of Electrical Engineers show that out of a total membership
of 9443, there are 97.3 in the service, or 10.3 per cent of its
roster. The American Society of Civil Engineers with S,7.53
active members, has 14 1-3 per cent in the service. The
American Institute of Mining Engineers 10.4 per cent, and
the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 10.1 per cent.
But these records are not complete. .At the outbreak of the
present war there were in the Engineers Corps of the Regu-
lar .\rmy about 300 officers and appro-ximately 3,500 enlisted
men. At the present time there are about 8,000 commissioned
officers and 300,000 enlisted men men, made up of men
formerly engaged in works of an engineering character. It
is probable that this does not represent inucli more than one-
half of the number of the profession now serving in the
army.

Engineer Works in the Van and the Rear.

Let us consider the nature of the work of the Engineer,
passing from front to rear of the army.

First in importance is the work of the sappers. They go
before and remove obstacles, clearing away obstructions,
building bridges and roads, making the trench systems com-
plete, mining, providing light, water, lines for supply (light
railways or roads) and military mapping. In this category
enter practically all of the branches of the profession. Furth-
er to the rear are found the construction and operation of
railways; road and bridge construction; the construction of
veritable towns for supply depots, with all their accessories,
drainage, sewerage, lighting and water supply; construction
of quarters and of hospitals; and furthest to the rear, the
construction of the ports of debarkation with their wharves,
storehouses, railway lines, yards and shops, all with their
sanitary systems. Separate from these activities, but neces-
sary for their supply, are the Forestry troops who turn the
.growing timber into lumber of the dimensions required for
llu- various services. Locomotive and car shop troops are
performing essential services. Topographic Corps, Sound
Ranging Corps and Camouflage Corps are also among the
varied activities of the engineers.

What preparation is required for the fulfillment of these
varied duties? For the actual technical work of construction
or installation the civil training of the engineer should prove
sufficient when the plans which embody the military features
have been prepared, or when the military technique has been
learned and assimilated. A fundamental of this military tech-
nique is that the time element is to be considered rather than
money cost and that the work must be done with whatever
materials are available. This requires clearness of concep-
tion of the results required, resourcefulness and organization
— factors also required for civil work.

As stated earlier, due to the very small numbers of the
personnel of the corps of engineers of the regular army, re-
liance had to be placed in the members of the profession in
civil life. Confidence in their devotion to country and in

ilieir ability has not l)een luisplaced. The results already ac-
complished prove this fully. Could more have been done?
Undoubte<lly. had the profession been better prepared for the
call.

Sound General Education Requisite to an Engineer.

Will you permit me to say a few words concerning the
general training of our engineers, based on a professional
e.xperience of more than forty years ? The conviction has
been forced upon me that in educational matters, as in many
other affairs of life, we Americans are inclined to go too
fast. The basis for any professional career where the high-
est is to be attained must be a sound general education. Does
anyone of you regret the lessons gained in your own experi-
ence ? Is not the e.X))erience of humanity as shown in pro-
perly written history of almost equal value ? Would Russia
now be in the sad condition existing had her people known
that the experiments she is trying have always resulted dis-
astrously ? Yet is history thus considered in an ordinary
technical course? Again, do you not find a knowledge of
the general principles of law and of the special rules of the
laws of contracts of value ? Are these considered essentials?
What is the handicap of an engineer who is unable to ex-
press his ideas clearly in spoken and written En.glish? Is this
tan.ght thoroughly in our technical courses?

It .goes without saying, that the study of pure and ap-
])lied mathematics is found in all technical courses. But, are
these subjects well grasped before their application in spe-
cial technical courses is studied? Is any faculty of an
F.ngineer of greater value than the ability to form a mental
picture of his problems and of their solution? Yet is that study
which assists most in this faculty — descriptive geometry —
l>roperly apprehended? Is there any branch of the profession
which in its application is not based on a knowledge of top-
ographical work, on a knowledge of construction materials
and of how these should be used? Is the study of these
branches of civil engineering insisted upon sufficiently in the
mechanical and electrical courses? In effect would not our
professional men be better equipped for their civil work were
they not in too great a hurry in their youth to enter directly
into life's combat? Does not this war teach that without a
long and elaborate preparation down to tlie last details, an
attempted "drive" must fail?

These remarks apply to all engineers, both military and
civil. In the rush of war men cannot always be hand-picked
for special jobs and frequently it becomes necessary for an
available man to be used for the work immediately neces-
sary, irrespective of his previous training. In this supreme
test of humanity the best man is he who is prepared to meet
any emergency — perhaps not in the most finished way — but
to meet it.

There are things that the engineers in this country can
do. If they do know cnou.gh to give us some ideas for help-
in.g along in the killing of Bodies, for God's sake let us have
them. If they do not, what they can do is to help the sup-
ply of men for the winning of the war. We are now short of
officers of engineers, very short, and we are going to be very
much shorter. We must have educated engineers for this
work, and we must not only have the men for the line of work
of the army, but we must have mechanicians and artisans and
laborers for the special work,

.\11 of you men have spheres of influence — do your best in
them, and if you can be used otherwise, and the problem
comes up in which we need you, you may be sure you will
be called upon. There is is problem now, the supply of men.
in which you can help, either by your own personal sacri-
fice, in going out, or by influencing others.

Now as to soldier work. The movements of drill and
the construction methods peculiarly military are easily learn-

\ii,mi<;t i:.. I '.I IS

T H !■: !•: r. r. c r r i c a i . n f. w s

0(1. Tlu' kni)wlc<lgc of tlic art o( war wliiili will ciial>K' llu'^i-
to l>f applied promptly and properly i> morf diHioiilt. I'.iil
most (lit^cult to acquire is the peculiar mental discipline wbieli
makes the soldier. The .\rmy is a huKe machine which
must work co-ordinatel.v in all of its parts. That competi-
tion, which in civil life causes one body to advance further
and faster than another, is out of place in an army. .\11 must
work together and for one common end. Rach man must so
suljordinate his will and desire to the ccjmmon good as to
work willingly and earnestly in the spliere allotted to him.
This does not mean that all initiative is to be suppressed.
On the contrary each man must use liis initiative to the ut-
nuist. but in his own allotted sphere of action. Each must
learn to obey and obey from the heart. Through such obe-
dience comes the knowled.ge of how to command when com-
mand becomes a duty. .\11 of this is hard to learn. But each
man who is called upon to help in this war must learn it. if
he would help effectively.

By all means let us have military training in our
schools, but let it be true military training and not tin soldier
work.

There is another line of technical military knowledge
which must also be studied hard. The machinery for the or-
ganization, training, supply and leadership of troops; the me-
thods of obtaining, accounting for and issuing supplies; of
keeping returns of the men; and the channels of command
must be studied. To civilians in general this is wholly un-
known, but if a man is to be of service in the army, it must
be learned until its use becomes automatic.
Sound Ranging

I wish I could go into greater detail as to the work of
these sound ranging corps, because it comprises some new-
electrical work of the highest character, and the apparatus
for it has been perfected in this country. We took the best
devised at the beginning of the war, and our physicists went
to work and have made marked improvements. Perhaps you
do not know what sound ranging is. The artillery is sta-
tioned in the rear of the line. There is almost no direct artil-
lery fire any longer — that is, as a rule, the gun is fired from
a point where the target cannot be seen at all. The first
thing to be destroyed, invariably, is the enemy's artillery,
then the trenches are attacked. The obstructions of wire are
torn to pieces, the trenches themselves are practically level-
ed, and after that is done, in the assault, there is what is
termed the barrage fire. That, I suppose you know, means
a fixed or slowly moving curtain of shells dropped on a cer-
tain given line and through which passage is almost imprac-
ticable.

On both sides the artillery is carefully camouflaged so
it cannot be seen from aeroplanes. To show what care is
taken, even the tracks that are made in taking the guns to
the front are wiped out, the guns themselves are covered, so
that neither from an observation balloon nor an airplane
from the enemy's line can the position of the gun be seen,
and in order that the flashes of the gun cannot be located,
there are dummy guns placed at intervals, and flashes from
these guns made by electricity, so that the position of the
real .guns cannot be known.

In order to determine the position of the real guns, there
are delicate instruments which have been devised, wliich
are placed at intervals along the line. These instruments
are for the purpose of registering the sound of the gun.
There is, first of all, the sound of the gun in firing. That is
preceded frequently, if the range be great, by the sound
of the shell passing through the air, and sometimes by the
bursting of the shell itself, before the sound of the gun
comes. These are all recorded, and the velocity and the
direction of the sound is known. By having these instruments
at different points on the line, the position of any one gun

can be "spotted," and "spotted" so closely that our own
artillery lire can be directeil and the gun blotted out. That
is one of the improvements of modern warfare rendered pos-
sible by the advance in general human knowledge, particu-
larly in electrical knowledge, and these instruments are very
exact .

This service of the rear is of great importance and magni-
tude. I'iclure to yourselves what is required to transport,
house, supply and maint.iin a million men three thousand
miles from lioine, producing nothing and in their work ex-
pending enormous amounts of materials.

Establishing and Maintaining the Army.

Taking the (|ueslion of storage alone, the iirovision of
space required for an army of $1,000,000 for ninety days ag-
.gregates 30,000,000 square feet of floor space of covered stor-
age and double that amount of uncovered storage space,
with the necessary railway tracks for receipt and shipment
and for classification yards, aggregatin.g about (>50 miles. .-Xdd
to this an equal mileage of highways, adequate provision for
water supply, sewerage and electric lighting and power and
you can realize the work involved in this one item. Add to
this the constructions which have been built at the ports of
debarkation (at one of whch :!7,'i.000 square feet of wharf
space liad to be provided), the hospitals, barracks, shops,
and the lighting, water and sewerage systems required, and
some conception of the actual new construction work done,
can be formed.

It is estimated that the supply of the army requires the
transportation to the front of 2.5 lb. per man per day. This
makes heavy demands on the French railway systems, good
as they are. These have had to be supplemented in all but
the main line trackage, and a large amount of motive power
and of rolling stock has had to be supplied and operated.

Among the special services, the work of the geologists
must be mentioned, and in the line of improved apparatus,
it may be stated that new instruments and methods for air-
plane photography have been devised and introduced. Other
new auxiliary aids for fighting have been worked out, some
of which have already proved their value on the battlefield.

Yes, the engineers are doing their work well. Be it in
constructions in the rear, or under fire, be it in the transpor-
tation of ammunition to the firing line, the construction of
strong points and obstacles, the construction and destruction
of bridges in the face of an enemy, or as in recent instances,
under the feet of the enemy, or be it with their rifles in beat-
ing back an attack, they are doing and dying. All glory to
our comrades in arms in France! There is not a red-blooded
.American who does not envy them.

Electrical Trade After the War

Recently the British Board of Trade appointed a De-
partmental Committee on Electrical Trades to consider the
position of the British electrical trades after the war, with
special relation to international competition, and to report
what measures are necessary or desirable in order to safe-
guard that position. The report of this committee has just
been made public. The report points out that the value to
Great Britain of the electrical manufacturing trade already
amounts to SS'A millions, sterling, a year, but that this figure
only represents a fraction of the trade that can be obtained
if the blunders of the past are rectified. The war has demon-
strated that the safety of the Empire is dependent on the em-
ployment of electricity. The prosperity of the industries
depends largely on cheap energy for driving machinery.
The applications of electricity to agricultural purposes is also
commanding attention. The scientific replanning of the dis-
tribution of energy would effect a saving of 50,000.000 tons
of coal per year, which would at the same time reduce the

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Aususi ^r,, i'.ii>

ciisl of pcjuir for niamifacluring, lighting of streets and
homes, iiropulsion of railway, tramway and road veliiclcs.
The report is summarized in tlie following recommenda-
tions:

(I) A thorough reform of the legislation and conditions un-
der which the generation and distribution of electricity
are promoted and administered in this country which
will involve modifications in the relevant Acts and Regu-
lations; and a like reform of the legislation and condi-
tions affecting the promotion, construction, and operation
of tramways and light railways.
(3) — The prohibition of import of enemy goods for a period
of three years after the conclusion of peace, subject to
importation under license in special circumstances after
the expiration of the first twelve months,
(:i) The itnposition of import duties sufficiently high to pro-
tect efifectively the electrical industry.
(4) The prevention of the sale in the United Kingdom of
any imported electrical goods at prices lower than those
current in the country of origin.
(,')) The recognition of the advantage of combination among
manufactures and official co-operation with such action.
(0) The prevention of any concern engaged in the electrical
or allied manufacturing industries, if controlled directly
or indirectly by enemy capital, froin continuing to trade
within the Empire, unless it be specially authorized and
its constitution made public, and the passing of legisla-
tion requiring that not more tlian 2,5 per centum of the
capital in any other electrical or allied undertaking shall
be held either directly or indirectly by enemy subscribers
or their agents.

(7) The treatment as enemy products of all goods produced
in foreign countries by concerns controlled by enemy
capital or under enemy direction.

(8) The exclusive acceptance of British tenders by Stale
Departments, public bodies and companies supplying
electrical energy under statutory powers.

(9) The adoption by Government departments and pul)lic
authorities, so far as is practicable, of standard types and
patterns of plant and apparatus.

(10) The prohibition of transport discrimination operating to
the detriment of British manufacturers, and the provision
of improved transport and cargo handling facilities.

(11) The promotion of a better understanding lietween em-
ployers and employed and the provision of better hous-
ing and working conditions.

(12) The provision of extended banking facilities, preferably
by the establishment of industrial lianks, to enable Bri-
tish manufacturers to secure and finance contracts and
engineering enterprises.

(13) The recognition of the permanent and ever-increasing
importance to the Empire of the natural sources of pow-
er for the generation of electricity in the British Domin-
ions, and the introduction of safe.guards by legislation or
otherwise to prevent these national assets from passing
into alien bauds or under alien control.

Electrical Industrial Trucks and Tractors

Tliere is no lon.ger an question of tlie utility of electric
storage battery industrial trucks and tractors. In fact, the
success of these small members of the electric vehicle family
has been so pronounced that it is now a manufacturing rather
than a sales problem, — the demand being greater than the sup-
ply, although manufacturing facilities have lieen increased
not only by extension to plants, but by several new manu-
facturers entering this virtually unlimited field.

Nor is this development of a temporary, mushroom

'By A. Jackson Marshall, secretary Electric Vehicle Section, N. E. L. A.

growth associated with efforts being made to expedite war
measures, although the necessities of war have emphasized
the value of these modes of interior and exterior transporta-
tion as encountered in industrial establishments, factories, at
railroad and steamship freight terminals, warehouses, etc.
And these units are playing a major part in the manufacture
and transportation of vital munitions, both in this country
and allied countries abroad.

Later, when we can speak more specifically of war opera-
tions, the intimate story of what electric trucks and tractors
have contributed to our success will make very instructing
and fascinating reading. In the meantime it is sufficient to
know that they are discharging very important assignments
most creditably.

The economic advantages of the electric truck and tractor
are so great that actual results ofttimes seem to parallel the
fantastic and absurd claims of some "get-rich-quick" stock
selling schemes calculated to separate persons from perfectly
good coin of the realm. Therefore, justifiable claims have
been considerably modified and reduced so that prospective
risers would not suspect that they were being asked to l)uy
.gilded gold bricks. Even when such large "factors of
safety" have been applied, the very modest claims advanced
sometimes apepar to the uninitiated to be extravagant. How-
ever.- results in practice are so much greater than what
might have been anticipated that such users promptly be-
come effective exponents of such means of transportation,
their enthusiasm being rapidly transmitted to others in need
of such transportation service. If ever the phrase "ad-
vertised by our loving friends" applies, it is in order with
electric industrial trucks and tractors, for users are prov-
ing to be the most valuable sort of a sales organization, even
althou.gh they are not on pay-rolls of the manufacturers,

.\ story is told how a railroad in the West arranged for
a demonstration of electric industrial trucks with six se-
parate manufacturers, each of whom placed on trial for
ninety days, without charge, one unit. At the end of ninety
days the railroad purchased six trucks out of the savings
effected during the free trial period. This comes pretty near
bcin.g "something for nothing." It is needless to state that
such free trial practice has been discarded just as same has
been exterminated in other branches of the autoinobile in-
dustry, where, in the early days of the development, such
generosity was grossly abused. However, this example il-
lustrates effectively the economic advantages of such modern
transportation.

The Crouse-Hinds Co. of Canada are distributing a folder
on marine condulets, whiclt are made in special water-proof
types and meet every marine requirement — from ordinary el-
hows to junction boxes', lamp outlets and high capacity plugs
and receptacles. The same coinpany have issued catalogue
No. 1000 H, describing the ZY series of Saftey First Motor
-Switch Condulets — "The last word in small motor switches";
well illustrated.

Trade Publication

,\ very attractive treatise has been prepared by the Bri-
iisli Aluniinuui Co.. Ltd., 60 Front St. West, Toronto, and is
being distributed with the compliments of Mr. E. \'. Pannell,
local manager. The booklet is entitled "From the Falls to
the Factory — A Treatise on Electric Power Transmission."
It is divided into eight sections, dealing respectively wjth:
Transmission Line Design; Conductance and Tenacity of ,\1-
uminuiii; Tension and Sag Problems; Spans and Supports:
Aluminum Steel Cables; Construction and Costs; Modern
Transmission Lines; Tables and Data. The booklet is very
well illustrated with photographs and line drawings, and con-
tains a quantity of very timely information assembled in the
smallest possible space.

Ali;;ust 15, 11)18

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Strong Toronto Delegation at Annual Conven-
tion of National Electrical Contractors and
Dealers— Discuss Wider Canadian Or-
ganization and Affiliation — Mr.
Goodwin Coming to Toronto

The 18th annual convention of the National Association
of Electrical Contractors and Dealers took place at the Hol-
lenden Hotel, Cleveland, Wednesday, July 17, with a strong
Toronto delegation in attendance. Messrs. L. O. Horner.
W. F. Dean, of the Canadian General Electric Company, F.
1'. Davis, of the Northern Electric Company and F. J. Allen,
of the Benjamin Electric Manufacturing Company of Canada
and the following members of the Toronto Electrical Con-
tractors' Association: Messrs. T. Everard Myers, treasurer;
Harry Hicks, vice-president; E. C. Clarke, E. A. Drury and
Kenneth A. Mclntyre, president.

For a considerable legth of time the Goodwin plan and
the re-organization of the National Association have at-
tracted the attention of the electrical fraternity. The To-
ronto association has been in correspondence with the British
Columbia Association of Electrical Contractors and Dealers,
having in mind the possible Canadian affiliation with the
National Association of the United States, involving, of
course, an adaptation of the Goodwin plan to Canadian con-
ditions.

With the primary object in view of learning more of the
Goodwin plan and hearing of it from Mr. Goodwin himself,
and also of discussing with officials of the National As-
sociation details of the projected Canadian affiliation, the
above mentioned delegation visited Cleveland. In retrospect
it is rather difficult to give an accurate report of the pro-
ceedings— there was so much of interest and of benefit to all,
together with unbounded enthusiasm.

At the very outset of things it was announced that Mr.
W. G. Rose, president of the Cleveland Advertisers' Club,
was on hand for the express purpose of pumping enthusiasm
into the delegates. This purpose was accomplished so suc-
cessfully that its effect was evident throughout the entire
proceedings.

The papers read at this convention were unique in their
real worth and in the valuable information made available
to the average contractor-dealer. These papers will be re-
viewed in later issues. Most of one session was taken up by
a round-table conference on labor-cost data. The material
for this was largely prepared by the Electrical Estimators'
Association of Chicago. Estimates of typical classes of con-
struction were followed through from beginning to end and
several systems of checking results were explained. All of this
data is to be issued by the National Association in data sheet
form for the benefit of the members of the Association.
This information was prepared at a great deal of trouble and
expense for the entire electrical contracting industry which
is thereby greatly indebted to the people who made it avail-
able.

Thursday morning Mr. James R. Strong, of New York,
gave his very lucid explanation of the organization plan of
llie Xaliunal Association. Then came Mr. Goodwin, who
unfortunately had suffered a broken ankle as the result of
an accident. This hampered his movements somewhat but
did not detract from the forcefulness of his explanation of
llie Goodwin plan.

Following the morning session the delegates, through
llic kindness of the Cleveland Contractors' Association,
were conveyed to Nela Park, where they were entertained at
luncheon by the Nela Park officials. Nela Park is a delight-
ful spot and every consideration seems to have been shown
to make it an ideal place for the employees. Following
the luncheon the afternoon session was held at the Grove
at Nela Yark, a sylvan setting with rustic benches and plat-
form. At this session the electrical contractors' duties to the
Nation were explained by Sullivan D. Jones, Washington
representative of the Association. Mr. Jones devotes his
entire time to representing the contracting industry in Wash-
ington and. consequently, is in very close touch with such
affairs. Mr. Dwight D. Miller, of the Society for Electrical
Development, gave a very complete paper on the .\pplication
of Electricity as Applied to Industrial Plants. Toward the
end of Mr. Miller's paper all the whistles in Cleveland seem-
ed to break forth at once and with such volume of sound
that it was quite impossible for the speaker to be heard.
It turned out that the excitement was created by the news
of the beginning of the allied drive in France. Receiving this
explanation the meeting broke up enthusiastically and parad-
ed from one end of the grounds to the other, assembling fin-
ally in the main square to hear improptu speeches. This
celebration deservedly gave opportunity for the delegates
to vent their enthusiasm.

That evening the Canadian delegates gave a dinner to Mr.
Goodwin, Mr. Peet the National chairman, Mr. Strong chair-
man of the National Constitutional Committee and Mr. Ar-
nold, chairman of the National Membership Committee. At
this dinner they discussed ways and means of Canadian af-
filiation. Tlie following morning the National Association, on
the recommendation of their Resolutions Committee, un-
animously adopted amendments providing for a fourth, and
Canadian, division. This Canadian division will be a unit and
at the same time an integral part of the National Associa-
tion.

Mr. Mclntyre sent a telegram to Mr. Williams, presi-
dent of the Vancouver Association, informing him of this
arrangement, which was really Mr. Williams' idea. Later
in the day a telegram was received from Mr. Williams say-
ing that the British Columbia executive had approved and
would recommend national affiliation at their annual meeting
in September. This was very good news indeed and in-
dicates that the Canadian electrical contractors are not. too
slow to take advantage of the opportunity presented in this
larger field of usefulness.

Two evenings were given over to social entertainment

THEv ELECTRICAL NEWS

August 15. 1918

The Twenty-One Planks in the Goodwin Platform

The Goodwin Plan Advocates :

l._A strong and representative association of
electrical contractor-dealers (retailers) and urges
all interests to lend immediate assistance to this
enid.

2.— That each division of the industry prepare
a code of ethics outUning its own functions, re-
lations and responsibilities to each of the other
divisions of the industry.

3. That each division establish a code of prac-
tice outHning its methods, policies, etc., in deal-
ing with other than divisions within the industry.

4.— Improvements in merchandising methods,
better display, and the encouragement of more
retailers, by urging present contractors to open
retail stores, thereby enlisting the support of cen-
tral stations and offering a broader and larger
outlet for manufacturers.

5. — Recognition of the service functions of the
contractor-dealer and recommends a differential
when this service is performed.

6.— The sale of high-grade electrical material;
the establishment of high-class specialty retail
shops; improved specifications in wiring installa-
tions; and the introduction of liberal use of con-
venience receptacles.

7.-^Broader education of the public concerning
the problems of the electrical industry, and con-
cerning electricity, its use, and the application of
household devices.

8. — Retailers applying intensive sales methods
in connection with small devices used in home,
factory, office, etc. (such as washing machines,
vacuum cleaners, dishwashers, electric ranges,
electric heaters, household heating devices, sew-
ing machine motors, fans, lamps, portables, fix-
tures, vibrators, hair dryers, ice machines, etc.).

9. — The introduction and application of proper
cost-accounting methods in wholesale and retail
merchandising, particularly if either function is
a minor department of a company.

10. — Free and unobstructed flow of trade along
most economic channels, without attempt to di-
rect it through fixed channels.

11. — That central stations conduct retail depart-
ments for the sale of lamps, appliances, devices,
portables, etc., and operate same in accordance
with the ethics of retailing and with full regard
to proper cost accounting.

12. — That all interests conduct retail depart-
ments, to be operated at a profit. The adoption
of this policy on part of central stations and job-
bers will result in a large number of concerns en-
tering the retail field.

13. — Recognition of the service function of job-
bers in the distribution of supplies and recom-
mends a difTerentiah when full service is per-
formed, and a proportionate differential when
only a partial service is rendered.

14. — Jobbers determining, through proper sost
accounting, the cost of warehousing, and selling
their principal commodities, to the end that each
principal commodity will carry its proper por-
tion of overhead.

15. — Open meetings of all trade associations,
including meetings of executive committees.

16. — That the electrical press become an in-
tegral part of each division by honorary or asso-
ciate membership, and that unrestricted publicity
be given the proceedings of all meetings.

17. — The formation of a national lecture bureau,
with state and local staffs. The function of the
staff would be to carry on educational work with-
in the industry and before public gatherings. Ser-
vice to be gratuitous.

18. — Recognition of the principle that any ac-
tion taken by a single division which affects an-
other division is seldom satisfactory unless each
division affected is represented.

19. — The appointment of committees by the
National Electric Light Association, Electric Sup-
ply Jobbers' Association, National Association of
Electrical Contractors and Dealers, and various
manufacturers' associations to meet together to
study the problems of the industry and to co-
operate in fin.ding their solution.

20. — Consolidating or reconstructing overlap-
ping organizations. A committee comprising re-
presentatives from each association should be
formed to study this question and submit a plan.

21. — Eventually a single organization in the
electrical industry, consisting of national, division,
state and local sections; also main national sec-
tions for the solution only of functional prob-
lems of the several branches or groups.

August 15, 191'.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

and the banquet on Friday was notable for its friendly spirit
and the sentiments expressed by everybody present.

The Toronto delegtation are unanimous in their thanks
to the ofticials of the National Association and the Cleveland
Association for the vifarnith of their reception and the many
courtesies shown during their stay. They will not soon for-
get the Cleveland annual convention of 1918.

The National executive committee have accepted our
invitation to hold their quarterly meeting in Toronto, Oct-
ober 14-15-lG. We are doing our best to arrange to have Mr.
(loodwin present. The big event will be a banquet Monday
evening, October 14, to which is cordially invited representa-
tives from all branches of the electrical industry to hear
a i)nper on the Goodwin plan and to see it started in Canada.

The manufacturers and jobbers are willingly co-operat-
ing in this campaign to reach the electrical contractors and
dealers in all parts of the province of Ontario. During Sept-
ember it is expected that the Ontario .'Association of Elec-
trical Contractors and Dealers will be formed and the con-
tractor-dealers on Octolier 14-1. ^ will be given an opportun-
ity to taking their place in the Canadian movement.

The Goodwin plan has been printed and re-printed time
and again, but some way or other there is considerable mis-
apprehension on the part of many electrical men as to just
what the actual interpretation of his plan may be. Per-
haps the whole situation is best explained by saying that Mr.
Goodwin simply advocates the exercise of common sense in
the solution of the electrical problem. Indeed, after reading
his platform one cannot resist the temptation to say, "Why,
of course, that is the natural thing and just what I have al-
ways advocated." Mr. Goodwin does not raise any conten-
tious points, does not ask any one element in the industry
to sacrifice anything to any other element. Hi.s plan means
a common benefit to all interests concerned.

In reading Mr. Goodwin's platform, therefore, do not
look for anything difficult to understand. Do not try to read
anything in between the lines. His scheme is as simple as
it looks, and it looks as if_.it would work out very simply.
Electrical Merchandizing in its latest issue has taken the
trouble to pick out the salient features of Mr. Goodwin's
platform, submit them to him for approval and publish them
in such definite shape that we feel we cannot do better than
reproduce them word for word for the benefit of our readers.
The arrangement of twenty-one planks printed herewith is
taken from that magazine:

The Goodwin Plan

A campaign of education comlucted principally through
trade papers, trade organizations and other channels, to co-
ordinate the various interests in the electrical industry and
to bring them together in harmonious action, so that there
may be established retail distribution of electrical materials
at fair prices to the consumer, and at a fair profit to all
parties taking part in the transaction. The basis of the
plan is:

First: that each individual owes a responsibility to tlie
organization representing his branch of the industry,

Second: That the organization owes a similar responsi-
bility to its members.

Third: That each organization representing each branch
of the industry owes a responsibility to all other organiza-
tions in the industry, all to the end that all problems may be
discussed, having in view the interests of all, thereby pro-
viding a basic plan for more adequately and efficiently serv-
ing the general public, resulting in an extension of the
activities of our industry to the great undeveloped field be-
fore us.

Objects of the Plan

Intensify development in present fields.

Extend the industry to undeveloped fields.

Develop greater efficiency in the industry. * ■j,

Procedure

First: liring together the various interests inthe larger
cities, cause them to formulate a plan to extend the work In
the smaller towns and cities of each locality.

Second: To accomplish this, committees sliould be ap-
pointed from each of the four divisions of the industry, form-
ing local committees charged with the duty of making a
study of local problems and co-operating in their solution.

Third: Individuals comprising these committees will re-
port their activities to their national associations, causing
tlieir national association to take similar national action,
looking to tlie solution (jf national problems.

Results

To produce harmony and develop co-operation between
manufacturers, central stations, jobbers and contractor-
dealers.

To produce greater elficiency in the distribution oi uKinii-
factured products.

To increase per capita consmnption of t-lectncity, ap-
paratus, devices and supplies.

Estalilishment of high-class stares.

Decrease in costs of conducting overlapping trade a>so-
ciations, and saving of personal time incident thereto.

Create a more favorable public opinion.

More Convenience Outlets for More Business-
How to Sell and Estimate

The Society for Electrical Development, in connection
with their "convenience" outlet campaign, have issued a
folder entitled, "How to sell and estimate," from which the
following extracts are taken: —

Follow the Code
In using the Electrical Code of the National Fire Pro-
tection .Association, remember this: It prescribes merely the
minimum requirements to permit the securing of insurance
and generally to pass the city inspectors. Therefore, for the
sake of safety, comfort and convenience, it is wise to \-ito-
vide'a wider margin. No one ever complains of too many
outlets either for lighting or for labor saving devices. A
switch in line saves time — and money.

Be a Salesman

Do not try to sell copper wire, plugs and receptacles.
They won't enthuse anyone. Sell the Idea of what pleasure
they will give by making toasters, fans, percolators, chafing
dishes, grills, etc., possible.

How convenience outlets will save backaches, burnt
fingers and dirty houses by making electric cleaners, washers,
and irons available.

If the housewife says she cannot afiford these "luxuries"
tell her to buy what she can and these will soon save her in
time and labor enough to buy the others. She can buy ap-
pliances piecemeal, but wiring can't be done that way.

If anyone ever talks to you about dangers of shock from
electricity, tell them it isn't possible with good workman-
ship. Thousands of people died in their beds last year in
Massachusetts from preventaljle diseases, but not one fatal-
ity was due to electricity in the home, according to the offi-
cial state reports. Then you might add that electricity elmi-
inates the disease of overwork — it saves the price in doc-
tor bills.

Making Estimates

Don't guess on a job. Figure your material, your labor,
the time lost between shop and job and leave enough margin
to pay you for your time in supervising or inspecting the
work.

If you liaven't your own blanks, use tlie forms provided
l>y this Society.

Survey the premises to be wired, measure them up. make

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

August l.">. I'.ns

up your costs. Use lirst class material and see tliat the work
is well clone and you make a friend of your client to wliom
you can sell the many appliances that will surely be wanted
when the "convenience outlets" are there.

Don't cut your specification or prices and turn out a
bad job.

Explain to your customer that key sockets are designed
for 250 watts only, while toasters, percolators, irons, etc., take
from 400 to 600 watts. Putting these things on loaded light-
ing circuits means bad lights and trouble if not danger.

The location of outlets must be determined on each job
l)ul there are a few fundamentals to be remembered.

Floor receptacle in dining room should be off the centre
of the dining table to avoid leg.

The wall receptacle can be placed in base board, wains-
coting or preferably at four feet from the floor in the wall
near door or window frame.

Two-way plugs are very useful but should not be used on
key sockets for heavy current-consuming appliances.

Convention of B.C. Contractors and Dealers is
Finally Fixed for Sept. 13 and 14 in Victoria

The second annual convention of the British Columbia
Association of Electrical Contractors and Dealers, which
was advertised to be held at Victoria. B.C., on Friday and
Saturday, Aug. 16 and 17, has been delayed a month, to per-
mit of perfecting the plans and organization. Capt. W. J.
Conway, secretary, in writing of the postponement, repeats
the cordial invitation originally oflfered to any electrical men
who may be in the vicinity of Victoria on Sept. 13th and 14th.
In the following notice, w^hich is being distributed widely,
complete information of the convention is given:

ELECTRICAL MEN EVERYWHERE

are invited to tlie

SECOND ANNUAL MEETING

of the

B. C. ASSOCIATION OF

ELECTRICAL CONTRACTORS AND DEALERS

to be held at Victoria, B.C.,

Friday and Saturday, Sept. 13th and 14th, 1<I18,

Boat leaves Vancouver 10.30 a.m., Friday

MEETINGS BANQUETS PICNIC

THIS IS GOING TO BE THE GRE.ATEST "ELeCTRIC-
AL MEETING" EVER HELD IN WESTERN CANADA.

ALBERT ELLIOT OF SAN FRANCISCO WILL BE

WITH US

ALL ELECTRICAL MEN

Including Managers, Power Company men, Wholesalers, En-
gineers, Contractors, Retailers, Salesmen, Etc., and their
wives and families are cordially invited to share in this great
ELECTRICAL HOLIDAY, and at the same time meet and
talk to men in the same business.

For further information, particulars of boats, trains, etc..
write or phone to

The SECRETARY,

B. C. ELECTRICAL ASSOCIATION,
406 YORKSHIRE BUILDING,
VANCOUVER, B.C.

Square D News Item Service for Immediate Release

The Square D Company, Walkerville. Ontario, steel en-
closed switch manufacturers, call attention to some of the
very important features of their Square D safety switches,
which are approved-by the Hydro-Electric Power Commis-
sion of Ontario. The switch is of very simple construction,
completely enclosed in a sheet steel bo.x, so designed that
ample wiring space is provided inside to make the necessary
connections, and the corners of which are electrically welded,
thus assuring great durability. The box is provided with a
hinged cover, held closed with a simple spring, and the
switch is operated by a crank handle located on the out-
side. Raised letters on the box indicate the "on" and "off"
postion of the switch.

The switch may be locked in the "off" position to prevent
accidents while repairs are being made on apparatus con-
trolled by it, provision being made for three individual pad-
locks. The advantages of these are obvious where there
is more than one man working on the line or equipment.
When each man starts to work, he locks the switch in the
"oflF" position. This eliminates the possibility of either
man throwing the switch "on" before all are finished working.
Means are also provided to seal or lock the cover shut to
prevent unauthorized persons over-fusing the switch or
tampering with live connections in any way, but the elec-
trician has access to it at all times and can make his tests
or inspection without stopping the motor or delaying pro-
duction.

The switch is provided with a quick-break mechanism
which is absolutely positive and insures a simultaneous break
at all blades. This positive action makes longevity of the
copper blades and the switch jaws a certainty. Another
feature is the interchangeability of end plates, which are
furnished blank with knock-outs, or with porcelian outlet
covers for open wiring, according to installation require-
ments. Convenient knock-outs are furnished in the sides of
the switch, and make possible "Tapi)ing-oflf." Their catalog
contains description, specifications and prices of these
switches, as well as valuable motor wiring data, and will
gladly be sent on request.

Mr. Mahoney Leaves Westinghouse

Mr. J. N. Mahoney, lor 12 years a member of the West-
inghouse engineering department, has tendered his resigna-
tion to open consulting offices in New York. For the last
8 years, Mr. Mahoney has been in charge of designing switch-
es, fuses, and circuit breakers for this company and is
largely responsible for the progress that has been made in this
class of apparatus. Previous to this work he was connect-
ed with the railway engineering department in charge of
control design. Mr. Mahoney is a member of the American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, the American Society of
Mining Engineers, the American Institute of Electrical En-
gineers, and the American Electrochemical Society, and his
wide acquaintanceship and broad experience in electrical
work should be of great assistance to him in his new field.

Salisbury Electric Co. Ltd., electrical engineers, contrac-
tors and manufacturers of electrical supplies, formerly of 49
Wellington St. East, Toronto, announce that they have closed
their old offices, and moved to larger and more commodious
premises at 615 Yonge St. The new shop will be known as
"The Electric Shop," and tlie building is called "The Electric
Building."

Schumacher-Gray Co., Winnipeg. Man., have secured the
electrical wiring contract for the additions being made to the
Winnipeg General Hospital. This company's tender was $13,-
350.

.\u-\isi i:., i'.ns

T 1

I'ATRICAT. NI'-.WS

Seven Trustworthy Prescriptions for the Business

Ills of the Contractor-Dealer

The Society for Electrical Ueveloinneiit, imw riglil in
the thick of their campaign lor an incrcaseJ installation and
use of '"convenience" outlets, are sending out a quantity of
valuable information designed to assist central stations, con-
tractors, dealers, jobbers and manufacturers to complete and
carry through their own organizations. In the July issue
of their Monthly Sales Service they give what is described
as "Seven trustworthy prescriptions for electrical business
ills." It is pointed out that every business, large or small,
needes a good tonic from time to time because there are many
ailments in the retail electrical industry. For this reason
they have prepared these 7 tabloid tonics, which it is hoped
will prove of assistance, both internally and externally, to
every electrical merchant. These tonics are printed below:

Make Capital Go Further

A fruit peddler can teacli you lessons in merchandising.
Every morning he buys a load of liananas; before night he's
sold out.

Turning over his capital every day, Sundays and holi-
days, he does a gross business of over .fo.OOO in nine months
'■ on a $9 investment. In forty years he could do a gross luisi-
ness of $292,000 on that capital.

What would he make if he had $'.),00() capital?

The average electric shop turnover is supposed to be
four to eight. There are retailers who turn their stocks as
many as twenty times! How? Why — they keep close re-
cords on sales, on purchases. They buy in small quantities
— and often. They keep correct records, and use them. They
do a big profitable business with little capital.
. Better less business — at a profit — than volumes at a loss!

B'guess and B'gosh Retailing

Eliminate guess-work from your metliods. Govern your
l)usiness from knowledge. Learn, look, see, hear, make notes
— don't guess.

Why aren't you making profits — when others are? Why
don't you grow faster?

The United Cigar Stores Co. doesn't guess! It uses facts
as guide posts. "How many people pass a certain place
daily?" Xo guess-work! It counts 'em. That determines
location. What goods sell best? It keeps records — and
proves it! What clerks deserve first promotion? It watches,
checks up and rewards the worthy. It's all the result of
simple, self-study — self analysis.

"You haven't the time to do this?"

Do you take time to see your doctor, your dentist? If
I your business is sick — take the time to doctor it. The ills
, of the inlustry should be an open book to you! Diagnose
your own ailments! Then apply the remedy. .\ct!

The prescriptfon is "cut out guess-work!" Keep
>: records — even if you have to get outside help

to do it.

What Does It Cost You to Do Business?

•, - Records show average cost of doing business among
'■ electrical retailers to be over 30 per cent.

A Central Station new-business manager claimed his

i; cost was only 13 per cent. Investigation proved his salary

j, (as well as that of other people who devoted a part or all

■ of their time in this department) was not charged against

that department. Xor was light— because "the company made

its own current." And there were otlier items — rent, for

instance— not charged against the sales in that business. .And
he thought he was making a profit on his merchandise, where-
as he was losing money daily, with every sale.

In scientifically managed .-tores the salaries of clerks
average l) per cent, of the gross sales by those clerks. Sal-
aries of managers, bookkeepers, and other employees who do
not sell, run the average cost for salaries up to around 14
per cent, of the gross sales.

Rent averages around 4 to 5 per cent. — and is going up.
Delivery around 1 K' to 2J/. per cent. Light and heat about
the same

No electrical dealer should assume these percentages to
be his costs. He should get his costs from his own business.
These percentages are only standards to enable him to judge
whetlier his own are higher or lower than the average.

Classify your expenses into such accounts as will give
you the information you need. Keep tab and record of every
item if expense.

You can fool yourself by failing to charge all ex-
penses into your cost of doing business but your
expenses will come out of your gross pr6fits just
the same.

The Profits in the Sale

A man bought just enough drygoods to take care of one
day's sales.

He closed his store at the end of the first day and went
to the city to buy more stock; arranged for a good many
days' supply to be shipped as needed— one day's supply at a
time, cash to be paid on delivery. Now he owns two big
stores with net profits of $2.5,000 a year.

Ninety-five per cent, of all retailers over-buy. Jobbers
can prove it.

Few electrical dealers keep adequate stock records.

Hungry salesmen, and overly-ambitious clerks, advise
liuying heavily against an "advance in price," which doesn't
always materialize. Records should show whether to buy or
not!

Overhead charges against 11 dozen lamjis on the shelves
which don't move quickly, eat up the extra quantity dis-
count on the 11 dozen and the percentage which the retailer
makes on one dozen lamps.
Keep close record of stock!
Make your stock records show what, when and
why to buy in large lots. Buy in small quanti-
ties—then you don't lose so much if the goods
don't move.

Are You Making Less Than You Think?

Investigations show that a majority of retailers' profits
are imaginary. While electrical sales often run to a high
figure, profits are on paper.

Many electrical dealers, while estimating their cost of
doing business on a certain percentage of the gross business
(which is the selling price) add this same percentage to the
cost when figuring prices of individual items. This usually
results in a loss;

An appliance sold for $9.25 wholesale. Freight and cart-
age were 75 cents. Total cost $10 set down in the store.

To meet competition profit was cut down to 10 per cent
net. So 18 per cent, of the cost was added for cost of doing
business and 10 per cent, for profit, making the sale price

■ 38

'smm

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS August is. lots

iiHiaiMiiaiiiaHgiigisiaisgigiiaipgiiiia^giisBiiiigisiiiiaisiiaHiaiBiiaiasBiffl

isi

m
m

SAVE - E!Sk ; SKv - BY WIRE

FOOD - MONEY

Electricity lessens every task of housekeeping, home-making.

It saves the housewife, and her help, miles of steps, hours of efifort and dollars of expense.
Therefore you should increase the convenience and efficiency of your Electric Service hy havintj- your
home equipped with

Convenient Service Outlets

Tliese outlets provide handy places where you
can "plug-in" your Electrical Appliances without
unscrewing bulbs from the fixtures or otherwise
disturbing the lighting system .... They also
do away with dangling wires that are often un-
sightly and in the way .... Inconspicuous, little
affairs, set into the floor, base-board, wainscoting

or wall. All that can be seen is a small, neat
brass or porcelain plate. Can lie placed wher-
ever handiest, within arm's reach, in any room.
Very easily installed without disfiguring floor or
walls, mussing up the house or disturbing the
home routine. Study the picture — doesn't it tell
an interesting story?

Right Now we are offering a special opportunity for the installation of these Convenient
Service Outlets .... One of our experts will call at your home — at the time most suitable
to you — offer suggestions, help you plan, give full information .... There will be no
charge for this and you will not be obligated in the least.

sissigisissssiiiHsiiiiiissiassisiiaHHisasiisiasiaiiiiisiiiiiigiiaHiaiaiiiiisisisiiiPSBiiiHisiisp

An advertisement suggestion by the Society for Electrical Development in connection with their "Convenience Outlet"
Campaign — An especially attractive cut — Why should not the Canadian Contractor-Dealer profit by this campaign?

AiiKiist ir>, I'.M.s

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

$ia..sO. The retailer thoiitjlil bo was iiial<iiii> a prolit of $1.0(1.
l!ut was he? Let's sec:

The article cost $1(1 ami he waiiteil 28 per cent, sross
profit (to cover IH per cent, for cost of doing- bnsiness and
10 per cent, net prolit). He considered the selling price as
100 per cent, and cost price as 72 per cent, or all of that 100
per cent, except the gross profit of 28 per cent.

Now if $10 is 72 per cent, of the selling in-icc. the sell-
ing price must !)e $i:i.S9.
As he worked it out:

Selling Price .' . ... loo'-

Cost doing business . . . 18%

Xet prolit desired lO'/c

CIross profit . .

28'/r

\\'h(desale cost .._. 72%

Cost price, in [lercentages . . , .72 $10.0(1 cost in money

i:!.88S Selling Price
.\ii analysis of the proldem shows:
72% = $10
1%. r=l/72 of $1(1 or 10/72
Hm7' =100 X 10/72 or 1000/72 or $i;i.8S.S
To prove back the problem:

$13.80 Selling Price $i;i.8'J Selling Price
.28 Percentage IS. 89 Gross Profit

11112

2778

$10.00

part of your work for you. Get nil of the slow ;nmir^ —
stick to the easy sellers!

Watch your records — and "Try to sell before you

pay."

A Sale is Not a Sale Until You Have the Money

A large percentage of electrical retail business is done
on credit. And since the buying power of a dollar today is
only about 70 per cent, of what it was in I oil, the dealer
finds it positively necessary to bring in his outstanding money.
.\t the same lime the tendency and inclination of the custo-
mer is to defer paying bills until the last minute, for to him
also a dollar is today only worth 70 per cent, of what it
was in 1914.

When a sale is made on credit and no record kept, the
electric retailer stands to lose the profit, the original cost
of the goods, the time involved (invested) in the buying and
selling of the goods, the cost of labor in handling, the cost
of stocking it on the shelves. Also other losses, including
that big one which such carelessness will cause in other work.

Records should show at all times the money outstand-
ing, unpaid accounts, how long accounts are overdue, and so
on. Merchandisers had better sell only for cash than attempt
to do a credit business with inefficient record-keeping sys-
tems, or none at all.

Recent records made in other lines of retail business,
show that outstanding accounts today are 50 to 70 per cent,
below wdiat they were a year ago — depending upon the local-
ity from which figures were secured.

Keep credit records. Get in the money.

$3.8892 Gross Profit

Thus, figuring correctly, it took $2.30 of the $2.80 gross
profits to cover the 18 per cent, cost of doing business.

It is not claimed tliat this method of figuring profit on
the selling price is the only right method. School arithme-
tics have always taught that in percentages the cost price is
the base. And, it should be remembered that the per cent, of
profit added to the cost price is always a profit on the cost
price, and not a percentage on the money taken in.

That method is all right. However, as your profit is to
come out of the selling price, it is considered by many to
be safer to figure on the selling price.

. The percentage of profit and the percentage of cost of
doing business must be figured on the same base. When
they are, you need only be sure that your average mark-up
gives the margin of profit you deserve and expect. H you
don't have that margin on your books, in your cash drawer,
or in the bank, at the end of the inventory period, you should
make it your business to find out wh.v. Remember — records
will help

Don't get your percentages mixed. That's the
crux of the problem of profit figuring.

Sluggish Sales and Dusty Stock

It pays to handle electrical merchandise that goes fast.

Look at your store! See those stocked shelves. Dust
covered merchandise means dormant dollars.

Records should show j'ou exactly how much you w'ill
sell of every line each day — should show you whether to
keep a two week's supply or a month's supply of each line!

Don't pay business-street-level prices for storage space.
Either sell the goods or stock them where the rent and in-
surance won't eat up the profits.

The wise merchant has sold his goods by the time he
gets the jobber's bill!

Vou can't afford to kec]) records yourself — and do your
own selling and outside work too. Hire somebody to do a

Personals

Mr. R. R. Knox, traffic superintendent, Winnipeg Electric
Railway Co.. Winnipeg, has just received word from his son,
Lieut. C. E. Knox, of his marriage in England.

Mr. George A. Hoadley, acting secretary of the Franklin
Institute, Philadelphia, has been elected president of the
Illuminating Engineering Society for the new year, which
begins on Oct. 1, 1918. Mr. Hoadley was formerly professor
of physics and electrical engineering at Swarthmore College.

Mr. Frank T. Groome, sales manager of the Benjamin
Electric Mfg. Co. of Canada. Ltd., who has recently returned
from his Western trip, reports that the Western welcome is
just as cordial as ever. While in Vancouver Mr. Groome ad-
dressed the Association of Electrical Contractors and Deal-
ers, a very active organization in our coast province, and
gave them first hand information on a number of eletrical
organizations in Eastern Canada, including the Toronto
Electrical Contractors' Association, and The Electric Club
of Toronto, with the organization of which Mr. Groome has
been so closely associated. Mr. Groome states they are to
be complimented on the strength arid thoroughness of their
organization in the West. The claim that they are 98 per
cent, organized is quite correct. In the course of his address
Mr, Groome took occasion to urge upon the electrical men
of Vancouver and district the advisability of forming a social
organization similar to the Electric Clubs of Montreal,
Toronto, London, and elsewhere in the East. He explained
that these clubs have been very successful in eliminating
misunderstanding and friction between the various members
of the industry, and in making and cementing niany friend-
ships. It is expected that the Electric Club of Vancouver and
probably also the Electric Club of Victoria will result, at an
early date. A vote of thanks to Mr. Groome for his enthusi-
astic address was moved by Mr. Mundy, of the Mundy, Row-
land Co., and seconded by Mr. T. F. Little, manager of the
Northern Electric Co.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

August 15, 1918

New C. G. E. Agency

The Canadian General Electric Company have secured
the exclusive agency for Canada for Neuco electric house-
hold and hotel ranges and broilers, formerly made by the
National Electric Utilities Corporation, recently acquired
by Landers, Frary & Clark. During the past four years
Neuco ranges have won an enviable reputation for rugged

design and reliability under the most severe operating con-
ditions. The Neuco electric hotel range shown in this illus-
tration is not only a strong and practical electric range, but
its outward appearance is very attractive. The drop doors
are protected by spring balances with positive catch, the
wrought iron being re-inforced at all points and hinges. This
unit is a complete range in itself. Additional units may be
placed side by side or back to liack to meet the rfquiremrnts
of any size kitchen.

Buss Fuses for Every Purpose.
Rose and O'Hearn. 220 King Street, West, Toronto.
are Canadian agents for the Bussman Manufacturing Com-
pany, St. Louis, and handle their well-known line of cart-
ridge fuses, auto fuses and plug fuses of every type, size and
capacity required for any electrical service. Every "Buss"
fuse is claimed to hold an over-load of 10 per cent, inde-
finitely and blow at 50 per cent, over-load in the time limit
allowed by the Underwriters. The company state that cat-
alogue and samples will be mailed on request.

Improving Electrical Distribution on City Streets.

With the steady extension of distribution circuits for
electric light, power and heating service, there has been a
pressing need for an economical and substantial distribution
fixture of neat appearance, and one which will firmly grip the
pole without weakening it.

Such a fixture has been invented and patented by F. M.
Simpson, Montreal, and the accompanying photograph shows
the use of this device on concrete poles in Toronto. Cer-
tainly the appearance of the lead is very pleasing not only
to one who is familiar with distribution, but to the public
generally.

The fixtures or crossarms with accommodation for
insulators, are made of steel channels, hot galvanized and
rustproof. The attachment portion of the arm which is real-
ly the patented feature of the device is in the form of an ad-

justable collar with the heads of the clamping bolts held by
the flanges of the channel, making spring washers or lock
nuts unnecessary, to prevent creeping. Labor charges of
installation are reduced as the use of a wrench is all that
is necessary to make the fixture absolutely rigid. The channel
sections render sufficient spring giving tension to meet
weather conditions. The pole grip is especially adaptable
to concrete and metal poles as these are generally uniform
in size. Its use on wooden poles makes the cutting of a
gain unnecessary, as the web of the channel bites into the
pole and holds the cross arm without the aid of drift bolts
or coach screws.

Fixtures having the same principle of pole attachment
are made in several forms for two and three wire circuits, and

A new distribution fixture.

for carrying strand wire supporting cable. The fixtures are
being made in Hamilton by the .\cme Stamping and Tool
Works. They are "Made in Canada for Canadians."

Mr. E. M. Dechene, deputy minister of the Quebec De-
partment of Lands & Forests, states that the hydraulic ser-
vice of the department has made an investigation of the water
power developments of the province. Leaving out of con-
sideration, nearly all the plants under 1,000 H.P. capacity,
on account of the greater difficulty to reach them, the figures
already in, give a total of 810,000 H.P. developed. With
the smaller plants added the total will probably reach ,S50,-
000 H. P.

August 1."). mis

TIIK I' I.IXTRICAL NKWS

Remarkable but True

THE NEW

Jp ELECTRIC
• v^- SOLDERING

i_ji^'

IRON

Seven Hours Saved on a Ten-Hour Job

70 Time Saved.

Instead of taking ten hours with two
men to solder the induction coils of this
motor, the J. C. Iron with one man did it
in three hours, a remarkable saving in
time.

The secret of the wonderful efficiency
of this Iron is the fact that it heats only
while in contact with the work, and then
heats almost instantaneously.

No time is lost at any stage of the work.

Saves Labor, does not require skilled
help.

Light in Weight — Rugged in construc-
tion.

Can't Burn out, because there is nothing
to burn out, and the only Maintenance
Cost is for Carbons.

The Fastest, most efficient, and most
Economical Electric Soldering Iron on
the Market.

The " J.C." Soldering Irons have step-
ped into the front rank through sheer
downright efficiency.

IVrite ior Illustrated Catalogue

."ilKi II. P. Imlucliun Motor at llurliiigton Steel Co., Ltd.

Clemens Electrical Corporation

of Canada, Ltd.

Hamilton - - - Ontario.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

August J5, iins

Current News and Notes

Agincourt, Ont.

Hydro power was formally turned on in Agincourt. on
August 1. This is the terminus of the Scarboro Hydro trans-
mission line. Present charges for current are five and a half
cents per kw.h. with a sliding scale according to the amount
of current used.

Guelph, Ont.

Mr. E. A. Lowry, Guelph, Ontario, has, owing to greatly
increased business, moved into new ofifices in the Herald
building, Guelph, and is now better prepared to handle the
additional business. Mr. Lowry is now solely handling
motors, generators, transformers and large direct connect-
ed generating units of all capacities. Mr. Lowry, who has
l)een engaged in the electrical business for a number of
years and is an Associate Member of the A. I. E. E., has a
well established business covering a large part of the United
States as well as practically the whole Dominion.

Montreal, Que.

The Montreal Tramways Company have averted an em-
ployees' strike by submitting to a demand for increased
wages.

The Montreal & Southern Counties Railway Co., has
been successful in its application to the Railway Board for
an increase in its passenger and freight rates. Sir Henry
Drayton in giving j'Sidgnvent, found that the cost of the ser-
vice of the comivaaiV has greatly increased, and the new
schedule which the company desires to make effective is just
and reasonable. In his opinion an order increasing them
should be issued notwithstanding any municipal agreement
to the contrary. The company has agreements as to the rates
to be charged with St. Lambert, Greenfield Park, and Longue-
uil. and it was contended that these agreements were a bar
to any increase. Sir Henry Drayton, however, over-ruled
this argument, pointing out that to increase the tolls in other
districts without increasing them in the inunicipalitics refer-
red to would produce a difTerent scale of tolls.

North Sydney, C.B.

The Sydney Mines Electric Company have raised the rate
for house lighting from U to 14 cents per kw.h.
Portage La Prarie, Man.

The city council of Portage la Prairie. Man., will submit
a by-law to the ratepayers authorizing a debenture issue of
$:i2."),000 for the purpose of constructing a transmission line
from Winnipeg and bringing in Hydro-electric power.
Preston, Ont.

The I^everson Electric store at Preston, Ont., suffered
considerable loss in the fire which recently destroyed a large
portion of the business section.

Regina, Sask.

In connection with a recent by-law in Regina authorizing
an expenditure of $17.5,000 for a new generating unit, the
light and power department, (Mr. E. W. Bull, superintend-
ent"), have purchased a 5,000 kw. 2300 volt, 3 phase, 60 cycle
(".G.E. turbo-generating unit and a Westinghouse LeBlanc
surface condenser. The generator and condenser will be
shipped by the manufacturers in a few weeks and will be in-
stalled and in operation by Christmas.
St. Thomas, Ont.

The employees of the St. Thomas municipal electric rail-
way, now receiving 35 cents an hour for a nine and a half

hour day, are demanding 35 cents. The cost of living, they
say, has advanced 120 per cent.

The cit}' council of St. Thomas have under consideration
scrapping the present street railway system and installing
electric omnibuses, running on storage batteries, without
rails. The system at present is facing a heavy deficit, and
it was pointed out that with these cars in operation .$10,000,
or over, a year could be saved in wages. There would also
be a saving in power bills and there would be $15,000 worth
of scrap rails to dispose of.

Toronto, Ont.

The total current expenditure of the Toronto Hydro
Electric system during the first quarter of the year, acconl-
ing to a report of General Manager H. H. Couzens, was
$356,251. The total receipts were $620,066. leaving $363,-
814 available for fixed charges. There is a reserve of $21,-
000 for contingencies, and $107,619 available for deprecia-
tion. The balance sheet shows assets amounting to $10,-
494,077. The surplus, as per revenue account, including $69,-
958, brought forward from 1917, is $177,305.

The Toronto and York Radial Company have put an
order into effect which forbids the carrying of baby car-
riages on Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays. Passengers
may check their go-carts at the station or leave them at
home.

Passenger traffic on the Toronto civic car lines increas-
ed during July to 32.5 per cent, over the same month last
year. The revenue for July tliis year was .$28,385 and for
July 1917, $33,362.

A Toronto man undertook some electrical installations
and alterations without securing a p«rmit. He paid $50 and
costs for his neglect, the Crown Attorney pointing out the
great danger arising from defective electrical work, not only
to the building in which it was installed, but also to the whole
neighborhood.
Windsor, Ont.

The Essex Terminal Railway Company will, it is stated,
apply for permission to establish a straight five cent fare
in place of the six-for-a-quarter tickets whic.h have been in
use.

Electrical Research Committee.

The British Electrical Research Committee, which was
appointed last autumn, under the auspices of the Department
of Scientific and Industrial Research, is at present engaged
in superintending a research on insulating materials (fibrous
materials, porcelain, ebonite, mica, composite materials),
and the water-proofing treatment of insulating windings of
electrical machines, in respect of which grants have been
made to the committee by the Research Department, the B.
E.A.M.A., and the Institution. The committee consists of
three members nominated by The Institution of Electrical
Engineers and three members nominated by The British
Electrical & Allied Manufacturers' Association, the nominees
of the former being Mr. C. H. Wordingham, ^C.B.E. (Chair-
man of the Committee), Mr. C. C. Paterson, O.B.E., and Mr.
C. P. Sparks, and those of the latter Mr. F. R. Davenport,
Mr. D. N. Dunlop, and Mr. A. R. Everest. The temporary
address of the committee is No. 1 .\lbermarle Street, Lon-
don, W. I., and its secretary is Mr. P. F. Rowell.

Sc]Hciiihcr 1. r.il>

TMK KT^ECTRICAT. NICWS

Published Semi-Monthly By

HUGH G. MACLEAN, LIMITED

HUGH C. MacLEAN, Winnipeg. President.
THOMAS S. YOUNG, General Manager.
\V. R. CARR, Ph.D., Editor.

HEAD OFFICE - 347 Adelaide Street West, TORONTO

ADVERTISEMENTS
Oideis for advertising should reach the office of publication not later
than the Oth and 20th of the month. Changes in advertisements will be
made wiienever desiied, without cost to the advertiser.

SUBSCRIBERS

The "Electrical Xews" will be mailed to subscribers in Canada and
Great Britain, post free, for $2.tl0 per annum. United States and foieign,
$'J.5U. Remit by currency, registered letter, or postal order payable to
Hugh C. MacLean, Limited.

Subscribers are requested to piomptly notify the publishers of failure
or delay in delivery of paper.

Authorized by the Postmaster General for Canada, for transmission
as srcond class matter.

Entered as second class matter .luly l-'^th. Iitl4, at tl'e Poslofftcc at
KiHTalo. X. ^^. under llie .Act of Congress of March v{. l.STO.

Vol. 27

Toronto, September i, 1918

No. 17

A 55,000 Kw. Turbo-Alternator

Tlie first turbo-alternator of tiO.OUO kv.a. capacity ha?
recentlj- been completed in the A. E.G. works, and the fol-
lowing description is abstracted in "The Electrician" from
"Klcktrotechnische Zeitschrift." The output of the machine
is 55.000 kw.. at a speed of 1,000 revs, per min. It gives 7.000
volts., three-phase, with excitation at 220 volts. The turbines
work at a super-heat of 326° C, and with cooling water at
27°. The weight of the turbine is 250 tons, of which the tur-
bine rotor is responsible for 49 tons; the total weight of the
alternator is 225 tons and of its rotor 106 tons. The entire
wei.sjht of the machine, turbine and alternator, is thus 475 tons.
The machine utilizes two condensers, each of 3,000 sq. metre
supcrfiicial area, and weighing 100 tons. The outlets leading
ti> ihe turbines are 2,400 mm. in diameter.

The turbine utilizes 10 radial arms of 3,400-3,800 mm.
diameter. This corresponds with a peripheral speed of 180-200
metres per sec. The blades must be made of steel without any
nickel content, and the arms must, therefore, be worked en-
tire. The alternator-rotor has an outer diameter of about
2.200 mm., which corresponds with a peripheral speed of 115
meters per sec. It was not necessary to construct the rotor.
which, apart from the bearing, has a total length of 9 metres.
out of bne single piece, but it was built up by the assembly
of a large number of plates from the same metal.

The speed of rotation at which the retor was tested in
the works was 50 per cent, above workin.g speed, i.e., 1.500
revs, per min. With single plates tests were even made made
at .•:.0()0-2.400 revs, per min. The ijcarings of the machine

have a diameter iif liiKt mm., which corresponds to a peri-

|i1u-ral speed of about 47 metres per sec. In lesliii.^ (he
iiiirliinc al .Ml |nr cent. abip\e working speed .great pains
vcie lakcM, and Hkewise in a |)rolongetl lest of the liirl)iiu-,
'(■signed to secure thai Ihe safety-regulator on llie liirbmc

-hall forbid any possible excess of speeil when the machine

i> in continuous use.

In accordance with the standard practice of the A. E. G.
the machine is provided with three bearings, the ceotre bear-
ing being a double one, in view of the size of the parts. Be-
tween the two inner bearings is the flan.ged coupling connect-
ing the turbine-rotor to the alternator-rotor. The turbine
house has no pedestal, but rests on the be.irings on either
side of it. It can thus e.xpand, unhindered, to diflferences in
temperature. .Apart from mechanical strength, the design of
the whole machine was so contrived, as a result of experi-
ments on models, to give an imposing and constructive ap-
pearance, the round form of the turbine, indicating its func-
tion, being strongly emphasized. The machine, although the
first of its kind, gives an impression of complete harmony in
design.

This machine, together with a second one of similar size
and output, also designed by B. Goldenburg. will be installed
in the Rheinisch-Westfalisches Elektricitatswerke power sta-
tion, located on the site of the coal fields at the foot of the
hills near Cologne. The total installation at this station
(named after the designer, the "Goldenburg-works") will con-
sist ultimately of six turbo-alternators from 15.000 k.w. each
up to about 200,000 kw.

Judicious Use of Electric Heat

The announcement is now definitely made that at vari-
ous points in Canada the supply of anthracite coal is certain
to be less than a year ago. This is a serious situation for
those areas dependent upon the United States for their fuel
and suggests the advisability of electric heating wherever
possible. The power shortage, which again seems inevit-
able, around Christmas and the Xew Year particularly, ren-
ders the general employment of electric heaters impossible,
but their judicious and patriotic use at off-peak periods could
doubtless be arranged to eke out a scanty coal supply. In
general the peak load of the year, as regards electricity sup-
ply, comes on. in Canada, a month or two before the most
severe weather of February, so that at least this month's
coal supply, and doubtless also that of March and .April,
might l)e supplemented by a little electric heating without
interference with war industries. There are also certain
limited periods each day in addition to Saturday afternoon
and Sundays where the maximum demand on the central
station is rarely maintained.

On this supposition it would appear to be well for house-
holders in general to equip their homes with one or two
small heaters, ascertain the hours at which these may be
safely used and thus make a systematic effort to get along
with the smaller coal allotment.

St. Lawrence River Power Go. Demands

The St. Lawrence River Power Company is making ap-
plication to be allowed to construct an ice weir in the St.
Lawrence River, between the Long Sault Islands and the
canal which leads to Grass River. Lender ordinary circum-
stances thirty days' notice is necessary for the hearing of
an application but, as the company urged that this work was
needed to increase the output of aluminium which, in turn.
was to lie used for war purposes, the rules were suspended
and the bearing has been fixed for August 29 in Montreal.
The matter was argued at a meeting of the Internation;il

I'lIF. !■ Li:r I K I (WT, NEWS

Septenilier

lOlS

W'ati-ru .iy> ( ■.iiiiniissioii hrlil smiK- li-ii <la\ ~ a.L^ii al \ll.iiilic
(.ity.

The applicatidii will, it is uinlersunjj, be .>iJiiu.->jd by
Canadian interests, including the Commission of Conserva-
tion, unless it can be shown definitely that the scheme will
not intereferc in any way with the natural flow of the St.
Lawrence River. An important phase of the whole question
seems to be that no one had been given an opportunity to
study the plans at the time of the hearing in Atlantic City,
and the number of days elapsing hetvvcen that ami August
at) is all too short for this purpose.

Saving Power by Inter-Gonneclion

.\s a solution lor the reduced supply of fuel and the
greater demand for power, several companies in the New
England States are considering a complete inter-connection
of the plants in Eastern Massachusetts, The plan under con-
sideration would probably save in the neighborhood of 70,
000 tons of coal per annum and release about 50,000 kw. gen-
erating capacity for war work. The matter is in the hands
of a conference committee of central station interests headed
by C. L. Edgar, president of the Edison Electric Company
of Boston. Representatives of the War Industries Board, the
Massachusetts Gas and Elecric Light Commission and the
Conservation Division of the United States Fuel Administra-
tion, have been in conference with representatives of the
central stations and all are agreed that the plan could be made
effective. It is estimated that by inter-connection, the fuel
consumption in the plants involved, which are about seven-
teen in number, would be reduced from an average of 2.,38
pounds per kw.h. to 1.93 pounds per kw.h. representing a
direct saving of 40,000 tons of coal. The plan does not involve
the discontinuance of any of the generating plants coinposing
the complete system. Each plant will be required to operate
for a portion of each year — the most economical plants
running more continually, the inefficient plants being used for
peak-load requirements. The quantity of power involved is
in the neighborhood of 300,000 kw. It is anticipated that the
work of inter-connecting these plants will be proceeded with
immediately.

Turning Scattered Prospects Into
Profitable Business

Mr. S. J. Halls, sales manager of the British Co'umbia
Electric Railway Company at Victoria, B.C., recently took
advantage of the Westinghouse company's standing offer for
articles for "How-I-did-it" and secured a prize for his article
"Turning Scattered l^rospects into Profitable Business." Mr.
Halls'. article has some useful sug.gestions and we rei)ri>duce
it:

I suppiiM- most central station salesmen or district
agents have at one time or another lieen up against the pro-
blem of having to deal with requests for lighting extensions
to streets with very few residences on them.

We had a number of such cases some short time ago in
a suburban municipality.

The capital expenditure necessary in pole line construc-
tion was out of proportion to the estimated revenue from
the parties desiring service, and as the premises were very
scattered it looked rather hopeless at the time to meet
])eople's wishes.

However, we naturally wanted this business, if at all
possible to obtain, and therefore cast around to find ways and
means of satisfying those wishin.g connection from our lines,
and at tlu- same time to ensure profitable business of our-
selves.

The young municipality, in which these scattered homes
were situated, had not up to this time seen its way clear,

even on a modest scale, to embark (jn a street lighting sclieme.
Now appeared to us the opportuTie time to start, negiilialious
for a system to be installed.

We accordingliy interested those parties who wanted
light in their homes on the thinly settled streets, tliat provid-
ed satisfactory arrangements could be entered into with the
council for street lightning covering the whole municipality
that then sufiicient revenue would be derived, in conjunc-
tion with domestic lighting, to enable us to undertake the
extensions desired.

The matter soon took definite shape. I appeared before
the council and exjdained fully the circumstances, and point-
ed out how by mutually .getting together all parties would
lienefit by the proposals. 1 also explained the nature and
operation of a street series system and submitted costs of
construction and operation of such a plant.

A committee was appointed to go carefully into the
question, with the result that at the next regular council
meeting I was asked to draft up and submit a contract cover-
ing the scheme. This embodied that the system (excluding
poles) when paid for should become the property of the
numicipality ; that we would extend the payments over a
period of some years, and also give the privilege of using
our poles for such street lighting, without charge, during the
life of the contract. Current was to be paid for on a kw.h. basis
the uiunicii)ality to maintain lamps, renewals, etc. With a
few minor changes the contract was duly signed and sealed.
The factory gave prompt delivery of the necessary ap-
paratus, this consisting of one 23 ky.a. series tungsten regulat-
or, which, together with 190 ornamental brackets, each sup-
porting an 80-watt, 6.6 amp. lamp on ordinary streets, and
100-watt, lamps on main thoroughfares, were duly installed
within a period of three months, and lights were turned
on a few days before Christmas, This was particularly pleas-
ing to the residents, coming as it did at the festive season.
We received some bouquets for our efforts in the mat-
ter. Incidentally it also greatly assisted in returning the
whole council and councillors were all re-elected for an-
other year by acclamation, thereby saving the voters some
hundreds of dollars in election expenses.

With the subsequent introduction of the street series
mazda "C" lamps, we recomiTicnded their adoption, this fol-
lowing the use of larger wattage lamps and substantially in-
creasing the efficiency of the system, which has since been
considerably extended.

The monthly bills for energy have been kept to within
reasonable liiuits so that the .general tax rate has never
exceeded a quarter of a mill on the dollar to cover the en-
tire operation of the street lighting system — a figure, need-
less to say, extremely gratifying to the taxpayers.

Tin- result of these negotiations, of course, enabled us to
go ahead and connect up all our scattered prospects with
domestic li.ghting. It was also soon noticed that there was
.1 distinct inclination (m the part of the residents of the entire
ncighbnrliiMid to take a renewed interest in electric lighting
in their homes, to the extent that tungsten lamp sales in-
creased very apjireciabl}', consumers no longer being satis-
fied with the old carbon lamps — they wanted something on a
smaller scale to give them the efficient light now to be found
on their streets.

.\nother point of interest attached to this bit of business
was its relation td our street railway business, which op-
erates in the nuinicipalitj'. In the past it had been necessary
for the company to supply and maintain at its own expense
certain lights at prominent and dangerous crossings.

With the advent of the general scries system, this was no
longer necessary, as all street corners on the car lines were
provided with a lirilliant li.ght, so that passengers could board
(U' ali.ghl with ])erfect comfort and safety.

Within six months of the aliove system going into op-

Scptembei- 1, 1!)1S

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

eratioii, two other MiljuiiiiiiK [listriets, not lo be outdone in
llic matter of street lighting, conipleted arrangements with
n> for practically similar installations, carrying almost iden-
tical benefits to thosi' recorded.

In conclusion, therefore, what looked in tlu' ilrst place
like some scattered business hardly worth picking up, by a
little judicious handling brought us three suburban street
lighting contracts, added considerable load to our residen-
tial circuits, increase<l tungsten lamp sales, and benefited the
street railway.

Merely a Typical Case

A small nianufaclurer of concrete mixers had a tumble-
down shack in which he had ])een producing three and a
half concrete mixers a week, 'riic natural ligliting was in-
suflicient so that artificial lighting had to be used practically
the entire day and this consisted of naked lamps of small
size suspended from extension cords.

An illuminating contractor was requested to li.glit up
one-half of the sliop in a better way. ■ This he did by in-
stalling overhead units in size- and number so as to give a
high intensity of illumination uniformly distributed and suffi-
ciently diffused to avoid sharp shadows. After about three
weeks the owner of the plant called him up and said: "Come
out and fix up the utber half of tlie plant. Due to improved
lighting, 1 am now making five macliines a week." This, in
percenta.ge, is a tremendous gain, and as no other changes
had been made in the plant, it may be attributed alnnist en-
tirelv to tlie lighting.

Typical Accidents and Fires Attributable
to Electrical Abuses

"Electrical Data" for July, the official publication of the
National Board of Fire Underwriters, prints a number of
interesting reports of accidents and fires attributed to elec-
trical causes. It is noticeable that any one of these accidents
might have been foreseen and avoided. However, the enum-
eration of them is valuable as indicating the necessity for
caution with even this safest source of light, heat and power.
A number of typical items are enumerated below:

Bath Rooom Fixture Easily Reached by Person in Bath Tub.

In preparing to take a bath the person stood with one
foot in the bath tub which contained water, the other foot
being on the floor. In this position she reached over to a
bowl for soap and in drawing back came in contact with a
fixture with the other hand. The fixture was a one-light
combination gas and electric wall bracket, which, because of
broken down insulation of conductors was electrically charg-
ed. She received a shock and a slight burn on the first finger
of the right hand and fell to the floor receiving injuries to
the right arm, side and leg. The potential of the crcnit was
113 volts.

Enters Transformer House Through Window and is Killed.

In company with other boys, a boy seventeen years of
age was bathing in the tailrace adjacent to the plant of a
light and power company. While playing tag, this boy climb-
ed up an abutment and through a window into a room in the
plant containing high-voltage transformers. The boy's broth-
er looked in at the window and noting that something was
wrong, hurried to the engineer. From the marks upon the
body it was apparent that the victim's head came in contact
with the high-voltage wires. The transformer room was kept
locked and the window was left open for ventilating pur-
poses.

Taking Electric Iron Into Bath Tub.

The victim, aged :U, of this accident entered llie bath
room taking along an ordinary six-puund electric pressing

iron. The iron he attached by the usual cord and plug to a
lighting fixture. ,\fter filling the tub with water he stepped
in. taking the iron with him. He received a shock, the cord
and iron became water soaked and the victim called for help.
Before the current ccmld be shut oflf he was found to be dead.
The lighting system was llO-volt, alternating current
with the .secondary neutral permanently grounded, allowing
no possibility for a higher voltage to ground. The lighting
bracket was found bent down, due to efforts to pull the cord
loose from the fixture, and the heating element of the iron
was found to be burned out.

Boy Climbs High-Tension Wire Tower.
Three boys were playing at the foot of a tower support-
ing high-tension wires. One of the boys proposed a game
of "stump the leader." At this, one of the boys climbed to the
top of the tower, touched one of the wires and fell 40 ft.
to the ground, dying from shock and burns.

Arc Lamp Supporting Chain Charged.
Two men in a buggy came to a railroad crossing. One
of them alighted and approached the track to see if a train
were coming. Placing a cigarette in his mouth, he walked
over to a wooden pole at the crossing on which electric light
wires were strung, reached out to scratch a match and at
the same time touched a chain used in lowering and raising
the arc lamp, also supported by the pole. The chain was
charged and the man was killed.

Fire in Bedroom Started by Electric Iron.
,\n electric iron was used as a massage instrument and
kept in the bedroom. The occupant neglected to disconnect
the plug from the wall receptacle or from the iron, with the
result that the bed and contents of the room were consider-
ably dama.ged by fire.

Tenant Replaces Heating Cord with Ordinary Lamp Cord.

.\n electric pressing iron was properly installed with
standard heater cord between the socket and iron. The cord
l)ecoming worn, the tenant of the building replaced the worn
cord with ordinary lamp cord which soon short-circuited,
causing a fire.

Electric Iron on Lighting Circuit.

An electric iron was disconnected by a wall switch,
which also controlled the lighting of the room. The current
had been turned ofif the iron at the switch, but a person
coming into the room, t-urned the switch on and obtained
no light because the lights were turned off at the socket. He
neglected turning the switch to the "oflf" position.

Pennies Replace Blown Fuses

The key socket on a pendant cord became short-circuited
because socket screws were not tightly set in place. The
short-circuit burned along the pendant cord to a rosette and
the burned cord and socket dropped to the floor. Upon in-
vestigation as to why the fuses on the circuit had not blown
out, it was found that a few days before, the owner had had
trouble with this circuit and 6-ampere fuses had blown. A
workman from a local factory, called saying he would rem-
edy the trouble, which he did by placing a penny back of
each fuse.

Poor Connection of Attachment Plug to Cord.

I'uor workmanship in connecting a cord to an attach-
ment plug caused an are which set fire to the insulation of the
cord. The cord ran through decorations in a show window
and the tiamc was carried to this point.

Lamp Cord Hung on Nail Over an Open Oil Barrel.

In an autonuibilc garage a common lamp cord, somewhat
worn, was hung on a nail. Just below this was an open oil
liarrcl. Weak insulation, the nail assisting, caused an arc to
be formed .Tnd pieces of the burning cord fell into the oil

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Septeiiil)cr 1, I'.il-

liaiTfl, from which tlie tire communicated to tlie surrounding
objects.

Staple Cuts Through Lamp Cord Insulation.
(Irdinary lamp cord was extended, for liranch lighting
purposes, around the baseboard of a room and Iield in place
liy metal staples. A staple cut through the insulation of the
cord and started a fire.

No. 18 Telephone Wire Used to Connect Porch Light

.\ No. IS telephone wire was used to connect from a
liranch block to a receptacle for a light on the rear porch of
a residence. The wire became sjiort-circuited, seting fire to
the woodwork.
Window Curtain in Contact with Incandescent Lamp Globe.

.\ tapestry window curtain was draped so as to lie m
contact with one of the lamps of a candelabra bracket fixture.
The heat of the lamp ignited the curtain.

Hot Lamp Globe Causes $10,000 Fire.

A department store had woolen blankets stored in small
1)ales. These were stacked on high shelving, and in moving
the stock about a common lamp cord was used as a portable
lead to an incandescent lamp. The cord was left lying in con-
tact with and between the bales of blanets. To the cord
was attached a lamp without a guard. The lamp was left in
contact with the blankets, and a fire loss of $10,000 resulted.

Incandescent Lamp Used as a Clothes Hook.
.\ si.xteen candlepower carbon lamp in a wall receptacle
was used as a hook for clothing. The occupants of the
building returning late in the evening found the rooms filled
with smoke and the walls and floor somewhat burned.

Report on One-man Cars by the A. E. R. A.
War Board Confirms its Superiority

The War Board of the .\merican Electric Railway .-Asso-
ciation lias sulmiitted to the National War La1)or Board a
report on the dcAelopment of modern one-man cars. The
fcdlowing has l)een alistracted from thi.s report Ijy Electric
Traction :

The need of one-man cars has been brought about by
the enormous increase in all operating costs and by the
scarcity of platform labor, owing to the large number of men
who have gone into the war or war industries. The average
operating ratio has risen from 50 per cent, in 1912 to 72 per
cent, in February, 1918,

It is estimated that 30,000 of these cars could be used
advantageously. There have been built, however, only about
TOO one-man cars of a modern approved type. The old
sluittle car with the closed rear platform is a common type
of the one-man car. The use of cars of this type is limited
to minor service. For complete routes with light traffic a
better type of car is usually employed. The equipment of
these cars is also more complete and more modern, includ-
ing mechanically operated devices and air lirakes. Proliably
the most advantageous use of the one-man car is in con-
srested districts of the larger cities where the limited service
is sufficient to handle the traffic. Such use has pro.ved feasible
in cities of from 50,000 to 400,000 population.

The type of one-man car. suital)le for this purpose, will
' scat about 35 passengers. By supplying about 50 per cent,
more cars of this type, it is estimated that more seats will
be provided for .passengers with only about two-thirds of the
usual number of platform men. The reduction in the weight
of the cars displaced will, it is estimated, reduce the fuel
consumiJtion an amount proportionate to the reduction in
weight. The one-man car is estimated at less than 400 lbs.
per seat, while the cars displaced weigh from 700 to l,r>(i0 lbs.
; 2r seat.

Salctv cciuipnienl is dciineil a■^ .i i i iiiiliiiialiou of air

brakes, air operated doors, air sanders and tlie dcadnian's
handle of the electric controller. This equipment automatic-
ally insures, first; That the doors will not open until the car
has come to a full stop. Second: That the car will not start
until the doors are closed. Third: The power will go oflf, the
brakes will apply instantaneously and the track will sand,
the moment the operator of a moving car fails to bear down
on the controller handle of the deadman type.

The saving in manual labor is, of course, consideralde.
Under certain assumed conditions of normal traflic, 1,J40
door operations are required in 10 hours. Automatic doors
alone, therefore save considerable labor. The saving in labor
with air brake equipment is apparent. The number of move-
ments saved in eliminating the starting and stopping bell-
signal is enormous and worthy of saving botli as to time and
to labor, as is also the fare registering labor.

The best proof that "safety"' cars need only one man is
presented by the fact that nearly always these cars are mak-
ing better, faster schedules than the two-men cars, which they
replace. If the one-man car was appreciably slower, the
railways would al)andon its use, because of the loss in mile-
age, the slowing up of the service and the increased liability
of congestion would wipe out any saving due to a smaller
crew.

The superiority of the "safety" car is confirmed for a
wide range of service by data included in the report, cover-
ing 10 cities ranging in population from 21,000 to 400,000.
These figures should prove conclusively that one-man safety
cars are amply able to meet a wide range of operating con-
ditions, and that if they were applied wherever possible,
there would be a saving of hundreds of thousands of tons of
coal annually and a saving of several thousands of men.

I-roni the figures and data included in the report, the fol-
lowing points are brought out: (1) That the one-man safety
car is applicable to a wide range of electric railway con-
ditions. (3) That the safety cars of new contsruction per-
mit of enormous savings in fuel. {:!) That all safety cars
permit greatly increased service to the public while still per-
mitting a large reduction in platform personnel. (4) That
the safety car, because of the use of automatic devices, can
be operated at a higher schedule speed by one man than an
older style car can be operated by two men. (5J That the
safety car fully justifies its name as the preventer of acci-
dents through the inter-operation of control, brakes, doors,
steps, Sander and emergency brake. (6) That only the safety
car's economies in operation and improvements in service
have made it financially practicable to maintain railway ser-
vice in small cities where short headways were a necessity
and in larger cities where the shortage of labor has seriously
impaired the ability to give adequate service even with but
one man per car, as at Seattle and Tacoma. (7) That the
safety car is preferred by the men themselves because it
eliminates all manual labor and avoids division of responsi-
bility with a second platform man. (8) That the safety car
promotes better puljlic relations in demonstrating the good-
will of the railway, thereby paving the way for a solution
of the local utility problems. Tlie modern one-man car now
costs about $6,700.

In conclusion, it is pointed out that tlie late of change
or turnover of platform men is so .great that no man has
ever been deprived of work on the properties named, because
of the introduction of the on^-man car. The railways hope
in fact that the elimination of manual labor on these cars
will enable tliem to offer employment to a wider classifica-
tion of men and Im keep such men longer in the service.

Pay-as-you-enter ca^rs are being installed on some of the
lines of the Hamilton, Ont., street raihvay.

The Economic Electric and Manufacturing Company,
Montreal, have registered.

■Scpioi'iiDC'- 1, l!^^

THE F. I . E C T R K" A L N V. W S

Aerial Cable Construction for Electric Power

Transmission

By K. B. Meyer-

l-'riilral station companies luivi- had to nu-it a ninnbcr of
(lit'ticult proI)lcnis iliiritii; llic past tliree years l)ul tlic most
important has been that of supplying? enormous power de-
niands imposed upon them. On account of the rapidity with
which most of the materials covered hy war contracts must
]n- delivered, industrial companies foinul thai llie huihling of
isolated plants was out of the cpiestiou. not only liecause I'f
the lime necessary for erection, hut because of the low rates
and excellent , service furnished by utility companies.

.\t the present time the central station eni'iiieer in deal-
iujj- with the customer has to provide for thousands of kilo-
watts rather than hundreds., which were the usual demands

Jute

Soft Steel Tape Armor
4/32" Reinforced Rubber
3 32" Paper Jacket
' 32" Insulation (Paper)
250,000 C. M. Conductor
Jute or Paper Filler
(Impregnated)

Fig. 1— Reinforced rubber covered aerial cable.

previous to the war. These large demands have made it
necessary to solve numerous operating problems in connec-
tion with the transmission system and to devise special
methods of construction in order to serve the industries up-
on which the government isdependin.g to help win the war.
The Public Service Electric Company, which operates in
'JOO municipalities throughout the State of New Jersey, sup-
plies light and power to approximately 170 manufacturing
plants engaged directly or indirectly on Government con-
tracts. One of the special methods adopted by the Public
Service Electric Company in meeting war time demands,
was that of furnishing the customer with primary service by
the use of aerial cable run on poles and supported by mess-
enger wire, a type of construction similar to that used in
telephone work. This type of construction was first used by
the company about seven years ago when it was found
necessary to connect two large generating stations through
tie feeders.

The matter of running overhead wire w-as considered but
found impracticable because the line in several places would
have to cross freight yards, trestles, and bridges, and the
owners of these structures objected to open-wire high-ten-
sion lines. Most of the section between these two stations
was soil (d" a marshy character, tlirmiyh \\hich it wnuld have
been impossible to run a duct line without tlie use of found-
ation piling. It was therefore concluded that tlie use of aerial
cable furnished the most satisfactory solution of the prob-
lem. In this installation ordinary lead-covered cal)le of the
same type' as that for underground work was run on a pole
line with.' Sovft. pole spacing. To protect the sheath from
mechanical injury there was applied a covering consisting of
several layers of jute and marliu with an outer armor of soft
steel tape.

Special Cable Designed.
The use of lead-covered cable for aerial work was found
undesirable, however, because of the excessive weight of the

* Before the A, |. K. E.

cable and the fad that it diuld Hot be installed un stanil-
ard pole line constructif)n. and a special form of cable was
developed to overcome these objections.

In Fig. 1 is shown the modified form of cable for i:i,200-
Mdt operation, which is made up with 7,'.!a-in. paper con-
ductor insulation, a ;!/;i2-in. paper jacket and a 4/:i2-in. re-
inforced rubber covering over the paper jacket. The rein-
forced rubber covering is similar in construction to that of
the ordinary garden hose, being made up of several piles of
fabric arid rubber. The entire cable is saturated with rubber
compound and covered with tape and a weather-proof braid,
thoroughly impregnated with a waterprootin.g compound.
l'"or mechanical protection, the whole core is encased in an
armor made up of galvanized steel tape. The use of this form
of construction reduces the weight of the cable approximate-
ly .50 per cent and permits the use of lighter pole line con-
struction.

'l"he process of manufacture of the reinforced rubber
covering consists in calendering both sides of the cotton fali-
ric. previously dried and waterproofed, with a :'.o per cent
Para rubber compound, so as to obtain a thorou.gh fil!in,g of
rubber, which, under the process of calendering, becomes
partially vulcanized. The prepared fabric is then cut into tapes.
These are applied to the electrical conductor in the usual
manner, all contact surfaces and interstices being filled with
a rubber cement. The insulated conductor is then dried un-
der moderate heat. According to whether the reinforced rub-
ber covering is applied over an insulating layer of rubber
compound, or a layer of camliric or paper, the finished cable
may or may not be subjected to vulcanization, hi the latter
case, the partial vulcanization of the rubber in the reinforced
rubber is further advanced during the drying process and

^4' Lag Screw

Messenger Strand
to be above thro
iolt.

fcableRl^gl

Suspension
Clamp

Safety Strap

Fig. 2— Method of suspending messenger cable.

(lunug leading in the case of leaded cables; otherwise further
vulcanizatiim lakes place with aging and under service.

Tlie finished material is perfectly homogeneous.. Its spe-
cific insulating and dielectric constants are lower than those
of rublier. paper and varnished cambric insulation, and for
that reason, among others, it is preferable to combine a
thickness of reinforced rubber with one of the other materi-
als. By placing the reinforced rubber outside a thickness of
a higher dielectric compound near the copper wire, the
potential gradient is reduced so that the lower dielectric
compound near the copjier wire, the potential gradient is re-
duced so that the lower dielectric strength of the reinforced

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

September 1, 1918

rublier does not nialerially decrease the total dielectric
strength of the cable.

Many engineers have been of the opinion that paper in-
sulated cable with the reinforced rubber jacket would not
give satisfactory service when subjected to the heat of the
summer sun, but in spite of the fact that the cable is exposed
to the elements throughout the year the Public Service Elec-
tric Company has never experienced a service interruption
through the failure of any of the aerial cable in use in the
transmission system.

The following table gives approximate weights and out-
side diameters of three-conductor cables, insulated for 13,200
volt operation:

Approximate Weight and Diameter of Three-Conductor,
13,200 Volt Aerial Cable.

.Size W'ei.^lit iier Diameter

foot pounds Inches

No. i 3.50 3.25

No. 2 4.05 3.41

No. 1 4.45 2.50

l,/0 4.80 2.57

2/0 5 . 70 2.66

4/0 6.70 2.91

3,J0,000 cm. 7.05 3.00

350.000 cm. 8.50 3.22

The principal advantage of aerial cable for tie feeder in-
.>tallations is that it makes little difference how many work-
ing lines are carried on a single pole line. Additional cable
may lie run, existing construction changed, transferred or re-
paired without taking out of service any line except the one
on which the actual work is being done. Lightning discharges
seem to have little effect because the messenger wire which
carries the aerial cable is permanently grounded.

The usual aerial cable installation requires the use of
Class B chestnut poles, with a normal spacing of from 90 to
100 ft. Where conditions make it necessary, sections as long
as 150 feet are permissible, but in such cases the adjacent
sections should not exceed 130 ft. Sections longer than 150
ft. should receive special attention, and Class A poles should
be used on long sections and at points of special strain. The
location and frequency of guys is largely dependent on local
conditions and can, in most cases, be decided upon by a com-
petent line superintendent.

Attention is called, however, to the fact that the stress
at dead ends and corners is very great, frequently being as
much as 25,000 lb. These points of special stress need to be
well guyed. Both the anchors and the guys should be design-
ed with a factor of safety so high that the messenger will fail
before the pole will pull over. In all cases it will be neces-
sary for guy stubs to be reinforced by an anchor guy.

For the suspension of the messenger a double ended
.'>/S-in. through bolt is recommended, as illustrated in Fig. 2.
The use of a safety clamp is also desirable. This clamp serves
tin- double purpose of reinforcing the through bolt and pre-,
venting the cable from falling to the ground in case the rings
fail. Careful tests made on the method of suspension show
that it will withstand the maximum loads to which it will be
subjected.

The type of clamp used is similar to that used by the
American Telephone and Telegraph Company, the size de.-
pending on the diameter of the messenger strand adopted.
The clamp is designed expressly for construction of this
character and is not built like a guy clamp which is designed
to grip two strands instead of one. It afTords a greater lever
arm fnr the Ijolts to work upon in grasping the messenger
and supports the messenger strand closer to the bolt, de-
creasing the bending moment on the bolt due to the weight
n: the cable.

The messenger strand should always be placed above

the bolt in order that the weight of the cable will not be sup-
ported by the clamp. Various forms of cable rings may be
used in supporting the cable on the messenger wire.

Where one or more cables are to be installed on a pole
line they are usually in pairs, two from each through bolt.
The messenger wire is extra strength 5/8-in., seven-strand,
galvanized, steel wire. The wire composing the strand should
be free from scale, inequalities, splints or other imperfec-
tions, not consistent with the best workmanship. It is usual
in purchasing galvanized steel wire of this character to have
it conform to a specification covering the galvanizing. This
is necessary as otherwise inferior grade wire might be ob
tained.

Messenger Should be Drawn Tight.

It is very important that the messenger wire be drawn
as tight as possible, in order to prevent sagging when sub-
ected to the weight of the transmission cable. If this is not
done, an unsightly installation will result. After the messen-
ger wire has been given its final pull and properly dead-end-
ed, the placing of the aerial cable in the next step. In pulling
the cable up to the messenger wire it is very important that
precautions be exercised to prevent mechanical damage or
excessive strains which would tend to weaken or damage the
insulation.

It is customary in aerial installations to ground the mes-
senger strand. Where the soil is dry or soil conditions un-
favorable for grounding, a ground connection should be in-
stalled at every second pole. Where the earth is damp and
soil conditions are favorable, a ground should be installed at
every fourth pole. In marshy ground and in places where
conditions are particularly favorable, a ground at every
eighth pole will be sufficient. Where possible, this ground
connection should be well bonded to some metallic subsur-
face structure. If this is not possible, the standard artificial
pipe ground should be installed.

It is also desirable that the steel tape on the cable. be
banded to the messenger strand with bonding wire at every
cable joint, as proper bonding is necessary in order to fur-
nish the required protection against lightning. Where cable
is run tlirough trees and likely to be damaged by abrasion
it should be protected by several layers of galvanized tape
similar to that later described for use in protecting the joint.

In Fig. 3 is illustrated a method of clamping the cable
to the messenger wire. On steep grades where the angle
between the cable and the horizontal is greater than 30 deg.
the use of such a cable clamp is recommended. This clamp
can be made up as required and should be used on every
fourth pole. It is designed to take the greater portion of
the down hill pull on the cable, which otherwise would be
carried by the cable rings.

In erecting the cable, the first reel is set up in the usual
manner and the cable run ofif to the first pole, at which is
placed a sheave of appro.ximately 12 in. diameter, the top
of the sheave being located about 5 in. below the messenger
wire. On the four or five succeeding poles similar sheaves
or cable rollers are placed, and in feeding out the cable
3.5-in. (6.35 cm.) "S" hooks, spaced 18 in. (45.6 cm.) apart,
are fastened to it. These hooks are fastened to the cable
with a small piece of marlin. made up in n lo6p;knot. as il-
usfrated in Fig. 4.

.\ line man is stationed at each pole to change the "S"
hooks from one side of the pole to the other, which process
is repeated until the entire length of cable has been installed
in place.

The "S" hooks, which were used as a temporary support,
MTc ninv removed and permanent rings put in place. This is
done by a lineman supported on a boatswain's chair, which

Septemlier I. I'.ils

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

is moved along the section supported by the messenger wire.

In running the transmission cable, either a motor truck,
hiirscs, hand or power winch ma)' be used.

In the splicing of aerial cable, no special nuans arc iiii-
ployed, but the usual precautions obscrvcil in llic insl.ill.ilion
of underground cable must he followed. The jointiu.;; of any
cable is more or less a maltci of iiulividual experience and
great care must be exercised in all cases to exclude moisture.
The work should be carefully done by a reliable and exjieri-
enced workman and no splicing should be undertaken when
weather conditions are unfavorable.

Each conductor of the cable is insnlaleil with black bias-
cut varnished cambric tape of a thickness of about ISO per
cent. .!j;rcater than tlie machine applied insulation. Between
each layer of tape, varnished cambric insulating compound
is applied. After the individual conductors have been insu-
lated a jacket of bias-cut black cambric ta])e, well painted
between layers with an insulating compound, is applied to a
thickness of 4/32 in. (_)ver the jacket of cambric tape sev-
eral layers of the best grade rubber tape, .5/32 in. in thick-
ness, are applied and painted between layers with a higli-
grade rubber compound. The completed joint is then covered
with three or four layers of friction tape well painted with
rubber compound. The joint is then ready for the application
of a soft steel galvanized tape over which is finally applied
an outer covering consisting of three or four layers of fric-

Fig. 3-Clamping cable to messenger on grade,
tion tape painted between the layers with a good grade of
waterproof compound.

Where it is necessary to make connection from an aerial
cable to an underground system a standard form of lead cov-
ered calde is used and installed in a lateral pipe. The joint
between the underground and aerial cable is made up in the
manner just described, and there is slipped over the joint a
lead sleeve, one end of wliich is wiped to the lead-covered
cable. The other end is well ta]3ed to prevent moisture from
penetrating the cable.

While most of the existing circuits are operated at volt-
ages under 15,000, the excellent results obtained with aerial
cable has led the company to use this type of construction
on all special work for operation at 36,000 volts.

To keep the cable in .good condition it is necessary to
paint it every four or five years with some form of insulating
liaint. This serves to keep the outside jacket from disinteg-
rating and protects it from the action of the elements.

There is in service in the various transmission lines of
the company approximately 6.5,000 ft. of aerial cable operat-
ing at 13,200 volts and about 16,000 ft. either operating or
in course of construction for 20,-100-volt service.

It was impossible jvithin this short length of time to ob-
tain the standard aerial cable with reinforced rubber insula-
tion, and it was found necessary to take ordinary lead cov-
ered cable out of stock.

The erection of lead covered cable by the methods com-
monly used in installing aerial cable, on account of the weight

and long |)ole spacing, would have resulted in throwing too
great a stress on the messenger- wire and lead cable. It was,
therefore, decided to use tlie catenary form of construction
so as to reduce the. strain, with the result that the transmis-
sion cable hangs jierfectly U'vel and without sag.

.\erial cable construction is somewliat more expensive
than ordinary open wire construction, but its cost is less
ihan that of an underground conduit system. .As the costs

2 V2 S Hook

Fig. 4- Method of fastening tiooks to aerial cable.

of the various types are so largely dependent on local con-
ditions, no comparative estimates will be given here. In gen-
eral, the cost of an aerial cable is about. midway under.ground
and open wire construction.

While this paper deals primarily with the use of reinforced
rubl)er cables, there are numerous installations throughout the
country where other forms of insulation have been used with
satisfactory results.

Seatless Car Being Tried in Rome

On some oi its routes the Koine (Italy) Tramways is ex-
perimenting with a number of seatless motor and trailer

A seat-less car for rush hours.

single-truck cars. These cars, as shown by the accompany-
ing loading diagram, repro<luced from the Electric Railway
Journal, are of the inclosed type with bowed ends, and they
accommodate as many as sixty-live passengers.

Passengers enter at the rear and leave at the front, both
on the near side. The rear platform accommodates seven-
teen persons, and the front one only thirteen, a space being
chained ofif for the motorman. In the body of the car, sep-
arated by a series of hand rails, are three parrallel longitud-
inal aisles. The centre one is kept free for fare collection
and passenger circulation.

The new cars are clearly marked on the vestibules at
each end: "Standing Places Only." The company plans to
trj' them for six months and watch the economic and social
results. If there is no serious objection, the public authori-
ties will iiermit the continuance of the seatless-car service
and its extension as traffic demands require.

THE ELECTRICAL xNEWS

September 1. I'.llH

The Engineer's Opportunity — Present and Future

Just as the eiiKineer has demonstrated his value in war-
time so. after the war. he will 1)C one of the most important
factors in the unprecedented race and development which
most men believe inevitable. It behooves engineers in gen-
eral then, to realize their importance and prepare for the
days to come. Quite an interesting address along this line
was recently delivered by Mr. S. A. Redding, superintendent
of the local railway and power company before the student
branch, A. I. E. \-... in the Georgia School of Technology.
Some abstracts follow:

Judging from conditions as they e.xist in the world to-
day, it requires only ordinary intelligence to comprehend in
a general way what the future holds in store for the en-
gineering profession, and particularly the younger engineers
.who are just starting out in business and have not fully made
up their minds just what line of work to follow.

There never was a time in history when the engineer was
in such demand as he is to-day, and will continue to be for
many years to come.

When we stop to consider the enormous loss of life whicli
ha?- already occurred, and tlie additional loss which, unfur-
ately. is sure to follow; when we try to realize the almost
inconceivable amount of property dama.yc an<l destruction
which has been wrou.ght throughout Europe and on the high
seas; and when we think of the enormous amounts of food-
stuffs, munitions, machinery, and supplies of all kinds that
are absolutely necessary in carrying on a struggle of such
magnitude, it can lie readily understood why young men are
destined to take such a conspicuous part in the affairs of thi
world in the near future.

The value of any commodity is based on the law ol sup-
ply and demand, and with the supply limited and the demand
practically unlimited, the values of commodities are bound
to be high. This law applies equally well to manual lalior
and all other forms of human effort; this being true, think
of the enormous amount of reconstruction which will have
to be done — reconstruction of work representin.ij many years
of hard labor and fabulous sums of money — railroails.
bridges, highways, industrial plants of all kinds, and even
entire cities in the boundaries of which are included every
kind of construction imaginable; then, on the otlier hand,
consider the available supply of raw material, the limited
manufacturing facilities, the shortage of man power — skilled
mechanics and artisans of all kinds as well as common labor
— and you will readily conclude that it will be difficult to
overrate the importance of the engineering profession when
peace finally comes

Work Will be Plentiful.

Every Ijranch of the engineering profession will lie over-
run with work, and while, from a purely money-making
standpoint, there should be little to choose between the dif-
ferent branches, it is evident tliat one will most likely meet
with the greatest measure of success by following the line
of work in which he has the most decided talent.

The electrical and mechanical engineering fields will be
very productive; the hydraulic and civil engineers will have
their hands full; and the architect and textile engineer will
also be in great demand.

From July 1914. when the war broke out, until we were
finally forced to take a hand, the many electrical and me-
chanical manufacturing industries in the United States had
been gradually changing over their existing plants and mak-
ing new additions in order to take care of the requirements

of the allies, but since our entry the requirements of our own
governmetnt have been so great and so urgent that practical-
ly every manufacturing concern in the country has been
loaded beyond its capacity with government orders of all
kinds.

As a result of these emergency conditions, it is jiractical-
ly impossiI)le for public utilities such as the telephone, electric
light, power, street railway, and gas companies to secure
promises of deliveries on equipment requirements in better
than nine to twelve months, except where it can be conclu-
sively shown that the equipment or material required is to be
used in actual government production; and, on certain kinds
of apparatus, quotations cannot be obtained at all. Further-
more, on account of the unsettled financial condition of the
world since the war began, a great many of the public utility
companies have been forced to steer close to shore in order
to avoid financial disaster. The purchasing of much needed
equipment has been held off just as long as possible in the
hope that the war .would end in a short while; and so, when
it docs finally end. there is going to be a big commercial drive
which will lax tlie cajjacity of the manufacturing forces to
tlic limit .

Since many of the manufacturing concerns have Jiad to
change over equipment and plant arrangements in order pro-
perly to handle the Government war orders, it will be neces-
sary for them to undergo a second transformation in order
efficiently and promptly to meet the needs of the puldic util-
ity companies, the steam rmd electric railroads, and the thou-
sands of other industrial enterprises in the United Stales and
neutral countries, in addition to the urgent needs of tUc de-
vastated countries of Europe. One might well hazaril the gues^
that depreciation and the wear and .tear on railway lines and
rolling stock, and on the machinery and equipment, running
continuously day and night, during the past three and a half
years, in feverish efforts to keep pace with the needs of war,
will far exceed in money value the actual destruction caused
by the war itself, great as this amount must be.

The serious coal shortage which was experienced last
winter, while due to a combination of unusual circumstances.
was a near national calamity which our Government will
not allow to recur if possible. Gertain phases of a similar
situation in the future can. of course, be obviated by storing
up coal during the summer months; but while such a precau-
tionary measure would take care of domestic requirements,
some other means will have to be devised to safeguard the
cities and communities dependent upon the steam central-
station and the gas plant for their electric light, power, and
fuel for manufacturing as well as domestic needs.

The Government, as well as the central-station manage-
ment and the manufacturer very cUarly see the urgent neces-
sity for iniuudiate action to relieve the situation i)ernianenl-

ly.

The Need for Water Power Development
The plan, which would be productive of the greatest relief
in the shortest time, includes the general develoijment of
■ the numerous water-powers throughout the United States.
The electric energy thus generated would be transmitted at
high voltages to the cities, towns, and rural communities
within a radius of 25 to 150 miles, the distance depending in
large measure on the size of the development.

This plan of general water-pow-er develoimicnt. will.
when put into effect, give great impetus to the movement
already under way for a more general electrification of the
great trunk lines all over the country. It is a well-known

Septenilicr I, l;il8

THE F.I.F.CTRICAL Nl'.WS

.'•J

fact that the steam locomotive is one of the most unccjno-
niical types of steam apparatus in use, cinsumins>: aliout s;x
pounds of coal jicr horse-power-hour as compared with the
modern steam turliinc which consumes less than (jue-llnrd
this anil Hint.

In those sections of the country not favored with water
powers, coal will continue to lie the source of power; hut it
is quite prohahle that considorahle attention and study will
he given lo the comparatively new practice of iniildins tlie
steam station at the mouth of the mine and transmitting the
converted energy over high-tension lines to the centres of
distrihution, instead of hauling the equivalent amount of coal
to the steam stations located- in the cities and towns and
other points remote from the mine. This scheme would
release still more cars which would he availahle for the trans-
portation of other commodities wdiicli, unlike coal, cannot be
transformed and transmitted direct to their destinations.
With the principal water-powers developed: with modern
steam stations built at the mines throughout the country;
with a large proportion of the trunk lines electrified; and
with large government controlled coal deiiositories in every

city throughout the country, filled during periods of light
traftic, the solutions of the coal and transportation problems
will be found.

Now, what has been s.od applies not only to our own
country and the allies, but to practically every neutral coun-
try throughout the world; for while no single nation at war
h;is supidied all the manufactured exports to all of these neu-
tral countries, all of the belligerents together have, in the
past, supplied practically all of the machinery and manu-
factured goods of all kinds, used by all of these neutrals.
Surely, if we, right here in the heart of the industrial world,
ha\e been unable to secure much needed equipment, it does
not stand to reason that the neutral countries have been able
to do so. The probabilities are that they are as bad if not
worse off than we are, so when the great struggle is over.
Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Peru, Bolivia, and the smaller re-
publics of South and Central America, and Spain, the only
country of any size in Europe not participating in the war,
will be pleading, along with the rest of the world, for mach-
inery of all kinds and the engineers and skilled inechanics to
make the installations.

The Use of High-Pressure and High-Tempera-
ture Steam in Large Power Stations

By J. H. Shaw

THERE is little doubt that the majority of power sta-
tion engineers have given attention to the efficient ut-
ilisation of steam at the lower ranges of temperature
and pressure, and have been during the past few years
considering the upper range. Here there is rather more scope
for choice, but it appears that doubt exists as to whether it
is the more economical to increase the temperature of the
steam by superheating or to increase the range by the use of
higher pressures and a moderate amount of superheat. This
question has been shelved to a certain extent, owing to
engineers being engaged on war work, and thus unable to
give the necessary time and attention to developing plant
suitable for the higher ranges.

An interesting plant has been installed by the British
Thomson-Houston Company at their Rugby power-house,
consisting of a B.T.H. turbine and a Babcock and Wilcox
marine type boiler, capable of a normal evaporation of 18,-
000 lb. per hour with feed-water at 80 dcg. Fah.-:— the work-
ing pressure being 350 lb. per square inch, the final tempera-
ture of the steam after passing the superheatei" 700 deg. Fah.,
and the test pressure of the boiler 525 lb, per square inch.
Good results have been obtained from the combination, and
an inspection of the machine after about a j-ear's operation
showed no undue signs of wear.

.At the Carville power station, Xewcastle-on-Tyne, the
latest section of the boiler-house is designed for 275 lb.
pressure, and at Glasgow the boiler pressure at the new
works is to be 250 lb. per square inch.

Does It Pay?

-\ question that will appeal to all is "Will it pay?"
A good case can be made out for a jump to 600 lb.
pressure with a total temperature of 700 deg. to 800 deg.
Fall., but this will involve a considerable amount of develop-
ment charges being borne by the undertaking or undertak-
ings which are the first to' adopt such a pressure. On the
other hand, it appears that practically all designs of exist-
ing apparatus can be so modified as to admit of pressures
of 350 lb. to 400 lb. per square indh. It would, therefore,
* Before the Institution of Electrical Engineers.

seem that to increase the working range of steam without
the development of new designs a pressure of 350 lb. can
safely be adopted, and that if it is decided to increase the
range the adoption of a pressure below this is akin to "hedg-
ing" the question.

When considering any results of tests on high-pressure
or high-temperature steam generating plant, it is essential
that the tests on the boiler side and the tests on the turbine
side be studied separately; further, it must be remembered
that any results obtained on an extra high-pressure boiler
can be obtained, and considering the boiler apart from the
economiser, surpassed on a similar and similarly equipped
low-pressure boiler.

For a comparison between the cost of running a powei
station at 200 lb. pressure (gauge) and at a 350 lb. pressure,
a schedule has been prepared. It is proposed to consider
a riverside station, where the water is suitable for surface
condensing. It is proposed to install 20,000 kilowatt sets,
and coal is assumed to be within a reasonable distance;
the cost of the coal, with a net calorific value of 10,000
therms per lb., is for the purpose of the schedule assumed
to be 10s. per ton at the works. The incombustible con-
tents of the coal would amount to 20 per cent. The average
water temperature is taken to be 60 deg. Fah., and the va-
cuum 28.5 in., with the barometer at 30 in. The overall effi-
ciency of the boiler-house plant is assumed to be 77.5 per
cent., which should be obtained with modern boiler control.

Turl)ine makers are not all in accord as to the efficiency
to be expected from turbines of the size under consideration
when working on high pressures, and, in view of the dif-
ference between the view of experts, it will be advisable
to look ahead and anticipate that the efficiencies of turbines
of the size under consideration will be improved in the near
future. For the purpose of the calculations a turbine ratio
efficiency of 80 per cent, is assumed at both 200 lb. pressure
and 350 lb. pressure with the steam superheated 150 deg.
Fah. and a constant vacuum of 28.5 in. .-Vn alternator of 20.-
000 kilowatts capacity can no doubt be built to give an effi-
ciency of 97 per cent, at unity power factor, thus making the
turbo generator ratio efficiency 0.80 x 0.97 := 77.fi per cent.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Septeml)er 1, 191S

Assuming- hearing and other friction losst-i to al>sorh 2 per
cent., the internal efficiency of the turbine will amount to ,S:J
per cent.

Comparative Costs

The schedule shows the comparisons of coal, steam and
heat consumptions for a 20,000-kiIowatt machine • running
under the conditions mentioned, at 200 lb. and 3.50 lb. pres-
sure by guage at varying: superheats; also at 500 lb. pressure
absolute and 268 deg. Fah. superheat, at which pressure and
superheat the total temperature will be 736.5 deg. Fah., which
is about the maximum temperature at present recommend-
ed for the materials now being used in turbine construction.
The schedule shows that the cost for coal when generating
175.2 million kilowatt-hours with a load factor of 100 per cent,
will be £64,400 at the higher pressure— superheat 250 deg.
Fah. — and £69.200 at the lower pressure with corresponding
superheat. This is a saving of £4800 per 175.2 million kilo-
watt-hours, or 0.007d. per kilowatt-hour. Unfortunately, a
load factor of 100 per cent, is impossible, and the conditions
under which power stations are operated must be cons'.dered
before even an appro.ximate estimate of working costs can
be arrived at.

To arrive at an estimated figure for the power stations
under discussion, it is proposed to assume that the standing
loss of the station designed for 200 lb._will be the same as
a typical station — the Valley-road power station of the Brad-
ford Corporation, i.e., 1583 lb. of coal per hour. It will be
fair if the same basis is taken for the plant at 350 lb. pressure,
with 8 per cent, added to the works standing loss represent-
ing roughly the higher temperature of the steam at the higher
pressure. Standing losses must be approximately proportion-
al to the top temperature, as this affects radiation, boiler exit
losses, etc.

For a 80,000-kilowatt set the no-load consumption will be
approximately 22,000 lb. of steam, or 3666 lb. of coal per
hour, and the total steam consumption at any load is 22,000
lb. + 9.54 lb. of steam per kilowatt-hour for the plant operat-
ing at 200 lb. pressure, and 22,000 lb. -f- 8.6 lb. of steam per
kilowatt-hour and 3729 lb. + 1.45 lb. of coal per kilowatt-
hour for the plant operating at 350 lb, pressure and 250 deg.
superheat.

In order to allow for changing over, for the period when
tw'o or more machines are temporarily running together
at partial loads, for reduced efficiency, in the boiler-house
due to adverse circumstances, and for the necessity of
sometimes running the plant when it is not in the best con-
dition, it will be advi"sable to add 5 per cent, to the figures
obtained for the load consumption and 5 per cent, to the
no-load loss of the turbine, thus making the consumptions
and costs as beli>\v:

Table I:

Maximum load of 20,000 kilowatts
and 50 per cent load factor 87.6 .k

106 units per annum.
200 lb. pressure. 350 lb. pressure
250 deg. super- 2S0 deg. super-
heat. 28 Sin. heat, 28,5in.
vacuum. vacuum.
Works standing loss in tons of coal 6.200 6.700
No-load consumption of turbo-
generators in tons of coal 15,100 15,:!14

Load consumption of turbo-genera-
tors in tons of coal 65.300 59.867

Total Sfi.fiOO 81.881

Lb. of coal per unit on station

bus-bars 2.211 2.094

Total cost at 10s. per ton £43.300 £40.940

Cost of coal per unit 0.119d. 0.U22d.

The foregoing relates only to the cost of coal; the re-
maining items which make up the total works costs are not
likely to be affected by the use of higher pressures and tem-
peratures. Oil, waste, and water are practically unaffected:
repairs and maintenance may be increased, but not to an

appreciable extent. The capital cost of the plant is an item
that may be affected to a considerable extent, but, unfortun-
ately, the increased cost of turbines, boilers, pipes, etc., due
to the use of higher pressures and temperatures cannot be
given in a paper of this description. Table II. below gives
the steam consumption on the conditions specified:

Table 11.

Steam pressure at turbine lb per

square inch ah 215 265 315

Total temperature of steam at

turbine, deg. Fah 688 688 688

Superheat at turbine, deg. Fah... 300 281.6 265.6

Total heat of steam (from 32

32 deg. Fah.) therms per lb. .. 1371.3 1.368.6 136.5.9

.\bsolute pressure at turbine ex-
haust, inches (Hg.) 1.5 1.5 1.5

Heat drop per lb. of steam.

therms 429.2 440.3 449.1

Ratio efficiency of turbine and

alternator 79.5'; 79.1'/^ 79.0%

Steam consumption of turbine. 11>.

per kilowatt-hour 10.02:i 9.1-2 9.65

Total steam consumption of tur-
bine, lb. per hour 200.460 196,400 IHIS.O.IO

Steam consumption per effective

kilowatt-hour, lb 10.3 10.10 9.94

With regard to the practical difficulties, it is but to be
expected that before pressures of 500 lb. or 600 lb. per
square inch are adopted, a radical departure will have to
be made in present boiler construction. .\11 square boxes
and headers will be eliminated, the drums and tubes will
be smaller in diameter, and the design of the boiler made
more elastic. The type of boiler will no doubt assume the
appearance of a flash boiler, with practically no steam or
water reserve, and fired by gas on the surface-combustion
principle.

For more moderate pressures, up to 350 lb. per square
inch, the existing type of boiler can be modified and success-
fully used. At Carville power station. Babcock and VVileo.x
marine-type boilers are being used, at 275 lb. per square
inch gauge pressitre, and ;it the British Thomson-Houston
Company's works at Rugby a Babcock and Wilcox boiler
is installed and successfully working at 350 lb. per square
inch. Further, Messrs. Babcock and Wilcox state that they
have at present two boilers on order for a working pressure
of 475 lb. per square inch with steam superheated to a final
temperature of 700 deg. Fah., and that they are quite pre-
pared to supply boilers in their ordinary business for such
pressure and suiierheat.

With hig;her steam pressures the temperature of satura-
tion is raised, and, due to this, greater care must be exercised
in the quality of the water used for the boiler feed. .\ feed-
water that is perfectly satisfactory at 380 deg. Fah. in a
modern tubular boiler might be quite unsuitable for use in a
flash boiler. The ipiantity of air, C( );, and oxygen will have
to be kept down to a minimum, and also the non-soluble
salts which are generally in the water discharged from an
ordinary lime-soda water softener. .\ natural development,
and one which is already taking place, is to heat the feed-
water under atmospheric pressure by means of live or ex-
haust steam in order to drive off the entrapped and dissolved
gases as much as possible. According to Lunge's "Tech-
nical Chemist's Handbook," it is necessary to raise the tem-
perature of the 'water to 100 deg. Cent, before the quantity
of air in the water is appreciably reduced.

The source of water for use in high-pressure plants will
have to be carefully traced, and' the treatment of the water
should be such that minimum of unsoluble salts remains
in it after treatment. The purer the water the greater
affinity it has for air, CO=, and oxygen, and every care should
be taken that it is not exposed to the air between the con-

?ei)teinlier 1. I'.MS

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

denser and the lioiler. In order to avoid such exposure to the for a lower pressure— wlllnii liniii-.— i> taking a hopeful view,

air it is suggested that the feed pump should he an extension and that there is justiticali. .n for hesitation before adopting

of the condensate pump and the condensed water pumped extra high pressures on tlie part of managers responsible

direct into the feed line. f"r the tinaneial results t>f large undertakings.

For Higher Pressures.

The natural development of the turbine for higher pres-
sures appears to be in a line with Parsons two-cylinder mac-
hine, with a flexible claw-type coupling between the cylinders
and a thrust bearing for each cylinder. For very large sets,
above ."in.onn kilowatts, the cross-compound turbo-generator
will no iloubt be used, the high-pressure turbine being at-
tached to a generator and the low pressure turbine to an-
other generator. Each set can then be run at its most suit-
able speed, with resulting high efficiency. This arrangement
will no doubt lead to re-heating the steam after it leaves
the high-pressure turbine and before entering the low-pres-
sure machine. Dr. Ferranti has already done vatusble work
on this subject the results of whiqh have unfortunately not
been published.

The design of the condensing plant is not likely to be
modified because of the use of high pressure or high tem-
perature steam, but it must not be lost sight of. that with
steam initially at the same temperature, but at different pres-
sures the plant using the high-pressure steam will reject less
heat units to the condenser per lb. of steam used in the tur-
bine.

The steam pipes to be used in a station where both high
pressures and high temperatures are employed will have to
be very carefully designed. The question of expansion at
higher temperatures will be of the utmost importance. For
e.xample, take the case of a steam pipe 100 ft. in length.
and assume that the pipe had been erected at 60 deg. Fah.
It will be found that a temperature of .S88 deg. Fah., equal
to steam at 200 Hi. gauge saturated, the expansion is 2. .5!) in.,
while at 786.6 deg. Fah.. equal to steam at 000 lb. pressure and
300 deg. Fah, superheat, the expansion is .5.75 in.

The expansion given can be readily taken care of if the
designer can ensure that the expansion would always take
place lengthwise in the pipe range. Unfortur^tely. taking
a boiler off a range will cause a considerable cross-strain
to the main header, due to the connecting pipes cooling down
and contracting.

It appears that the main steam connections of the boiler
will have to be designed in a flexible manner, in order to re-
lieve the main range of stress. Further, these connections
should be of the manifold or header type, i.e., made up of
many small pipe conn_ections.

From inquiries, it is apparent that the boiler mounting
and valve makers are quite alive to the possibilities of high-
pressure and high-temperature steam coming into commer-
cial use. The question of the use of higher pressures is quite
appreciated by the makers of economisers, who are prepared
to manufacture economisers for ,350 lb. boiler pressure or
higher, either of their standard design, with the details modi-
fied, or of a design suitable for use as an integral part of
the boiler, if necessary with horiontal and mild steel tubes.
It must be admitted that in order to attain a higher orer-
all efficiency, it is necessary to increase both the pressure
and the temperature of the steam. An increase of pressure
with a constant temperature would mean that the dew point
is carried further up the turliine towards the high-pressure
end. thus tending to accelerate blade erosion in the lower
stages and a reduced stage efficiency of the turbine. Also the
high-pressure blading of a turbine is considerably less efficient
than the low pressure stages, and although the losses in the
high-pressure end are partly recovered in the low-pressure
blades, it is apparent that to assume that a turbine for extra
high pressures can be built with the same efficiency as one

Women Conductors a Success in Baltimore

The lirst women e.'n(luctor> t.i be enqdoyed liy the
United Railways i*t Electric Company, of Baltimore, Md.,
commenced their new work on July 10, and since that time
have taken to their duties so earnestly, and the public ha.?
taken to this innovation so naturally, that there appears tu
be no question but that they will be an uiu|ualified success
in holding the places of the soldier and -.ailnr boys until
the war is won and the "warriors" return tn resume their
old platform position.

There was not a large number — just half a dozen — in the
first little squad that was graduated from the training school
at Park Te'rininal'. where the intricacies of tluir new pro-
fession had been explained and its principles expounded.
This first installment of women conductors was placed on
the vestibuled P. A. Y. E. cars of the St. Paul Street and
Boulevard lines, and the number has been gradually added
to until there were 1 .') on the cars July III. and more to go
into service shortly.

The reception of women conductors by the Balitmore
iniblic was similarly gratifying. There may have been
in some quarters a disposition to feel that, while women had
succeeded in this calling in other large cities here and abroad,
there might be a diflerence in Baltimore — a southern city.
If there was a difference in the reception given the women,
it was a difference on the side of respect and hearty co-op-
eration from the patrons of the cars and the press of the city.

The women conductors are to fill vacancies only and
not to replace men except when the latter leave the service,
their employment being strictly a war measure with the
United Railway. They are to be paid the same scale of wages
as tlie men — M.ic an limir the first year with an increase as the
of one cent an Innir each year of service. They are guaran-
teed a minimum wage of $7.') a month (♦under the old scale
of wages.)

The first day in service of the company the w'omen de-
voted their eflforts entirely to the mastery of opening and
closing the doors, collecting fares and making change, while
the punching of transfers and the calling of streets was done
by the male conductor. — Electric Traction.

Permanent Electiical Dining Room Display in llie New London Hydio
Building

THi: ELECTRICAL NEWS

September 1. 1918

avci Coi?tracior

Electrical Interests will Gather in Toronto on
Oct. 14, 15 and 16 to Hear W. L. Goodwin
and Discuss his Plans for Closer Co-
operation and Co-ordination of
the Entire Industry

Final arrangeineiits have now been made lov the meet-
ins "f till" National Executive Committee of the National
Association of I^llectrical Contractors and Dealers in Toronto
on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday, October 14, in. IC.
Tin- meeting will be held at the King Edward Hotel, To-
ronto, and will be open to all branches of the industry. Mem-
bers of the committee include: W. Creighton Peet, New York
City; E. McCleary, Detroit; Harry C. Brown. New York
City; W. K. Tuohey. Springfield; M. E. Arn<dd. Thildaelphia;
C;. M. Chapman. Waterbury; T. H. McKinney. .\tlanta: P. H.
Jaehnig, Newark; G, M. Sanborn. Indianapolis; J. N. Pierce.
Chicago: J. A. Fowler. Memphis; Robley S. Stearncs, New
Orleans; W. I. Gray. Minneapolis; .1. F. NePage. .Seattle;
Sam. Jag.gar, Portland; M. G. Buchan. Cleveland and Fred
B. .\dam. St. Louis.

The biggest event in conneclinn with this meetijig will be
the presence of Mr. \V. L. Goodwin, of the General Electric
Company. Schenectady. At a dinner to be held on Monday,
night at the King Edward Hotel, Mr. Goodwin will explain
his now famous plan of co-ordinating the various elements in
the electrical indust'ry, having in vievy better merchandising,
better general conditions and a greatly extended use of elec-
tricity and electrical appliances of every kind. It is expected
that this dinner will be attended by every electrical man in
Toronto an<l that large numbers will also come in from out-
lying points. The president of the Toronto Electrical Con-
tractors' .Association. Mr. Kenneth .\. Mclntyre. and his
executive committee, have the whole programme in hand
and may be depended upon to see that everything is in read-
iness when Mr. Goodwin arrives. There is no question at
the present time quite so important to the electrical industry
in general as that which Mr. Goodwin comes to propound,
and we have every reason to hope that the Canadian indus-
try will profit in the near future from the application of his
policy, just as l)cnLlits are l)eing reaped already in the Unit-
ed States.

Every electrical man. whether manufacturer, jobber, deal-
er or contractor, is urged to keep these three dates available
for close attention on this convention. The larger the attend-
ance and the more fully the whole matter' is discussed, jusi
in "this proportion will the immediate results be noticeable.

Reservations for the banquet may be made at any time
with Mr. Kenneth .\. Mclntyre. TZ \'ictoria Street. Toronto.

Beattie-Mclntyre, Limited.

It is announced that Mr. Geo. J. Beattie. of the I'-lectric
Shop. 73 Victoria Street, Toronto, and Mr. Kenneth A. Mc-
lntyre. electrical engineer and contractor. Excelsior Life
Building, Toronto, have formed a partnership under the
name of Beattie-Mclntyre, Limited. The headquarters of
the new firm will be at 72 Victoria Street, and the field cov-
ered will include contracting, electrical engineerin.g. jiower
apparatus, labor-savin.g devices, illumination, etc. Mr. Mc-
lntyre will specialize on construction and Mr. Beattie will pay
special attention to the commercial end.

Both of these names are very well known in the electri-
cal field and the combination of two snch experienced and
competent heads into one business partnership gives this firm
facilities for performing the very hfghest class of work over
a very varied field. There can be little doubt that great suc-
cess will attend their ctTorts.

Beattie-Mclntyre. Limited, have a fine exhibit at Booth
.ss— the old Hydro stand — Industrial Wing No. :i. Process
Building, Canadian National Exhibition, and extend a hearty
invitation to visitors to look in im them.

A New Compensarc.
To give the close regulation of current essential for
Mazda motion picture projection lamps, the Canadian Gen-
eral Electric Company are ofTering a new compensarc which
provides protection against over current and regulation to
within, 1/100 ampere is obtained. It operates on the re-
actance principle and is furnished for standard a.c. voltages
and frequencies in ratings of 20 and :«) amperes, correspond-
ing to the Mazda lamps now on the market for this pur-
pose. This compensarc is made up of a two-coil auto-trans-
former stacked with standard transformer punchings within
a rawhide housing, the complete wiring of which forms the
line side with the lamp terminals lapped across one coil.
The coils are stacked so that room is left between them for
an iron leakage plug in each side of the magnetic circuit.
Turning a hand wheel on the shaft of the iron plug moves
it in and out between the two coils, giving a very close ad-
justment for the lamp. XIaximum reactance is obtained when
the plu.g is all the way in. The only noise is a slight hum-
ming when the idu.gs are bein.g withdrawn; this ceases when
they come to rest.

Conductorettes on the motor bus and tramway systems in
London, England, recently went on strike, completely tieing
up both systems. The women claimed (and obtained) five
shillings a w'eek as a war bonus, the same as was recently
•■ranted to the men.

The .Moloney Electric i ' nuida arc extending their

Toronto office space owing to rapid expansion of business,
and their address now reads 1221-24 Traders Bank Build-
ing, Toronto. Mr. Geo. D. Laycock. sales manger of the
cnmpany. has charge of this oftice.

The buildin.g of steel ships without rivets is being ac-
complished in En.gland and the United States by the use of
electric weldin.g. It is claimed that a saving of from 20 to
2.T per cent, in time and material is possible by this method.

Sc'>lcinlH>r I, IIMs

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Why a Thorough Study of Selling Prices is Important

— By J. E.

.Many a salo lias hciii lost hocausc the right price was
not marked on the floods. The right price may have lieen
lower or it may have been higher than the price marked.
Time after time it has been found that a higher price will
sell goods that cannot be sold for the price at wliicii they were
originally offered. There are also certain odd prices and
there are quantity offers for ditfercnt denominations of money
that result in large sales.

Department stores have made such prices as 4. it. I'.i. 2:!,
;t9. 98 cents and other odd prices quite famous. In fact the
success of these large stores is no doubt due to a very great
extent to the skill displayed in setting prices. The prices arc
not always low. In fact it is not low prices that arc striven
after so much as the prices that will appeal to the custom-
ers, the prices that in themselves wlH result in a desire to
possess the goods. Even the automobile manufacturers have
adopted the odd price method in selling their product to a
rather remarkable degree. There are cars which have been
or are selling for .$;i()0. $:ii)."). .$995. $1,050. $1,450. $.1550. $1.-
()50. $1,950. $2,075, and various other odd prices, but there are
few if any on the market that sell for an even $400. $1,000,
$1,500, or $2,000. .\pparently it has been considered easier
to sell these machines at odd prices than at even ])riccs even
though their selling prices are comparatively high. Mail
order houses also make a liberal use of odd prices. Even
prices being used in such a manner as to make the odd prices
more prominent results in people getting an exaggerated
idea of the bargains the house has to offer.

Don't Use Too Many Odd Prices.

Too great a use of odd prices, however, may prove de-
trimental. Judgment must he used. The man who fi.xes the
retail prices of any establishment has a job on his hands that
is not dissimilar to the work of an artist. Just as the artist
must select his colors an<l apply theiii to the canvas in such
a way as to create a pleasing impression, the man who fixes
the retail prices of a store must select them and apply them
to the goods in such a way as to create a favorable impres-
sion upon the customers. The prices must give an impression
of good values, but at the same time convey the idea that
quality is not unduly sacrihed to price. This is something
that cannot be done without a great deal of study on the
part of the price maker. He must study his goods, his pros-
pective customers, the way other dealers in his and other
lines do it in his vicinity and most of all he must be sure
that he knows just the kind of effect he wishes to cre;ite
and work towards that end.

If a store is catering to an exclusive set of customers,
people who have large incomes and aristocratic tendencies,
the prices determined upon and the setting given these goods
would be radically different from the case where the middle
class of people is being appealed to, and both these classes
would have to be treated in a different manner from the case
of laboring classes.

The aristocratic person wants everything to look expen-
sive and exclusive. He wants to see expensive fixtures in
the store; he likes to be admitted by a doorman in livery;
he wants expensive service throughout and unless all this
is included in the selling price, unless he pays very high
prices for his goods, he is more than likely to suspect that
the quality of the goods purchased is not up to standard.
The result is almost bound to be dissatisfaction.

Before the recent Convention of the N. E. C. A.

Bullard* — —

Department Stores and Mail Order Houses Have Studied
Price Making.

Tlure is probably n.i class of retailers which apjjcals
to as many classes and types of people as do the department
stores and the mail order houses. Through experience and
study these institutions are often able to make the mere
prices at which the goods are sold go a long way towards
creating sales. It is these institutions that cater in a big
way to the middle and laboring classes and it is tlieir methods
that are worth very serious study. All their methods may not
be sound. Some of their methods could not successfully
be applied to other businesses, but a study of them will prove
of value to any business man. It will help him in solving
many of the problems in his own business and may make
it possible to sell a great deal more than could otherwise
be sold.

Just at this time it is more than ever necessary that a
great deal of attention be paid to the proper making of retail
prices. .\t present odd prices are also more popular than
ever l)efore. If an article can be sold at a very narrow margin
for 5c that is not a necessary reason why 5c should be fixed
as the sale price. It is quite possible that the demand will
be greater at lie than at 5c. The fie price indicates to the
public that the article is of pre-war quality but that its sale
price has been revised to war conditions, while a 5c price
for the same article in addition to seriously cutting into the
profit of the dealer might lead the pul)lic to suspect that there
w.'is something wrong.

The Public Affected by Impressions Rather Than Logic.

The general public is prone to be affected by impressions
as much as by logic. It is the first impression that the price
makes upon them tliat attracts from the business house. How
little many people rely upon reason is illustrated by the fol-
lowing case:

A woman sent her little daughter over to the butcher
store some years ago when meat was selling at retail far
less than it is now selling at wholesale, to learn the price
of round steak. The butcher sent back a note stating that it
was selling for 12c a pound. Soon the little girl came back
with a note from her mother stating that she would buy
some steak if she could get two pounds for a quarter. Often
when articles sell for 8c each people will insist on buying
three of them for a quarter.

This being true it would seem wise to avoid, in so far as
possible, setting prices of 8c and 12c on items that people
will likely buy in quantites of two. three or more. The
sales are pretty sure to be greater if the prices are set at
9c and i;ic with the privile.ge of three or two for twenty-
five cents. This will avoid all chance of embarrassment on
the part of those customers who are poor arithmeticians. It
will also yield a greater profit to the dealer and will p.robably
increase the volume of sales because 'the better arithmetic-
ians will purchase in larger quantities in order to save a few
pennies.

How a Price Too Low Affects Sales.

Experiments have been tried that show prices too low
affect sales. Many a mail order house has placed in its catalo,g
an article marked at a real bargain price only to find that
it did not sell. The only reason to be found appeared to be
that the price was too low. that the price was so low indeed
that the customers doubted the quality. By moving the
price up and down one would eventually be found which
would result in creating a big demand. This price would be

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

September I. nils

considerably higher than the one at whiili the goods were
originally offered. It has been demonstrated time and time
again that there is always a price below which it is not pos-
sil)Ie to go and give the public a reason that people will be-
lieve.

Years ago a couple of young men opened a cash pro-
vision store in which every article was sold for cash. It was
in the early days of the cash store, and since these men had
no bad accounts on their books, turned their stock many
times a year and had a low overhead they were able to sell
goods at a considerably lower price than were any of the
credit stores in town. It was for these reasons that they
could sell beans profitably for six cents a quart while all the
other stores were selling tlicni for ten cents. Samples of
these beans were on display and were plainly marked at six
cents a quart. .\ny customer had the privilege of carefully
examining tliem. A little observation, however, soon showed
that only the poorest class of people were buying beans in
this store. The better classes might buy their salt pork, on
which the saving was not so great, but only the poorer class-
es purchased beans. .A.s an experiment two display cases at
the front of the counter were filled with the same beans. One
was marked six cents a quart. The other was marked eight
cents a quart. The result was that thereafter the better
classes of people began to buy their beans here. The poorer
classes paid six cents because they were buying on price
alone. They wanted the cheapest regardless of quality. The
better classes purchased l)ecause it seemed reasonable that
this concern could undersell their competitors by as much as
two cents a quart. It did not seem reasonable to expect that
they could undersell by as much as four cents. They, there-
fore, paid eight cents for their lieans.

A Low Bid Does Not Always Get the Job.

There are many electrical contractors who rarely get
big and profita))le jobs because in their anxiety to get the
business they have shaved their figures so low that those in
charge of letting the' job fear that work wdiich will come up
to the specifications cannot be done at the price. Success-
ful contractor after successful contractor will say that if they
relied upon low prices alone to get business they would not
be al)le. to make a living. They claim that it is the (piality
of their work that creates new customers for ihcin It is
more tlian possi]>le, however, that should these same contrac-
tors make a l)id on a job at a price very much below the
])rice current for quality work they would be given an op-
portunity to revise their figures before the job would be
given to tluiii. In some cases so much suspicion might be
aroused by the low price that the bid would be thrown out
altogether.

Every reasonable person knows that no business man
can remain in Ijusiness unless he is doing business at a proht-
If below cost prices are featured everyone knows that the
loss must be made up in some other way. The result may
mean greater cost to the public than would have been the
case if a reasonable price had been paid for the first articles
or service. .'Xs time goes on people come more and more
to realize this. It is necessary, therefore, to have much bet-
ter reasons for low prices than for high prices. High prices,
in themselves, imply quality. In any case it is apparent
that there is no "nigger in the wood-pile" who is going to
come out and rob the customer in some other way and not
nearly as much suspicion will be aroused as would be the
case if the prices were too low.

Public Utility Companies Should Not Cut Prices.
That public utility companies have made a very serious
mistake in selling appliances at less than cost, as many a
gas and many an electric lighting company has done, is evi-
denced by the fact that those which have maintained a sea-

sonable retail price are to-day enjoying far greater good will
than those which have sold their appliances at prices so low
that it was impossible for any dealer to compete with them
on a price basis. Those central stations that have been selling
appliances at less than cost and which to-day find it neces-
sary to increase their rates are far more likely to meet with
bitter opposition from the public than those which have
been maintaining their sales department on a strictly busi-
ness basis and making it pay its own way.

Department stores are coming more and more to realize
that it is not good policy to make big cuts in prices in ad-
vertised goods. If the cut is too great it has a detrimental
rather than a good effect upon the good will of the customers.
It is for this reason that many a store explains why it can
sell these goods for less money than their advertised prices.
To-day a cash basis of doing business is given as an explana-
tion of low prices. It is a logical one and makes it possible
for the dealer to offer lower prices than would otherwise be
acceptable.

Cut Prices Are Not Necessary.

There are many dealers who consider it essential to cut
prices on certain leaders in order to attract people to their
place of business. They feel that people will not patronize
them unless some e.xceptional bargain is offered to them.
From one point of view their reasoning ' seems perfectly
logical. On the other hand, however, it is easy to see that the
exceptional bargain offered, which in some cases may actually
be selling articles for less than they cost the dealer, is going
to plant seeds of suspicion in the minds of the public and
that when the purchaser visits the store it is going to re-
quire a much higher degree of salesmanship to allay this
suspicion than would be the case if no such exceptional
liargain had been offered. During these times of reduced
labor supply some difficulty may be experienced in secur-
ing the quality of salesmanship that is required and the path
of safety lies in avoiding price cutting.

.•\ certain man held the view that cut prices are a mis-
taken business policy, .\bout ten years ago this man started
in a line of business where possibly the practice of price cut-
ting is more rampant than in any other line, namely the auto-
mobile accessory business. He adopted the practice of sell-
ing goods at the list price if the discounts from list did not
allow him too great a profit. Where the discounts were great
he allowed a reasonable profit. He has always adhered to
this practice and to-day is the own^r of a chain of several
stores and is adding more every year. Each of these stores
is competing with both local and city price cutters as well
as the mail order houses. Each, however, is a profitable
enterprise, though many of the price-cutting competitors
have gone ou of business. He has built up a reputation of
quality goods and quality service that is of far greater busi-
ness value than would have been a reputation for price-
cutting. To-day when a car owner wants to take a chance
he may buy an article or two from some of the price cutters,
but when he wants real reliable service he patronizes the
store where prices are never cut but wlure rpiality and ser-
vice are always maintained.

■ It is evident that there .can be no fixed rules laid down
for price making, it is equally evident that while high prices,
that is. prices which are too high, may drive away trade,
prices which are too low will result in creating distrust and
ill will. The one best price can only be arrived at by careful
experiment and study. This price, however, is always sure to
yield enough profit to make it well worth while to devote
the time and study to the problem that it requires.

The six cent fare has been inaugurated on the Detroit
electric railway. The company is experiencing considerable
difficulty in collecting the six cents.

SciUciiiliL-r I, \'.t\^

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Engineering Features Essential to Success of

Farm Lighting Business

-By Evan J. Edwards'

\'arious expert conclusions have been given as to the
possible magnitude for country home lighting, and these
estimates range from three to six million installations. Tak-
ing, say, a conservative figure of 4,000,000 installations and as-
suming an average expediture of $1,000 per installation, the
total runs into a figure which before these war times would
be quite inconceivable because of its magnitude. Four bil-
lion dollar estimates are mentioned quite casually in regard
to war-time expenditures, but still stand as being colossal
when applied to possible business for a new branch of the
electrical industry. I will agree that there is a good chance
that many calendars will be used up before there are 4,000,-
000 installations in this country, but the less optimistic ones
may cut the figure to one-half or one-fourth if they wish and
the total will yet be impressive. It surely is not unreason-
able to compare the possibility of this field with that of the
automobile as used by the farmer. Statistics show that there
are between two and three million automobiles in the hands
of farmers at the present time and some of them are their
second and third purchases.

The selling of one country home lighting installation
means more in business than the initial .$1,000 expenditure.
Additional equipment and supplies will be needed as time
goes on. Lamp and battery renewals will be a factor.

It is likely that this business will not be handled exclus-
ively by any existing type of dealer. If the present dealer
in electrical supplies is to handle it, he may have to learn
much about selling things to the farmer. In other words,
his biggest job is to learn the farmer, but he must also inform
himself as to the engineering relating to t'liese plants, par-
ticularly as regards the points of difference compared with
110-volt installations with which he is already familiar. If
some other class of dealer already accustomed to selling
to the farmer is to take up the business, he must learn
everything regarding the electrical side of the business, which
is no small job either. Opinions vary as to which of these
present dealers has the advantage.

Coming then to the main object of this paper — there
are certain important engineering points which are essential
to the success of the business and which should be kept in
mind by the dealer, whoever he may turn out to be.

First of all, there must be proper recognition of the field
for these plants. They are in no case competitive with
.!;ood central station service. Arguments to the contrary
cannot be substantiated by complete facts. They are not
adapted to heavy power work. Some of the standard plants
are advertised as being light and power plants, but they
should be looked upon as essentially for lighting. Heavy
power work of the farm cannot be handled economically by
the use of motors operating from an isolated generating,
plant. A standardized plant as now put on the market is of
the correct capacity to operate eflfectively and efficiently the
lighting of the average farm premises and can very well
handle certain small power work, such as pumping water,
separating cream and running the washing machine, but
should not be considered for the feed grinder, ensilage cutter
and the threshing machine. Hop and Brown acted wisely
in informing their enthusiastic prospect that the heavy motor
loads were out of the question.

One of the most important engineering questions is that

' Before the recent N. E. C. A. Convention.

of standardization. Experience in other lines has shown that
commercial progress can be measured by progress in stand-
ardization of equipment and methods. Satisfactory progress
has been made to date in the standardization of country home
lighting plants. It is seldom now that anyone mentions
a battery equipment other than 10 cells of lead-acid or 24 cells
of nickel-iron-alkaline. There are plenty of arguments
which could be advanced in favor of both a higher or lower
voltage, but 30 volts (nominal value for present standard)
is a good compromise and it is to the best interests of every-
body concerned that the present voltage standards be strictly
adhered to. The lamp and appliance manufacturers have de-
signed their product to best meet the operating conditions
as obtained with the above battery equipment. The lamp
manufacturers label their product 28-32 volts, meaning that
the lamps are designed for these plants which by their nature
vary in voltage between these limits in the properly install-
ed standard outfit and wiring.

Some other points of standardization are not so well taken
care of.. There is much mechanical standardization which
could be accomplished along the lines done by the Society
of Automotive Engineers in connection with automobiles.
The meter equipment on the switchboards and the method
of control of the circuits show considerable variation. There
are also certain features of battery design, and particularly
methods of battery rating, which could be standardized to
advantage. The important point at this time is to appreciate
the value of standardization and to bear in mind that the
manufacturer who departs from present standards without
very well substantiating his reason for doing so, is retarding
the progress of the business as a whole. The manufacturer
is primarily responsible for standardization of the plant, but
a proper appreciation of the value of standardization on the
part of the dealer will greatly assist. >

It will be up to the dealer who sells the plant to see to
it that proper installation is made. A good foundation for
the generating unit should be provided; a heavy concrete
base is usually advisable. Thought should be given to the
location of the generating unit and batteries. It is, of course,
advisable to locate the plant near to the heaviest and most
important load, which is the house-lighting. The basement
of the house is often chosen for this reason and it has the
added advantage of more uniform temperature than an out-
building would have. The batteries are not exposed to the
high evaporation rate of the outside summer weather nor to
the danger of freezing in winter. It is important to shelve the
batteries in such a way that they are substantially supported
and easy to get at for inspection and filling. They should be
well lighted, so that the owner will readily discover any need
of attention to the cells.

The Question of Wiring.

For the man who is accustomed to installing 110-volt
systems, perhaps the greatest pitfall in this new business is
that of the wiring. He should appreciate that a mere table
of current carrying capacity as put out by the underwriters
IS not adequate. Thirty volt plants have four times the am-
perage as a necessary consequence of having only one-fourth
the voltage, and furthermore, the 1-volt drop, which is 1 per
cent in a UO-volt installation liecomes a 4 per cent drop in
.•iO-volt installations, and it is the percentage drop which
counts in the operation of incandescent lamps and other ap-
pliances. If I may refer again to the story of Hop and

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Scptcnihor ], 1918

Brown, yju iiia\ recall llio wiring cIiaiM wliich has been de-
sisnL-d to fnrnisli a ready means for obtaining wire sizes
which will hold the voltage losses within proper limits. The
use of this chart also avoids the guessing which might rcstdl
in the use of larger wire than necessary in certain parts of
the installation. No. 14 is suitable for considerable of the
wiring, the same as in a IKi-voIt installation. In places
where larger wire is needed, liowever, it is needed badly, and
the final success of the installation will depend to a consider-
able extent on having the wiring right.

It is a mistake to assume that the farmer will be satisfied
with drop cords and key sockets, even though at f^rst he may
think that he is going to be. It is better in almost every
case to sell him a wiring installation for his house which is
fully up to the standards of the city. Wall switches and base-
board outlets with the handy features of control will be ap-
preciated by the farmer. The farmer is a man of pride and
in no sense a piker when it comes to spending money for
things that he wants and are worth what they cost. He will
have lasting satisfaction only in an installation up to the
standards of his city brother. Furthermore, if he does not
have convenient switching and flexibility as to outlets he is
only half cashing in upon the benefits which are inherent in
electrical lighting.

Fixtures and glas>warc are important. The fixtures can
be simple and yet correct in their design. The farmer in lii.s
experience with coal oil lamps may not have discovered the
devil glare. He may even be inclined to judge the value of a
light source by its intrinsic brightness rather than by the
resulting illumination of the objects which he desires to see.
Nevertheless, in the long run, he will be better satisfied if
objectionoble glare has been entirely done away with. Here
is the reason for the importance of supplying good reflectors.
There may be places in the outbuildings of the farm where
bare lamps are not particularly obectionable, but certainly
in the house every lamp should be provided with a reflector
which protects the eyes from the glare of the filament and
at the same time increases illuminating efficiency by direcK
ing the light to the lower angles where it is needed.

There are other important points and many elaborations
of the few points mentioned here which deserve the thought
and attention of those directly interested in pushing the bus-
iness, but it is sufficient here perhaps to give as I have a very
brief treatment of a big subject. I have attempted only to
call attention to the possiblities of this new field in the elec-
trical l)usiness, and to mention the several things which seem
to me to be of greatest importance in attempting to mini-
mize the mistakes that always retard a new dcvelnjunent

Electrical Merchandising a Normal Extension
of the Contractor's Field

By M. H. Johnson'

A retail electrical store is a logical step for contractors
and dealers toward improving their own situation and general
conditions governing the distribution of electrical merchan-
dise. All contractor-dealers, with the exception of a very
few who are specializing in their work, are now obliged to
have a place of business and a stock of merchandise that arc
quite suit^ible to be used as retail stores and this step may be
regarded as a normal extension. The character of the busi-
ness is really simpler than that ordinarily carried on by elec-
trical contractors.

Necessary Primary Steps in Opening a Retail Store.

Those starting to conduct a store will usually find it
necessary to clean up their place of business, provide a cash
register, counter and display shelves and perhaps add to their
stock a small assortment of household appliances. Further
than this, a few cardinal principles strictly adhered to and the
exercise of common sense is almost certain to result in the
development of a paying business not only in the sales made
directly from the store, but in the natural development of
the construction business by the store and hence the store
business from construction work.

The prime requirement for a successful store is to have
it attractive, especially so to women. This involves cleanli-
ness, neatness and an interesting display of merchandise. All
merchandise shown in the store should be plainly morked with
the maker's name and catalogue number, and the selling price,
which should be strictly adhered to. Every device displayed
for sale should be in such shape that it can be demonstrated
upon request. Furthermore, someone capable of understand-
ing and showing the use of the device on sale should always
l)e in the store. With a little training this can usually be
done very satisfactorily by the young lady, who is almost
universally present in such establishments in the capacity
of bookkeeper and stenographer.

* Before the regent N. E. C. A. Convention.

.\n attractive store and courteous treatment are the first
essentials and almost certain to bring success. Generally
speaking, the sale n( electrical merchandise aflfords all the
business a contractor-dealer can handle to advantage and
many disasters "liave resulted from stocking the store with
toys, automobile appliances and catch-penny devices.

Inducing the Public to Visit Your Store.

The best method of bringing trade to the store depends
partly on the community where it is located and partly on
the amount and character of the business normally handled
by the individual concern.

In the very large cities the best advertising is done by
the window displays and outside signs. In second-cla'ss cities
nevi'spaper advertising is valuable. In smaller communities
moving picture advertising produces good results.

In all cases the word of mouth by the contractor's wire-
men and solicitors among customers for construction busi-
ness is one of the most potent factors.

The sale of domestic machinery, washers, ironcrs, va-
cuum cleaners, ice machines, dish washers and ranges is only
successful where given special attention by personal solicita-
tion, a careful system of following up prospects and more
or less extended terms of credit. Trade of this kind with
persons of poor or doubtful credit is generally tmprofitable
because of the cost of collections.

The sale of seasonable merchandise, covering fans, toys,
Christmas tree lighting outfits, to some extent vacuum clean-
ers and flat irons, will pay when given intelligent attention.
To do so requiries great care as to the quantities purchased
having the right goods on hand at the right time and judi-
cious advertisin.g. to coincide with the natural demand.

The giving of credit on store sales is important, as some
of the best customers prefer it, and besides it helps to give
the buyer confidence in appliances they have not been ac-

ScplciuliL-r I. I 'J IS

ri I K K T J ■ C '1' R 1 C A L N 1-: W S

cuslonicd to. The extension of credit cnlls for cariiul over-
si,s>lit and tlic best information can nsnally be liad from
the bical Boaril of Trade or l'bai!d)er of tdnuiurco.

Render a Service.

All llie fore.miin.u' is ratber primitive to Ibose wbo bare
been in ibis lino, bnt it is perfectly safe to say ibat no elec-
trical mercbant at the present time is overdoing the above
suggestions. For those who have gone some distance in de-
veloping this end of the business, the much al)uscd word
"service" will bear unlimited consideration and always return
1 rofits. financial and otherwise. The only means of replac-
ing the drud.gery of this business with the satisfaction of
results accomplished is to play the game on the level. It
is often called "the .game" thoughtlessly. However, the
slang expression is underlaid by a world of truth. Ability
to convince your friends and customers (they should always
be synonymous) that you can supply their electrical needs
to better advantage than anyone else is an especially pleasing
achievement and the stake it always brings in is profitable
business.

The customer to whom you liave sold the device he
needs and which gives genuinely satisfactory service will re-
member this fact long after he has forgotten that he paid

>ou more than the other fellow asked and will invariably
come back for nun'e when lie needs it.

There is. furthermore, at this time an obligation resting
on all of us lo put our affairs in order and develop our l)usi-
ness along lines which will pass the maximum of electrical
api)liances in service at the minimum of expense.

It is essential of every electrical device that it has a use-
ful purpose; that it will produce the result wanted t|uicker,
cheaper or better than can otherwise be done. It follows
that every electrical device put to the service for which it
is intended effects a conservation in some form and conser-
vation is now the universal watchword of the country.

Devices for better lighting permit of more work and bet-
ter work being done. The electrical heating devices must
produce results at a saving or they are not successful. The
many labor saving appliances do, of course, conserve energy,
wliich may be used for other purposes. Our business is the
one relied on to advance civilization. Its development coin-
cides with the development of civilization.

It is, therefore, up to us, the connnecting link between
the producer and the ultimate user of things electrical, to neg-
lect no opportunity for the better service of the country
along this line, as we cannot make the supreme offering
which so many of our friends have done.

In the Campaign for More Convenience Outlets

What the Wiring Contractor Should Do

1. — Visit the new-business manager of your local central
station and arrange to secure through him a list of prospects
for outlets and wiring, in the home, the office and factory.

A — Classify your prospects according to districts and
character (home, office, factory).

]i — List each classification separately; be sure to in-
clude the address, and, where one is used, the

l)hoiie number.

C — Work out your plans for securing business from
each such prospect.

D — Notify the Society at once regarding the num-
ber of special letters and folders that you will
mail out to these prospects.

2. — Decide what outlets and receptacles you will sell and
install. Be sure that you can explain the construction, pur-
pose and special features of each.

3. — Work out several typical examples of estimates for
installing outlets and wiring. That will enable you to sup-
ply prospects with a concrete basis for understanding just
what they can expect for their money.

4. — Select such of the advertising and selling helps pic-
tured and described in this issue that you can and will make
use of. Order them from the Society at once — NOW!

."). — Decide what advertising you will liave inserted in
ymir local paper. Supply the newspaper with the copy and
cuts, and make arrangements for schedule of insertions, etc.

G. — Hold meetings with those wdio will solicit orders for
outlets and wiring for you; discuss the best methods to pur-
sue; see to it that each man understands what he is to do.

T. — Confer with your local campaign committee; explain
what preparations you have made; ask them what further
they have to suggest and what they will do to help you.

8. — Communicate with the Society, explaining the steps
you have taken and requesting further suggestions.

T. Everard Myers, 4 Gould St., Toronto, has been award-
ed (be contract for re-wirin,g the factory and installing a
quantity of electrical equipment, for the Gcndron Mfg. Co.
Ltd . 137 Duchess St . Toronto.

What the Contractor-Dealer Should Do

NOTE — You, being a contractor as well as a
dealer, will, of course, profit first by the sugges-
tion given for the wiring contractor. In addition:
1. — Decide what time, labor, money-saving electrical ap-
pliances you will feature and push during the campaign.
A — Draw upon the manufacturers of those appli-
ances for descriptive literature and special sell-
ing helps and information about their respective
products. They should be glad to assist you.
B — Invite them to have their travelling representa-
tives call when in your neighborhocd and supply
first-hand information regarding the strong sell-
ing points of their products.
2.— Train those who will meet the trade and sell appli-
ances, so that they will be in a position to advance real sales-
producing arguments, facts and figures calculated to convince
all prospects and induce them to buy.

3. — Arrange your mailing list of all good prospective pur-
chasers of appliances.

Notify the Society how many mailing pieces you
will need for your direct-by-mail campaign to
these prospects. Select the mailing pieces from
the Sales Service.
4. — Estimate how many price tags you will rc(|iiirc and
cn-der them from the Society at once.

In case the information which should be written
on the tags is not readily available, put someone
to work at once digging it out.
■>■ — Confer at once with wdioever arranges your window
and store displays, instructing that person to (1) read this
copy of the Sales Service through carefully; (2) plan out
and make all arrangements for installing window, store and
counter displays that will surpass all previous eflPorts.
In making displays, remember the power of sug-
gestion: The sale of an appliance suggests the
purchase of an outlet, and vice versa. Arrange
for making your displays accordingly.
II.— If in cluiibt. don't guess, don't fuss, fume or worry
—1'"' il 'i|' I" .V'ur local committee and to the Society.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

September 1, 1918

Connectors for Current Transformers

The two purposes for which current transformers are
used are — to reduce the current in the circuit to a value
adapted for use with instruments, and to insulate the instru-
ments from tlie high tension circuit. The design of the
transformers is such, that the secondary current is a definite
proportion of that of the primary current for practically any
value of primary current which may flow. A single-phase
circuit having a current transformer is illustrated in Fig. 1,
wliere L represents the load of the circuit, and I the current
flowing in the direction shown by arrows at a particular
instant. The meter M connected in the secondary of the
current transformer has a scale marked to indicate the cur-
rent flowing at A. thereby taking account of the ratio of
transformatinn in tlic current transformer. Tlie meter M

Power Supply

Fic^3

n^4.
Power Supply

Load
Ficj 6.

Fi^7.

lliereldrc reads exactly lla- sauit- currunl a direct reading
meter wt)uld if connected in the line at point A. The con-
nection of current transformers on polyphase circuits are in
some cases rather complicated and we will consider the more
common connections in detail. •

The most common connection for three-phase three-
wire circuit is the reversed V connection shown in Fig. 2,
in which two current transformers may be used to indicate
the current in all three wires. The current from the trans-
former in phase A flows through the instruments L and M
and so far as the instrument L is concerned is essentially
a single-phase connection and instrument L will indicate
tlie current in the Line A. Similarly, the current from trans-
former (." flows through the instruments N and M and the
instrument N indicates the current in the line C. The com-
bination of the above currents flowing through the meter
M will also indicate the current in line B. This fact is il-
lustrated by the vector diagram in Fig. ?,. In considering

this diagram let us assume that when the arrow points to
the right, that the current is flowing in a particular direction
which we will call "positive" and when the arrow is point-
ing to the left it is flowing in the opposite direction or "nega-
tive". When the arrow points up or down the current will
therefore be zero and the value of current in any line will
be proportional to the distance from the vertical line drawn
through O to the point of the arrow.

The current in the lines A and C are represented in
Fig. 3 as both positive and each to be one-half their medium
value. The current in line B is represented as being negative
and at its full maximum value. Now the law of electric cur-
rents, known as Kirchhoff's law, is that at a junction of con-
ductors, such as at O, the sum of the positive and negative
currents is zero; that is that any current flowing into this
point on one or more conductors is equal to the current flow-
ing out of the same point on one or more other conductors.
The current in B being negative flows toward the point O
and is therfore equal to currents A and B flowing away
from this point. Therefore, the current in line B is the vector
sum of the current in the lines A and C. Now, since the
currents in the instruments L and N are exactly proportional
to the currents in the lines \ and C, then the current in M
must be proportional to the current in B. In Fig. 4 the cur-
rent in C is illustrated as being zero and at that instant the
currents in B and A are equal. Tlie current in instrument
N is therefore zero and since the current from A flows
through the meters 1. and M, their readings are necessarily
equal, which, as can !)e seen from the diagram, is necessarily
the case.

This connection for instruments may be used for am-
meters, relays, trip coils or the current coils of wattmeters
or power factor meters, and in fact any current carrying coil
whatsoever. However, there are some objections to using
this connectinn for protective relays and trip coils which will
l)C considered later in a discussion of the "2." connection.

In the above we have considered that the three-phase
load was perfectly balanced. The indication of the meters,
however, will be correct as well for any unbalanced condi-
tion. The worst unbalancing possible is to have a single-
phase load on two wires with no load on the third. Suppose
a single-phase load is connected across wires A and B — The
current will then bear the relation as shown in Fig. 5,
that is if current in A is positive, the current in B will be
negative and of the same value. The current from transform-
er A will flow through the instruments L and M indicating
an equal load on wires A and B and no current will flow in
N, indicating no current in C. Suppose again that a single-
phase load is connected to lines A and C — The current from
line .\ will flow through instruments L and M as before and
current from Line (' will flow through instruments M and
I,. Tliese currents How through instrument M in opposite
direction and being equal arc canceled. Instrument M

tlierefore indicates zero current in line B, which is correct.

Ill case of a three-phase four-wire system, it is neces-
sary to use three transformers which are usually connected
in Y or star as shown in Fig. 6. Since it is possible for some
load to be connected between one phase and neutral, such
as between A and N as shown, the current on the other
phases is thereby unbalanced so that it is necessary to use
three transformers. With the connections as shown, each
instrument being connected to a transformer in each phase,
the operation is essentially the same as for single- phase. In
Fig. 7 the current which flows into the junction of conductors
does not necessarily flow out at B and C but a position ma>
be carried off on the line N. The instrument at N will in-
dicate the value of current flowing in the neutral wire N.

Sfplciiil.or 1, I'.Mf

TTTK F. T.F.CTRICAT. NEWS

The Salisbury Heater.

riu- Sali>liiiry iUcctrio Co., I. id., Ikivc di.slrilml.d a lillK-
folili-r describing the Salislniry Electric Radiator. Tliis is a
pressed steel radiator, filled with a specially prepared, non-
corrosive, non-inflaninial)le liqnid. in whicli the lualins ele-

ment is ininiorsed. Tlio luater is made in various types,
ranging in c.ipacily from .li to 2 k\v. The smaller size is ar-
ranged for single heat only, lull other sizes are provided
with :i-hcat switches and connections. This company are
also now marketing an electric water healer, as well as
the standard household appliances.

Hubbell Specialties Now Made in Canada

.\nnouncement is made elsewhere in this issue that the
Harvey Hubbell Company of Canada have established in
Toronto a completely equipped factory for the manufacture
of Hubbell electrical specialties. The new factory has been
operating for some time as a matter of fact and has been ac-
cumulating stock in anticipation of the demand whicli \\ill
follow the present announcement.

Tlie Toronto factory, which is situated on Labatt Ave.,
will turn out pull, key and keyless sockets, attachment plugs
and receptacles, shade holders, lamp guards, reflectors, etc..
in effect, the complete line of specialties so well known to
the Canadian trade.

\'o better guarantee could be given of the service or-
ganization of the new company than the fact that it will be
under the management of Mr. E. G. Mack, the efficient man-
aging director of the Crouse-Hinds Co. By locating the
Hubbell factory in close proximity to that of Crouse-Hinds
Co.. Mr. Mack will be able to co-ordinate the two organiza-
tions and no doubt will win for the new couipany as envi-
able a reputation, as the Crouse-Hinds, under liis guidance,
has long held.

We understand that everything is in readiness f(ir im-
meiliate shipment of any and all Hubliell equipinent or<lers.

The Lancashire D. & M. Co. in Larger Quarters.

The Lancashire Dynamo and Motor Co., announce that
after .September 1st, 1918, they will be located in new and
larger premises at the corner of Niagara and Bathurst
Streets, Toronto, where they will be equipped to handle
machinery efficiently up to ten tons, and where the facilities
for repairing and rewinding will be much improved. The
company will be in a position to give all customers prompt
and efficient service.

Lieut. Alan Sullivan, formerly secretary of the Canadian
IClectrical .Association, who recently joined the staff of the
Royal .\\r Force, met with an accident recently, due to
engine troulde. which necessitated several days in the hos-
pital.

Trade Publications.

.Sangam.i Meters— Hulletin No. 48, issued by the Sanganio
Islectric Co., Springfield, 111., describing their Type M.S. am-
pere-hour meters. The principles of this mercury-motor
meter are described and illustrated in great detail, as well
as its many commercial applications.

C.G.E. Publications— Bulletin No. 43411, illustrating and
<lescribing the lighting of windows and show cases with
Edison Mazda lamps. Also Catalogue No. 257, describing
and illustrating "Regent" globes and reflectors for commer
rial and ornamental illumination.

Oisc Insulators— Catalogue No. 2, by the Jeffery-Dewitl
Insulator Co., Huntington. W. Va., describing their high-
tension disc insulators. The illustrations show in detail the
dimensions and construction of the various types. The front-
piece shows the effect of ()00,0()0 volts. 100,000 cycles, on ."i J.D.
discs.

Telephone Economy — .\ folder issued by the Bell Tele-
[ihoni- to. of Canada, being a reproduction of a series of news-
paper advertisements designed to point out to their tele-
phone customers the possibilities in the way of co-operation
between the company and the customer with a view to making
their service more perfect and operating it more econom-
ically.

Condulet Suggest :>:>. — by the Crouse-Hinds Co. of Can-
ada, illustrating an actual installation in one of the larger
cotton mills of the United States, of YC condulets. (3ther
types of the Y series, included in the same installation, are
also showii. The Crouse-Hinds Co. have also issued a sup-
plement to Bulletin 303, known as 303 A, describing Imperial
flood lighting projectors, type SDXN designed for river and
harbor service.

The Steel City Electric Co., of Pittsburg, have issued
Catalogue No. 33. This is the first edition of the complete
catalogue ever distributed by this company and marks the dis-
continuance of their previous plan of issuing separate bul-
letins of their various products. Copies of the catalogue may
be had on request. A noticeable feature in connection with
this catalogue is the index on page 101, which will be found
a great convenience to the intending purchaser.

Trutint Units — booklet being destributed by the Canadian
General Electric Co., describing the Nela Trutint units for
general illumination, which are distributed in Canada by this
company. These units are specially valuable for color match-
ing in general retail scores, and are also coming into use in
art stores and galleries, industrial and mairy other plants.
Wherever true daylight at any time of the day or night is a
valuable asset, these units are of special value.

Illuminating Glassware — Catalogue No. C, illustrating
color decorations, etchings, cuttings and other finishes on the
illuminating glassware of the Jefferson Glass Co., is a hand-
some booklet of TO pages, thoroughly well illustrated with full
page cuts and containing complete information as to dimen-
sions, prices, standard packages, etc. The Jefferson Glass
t'o. are also distributing a catalogue describing the 3-piecc
lighting units, "Dominionlite" and "Jeffersonlite," and the
Maple Leaf bowl. These are popular 2-piece units noted for
their efficiency in office or industrial work.

Westinghduse — Catalogue 1-B., wiring devices and carbon
circuit breakers, is now being distributed by the Westinghouse
Electric & Mfg. Company; this is a 224-page, S'/i x 11, cata-
logue listing fuses, knife switches, service switches and boxes,
solderless connectors, disconnecting switches, instrument
switches, safety switches, safety panel boards, safety floor
boxes, and carbon circuit-breakers, part of which have pre-
viously been listed in the old sectional 3001 catalogue. The
Westinghouse Company have also issued a revised edition of
Catalogue 3-B in which are included for the first litui- the
types .\\\ and FW duplex instruments.

THR EI.r.CTRICAL NEWS

September 1. 'l.^\^

Current News and Notes

Beauce, Que.

La Manufacture de BimIcs de St- livariste, Limited, has
been formed to deal in electricity in tlic district of Beauce.
Que. The capital is given as ,$20,000.

Fort William, Ont.

The Fort William end of the electric >lrect railway sys-
tem carried 2.673.144 fare passengers during the year ended
June .10. The car mileage for the year reached the total of
(i29,G.S8 miles. The gross earnings from operation amounted
to $117,452; the net income or loss was $:!2,in4. (Operating
expenses reached the sum of $94,177. The taxes, funded
debt, etc., totaled $o6,190. The total main track mileage of
that end of the system is 19.88. The Port Artliur system car-
ried 2,624,4(51 passengers, the mileage totaled 650,885. The net
income or loss was $46,474; gross earnings from operation.
$11,009; the operating expenses totaled $91,986; the taxes,
funded debt, etc., reached $69,097, and the Iota! main track
mileage in use is 12.43.

Lake St. John, Que.

Witli a capital stock of $99,9(10, les Minoteries Electrique
de Metabetchouan, Limited, has been formed to exploit and
deal in electric power in all the parishes of the county of Lake

Montreal, Que.

A general increase in wages to all telephone employees
is announced by the Bell Telephone Company, to become ef-
fective on the first of September. The increases vary from 25
per cent, in the case of lower salaried employees to 10 per
cent, for those receiving higher wages. It is stated the in-
creases will amount to approximately $l,:iOO,000 a year, $825.-
000 of which will go to the operators.

Electrics Limited has been incorporated as a joint stock
company. Head Office Montreal; capital $50,000.

Mr. R, A. Ross, of Montreal, has been appointed chair-
man of the Commission on Lignite, appointed by the Domin-
ion Government, Mr. J, M, Leamy, provincial electrician,
Winnipeg, and Hon. J. A. Sheppard, former speaker of the
.Saskatchewan Legislature, are the other members.

Niagara Falls, Ont.

The National Abrasive Company, of Hamilton, have de-
cided to move to Niagara Falls and not to Renfrew, as for-
merly reported. The power shortage in Hamilton is re-
sponsible for the move and considerable indignation is evident
l)ecause of the statement that the Ontario Hydro-electric
Commission could ,grant a pnwer allotment of 5.000 Ii.p. at
.Viagara Falls and not at Hamilton, where the factory was
already established.

North Vancouver, B.C.

In a resolution passed unanimously by the city council
of North X'ancouver it was decided to ask the Union of B.C.
Municipalities, at their convention in Penticton in September,
to endorse a petition to the provincial government for the
establishment of a hydro-electric commissioin for the de-
velopment and control of British Columbia water powers.
This commission would take pattern from the activities of
the Ontario Hydro-electric Commission.

Port Arthur, Ont.

Claiming that the gross earnings of the company have
■a-t been as large a,, expected this year, through limilid op-

erations of the elevators at the head of the lakes, tiie Kamn"
istiquia Power company submits its report for the month of
June. Despite all this, the report is able to show increased
net as well as gross earnings, although the expenses rose
slightly more than the earnings. The gross earnings were
$:!4.778 as compared with $33,015, an increase of $1,763; after
allowing for operating expenses, maintenance and fixed
charges, the surplus was .$20,993 as compared with $19,708 for
June. 1917. For the eight month ending June 30, the gross
earnings were $277,044, as compared with $251,991. a gain of
$25,653; for the same period the surplus was $165,351, as com-
pared with $151,625. an increase of $13, ,726.

Point-aux Trembles, Que.

A new lighting system has been installed at Point-aux-
Trenibles. Que., consisting of 196 lamps, each 250 c.p.

Regina, Sask.

The city council of Re.gina have decided a.gainst any in-
crease in fares on the electric railway. Methods of making
this mode of travel more popular with the public have, how-
ever, been suggested and the city will also secure estimates
on the cost of equipping the rear vestibules with outer doors
for use during the winter months. Automatic trolley catch-
ers will also have to be installed in this event.

Rosthern, Sask.

Anotlur \ enn Severin engine, an exact duplicate of the
one now in use, has been ordered lor the ;\osthern power
house. The extension is made necessary by large increases
in the demand for power. New street lights have also been
installed in Rosthern.

St. Thomas, Ont.

The hydro-tlectric commissioners of St. Thomas, Ont..
have applied to the ])rovincial commission for an extra al-
lotment of 400 horse-jjower to supply the demand of industries
in that city.

Unionville, Ont.

On September 16 the ratepayers of Unionville, Ont.. will
vote on the question nf extending the hydro transmission
line from .'\,gincourt to their municipality. The by-law. if
passed, will provide for an e.Njpenditure of $10,000. wliich will
be borrowed for the purpose.

Vancouver, B.C.

It has Ijeen announced that the IJ. C. government will
appoint a Public Utilities Commission to handle such situa-
tions as that existin,g between the B. C E. R. Company and
the city of Vancouver regarding an increase in fares. The
Commission will be invested with wide powers, not only over
public utilities but also over municipalities. It will ha\^ au-
thority similar to the Dominion Railway Board to hear and in-
vestigate complaints, make orders as to service and inprove-
ments. fix the rates to be paid and make investigations into
the affairs of companies for the purpose of ascertainin.g the
financial returns necessary for successful operation.

Winnipeg, Man.

The monthly report of the Winnipeg hydro-electric sys-
tem for June, shows that Jhe revenue for the month was $82.-
639.91 and the expenditure $S9.230.0:i, showing a deficit of.
$6,590.12. The total for the first six months of the year, how-
ever, shows a surplus of $30,925.19,

Septeinlior i:.. I'.lis

THE EI,F.CTRICAL NEWS

;ii

e'\

Published Semi-Monthly By

HUGH G. MACLEAN, LIMITED

HUGH C. MacLEAN, Winnipeg, President.

THOMAS S. YOUNG, General Manager.

W. R. CARR, Ph.D., Editor.
HEAD OFFICE - 347 Adelaide Street West, TORONTO

ADVERTISEMENTS
Orders for advertising should reach the office of publication not later
than the 5tl» and 'JOth of the month. Changes in advertisements will be
made whenever desired, without cost to the advertiser.

SUBSCRIBERS

Subscribers are requested to promptly notify the publishers of failure
or delay in delivery of paper.

Authorized by the Postmaster General for Canada, for transmission
as second class matter.

Entered as second class matter July ISth, 1914, at the Postofficc at
Buffalo, N. Y., under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

Vol. 27 Toronto, September 15, 1918 No 18

The St. Lawrence Power Co. Demands

Comparatively little progress appears to have been made
toward a decision in the matter of the application of the
St. Lawrence Power Company for permission to construct
a deflecting weir in the St. Lawrence River at the Long Sault.
The Canadian Government takes the stand that it is a mat-
ter for consideration by the two countries involved and that
it is without the jurisdication of the International W'ater-
ways Commission. On this basis it is argued that the
proposed works would be in direct contravention of exist-
ing treaties. The feeling is general in Canada that the St.
Lawrence Power Company, which is a subsidiary of the .\m-
erican Aluminum Company, is making the plea of war exi-
gency to secure concessions which would not be considered
under normal conditions. No doubt the suggestion that the
consent of the Canadian Government would be forthcoming
on condition that the work be removed within a year after
the ending of the war is born of this thought. Considering
that the cost of the weir is only estimated at $125,000, as
compared with assets of this company probably running into
around one thousand times this amount, the scrapping of
the work would cause the company no financial inconven-
ience. The argument that the whole thing is just a "power
grabbing" scheme seems to be further borne out by the
fact that this company has large blocks of undeveloped power
at different points in the United States; for example, on the
Tennessee River, where it is estimated some 400.000 horse-
power is running to waste.

Canada seems to have Ijoth law and justice on lier side

in (Kinaiiiliu.t; that u beii the St. Lawrence River is develop-
ed il sliall lie ill siuli .1 way as to conserve the riglits of
Imlh nations. Tlie war necessity plea is the natural argu-
ment ipI an iipportuiiist and iiuist nut p;iss witlioiit llie most
ilioroiiyh investi.gatioii.

The T. E. L. Co. and its Steam Reserve

It is only on rare occasions tliat the daily papers essaj'
to discuss technical matters and on tliose occasions there is
generally an evident eflforl to advise themselves beforehand
of the facts of the matter, but it is the excei)tion that proves
the rule and in a recent editorial the Toronto Telegram has
.i>one out of the way to demonstrate that in matters about
which it knows nothing it can draw most ridiculous conclus-
ions from events and circumstances that, on the face of them.
point in quite a different direction.

Some days a.go the cars of the Toronto Street Railway
Company were stalled for some time following trouble on
their Niagara lines. Now everybody, includin.g no doubt the
Telegram, knows that such troubles, in the present state of
the art of electrical transmission, are inevitable. The Hydro
lines, as the Telegram well knows, frequently give trouble and
greatly inconvenience not only the general public but. during
the past year or two, the industries, both essential and non-
essential over the whole province. The city of Toronto has.
of course, experienced its fair share of this Hydro trouble
and time and time again, as the Telegram doubtless knows,
Toronto factories producin.g war essentials have been with-
out the necessary power to operate their plants because of
trouble at the Falls or on the lines between the Falls and
Toronto. Everybody realizes that a steam reserve would have
been the salvation of Toronto munition plants on numerous
occasions.

In all these years the service (A the Toronto Electric
Light Company has been almost perfect. For example, a
householder who uses their service for electric cooking in his
home is authority for the statement that in the last four
years his culinary arrangements have been interfered with on
only one occasion — one isolated breakfast. In all these j-ears
the street railway service has never failed except for a dura-
tion of a few short moments. An unbiased review of these
facts would seem to indicate that the steam reserve of the
Toronto Electric Light Company, and their reserve storage
battery plant, might be largely responsible for their excel-
lent service.

But at last the Toronto Railway Company has failed to
live up to previous standards. Why?

The answer, .strangely enough, is given in full on another
page of the same issue of the Telegram in which the editorial
already referred to occurs, liut evidently and unfortunately
was overlooked by the editorial writer. It is pointed out,
there, that some time ago Power Controller Drayton issued
an order requiring the Toronto Electric Light Company to
operate its steam plant for war industries and that, in con-
sequence, this plant no longer constitutes a reserve power.
It is further pointed out that through all the trouble on
the line, which left the cars in part stranded, this plant was
operating at full capacity, carrying essential industries. .\s
a matter of fact the storage battery plant would have been
utilized for the same good work had it been suited for this
purpose but, in reality, it served the essential purpose of con-
tinuing the main arteries of the railway system in operation
so that the inconvenience to the public was infinitely less than
it would have been if this small part of the reserve had not
been available.

So these are the arguments which, in the wisdom of the
Tele.gram. alisolutely condemn the use of a steam reserve.
Essential industries carry on without interruption: street rail-
way operated in part where, without reserve, cverythin.g

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Seplonilicr I.".. MiU

would be al a standstill. The Telegram appears Id have small
respect for the intelligence of its readers to expect them to
follow such reasoning and, indeed, if we did not consider
the management of this'paper above such suspicion, we should
be inclined to think that the editorial was written with some
ulterior motive. However, there are the facts and we are
satisfied to leave the whole matter to the good sense of the
readers of the Telegram and to our own readers. There are
valid arguments, in normal times, both for and against a steam
reserve but no stronger reasons for its existence at the pre-
sent time, and in the present case, could possibly have been
put forward than those so prominently condemned in this il-
logical editorial.

Emergency Power Plants for War Work

T. W. Simms, chairman of the House committee on inter-
state and foreign commerce, has introduced in the U. S.
House of Representatives, a bill to be known as the Emer-
gency Power .-^ct, which calls for the expenditure of $200,-
000,000 for the purchase and building of power plants. One
clause of the l)ill empowers the President:

"To construct at any place or places within the boundar-
ies of the United States such power plant or |)ower plants
as he may deem necessary, and in connection therewith to
construct within such ))oundaries plants for the production
of gas, coke, toluol, benzol, cnal-lar products, and any other
useful products that may be produced through or in connection
with the coking of coal or lignite, or through or in connection
with the combustion of any fuel."

It does not appear to be the idea of this bill to provide
for the erection of hydro-electric plants, as this would take too
long a time. However, a number of plants will be purchased
or placed under the control of the government and enlarged
or improved where tlfis can be accomplished cheaply and
quickly; also it is planned to erect a number of steam plants
in coal bearing areas for immediate power production. By
the expenditure of this money, the U. S. Government believe
they will be in a position to produce the necessary war |)ro-
ducts in a minimum of time.

The Commercial Department in War Time

Mr. \V. 13. Johnson, manager of the new business de-
partment of the Montreal Light, Heat and Power Consolidat-
ed, read a paper on "The Commercial Department in War
Time", at the convention of the Canadian Gas Association,
held in Montreal. There were some points in the paper which
are of interest to electrical as well as gas men. Mr, John-
son discussed the question as to whether companies should
have discontinued commercial work after the outbreak of
war. His company, said Mr. Johnson, had not found it nec-
essary, nor advisable, to change the policy in this respect.
It had been working for years on the principle that the new
business department should be self-supporting and he was
glad to note that so many companies were now seeing the
wisdom of this policy and adopting it. although many former-
ly ridiculed the idea. He believed that every dollar earned
by the commercial department should be spent for the pro-
motion of the business and the obtaining of the goodwill of
the public.

In the adoption and carrying out of such a policy there
were many things that must be considered and which were
governed by local conditions. The methods followed by one
company might not prove successful in another city, so that
local conditions should be studied before adopting new met-
hods or systems.

Mr. Johnson then enumerated some of the problems of
his own department. One was that the Montreal Light, Heat
and Power Consolidated was a combination company and

had the keenest competition to deal v\itli, s. p lliat lully T.'.
per cent, of their energy was devoted to securing electric
contracts for which the commercial department received no
direct credit. Then the securing of desirable French-speak-
ing salesmen was far harder proposition than one would
suppose. The leasing laws, under which all moving was
done in the first three days of May, handicapped the company
in the matter of doing the regular work in the last half of
April and the first half of May, the staflf having to devote
themselves to taking care of those moving.

The company was a firm believer in branch offices and
showrooms. While these were opened for the "convenience
of our customers" for the payment of bills and the application
for service, they must show enough profit on apjfliances sold
to be not only self-supporting but to leave a surplus to apply
to other expenses of the new business department.

Since the opening of the company's new store on St.
Catherine Street West, the company had added to its lines
of neutral goods. The company, however, did not handle
anything but allied lines such as pyrex glassware, aluminum
cooking utensils, casseroles, percolators and teapots for gas
ranges. Like most other companies they had lost consider-
able gas l)usiness to the electric due to the fact that it had not
carried a suitable line of coffee percolators- for gas ranges.
There was no question that the cleclric percolator had been
the means of converting a great many people lo the use of
electricity for various purposes.

The securing of goods and the steady increase in prices
had l)cen a great hindrance to the commercial departments
but the companies' selling prices had )>een advanceil to keep
pace with the enhanced costs.

Safety Memoranda

The ( )nlario .Safety League are distributing the follow-
ing timely item :

We have noticed a large increase in accidents along Elec-
tric Railway tracks, especially on grades.

We have investigated a number of these accidents, and
fincl that one of the most fruitful causes is the common prac-
tice among drivers of automobiles and other vehicles, of
keeping on the tracks unnecessarily, or of driving alongside
and stopping close to the tracks.

This practice is particularly dangerous, on account of the
increasing width of the railway cars, and the increasing con-
gestion of this branch of traffic.

Six feet at least, from the tracks, where possible, should
be allowed to permit railway cars to pass with safety to
vehicles and the passengers of both.

The League is asking the co-operation of railways and
drivers of all vehicles, in this matter, and is posting notices
asking drivers to keep off the tracks.

Any assistance you may be able to give us in the pre-
vention of accidents of this nature will be very much appre-
ciated.

Ontario Safety League.
J. !•■. Wyse,

Organizer S: Engineer.

Illuminating Engineers to Discuss War-time
Lighting Problems

The Illuminating luigineeriny .Society will ludd its an-
nual convention at the Engineering Societies Building, 29
West .'igth Street, New York City, October 10th H»I8. War-
time lighting economies, the use of better lighting in speed-
ing up war production and manufactures, the lighting of
camps, effect of lighting curtailment on crime, and auto-
mol)ile headlight legislation will be among the subjects to be
discussed liy lightin.g authorities of national reputation.

Sciitenilicr l,"i. uns

THE ELECTRIC A

NEWS

How the Electrical Services Were Affected

in the Halifax Disaster

The Explosion and the Telephone

By Mr. W. H Ha)es'

The ijlant of the Maritime 'i'dt-sTaph & Tflephoiu- lOin-
pany. Ltd.. comparatively speaking, received little damage
outside the area in the vicinity of the explosion, and other-
wise was in full operation shortly after the explosion occur-
red.

.Ml the buildings of the company were more or less dam-
aged- The "Lome" central office building most of all, it
being in the north end of the city.

Local and Long Distance Lines Wrecked.

.\11 the poles, cables, wires and telephones in the de-
vastated area were of course almost wiped out of ex-
istence, and those that were not were so broken and tangled
up with electric light and power wires, they were of no further
use. The long-distance lines of the company passed right by
the spot where the ill-fated lioat exploded, and were on
poles :ij to 40 feet in height, along with the wires of the
Western L'nion Telegraph Company. A gap of one mile was
blown in this line of poles.

The "St. Paul" central office building, located in tlie
centre of the city, had the majority of its windows blown in,
as also the head office l)uilding located near by, a number
of the employees being more or less cut about the hands and
face with flying glass. The "Harlior" central office building,
located across the harbor in 1 )ur(ininith, had all its doors and
windows blown in, but no one was hurt.

The company had just completed a fine new central office
building on Sackville street, opposite the Citadel Hill, which
they have since occupied as the "Sackville" central office.
replacing the old "St. Paul" office. This new building had all
the doors and windows blown, some out and others in. It
had just been fitted up with the latest type of switchboard
and would have been put into service two days later. While
the explosion delayed the putting of it into service, it also
forced the change to be made at the very first opportunity,
owing to the congestion in the old office. The change was
therefore made on the night of December 22nd, two weeks
after the explosion. A staff of Northern Electric Company's
men were at work in this building when the explosion oc-
curred, finishing up the work of installing the new equipment,
and some of them were very badly cut with the flying glass.
A great deal of the glass in small particles got into the fine
parts of the equipment, necessitating a .great deal of tedious
work to remove.

With the exception of two of the young lady operators,
who were off duty at the time, and who were instantly killed
at their homes, all the employees of the Company escaped
serious injury and were soon at work again.

Switchboard Equipment Escapes Damage.

The fact that none of the equipment in the way of switch-
boards, etc., in the central offices sustained any damage, en-
abled the company to restore the service to most of the sub-
scribers ncTt in the devastated area, with very little delay.
It is not likely there would have lieen any interruption what-
ever to the continuity of the service, except for the report
circulated immediately after the explosion, that another ex-

*Asslstant Manager Maritime Telegraph & Telephone Co,

plosion was imminent, and the order for every one to get
out into the open. This caused every employee to flee for
safety along with the rest of the population, leaving the
switchboards to run themselves. This condition lasted for
about one hour and a half, when word was sent around that
all danger was passed. The operators and other emplf)yees
then began returning to work in ones and twos until a full
staff was on hand.

In the meantime the central office batteries had run down
and required recharging. This could not be done until the
power company turned on their current, which they were
very loth to do owing to the possibility of starting fires
through damaged wiring. However, after consulation with
the City Electrician, Mr. Colpitt, it was decided to take the
risk. Fortunately it caused no further damage and the switch-
boards were soon in full operation on the "St. Paul" office,
but the "Lornc" office being in the area cut oflf by the ex-
plosion, it was two days before current could be turned on
to charge the batteries in that office. Luckily the batteries
had sufficient life to carry the load until the current was
availa)>le.

In the "Harbor" office the battery chargin.g current is
supplied from Halifax by submarine cable across the har-
l)Our; this cable had been damaged and no current was
available there. This was overcome temporarily by the in-
stallation of a complete gas engine and motor in one unit,
which did the work tmtil the current from the usual source
could l)e supplied.

The first thing required was to get the openings in the
different buildings closed up before night set in, and with
(lu'ck and intelligent work on behalf of the staff was fairly
well accomplished.

Telephone Connection with Dartmouth Severed.

Tlie telephone connection between Halifax and Dart-
mouth is maintained by means of submarine cables carrying
100 wires. These cables were found to be working immed-
iately after the explosion l)Ut not for long; they had been
damaged but not enough to cut them off entirely. However
the storms that came up right after completed the work, and
the service was cut off between the two places. It was im-
possible to stop out on the harbour in order to take the
cables uj) to make repairs, or to lay new cables, owing to
the severity of the storm, which raged day after day. Con-
sequently before the weather moderated a number of ships had
been blown up and down the harbour, dragging their anchors
to such an extent that they caught in the cables, and twisted
and shifted them about so that they were completely ruined
and unfit for further use. Fortunately a new 100 wire cable
was already in stock and ds soon as it was possible to do so
this was laid across the harbour, but a week or ten days had
elapsed during which time Halifax and Dartmouth were tele-
phonically severed.

After getting the operating force at the switchboards
and the opening in the buildings closed up temporarily, at-
tention was next turned to getting the Long Distance Lines
in working order. It was impossible to rebuild the blown
away part of the pole line owing to the fires which were
raging and the rescue work going on, even if the help and ma-
terial had been available, which it was not. Some other
means had to be found to bridge the gap and that without

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

September !.">. r.llis

delay. This was done by connecting all the Long Distance
lines, wlicrc they pass through Rockingham, about three miles
north of the centre of the_City, on to the local suburban
lines running in that direction, which enter the City via a
different route to that of the Long Distance lines, and which
were not damaged by the explosion. This temporary ar-
rangement enabled the Company to place its main Long
Distance lines into service the next day after the explosion,
and to superimpose on one of them a telegraph circuit
through to Boston for the Associated Press service, which
carried the first full account of the disaster to the outside
world.

A piece of iron from oft the doomed boat, weighing about
25 lbs., came crashing through the roof of the "Lome" central
office building and landed about two feet from the operators,
embedding itself in the floor. It just escaped the switchboards
by about two inches. This building at first sight appeared to
lie a total wreck; all the windows gone and many of the
doors; the back part of the building being broken away from
the front part, and daylight could be seen through the walls
in many places. Bits of boards, canvas, cotton and every
conceivable thing that could be got were u.sed to close up these
openings. Even the window blinds were torn down, those
that had not been blown down, and used for this purpose.
When the blizzard came the next day the stafif suffered con-
siderably from lack of heat. It was impossible to keep the
building warm with the regular heating apparatus owing to
the drafts blowing through in every direction. Temporary
stC'ves were obtained as quickly as possible, and more perma-
nent repairs were made speedily. Only in this way was it
possible to get along and keep the stafif at work.

The numl)er of telephones lost and destroyed were be-
tween 800 and 900, and all in the devastated area. The total
direct cost of the damage to the Company will be about
$(i5,000. The indirect cost, that is, the exi)end.itures the Com-
pany will be compelled to make owing to changes being
forced upon them on account of the explosion, will probably
be over one hundred thousand dollars alone.

The outstanding feature of the work was the loyal self-
sacrificing work of the operators at the switchboards and the
repairmen who had to face the awful weather and keep it up
day and night. The operators were at the switchboards con-
tinually, their meals were brought in to them, and at first
it was necessary to supply them with sleeping accommoda-
tions. Owing to the severe weather conditions, and no street
cars in operation h was necessary to convey the staff of
about 80 operators to and from their homes or places of re-
fuge. This work of course had to be performed by the men
of the staff, with motors, sleighs or any form of conveyance
possible to obtain that would answer the purpose.

The extra demand on the service was enormous; the
Relief Committee, the temporary hospitals, railway and
others all wanted additional and special service to assist them
in their humane work of helping to relieve the suffering.
Lines had to be built, telephones installed, and also a number
of private switchboards were wanted to properly take care
of the vast amount of calling. Hundreds of people did nothing
else all day long but sit with the telephone calling and receiv-
ing calls, and when necessary to leave others took their place
and thus kept it going. It was all supplied and the service
rendered as well as it was humanly possible to do sn.

Electrical Installation and Repairs

Halitax in pre-war days could never be called a well
lighted city, although some attempts had been made to in-
troduce modern lighting into the business districts, but, with
war regulations in force street lighting was greatly curtailed,
and aside fruui a stray arc lamp and the light from show

windows, streets were dark . The explosion of December (ith
finished the street lighting, as practically every window in
the city was destroyed, and consequently all store doors and
windows were boarded up and the meagre ligkt from these
sources cut off. The explosion badly damaged the light and
power lines of the Nova Scotia Tramway Company, and tliey
were practically wiped out in the devastated area, although
in those districts of the city where their poles were left
standing, they made very quick recovery, and with emergency
gangs accomplished wonders in a very short time in the
matter of restoring these services.

Naturally all repair work was sadly handicapped by the
necessity of workmen having to look after their missing
relatives and friends, getting the injured to hospitals and
providing some protection for their families and many of the
Tramway Company's employees, including foreman and in-
spectors, were either killed or injured. The blizzard of Dec.
7th and succeeding days tied up all transportation and held
up repair work on the lines, as well as causing additional ser-
ious damage; street car traffic was utterly demoralized for
days and the task of getting the roadways clear and the lines
in working order was herculean.

Darkness Hampers Relief and Repair Work.

The lack of light in the north end of the city was a great
drawback to those engaged in rescue work, and the avail-
able supply of Daylos was quickly in use. Many of the auto-
mobiles engaged in the work carried a supply of candles for
the use of householders who were without light of any de-
scription, and those trying in the darkness to effect temporary
repairs to their homes.

After the urgent rescue work had been attended to, the
first great rush, as far as the electrical houses were concern-
ed, was the supplying of lamps and effecting necessary re-
pairs to the equipment in the hospitals, shelters, bakeries,
groceries and household furnishing stores; followed by the
equipping of churches, basements, schools and any available
place, as temporary homes for hundreds of families. With
the rush of hospital, relief and repair parties to the city, it
was necessary to equip any vacant buildings which were suit-
able, as camps, bunkhouses and dining rooins and the avail-
able electrical workers in the city were far from sufficient
to look after this necessary work, and many were lirought
in from outside places, Montreal and Quebec supplying the
major portion.

As soon as the relief work was thoroughly organized
and put on a permanent working basis, the matter of erect-
ing temporary homes for several hundred families was taken
up energetically and, ai)proximately. a thousand Hats have
lieen erected and furnished in a very comfortable manner for
ihe use of those who lost their homes, until such time as the
damaged houses have been made habitable, or new ones
erected. The damage done to the interior of the houses
lliroughout the city and which externally appeared to be in
good condition has been enormous and the plaster in a
lar^e perecentage in the houses in the city has fallen, or has
been damaged to such an extent as to make its removal neces-
sary. This necessitates a very great deal of electrical repair
work, especial'y in tli^ older houses where the installations
.-■re far from modern, and the city inspector now insists that
Avhere.ver it is necessary to remove the plaster, all electrical
installations be made perfectly modern and up to a standard
that will comply with the latest regulations of the Board of
Fire Underwriters.

There are many hundreds of jobs of this nature to be
done in the city, as well as the installations in the new mo-
dern and hydrostone houses being erected by the commis-
sion. A great deal of electrical work is being called for in
connection with new buildings being erected by the Military
and Naval authorities and by the Railway, in sheds, docks,

Septemlier l."i. riUS

THE ELECTRICAL NF.WS

passenger slalinn ami car cleaning plant, and a very great
(leal of work in Imildings I)cing' erected or enlarged for com-
mercial purposes and in connection with the enlarging of the
dry dock and the erecting and equipping of the plant ol the
Halifax Shipbuilding t'omi)any. There is nn( -.ullicienl elec-
trical labor to handle this work and great delays are being
occasiimed thereby. There are splendid opportunities- at the
present time for a large numlier of competent wiremen and
linemen and splendid wages with abundant opportunity foi
working all the overtime they desire at inflated rates.

Fire Alarm and Lighting Service

The e.\plosion resulted in serious damage to the fire
alarm and the lighting systems of tlie city. The former was
put completely out of commission. The storage battery,
which supplied its energy was thrown from the racks to the
floor by the concussion, and the circuits were all broken down,
in many places in the city. In the devastated area signal boxes
were all destroyed, some of them Ijeing carried over 100 yards
from their original positions. The immediate difficulty was
to establish a service of some character, and in order to do
this it was necessary to have current. Fortunately Dalhousic
College had a set of batteries of a type used for this pur-
pose, and Mr. P. R. Colpitt, the city electrician, was able to
borrow it. There being no means of direct communciation
with places outside the city an order was i)laced, within an
hour from the time of the explosion, with the Northern Elec-
tric Co. for new equipment. The company took energetic
action, and immediately sent to the nearest point out of the
city where it was possible to get in communication with out-
side wires in order to rush the order through. With the help
of Dalhousic College and of some Northern Electric men wdio
happened to be in the city, the city electrician was able to get
a part of the system in working order the second day after
the explosion. The greater part of the system however, had
to be carefully gone over, as, due to concussion, many boxes,
were out of adjustment and would not respond quickly to the
alarm.

The electric lighting service was completely demoralized
but after patrolling the business section of the city, energy
was turned into the lines in the afternoon of the day of the
explosit)n. The light service in the devastated area was en-
tirely destroyed, the poles, (which carry the lighting and
street railway wires) — being broken, and the wires thrown
down, including the portion of the high tension line serving
the town of Dartmouth. Pending the new lay-out of this
part of the city by the Relief Commission, nothing has been
done towards reinstalling the lines. The plans of the Com-
mission are to establish an underground service in the dis-
trict referred to, with ornamental poles for street lighting. The
city is negotiating with the Halifax Power Co. with a view
to the street lighting being undertaken by that company,
with energy from a water power on the North East River.
18 miles from Halifax. If -these negotiations are completed
the city will be equipped with about 1,000 lamps, consisting
of luminous arcs and nitrogen incandescent lamps of different
capacities, the large ones for the business section and the
small ones for the residential districts. The present system
consists of a series of enclosed arc lamps.

The outside wiring situation throughout the province has
been put under the charge of the Provincial I'ublic Utilities
Commission, -which is preparing a set of rules to be shortly
issued to all companies. This will result in the line work be-
ing greatly improved and standardized throughout the pro-
vince, where climatic and other conditions are exceptionally
severe.

Hydro-electric Possibilities of
the Halifax District

By Mr. G. E. Booker

It will proluilily Ik- of interest lo those wdio know little
of Nova Scotia, to k-arn that within a radius of fifty miles
of the city of Halifax there are no fewer than eleven rivers
and streams capable of developing a total of some seventeen
thousand horsepower.

None of the developments arc large, due to the com-
luiratively sn-iall watersheds of the respective rivers; but
owing to the rugged nature of the country, effective heads
of from fifty to two hundred feet and over are obtainable.
Up to the present time, however, practically no use has been
made of this water power, in fact only one stream is develop-
ed to anything- like capacity, and that is only equal to about
three hundred horse-power. Although there have been a
number of schemes drawn up within the last few years,
nothing has up to the present materialized.

The Halifax Power Co., Ltd., has the construction of its
lirst unit on the North-cast River under consideration, and
hopes to have same completed at an early date.

The demand for cheap electrical power is one of vital
importance to this locality, not only in the encouragement
of new industries, but as a means of fuel conservation. The
attached list of rivers and streams in the locality, together
with the power cap.'icity of each, is compiled from the Pro-
gress Reports of the N. .S. Water Power Commission, the ac-
tivities of which body are under the efficient direction of Mr.
K. H. Smith, resident engineer for the Dominion Water
Power Branch.

Hydro-Electric Power.

Several of the smaller municipalities in the Province are
also contemplating the development of Hydro-electric power

lly.lro pussitiililies in vicinity of Italifa.x

for lighting and power purposes, as the advanced cost of fuel
has greatly increased the cost of operating the existing srnall
steam plants. Unquestionably every stream which can be
utilized for ipower purposes economically should be developed
now; as it is only by thus making- preparations for increased
industrial activity after the close of hostilities that can we
hope to be in a position to compete with our manufacturers
in the world's markets. In this connection it may be pointed
out that Great Britain had up to the outbreak of the war only
three small Hydro-electric developments, aggregating only
some three hundred and fifty horse-power. Since that time,

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

September 15. I'Jls

however, developments capable of an output of about eleven
thousand horse-power have been constructed by private par-
ties; and further additions aggregating some seventy thous-
and horse-power are under consideration, as a means of ob-
taining cheap power for manufacturing purposes and of con-
serving fuel.

A liill dealing with the water-powers of Xova Scotia
was passed during the last session of the Legislature vv'hich
should in some degree assist in the economic development
of these water-powers; and although it is doubtful whether
an immediate market could be found for the total power
available it can safely be stated that, with the promised in-
dustrial expansion of the locality, the demand for electrical
energy will very rapidly outgrow the sujiply.

List of Power Possibilities of the Halifax District.

Ret. No. Name of river. -\ppro.x. distance H. P.

from Halifax.

1. Gasperaux -JO miles

2. Gold 4.) miles

3. Fall 11 miles

4. Kerney Lakes 7 miles

.5. Dartmouth Lakes :i miles

(i. Northeast 16 miles

T. Indian Hi miles

s. I'cnnant VZ miles

'.I. Sackville Hi miles

10. St. Croix M) miles

11. Musquodoboit S.j miles

available at

turbine shaft.

7.437.

3,0.S4.

.564.

313.

158.

4,209.

4,209,

2C4,

947.

no data.

Electric Vehicle Crane Tractor

By A. Jackson Marshall

.\ Chicago manufacturer of electric vehicles nccnlly
placed on the market, in response to a demand from terminals
and manufacturing plants, a tractor equipped with a two-
ton capacity crane, also operated by electric motors, and
supplied with current from the same storage battery used
to propel the electric vehicle. The demand for this mobile
electric tractor crane was created principally through war

Vehicle and crane operated 1 ;

but It-

erates of army kitchen equipment weighing approximately
3700 pounds, .\fter lifting the cases off the freight car. it
backed away, and running across the pier under its own power,
depositing its load. \\'hile this is a somewhat larger load than
the tractor was figured to carry while in motion — the manu-
facturers would prefer loads to be limited to 2000 or 3000
pounds in such instances — the ordinary stationary crane hav-
ing onlj- a maximum capacity of 4000 pounds — the electric
crane tractor performed its duty easily. The boom of the
tractor swings 180 degrees so that after material is lifted
it can be deposited easily on the ground or on a trailer for
transportation elsewhere.

This electric tractor is also equipped with a spring draw-
bar coupler at the rear of the frame. It is possible there-
fore to load trailers bj' means of the electric crane and then
haul these trailers electricalK- to another point and unload
them. .\s a tractor it can haul a gross trailing load of fifteen
tons. Electric tractors of this type have been used in many
instances to "spot" loaded freight cars, either pulling or
jjushing them.

This tractor is another member of the electric vehicle
family which embraces light and heavy duty commercial
(street) trucks, passenger cars, electric wheel chairs, canoes,
electric industrial trucks and tractors, including those equip-
jied with cranes and self-elevating platforms, which are con-
tributing no small part in our successful war operations,
as they not only expedite the rapid and economic movement
of materials and munitions, but, by yirture of their gluttony
for work, are releasing thousands of men otherwise needed.
In fact many of these vitally necessary small but powerful
electric vehicle transportation units are being operated suc-
cessfully by women.

conditions and the consequent handling by such plants of
many heavy materials in large units. Although it has not
as high a lifting capacity as many locomotive and overhead
cranes, it has, however, the advantage of being more flexible
in its radius of action

Kecentlj' one of these tractors was observed unloading
a freight car at a well known terminal. It was handling large

A New Commercial Application of Electrolysis

.\ccording to La Energia Eleclrica a new small industry
has just been started in \'alenda. Spain. In this district a
large number of small decorative articles are manufactured
in clay, glass, wood, and papiermache. Some of these are
now being encased in a thin "skin" of metal, which greatly
improves the appearance and permanence of the articles.

The method employed is simple. .-K small compressor
supplies air at a pressure of about seven atniospheres to a
receptable filled with metallic powder Tgenerally lead, for
cheapness). At the moment the metallic powder emerges
from the jet, it is melted by an oxy-hydrogen flame, and a
spray of molten metal encases the object to be "metallized",
which is placed on a revolving platform. The object then
goes to the electrolytic bath, and receives its new skin of
copper, silver, or gold. Glass articles are first treated by a
sand-blast to ensure the necessary toughness for the adhesion
nf the lead. A new type of Leyden jar is also being manu-
factured, in which the old silver-foil is replaced by a homo-
geneous film of silver.

Clothes That Hamper Action

If you hired a man to work for you and gave him a suit
of clothes, it would be to your interest to see that his suit was
not too tight, restricting his legs and arms and preventing
him from doing proper work. Maybe at the end of a year
you'd enlarge his clothes to give his bigger muscles more
room. At any rate, it would be the last thing you'd do to
hamper and hinder his actions.

It's the same with a franchise. It may hamper arj<l.,llind-
er the street railway in giving you the best service. If it
is cut according to the 1901 fashion, it will not do for 1918.
The 1918 fashion may not do for 1930.

What is needed is a garment that will allow for the na-
tural expansion of the street railway as it is found necessary
to meet the growing nced> of the public. — B. C. Buzzer.

Septeinlier I."). V.ns

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Labor Problem and the Electric Railways

Of Three Factors in Railway Operation, Employees, Public and Investor, Employees

Come First— Their Co-Operation Must Be Secured and the Public Be

Convinced That Good Service Demands Fair Pay

-Streev railway companies are lieing harassed in their
operations all over the American continent by the increased
cost of everything entering int the operation of their sys-
tems, chief of which perhaiis is th- cost of labor. Nor can
the employee be blamed for tlio necessity that drives him
to make ever-increasing demands. It is merely incidental
that the labor shortage makes him independent — with the
greatest imaginable surplus of labor supply, justice would
require a much increased wage over that of four or five
years ago. In view of these facts it seems to indicate
a strange perversity of human nature that the public, in
general, so insistently objects to any increase in railway
fares. It is strange that the British ideals of fair play
for which we are fighting to-day w^ould not rather incline
them to grant, without argument, the increase tljat has been
arbitrarily demanded in almost every line of merchandising
to-day — often without justice or real necessity.

Probably the reason lies in a lack of understanding, by
the general public, of the railway situation. With the but-
cher, grocer, haberdasher et al, the public pays the added
cost, for the most part willingly, because they have had
the situation explained to them. Of course they had no
choice anyway and perhaps this has helped to an understand-
ing. But in any case it seems essential that the electric rail-
way situation shoitld be explained.

-An interesting article by Mr. Britton I. Budd, president
of the Chicago elevated lines, discussing the possibilities
of a better mutual understanding between the companies,
their employees and the public, appears in a recent issue
of the Electric Railway Journal. Electric railways, he says,
are to-day facing the most serious problems in their history.
Conditions brought about by the steadily increasing costs of
operation, due to the enormously advanced prices of materi-
als and labor, with revenues limited by national, state and
municipal regulating authorities, call for clear thinking and
sane acting, if receiverships and industrial chaos are to be
averted. Owners of electric railways must look forward, not
backward. The jiroblems confronting them must be met and
solved in the light of present day knowledge and under-
standing, rather than by the e.xperience of the past. Especi-
ally does this appear in dealing with labor problems, for
methods which might have been applicable even ten years
ago are to-day obsolete and out of place.

The Employees, the Public and the Owners

In the operation of electric railways there are three
factors to be considered, namely, the employees, the public
and the owners of the properties. Each factor is entitled
to a fair return on his contribution toward the success oi
the enterprise, and each must be given consideration in
determining what that return shall be. If one of the factors in
this equation demands and receives more than its fair share,
it must be at the expense of the other two factors, and this
presents a condition which calls for an adjustment.

In my classification of the factors I have given the
employees first place, because in many ways I feel they are
the most important. If employees are reasonably well paid,
if they are given the best working conditions which the
character of the work will permit, they will be contented
and will work and co-operate with the company. Such co-

operation makes possible the best service to the public, which
means a better return on its investment. If the employees
and the public both are satisfied, the owners of the property
are more apt to be satisfied, because operation under such
conditions will be successful, assuming, of course, that reve-
nues are sufficient to make a reasonable return to all factors.

Let us briefly consider what arc the rights of each of the
factors in this equation and their relations each to the
other.

The National War Labor Board, in laying down certain
general principles and policies to govern relations between
workers and employers, has said: (1) "The right of all work-
ers, including laborers, to a living wage, is hereby declared."
(3) "In fixing wages, minimum rates of pay shall be estab-
lished which will insure the subsistence of the worker and
his family in health and reasonable comfort."

It will be observed that in laying down these general
principles, the War Labor Board has not considered the
financial condition of the employer. The inference is plain
that \vorkers are entitled to a living wage, and that the
ability of the employer to pay that wage is not the inain
issue.

The owners of electriC' railways should face the situa-
tion squarely. Demands of employees for increased wages
cannot be distnissed on the plea that the company is finan-
cially unable to meet them, even though that plea is literally
true. Such a plea will satisfy neither the employees nor the
public and it behooves the owners of electric railwaj-s to face
about and seek ways and means of increasing revenues.

Railways are Not a Philanthropy,

At the present time wage demands have been made on
many electric railways which if granted would mean utter
financial ruin, unless ways are found for increasing revenues.
If the electric railways wish to be regarded as eleemosynary
institutions and sell transportation at less than cost, the em-
ployees cannot be expected to engage in such philanthropic
enterprises. The public should not receive goods at less
than cost, at the expense of those engaged in producing
such goods, and this applies to the investment made by both
capital and labor.

The term "living wage," which the War Labor Board
has declared each laborer entitled to, is rather a loose term
and ambiguous. It would, however, be impossible for any
board to define in exact terms what constitutes a living wage.
We find one man supporting a family in comfort on a wage
which another man similarly situated finds altogether inade-
quate. A great deal depends also on locality. What might
be a fairly adequate wage in one part of the country may
not be adequate in some other section.

Labor Must Be Held in a Competitive Market.

The owners of electric railways, however, need not great-
ly concern themselves on that point. They must be pre-,
pared to pay wages relatively as high, all things being con-
sidered, as are paid in other industries, or they will not be
able to procure the labor necessary to operate their lines.
Many already are experiencing difficulty in this direction and
the public suffers as a result of the quality of the service.
However much we may differ in opinion as to what con-

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Septciiil)er 15. iiUS

stitutes a fair rate of pay for employees of electric railways.
we can all agree. I believe, that wages Jthat were fair in pre-
war times are not fair to-day, because the purchasing power
of the dollar has materially decreased. We must recognize
that fact and deal with our employees accordingly.

What are the rights of the public in the matter? What
attitude should the public assume toward electric railways?
The public is entitled to the best service that can be given
for the price paid. In this respect the public often is short-
sighted as it does not fully appreciate the relation of the
service to the fare. It is impossible for any public utility
company to give the best service unless it is earning a fair
return on its investment. In other words, the character of
the service must depend upon the price paid for that ser-
vice.

Generally speaking, the attitude of the public toward
electric railways and other utilities is not a fair one. While
demanding more and more in the way of service, the public
is unwilling' to pay for what it asks and expects. Any sug-
gestion of increasing rates for transportation usually meets
with public opposition, regardless of the financial condition
of the company. Prices of alt o-ther necessities advance, but
to-day the price of transportation on many electric lines is
actually less than it was ten years ago, although the ser-
vice given has steadily improved

Where Do the Owners Come In?

The owners of electric railways are entitled to as square
a deal as the other two factors in the equation. They are per-
forming a great public service, for which many times they
receive neither credit nor adequate return on their invest-
ment. Sometimes, perhaps, they are themselves to blame.
Too often in the past the electric railways have taken a posi-
tion of standing between the public and increased fares.
They have met the demands of their employees for increas-
ed wages with the assertion that the rate of fare will not
warrant any advance in wages, and they have appealed to
the public- to support them in that position.

This policy has never earned the good will and support
of the public, while it has incurred the ill-will of the em-
ployees. The owners must adopt a policy of perfect frank-
ness with their partners in the industry. They must first
have a good case to present, as most of them have, and
then they should see that it is intellingently and frankly pre-
sented. They have no right to expect their employees to
accept lower wages simply because they are selling their
product to the public at too low a price. Instead of flatly
opposing reasonable wage demands on the part of their em-
ployees, they should bend their energies toward producing
higher revenues and. by dealing frankly and openly with
their employees and the public, they will have the co-opera-
tion of the former and lessen the opposition of the later.
Rate Advances are Generally Slow.

We all realize that it is an exterraely difficult and slow
propostion for a public utility company to advance rates. The
manufacturer engaged in private enterprise meets increased
wa.ges or higher costs of materials by advancing the price
of his product to the consumer. The burden is easily shifted.
Not so with the electric railway company. It must be able
to show the various commissions and boards, charged with
the regulation of rates, that the increase asked for is justi-
fiable. It is a matter of common knowledge that in some
states, boards and commissions in making awards frequently
.are governed by popular sentiment rather than by the actual
merits of the case. This makes it all the more necessary
for public utilities to be frank and open in their relations
w-ith their employees.

Never was there a time as opportune for educational
vi-ork on the part of electric railways as the present. They
are absolutely essential to the successful prosecution of the

war. The hundreds of thousands of employees engaged
in war industries must be provided with means of transporta-
tion to and from their work. The public has grown accus-
tomed to higher costs of every necessity, and the necessity
for increasing wages is generally recognized, even if the
scarcity of labor did not make such increases imperative in
order to hold men in the industry.

Electric Railways Are an Essential Industry.

The importance of the electric railways in these war times
is not yet fully appreciated by the public, but there is no
one factor probably that is of more importance to the suc-
cessful prosecution of the war than the electric railways,
inasmuch as they serve practically every form of industry
engaged in the manufacture of war munitions, ships, etc. In
fact they are indispensable and it is most essential that their
revenues be sufficient not only to enable them to maintain
the best of service, but also to put in improvements and ex-
tensions to plants, shipyards, cantonments, naval stations
and other war activities.

The banks, trust companies and insurance companies
throughout the nation are large holders of the securities
of electric railways, and conditions which would bring about
depreciation of these securities would have a serious effect
upon the entire financial structure of the country. Govern-
ment officials realize the importance of the electric lines
and have shown a disposition to deal with them fairly. This
fact should be emphasized in every possible way, until the
truth is forced upon the public mind. When the public is
fully enlightened on the seriousness of the situation, the
way will be paved for a comprehensive plan which may re-
quire national legislation to insure sufficient revenues to do
justice to those who have invested their capital in electric
railways and to enable the companies to perform the service
which is expected of them.

In this campaign of enlightenment the employees of the
companies, if fairly treated, will be found ready to co-operate.
It is inexcusable to overlook the fact that the employees of
the industry are a powerful influence in making public opin-
ion. The question for the industry to determine in these
critical times is how much of an effort it is willing to make
to break down antagonisms that have existed too long and.
in lieu thereof, to enlist the employees' help in working out
the complex situation in which the companies find them-
selves.

The Annual Financial Review

The .-Knnual Financial Review covering the year ended
June, 1918, is just to hand. This is a carefully revised sum-
mary of facts regarding securities listed on the Montreal
and Toronto stock exchanges and of other prominent Can-
adian corporations. It includes the current annual statements
of companies, the highest and lowest prices of stocks and
bonds on both exchanges for each month for ten years, the
number of shares sold each month for the past fifteen months,
rate of dividends paid for past years and other important
items in the history of the different companies, such as in-
creases in capital stock, particulars of franchises, when bonds
are redeemable, dividends payable, etc. — information of value
to any investor who wishes to make an exhaustive study of
any particular stock before placing his order. The review
comprises 740 pages of solid information, well printed in a
clear and concise manner, and is neatly bound in full cloth.
The work is most valuable not only to financial institutions,
but even more to the general investing public, whose know-
ledge of such matters is necessarily limited. Published by
Houston's Standard Publications, 84 Bay St., Toronto; price,
$6.00 per annum, including any supplements that may be is-
sued.

Septenilier 1."), 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

One Year's Experience with Automatic Rate System

By Harold W. Clapp

The franchise of the Columbus Railway. I'ovver & Lii^ht
Company suburban line to Westerville, i:i miles from Col-
umbus, is based upon the premises, first, that a community
should say what it wants in the way of service, and second
that it should pay for such service. The past year's experi-
■ence is described in Electric Railway Journal by Harold W.
Clapp. general superintendent of the company. Briefly, the
■company is allowed under this franchise to earn (i per cent,
upon the value of the investment fixed by arbitration, and 8
per cent, upon new capital. The County Commissioners,
acting through a street railway commissioner, have the right
to prescribe conditions of service, and the company is in
duty bound to provide tlie prescril)ed service.

Flexible Fare Automatically Adjusted

A sliding- scale of rates of fare is provided, automatic-
ally adjusted with the fluctuations in the working capital, as
was provided in the Tayler ordinance in Cleveland. In fact,
the Westerville franchise is in general based upon the Tay-
ler ordinance, which provides a most logical and workable
mechanism for insuring a fair return upon the investment in
electric railway properties with the exception that it im-
poses a fixed maximum fare. The recent law enacted by the
Massachusetts Legislature, by the way. eliminates this weak-
ness by always insuring four steps in the fare scale above
or below the step established at any time.

In the case of Westerville. the sliding scale of fares is
as follows:

(a) Four tickets for 10 cents, or 2}/2 cents fare.

(b) Five tickets for 1.5 cents, or :-; cents fare.

(d) Five tickets for 20 cents, or 4 cents fare.

(e) Ten tickets for 45 cents, or i]^ cents fare.

(f) Five tickets for 23 cents, or 5 cents fare

(g) Ten tickets for 55 cents, or ^Yj cents fare
(h) Five tickets for ;;0 cents, or 0 cents fare.

The cash fare is 5 cents a zone except under (f), (g)
and (h). when it is (> cents a zone.

Operation under the franchise began on Aug. 1. 1917,
under schedule (d) with a ticket fare of 4 cents or five tickets
for 20 cents. Soon afterward a commutation book was pro-
vided for six and seven-day regular riders, giving them two
rides each week day or every day, as the case might be. at
3^ cents a zone. The only limitation on the use of this
book was set by the dated tickets, each coupon bearing the
date upon which it might be used.

The public control of the service on the \\'esterville line
lies in a street railway commissioner, appointed by the body
that originally granted the franchise, the County Commis-
sioners. His salary is paid by the car riders of the Wester-
ville line, as it is charged against them in the operating costs.

The control of the ser\-ice includes the right on the
part of the street railway commissioner, acting for the pub-
lic, to fix and alter car schedules, increase or diminisli the
service, propose extensions, betterments and permanent im-
provements, and approve or disapprove the same wdien pro-
posed by the company. In short, he represents the car riders
in all things affecting service and the cost thereof.

Operations under the Westerville franchise have been
carried for more than a year. .\t the end of the eleventh
month, which was June 30, 1918, the working capital had
shrunk from $25,000 to .$15,087.69. This would indicate that
the rate of fare maintained was too low. It is altogether

'General Supt.. Columbus Raihvay. Power & L'ght Co . Columbus. Ohio

likely tl.at by Septenilier ■ 1. at the very latest, with all ac-
crued accounts adjusted, the working capital will have shrunk
below the ,$15,000 mark. .\t that time or thereafter as that
fact can be officially determined from the reports of opera-
tion, the fare will automat'cally increase to the next higher
rate, which in this case is 4J/1 cents per zone. Commutation
rates will follow the upward trend and instead of being at
the rate of .j!4 cents per zone the tickets will be sold at tlic
rate of '^Vj, cents per zone.

Local Street Commissioner Is Doing His Part
During the past year John Scott, the street railway com-
missioner, has been constantly "on the job" of watching the
service and making inquiries and suggestions. It must be
remembered that this road is a small operation, as electric
railways go. and that Mr. Scott as commissioner took hold
of it at a time when it had been a going concern for twenty-
five years. The possibilities for suggested changes are not
so numerous as they would be on a more extensive trans-
portation system. Nevertheless, Mr. Scott has found oppor-
tunity to serve the public most efficiently. He has taken par-
ticular pains on many occasions to go to Westerville, which
is IS miles from Columbus, and hold meetings and confer-
ences with the city commission and with the Chamber of
Commerce and with them go over the reports rendered him
monthly by the coinpany. These reports, by the way, show
the financial results for the previous month; they are made
in great detail to the commissioner by the 15th of the fol-
lowing month and follow the official classification as to form.
A condensed statement from this report is printed on a bul-
letin 'and hung in a neat frame in the Westerville cars each
month and also sent to the Columbus newspapers and to
Public Opinion, the Westerville local newspaper. Publcity is
the real watchword of such a plan of operation.

In the early part of the year the commissioner made
special eliforts to see how the newly-arranged zone worked
out so far as accommodation of car riders was concerned. He
called for only one change during the year and that was in
the case of a church located 600 feet from the end of one
zone, and he ordered the cars to change this zone limit on
Sundays for the church goers only. The use of the line as
a freight line by the merchants of Westerville would be
greatly increased if a better located terminal for receiving
freight could be had at the Columljus end. The company had
been for a long time trying to find such a terminal but in
vain. Mr. Scott has been striving to the same end. In many
other minor ways Mr. Scott has made suggestions and in-
quiries. He is just at this time commencing the most im-
portant move for his .car riders, in attempting to get the
taxes assessed against the Westerville line reduced to a more
equitable basis. The Westerville car riders are paying about
$9,000 a year taxes when in all fairness they ought to be pay-
ing about $:i,000. Mr. Scott has the county commissioners
and the county attorney behind him in the fight tliat lie is
planning on this point.

Railway managers might as well face the fact that the
time is here when the public ought to. and is going to, dictate
electric railway service. The public is going to insist, in fact
is insisting, upon saying when, how and where cars shall
be run. I say, let the public do so if it pays for the service.

There would be no trouble about this phase of it except
for franchise restrictions on rates of fare. There's the rub!
Xo progress is possible until the old contracts are voluntar-
ily abrogated or rendered null and void Ijy the rulings of
commissions, when such bodies have rights superior to those

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

September 15. 1918

of municipalities in this matter. Where municipalities alone
have the right, they must act.

Zone System Only Just Plan for Large Cities
Zone operation is necessary on a line like the Wester-
ville line, but whether it is advisable in city operation must
depend upon many local conditions. The shape of a city and
the springing up ot sub-business centers have more to do
with this question than mere population. Real estate de-
velopments, usually allowed to locate without, regard to any-
thing except the profits of their promoters, often produce
abnormal situations where the installation of the zone sys-
tem is necessary. I have observed that when an American
city gets above, say. oOO.UOO in population, the zone system is
the only just one for both public and the company. It is
likely, m my judgment, to make headway in this country
in the years immediately after the war. when it may ne found
that a much higher price level will exist than is popularly
predicted now. The zone system will make it possible to
place upon the shoulders of those getting the benefits the
cost of operating lines that would be unprofitable as part of
a Hat-rate system.

But whether a flat rate or a zone is used, the fare ought
to be flexible or follow a sliding scale. The time has gone
by when cities or companies are going to get each other by
the throat with a fixed fare. Any community is interested in
service first— what it shall be and how it shall be rendered.
The public is also learning that it is interested, for selfish
reasons, in the ability of its electric railway to provide that
service, and to grow not only with the town itself but also
with changing methods of conducting transportation. It
begins to be apparent to both sides that the price of service
cannot be, safely for either side, fixed for a term of years.

The provision for a sliding scale in Westerville takes
care of fluctuating costs, downward as well as upward. It
is done in this way: A total of- $25,000 of the capital lif the
line was in cash and was termed the "working capital fund."
All the surplus at the end of each month, after paying oper-
ating costs, maintenance, taxes and interest at 6 per cent,
on the capital invested ($300,000 in this case) is paid into
this fund. When the working capital fund increases to $;i5,-
000, the next lower rate on the schedule may be ordered into
effect by the street railway commissioner; when it shrinks
to $15,000, the next higher fare may be installed by the com-
pany.

Get an Automatic System Now
The whole matter of fares is complicated at present by
the fact that many of the electric railways do not appear
to know what they want in the way of a permanent settle-
ment. One company asks for an increase of 1 cent, and
another for 2 cents. A third wants a charge for transfers,
and a fourth prefers the zone system. It is understood in
all cases of appeal for emergency relief that any relief given
now will be temporary if operating- conditions continue to
become more and more strenuous. Obviously tl\e wage in-
creases are constantly demanded, as material prices mount
skyward, as interest rates go up, there must come a time
when another increase of fare will be asked for. On the
other hand, it is conceivable that prices might go down,
leaving the rate of fare too high. Then the public must go
through a process the reverse of that instituted by the com-
panies when they appealed for higher fares.

In other words, under the present general plan there
will be a seesawing up and down, with somebody always ap-
pealing for something. Why not take the bull by the horns
and throw him — that is, make now the effort necessary to
institute an automatic system, fair to everybody, and dis-
pense with all this appealing, which is a constant source of
irritation?

If this plan is followed it may, in many cases, lie neces-

sary for holders of stock to consent to a considerable re-
duction in its volume. It is better, however, to have less
stock of a marketable and dividend-earning character than
the greatly depreciated, sluggish stock which characterize
so many properties and which a man would be called a fool
tor buying. In Cleveland, where the stock total was cut. the
stock is now owned by many times as many stockholders
as formerly, and it is a gilt-edged investment.

The only way out, in my opinion, is a service-at-cost
system. This plan removes the veil of mystery from the
finance and the operation of a public utility. The community
immediately realizes that the utility stock is a safe invest-
ment liecause the community has in effect guaranteed the
security. Being aroused to an interest in its public utility,
the community thereafter invests its savings in it. and the
final step is a long move toward co-operative ownership and
a boosting instead of a knocking community.

Is this not what the management of public utilities should
be trying to secure?

Personal

Mr. W. H. Morton, formerly secretary of the Xational
.\ssociation of Electrical Contractors and Dealers, has been
appointed general manager of the organization.

Mr. Fred J. Pratt, for sixteen years storekeeper lor the
W. E. R. Company has been .ippointed purchasing agent to
succeed Mr. Mackenzie. Mr. D. Roche, for twelve years chief
clerk to Mr. Pratt, has been made storekeeper.

Mr. Lawrence Palk, assistant to the General Manager of
the Winnipeg Electric Railway Company has also been ap-
pointed assistant secretary of the company as well as secre-
tary of the Winnipeg. Selkirk and Lake Winnipeg Railway
Company. Mr. Palk has been with the company for 14 years
in a secretarial capacity.

Mr. G. A. Henson, who for the past three years lias been
assistant treasurer of the W'innipeg Electric Railway Co.,
has resigned after eighteen years service. Mr. Henson's
initiation into street railway transportation dates back to
1890 when for five years he constituted the whole office force
of the old horse car company. When the horse cars went
out of business in 1895 he entered the fire insurance busi-
ness but rejoined the Winnipeg Electric Railway in lUOO in
the accounting department.

Mr. J. S. Mackenzie, former purchasing agent of the
Winnipeg Electric Railway Co.. has been appointed treasurer
to succeed Mr. Henson. ' Mr. Mackenzie has had sixteen
years service with the firm. He was formerly with the To-
ronto Railway Company but went to Winnipeg in 1902 when -
he joined the staff of the Winnipeg General Power Co. When
that firm was absorbed in 1906 by the Winnipeg Railway he
went with the latter company as purchasing agent, a post
he has occupied since tliat time.

Opening Meeting of The Electric
Club of Toronto

The opening meeting of The Electric Club of
Toronto will be held on September 20. Arrange-
ments have been made whereby the Club will
meet in the Prince George, as formerly. The first
Friday's proceedings will be of unusual interest,
for Mr. Kenneth J. Dunstan, president of the
Club, has consented to address the members on
certain phases of his trip to England and France
during the present summer. Mr. Dunstan's mission
to the Old Land was primarily in connection with
Red Cross work, but he saw many other things
and members may look for a rare treat.

September 15. 191ft

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

:ii

An Evening's Experience in France

Our readers will be glad to hear of the sat'ety of Mr.
M. B. Hastings, secretar)', A. H. VVinter-Joyner, Ltd., who.
it will be remembered left Canada with the 4th Canadian
Mounted Rifles Battalion, B.E.F. He since has been trans-
ferred to an artillery company and in a recent letter to
Mr. Joyner describes a typical evening's experience. Tlic
following extracts are of keen interest— from a letter dated
July ;n:

"Vou gave me your trials aiid temptations so I'll give
you a brief review of one of my evenings about three nights

ago. That day I was playing h- with the Hun's outposts.

knocking them in and causing his angry passions to rise. Sud-

Lieut. Hastlings is second from the left in upper row

denly. Crash! Bang I and he tried to knock my gun out. He
threw everything but 8 inch shells and up. .^fter about
twent}' minutes he stopped, so just for fun I gave him the
for luck and had the crew beat it for safety. It was funny
the antics the Hun went through trying to locate my gun.
It was still there when I left to come out for a few days'
rest.

"I got to our headquarters behind the line a short dis-
tance where we lived in a tin hut. very well concealed by a
hedge. It was purely a condition of concealment vs. protec-
tion. It worked tine until the Hun apparently noticed too
much movement and decided to investigate. He had been
shelling very close to us. (within a hundred yards,) for over
a week and we hoped he would stay there.

"When I got back I was told the Hun seemed to be
searching and was putting shrapnel very close. We were
used to that, having had our roof punctured on different oc-
casions. On my birthday I picked up the ragged piece of a
shell without getting out of bed.

"Well, I ate dinner while the other two played cards.
After dinner I read the paper. Swish bang! Three times.
I think I'll get out and see what it's all about, says I. The
next one burst right above us and the nose-cap (about a two
pound piece), went through the chair I was sitting on and
through the floor six feet into the ground. Everybody moved
because he was putting them over in salvos. I ran for a
dug-out and just got there when my sergeant got hit and
knocked out. I ran back and pulled him in. I don't know how
I escaped as two others were hit. but not serious. Just
as I got the sergeant to the mouth of the dug-out a shell
burst right at the mouth and the concussion blew us down
the hole together. The blaze almost blinded us also. We

were safe then, so I proceeded to dress the sergeant's wound.

".■\fter the strafe was over we got an aml)ulance and got
the sergeant to the .\. \). .S. where he was ofT to the rear in
less than half an hour.

"As we were there a man came running in to tell us a
shell had burst amongst a group of men and horses. The
three officers of our battery, (including myself), decided to
get busy. We got to the place and found a horrible mess
of men and horses. The three of us got six men to the A.D.
S. and got their wounds dressed. We then came home and
decided to sleep out in a hole. When I went to my sleep-
ing bag I found seven bullets in it.

"We slept like tops, the O. C. and I in the same hole.
The next morning I looked at my trench coat and it was all
stained with blood from the poor chaps. We then looked over
our former home and I counted seventy-two holes in the
roof. 1 dug out tlie nose-cap and kept the bullets which
were in my bed and they are now on the way to .

"We moved our headquarters."

Under date .August 9. when the .\llied offensive was
well under way. Mr. Hastings again writes: "This is pro-
bably the first letter you have received which was actually
written on a battlefield while the action was in progress.
I can't tell you more at present. The boys have again cover-
ed themselves with glory and we are a proud lot. It takes
more than Huns to stop the boys with such jump in them and
~uch a high morale."

.\nd on August 12. "Fighting is very hard — we have ad-
vanced 20 km. I am well but very tired."

Steel Cross-Arm of Easy Construction

.\ simplified modification of the wishbone cross-arm
worked out by the engineering staflf of H. M. Byllesby &
1 ompany for use on Southwestern properties is described
in a recent issue of the Electrical World. Its construction is
very simple. It consists of two pieces of 2.5-in. by 3..'j-in. by
a-lO-in. angle iron held together by a single bolt. The upper

piece contains only one bend and the lower member is
straight. The pieces, which together weigh 65 lb., are held to-
gether by a ?^-in. bolt 1.5 in. long. The arm is bored for
two -yg-in. through bolts, for three 0.75-in. insulator "C-hooks"
and for a 9-16-in. Belcher ground wire clamp. The arm
shown is made for 66.000 volts. It has been used by the
Oklahoma Gas & Electric Company, and in this lightly load-
ed district it has given general satisfaction. It is light in
weight, is easy to manufacture and assemble, on account of
having so few bends, and afi'ords ample clearances.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Se|)teml)cr 15, li)18

Arguments to Combat the Average Customer's

Objections to Wiring His Home, Installing

More Outlets, Buying More Appliances

— Sell Convenience, Economy, Utility

In support of tlic Convenience Outlet t';inipaign, I)einj4
carried on during the month of September, the Society for
Electrical Development have prepared a number of busi-
ness-g-etting arguments and methods designed to meet the
objections of the average householder. These arguments
would be equally effective, however, in any contractor-dealer's
campaign and we print them herewith believing they will
assist materially in any drive for more ))usiness.

Every prospect you ajiproach will advance some objec-
tions to offset your solicitation of wirin.g business and orders
for appliances. Many, if not all. of- those olijcctions can be
anticipated. .And in every instance plans for dissolving such
objections may be formulated in advance and held ready for
use when needed.

Some of those i)lans may In- lOnml by lest to reii'uire
modification or additions to make tluni proiierly effective.
But even so, a plan, regardless of its weaknesses, is infinitely
better than no plan at all. So accept these plans to start
with. Improve upon them as you go along.

Remember: While you sell wire, outlets, experience,
labor and appliances, your customer buys economy, utility,
convenience and satisfaction of this, tliat or the other par-
ticular need. Keep that thought in mind as you study these
arguments. Observe the principle in your actual selling
practice. Here follows an outline of the most to be ex-
pected objections, together with the suggestions for dissolv-
ing them.

The Prospect Who Says: "Too Expensive"

Don't make the mistake of arguing a.gainst that declara-
tion because that will not help you at all. They doiditless are
honest in their belief, due to their having a clearer under-
standing of the cost of the improvement than of ihc
benefits made possible thereby.

Handle the problem rather from this angle liy saying
something like this: _"Viewed from your standpoint, I don't
blame you for feeling that the job's too expensive. But
that's because you are too easily pleased. You don't expect
enough for yt>ur money. So. naturally the job appears too
costly. But just let me show you what you actually get
for your money." Then show them.

The Prospect Who Says: "My time is not so valuable"

Don't coml>at that statement — accept it. Say something
that will convey the thought suggested by the following:
"Well, the busiest women I know are those who always have
time fiir everything. They actually do so much that they
don't realize how very valuable their time is. So I guess
I know what ycni mean. But here's a point upon which I
know we are agreed; Anything that saves steps an<l labor
and protects your good health is worth its weight in gold

to you. isn't it?" (Ninety-nine times out of one hundred,
the answer will be "Yes").

Then show how- more outlets, by making possible a
greater use of appliances, will save labor, and make possible
the saving of fuel, food, money. Stress the patriotic neces-
sity for such economies.

The Prospect Who Says: "Installing Outlets (or more Out-
lets) means that we then will have to buy more
appliances"

Naturally, of course, you cannot reply to that statement
until you know what appliances arc in use, to-day. So find
out what appliances the prospect has. Then, if you can show
wherein and how more outlets would niake for the better
use of those appliances, do so.

Then explain how much money progressive housewives
put into electrical appliances last year, because of the added
econcjuiy, convenience and utility their use affords. Then
lead the prospect to say that she expects some day to have
a com]dcte equipment of electrical appliances also. That
will be yoifr cue to urge the advisability of having the neces-
sary outlets installed at once, as the first step towards en-
joying the benefits of those new ap|)Iiances she has declared
it to be here intention to buy.

The Prospect Who Says: "We only rent"

I'ind (Hit. if possible, the duration of the lease and the
terms regarding improvement and upkeep. If there is as-
surance of possession for a reasonably long period, you pro-
bably will be able to show that the proposed investment for
wiring and outlets really boils down to an expenditure of
only a few cents daily. Classify that trivial expenditure with
the price of a daily pai)cr. Then show how many economies,
advantages and comforts that piffling daily expenditure makes
possible. Show that the value will be derived from the in-
vestment many times over before the lease expires and that
going away and leaving the wiring and outlets as a fixture of
the house can be done without any feeling of loss.

The Landlord Who Says: "My houses are always rented. Why
should I go to the expense of installing Outlets?"
There's a lot that can be said in reply to that argument,
but don't make the mistake 6f coi-nmitting yourself to a par-
ticular line of attack until you know the facts. For in-
stance, how frequently do tenants leave? How much of the
gross rental income goes to pay fees to rental agents for se-
curing new tenants? How many such vacatings are due
to just such inconveniences as those occasioned through lack
of outlets? ^Vould not the saving in fees to rental ageni.>,
and, also the added rental income secured through keeping
the bouses rented continuously or more nearly so, seem
to offset many times the investment for wiring and outlets?

On the other hand, if his houses actually are rented all
or nearly all of the time, the argument should be to show
(1) the added convenience to tenants, and the consequent
enhancement of property value; (3) keepin.g tlie equip-
ment of the house on a par with that of the many other

Sopteiubfr 1."), I'Jlfi

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

rented houses that (1m liavc all such conveniences; ( :> >
the greater ease with which property can be rented; (4) the
opportunity to ask a greater rental income. Also, there is
the. opportunity to appeal to the owner's pride in his property,
his desire to keep his houses on a i>ar with the best, etc.

The Woman Who Says: "I don't want to have my house and
routine deranged"

Agree with her at once — she's perfectly correct; no
woman appreciates such annoyances as she probably has
in mind. Then make the point that wiring and installing
outlets is not a messy operation, that the work can lie
completed with hardly more confusion than attends, say.
putting a new battery on the electric hell. Explain just
how the work is done. Assure her tliat the work can be
done while she is out shopping or visiting and that you will
make yourself responsible for all that occurs in her absence.

The Woman Who Says: "No, — I think its dangerous to have

those Outlets around where the children can

get at them"

Go easy here; the woman has the safety of her children
in mind, and you cannot aflford to dismiss her scruples by
pooh-poohing them. Show her rather how extremely im-
probable and difficult it would be for children who are too
young' to observe instructions about leaving things alone, to
contrive so as to receive any hurt. Show her that the con-
struction of outlets is such that it would require consider-
able ingenuity even on your part to manipulate things so
as to receive any hyirt.

Then commence your talk about the advantages of
4iaving plenty of outlets. Tell her of the many houses
you have wired for outlets. Make a point of emphasizing
how pleased such households were because of the oppor-
tunity thus provided to make better use of their electrical
appliances.

The Prospect Who Says: "Yes, I wish we had more outlets
but we don't wish to spend the money just now. Later
we expect to have such work done"

If you are convinced that they lack funds, or if you feel
that you might have difficulty getting your money — save
time, loss and trouble for yourself by passing them up.

Otherwise, work on the assumption that they are not
sufficiently sold on the need for outlets, or more outlets, as
may be. Say something like this: "Of course, you know
your own business best, but did you ever consider that it
probably is costing you more not to have those outlets
installed, than it would to have the job done? Remind them
of Emerson's statement that "if people need a tiling they
pay for that thing whether they buy it or not." Show the
saving in fuel, food, time, money, labor that would be made
possible through the installation of outlets and the proper
use of electrical appliances. Then explain the easy payment
terms you are offering. Offer to look the job over and tell
them just what ought to be done, in your expert opinion.

The Prospect Who Says: "Yes, our house is electric-lighted,

but we have no appliances; so we do not need any

outlets installed"

Don't, whatever )'ou do, make the mistake of con-
demning that confessed lack of appliances. That would be
fatal to your hopes. Handle the matter rather from the angle
suggested by the following: "Is that so! I met a family
yesterday who were doing without the convenience and
economy of electrical appliances too. But when I explained
to the lady just what it was costing her in unnecessary steps
ar.d labor, loss of time and actual money-loss, she decided
that she could not afford longer to do witliout the use of
outlets and appliances."

Then find out whether they use coal or gas for cooking.

and how many there are in the family. That will give you
the proper basis for explaining the use of electrical table
appliances and an iron. It you cannot succeed in promi)t-
ing them to decide to start in with such appliances and to
have outlets installed accordingly, then try tliem on the
electric cleaner and the washer. They will be ainuist cer-
tain to indicate a. pronounced preference for some of the
ajipliances you have mentioned: and as soon as you discover
what one that is concentrate your canvass upon the advis-
ability of having an outlet or more installed for the use of
that appliance.

If you can get an order to go ahea<l. don't s,\y anything
then about putting in more outlets. Wait until j'ou are on
the job. Then explain (at that time) how advantageous it
would be to have more outlets installed then and there while
you have your tools and are on the premises.

Motor Driven Visible Measure Gasoline Dispenser.

The incidental losses in the vending of gasoline are claim-
ed to be eliminated by the use of a visible measure gasoline
dispenser. The accompanying illustration shows the gen-
eral appearance of the apparatus opened up to show tlie mec-

hanism. The pump is driven by a Westinghouse y^-horse-
power motor, entirely enclosed in the base in accordance
with the rules of the National Board of Underwriters. The
dispenser visibly delivers a full gallon for every gallon order-
ed. When the wagon delivers gasoline to the .garage, the
tank gauge slipws accurately the full quantity obtained. Every
gallon drawn from the tank into the dispenser is shown on
the tank register, which can be checked with the tank gauge.
Thus, both the public and the garage owner are protected
from loss. Furthermore, the oil companies are enabled to
make more rapid deliveries than by measuring cans from
wagon to garage tank where this dispenser is installed.

Condensers, pumps, cooling towers, etc. is the name of
Bulletin 113-A just published by the Wheeler Condenser i"v
Engineering Co., Carteret, New- Jersey.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

September 15. litis

National Association Merchandising

Committee's Report

The committee's report is particularly intended to help
the many contractors who are trying to decide whether it
is to their interest to go into the merchandising of electric
service appliances. The problems are many and the commit-
tee has analyzed the subject carefully with a view of assisting
our members in coming to the proper decision.

The committee would recommend that if one or more of
the following conditions exist that the wiring contractor
should not at the present moment consider going into the
merchandising of electric service appliances.

If the wiring contractor's organization is at present l<ept
busy with wiring installations.

If the contractor lacks capital.

If he has not a proper location for a merc'iandising store.

If he cannot himself give sufificient time to get the mer-
chandising store started in good shape before turning it over
to an employee.

Or, if the local lighting company is not on a fair mer-
chandising basis. The local lighting company's policy on
lamps and electric service appliances hhouKI be thorou.ghly
analyzed.

It is the committee's recommendatii/n. hcnvever. to the
wiring contractor, if he decides not to .go into the merchandis-
ing to be sure and get back of every local merchandising
campaign, because of the fact that he is bound to .get more
wiring l)usiness on account of the installation of electric ser-
vice outlets, which means larger feeders, ninre circuits and.
besides, the electric service outlets in the home, office and
factory. Tliere is no reason why the wiring contractor, af-
ter making an installation, should not also supply the electric
service appliances, even if he has no show room, because
he must undoubtedly have the confidence of his customers
by the time the building is wired, and if he has faith in his
own ability as a salesman and the material he is selling he can
certainly get the customer's order for the electric service
appliances, and with the proper demonstration give the cus-
tomer the benefit of his experience in the electric business
while making a fair profit for himself on the sale.

In urging upon our members the value of the merchand-
ising of electric service appliances, it is not intended that this
should include the intensive sale of electrical wiring supplies
without their installation, or in other words, compete with
the present jobber on sales of supplies to the consuming
public, who themselves make the installation. This, in the
opinion of the committee would be a grave mistake and
would make conditions worse instead of better for the con-
tractor. It would be far better to support the local jobber,
who, in consideration of doing a larger wholesale business
with the contractor, would not be so keen for the retail busi-
ness, which they are getting from the consumer as industrial
business, but which under any name has, and is to-day, de-
moralizing the electrical construction business and to a great
extent preventing the closer co-operation of contractors and
jobbers. It should be the aim of the contractor-dealer to
merchandise the wiring supplies installed. There is no doubt
that this will make for more complete electrical installations,
which again help the sale of electric service appliances which
means better electric service to the public.

For those wiring contractors who are contemplating get-
Read before the Cleveland Convention by Fred B. Adam, chairman.

ting into the merchandising of electric service appliances, we
have the following suggestions and hope our members will
give careful analysis to each suggestion before concluding to
take up merchandising.

Market.

Our members should first analyze the potential market
in their town or city, or if they are located in the residential
neighborhood retail district, the question^ of the l)usiness that
they can get from such a neighborhood.

Here we might say that we have it from the best author-
ity that there is less than one appliance to every residential
connection, and that there should be not less than $150 f
electric service to every residential connection.

We recommend that our members first write to the
Society for Electrical Development. 2'J West Thirty-ninth
Street. .\ew York City, and ask them for their pamphlet.
"Three Thousand Uses for Electricity." and also ask the
Society of what value it could be to them in the electrical
merchandising business. Also subscribe to the electriacl
trade papers which are making a specialty of boosting elec-
trical merchandising.

The committee advises also to take up the advisability
of going into the electrical merchandising business, with the
sales manager of the local lighting company. It is the opin-
ion of your committee that the lighting company would,
and should, co-operate in every way in backing up the elec-
trical contractor-dealer in the town or city to the end of
making a more thorough application of electric service in
the home, office, or factory, because, in the opinion of the
committee the use of electric service makes business not
only for the central station, but for every branch of the in-
dustry, including both the wiring contractor and the dealer.

Location.

.\s to the location there is no argument but that the
more central the location the better, in the retail district
of the town or city, or the residential neighborhood retail
district. A small store in tlie heart of the retail district
may make more money for our member than the large store
r>ut of the retail district.

Capital.

Our members should appreciate that it requires* capital
to establish a merchandising store, and the most careful
analysis should be given to the question of sufficient capital
for the equipment of the sitiallest or the largest electrical
merchandising store. Here the committee can only suggest
to go slow and careful with the greatest anaylsis before com-
ing to any decision. It is not .good business to rob the wir-
ing contracting business to get the necessary capital to go
into the merchandising business. There, however, is no
reason why a contractor with small capital with a nice, clean
store room, with his wiring supplies nicely arranged on shelv-
ing, and his merchandising stock on exhibit in a nice, clean
show window, and with either himself or a person in charge
who can explain the electric service appliances to the pros-
pective customer should not make a success of merchandising.
.\ dealer of this kind may make a much better start than if he
.goes into too great expense to start with.

Equipment.

Next to a good location tlie proper arrangement of the
entrance and show window is of vital importance, and again.

Si'iiU-iiilicr l."i. I'.IIS

Til I'. I' I.l" I TKICA I. NF.WS

llii' propel" layout and ciiiilpnunl ot store fixturis. Tin.' com
niittcc suggests that l)otli llie wall oases and the counter
cases should be so arranged that they can lie extended or
increased in number as the business juslilies.

It is good business to have the staple appliances in the
rear of the store. Consideration must be given to the large
samples, like washing machines and ironing machines, that
are shown to the best advantage when not too much crowded.

Here we wish to impress upon all of our members the
value of keeping their store clean, including the floors, store
fixtures, samples and by all means do not overlook the show-
window. .Again, do not allow the wiremen or helpers to use
the merchandising store as a proper place to accumulate the
supplies for their jobs, or to loaf around while waiting to
be placed on the next job. Remember that the majority of
your customers for electric service mefchandise will be the
lady of the house, who will appreciate to the fullest extent
the best service you can give.

Publicity.
Publicity is the life of anj* business, and our member
must, in analyzing his capital requirements, set aside a certain
amount of money for publicity. However, as to how the
publicity should be arrived at is entirely a local problem.
and must be worked out in each locality, whether it be a
town, city or neighborhood residential retail district. The
committee would suggest in a town or city, newspaper ad-
vertising, or if in a residential neighborhood keeping the store
open nights with an attractive show window, as well as letters
to the residences of the yei.ghborhnod. and if possible house
to house solicitation.

Method of Doing Business.

Your committee recommends that our members send to
the McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. Tenth Avenue and
Thirty-si.xth Street, New York City, for their book on "How
to Sell Electrical Labor Saving Appliances." and to the Soc-
iety for Electrical Development. 29 West :i4th St., New York
City, and ask for their pamphlet on "How to Sell an Idea." al-
so to very carefully analyze all electrical merchandising meth-
ods b}' visiting the department and other merchandising
stores, and never overlook any opportunitj' of visiting mer-
chandising stores in other cities and towns, particularly the
central station show rooms. Your business methods have a
vital interest in the success of the business.

The problem of credit sales must be thoroughly analyzed
by members. Credit should be .given with the greatest care.
There is' no doubt it makes for greater business, but it also
can break the contractor-dealer quicker than any other ven-
ture we known of. The committee therefore always recom-
mends if possible a cash sale, unless customer is positively
known to be good credit. It is a good plan to join the local
credit association, or in a residential district see the other
storekeepers.

Credit should never be given for over thirty daj's, in
fact, good business calls for not over thirty days' credit
with a trade acceptance, as advocated by the Federal Bank
Board.

The committee acknowledges a problem in the question
of deferred or time payment terms for the high cost appli-
ances. There is no doubt that time payment terms greatly
assist in the introduction of the high-cost appliances, but
at the same time makes an unbearable burden to our mem-
bers with small capital. The committee, however, suggests
that in considering the time payment terms our members
should analyze the following: The regular selling price, plus
10 per cent to pay for the extra cost on deferred payment
accounts, and that no article be considered on time payment
terms of less than, according to conditions. $5.00. and if pos-
sible $2.i.00. and that the first payment down should be not

less ihan 10 per cent, if jjossible :iO per cent, willi all olher
payments not less than 10 to 20 per cent. We also suggest
that our members get acquainte<l with the local methods in
b.nndliTig <leferri(l or lime-payment business.

Delivery.

( )ur meml)ers should carefully analyze the necessity and
cost for delivery system, and consider that in these war days
it is both right and proper to keep the delivery cost as low as
possil)le. Good service to-day does not necessarily call for
unnecessary delivery cost.

Demonstration.

Your committee urges upon you to give a careful analysis
to the value of demonstrating every appliance in the most
careful and complete manner. \Ve suggest that our members
make a personal investigation by taking home and trying
out themselves the various appliances. It has been said time
and again that a sale is not complete until the customer is
satisfied and has paid the bill, and your committee is satis-
fied that the more carefully the appliances are demonstrated
the earlier will be a satisfactory condition in electrical mer-
chandising. Here we wish to suggest to the wiring contractor
that it is not good business on his part to take an order, for
an e.xample a washing machine, and have the jobber's sales-
man do the demonstrating. We have heard of several in-
stances where such demonstration made a heap of trouble
to the wiring contractor and caused him to never try and
make a sale again. He should make the demonstration him-
self and he will know the trick of making the ne.xt sale.

Records.

Vour committee suggests that you write to J. E.
Sweeney, chairman of our Committee on Credit and Account-
ing, for suggestions on keeping the accounts of the wiring
business and merchandising separate, also how to keep re-
cords of the various classifications of sales for electric ser-
vice appliances, for example a separate account of lamp sales,
household irons and small appliances, cooking utensils, va-
cuum cleaner?' and washing machines. Such records will
greatly assist our members, as well as your committee, in in-
vestigating the cost of overhead for each classification of
merchandising.

It is also suggested that records be kept of all sales in
the above classifications on the question of current con-
sumption basis, which is of value to your committee as well
as the central station.

Competition.

If our members start out with the idea "that he profits
most who serves best" the question of competition Will not be
such a serious one, particularly if they would analyze the
common remark of a prospective purchaser that they can pur-
chase a certain article at so and so for less money. This is
the most vicious and barbarous kind of competition, and in
a great majority of cases when run down to a final decision
is found to be only the customer's desire to purchase at a
cheaper price. The committee would suggest that the best
quality of merchandise has the least competition, and if re-
gularly sold at the manufacturer's selling price is more staple
than if left to the judgment of the particular dealer who is
making the sale. This does not. however, mean that only
one price articles should be considered. It is a known fact that
first quality articles are made by several manufacturers, who
diflfer in the price, which is always an advantage to the dealer
in advertising as well as selling to the customer. However,
we believe that close co-operation between .Association mem-
bers and the central stations will eliminate the bugbear of
competition to the greatest extent.

Co-operation if less talked about and more apjdied, we

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Sciitenilier ir.. Ill IS

In-lieve would spell success for the electrical appliance mer-
chandiser in the shortest possil)le time, and your committee
urges upon you that this co-operation is positively necessary
in the electrical industry, and must include all branches of
the industry as included in the various conditions of each
locality. It must include the closest co-operation between
the contractor-dealer, jobber and central station, and if pos-
sible the manufacturers, or representatives of manufacturers.
Your committee suggests a Co-operative Committee, con-
sisting of one or two representatives, of each of the above

branches of the industry l)e formed to take charge of the
local merchandising campaign and that this Co-operative
Committee be continued as long as the necessity continues in
the locality.

Data and Sales Book Pages.
Your committee hopes in a very short time to co-operate
with the Committee on Data and Sales Book to the end of
furnishing our members with all kinds of information on elec-
trical appliance merchandising on pages for the Data and
Sales Book.

Costs and Accounting for the Contractor

Much stress has been, and properly should be, laid upon
the fact that accounting is a real fundamental of all success-
ful business. With this in mind your Executive Committee
determined that the subject should be developed and that
an educational movement should be fostered that had as its
object the eventual adoption of a standard classification of
accounts for electrical contractors and dealers, and possibly
the recommendation of a complete bookkeeping system that
would meet the needs of some of our members. You can
readily appreciate that it would be impossible to submit
a complete bookkeeping system that would meet with approval
or adapt itself to the peculiarities of all our members' busi-
ness. We do anticipate that we can design and submit a
simple and accurate system of forms and instructions that will
meet the requirements of the average electrical contractor.

The average electrical contractor when asked how he
keeps track of the cost of his contracts and the cost of con-
ducting his business appears rather surprised that so simple
a question should be asked of him. yet. when confronted
with specific items and details adinits that he has no special
system or method. One of the objects of the standard classi-
fication of accounts which we are submitting is to get all
contractors, large and small, to designate these specific items
and details in the same manner and by the same account
name. Then we will be able to collect and disseminate in-
formation for comparative purposes that will have a tangible
value to everyone in the industry.

In order that this work might be brought to tlie favor-
able attention of the various branches of the electrical in-
dustry, your Executive Committee authorized my conferring
with the several branches of the industry and 1 .tm glad to
give you the results of that conference, to date.

At a joint committee meeting held in Chicago we agreed
upon the following capital accounts:

CURRENT ASSETS—
Cash in Bank .
Petty cash fund.
Certified check Account.
Accounts Receivable.
Trade Acceptance Account.

Inventory Account.

Wiring Supplies.
Fixture? and Glassware.
Appliances.
Fixed Investments.

Furniture and Fixtures.

Tools.

Automobiles — Trucks.

Building.

Real Estate.

^Report presented at the Cleveland Convention by the Chairman. Mr. J. E.
Sweeney.

Prepaid Values.

Insurance.

Deferred charges to income.
LIABILITIES—

Capital ."Account.

Capital Stock.
Current Liabilities.

.\ccounts Payable.

Notes Payable.

Trade .\cceptances.

.\ccrued Ta.xes.

.Accrued Interest.
Reserve Accounts. ,

Reserve for Loss on Notes and .Accounts Receivable.

Reserve for Depreciation on I-'urnifure and Fixtures.

Reserve for Depreciation on .-\utos and Trucks.

Reserve for Depreciation on Tools.
CURRENT PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT.
SURPLUS ACCOUNT.

In addition to these capital accounts we also agreed on
the following designation of expense items:

.Salaries — Management.

Salaries — Sales.

Salaries — Office.

Salaries — Shop.

Conmiission and Bonus .Accmint.

Rent, Heat and Water.

Light and Power.

Telephone and Telegraph.

Fire Insurance.

Liability and Compensation Insurance.

.Advertising.

Taxes.

Interest on borrowed capital.

Auto and Truck E.xpense — or Delivery.

.Association Membership,

Office Expense.

Traveling Expense.

General Expense.

Repairs and Upkeep.

Losses on Bad .Accounts.

Depreciation —
Merchandise.
Furniture and Fixtures.
Tools.
Autos and Trucks.

Service Account.
. Shop Expense and Supply .Account.
Clear and concise definition and description and ail that
pertains to the above-mentioned accounts is now being form-
ulated and shortly, I hope, wjll be transmitted to you through
the means of our Data Book. This information will also be
supplemented by various articles in electrical trade papers.

.SeptciiiluT 1.".. I'.ns

THE ET.KCTRICAI. N'EWS

Tuesday Evening, October 15tli

Contractor-dealers, jobbers and manufacturers
are specially interested in hearing Mr. W. L.
Goodwin on Tuesday evening, October 15. It is
expected that several hundred electrical men
from all over the province will be present at the
dinner at the King Edward Hotel, Toronto, on
that occasion, when Mr. Goodwin will explain his
plan of co-ordinating the various elements in the
electrical industry to the end that "more elec-
tricity may be used in more ways by more peo-
ple." Keep the date in reserve — Tuesday even-
ing, October 15. Every electrical man is not
only welcome but urged to be present. Hon.
Frederic Nicholls will preside.

Automatic Electric House Pumps

Tlie accompanying illustratinn slinvv.'^ an aulnniatic i-lec-
tric house punij) lor pneumatic service. Tlic pump is compact-
ly arranged so that it occupies little floor space and can
be mounted on a sub-base adjacent to the tank or at a distance
as desired. The pump is of the horizontal double-acting type,
claimed to be the most successful for drawing water by
suction and forcing a continuous stream against pressure.
The cylinder is brass fitted with ample water passages, valve
area and air chaml)er. Crank and cross heads work in an
oil bath in an oil tight case. .-\ Westinghouse motor is mount-

ed on the top of the iiedcstal, a.-- shown, where it is away
from dampness, oil. or floor din ami convenient for starting
and stopping the motor which maintains the water pressure
in the system above a fixed value. The motor is connecteil
directly to the electric light circuit in the house. The pump
forces water into the pneumatic tank compressing air there-
in, as required. The expansion of the air drives water through
the house pipes to the kitchen, laundry, bath. etc.. in a stead.\
continuous stream. When the pressure in the lank readier
the desired ma.ximum. the motor and pump automatical!)
stop until the water is drawn off enough to reduce the pres-
sure to a predetermined setting of the switch. To prevent
the tank from l»ecoming water logged, an air valve is pro-
vided, which, when opened, allows air to 1)e forced into tlu
tank with the water.

Piston Vacuum Machine
This piston vacuum niacliine, used by canneis and pre-
servers, comliines a tumbler sealing macliine anil a vacuum
pUTii]) in one simple unit, rei|uiring only a J'^ horsepower
Westinghouse motor to operate it. It is claimed that an or-
dinary operator can seal as many as fifty tumblers a minute
witli tliis machine, with less effort than formerly, l)ecause of
llie construction, wlticli enaliles him to perform tlie work of
unloading ami I'lading one pucket while the machine remove*^

tlie air from the other pocket, and seals it. The degree of
vacuum desired in eacli package can be regulated instantly.
Broken tumblers are reduced to a minimum, since the seal-
ing strain is applied through compensating springs which seal
each jar alike, although one may be larger than the other.
The variation is taken up in the spring. Changes from one
size to another can be made easily in two or three minutes.
The machine is made in two types, for sealing tivmblers, from
2J^ to 6 inches in height, by the Anclior Cap and Closure
Corporation, Brooklyn, N.Y. The two-pocket type is used
for dry or pastry products, and the four-pocket type for liquid
or semi-liquid products which are apt to spill or splash.
Either type is arranged to g-ive three speeds, as desired.

.\lu.Ul kiLluii in

l..ji;,l,,ii IK.hu .s;'.,,u Kii. ,.!.,•.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

September 15. 191S

Current News and Notes

Meaford, Ont.

Mr. David Robinson, electrician for the Georgian Bay
Milling and Power Company, Meaford, Ont., met death re-
cently l)y electrocution.
Montreal, Que.

July fi,yurcs for tin- Montreal Light, Heat and Power
Company just to hand, show gross earnings for the first
quarter of the fiscal year amounting to $2, .567, 039. represent-
ing an increase of .$207,161 over the corresponding period
last year.

The gross earnings of the Southern Canada Power Com-
pany for July amounted to $41,365 and the net, $18,491, an
increase of $7.o:)7 and $4,318 over the corresponding month
in 1917.
Orillia, Ont.

Owing to low water in the Severn River the Orillia
Water, Light and Power Commission have been forced to
curtail power supply in some quarters and also cut off the
domestic current at times.
Perth, Ont.

A twelve-year-old boy was instantly killed when he
touched a fallen electric wire in Perth. Ont.
Peterboro, Ont.

Petitions are being prepared and will be presented to
the Hydro-electric Commission in the near future request-
ing extensions to the street railway in Peterboro. Ont.
Rainy River, Ont.

.^ by-law authorizing the town council of Rainy Kiver.
Out., to purchase the plant and equipment of the Rainy
River Electric Light and Power ("ompany. has been carried
by the ratepayers.
Regina, Sask.

An increase of 23 per cent, is reported in the passenger
traffic on the' Regina municipal railway over he correspond-
ing month of last year. The total number of passengers car-
ried was 446,000 and the receipts were $21,400.

An increase of approximately 15 per cent, in wages, and
other concessions, has been asked by the electrical workers
in the Regina municipal power house and street railway de-
partment.
Saskatoon, Sask.

The Lemery-Denison Electric Limited. Saskatoon. Sask..
have been incorporated.
Sherbrooke, Que.

Donohue and .^udet. electricians. Sherbrooke. Que., have
registered.
Toronto, Ont.

Statistics covering the operation of the Toronto Civic
Railway during August show an increase of 229,993 in
passengers carried and $5,094 in revenue, over the corre-
sponding month in 1917. The month's revenue was $28,731
and the number of passengers 1.719,364.

The electrical workers in Torontrj, according to the
International Union of Electrical Workers, very much de-
sire a licensing board so as to promote a very high general
proficiency among the members of their trade. The idea
is to have the government appoint a licensing board com-
j)rising five members; one from the Hydro-electric Power
Commission and two each- from the Electrical Workers'
Union and the Electrical Contractors' .\ssociation.

Trail, B.C.

The West Kootenay Light and Power Company are
taking immediate steps toward the construction of a hun-
dred mile transmission line from Greenwood to Copper
mountain, in the Siniilkameen country, to supply power to
the Canada Copper Corporation. The present power line
ends at the Greenwood smelter of the Canada Copper Com-
pany. The new line will furnish power for the operation of
a 3,000 ton mill and mines near Princeton, althougli it will
be some time before the installation is completed.

Vancouver, B.C.

The ratepayers of \'ancouver. B.C.. will be asked to
vote on the 6 cent fare question in the near future.

Winnipeg, Man.

A lioard of conciliation will be appointed to look into
the matters at issue between the employesand the Winnipeg
Electric Railway Company. The demand is for wage in-
creases to 47 cents an hour for the first three months; S.'i
cents for the next nine and 60 after the first year, over-
time to be paid time and a half, the present nine-hour day
to remain.

.An item in the Winnipeg h'ree Press states that an auto-
matic telephone system for that city is contemplated.

Windsor, Ont.

.Xegotiatiiins are being carried on by the Ontario Hydro-
electric Commission with the Windsor, Essex & Lake Shore
railway for the purchase of the company's system, which
operates between Windsor, Kingsville and Leamington, in
addition to serving prosperous rural communities. The ])rice
asked by the company is said to be $1,000,000. Mayor
Tuson, of Windsor, believes that Kingsville-on-the-Lake can
Ije made the lakeside resort for not only the border com-
munities, but Detroit and other Michigan cities.

Obituary.

The death occurred recently of Mr. .\lfred Hanley, man-
ager of the Kingston office of the Great Northwestern Tele-
graph Company. He was said to have been one of the best
telegraphers in the country and had been manager of this
office for the last 15 years.

William Henderson, electrical engineer, died recently in
Quebec City following an accident whereby he fell into the
hold of a ship. Mr. Henderson was in charge of the Govern-
ment electrical work in connection with shipping at Quebec.
He was a native of Scotland and had been in Canada neai-ly
twelve years.

New Book

How to Sell Electric Labor-Saving Appliances — compiled
by Electrical Merchandising; McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Inc., New York, publishers. .\ compilation of 119 useful
plans for the electric store — window displays, show cases,
shelves and table arrangements, advertising, prospects, train-
ing clerks, planning sales and management. .\ valuable book
for every dealer in electric merchandise as there are tested
plans which have proven their value in dollars and cents and,
moreover, are for the most part very simple in application.
The book is illustrated; size 5x7 inches, price $1.00.

Octolicr 1, 191S

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Published Semi-Monthly By

HUGH G. MACLEAN, LIMITED

HUGH C. MacLEAN, Winnipeg, President.
THOMAS S. YOUNG, General Manager.
W. R. CARR, Ph.D., Editor.

HEAD OFFICE - 347 Adelaide Street West, TORONTO

ADVERTISEMENTS
Oidcrs for advertising should reach the office of publication not later
than the 5th and 20th of the month. Changes in advertisements will be
made whenever desired, without cost to the advertiser.

SUIiSCRIBERS

The "Electrical News" will be mailed to subscribers in Canada and
Great Britain, post free, for $li.Ot( per animm. United States and foreign,
$2.50. Remit by currency, registeied letter, or postal order payable to
Hugh C. MacLean, Limited.

Subscribers are requested to promptly notify the publishers of failure
or delay in delivery of paper.

Authorized by the Postmaster General for Canada, for transmission
as second class matter.

Entered as second class matter July l.Sth, 1914, at the Postoffice at
Buflalo, N. Y., under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

Vol. 27

Toronto, October i, 1918

No 19

Buy Useful Gifts— Buy Now

After conference with representatives of leading industries
and retail interests concerned, the U. S. Council of National
Defense reports that the manufacture of goods for the com-
ing holiday season has been suljstantially completed, that the
transportation of the goods to the point of sale is also large-
ly done and urge that Christmas shopping 1)egin at once and
be spread evenly over the next three months.

The retail interests represented at the conference have
agreed not to increase their working force by reason of the
Iioliday business over the average force employed by them
throughout the year, and not to increase the normal working
hours of their force during the Christmas season. They also
agreed to use their utmost efforts to confine Christmas giving,
except for young children, to useful articles and to spread
the period for holiday purchases cjver the months of October.
November and December.

The retail interests referred to have further agreed to
make announcement to the above efifect in their advertise-
ments commencing immediately. The above suggestions if
faithfully and loyally put into effect throughout the country
will make possible a continuance of the holiday custom with-
out endangering the national interests thereby.

The Council of National Defense will co-operate in carry-
ing out the suggested measures. It looks to organized busi-
ness bodies of every nature and throughout the country ac-
tnely to join in the movement as providing means whereliy
that co-operation between the government and the people can
be had which alone will permit continuances oL hnliday busi-

ness by siioli luethiids as are consistent with the national
we I fare.

II litis idea is good for the L'nited Slates would it not
be eiiually so for Canada? In the interests of conservation
iif salespeojile, to say nothing of the nervous energy of the
public ilsi-lf. let us make our slogan "Buy useful gifts — buy
nnw."

St. Lawrence Power Co. Secure
Privileges with Time Limit

rile I nUrnatii>nal Juinl Waterways Commission has as-
sumed atitliDrity in the matter iii the application of the St.
Lawrence Power Co., and have granted this company permis-
■'iun to btiild their weir. The proviso is attached that it must
lie removed at the end of live years, or if the war should
last longer, at the ending of the war.

In granting this permission the joint commission is evi-
dently accepting in good faith the statement of the company
that the extension is only required to meet war demands. The
proviso attached is merely an evident intention to guard the
rights of botH countries in the St. Lawrence River. The plac-
ing of the time limit, though quite too long, if the war should
end as soon as we all hope, leaves the final disposition of the
St. Lawrence water powers entirely at tlie disposal of the
governments. The gravest i>bjectiiin to the decision is pro-
bably fountl in the fact that when the St. Lawrence Power
Company makes its claim four years hence, as they natural-
ly will do the onus of proof that the weir is adversely affect-
ing the flow of the river rests with Canada. In all fairness
the responsibility of proving their point should have devolved
on the coiTipany that has received the benefit of the doubt
during the four year period. The commission's decision reads
as follows:

The Order as Granted.

"It is hereby ordered as an interim measure that the con-
struction of the said weir and its maintenance until the ex-
jjiration of the term of five years from the date hereof, or
until the termination of the present war, is hereby approved
upon the following conditions:

( 1 ) "That at the expiration of said period of five years,
or upon the termination of the present war. whichever shall
last ocKnir, said weir shall be removed by the applicant, re-
serving, however, to the applicant or any other interested
party the right to apply to the commission at least one year
l)efore the expiration of the said period for a further continu-
ance of the said weir, and on such application the commis-
sion may approve of such continuance on such terms and con-
ditions as it may deem appropriate and equitable for the
protection of the rights and interests of the people on both
sides of the line.

\~) "That the said weir shall be constructed and main-
tained in accordance with the plans mentioned, and under all
the terms and conditions set forth in the permit granted by
the Secretary of War dated Sept. 10th. 1917. so far as the
same are applicable.

(3) "That for the purupose of iirotecting the rights, pro-
perty and interests on either side of the boundary from
any injurious effect, resulting from the construction and main-
tenance of said weir, the commission will, during the term
(if its approval, herein retain jurisdiction over the subject
matter of said application, and may tnake such further order
or orders in the premises as may be necessary.

"Provided that in the foregoing order the commission
shall not be deemed to have considered nor passed upon
any question pertaining to the rights of tlie applicant to divert
water from the St. Lawrence River."

The expected has happened in the announcement that the
Canadian government refuses to acknowledge the right of the

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

October 1, I'.tls

Joint Commission to make a judgment in the matter and vvdl
lodge a protest with the Ignited States government. In the
meantime it is said tliat tlie power company is going ahead
with the wi>rk.

Who Sells Electrical Goods?

A trade magaine devoted to the hardware trade quotes
"the sales manager of one of the largest electrical firms in
the country." to the effect that, "about 78 per cent, of his
output is now being handled by dealers in other lines than
the regular electrical firms."

We have no means of knowing the particular line of goods
referred to, but the statement, if true, is a caustic comment-
ary on the inadequacy of the electrical dealers' organization
to cover the field. Such a state of afifairs indicates a woeful
lack of organization — an almost entire absence of co-operation
between the various elements in the electrical trade. There
may well be some arguments in favor of such an arrange-
ment, but surely there are many more against it — chief of
which seems to be placing the retailing of electrical appliances
in the hands of a class of men who know nothing of the
virtues of these goods and whose enthusiasm (even if they
did know) must at best l)e evenly distributed over a numlier
of competing lines — gas. coal, wood and coal oil, to say no-
thing of the many other lines the average hardware man
carries.

There is no apparent reason why every town large enough
to support two or three hardware stores, should not also
be an excellent location for a live, up-to-date contractor-
dealer. It sliould not then be a difficult matter to come to
an agreement vvitli the various manufacturers that their
products should be handled exclusively through this store.
The fact that hardware stores take so readily to electrical
goods shows pretty conclusively that they are readily sale-
able and also profital)le. Should the industry as a unit not
work for an exclusive electrical store in every town? Would
it not in the end mean, "more electricity, used in more ways.
1)y more people?"

Imperial Water Power Board

The conclusions of the special ccjinmittce of engineers
and scientists, recently appointed by the British Government
to investigate the power resources of the Empire, that there
should lie created an Imperial Water Power Board, to include
a representative nominated by each of the Dominions over-
seas, is fraught with such tremendous import to Canada that
it is hoped the Government will take prompt and favourable
action upon the suggestion. Our own Government has al-
ready given evidence of its appreciation of the prime im-
portance of a thorough knowledge of our power resources
and the urgent neecssity for their development so that we may
lie in a position to meet all the needs of the country. This
is essential in order that Canada may compete, with success,
in the reconstruction period following the war. By the crea-
tion of the Dominion Power Board, under the chairmanship
of the Honourable .\rthur Meighen. the Government has pro-
vided a means of concentrating upon this great problem, the
experience and judgment of the Dominion and Provincial or-
giinizations concerned with the administration and the investi-
gation of water powers. This Board has but recently been
constituted but it has already given evidence of its usefulness
and should undoubtedly produce results of lasting benefit
to the country.

Opening of the 1918-19 A. I. E. E. Season

Seventy members and friends attended the meeting at the
Engineers' Club on Friday Sept. 20 which opened the lUfS-iniO
season of the Toronto Section of the .\. 1. E. E. This is
the lieginning of the sixteenth year since the formation of
the Toronto Section but the keenness of the members has
shown no decline with advancing years. Mr. P. M. Lincoln
the speaker of the evening is well known in Toronto and his
talk on the Development of Electric Power Transmission was
full of interest in a city which receives practically all its elec-
tric power over a group of high tension lines. For this rea-
son the discussion was particularly active and controversial.
Mr. .Vrthur Hull who presided announced that a further as-
pect of controversy would be introduced at the next meeting
on Oct, 4 when a discussion on the Grounded Neutral on
High Tension Systems would take place. It was desired
to discuss every possible phase of the subject, the numlier
of points for grounding, value of resistence or reactance and
broadly whether under any circumstances an isolated neutral
had any advantage. It was also announced that in November
an official meeting of the Institute would, be held in Toronto
at which the president and directors would attend from New
York. Among the members who took part in the dis-
cussion were the following: John Murphy; H. C. Don Carlos;
F. G. Clark; E. T. J. Brandon; H. U. Hart; D. H. McDougall;
H. B. Dwight; E. Y. Pannell and .•\. E. Davison. The secret-
ary is compiling a list of members of the Toronto section on
active service and will be glad of any assistance the home
members can give him.

Opening Meeting, Electric Club of Toronto

The opening meeting of Tlie Electric Club of ToroiUt),
held in the Prince Geor.ge on Friday, September 20, was sat-
isfactory in every way. The large and representative attend-
ance was indicative, no doubt, of the interest the members
are determined to take in their club this year, though there
is no question but that the program was very largely re-
sponsible for numbers that could scarcely have been antici-
pated so early in the season when many of the members have
not yet returned to the city. Mr. K. J. Dunstan, the presi-
dent of the Club, who was the speaker on this occasion, gave
the members a rare treat in a wonderful word-picture of his
trip to and from the European Continent this summer and
his experiences in England and F'rance. Mr. Dunstan spoke
under the disadvantage of having to concentrate the incidents
of months into the short space of half an hour, but succeeded
to a degree in focusing the attention of his audience on the
salient points. Through all their varied programs, the Club
has heard nothing more thoroughly delightful or more in-
tenselv interesting.

One Man Cars

The St. John Railway Company have made application
to the Utilities Commission for authority to operate one-man
cars. The application is opposed by the men on the ground
that some 28 of their number would be thrown out of employ-
ment. In view of the shortage of labor of this class in other
cities their arginnent would almost seem to favor the use
of one-man cars. However, it was further held that with the
'hilly nature of the city, these ears might create an increaseil
hazard to the patrons of the system. Further evidence is be-
ing taken.

The Royal Commission appointed to deal with the afifairs
of the New Brunswick Power Company has issued an in-
terim report which contains an order, effective October 1,
granting a temporary increase of rates liy the company.
After that date car fares will be six cents instead of from
four to five; electric light will be 7V^ to 1.5 cents instead of 6
to 13, and power rates will be 2.T.5C to 12 cents instead of
2 to 10. The commission also recommended the introduction
of one-man c^js.

October \. I'MS

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Electro -Technical Industry of the World
During and After the War

The course of the electrical iiulustry of the world during
the war is fully treated by M. Gurewitsch in the Bulletin of
the Association of Swiss Electrical Engineers and reported in
the Electrical Review. Among the industries, he says which
have undergone great development, not only in belligerent
but in neutral countries, the electrical industry takes an im-
portant place. From the outset of the war. the electrotech-
nical works in Germany. France. England, .md the United
States were able to adapt themselves quickly to the manu-
facture of munitions, and to realize large profits thereby. Let
us take, for example that establishment which is in the fore-
front of the German electrical industry, the Allgenieme Elec-
tricitats Gesellschaft. According to the last annual report,
electrical installations actually under construction had fallen in
value from 48,000.000 to 4(5,000,000 marks. Notwithstanding
this, the amount of business transacted was very considerable,
which is explained by the extensive orders from the military
authorities; the gross profit realized had allowed of the mak-
ing of large extensions to the works. If a portion of these
extensions was i)rincipally due to the needs connected with
the manufacture of munitions, there remained no inconsider-
able portion available for employment after the war. which
would thus strengthen the financial position of the company.
The net profits realized in 1010-17 were below those of 1912-
i:i by 2,470,000 marks t30,:!70,000 against 27,900,000 marks).
Other electrical works in Germany, as well as in the other
belligerent countries, achieved similar results. But the manu-
facture of electrical material generally had much increased, as
the thousands of works supplying war requirements created
an enormous demand for electrical machinery and plant. The
rolling mills in America during tHUi made calls for electric
motors of a total power of over 200,000 H.P. (among which
were units of (i.OOO and 10,000 H.P.) while from 1905 to 1910
the yearly increase in the same industry was only between
40.000 and 00.000 H.P. The following table gives (in millions
of dollars) an idea of the g;rowth of electric production in the
cases of three of the chief American companies: —

1912.

1914.

191().

General Electric Co. .

. . 90

120

Western Electric Co.

... 7 ;-i

105

VVestinehouse Co

... 37

tion, especially to Russia. The largest Swedish electrical
concern, the Allmanna Svenska Elektriska Aktiebolag at Vas-
teras (.'\.S.E.A.) realized in 1910 a net profit of 13,400,000 kr..
against 4,000,000 and 2,200,000 kr, in the two foregoing years.
This company has increased in capital from 20.000.000 to 33,-
000,000 kr,. and ac(|uired a number of works — the Nya Fore-
nade Elektriska A.B.. the Evenska Turbin Fabriks A.B., the
Lilijeholmens Kabelfabrik. etc. Besides this, it has set up a
foundry and a porcelain insulator works. This increase of
the company's export business is shown in the following tal)le
(in millions of kroner): —

1912. 1914. 1910.

Home market 13.9 20.0 39.4

Exports 3.H 0.2 10.9

Exports for 1910 were thus threefold those of 1912. The
branch companies of the A.S.E..'\. in Denmark. England, and
Russia also did good business. During the war the com-
pany's position was so strengthened that it no longer had any
fear of foreign coinpetition in Sweden. For example, while im-
ports of electrical machinery from Switzerland in 1913 were
310,000 fr.. and in 1914 694.000 fr.. the figures in 1915 and 1910
fell to 37,000 and 101,000 fr., respectively.

The English industry was too much occupied with war
supplies to pay attention to the normal market. English ex-
ports consequently fell ofT, as the table below shows (in thou-
sands of pounds sterling): —

1913. 1915. 1910.

Exports of electrical machinery 2,275 1,391 1.552

Other electrical goods 5.405 3,169 4,107

7.080 4,560 5,059

In consequence of the enormous demands and the difficul-
ties of manufacture, even for the home market, imports of
electrotechnical products into England showed only a small
reduction, namely: —

1913. 1915. 1910.

Electrical machinery ....1.345 1.522 1.088

Other electrical goods 1,587 1.096 1,653

It may be remarked in passing that the first-named com-
pany increased its capital in 1917 by $20,000,000.

In the above figures war material is not included. Fur-
thermore, only 7 per cent, of the output was destined for ex-
portation; all the remainder was absorbed by the home mar-
ket of the States. Nevertheless, as an outcome of the stop-
page of German exports (which in 1913 totalled 467,500,000
fr., against 189,000.000 fr. for England and 146,000,000 fr. for
the United States) the exports of the American electrical
industry considerably increased. Hence the total exports of
electrotechnical products rose from $28,200,000 in 1913. $19.-
960.000 in 1914, and $24,340,000 in 1915, to $40,240,000 in 1916.
Thus the exports of 1916 exceeded to the extent of 43 per cent,
the already fine figures of 1913.

Not only the American electrotechnical industry but that
of Sweden likewise showed excellent results. That country
was not only able to supply its own home luarkcts. but also
furnished large quantities of electrical products for exporta-

3,932 2,618

736

The most important supplier to England was the United
States. Switzerland supplied machinery principally, exports
rising from 1.234,000 fr. in 1913 to 2.014.000 and 1,798,000 fr.
in the two following years. On the other hand, Swiss ex-
ports fell in 1916 to 642,000 fr., and in the first nine months
of 1917 to 452,000 fr. It must be remarked that the manufac-
ture of electrical machinery in England before the war was
fairly well developed, machinery figuring as 30 per cent, of
the total electrical exports. It must be believed therefore,
that after the v.'ar electrical construction works, enlarged and
strengthened by supplying the military requirements, will be
in a position to satisfy all the wants of the ICmpire. The
manufacture of electrical machinery has. indeed, attained such
a development in England that the Government, on Novem-
ber 16th, 1917. forbade imports as unnecessary. (Besides.
Swiss industry in the matter of machinery, can hardly struggle
against that of England, as the former is 10 per cent, dearer.)
(Jn the <nher hand. Swiss exports of measuring appli-
ances to England greatly increased during the first three years

THE ELECTRICAL N E W :>

October 1. r.MN

of the war, as the figures below show (in thousands of
francs) : —

Jan. — Sept.

1913. lal4. I'.U.'i. 1916. 1917.
Control and measuring

appliances 181 33a 387 4n2 89

X'arious lis 307 473 297 17fi

299 639 860 699 265

The prospects of the exportation of installation material
into England should in general be favorable, for English
manufacture of this material was very little developed before
the war, insomuch that Germany exjiorted to England in
1913 goods of this kind to the value of 9,752,000 marks. In
reality, however, English works at the present moment are
in a position to meet home wants, and to such a degree that
the Government has, for example, forbidden the importation
of meters.

France had greatly reduced its imports of electrotechnical
products; these had fallen from 37,500,000 fr. in 1913 to 24.100.-
000 fr. in 1914. and to 24.400.000 fr. in 1915. But as since
then the military calls for electrochemical and electroniettal-
lurgical products have enormously increased, a very intense
constructive movement in the domain of hydraulics has be-
gun. In consequence. French imports of electrical plant in

1916 rose to a value of 61.300.000 fr.. sub-divided as follows: —

Fr.

Electrical machines 15.100.000

Apparatus and measuring instruments 15,400,000

Cable and leads 14.000.000

Armatures and machine parts 7.500.000

\'arious apparatus 9.300,000

French exports fell from 37,200,000 fr. in 1913 to 28.000,-
000 fr. and 26.300.000 fr. in the two following years: on the
other hand, they rose in Ullfi to 46.300,000 fr. This rise is
chiefly explained by the large exports of electrodes, which
varied as follows: —

Fr.

1913 8.560.000

1914 6.320.000

191.5 12.090.01)0

1916 25,760.000

From the point of view of quantity the export of electro-
des in 1916 was only 10 per cent, more than in 1913, but the
value was trebled. In the case of Switzerland, French ex-
ports of electrodes sank to a third in the same period: 765,000
fr. in 1913 and 244,000 fr. in 1916. We said previously that
France imported electrical machines to the extent of 15.100,-
000 fr. A little less than half of these imports came from
Switzerland, which exported machines to France in 1916 to the
value of 6,900.000 fr. (30 per cent, of the total exports). In

1917 (January to September) exports to France reached the
figure of 4,800,000 fr.. whereas for the whole of 1913 the figures
were only 4,170,000 fr. The considerable augmentation in the
figures of Swiss exports of electrical machines to France is
not explained merely by the increase in the price, but also
by the larger quantity — namely, 16,432 mafchines in 1913,
against 22,822 in 1916. In 1914 and 1915 exports fell to 3,-
000,000 and 3,500,000 fr. respectively. Swiss exports to France
of "sundry apparatus" likewise increased after suffering a
decline in 1914 and 1915. Thus the total rose from 1,461,000
fr. in 1913 to 1,975,000 fr. in 1916. and to 1.666,000 fr. in 1917
(January to September only). In the same period exports of
Swiss glow lamps to France rose from 323.000 fr. to 1.269,-
000 fr.. and in 1917 to 712.000 fr. for the first nine months only.
E.xports of batteries from Switzerland likewise advanced from
33.000 fr. in 1913 to 664.000 fr. in 1916; while, on the other
hand, control apparatus and measuring instruments suffered
a fall from 634,000 fr. to 348,000 fr. As a matter of fact, the

manufacture of measuring apparatus is highly developed in
France — to such a pitch that in 1913 that country was able
to export these articles to the value of 14,600.000 fr. In 1914
and 1915 these exports fell to 9.100.000 fr. and 0,800.000 fr. re-
spectively, rising, however, in 1916 to 12.100,000 fr.

The author believes that in the future France will be com-
pelled to import electrotechnical goods, particularly when it
is remembered that, according to American estimates, an ex-
expenditure of 500,000,000 fr. on these articles will be needed
in the work of reconstitution of the invaded provinces. Ac-
cording to the statistics of the president of the Syndicat des
Industries Electriques, the yearly output in France of elec-
trical goods before the war reached the total of 221.000,000
fr., which amount is subdivided as under: — -

Fr.
Dynamos, transformers, and electric cranes 66.000.000

Electric apparatus and lamps 67.000,000

Cables and leads 40,000,000

Telegraph and telephone apparatus 26,000,000

Sundry appliances 22.000.000

According to other estimates, the French output would be
300.000.000 fr. (against an output of 1.550.000 fr. in Germany
in 1913. and 1.900.000 fr. in America in 1914), of which, 100,-
000.000 fr. stand for electric machines and transformers, and
60.000,000 fr. for cables and leads. In any case, the French
industry cannot suffice for itself. .\s regards Switzerland
more particularly, the situation will be very favorable in view
of the difficulty which Germany will meet with in the resump-
tion of trade, her exports to France totalling, before the war,
18.000.000 fr, Switzerland will, however, have to reckon ser-
iously with English and .-\mcrican competition.

Italy is unable, any more than France, to supply her grow-
ing requirements of electrotechnical products, and the more
so. because her industry is less developed. Even in pre-war
days she was obliged to have recourse to foreign industries
(particularly those of Germany); in 1913, for example, Italy
imported to the extent of 32.000.000 lire. Italian exports were
unimportant and only amounted to 10.300.000 lire. Three-
fourths of the exports were made up of cables shipped, for the
UK St part to S.^uth America. After the entry of Italy into
llie war. Switzerland occupied the position of Germany as
the supplier of Italy. Swiss exports to Italy were as •jno.ef
(in thousands of francs): —

(Jan.—

Sept.)

191:;. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917.

Electric machines 934 1.158 1.089 873 677

Control apparatus and

measuring instruments 355 276 37.3 959 949

Telegraph and teelphonc

apparatus 14 17 84 1.055 603

Glow lamps 276 252 1.420 2,689 3,U3

Sundry appliances 489 507 245 579 ^ 395

2.060 2.219 3.211 6,055 5,737
.\s in all other belligerent countries, electrotechnical
works in Russia have done good business, and dividends have
been much greater than in peace times. Almost all the works
have doubled their capital. The Russo-German A. E.G. Co.,
whose dividend for 1916 was 10 per cent., has been reconstitut-
ed, after its liquidation on July 1st, 1917. under the style of
the General Electric Co. (A.E.K.), with a capital of 24 million
roubles, one third of whose shares have been acquired by the
Russian Government. According to the latest reports, this
company (in which the .American General Electric Co. has
interest to the extent of 4.000.000 rubles) has raised its cap-
ital to 36.000.000 roulilcs. The Russian Siemens-Schuckert
Works and the A. G. Siemens & Halske (whose dividends in
1916 were 7.5 and 13.5 per cent, respectively) have likewise

October 1. r.M.S

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

been liquidated, and towards the end of 1!)17 wore to be trans-
formed into a new Siemens company with a capital of Sf),-
000,000 roubles, in wliicli the Russian State would take a
share.

'I'he third Russian electric com|)any — the Dynamo — in
whicli tile EukHsIi and .\merican Westinghouse companies
take a considerable share, doubled its capital in I'.ilT, raising-
it from 10.00(1,000 to ao. 000. 000 roubles. Similarly the Basins
of the Donetic l-'.lectricity Co.. founded in I'JIO, proposed to
build extensive electricity works near the Donetz coal fields,
and by utilizing the anthracite deposits there furnish Southern
Russia with cheap electricity. The company has secured
authority to raise its capital from 7 to 14 million roubles.
()ther new companies are: — The Donetz Electric I'ower Co.,
5,000,000 roubles; Electrification of Grosny-Naphtha District
Co.. 4.000,000 roubles; and South Russia Electric Installations
Co., 30,000,0000 roubles. The two related companies — the
Petrograd Electric Lighting Co. and the Baku l'"lectric Power
Co. — liave also increased their capital from ",i to IIS million
roubles. Its internal disorganiz;ition has hindered Russia from
undertaking the utilization of its many waterfalls, although
in lOlT. .'i^. 000. 000 roubles were allocated to deal with the fall-
on the River W'alchow. As an outcome of the coal deadlock,
many new electric railway schemes have been planned, such
as the Crimea railway, that of Trans-Caucasia, and the Kars
line. .Ml these schemes are hung up owing to the internal
state of Russia.

Japan electrical imluslry ha> undergone an enormous ex-
pansion during the war. So recently as 191:5, Japan was ob-
liged, on account of the undeveloped state of her own in-
dustry to draw upon oversea countries, principally Germany
and England, (ierman exports of merchandise to Japan in
1913 were to the extent of 15.000.000 marks; electric mac-
hines, about 45,000,000; cables., :i, 000,000; high-tension appara-
tus, 1,700,000; measuring instruments, 600,000 marks. etc.
England exported to Japan in the same year to the value
of £386.000 (electrical machines. £188.000). Japan's total
imports in 1012 reached 35.000.000 yen. 50 per cent, from Ger-
many and 30 per cent, from England.

Since the war the position has completely changed, and
Japan's electrical industry has not only been able to supply
its own home wants, but also to intervene in the markets of
the world. Before the war, that country's output of electrical
machines was between 30.000,000 and 35,000,000 yen; in 191(i
a value of 85,000,000 yen. This brilliant showing is owing,
first, to huge war exports; and. in the second place, and
chiefly, to her possession of aniple copper resources .'ivail-
able at small cost. This advantage which the Japanese in-
dustry enjoys over that of the European industry will sub-
sist aftetr the conclusion of peace, for, on account of the
dearth of tonnage, European countries, and especially Ger-
many, will be able to import copper only with the utmost
difficulty. Thus in the Far East the European electrical in-
dustry can hardly hope to compete with that of Japan.

The Swiss electrical industry has suffered much from
the war; this is especially so as regards the wholesale in-
dustry. The manufacture of electrical products has had to
struggle against enormous difficulties — such as the want of
raw materials and labor, and the difiiculties of transport.
These last have completely paralysed exportation to certain
countries, notably to Russia. The influence of the war on
Swiss exports of electrotechnical products is clearly shown
by the following table: —

Swiss Exports in Thousands of Francs.

(Jan. -Sept.)
1013. 1014. 1015. 11110. 1917.
30.353 15.578 15.245 33.1)31 16.618

Glow lamps H50

.Accumulators 115

Telegraph and telephone

apparatus 1 50

Cables and leads 1.4o:i

Lamp carbons 14:)

Sundry apparatus 4.996

577 2,;(69 4,691 4,465

818

l,i:tl

390

107

144

1.120

615

974

451

510

428

184

563

478

151

5,740

3.960

5.H78

5,03:i

30.357 33,383 35,454 40,748 30,307

It should be noted .that if the total of ex|>orts is larger for
1916 than for 191:1, the number of machines exported is less.
One thing that must be said is that the retail industry has
grown at the expense of the wholesale. In 1916 one-half
of Switzerland's exports of accumul.itors and batteries went
to France; likewise, the whole of the glow exports, which had
practically quadrupled, went to France and Italy. Of the
Central Powers. Germany held first i>lacc as recipient, more
especially of electrical machines, owing to their abnormal
dearth there, due to that country's inability to furnish itself
with cojiper.

Lastily, the Dutch market has undergone considerable de-
velopment since the war, as has also that of Spain. The wants
of the latter country will be still larger after the war, for
the growth of the Siianish industry has been very rapid.

.\ few words in conclusion as to the future of the elec-
trical industry of the world. V\'e said above that the .Amer-
icans, who were much interested in the rcconstitution of the
invaded countries have estimated the requirements of France
in the matter of electrotechnical products at 500.000.01)0 fr.
They estimated, furthermore, those of Belgium at 350.000.000
fr. On these bases the rcconstitution of all the invaded lands
would demand fully 1.000,000,000 fr. Nothing short of this
will be needed to occupy the electrical industry of the world
for many years to come. On the other hand, the normal calls
for electrical products will greatly increase after the war.
The general lack of coal, which will continue long after the
war. will everywhere lead to the utilization to a greater ex-
tent than formerly of water-power, etc. Furthermore, the
scarcity of foodstuffs, cotton, etc.. will give a new spurt to
the realization of irrigation schemes in Italy. Russia. Asia,
and other countries, and all such schemes imply huge hydro-
electric installations. In lands lacking great water resources,
small installations will have to be superseded by big generat-
ing stations erected near coal mines. Finally, the fact must
not be lost sight of that the extensive electrochemical and
electrometallurgical establishments which have grown up dur-
ing the war will need after the war an enormous amount of
electrical energy. Moreover, the call for electric power in all
industries will be enlarged to an extraordinary degree after
the war; for electricity tends daily to become the basis of
industry in all its branches. Its more rational production, en-
abling energy to be supplied at a much lower rate, will raise
it from the position of a mere accessory to that of the very
essence of all industrial production.

Electrical machines . .
Control apparatus and
measuring instruments

.904

4.304

Long Distance Wireless

,\ new high-power radio station has just been opened at
Annapolis. Md., capable of maintaining uninterrupted com-
munication over a distance of at least 4,000 miles. There are
four steel towers, each 650 feet hi.gh, supporting the antennae
which, with the ground system, required 160 miles of wire
for their completion. The power supply installation is in
duplicate so that in the event of one plant failing it will al-
ways lie possible to maintain communication. The operation
of the station requires the services of 100 men and suitable
provision has been made for protection. The plant was
erected in 10 months and cost $1,500,000.

L'li

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

October 1. I'.HS

Modern Practical Methods of Accident
Prevention in Small Companies

By Mr. Wills Maclachlan'

Possibly the reason for assigning to nic this suliject is
because I asked for a solution of it at the New York Con-
vention. Accident prevention in the small utility or in the
large utility, transmitting energy hundreds of miles with
only a small operating force at any substation, is entirely
different from that of a company where the calling of a meet-
ing of one hundred or five thousand employees, is possible.
In one, you are dealing with a few employees at one time
in a more or less persona! way, in the other you are dealing
with a number and the psychology of the crowd is lirought
to hear, 1 have by no means a complete solution to offer,
because 1 had no precedent to follow. I liavc been forced
to use for the most part the "cut and dry" method and have
had to a great extent to use my own judgment as to the (lar-
ticular method that would work out best in the individual
case.

No matter what method is used, there is one a.xioni
that should hang over the desk of anyone in charge of ac-
cident prevention work. — "Don't bluff". If you are in earnest
and mean exactly what you say and act as if you meant it,
men will follow you and you will have their support. If you
are trying to put something over under the guise of accident
prevention, they will see it before you have finally decided
upon the details yourself. You will have done yourself and
your men an injury and delayed the real work of accident pre-
vention. Remember that you are working to save money
for the company, and to safeguard the service to your con-
sumers, as well as to preserve the limbs and lives of your
men, for themselves, their wives and families and for their
country and its Allies. Tell your men this and lay your
cards on the table and gain their respect and support.

One of the difficulties of interest to the small company
in accident prevention is the fact that accidents do not occur
frequei)tly in the same plant. This is quite true, but accidents
or lost time per capita in the small plant is as large, if not
larger, than in the large plant and the hazard is just as great.
.\lso in utility work the accidents are not numerous but they
are severe. I think that I am safe in saying, that if the
manager of the small plant will sit down and make out a list
of accidents and lost time, due to accidents, over a period
of a few years, he will fully realize his duty as far as the
work of preventing accidents is concerned, just as much as
will the manager of a concern employing thousands. His is
the legal responsibility of financial economy to the company,
his also is the moral responsibility to his men and their fam-
ilies.

Must Be Handled by An Expert

To successfully handle any work in a company, it must
be put in the hands of someone who is an expert in the par-
ticular line. In the large company, accident prevention is
the whole duty of one man or a stafT. This is not possible in
the small company, but there is nothing to prevent a number
of small companies banding themselves together into an as-
sociation for the purpose of accident prevention and employ-
ing someone to supervise the work for them. This has been
done successfully and to the advantage of all concerned, the
companies gaining the benefits of the wider experience of the
supervisor than if he were engaged by but one company.

.\nother plan that has worked out very successfully is

* Before Congress of National Safety Council, St. Louis.,

tu engage on retainer a supervisor vviio will give a certain
portion of his time towards the work of the company. This
supervisor may be one man or may be a firm or bureau.

In regard to the carrying on of accident prevention in a
public utility. 1 feel that it should be in the hands of an engi-
neer who has had experience in design, construction, opera-
tion and management. I realize that this is usually a large
order, but you are playing for the lives of men. I fully real-
ize that many in this work are not engineers, but you will
usually find that they have the advice of engineers, and if you
can combine the (pialities in one man, I feel that you are
in a stronger position. 1 also lay emphasis on the exper-
ience: this. 1 feel, is important. He will have to work with
all departments and must be in a position to deal intelligently
with their details. When you meet the line foreman — know
the right way to put on his belt and spurs and know the de-
tails of line work and you have him with you.

In starting the work in a utility, 1 would say the first
thing to do is to go over the accident record for as many
years as Is possible and tabulate this under "Cause and De-
partment" for accidents and lost time due to accidents getting
it on a per capita basis if possible.

Next comes the physical examination of the plant. Let
us assume a hydraulic development under moderate head with
a transmission line and substati/ins. The intake should re-
ceive our first consideration. Is the dam safe? Should
it be guarded to protect employees or the public? Is the
stop-log winch O.K. or should the gears be protected and
should men . be warned in regard to danger from winch
handle if the chain is down during moving of winch? Then
the racks need attention. .\ very good plan is to put a 4 x (>
along the edge of the platform just over the racks. This
gives the men a good foothold in icy weather. If men arc
working over fast-moving water, they should have life lines.
and at least life buoys and pike poles should be handy.

Protection in the Power House
Next let us go into the power house, taking up first the
turbine equipment. The belts driving the governors and oil
pump, if any. should be guarded by a wire mesh guard.' The
fly balls and small gears on governor should also be guard-
ed. Then if the turbines are driven by crown gears these
should be enclosed. Safe access to all bearings should be as-
sured. Guard rails should be put around the generators and
any exposed leads guarded. I mean here, guarded and not
insulated. Next the switching equipment. .Are there dis-
connecting switches between the oil switches and the bus-
bars and between the oil switches and outgoing feeders? This
is important for maintenance work. Can all fuses on motor
transformers be easily got at? Switches should be plainly
and distinctly named, preferably front and back of the board.
Rows of disconnecting switches should have distinguishing
mark between different switches and the name of the switch
in such a position that when the operator reaches with his
switch stick for the switch, he will see the name. If dis-
connecting switches are at all cramped, baffies of asbestos
l)oard or equivalent should be between blades. In the lightn-
ing arrestors. there should be disconnecting switches be-
tween them and line, and barriers between different banks
of arrestors. If the tanks are not grounded, they should be

October

I Ml'

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

screened and screen grounded. One rather important jioint
is to guard the operator in throwing a disconnecting switch,
from stepping back into live apparatus.

An important point in design but rather hard to put in
force in a finished plant is to arrange two means of exit from
behind all switchboards, switch galleries and from all switch
cell structures. This is to give the operator a chance in case
of a short circuit.

The next point is tlie miscellaneous e(pn)Mntnt. All
belts and gears should be substantially guarded, the stair-
way should be safe and passageways all li.ghted. Topis
should be examined and all burred sledges, drills, etc., dress-
ed. Rubber .gloves should then be examined inside and out
and usually condemned. Our practice is to use buckskin covers
over rubber gloves. This is for mechanical protection.

In telephone arrangements in systems using high ten-
tion the operators and patrol man must be protected. This
can be very well taken care of by use of the insulated stool or
cabinet. Also by training operators in the correct w'ay to
use the receiver to guard against deafness from severe noise.

In arranging the lighting attention should be paid to the
safe renewal of lamps and fuses. Many designers seem to
forget this and place lamps and fuses dangerously near high
tention apparatus.

The Transmission Line.

^^'e will now .go over the transmission lines with the
patrolmen. Is there a provision for grounding the line just
outside the power house? This should either take, the form
of grounding switches, groimding clamp or a ground chain.
The patrolmen should carrj' either two sets of grounding
clamps or two ground chains. Personally I have grave doubts
as to the effectiveness of ground chains, but on some sys-
tems of patrol grounding clamps are too heavy to carry.
Now. let us look at the switching tower. If it is supplied
with a platform, the platform should be railed and a toe-board
provided. Some systems are now putting in switching towers
with switches operated by a chain or rod mechanism; this
should be grounded and provision made for looking in both
the open and closed positions, both of which should be clear-
ly designated. The switch of course having its name or num-
ber clearly shown.

Coming now to the substation, we will check up the
grounding provision, disconnecting switches, etc., as in the
power house. It might also be well to try to get into the
substation without using the key to make certain that all
windows, doors, etc., are locked. If the substation has an
attendant and if in the summer season, doors have to be left
open for ventilating purposes, they should be supplied with
wire doors that are locked. One hazard in substations that
is often overlooked, is the necessity of using a step-ladder to
read transformer temperatures. One way of eliminating this
hazard is to make up a periscope by the use of two good
mirrors and a length of fibre conduit.

In substations having no regular attendant more care
should be paid to protection of apparatus than in attended
stations. This is because an unskilled person is often requir-
ed to go into these stations at intervals to change motor
paper or to do simple switching.

In the foregoing, I have just touched the high spots
of physical examination of the plant. If it is a steam plant,
the same general scheme can be carried out, particular at-
tention being paid to tools in the boiler room. Another point
that should be noticed could well be called "good house-
keeping". A clean, well organized plant usually makes for
the elimination of accidents.

First Aid Outfits.

Every utility no matter of what size should be well equip-
ped with simple first aid outfits. For the utility in a position

to call a doctor within a reasonable time, such lirst aid kit
should be very simple; it might contain boracic acid tablets,
.ginger tablets, carron oil aromatic spirits of ammonia, iodine
(Either in the bottle or preferably in ampoul form) castor
oil for the eye, some gauze bandages, some triangular band-
ages, plain or boracic gauze and absorbent cotton. For
cleanliness the packages should be small in size or arranged
that a small quantity can be removed without soiling the
rest. This outfit should be in a compact case and should
be regularly inspected. Very simple instruction as to how
to use each part of the outfit should be prepared, also in-
struction as to how to handle a cut, bruise, hemmorhage, or
the more usual injuries. This set of instructions should also
contain in a very brief way the more important points of
resuscitation. If these instructions are prepared in inexpensive
form a copy should be given to every employee and a copy
kept in the first aid kit. In general as far as first aid is con-
cerned, make the kit simple and have the instructions as
simple as possible so as not to confuse the average employee
and not to give the men an idea that he is an amateur doc-
tor. My own instructions have always been, that the best
kind of first aid is given by a competent doctor and any time
wasted in putting on fancy bandages is almost criminal.

Reference was made above to the question of rubber
gloves. Arrangements should be made for the regular in-
spection and testing of rubber gloves. I do not want to
take up your time here with the details, but they may be
found in the report of the Accident Prevention Committee
of the N. E. L. A. Provision also should be made for the
inspection and maintenance of linemen's belts and spurs. I
do not think that any harm would come of making a regular
practice of monthly warning linemen to use their safety
belts. Most of us know of cases where a lineman has receiv-
ed a slight shock which has been enough to unsteady him on
the pole and in falling he has broken his neck. Committees
are working on the correct design of linemen's belt and it
is hoped that a recommendation will soon be made public.
I am recommending to linemen at the present time that
they shall not use hand-axes; they claim however, that it is
difficult to get a hammer of sufficient weight to do the work
correctly. This however, I feel is a detail that can easily be
worked out. The danger of a falling hand-axe should be
done away with if at all possible.

Keep Tools Properly Dressed.

The question of inspection of and dressing of sledges,
drilling bars, etc., was touched upon briefly before. This is
extremely important as a burr from a sledge or drilling bar
is very liable to cause the loss of an eye. A regular day
should be appointed for going over these two. While on this
subject it is naturally suggested that the use of goggles be
enforced. Their use has, on countless occasions, saved an
eye and they should be supplied and their use enforced as
rigorously as possible. It is also desirable to supply goggles
that will protect the eyes from an electric flash. These
should be non-inflammable and non-conducting and should
be as clear as is possible to have them with due regard to
being opaque to ultra-violet rays. This can be done without
using the dense glasses used in electric welding. Men should
be obliged to wear these glasses in doing any work that
might occasion a bad flash, such as changing of fuses, work-
ing close to a commutator or pulling a disconnecting switch
with a short stick. '

Fire fighting apparatus should be supplied and rigorously
inspected. Fire pails should be protected from being used
as spitoons. I have found a very desirable method of doing
this by pasting manilla paper over the tops of the fire pails.
In using tetre-chloride fire extinguishers, men should be
warned against the danger of chlorine gas in confined places.
.\s far as the physical plant is corKrerned, ample provision

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Octo1>er I. I'JIS

should be made to allow sufficient space to operate the plant
safely, tools and other pieces of apparatus should be re-
gularly and systematically inspected and repaired when neces-
sary. If these two general points are carried out a great
number of our accidents will be prevented.

Having now covered the physical plant, our most im-
portant consideration should be the obtaining the interest of
and training of the employees. First and foremost m any
public utility, is the training of every employee in the prone
. pressure method of resuscitation. This can well l>e carried
out as follows:

Resuscitation Instruction
A few of the employees can be got together and with
one as a patient a demonstration of the method given ex-
plaining each point in detail. The men to whom this has
been demonstrated should then be paired off and told to try
to carry out the resuscitation that has been shown them.
Most of them will have their hands in the wrong place and
will carry out the resuscitation too quickly. They should
then be required to practice resuscitation weekly for about
two months and then once every two weeks as a part of their
regular duties. Records of these practices, together with the
names of the men. should be kept with the regular records
of the company. After the men have been practicing for
sometime, they should be taught to take their hands ofif the
patient's back when they swing back on their knees. A good
plan also is to have one man fall as if he had received a shock
and curl into any position he wants to, the operator should
then see how fast he can get him into position and give him
the first stroke. This should be done easily in 8 seconds or
less. I have trained some hundreds of employees in this
way and they have resuscitated men receiving shocks up to
'10,000 volts.

Even in small company, it is quite possible to have meet-
ings of the men. These can be informal talks and if a black-
board is provided a great deal of good information can be
given to the employees if the manager or superintendent will
enter into the work. As a basis of these talks or meetings,
some correspondence course as provided by the N. E. L. \.
or various correspondence schools is useful, but a frank dis-
cussion of the various features of the plant together with new
ideas ihat are coming out in the technical press from time
to time, will he of considerable interest to the employee. In
along with this talk on general matters, instruction in and
discussion of accident prevention measures can well be taken
up. Another important point that should be discussed is the
grounding of and taking grounds off the line or apparatus.
The putting a piece of apparatus or line into service or tak-
ing it out of service and the routine of changing shift. If the
company has operating rules, these can well be discussed as it
is my experience that in a number of cases operating rules
are not understood by the employees and are therefore not
lived up to. If there are no operating rules, the National
Electrical Safety Code, Part TV. of the Bureau of Standards
could be taken up and discussed. Where informal meetings
of this type are held regularly it has been my experience that
the men will show far more interest in their work, develop
into more skilled workers, and be more receptive to informa-
tion along accident prevention lines. At these meetings, the
men should be encouraged to put forward suggestions for the
prevention of accidents and if found at all good the company
should put thfm into effect, showing that they are heart
and soul with the men in their attempt to prevent accidents.
Bulletins as prepared by the National Safety Council and
by other organizations can be used judiciously. Those per-
taining to the work of the public utilities being very acceptable
to the men and creating considerable interest. These should
be shown on a regular bulletin board and not too many put
up at one time. The bulletin board should have a glass front

as some budding artist among the employees might make
very disastrous additions to the bulletin.

To get the support of men in accident prevention work,
it has been my experience that it is useless to go ahead until
you have the whole-hearted support of the foremen and others
in charge of the work. I would far rather take months to
win the support of a foreman than to try to carry out accident
prevention work with his men without his support. There
is another type of man that should be won over, that is. the
old employee who thinks that this work is a lot of bosh. In
some instances I have taken almost unlimited time to try to
find out what was the basis of his trouble and to correct that
if possible, .^n ample stock of stories of accidents with the
resulting pain and suffering to the man and his family often
is very useful in winning over this tj'pe of man. These
stories should be told to the man personally in a private con-
versation and it is just as well not to argue with him before
a number of his fellow-workmen.

This plan of work for the small plant can easily be ex-
tended to the larger plant and I have found it very satisfactory
to use committees a plant having about 600 employees. These
committees meet monthly and are started off with the fore-
nfen; they receive the suggestions of their fellow-employees,
discuss them and pass them on to the executive heads for ac-
tion. In this particular case there has been a reduction this
year as against last year of 41 per cent, of the lost time due
to accidents.

Let me make an appeal to the small plant owner and to
the large^ company having men spread over a wide territory
to take up this matter of accident prevention in a serious
and earnest way. Your country and mine are engaged in
a prosecution of a desperate world strug.gle. We need every
man possible at the Front and this naturally depletes those
who operate in our power plants to supply the necessary
energy for the manufacture of munitions of war and their
transportation. Every day lost by a skilled employee delays
or at least interferes with the successful prosecution of the
war. It is your duty and mine to see that the operating force
carry out their work in an efficient maniK-r. This cannot be
done when they are surrouidcd by unguarded serious hazards.
It cannot be done as long as they do not realize the best and
safest way for the prosecution of their work and it cannot
be done until you, your superintendents and foremen will
earnestly throw your skilled experience and executive abil-
ity into the work of preventing accidents, and training your
men. This is not something that would he nice to do if we
had time to carry it out. it is not something that need only be
looked upon from the sentimental side, it is something that
is causing you great needless expense, interfering with the.
successful and continuous operation of your plant, causing
pain and suffering to your employees and their families and
interfering with the work of your country and her .\llies.

What Delayed the Cars

Knots of people standing on street corners on Thursday
afternoon, September 3, about 6 o'clock, were saying to each
other, "Where are all the cars?" .\bout that time between .lO
and 40 cars were tied up on Granville street 1)ridge. stretching
back as far as Davie street on the north, because the draw
span was open for 10 minutes from 5.40 to 5.50.

The passengers in the cars must have numbered 1.500;
those in the scores of automobiles tied up and the pedestrians
must have added 500 more. So 2.000 were directly delayed
10 minutes by the opening of the bridge. Several thousands
more were inconvenienced by the cars ))eing thrown off sche-
dule during the next hour.

What was the great vessel wliich so urgently needed pas-
sage through the bridge in tlie Inisiest hour of tlie day? A
pile-driver! — B. C. Buzzer.

( ictober 1. 1!)1S

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Economic Proportion of Hydro-Electric

and Steam Power

By Mr. Fra nk G. Baum-

It is, oi couijc. well known that steam power is usually
less expensive for low load factors than hydroelectric power,
and the latter becomes economical only when the load factor
is favorable. To determine the economical division between
the two there are usually given curves of cost varying with
load factor. Such curves show that at certain load factors
the cost of steam power exceeds the cost of water power, but
the actual yearly cost of power for any assumed proportion
between water power and steam power must be calculated for
each case. This becomes laborious.

The results can, however, be shown in a much more illu-
minating way if presented as shown in Fig. 1. In this figure,
abscissae from left to right (.from O to Oi) show percentage of
total load carried by water power and from right to left (from
Oo to o) the absicissae show the percentage of total load car-
ried by steam power. The sum of the steam power and water
power must of course equal 100 per cent, for every condition,
hence the sum of the two abscissae is 100 per cent, at any
point.

It now we take the yearly cost per kilowatt of hydro-
electric power as Oih. taken in the figure at .$32 pei" kilowatt-
year, and draw the straight line Oh, this line will represent
by any ordinate the yearly charge per kilowatt against the
water power for any proportion between steam and water
power. For it is clear that if we have one-half water power
then the yearlj' charge per kilowatt against the entire 100
per- cent, load is .$11. (In comparin.g the cost of power we
must of course include total cost of delivery to center of
load.)

Similarl}-. if we take the yearly fixed cost per kilowatt of
steam power as Os. taken in the figure as $11 per kw-year,
and draw the line OiS, this will represent by any ordinate the
yearly charge per kilowatt against the steam power for any
liroportion lietween steam and water power.

The straight line sh then represents the total fi.xed charge
against the steam and hydroelectric power for any proportion
of steam and water power (Oh and OiS being straight lines
and sh being derived by adding the ordinates. gives another
strai.ght line).

For example, let total load equal 100.000 kilowatt, divided
70 per cent, hydroelectric and 30 per cent steam; then the
yearly charge against the water powder and steam will be
Water power, fixed charge ..70.000 kw. X $22 $1,540,000
Steam power, fixed charge ..30,000 kw. X $11 330.000

Total power, fixed charge 1,870,000

or $18.70 per kw-year, as shown by the ordinate of the line sh
at 70 per cent water power, 30 per cent steam power. .\11
water power fixed charge would cost $2,200,000 and all steam
power fixed charge $1,100,000 per year. .-^11 steam power costs
$4,400,000.

For any other assumption of cost per year of water power
or steam power, it is only necessary to determine the yearly
fixed char.ge against steam power Os and water pow-er Oh
and draw the line sh, and we have immediately the total
fixed charge for any proportion of water power and steam
power. This very much simplifies the prolilem and visualizes
the results.

To determine the total charge per kw-year against the
combined steam and water power, it is necessary to add the

•Before the .\. I. E. E.

kw-hr. charge against the steam power. It is of course as-
sumed that all charges against the water power arc fixed
charges.

To determine the yearly charge against steam power for
any load factor we must start with the load curve of the
power system. The load curve assumed is that shown on
the left of Fig. 2. The ordinates. it will be noted, are plot-
ted in iK-rccntage of the load, the peak load being lOO per
cent.

Now we must determine the kw-hours carried by steam
for any percentage of the total load carried by steam, it be-
ing assumed of course that the steam power takes the load
off the top of the curve. For this purpose we determine the
curve of kilowatt-hours to be carried by steam power when
10 per cent., 20 per cent., etc., of the top of the load curve is
carried by steam. To do this we take the area of the load
curve above 90 per cent, for example, and determine what
percentage this is of the entire area of the load curve. Simi-
larly for areas above 80 per cent.. 70 per cent., etc. The
results are shown in the curves to the right of the load curve.

For example, if all load over 80 per cent, is carried on
steam, we get the steam load factor==17 per cent, and steam

.50

;30

iao

^^^j-r"— jTotal Fixed Costper Kw. Year for Hydro arid Stea

IJT

100

10
90

20
80

30 40 50 60 70
HYDRO POWER PERCENT

70 60 50 40 30
STEAM POWER PERCENT

80
20

90
10

100
0

Fig. 1 — Proportion of Water to Steam Power

Water power cost per kw.-yr.. $22.(10

Steam, fixed cost per kw.-yr.. .$11.00

Steam ciiersy charge per kw.-yr. and lOil per cent. load factor. .<!44.(«>

kilowatt-hours 0 per cent, of the total as shown liy oa and Cid.
-Also we get a hydroelectric load factor 87 per cent, and kilo-
watt-hours 94 per cent, of the total as shown by ob and oc.

From the curves in Fig. 2 and the cost per kilowatt-hour
of fuel and other strictly steam energy charges, we deter-
mine for any percentage of load carried by steam power
the yearly energy charge per kilowatt-year. Assuming $33
per kilowatt-year for energy charge where all the energy is
supplied by steam for the particular load curve under con-
sideration (which corresponds practically to $44 per kilo-
watt-year, or 0.5 cent per kilowatt-hour for 100 per cent,
load factor, as the load factor of total load is 75 per cent.)
and adding the energy* charge to the fixed charge for steam
power, we obtain the total cost of steam power as shown
by the curve "cost steam power" OiS in Fig. 1.

To obtain now the total cost of all power for any pro-
portion of steam power to water power, we add the ordin-
ates of oh the "fixed cost of hj-dro-electric power," to the or-

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

(October 1. lUlS

dinates mS iIk- i^tul li. = ; .'I tlie power" ami o'Dtaiii the
curve hS. The total cost per kilowatt-year hydroelectric and
steam power." This curve starts at $22 per kilowatt-year if
all power is water power. By adding some steam power to
take off the peaks, we see there is a slight decrease in the
yearly charge until the steam power carries about 15 per
cent, of load. At 20 per cent, of load the cost again comes
to about $22 per year, and then a gradual increase in power
cost results.

At 30 per cent, load carried by steam for this particular
load curve there is little difference in the yearly charge per
kilowatt and we would not for this case be warranted in in-

PERCENT LOAD FACTOR &

PERCENT KW HOURS
20 40 60 80

12 PM 12 N. 12 P.M.

TYPICAL 24 HOUR LOAP CURVE

Fig. 2 — Load Factors and Kw.-lir. tor Stcani and Water
Example :
For 209o peakload carried by steam and SO^i; by water the ci'.rves show
.Steam load factor = 17% := o a
Water load factor = 87% = o b
Water kw.-hr. = 94% = o c

Steam kw.-hr. = 6% = c d

Xote — Steam carries everything above 80% line in example, and the
curves will show per cent, load factor and per cent, kw-hours for any
other per cent, load taken.

Stalling less than 30 per cent, steam; for naturally, unless

very material savings result, the decision will always be to

install steam power because of the smaller capital cost.

.■\t 50 per cent, of total load taken by steam installation
and 50 per cent, by water power, we have the yearly charge
as follows:
50 per cent, x $22 — $11.00 — yearly fixed chai.yc water power

50 per cent, x $11 5.50 — yearly fixed charge steam power

Total $16.50 — yearly fixed charge total power

.At 50 per cent, load factor practically 33 1-3 per cent, of
the kilowatt-hours are carried by steam and this adds the
energy charge of $33 x 33 1-3 per cent, or $11. Therefore
the total yearly charge is $16.50 x $11=$27.50, as shown by
the curve hS by the ordinate at 50 per cent. The added
charge over all water power costs here is $5.50 per kw. year,
but on a system with 100.000 kw., the yearly excess charge
is $550,000, a very substantial sum.

The curve of total yearly power costs per kilowatt
shows graphically what we want to know, and after we have
the curve of energy cost of steam power at various load fac-
tors, we can very quickly make up total costs per kilowatt-
year for any assumption of fixed cost of hydroelectric and
steam power. It is believed this method will assist engin-
eers in their work. The actual proportion of steam to hydro-
electric power will of course be somewhat influenced by
service insurance conditions.

This paper is merely an outline of the general principles
and gives the general method to follow. There are, of

course, many details and different conditions in different
sections of the countrj'. It is hoped that the method present-
ed will appeal to engineers and managers.

The Hydro-electric Commissioners of Peterboro, Ont.,
have suggested that the city purchase the local street railway
system. .\ meeting of the council will be called to discuss
the matter.

First Electrically Welded Ship Launched

The advent of the electrically welded ship establishes
another milestone in the shipbuilding industry responsible
for many surprises in its efforts to cope with the situation
caused by marine loses. An article recently published in the
"Engineer" furnishes us with our first information of author-
ity, and contains comparisons of great interest; —
Electrically-Welded Barge.

Particulars are now available of the interesting — and com-
pletely successful — experiment in rivetless shipbuilding, car-
ried out at a yard on the South-East Coast. The first steel
vessel constructed entirely without rivets was recently launch-
ed in the presence of Lord Pirrie, the Controller-General of
Merchant Ship-building and, other representatives of the Ad-
miralty and the war-office. She has since been in service
with full cargo during exceptionally rough weather, and has,
we understand, passed satisfactory in every way through the
severe tests imposed.

The object of the experiment, to which considerable im-
portance was attached by shipbuilding authorities, was to
prove the ability of welded construction to withstand the
stresses peculiar to a ship at sea. This principle having
been established, it is not proposed altogether to dispense with
riveting, which in certain sections is cheaper and quicker
than welding; it is intended, however, that future vessels
should be a combination of riveting and welding. The United
States Shipping Board, for instance, having been in close
touch with the experimental work, is making arrangements
for the construction of a number of 10,000-tcJn standard ships,
in which the use of rivets will be reduced to 2]/^ per cent, of
the number originally required.

The recent progress achieved in electric welding by
means of the flux-coated metal electrode process, and its
successful use at .\dmiralty dockyards and elsewhere in the
construction of the equipment and superstructures of various
vessels, led to premission being obtained for the erection of
a standard barge, with riveting eliminated and electric weld-
ing substituted throughout. Such a craft, it will be observed,
may be exposed to considerable rough usage in dock, be-
sides bein.g subjected to severe towing stresses. Seeing that
material already available on the site where she was built
was utilized, the barge differs in no way from the standard
riveted type with lapped joints, excepting that the hull plates
were arranged for clinker build and the plate edges joggled to
permit of horizontal downward welding in order to reduce
the amount of overhead work, which is more difficult of ex-
ecution.

The vessel to be welded was 125 ft. between perpendicu-
lars, and 16 ft. beam, with a displacement of 275 tons. The
hull was rectangular in section amidships, w-ith only the bil-
ge plates curved. It was built up of seventy-one transverse
frames, and contains three bulkheads, those fitted fore and
aft being water-tight and that amidships non-water-tight, The
shell plating was ^ in. and 5-16 in. All the joints were lap-
ped in the manner described.

Curiously enough, the first day's work was poor, though
all the operators were first-rate men, with extensive experience
of electric welding in the shop on minor repairs and on
structural work at shipyards. The poorness of the work was
probably due to the novelty of the undertaking and to the
position — lying flat on the keel — which the men had to adopt
to get to the joints. In a few days, however, when they be-
came accustomed to the job, the speed and quality of the
work improved so as to become equal that achieved in work-
shop standard practice. With the more difficult wielding, such

Oct.'lltT I. I '.I IS

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

as thai ill tlu' vcrlical liiilt jiiints (in cai-h shell plating, and
overhead wcirk uiicKriualh llu- keel ami on liilf^c plates it was
noted that the quality of the welds was excellent. For this
overhead work special electrodes were employed, and proved
well worth the sli^ditly increased cost. .\1I water-tight joints
up to and including the underside of bilge plates were con-
tinuously welded both inside and outside, the other water-
tight joints being welded continuously on one side and tack
welded on the other. On the shell plating the einilinuous
welding was on joints and frame construction tack welding
was adopted, the length of welding being carefully calculated
to give a margin of strength over a similar riveted joint.
Taking all positions of work into consideration, the avera,ge
speed was 4 ft. an liour at the commencement, while towards
the end of the work an avera.ge of 7 ft. an hour was easily
obtained.

Some interestin.g details have been given to us of the
comparative cost of an electric welded and a riveted barge.

View showing wclileJ shell plates aiul liansvci se frames

In labour, 345 man hours were saved in construction, which
can easily be improved on in future work. More than 1000
lb. of metal was saved, owing to the absence of rivfets, but
it is estimated that greater economy will result when the de-
sign is modified to suit electric welded ship construction. The
total cost of welding was £:i01, detailed as under: —

Electrodes £178

Electric current 61

Men's time 63

£301
It is realized by the Admiralty experts that the propor-
tion of cost for electrodes is high, but this is mainly due to the
present limited demand. Demand and competition will have
the usual effect, and should reduce the cost of this item by
at least 60 per cent. It will then be possible to build a vessel
of this size with an estimated saving of from 25 to 40 per
cent, of time and about 10 per cent, of material.

It is interesting to add that, as a result of this demonstra-
tion, the yard has prepared a new design of barge, in which
it is proposed to incorporate electric welding and riveted con-
struction to the following extent: —

To Be Welded.
Coamings.

Shell seams to frames.
Deck butts to beams.
Bulkheads (including

boundary bars.)
Keel plate butts to be

welded overlaps.
After shell seams welded
To Be Riveted.

Floor riveted to frames.
Beam knees to frames and

beams.
Frames clear to shell seams.

Water Power for the Empire

There has just been issued the preliminary report of the
Water Power Committee of the Conjoint Board of Scientific
Societies. The Board was a|>piiinted by the British author-
ities some time ago to investigate and report upon various
scientilic and industrial problems the solution of which was
considered vital to the present and future welfare of the Em-
pire. A committee of this board was appointed "to report on
what is at present being done to ascertain the aiiKiunt and
distribulicin of water power in the Britisli Empire."

This t'oniniitlee under (he chairmanship, (if (he eniineiil
engineer and inventor. .Sir Diigald Clerk, is composed of men
whose reputatidu as water power and engineering experts
is world-wide and including as it does representatives from
Canada and other Dominions, is fully qualified to speak with
authority.

The Rejiort states tliat "Td enable the bjiipire to re-
Cdver, with any de,grce (if rapidity, from the financial burden
imposed by the war. it will be necessary t(i develop, in a much
greater degree than lure(of(ire i(s latent resources" and adds
(hat "it must be realized that without an ample supply of
cheap energy much of this wealth must always remain lat-
ent."

It is estimated that the power now being used all (iver
the world is in the nei.ghburhood of 130 million h.p. of which
shipping uses 34 million, railways 31 millidu horsepower, the
remainder being used in fact(_)ries and public utilities. This
pdwer is devebiped roughly as follows, i:i millon horsepower
111 the United Kingdom, 34 in continental Europe, 39 in the
I nited States, 0 in the British Dominions, while Asia and
Sdutli .-Xmerica only use :i million. Of this total amount be-
tween I"i and 111 million liorsepower is developed hydraulical-

ly-

The report proceeds to treat of the Empire water power
Iiossil)ilities, the reasons for the neglect in the past, recent
developments including nitrogen fixation, and then gives in
such detail as is possible the resources in the British Isles
and in other portions of the Empire, dwelling at considerable
length on the water power situation in Canada.

The main conclusions drawn from the evidence available
Iiy the Coinmittee are: —

1. That the potential water power of the Empire amounts
in the aggregate to at least 50 to 70 million horsepower.

3. That much of this is cai)al)le of immediate economic
development.

3. That except in Canada and New Zealand, and to a less
extent in New South Wales and Tasmania, no systematic at-
tempt has as yet been inade by any Government Department
to ascertain the true possibilities of the hydraulic resources
of its territories, or to collect relevant data.

4. That the development of the Empire's natural re-
sources is inseparably connected with that of its water powers.

5. That the development of such enormous possibilities
shall not be left to chance, but should be carried out under
the guidance of some competent authority.

The report concludes with a number of recominenda-
tions which urge the British Government to bring to the at-
tention of the overseas Governments the necessity for a close
systematic investigation of all reasonably promising water
powers and of their econoinic possibilities. In event that any
government is unable to undertake such work it proposes
that a British of Imperial Water Power Board be appointed
to control such investigation, such Board, which shall in-
clude a representative each from the Dominions, shall also
act in an advisory capacity to the Imperial or overseas gov-
ernments. It also suggests a policy of state-aided water power
development.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

October 1. I'.ilS

Get More Heat Out of Your Winter Coal

In view of the universal coal shortage and the consequent
wide-spread interest in conserving this commodity wherever
and by whatever means possible, we feel justified in printing
the following general suggestions on the operation of house-
hold heaters, as offered in a recent publication. "Fuel Facts,"
issued by the U. S. Fuel Administration:

How to get more heat out of your coal than the chimney
does, is more important than any other branch of household
economy. In the average home 25 per cent, of the coal used
can be saved. Most of this saving can be accomplished by
proper damper control. Tests have shown that only 40 to
50 per cent., on the average, of the heating value of the
coal is usefully employed in heating a house or a building.
Under conditions of proper installation and frequent and
careful attention. 50 to 60 per cent. oY the heating value
may be converted into useful heat, while under unfavorable
conditions only 25 per cent., or even less, of the heat value of
the coal is utilized.

There is no more inipurtant general rule than the cine
emphasized by L. P. Breckinridge, of the Shcl'ticld Scicntilic
School of Yale University, to this effect:

The flow of air through the fuel makes it burn. Learn
to control it. Try to visualize this flow of air through the
fuel and you will easily learn how to operate the dampers
to control it ijroperly . . . The draft of the chimney is
much diminished when by opening the check-damper cold air
is allowed to flow directly into the chimney.

Save, to Help Win the War.

The Fuel .Administration's first charge tn tlu- Imu^iholdcr
is cleanliness. To get the most heat from the least ajnount
of coal his heater must be clean. One one-lumdredth inch
of soot has the same power to resist heat as ten inches cif
iron.

The Fuel Administration asks the head of each household
to care for his heater himself this winter: to learn how to run
his heater intelligently; how to get from every ton of coal
every unit of heat it can supply to his family.

Give your heater its first cleaning of the season in the
late summer and have it put in thorough repair. Broken parts
mean loss of heat. The fire-box should be tight. Trivial
cracks may be cemented.

Following are fuel savers and comfort suggestions, as-
sembled Iiriefly in the form of practical rules for operating
the various types of household heating systems:

General Rules.

1. Be sure there is a check draft-damper in the smoke-
pipe, besides the turn-<lamper. This check draft-damper is
as important in controlling the rate at which the fire burns
as is the throttle of an engine. Open it to check the lire.
Close it to make the fire burn more rapidly. Experiment
with it in the daily regulation of your fire. Make it do
its work. The coaling-door was not put on the heater to
check the draft. If you cannot check the fire without open-
ing the coaling-door, you need proper dampers.

2. The turn-damper should fit the smoke-pipe loosely and
must never be entirely closed. With the average plant it may
be kept partly closed most of the time in mild weather, but
during severe weather it usually needs to be opened wide.

3. Make use of the lift or slide-damper in the coaling-
door only to let oxygen in to consume gases, if you are using
soft or bituminous coal after fresh fuel has been added,

4. Just enough draft and that from below, checking the
draft by letting more air into the smoke-pipe, is one of the

best general rules. This furnishes oxygen from below, neces-
sary for the consumption of the coal-gases, and at the same
time gives time for them to be consumed before being drawn
up the chimnej'. This method also avoids escape of coal-
gas into tlie cellar. To make the fire burn more rapidly, do
not open the wdiole ash-pit door, but only the draft-damper
in the ash-pit door. Opening the whole ash-pit supplies air
to the fire faster than it is needed for combustion. The air
is heated, passes out of the chimney and is so much heat
wasted.

5. All heat pipes in the cellar should be thoroughly and
completely wrapped with asbestos or similar covering to pre-
vent loss of radiation.

G. Grates should be cared for properly. A short, quick
stroke of the shaker handle will sift the ashes through the
grates. Leave grates in flat jjosition when through shaking.
Clean ash-pit daily, to prevent damage to grates. In severe
weather grates should be shaken until a glow appears in ash-
pit. In moderate weather a l)cd of ashes should be carried
on top of the grates.

7. .\void poking an<l ^licing fire-beil. It causes draft
holes and clinkers.

8. Never shake a fire that is low until you have put on
a little fresh coal and given it time to ignite. .\ thin fire
wastes coal. Disturb the fire as little as possible.

9. Storm-windows and storm-doors, weather-strips and
such protective devices are economical of heat.

10. Keep the temperature of sitting-rooms at sixty-eight
degrees or less. If there are invalids, old folk or very little
children in the family, the temperature may be higher. Rooms
where you do not sit arc more comfortable if much cooler,
as a rule, providing the air is kept a little moist. Get a ther-
mometer— a good one. Use it inside, not hanging outdoors.

11. It is wasteful to allow the temperature to drop way
do-vn nt night. It takes twice as much coal to heat it up
ag.'iin lext morning.

12. Turn off the heat in unused rooms whenever possible.
Bedrooms should be kei)t much cooler than living rooms.
Don't try to heat all the rooms all the time. If you have a
hot-water system, make heavy radiator slip-covers and put
them over radiators when not in use. This will prevent
freezing:.

i:!. Always keep two pans or open-top jars of fresh water
on radiators or in front of registers to keep the air in the
home moist.

14. Study the Specific Rules applying to the system of
heatin.g in your house.

Hot-Air Furnaces — Specific Rules.

1. Provide cold-air drops from upper floors sn as to in-
sure a return circulation from all rooms to the air intake
of the furnace.

2. Regulate the window of the cold-air box so as to
avoid too great a current of outside air, especially on very cold
days.

3. .Always keep the water container in the air-jacket
filled with clean water. Moist air heats much more readily
than dry air, and is better for health, as well as more com-
fortable.

4. It is advisable to keep a jar of water near one of the
first-floor registers that sends out the most heat. Change
the water frequently, preferably every day.

3. Hot-air pipes should have a good pitch upward from
the furnace, and should be of sufiicient diameter. They

OflMl.ur I, l!'IS

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

should also he wrappcil vvilli sheet ashcstos. A separate pipe
for each room with a turn damper near the furnaec is a jioo<\
rule. Kaeh pipe slioidd he hdieled, so tliat certain rnunis can
be shut off at the furnace when desired.

(i. Be sure the lire-lmx is gas-ti.nhl. All cracks nuist he
thoroughly cemented or a new section put in before winter
sets in. Otherwise coal-gas will escape into the air-jacket and
be carried up directly to the rooms.

7. Study carefully the General Rules pertaining to other
types of heating-plants as well as your own. Notice the
"clean-out" door and remember why it i,s there.

Steam Heaters — Specific Rules.

1. The water in the boiler should be completely clian.ged
at least as often as every spring and every autumn. Draw
a bucketful of dirty water from the bottom at least twice
a week and eacli time replenish with fresh water from the
supply-pipe. Cleanliness of water in the boiler is prime im-
portance.

2. Look at the glass water-gauge whenever you attend
to the fire. Turn the e.xhanst-cocks above and below the
gauge occasionally to make sure tliat it is not clogged or
the openings to it from the boiler closed u]). They must be
kept open.

.'1. The level of the top of the water nuist always show
at sonic point along the gauge. Its height will vary with the
temperature of the water; but if it rises about the top of the
glass there is too much water in the boiler and some must
be drawn off; and if it sinks below the liottom of the glass
some more water must be let into the boiler.

4. Be sure that the- exhaust-valve of each radiator works.
Sometimes these valves need cleaning with a pin or soaking
in kerosene. If in doubt about one of them unscrew it from
the radiator when the fire is low and there is no steam-pres-
sure, or else after turning off the radiator. If you can blow
through it, it is all right. If not it must be cleaned until
you can. Don't fail to replace it. It is advisable to have an
extra valve tij replace any one tliat is temporarily out of
order.

3. Don't fail to study the General Rules, applicable to all
heating-plants, and also to keep the boiler-flues clean.

Hot-Water Plants — Specific Rules

1. .Ml the water should be emptied from the plant and
clean water put in at least as often as every spring and every
autumn.

3. When the first fire of the season is built, as the water
gets heated, take the raidiator key and open up the exhaust-
valve of each radiator in turn until all the air remaining in
each radiator is allowed to escape. Repeat this operation
occasionally to make sure there is no air interfering with
free circul^tiofi of the water.

3. Always be sure that water shows in the glass gauge
of the exhaust tank, which is usually located in the top story
of the house above the level of the radiators.

4. Be sure the boiler is covered with asbestos, as well
as the pipes in the cellar.

5. Study carefully the General Rules relating to all types
of plants. Keep heating surfaces of the boiler well cleaned.

The Kitchen Range.

1. Avoid too much shaking. Live coals in the ash-pit
mean wasted fuel. Clean ash-pit daily to prevent damage
to grates.

2. Clean the entire stove well inside, on top of the oven
and below the oven, frequently and thoroughly.

3. Stoke frequently and in small amounts.

4. Never shake a low fire until a little fresh coal has
been added and given time to ignite.

5. Keep a pan or kettle of water always on the kitchen

stove. Moist air makes for comfort, health, beauty and econ-
omy.

(i. Read llic General Rule-- applying to all household coal-
1}urners.

Advantages of Moist Air in Rooms.

.\,s luunidity of the almosphcre c<jntrols the distribution
of the sun's warmth upon the earth, so does moisture in the
air of the home have a controlling influence upon its com-
fort. If the air in a room is dry, the heat from stove, re-
gister or radiator, strikes through this dry air readily, and,
without being absorbed, rises quickly to the ceiling; while if
the air is moist the heat is absorbed and the general tempera-
ture of the atmosi)here of the room is perceptibly raised.

Clouds have a cooling efTcct on a hot day because they
are masses of moisture, absorbing heat from the sun's rays>
before it reaches the earth.

While a damp climate is enervating in hot weather and
biting in cold weather, nevertheless, a moderately moist at-
mosphere in the temperate warmth of the living rooms adds
to comfort and works for economy and health. The air of
heated rooms is nearly always too dry.

In dry air the evaporation from skin, throat and lungs
is increased; illustration of this is the fact that woodwork and
furniture usually swell wlien exposed to the natural summer
atmosphere, while they shrink and crack in heated rooms in
winter.

It is advisable to keep a bowl or open jar or two of
fresh water in each heated room, giving the air a chance
to absorb moisture from them rather than from your body
and the furniture.

Electric Railway and Power Rates Increased
by General Statute

The following are extracts from the text of the Statutory
Undertakings (Temporary Increase of Charges) Bill which,
as amended, was read the third time and passed by the Bri-
tish House of Commons on July 24 and by the House of
Lords on August 2.- It received the Royal Assent on .August
8. The Bill enables the statutory provisions affecting the
charges which may be made in respect of certain undertak-
ings, including tramways, fo be modified dur'ing the continu-
ance of the present war. and for two years thereafter.

1-. (i). W'here it appears to the appropriate Government
department that the financial position of any undertaking
to which this Act applies has been adversely affected by cir-
cumstances arising out of the present war, the Department
may. if they think fit, by order provide for the modification of
any statutory provisions regulating the charges to be made
by the undertakers, and of any statutory provisions consequen-
tial on or supplemental to any such provisions as aforesaid,
for such period during the continuance of this Act, in such
manner, and subject to such conditions, as appear to the De-
partment to be just and reasonable:

(a) Where the undertakers are a local authority no modi-
fication shall be authorized which will increase the
statutory maximum charge by more than 50 per cent.,
or which is more than sufficient so far as can be esti-
mated to enable the undertaking to be carried on
without loss; and

(b) In any other case no jnodification shall be authorized
which is more than sufficient to enable with dtie care
and management a dividend on the ordinary stock
or shares of the undertaking to be paid at three-quar-
ters the standard or maximum rate of dividend, if any,
prescribed for the undertaking, or at three-quarters
the pre-war rate of dividend, whichever is lower.

(ii.) An application to a department for the purposes of
this .\ct shall be accompanied by such information, certified
in such manner as the department may require with respect

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

October 1, I'Jlb

to the financial position of the undertaking in question, and
before making an order the appropriate Government depart-
ment shall require the undertakers to give public notice of the
application for an order under this Act and as to the manner
in which and time within which representations may lie made,
and to give a similar notice in writing to the council of each
county, borough, or urban, or rural district within which any
part of the undertaking or limits of supply of the undertak-
ing is situate, and the department shall consider any repre-
sentations which may be duly made.

(iii.) The undertakings to which this Act applies are
tramway undertakings, including light railways constructed
wholly or mainly on public roads, and undertakings for the
supply of gas. water, hydraulic power and electricity.

The act is applicable also to Scotland and Ireland.

Montreal Tramways Fares

.•\s the result of the appeals to the (Jucbec I'ulilic Utilities
Commission, the latter have issued a new schedule of fares
to be charged by the Montreal Tramways Co. which is a com-
promise between the fares favored by the Tramways Com-
mission and those asked by the Company. The Public Utili-
ties Commission have directed a cash fare of tic or 2.5c for five
tickets during the liours from .5 a.m. to midnight; working
men's tickets from G to S a.m. and .) to 7 p.m. will be secured
at the rate of B for 25c, and school children 7 for 25c. l'"rom
midnight till five o'clock in the morning the cash fare is 15c.
The Tramways Commission reported in favor of a 5c fare with
a cent transfer, and the Tramways Comjiany desired a 7c fare
with free transfer's. The Public Utilities Commission in their
judgment deal at length with the arguments of the Company
and those who olijected to an increase in fares, and state that
the increases allowed is a matter of maintaining the under-
taking as an efficient and going concern. Urban transporta-
tion was essential, and it could not be long maintained at
less than cost. The report says:

"This has had to be recognized the world over, and is a
consequence of the abnormal conditions through which we
are passing. In all spheres of activity, transportation among
the rest, prices and rates have been increased, and we have
not gone farthei" in this direction than necessity and tlie terms
of- the contract appear to demand."

Personals

Mr. J. N. Mochon has been apjioinleil as.sistant superin-
tendent of the lighting department of the City of Montreal.

Captain Paul F. Sise, vice-president of the Northern
Electric Co.. Montreal, has been given a command in the
Canadian Silierian Expedition.

Mr. E. J. Stapleton, secretary of the \\ ater & Light Com-
mission at Collingwood, has been confined to his house
with inflammatory rheumatism. Mr. Stapleton is now report-
ed to be well on the road to complete recovery.

Mr. W. G. Gordon has severed his connection with the
Uailway and Power Engineering Corporation and returned to
the Canadian General Electric Company where he now holds
the position of Transportation Engineer.

Mr. C. J. DeBats, who for the past four years has been
manager of file Walkerville Hydro-Electric System and re-
cently manager of the Essex County System, has resigned his
position with the Commission to accept a position in his home,
Bay City. Michigan. Mr. DeBats has been appointed manager
of the Bay City Light & Power System.

Mr. A. Winfield, district superintendent for the Maritime
Telegraph and Telephone Company in Cape Breton, has
l)een appomted superintendent of all the company's planis
ivith headquarters at Halifax. He will be succeeded by Mr
J. A. MacKinnon, <listrict superintendent for Pictou County,
Mr. Winfield was at one time general manager of the Prince
I'^dward Island Telephone Company, Charlottetown.

Mr. R. J. Needham has been appointed mechanical and
electrical engineer, motive power and car departments, Grand
Trunk Railway, with headquarters in Montreal. Mr. Need-
ham is a graduate of McGill University in electrical engineer-
ing. He was formerly on the staff of the Detroit l-'dison
Company, at the Delray power plant. Since 1011 he has been
on the electrical engineering staff of the Grand Trunk Rail-
way system.

The Senneville Development Co., Ltd., has been incor-
porated with a capital of $20,000 to generate and transmit
electricity for the company's business and to sell the surplus
in the parish of St. Anne, Jacques Cartier County. P.Q. The
head office is in Montreal.

Plan to Hear Mr. Goodwin on October 15

"The Goodwin plan has been printed and re-printed time and again, but
some way or other there is considerable misapprehension on the part of many
electrical men as to just what the actual interpretation of his plan may be.
Perhaps the whole situation is best explained by saying that Mr. Goodwin
simply advocates the exercise of common sense in the solution of the electrical
problem. Indeed, after reading his platform one cannot resist the temptation
to say, 'Why, of course, that is the natural thing and just what I have always
advocated,' Mr, Goodwin does not raise any contentious points, does not ask
any one element in the industry to sacrifice anything to any other element. His
plan means a common benefit to all interests concerned. In studying Mr,
Goodwin's platform, therefore, do not look for anything difficult to understand.
Do not .try to read anything in between the lines. His scheme is as simple as
it looks, and it looks as if it would work out very simply."

Mr. Goodwin speaks at the King Edward Bantiuet. Tuesday Evening. Oct.
15, G.30. We believe his message is of sufficient interest to command the at-
tendance of every manufacturer, retailer, central station :nan, dealer and con-
tractor. Those who have heard Mr. Goodwin explain his plan claim that it is
simple, effective and comprehensive.

Ocd.lier 1. iniS

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

News from the Front Lines— Mr. Earle's Am-
bition to Get Home and Settle Down
as a Quiet Citizen

Another typical letter has just come to hand from Mr.
Rulus Earle who, at latest report, is still vigorously carrying
on in France. The following extracts are of special interest; —

In the Field, .\ugust 12th. 1»1S.

"I see hy the Canadian Daily Record, the paper puhlish-
ed daily hy the Record Office for circulation among Canadian
troops in the field, that you have been having strenuous times
in Toronto of late, and that Tommy threatens to read the
Riot Act if the disturbances are not stopped. I am not great-
ly in sympathy with the aims and conduct of the Great War
N'eteran's Association, and kindred bodies, and think that
they have been formed principally as mutual admiration soc-
ieties to keep the claims of the soldier ever in the public
eye. My greatest ambition just now is to get home and set-
tle down as a decent quiet citizen, and forget that I ever was
in khaki. They seem to be so proud of the fact that they don-
ned the uniform that they insist on advertising the fact, and
perpetuating the memory, \irtue will be its own reward..
and I think that few of us are looking for any particular re-
wards, except some of the ranters, and I feel that if the truth
were known the men who are talking the loudest and making
the greatest display of their so-called patriotism were the
men who saw the least of the fighting. While the war has
changed us all a great deal, not only physically but mental-
ly, I really think that the average boy who enlisted will go
back much the same as when he left, except that his horizon
in his views of life will be greatlj- widened, and his experi-
ence out here, where human life is held so cheaply will tend
to make him more generous in his ideas, and less self-centred.

"If you will remember when you receive this letter what
was happening in the war zone at the time I wrote it you
will know that we are in the midst of strenuous happenings
these days, and events that forbode good times for us for
the future. I was down to a prisoners cage near here the
other day, and a large party of the captured Huns were being
marched in by a party of husky .\mcricans. One of the U.S.
Sergeants and myself had quite a talk, and he was telling
me a rather funny incident. There was a German Major in
the party, who spoke rather good English, and he inquired
from this sergeant where he came from. The Sergeant re-
plied that he came from Chicago, whereupon the Major went
into details regarding relatives that he had living in Chicago.
The Sergeant "Do you know where these people are now?"
to which the Major replied "No." "Well, they are over here
looking for you" was the Sergeant's reply. A pretty good
answer I thought. Of course we don't know yet the full
story of these operations of the past few days, but by the
time this letter reaches you they will have been history, and
it looks as if it will prove one of the most brilliant, it not
the most brilliant success of this war. Just at present all
kinds of rumors are rife. Naturally as advances are made

it is necessary to establish good lines ul communication, and
as a sequence, we are very busy just now.

"1 had just gone to bed the night before last when 1
heard Bosche bombing planes overhead, and went out just
in time to see one Gotha neatly focussed in the rays of about
four of our powerful searchlights, and just about 100 ft. above
the Bosche machine could be seen the signal light of one of
our idanes. Just as 1 got to the door our man opened up
I in the Heinie with his Lewis Gun, and you could follow
the string of red hot bullets from his gun to the enemy plane
quite distinctly in the dark. All of a sudden Mr. Hun bursts
into flames, and makes a perfect nose dive from the ground.
It was over in a matter of seconds. This is the first plane
1 have ever seen brought down at night.

"I am most anxious to get down and visit my old Bat-
talion as soon as I possibly can. and see how the boys fared
in the recent strenuous fighting. Of course, we all know
that the Canadians have so far given a magnificent account
of themselves, and have added to their glory in this battle.
However. I am naturally anxious about some of my good
friends in the Battalion, and would like to know how things
went with them. Just at present, however, our motor trans-
port is so busy that it is doubtful if I can get a car to run
down for a few days yet. However, by that time things will
have quietened down, and I may be able to spend a day with
them if they are out of the line then. Yesterday mail came
in from Canada postmarked Toronto July 24th, making 18
days for the journey, which is rather remarkable. I did not
get any letters, but am looking forward to getting some in
to-night's mail when the balance of this Canadian mail will
reach us.

"The chap with whom I was on leave last year (I think
I sent you a snap taken at Versailles of the two of us) has
left the llGth Orderly Room, and when last I heard from
him he was down at the Canadian Corps School taking a
general infantry course, which was to be completed on August
.5th. This would bring him back in time for the rush, and as
he had left the Orderly Room. I am afraid that probably he
went in as a platoon sergeant, and I am greatly worried about
him. I sometimes feel that I am so far away from the acp
tual big things in this war since I transferred that I am not
doing any useful work, and have a longing to get back to the
heart of things, so do not be surprised if )'ou hear shortly that
I have again changed over. Of course, if I do go back, this
time I want something better than I had when I was there
previously, and I am for that reason for one. anxious to get
down to see the Canadians, to see how the land lies."

The Square D. Company, safety switch manufacturers,
announce the appointment of Mr. R. J. A. McCleary to suc-
ceed Mr. John Plate as manager of their office and factory
at Walkerville. Ontario. Mr. McCleary was formerly pur-
chasing agent for the Square D Company. Detroit, and has
been with them for about three years. Mr. Plate has re-
signed to enter the United States army and will be station-
ed for the present at Fort Dodge, Iowa.

THE KT.F.CTRICAL NF.WS

The Ontario Association of Electrical Contractors
and Dealers

A special meeting of tlie Toronto Electrical (.'ontractors'
Association was held in the King Edward Hotel on Tluirsday.
September 3(i, regarding the organization nf ■■'llic fJntario
Association of Electrical Contractors and Dealers." The
notice of this meeting reads as follows:

To All Members of The Toronto Electrical Contractors
Association.

Herel)y take notice of a Special Meeting at which the fol-
lowing Resolution is to lie presented for adoption:

VVHEREAS. in the opinion of the Executive Committee
it is considered desirable to organize an association to be
known as "The Ontario Association of Electrical Contractors
and Dealers," in affiliation with the National Association of
Electrical Contractors and Dealers forming a part of the
' Canadian division of the said National Association of Elec-
trical Contractors and Dealers:

AND WHEREAS application has been made for a charter
to incorporate the said proposed "The Ontario Association
of Electrical Contractors and Dealers" under the Ontario
Companies Act:

THEREFORE be it resolved that this Associatitm ap-
proves of the said proposed incorporation.

AND lie it further resolved, that ujion the incoriioratirm
and organization of the said proposed "The Ontario Associa-
tion of lilectrical Contractors and Dealers" this "The Toronto
Electrical Contractors Association" shall be deemed to be
merged in the said proposed "The Ontario Association ni
Electrical Contractors and Dealers."

AND be it further resolved that all members of this
"The Toronto Electrical Contractors Association" shall be
deemed ipso facto members of the said "The Ontario .\ssocia-
tion of Electrical Contractors and Dealers."

AND be it further resolved that all the moneys and assets
of this "The Toronto Electrical Contractors Association" be
turned over and'cpnveyed to the said "The Ontario Associa-
tion of Electrical Contractors and Dealers" an<l that this re-
solution shall be authority to the Treasurer and other officers
of this "The Toronto Electrical Contractors Association"' in
that behalf.

E. F. W. Salisbury,

Secrclarv.

Smoke Prevention -Coal Saving Suggestions

Just at thi-- time when the conserv.ition nl coal is an
absolute necessity and every practical suggestion for such
conservation is a shot at our enemy, everyone realizes that
smoke issuing from boiler stacks represents unused heat
units, but everyone does not realize that certain simple rules,
if observed in the fire room, will materially decrease this
loss. The suggestions herein are based on many years' ex-
perience of the Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Company's
comlnistion engineers and are liriefly outlined below.

1. Give your fireman an opportunity to acquire the fun-
damental principles of fuel burning.

3. If you have a difficult fuel problem, consult a com-
bustion engineer.

3. Prevent smoke by proper firing methods.

4. Use gauges to indicate exactly the condition of fire
bed at all times. As a minimum these gauges should con-
sist of draft gauge indicating draft in! .furnace above fuel
bed, draft gauge indicating drafts at boiler side of flue damp-
er and a steam flow meter for individual boilers.

.5. CDs is the principle product of complete combustion
of coal. Ten to twelve per cent. CO" should lie olitained in flue
gases to insure minimum fuel loss.

0. Avoid loss due to unburned coal in the ash.

7. If yon are wasting exhaust steam, ym are wasting
coal.

8. Do not permit grates to clog. A systematic nulliod of
keeping the air spaces clean must be followed.

9. Inspect the baffles in boilers as broken or kaky liaffles
raise the flue gas temperature and waste co:iI.

10. .\void leaking in of cold air around boiler setting.

11. Install stokers, fland firing Ls rapidly being recog-
nized as an obsolete and wasteful method of Tirin.g.

13. Clean scale from tubes as every ]>articlc of scale re-
presents wasted coal.

l.'i. .Avoid soot formation. .All boiler tubes should be
blown externally once every ei.ght hours when in continuous
service.

14. All smoke flues should be as short and straight as
possible. Flues should also be made air tight and all joints
and connections should be well fitted, caulked and riveted. Use
asbestos gaskets on clean-out doors.

-, l.'i. Locate flue dampers in front of boiler so that fire-
man will adjust them as required. Dampers located in rear
of boilers are seldom disturbed regardless of conditions.

l(i. The size of coal has much to do with capacity and
efficiency of boilers. In general, the air pressure penetrates
the fuel bed formed by coarse coal easi-er than that fi>rmed

Mr. W. L. Goodwin, who wiii be the chief
speaker at the Electrical Men's Banquet on
Tuesday Evening. October 15. 6.30 p.m.

by finer coal, resulting in disturbance of best furnace con-
ditions.

In addition to the above suggestions, the following
"don't fail to do" list should be followed.

Don't fail to: —

Keep the heating surface of the boilers free frfitii soot,
scale or oil.

Keep the fires level and free from holes.,

Do not carry- the fires so thin as to draw a Irib of excess
air through. <-- '' -', '\'

Do not carry the fires so thick as to have incomplete
combustion of the coal.

Do not soak the coal with water before firing.

Be sure the blow-off valves do not leak.

Do not have the safety valve popping off continually.

Cover steam pipes.

Do not waste steam through leaky valves or traps.

Never use live steam if exhaust steam is available and
can lie used as well.

An observance of the foregoing simple rules and sug-
gestions'should materially reduce the coal consumption of
the average plant.

Octolier 1, IMS

THE

I'.LECTRICA I, N I'.VVS

,'■.
f

LiaMT &, POWER COMPANY

PR R'lH Rn

MANUFACTURER

.^'^'^^

RETAILER

V s^

WHOLESALER

CAPITAL if>vr^/?//vG rv<£- /A^ousr/?y

THE PUBLIC

CONSUMER

In this unique ihawing, Mr. W. I., (lon.lwin illustrates the analogy lietueeii tlie ililTercnt parts nf a Wheatstone Rriilge and the various cli-
ntents in the electrical industry. There must be a projier ''balance" between the manufacturer, wholesaler, central station and retailer. The
public is the "battery" which lurnishes life to the whole comhinalion. If any one part of the isstrument fails to perfonti its proper function
residts are luisatisftictnrv all round.

New Duplex Instruments

In its new catalogue on Iiistrutneiits and Relays, just
published, tlie Westinghouse Company announces two new
duplex instruments for battery charging, marine, dental, tele-
graph, telephotte. farm lighting, and other compact instru-
ment panels where direct-current is involved. These duplex

instruments consist of any two standard type AW or type
F\\" instruments desired, mounted in an attractive dull-black
metal case. The type AW instnmients liave round open
faces, three inches diameter, with glass cover and rear
mounting studs; the type FVV have five-inch faces.

A Protection Against Reversed Phases

If a three-phase motor is disconnected from a circuit and
the phases reversed when it is reconnected, it will, naturally,
run backward. Such a reversal may occur and has occurred
when the motor is disconnected for repairs, through an error
in reconnecting leads at the power house, or sub-station, or
from a number of other causes. In many cases the reversal
of rotation of a motor, aside from the inconvenience it causes,
is not a serious matter as the error can be corrected at the

Illustfation of relay.

motor terminals. In other cases, however, serious consequ-
ences may result. The reversal of an elevator motor, for
instance, might result in wrecking the machinery and loss of
life. To protect motors against phase reverse where such
protection is necessary, the Westinghouse Electric & Mfg.
Co., have developed a reverse-phase relay with very positive

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Oi-tnlier 1, I'.lis

ami doiK-iiilalilc upLratiiig oliaractcristics. 11 a pliast- Is rr-
versed, or if a phase fails, nr if thu vultaije drojis In-low 7">
per cent of normal, the relay contacts close and trip the' cir-
cuit-breaker, either through a shunt-trip coil or by short-
circuiting an undcrvoltage trij) coil having a series reverse
resistor. The relay operates on the induction jjrinciple.
When ])riiperly connected the tortiue holds the contacts open .

R2S!Slor
-xAA/WV

■^ UndQrKll^<l(;^
Trip Coil.

To Trip Circuit

Voltaiji? Transformen
Mtmn 'used

Diagram of relay connections.

against the restraint of a spiral spring. On low
torque diminishes and the spring closes the en
reversal of phase connections the reversed torepi
spring in closing the contacts. The contacts
amperes at 250 volts or less.

volta
ntacis

ge the
( )n
ts the
ose .')

660 and 1000 Watt Heaters

In view of the fuel situation tliere will probably be a
general demand for electric air heaters this fall, and the Can-
adian General Electric Company offer the heater shown in
the illustration. These heaters are built with a cajiacity of
either (Hid watts or lOOO watts, either nickel plated or wilh

Japan case. While they are intended iirinciij.illy for the
early fall or the late spring days they will go a long way
■ towards helping out the heating system cm extremely ccdd
days. They are built for service; are stnmg, duralile and
neatly designed.

The Bell Telephone Co. have filed with the Board of Rail-
way Commissioners a new schedule of night rates for long
distance calls. Between the hours of 0 a.m. and 8.30 p.m.
the present day rates will apply, from 8.:^0 to, ll.liO the rate
will be (iO per cent, of the day rate, and from II.IIO p.m. to
() a.m. 40 per cent, of the day rate.

Both the gross earnings and surplus of the Montreal
Light, Heat & Power Co. continue to increase. For Aug.
the gain in. gross was .$61,045 and iii the surplus of $19,20S.
For the four months of the financial year the gross earnin.gs
increased $:ias,;J07, and the surplus .$H7,17T.

Annual Convention of Illuminating Engineers

The llluniin.-iling Engineering Society will hold its an-
nual convention at the Engineering Societies Building, New
\ ork on ( )cl. 10, lillH. War-time lighting economies, the
use of lietUr li.ghting in speeding up war production and
manufaclures, the li.ghting of camps. efTect of lighting cur-
tailment on crime, and automobile headlight laws will be
discussed.

Quebec Railway, Light and Power Co.

For the year ended June :!0 last, the gross income of
the Quebec Railway, Light & Power Co., was .$2,027,940. a
decrease of $.'J4,94.i. Operating and maintenance charges total-
led $1,2:{5,724, an increase of $79,75."), but fixed charges and
ta.xes were less by $9,418. .After writing off $20,789, the
net surplus is $(")«, 518. a decline of $4:i,152. The total surplus
now stands at $75:i,090. The company expended $24:1,225 on
maintenance account, which was char.ged to operation, in
order to maintain in a high state of efticiency the physical con-
dition of the prii|ierties and ]danl of llie company and its var-
ious subsidiary companies.

Hydro Power for Unionville

The ratepayers of Unionville, Out., recently iiassed a by-
law authorizing the expenditure of $10,000 for the purpose of
bringing in Hydro power. Work will be commenced in the
near future, b'ollowing the installation of Hydro power in
this ])lacc it is expected tliat the \illa.ge of Markham will
receive power by the same route instead of via Malvern, as
w.is contemplated.

B.C. Association votes to join National

The llritish t olumliia .\ssociation nf hUectrical (.'ontrac-
tors and Dealers, at their last meeting, unanimously voted to
associate themselves with the National .Association of Elec-
trical Contractors of the I'nited States.

Eugene F. I'hilliijs Electrical Works, Ltd., Montreal,
have received an order from the Ontario Hydro Electric
Commission for 9.000 feet of :i50,000 cm. :! conductor 12.000
V. paper insulated lead covered double steel tape armoured
cable.

W. j. Egan, Canadian Trade Commissioner, Cape Town,
South .Africa, states that there is an urgent need for electrical
supplies in that country — particularly material for telepht)ne
and telegraph systems.

Condulets— ^The Crouse-Hinds Company of Canada are
distributing a little folder, "."safety I'"irst .Switch Condulets,"
describing the MK series. :!0 to 200 amperes, fused, iron-clad
and fool-proof.

In tlie L'nited States tliere arc three cities in which the
electric railway fare is 10 cents ; one city pays 8 cents; 4:t
pay 7 cents and 85 pay 6 cents.

The Canadian Westinghouse Company have opened a re-
pair deiiartineiit and service branch at 10 Tcinjicrancc Slreel,
Toronlo.

McDonald & Willson, Limited, electric dealers, have
moved from 12 Oiieen Slreel East, ToroiUu. to ;;49 Yonge
Street.

( )cti<lit.T I. I!I1S

THE RLECTRICAL NEWS

Porcelain Enameled Reflectors

For Every Class of
Industrial Illumination

ABOLITES

Sliaile Ilolilcr, r...\vl Type
Abolile

Holder .S(»Lk(.l. Donu- Type Abolite

IIoIcIlt Suckcl, Diagonal
Type Abolite

the
mean

I XDL'S TKIA L Al'-OLITES have gained wide adoption throughout the ofticcs, I'ai-tories. and plants oi
'. Dominion. I'.y their uniformity and correctness of design and construction, they are depenchildc as a
;ans to liglning efticiency. The hoUler sockets are thoroughly ventilated with best heat radiation. Kcadi-
■j installed, the cost of maintaining tliem bright and ethcient is a minimum.

In bowl, dome, dia.gon^l, enameled holder-socket, boulevard and street front types. This excellent line
cif ivellectors is complete, furnishing a design .for every lighting re(|uirement. It is a safe line to buy and a
quick one to sell.

THE ADAMS-BAGNALL ELECTRIC CO., CLEVELAND, OHIO

RF T PRIMP I F I Tn 95 King St. E. 703 Confe''eration life.BIdg

. ILi. I. r IXIl^VJ!-.!:., 1_ 1 Ly., TORONTO WINNIPEG

406 Vancouver Bldg.
VANCOUVER. B.C.

401 New Birks Bldn
MONTREAL

Milling
Cutters

Taps
Reamers

Dies
Drills

A Line that is Made in Canada
Guaranteed and Sold on Merit.

Pratt & Whitney Co. of Canada, L

imited

Montreal

723 Drummond Bldg.

Dundas, Ont.

Winnipeg
1205 McArthur Bldg.

Vancouver

609 Bank of Ottawa Bldg.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Oct'.lier 1. 191>i

Current News and Notes

Brantford, Ont.

Tlie Brantford, Ont., hydro-electric commission have de-
cided upon the installation of nitrogen lamps for the down-
town street lighting, replacing the carbon lamps which for
maintenance and renewal have been found too expensive.
The city of \\'innipeg has offered to purchase the old lights.

Campbellford, Ont.

The Hydro-electric Power Commission of Ontario are
preparing plans for the construction of a hydro-electric plant
at Ivainey's Falls on the Trent River. At this point there is
a possible capacity of eight to ten thousand horsepower.

Gait, Ont.

Alterations are being made to the Gait hydro-electric sub-
station in order that current may be received at i:),200 volts
instead of 6,600, as formerly.

Gilbert Plains, Man.

A meeting of the ratepayers of Gilbert Plains, Man., was
held recently to discuss the possibility of installing a muni-
cipally owned electric lighting plant. Particulars and esti-
mates are being asked for.

Hamilton, Ont.

It is stated that the Hamilton, ( )nt., public have taken
very kindly to the p.a.y.e. system which will shortly be in-
stalled on all cars. The railway company hopes Tor an in-
crease in revenue and a decrease in accidents.

Kingston, Ont.

Employees of the Kingston, Portsmouth & Cataraqui
Railway Compan3', Kingston, Ont., have been voluntarily
granted a wage increase of 25 cents a day. Eleven conduc-
torettes are included.

St. John, N.B.

Tlie city council of St. John, X.B.. have resolved to in-
vestigate the possibilities of the Mispec Stream with a view-
to power development.

Smiths Falls, Ont.

Hydro energy from Merrickville was recently turned on
in the Smiths I^'alls system. The two local plants are being
overhauled and will take care of the load in supplying several

big industries.

Toronto, Ont.

The Toronto and Niagara I'owcr Company has made appli-
cation for the right to construct another cable- line from their
power house on Davenport Road, along the C. P. R. right-of-
way to a point where it will be convenient to branch ofT into
"V ork tohnship and to the town of Leaside. The reason given
is that the munition company at I.easide is in urgent need
of power.

Winnipeg, Man.

The Peerless Sales and Construction Comiiany, Winni-
peg. Man., dealers in electrical goods, have been incorporated.

Northern Aluminum Co., Ltd.

1305 Traders Bank Building
TORONTO, ONT.

Manufacturers of Aluminum

Ingot, Sheet, Tubing, Wire, Rod, Rivets,
Moulding, Extruded Shapes, also

Electrical Conductors
all Aluminum and Steel Reinforced

Litot Aluminum Solders and Flux

will solder aluminum to Itself or other metals

WRITE FOR INFORMATION'

AUENn50DERIN6 FLUX

A form for every use — stick,
paste, liquid or salts. Also a flux
for ALUMINUM— the only one.
Only flu.xes approved by National Board
of Fire Underwriters.

Given the preference by .\merica"s greatest
electrical and industrial corporations.
Samples free.

BISSETT & WEBB

126 Lombard Winnipeg, Man., Canada

afit
since

nHARHFlTOE

1*11 1 a sheet, rod or tube of Spatilding Hard Fibre in a dryer or

hang a piece of it in a hot place". You'll be convinced that it will

not dry out, become brittle, nor lose its toughness when used
near heat.

A 100 /o material for many purposes

Its electro rupture is 200-400 volts per 1/lfKX) inch of thickness;
tensile strength 10,000-20,000 lbs. per square inch; compressing
point. 38,000-42,000 lbs. per square inch; shearing strength 9,000-
lo.OOO lbs. per square incli. It can be machined, sawed, stamped,
bent, threaded, drilled and fimshed in many attractive ways.

Made in red. black and grey colors. Send for

samples. Our Specialty Department is equipped to
machine special parts to your own specification.

J. SPAULDING & SONS CO., Tonawanda. N. Y.

449 Broom Street,
New York City.

Suburb of Buffalo

li;i! Clinton Slicel,
C'liicago, 111.

October 15, 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Published Semi-Monthly By

HUGH G. MACLEAN, LIMITED

HUGH C. MacLEAN, Winnipeg, President.
THOMAS S. YOUNG, General Manager.
VV. R. CARR, Ph.D., Editor.

HEAD OFFICE - 347 Adelaide Street West, TORONTO

SUBSCRIBERS

The "Electrical News" will be mailed to subscribers in Canada and
Great Britain, post free, for $2.00 per annum. United States and foreign,
12.50. Remit by currency, registered letter, or postal order payable to
Hugh C. MacLean, Limited.

Subscribers are requested to promptly notify the publishers of failure
or delay in delivery of paper.

Authorized by the Postmaster General for Canada, for transmission
as second class matter.

Entered as second class matter July ISth, 1914, at the Postoffice at
Buffalo. N. Y., under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

Vol. 27 Toronto, October 15, 1918 No. 20

Continent's Total Water Power
Insufficient for Present Demands

What may be considered the most valuable contribution
to the year's literature on electrical progress, was the paper
recently presented by Dr. C. P. Steinmetz, before the Ameri-
can Institute, on the general subject of energy, coal and water
conservation. Dr. Steinmetz does more than deplore the
rapid depletion of the continent's hard coal areas — he points a
way to supplement them. And, first of all, he pricks that
bubble of illusion of the oft-repeated statement to the effect
that, after all, the coal doesn't matter so much — we have our
water powers left. In answer to this. Dr. Steinmetz points out
that if everj' drop of rainfall on this continent were caught
and transformed into power, it would not be sufficient to take
care of even the present day demands of our homes and in-
dustries, to say nothing of rapid and constant developinents.
At best our water powers, all of them put together, can
merely be used as supplementary to our coal supply. The
real source of energy to which we must look is the sun — and
here, in the author's opinion, lies the hope of the distant
future.

Dr. Steinmetz's suggestion for immediate conservation
lies in the use of the induction generator. The present type
of generating station is expensive, due to a multiplicity of the
necessary regulating and protective equipment, which makes
it impracticable to develop any but the largest and most
favorably situated waterfalls. By the use of the induction
generator the construction is greatly simplified and reduced

in price and, as a result, water falls from 50 h.p. upwards
could be utilized. By this arrangement the present system of
distribution from large generators out along a network of
lines to induction motors, would simply be reversed, and in-
stead we should have a number of small induction generators
feeding into a network of collecting lines. Small coal areas
could be utilized in the same way.

The subject is treated from the standpoint of the citizen
of the United States, but is no less interesting to Canadians
on account of our dependance on U. S. coal. Canada's water
powers, in proportion to our population, arc greater than those
of our neighbors, but much the same on the basis of area, a:id
plainly we have nothing to give away or waste. It may be
that the induction generator could be used to advantage on
some of our smaller waterfalls or coal or oil fields, or
possibly in connection with the utilization nf mir peat areas.

Disjointed Policy of City
Regarding Toronto Street Railway

The operating situation on the Torunto Street Railway
System has apparently become unmanageable from the com-
pany's standpoint and uncomfortable for the patrons. The
plain fact appears to be that the company has not enough em-
ployees to man the cars, and has trouble with those it has.
Quite recently an eflfort was initiated to train young women
as conductors, but the "Union" threatened a strike and appar-
ently the management have thought it best to drop the plan.
Overcrowding at rush hours, both on the company and city
lines, has reached a point where it hovers somewhere between
bestiality and immorality and there is no evidence of relief
in sight. The policy of the city as regards the street railway
company is, and always has been, absolutely disjointed, so
that the sum total of these spasmodic efforts is to embarass
the company's operations.

There is little chance of improvement in conditions so
long as no eflfort is made by the city authorities to advise
themselves of the actual and adverse conditions under which
the company is operating. While the two parties are continu-
ally at variance over even the sinallest details, the service
daily grows worse and the public bears all the inconvenience.
The Toronto Railway Company know how to give a good
service, because in former times it did so. All that is neces-
sary, we believe, is the removal of the whole question from
the political arena, and a capable committee to negotiate with
the company. There can be no excuse for waiting. No one
imagines or hopes that the city will be in a position to take
over the system when t)ie franchise expires. Whj' not settle
the question of franchise now. Give the company some
decent inoral support and then see to it that they live up to
their agreement. They will do it — willingly — if the city council
will give them such assistance as will make it possible.

Another Private Power Project

Encouraged by the recent success of the St. Lawrence
Power Company, the New York & Ontario Power Company
has applied to the International Joint Commission for appro-
val of its plans to construct a dam across the Little River on
the South branch of the St. Lawrence, at Ogden Island.
Canadian interests raise the objection that the dam would
seriously afifect navigation, and it is the intention of the gov-
ernment and the Dominion Marine .\ssociation to oppose
the company's application.

The St. Lawrence River has enonnous potentialities that
should be developed in the most efficient and economical
manner for future generations. The Canadian and American
governinents should keep the control of the river in their own
hands. The war necessity plea of the- St. Lawrence Power

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

October 15. 1918

Company cannot be urged in the case of the New York and
Ontario Company.

The present power shortage in the Province of Ontario
should convince the most skeptical that the water powers of
the St. Lawrence River must be fully developed at an early
date if our industries are not to suffer. This development
must not be undertaken a piecemeal way. but according to a
well-devised general plan, wliicli will make the most of every
available drop.

The alienation of little bits of power here and there
threatens to tnake the larger development scheme impractic-
able and well-nigh impossible. It seems as if the time had
arrived for the two Governments to get together, map out the
whole plan of construction and initiate it forthwith either
as a government enterprise or well-guarded concessions to
private companies. No diversion of any water and no devel-
opment work of any kind whatsoever should be considered for
one moment, however, that is not a part of the general pre-
determined plan of the total final utilization of the river.

Canada's Grounds of Opposition.

The Dominion Government is opposing the company's
application on the grounds that:

(1) It will interfere with the full and economic develop-
ment of the St. Lawrence system as regards the navigation
thereof and the power potentialities therein, which are com-
mon to both bordering countries and of equal advantage to
each country.

(3) It will interfere with the complete regulation, by a
dam at Canada Island, of the level and outflow of Lake On-
tario.

(3) The future development of the river will necessitate
the acquisition of any rights the applicant may have in the
river, and the Government of Canada considers it inadvisable
to create more.

(4) The St. Lawrence River has enormous potentialtics
that should be developed in the most efficient and economical
manner for future generations. Such a piecemeal jiolicy as
proposed is not in conformity with this doctrine.

The Dominion Government claiins also that original gran-
tees' rights from the applicants' claim title have lapsed, and
that the applicants, as successors, are now asking something
entirely different from the privileges granted by the original
acts of the. Legislature of New York,

Montreal Electrical Luncheon

The Montreal electrical luncheon' has made a promising
start for the 1918-19 season. The opening meeting, on Octo-
ber 2nd, was well attended, the discussion being confined
to the election of officers and committees, and to making
arrangements for the season. Mr. W. H. Winter of the Bell
Telephone Co. presided, and asked for such support as would
make the luncheons a credit to the electrical fraternity
of the city.

The following were elected members of the general
committee: — Messrs. R. J. Beaumont, Shawinigan Water &
Power Company; P. T. Davies, Southern Canada Power
Company, Limited; W. J. B. Drew, Montreal Pub'ic Ser-
vice Corporation; C. Duncan, Duncan Electrical Company,
Limited; M. C. Gilman, Packard Lamp Company; A, S.
Henry, Canadian Comstock Company, Limited; H. Hulatt,
Grand Trunk Railway Telegraphs; L. A. Johnson, Northern
Electric Company, Limited; J. McMillan, Canadian Pacific
Ry. Go's. Telegraphs; W. P. Roper. Canada Wire & Cable
Company, Limited; Wm. B. Shaw, Montreal Electric Com-
pany, Limited, and H. W. Wood, Canadian Crocker Wheeler
Company, Limited. In addition to these, the members of
the Finance, Luncheon, Papers, and Entertainment com-

mittees, whose names are given below, are members of the
general committee.

The papers committee consists of Messrs. G. C. Read,
(chairman), Montreal Light, Heat & Power Consolidated;
P. A. McFarlane, Bell Telephone Company; J. A. Shaw, Can-
adian Pacific Railway Company, and G. E. Templeman, Elec-
trical Service Commission; and the Luncheon Committee
of Messrs. S. W. Smith, (chairman). Electrical Equipment
Company, Limited, and A. J. Carroll. Eugene F. Phillips
Electrical Works, Limited.

Mr. W. H. Winter was again appointed president, and
Mr. T. H. Chennell re-appointed secretary-treasurer

The question of financing the luncheon was discussed
at some length, the expenses being nearly $200. The old
committee suggested that a fee of $2 be charged to those
who desired to becotne regular members of the luncheon.
although no one connected with the electrical industry would
be debarred from attending. After several other suggestions
had been inade, the following were appointed to look after
the financial arrangements, including contributions from the
large electrical companies — Messrs. J. \V. Pilcher, (chair-
man), Canadian General Electric Company, Limited: J.
J. Sorber, Economy Fuse & Mfg. Co. of Canada, Limited;
C. Thomson, Fred Thomson Company, Limited; and J. B.
Woodyatt, Southern Canada Power Company, Limited.

The question of emphasizing the social side of the lunch-
eons was brought up by Mr. Winter, and with this end in
view it was decided to appoint a committee to make ar-
rangements for one or more smokers. The following are the
committee: Messrs. A. Dwight Smith, (chairman). Northern
Electric Co. Limited; E. W. Sayer, Sayer Electric Co., and
A. C. Towne, Dominion Lamp Company.

A vote of thanks was passed to Mr. E. N. Hyde, the
chairman of last season's paper committee.

Montreal Tramways Company Gets Reasonable
Treatment

In view of the heavy advance in the cost of operating
street railways, the judgment of the Quebec Utilities Com-
mission in the appeals of the Montreal municipalities against
the decision of the Montreal Tramways Commission is ol in-
terest. The Utilities Commission varied that decision, but
found that there is justification for higher fares. In what is
known as the uniform tariff territory the fare is fixed at 6c
or .') tickets for 25c, with workmen's tickets at six for 25c,
in place of 5c or 6 tickets for 25c, and 8 tickets for 25c, re-
spectively, which were the old rates. The night tariflf of
15c cash is an addition of 5c. Transfers are free. The Com-
missioners only slightly varied the decision of the Tram-
ways Commission as to outlying districts, passengers going
from the uniform tariff territory to these outside districts
paying the city fare plus the fare in the outside municipali-
ties. The company claimed a 7c fare or 4 tickets for 25c. in
the uniform tariff territory with free transfers.

Under the contract of the city with the company, cer-
tain fixed charges have to be provided for, and the chief
points at issue were as to the probable additional charges
for maintenance and operation, which the company con-
tended justified it in asking for a 7c fare. The Commission
employed an accountant to check over the company's esti-
m.ates, -and he made an independent report upon the various
items. The conclusion on the increased cost of material is
that "sixty-one per cent of the average purchases to be made
in 1918-19 will actually cost .$423,884.60 more than they did
in 1916-17, and that sixty-two per cent, of the average pur-
chases to be made in 1918-19 will cost $189.965. 09 more than
1917-18. As the sixty-one per cent, in 1916-17 ainounted to
$1,017,830.83, and the sixty-two per cent, in 1917-18 to $1,-

October IT., lOlS

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

424.894.73. the percentage of increase is somewhat startling,
being roughly 43 and 13, respectively."

The Commission estimated the revenue under the old
schedule at $7,625,000, and the expenditure at .$9,249,407, in-
cluding interest on $36,286,295, the capital of the company,
as valued by the Tramways Commission. This would leave
a deficit of $1.624.407 — and "manifestly it is. under these
circumstances, impossible to maintain present rates." The
new tariff is estimated to yield $9,363,094, to meet expendi-
ture of $9,343,038, the latter sum including $93,630 for the
annual contribution to the contingent fund, not reckoned in
the first named estimate of expenditure.

"The margin between revenue and expense is very small
and we are not averse that it should be so. We are dealing
with a time of abnormal scarcity and high prices, .not one
in which to accumulate a reserve. Under the terms of the
contract the interests of the shareholders and of the citj^ of
Montreal as a corporation are quite sufficiently protected, and
the accumulation of a surplus can be left to a more favor-
able opportunity. As it is, the contract leaves us no option
in the matter of making the revenue meet the expense of
operation and maintenance. We have done this to the best
of our ability and, in our opinion, we should not be justified
in doing any more."

The new fares are now in operation, and the company
has also altered the old transfer system, by punching on the
transfers the point at which the passenger desires to change
cars. Hitherto passengers were able to transfer at any point
along the route without designating that point when board-
ing the car.

The report of the Montreal Tramways Co. for the year
ended June 30th, indicates that the surplus was drawn on
to the extent of $303,991, it now standing at $352,457. The
total earnings were $5,526,796. and the expenses $5,830,787,
this sum including three quarterly dividends of 2J4 per cent.,
the one due August 1st having been deferred.

Toronto Section A. I. E. E.

The programme at the October 4th meeting of the To-
ronto section of the .\.I.E.E. took the form of a discussion
on the subject: "The Grounded Neutral."

Mr. W. P. Dobson, in opening the discussion, outlined
the different methods of operation of h.t. lines, showing
that important and extensive systems were working with
dead ground, resistance ground, ungrounded star and delta
connections with evident satisfaction.

Mr. P. Ackerman dealt with the advantages of the iso-
lated neutral covering both Y and delta systems. Possibility
of maintaining operation with one line grounded w'as of
value .

Mr. H. C. Don Carlos was strongly in favor of a ground
with moderate resistance on h.t. lines as yielding less strain
on the insulation, but preferred the delta connection for dis-
tribution work. The grounding resistance results in less
mechanical strain on the generators and transformers; he
believes that a reactance shunted by a high resistance would
form the ideal ground connection. The Central Ontario sys-
tem had been operating some years with isolated Y, but it
was intended to ground in the near future to save the insu-
lators, which were showing signs of fatigue.

Mr. W. G. Gordon gave an interesting account of the
results from arcing grounds on an ungrounded system with
a theoretical consideration of the frequencies and voltages
possible under various conditions of resonance, etc.

Mr. A. J. Jones (Niagara Falls Power) is about to ground
a 22,000 volt, systeni. after running isolated for some years.
It was found that a circulating current of 800 amps, was

flowing between their W'estinghouse and G. E. generators,
but none between machines of the same make. Ground resist-
ance of 3 ohms, was proposed.

Mr. O. V. Anderson claimed that a distribution systeni
is subject to the same laws and reasoning as a transmission
system and grounding in both cases provides continuity of
service by locating trouble as soon as it occurs, which is a
much greater advantage than the possibility of operating
during a fault. The only case of telep'hone interruption in
his experience was found to be due to a bad ground on the
telephone company's own system.

Mr. D. A. McKenzie favored dead ground under all
conditions; the use of a resistance does away with the good
effect of the ground connection. The strain on transformers
would certainly be obviated by the reactance of the lines in
a large system.

;Mr. A. L. Mudge was strongly of the opinion that there
is room for difference of judgment in the matter of ground-
ing. For a typical small system of 20.000 kw. 22,000 or 44,-
000 volts, supplied by a single generating station, unground-
ed Y would be preferred. Some initial trouble had been
obviated by grounding.

Mr. E. T. T. Brandon showed that the costs of equip-
ment on a delta syst^-m were higher than with a grounded
Y.

Mr. F. T. Wynian stated that the cost of the main trans-
former would show small disparity. In any case a ground
connection should have a resistance or reactance to take the
strain off the transformer. In some cases transformers broke
down, due to the fact that the whole I'ne voltage was thrown
on the first few turns causing stresses which no transformer
would be expected to carry.

Mr. T. B. McCarthy (Can. Copper Co.) — On a 60 mile,
33,000 volt, line delta — delta connection found to be quite
o.k. ; some poles had been ournt, but the fact of its being
a wood pole line helped to keep the load on in case of a
short.

Mr. H. B. Dwight believed the problem to be one of
operating voltage. Below 60.000 v. it might be all right to
operate with isolated neutral.

Mr. P. Ackerman was of the opinion that ground resist-
ance should be as low as possible; preferably nil. It has no
draining off function because this is effected by the lightning
arresters. As to the strain on transformers, they should be
designed to carry a short circuit to ground in any event.

Mr. R. W. Osborne pointed out that while ordinary fre-
quenc)' occasions no disturbance on telephone lines the
higher harmonies induced on the h.t. lines do cause trouble
and therefore grounding is more necessarj' on h.t. than on

l.t. systems.

Messrs. P. A. Borden and R. R. Stevenson also spoke
briefly.

The Electric Club of Toronto

The Electric Club of Toronto held two more successful
luncheons on September 27 and October 4. On the former
Friday Mr. Walter Chapman, the well-known ar.chitect, was
the speaker on ."Architecture." On Friday, October 4th, Mr.
J. A. D. McCurdy, Canada's pioneer airman, described the
evolution of the aeroplane beginning with the earliest his-
tory of the "gliding" machine, up through the controversy
between the "heavier than air" and "lighter than air" ad-
vocates, to the present day. The members were specially
pleased to have with them on this occasion, also, Mr. McFar-
lane. the president of the Bell Telephone Company, who
spoke briefly.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

October 15, 1918

The Energy Supply of North America

Dr. Steinmetz Before the A.I.E.E. urges the Conservation of Coal and the Utilization
of all Possible Water powers— The Supply of Both is Limited

The only two sources of energy which are so plentiful
as to come into consideration in supplying our modern in-
dustrial civilization, are coal, including oil. natural gas, etc.,
and water power.

While it would be difficult to estimate the coal consump-
tion directly, it is given fairly closely by the coal production,
at least during the last decades, when wood as fuel became
negligible; and export and import, besides more or less bal-
ancing each other, were small compared with production.
Coal has been mined since 1822, and in Table 1 is recorded
the coal production of the United States, from governmental
reports — the decennial averages in millions of tons per year.
Table I.
Average Coal Production of the United States.

Year Million tons Percent increase'

per year
1825 0.11

1830 0.32 22.4

1835 0.S3 19.7

1840 1.92 17.0

1845 4.00 14.5

1850 T.46 10.45

. 1855 10. S 8.35

1860 16.6 8.72

1865 25.9 9.22

1870 40.2 8.58

1875 56.8 7.42

1880 82.2 7.95

1885 122 6.80

1890 160 5.40

1895 206 5.75

1900 281 6.96

1905 404 6.60

1910 532

Estimating the chemical energy of the average coal as
a little above 7,000 calories, the chemical energy of one ton
of coal equals approximately the electrical energy of one kilo-
watt-year 124-hour service). That is, one ton of coal is ap-
provimately equal in potential energy to one kilowatt-year.
Thus, the annual consumption of 867 million tons of coal
(estimate of this year's production) represents in energy 867
million kilowatt-years. However, as the average efliciency
of conversion of the chemical energy of fuel into electrical
energy is probably about 10 per cent, the coal production
would be able, if converted into electrical energy, to give
about 87 million kilowatts.

Assuming, however, that only one half of the coal is
used for power, at 10 per cent efficiency, the other half as
fuel, for metallurgical work, etc., at efficiencies varying from
10 to 80 per cent, with an average efficiency of 40 per cent,
we get in electrical measure 217 million kilowatts (24-hour
service) as the total utilized energy of our present annual
coal production of 867 million tons.

Potential Water Powers of the United States
Without considering the present limitation in the deve-
lopment of water powers, which permits the use of only
the largest and most concentrated powers, we may try to
conceive the total amount of hydraulic energy which exists
in our country, irrespective of whether means have yet been

devloped or ever will be developed for its complete utiliza-
tion. We then proceed from the estimation of the energy of
the total rainfall.

The total rainfall of the North .\merican continent be-
tween 30 and 50 degrees latitude represents 3000X10" kg-m.
This equals 950 million kilowatt-years (24-hour service).
That is, the total potential water power of the United States,
or the hydraulic energy of the total rainfall, from the eleva-
tions where it fell, down to sea level, gives about 1000 mil-
lion kilowatts.

However, this is not available, as it would leave no water
for agriculture; and, even if the entire country were one hy-
draulic development, there would be losses by seepage and
evaporation.

An approximate estimate of the maximum potential pow-
er of the rainfall, after a minimum aUowance for agriculture
and for losses, (in this, 12.5 cm. rainfall has been allowed
for wastage, and 25 and 37.5 cm. respectively, for agriculture,
where such is feasible) gives as total available potential en-
ergy about 1200X10" kg-m., or 380 million kilowatts (24-hour
service) .

Assuming now an efficiency of 60 per cent from the
stream to the distribution centres, there remain 230 million
kilowatts (24-hour service) as the maximum possible hydro-
electric power which could be produced if, during all seasons,
every river, stream, brook, or little creek throughout its en-
tire length from the spring to the ocean, together with all
the waters of the freshets, could be and were used. It would
mean that there would be no running water in this coutitry;
in fact, there would be only stagnant pools connected by pipe
lines to turbines exhausting into the next lower pool. Obvi-
ously, we could never reasonably hope to develop more than
a part of this power.

It is interesting to note that the maximum possible hy-
draulic energy of 230 million kilowatts is little more than
the total energy which we now produce from coal, and is
about equal to the present total energy consumption of the
country including all forms of energy.

This is rather startling. It means that the hope that
when coal once begins to fail we may use the water powers
of the country as source of energy is and must remain a
dream; for if to-day all the potential water power of the
country were developed and every rain drop used it would not
supply our present energy demand.

Thus hydraulic power may and should supplement coal
as a source of power, but can never replace it.

This probably is the strongest argument for efforts to
increase the efficiency of our means of using coal.

Solar Radiation.
The source of energy, which is practically unlimited, if
it only could be used, is solar radiation. Estimating the solar
radiation at the earth surface as 1.4 calories per sq. cm. per
min. would give, per sq. cm. horizontal surface between lati-
tudes 30 and 50, assuming 50 per cent, cloudiness, an average
throughout the year (24 hours per day) of about 0.14 cal-
ories per sq. cm. horizontal surface per min. and on the
total area of North America, between 30 and 50 latitude, 8.3
million square kilometres, a total of approximately 800,000
million kilowatts (24-hour service) — a thousand times as
much as the total chemical energy of our coal consumption.

Octolier 15. I'.JIS

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

2:i

or 800 times as mucli as tlio potfiitial L-nergy nf the total rain-
fall .

Considering that the potential energy of the rainfall —
from surface level to sea level — is a small part of the poten-
tial energy spent by solar radiation in raising the rain to the
clouds, and that this is a small part of the total solar radia-
tion, the foregoing is reasonable.

Considering only 3.7 million square kilometers, which
are assumed as unsuited for agriculture, and assuming that,
in some future time and l)y inventions not yet made, half
of the solar radiation could be collected, this would give an
energy production of 130.000 million kilowatts.

Thus, even if only one tenth, or Ki.OOO million kilowatts,
of this could be realized, it would be tiiany times larger than
all the energy of coal and water power. Here then would be
the great source of energy for the future.

Hydro-electric Stations — The Modern Synchronous
Generator Station.

In developing the country's water powers, thus far only
those of greatest energy concentration have been considered,
that is, those where a large volume and a considerable head
of water were available within a short distance.

This led, as the best solution for the problem, to the
present type of hydro-electric generating station. Due to
the high powers controlled by these stations, the auxiliary
and controlling devices have become so numerous as to make
the station a complex structure requiring high operating skill
and involving high cost of installation.

Not only are all these devices necessary for the safe oper-
ation of the station, but at the same time it must be expect-
ed that, with the further increase of power of our electric
systems, additional devices will become necessary for safe
and reliable operation. One such device is the automatic
recording- apparatus, such as the multi-recorder.

With this type of station it obviously is not possible, in
most cases, to develop water powers of small and moderate
size, and a generating station of a thousand horse power will
rarely, or one of a hundred horse power hardly ever, be eco-
nomical.

On the other hand, a hundred horse power motor instal-
lation is a good economical proposition, and the average
size of all the motor installations is probably materially be-
low one hundred horse power.

It is startling to see how large a part of the potential
water power of the country is represented by relatively small
areas of high elevation, in spite of the relatively low rainfall
of these areas. As most of these areas are at considerable
distances from the ocean, most of the streams are small in
volume. That is, it is the many thousands of small mountain
streams and creeks, of relatively small volume of flow but
with high gradients affording fair heads, which apparently
make up the bulk of the country's potential water power.

Only a small part of the country's hydraulic energy is
found so concentrated locally as to make its development
economically feasible with the present type of generating
station. Therefore some different and very much simpler type
of'generating station must be evolved before we can attempt
to economically develop these many thousands of small hy-
draulic powers, and collect the power of the mountain streams
and creeks.

Simplification of the Hydro-electric Station.

The following discussion of the simplilication of the
Hydro-electric station to adapt it to the utilization of smaller
powers is limited to the case where smaller hydraulic sta-
tions fed into a system containing some large hydraulic sta-
steam-turbine stations from which the system may be con-
trolled.

We may eliminate the low-tension busbars, with gener-

ator circuit breakers and transformer low-tension circuit
breakers, and connect each generator directly to its corres-
ponding transformer, making one unit of generator and trans-
former, and do the switching on high-tension busbars which,
with the circuit breakers, can be located outdoors. While it
is dangerous to transformers to perform the switching on
tlie high-tension side, due to the possibility of cumulative os-
cillation, this danger is reduced by the permanent connec-
tion of the transformer to the generator circuit, and is less
with the smaller units used in small power stations, and there-
fore permissible in this case. However, the simijlification
effected is pronounced, since ammeters, voltmeter and syn-
chronizing devices with their transformers are still retained on
the low tension circuits.

Since it is not economical to operate at partial load, pro-
per operation of a hydraulic station on a general system
requires that as many units operate fully loaded as there is
water available for, and to increase or reduce the number of
units (of turbine, generator, and transformer, permanently
joined together) with the changing amount of available water,
thus using all the energy of which the water is capable.

In this case the turbine governors, with their more or less
complex hydraulic machinery, may be omitted. If then the
generators are suddenly shut down by a short circuit which
opens the circuit breakers, the turbines will race (run up to
their free running speed) until the gates are shut by hand.
However, generators and turbines must be able to stand this
as even by the use of governors the turbines may moment-
arily run up to their full speed, in case of sudden opening of
the load, before the governors can cut off the water. Where
this is not desirable, some simple excess speed cut-off may be
used.

When eliminating the governing of turbines and running
continuously at full load, the question may be raised whether
generator ammeters are necessary, as the load is constant and
is all the power that the water can give. With synchronous
generators, however, the current depends not only on the load
but also on the power-factor of the load, and with excessively
low power-factor due to wrong excitation the generators may
be overheated by excess current, while the power load is well
within their capacity. Thus ammeters are necessary with
synchronous generators. As soon, however, as we drop the
use of synchronous generators and adopt induction generators,
the ammeters with their current transformers may be omitted,
since the current and its power-factor are definitely fixed by
the load. At the same time, synchronizing devices, together
with potential transformers, generator voltmeters, etc., become
unnecessary. A station voltmeter may be retained for general
information but is not necessary, as the voltage and frequency
of the induction generator station are fixed by the controlling
synchronous main station of the system.

With the adoption of the induction generator the entire
exciter plant is eliminated, as the induction generator is ex-
cited by lagging currents received from synchronous machines,
transmission lines, and cables existing in the system. Thus
are dispensed with the exciters, exciter buses, ammeters, volt-
meters, alternator field rheostats, etc.; in short, most of the
au.xiliaries of the present synchronous station become unne-
cessary.

Thus, the solution of the problem of the economic devel-
opment of small water powers is found in the adoption of the
induction generator.

Stripped of all unnecessaries. the smaller hydro-electric
station would comprise:

Hydraulic turbines of simplest form, continuously oper-
ating at full load, without governors.

Low voltage induction generators directly connected to
the turbines.

Step-up transformers directly connected to the inductio.i
generators.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

October 15, 1918

High-tension circuit breakers connecting the step-up
transformers to the transmission line. In smaller sta-
tions, even these may be dispensed with and replaced
by disconnecting switches and fuses.
Lightning arrester on the transmission line, where the
climatic or topographical location makes these neces-
sary.
A station voltmeter, a totaling ammeter or integrating
wattmeter and a frequency indicator may be added for
the information of the station attendant, but are not
necessary, as voltage, current, output, and frequency
are not controlled from the induction generator sta-
tion, but from the main station, or are determined by the
available water supply.

It is interesting to compare this induction generator sta-
tion lay-out with that of the modern synchronous station.
However, it must not be forgotten that the simplicity of the
induction generator station results from the transference of
all the functions of excitation, regulation, and control to the
main synchronous stations of the system, and thus the induc-
tion generator stations are feasible only as adjuncts to at
least one large synchronous station (hydraulic or steam tur-
bine) in the system, but can never replace the present syn-
chronous generator stations in their present field of applica-
tion.

Automatic Generating Stations.

With the enormous simplification resulting from the use
of the induction generator it appears quite feasible, to make
smaller hydroelectric generating stations entirely automatic,
that is, operating without attendance beyond occasional
(weekly or daily) inspection.

Such an automatic generating station would comprise a
turbine with low-voltage induction generator housed under a
shed, and an outdoor step-up transformer conected into the
transmission line with time fuses and disconnecting switches.

It is true that in the big synchronous generating stations
of thousands of kilowatts, the cost of auxiliaries, such as ex-
citer plant, regulating and controlling devices, etc.. is only a
small part of the total station cost, and little would there-
fore be saved by the use of induction generators. No induc-
tion generators would, however, be used for such stations.
But the cost of auxiliaries and controlling devices, and the
cost of the required skilled attendance decrease far less with
decreasing station size than that of the generators, whether
synchronous or induction, or, in other words, with decreasing
size of the station (per kilowatt output) the cost of auxili-
aries and controlling devices, and of attendance, increases at
a-far greater rate than that of the generators, and very soon
makes the synchronous station of the present type uneco-
nomical.

It is also true that in the big modern hydraulic power
systems, the cost of the generating station usually is a small
part of the cost of the hydraulic development. Therefore,
any saving in the cost of the generating station would be of
little influence in determining whether the hydraulic develop-
ment would be economical. With decreasing size of the water
power the cost of the hydraulic development per kilowatt out-
put usually increases so rapidly as to very soon make the de-
velopment of the water power uneconomical, no matter how
simple and cheap the station is.

Value of the Induction Generator.

However, the value of the induction generator lies not
so much in the reduction of the cost of the generating station
as in the reduction of the cost of the hydraulic development,
through making it possible to apply to the electric generator
the same principle which has made the electric motor "econ-
omically so successful. Collect the power electrically just as
we distribute it electrically.

We do not, as in the days of the steam engine, convert
the electric power into mechanical power at one place by
one big motor and distribute it mechanically by belts and

shafts: but we distribute the power electrically, by wires, and
convert the electric power to mechanical power, wherever
mechanical power is needed, by individual motors through-
out mill and factory.

In the same way we must convert the hj'draulic, that is,
the mechanical power, into electrical power by individual
generators located along the streams or water courses within
the territory, wherever power is available, and then collect
this power electrically by medium-voltage collecting lines and
high-voltage transmission lines, and =0 eliminate most of the
cost of the hydraulic development, to solve the problem of
the economical utilization of the country's water powers. If
we attempt to collect the power mechanically, that is, by hy-
draulic development which gathers the waters of all the
streams and creeks of a territory together into one big station
and there converts it into electric power, the cost of the hy-
draulic development makes it economically hopeless except
under unusually favorable conditions where a very large
amount of power is available within a limited territory, or
where nature has done the work for us in gathering consider-
able power at a waterfall, etc.

It is the old problem and the old solution: If you want
to do it economically, do it electrically.

Naturally then, we would use induction generators in
these small individual stations, just as we use induction
motors in individual motor installations,, but, where large
power is available, there is the field of the synchronous
generator, where the induction generator is undesirable, just
as the synchronous motor is preferable where large power is
required — unless the synchronous motor is excluded by con-
ditions of starting torque, etc.

.'\t first, and for some time to come, we would not con-
sider going down to sizes of induction generators anywhere
near as small as are common in induction motors. However,
throughout the country, there are undoubtedly many millions
of kilowatts available in water powers which can be collected
by induction generator stations from 50 horse power upwards,
and which at fair heads, would require no abnormal machine
design (no very slow speed).

Consider the instance of a New England river with a de-
scent in its upper course of about 1,100 feet of varying gra-
dient within five miles: at three places where the gradient is
steepest, by a few hundred feet of cast-iron pipe and a small
dam of 20 to .30 feet length and a few feet height (just enough
to cover the pipe intake), an average head of 150 feet can be
secured, giving an average of 75 horse power each, or a total
of 225 horse power or 170 kilowatts. This would use some-
what less than half the total potential power. The develop-
ment of the other half, requiring greater length of pipe line
or involving lower heads, would be left to meet future de-
mands for additional power.

The installation of an electric system with 170 kilowatts
would hardly be worth while; but there are numerous other
creeks throughout the territory from which to collect power
and which within a few miles pass high potential transmission
lines, coming from big synchronous stations into which the
power-collecting lines from the induction generator stations
could be tied and from which they could be controlled.

Thus, the large modern synchronous station has its field
and is about as perfect as we know how to build stations for
large concentrated powers; but beyond this there is a vast field
and therefore an economic necessity for the development of a
different type of hydraulic generating station to collect the
scattered water powers of the country, and that is the induc-
tion generator station, to which it is desired to draw attention.

Caution must be exercised, however, not to mistake small
power and low-head power. There are, on the lower courses
of our streams, some hydraulic powers which are relatively
(Concluded on page 38)

October ir>, 191S

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Japanese Electrical Exhibition

Shows Possible Markets and Competition to be Expected^ A Country Wide
Awake to After War Needs and Preparing to Meet Them

Unc of the finest and most creditable exhibits illnstrative
of any industry in Japan was that lately held at Uyeno I'ark,
Tokyo, by the Japan Klectrical Society in commemoration
of its twenty-fifth anniversary. To one not acquainted with
the rapid progress made in all lines of industry in this coun-
try, the exhibtion just closed would come as a surprise.
When we remember that up to thirty years ago electric en-
ergy was never used in Japan, other than the weak current
necessary for telegraph and telephone lines, it is all the more
remarkable to witness specimens of almost every known
electric device. The use of electricity has become very wide-
spread during the last twenty years, as may be judged by
the number of electric-lighting companies in Japan, which
in 1915 exceeded 485, using 8,400.000 lamps, or by the num-
ber of electric motors in use, which amounted in 1915 to 43,-
000 in number, developing 183,704 horse-power, and also by
the electric tram lines, which totalled 71 in number in 1915,
with an aggregate total mileage of over 1,385 miles. During
the last three years still greater advancement has been made,
but the figures for these years have not as yet been officially
announced.

Object of Exhibirion.

In 1896 the Japan Electrical Society was formed for the
purpose of promoting electrical science and industry. During
the last twenty years this society has been very active in its
propaganda and has been successful in its aims, so much so
that to-day there is hardly a family in any of the cities and
towns of Japan which does not know some at least of the
many advantages to be derived from electric energy. Furth-
ermore, since the outbreak of war in Europe this society
has been able to direct its efforts towards greater progress
in peaceful pursuits, while the Allies have been wholly taken
up with the affairs of war. It has been this peace footing
that has therefore helped the electrical industry of Japan
to make sure its foundation of success, and to prepare ac-
cordingly for the great competition that will surely break
once peace is declared.

With the further intention of strengthening the position
of electrical enterprises in this country, the Japan Electrical
Society decided to open an extensive electrical exhibition
which would embody all the representative branches of the
industry.

General Plan of the Exhibit.

From the first announcement of this exhibition, appli-
cations poured in from electrical industries all over Japan.
In order to give each exhibit sufficient space to make a cred-
itable showing it was decided that it would be best to only
allow a limited number of firms to exhibit their goods. The
management with this end in view, could only accept the
first 237 applications, those who applied late having to be
declined on account of lack of space. On the average the
allotment to each exhibit amounted to 7 tsubo or about 38
square yards; some of course were much larger and others
smaller.

Classification of Exhibits.

The exhibts were divided into thirteen classes, as fol-
lows:—

Class 3. — Electro-chemical industry: Electrolysis, electric

By A. E. Bryan, Canadian Trade Commissioner at Yokohama.

and utensils, toilet sets, cleaning utensils, stoves and furn-
aces, laundry appliances and fittings, electric fans, small elec-
tric motors, their appliances, electric bells and indicators.

Class 3. — Electro-channel industry: Electrolysis, electric
furnaces, machines, apparatus and tools relating thereto, their
products.

Class 3. — Electrical communications: Telegraphs, tele-
phones, electric signals, etc.

Class 4. — Electric illuminations: Electric lamps, materials
used for the fabrication of lamps, shades and globes; electric
illumination appliances, electric advertisements, etc.

Class 5. — Generation and distribution: Generators, trans-
formers, switchboards, conducting wires, cords, connecting
appliances, meters, lightning rods, switches.

Class 6. — Application of electric current: Motors and
appliances, devices for the application of the electric current.

Class 7. — Electric vehicles: Electric automobiles, aero-
planes, motor-boats.

Class 8. — Electricity and agricultural, mining and fishery
industries: Machines used in mining, machines and farm
implements used in agriculture, fittin.gs and tackle used in
fisheries, etc.

Class 9. — Development of electricity.

Class 10. — Materials used in electric industry.

Class 11. — Electro-physical and chemical apparatus, elec-
tric medical appliances: Physical and chemical apparatus,
medical and surgical apparatus and appliances.

Class 13 — War and electricity: Ordnance, war requisites
with the application of electricity.

Class 13. — Government and school exhibits, etc.

Unfortunately these classes were not adhered to very
strictly in arranging the layout of the exhibition. Thus we
might see a demonstration of cooking utensils in four differ-
ent buildings mixed up with other varieties of electrical sup-
plies. If each class of goods could have been shown together
the exhibition would not have seemed^nearly so complicated
in the minds of the general public.

A Typical Building.

A typical exhibition was that of a large Japanese elec-
trical and engineering works. Here were demonstrations
of the use of electricity as applied to industrial and house-
hold work. A large horizontal electric crane was seen travel-
ling up and down. Attached to this was a powerful magnetic
lift which demonstrates how iron and steel rails may be picked
up and loaded into cars with a magnet. In one corner of
the building was a small model of an up-to-date electric
shipyard derrick with similar magnetic lift attached. Then
again many different kinds of motor and motor machinery
such as electrically driven lathes, milling machines, drills,
planers, etc., were all in operation for the benefit of the pub-
lic. In another part of this building was a display of switch-
boards, together with a model elevato,r, while in yet another
were many kinds of household utilities such as electric heat-
ers, irons, hot water bags, laundry machines, ice-cream
freezers, etc.

Electric Stoves.

The first exhibit to be seen in the eastern pavilion was
that of an Osaka concern who were showing electric cooking
stoves and heaters for household purposes. Most of the
Stoves shown were intended for Japanese use, being only a

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

October 15, 1918

foot and a half high, as the Japanese of course, cook sitting
on the "tatami" (Japanese floor). There were one or two for-
eign models on display also. One style with two ovens, and
two large and two small cooking plates sold retail for yen
450. Compared to Canadian electric stoves the above model
was inferior both in workmanship and in design. It was said
that the Japanese have not been able as yet to manufacture
electric cooking stoves of the same quality as those of Cana-
dian origin, nevertheless they are to be complimented on
the progress they had made in this direction, for the electric
stove industry is only in its infancy here. It stands to reason
that improvement will be made on cooking stoves, as has
been done on other electric devices which are now made to
perfection in this country.

Of mucli interest were the electrified Japanese hibachi
which were in display here and in other exhibits. This Jap-
anese stove is really a wooden box or a round bowl-shaped
container which is filled with charcoal ashes nearly to the
top. In these ashes charcoal is burned and it is upon this
that the ordinary Japanese family cooks its meals and secures
its heat in cold weather. Instead of the charcoal, the elec-
tric hibachi have an electric coil operated on the same prin-
ciple as are electric toasters. On account of the present high
prices of charcoal, the new electric stove ought to prove very
popular amongst Japanese families in towns and cities where
nearly all have electric light installed in their homes.

Electric Insulators.

Another interesting display in this pavilion was one ad-
vertising porcelain insulators; a strong current was made to
pass a spark six or eight inches long from brass wires pro-
jecting from porcelain insulators which passed in succession
under a main wire, illustrating the efficiency of the insula-
tion. The sight of this big spark was very interesting to the
public and drew crowds of spectators.

There were many interesting exhibits showing other var-
ious kinds of insulating materials made from ebonite, mica,
asbestos, caoutchouc, rubber electric cables, marble, etc.
Each was represented by a company specializing wholly in
that particular insulator. The asbestos booths were particu-
larly interesting in that samples of Canadian asbestos were
on view along with Russian, African, and Italian asbestos.

Turbines.

There were many -exhibits of turbines of various forms
from the ship turbine to the water turbine used in power-
houses.

Wire Cables.

What were considered to be the best displays in the
whole exhibit were those of the wire cable manufacturers.
It is remarkable what Japan has accomplished in this indus-
try. Plain copper wires, copper belts, armoured cables of all
descriptions, flexible copper wires, transmission wire, electric
bell wire, telephone and telegraph wire, asbestos-covered
wires and patent non-sulphur resistant rubber wires were all
shown on a most elaborate scale. Japan being one of the
greatest copper-producing countries in the world, has every-
thing in its favor for the manufacture of copper wire of all
kind.s. One or two of the exhibitors had displays of wire
arranged according to the countries to which the wire was
exported, showing that these firms were shipping electric
wire practically all over the world. Most of the wire manu-
facturers also showed brass products such as piping, tube's,
sheets, plates, etc.

Motors and Generators.

There were many splendid displays of electric motors of
all kinds. Probably it would be safe to say that there were
more motors than any other electrical machinery on exhibit,
in one form or another.

Electric Lights.
Three good exhibits of electric light bulbs of various
sizes and description were on view, and one company showed
the whole process of manufacture from the glass bulb to the
finished light. Other firms were showing electric sockets
and light fixtures, shades, etc.

Telephone and Telegraph Instruments.

There were six firms showing exhibits of communica-
tion apparatus of various kinds, three of which represented
telephone manufacturers and three telegraph and wireless
telegraph makers. The telephone has been in great demand
during the last two years and many have been manufactured.
So far the Post and Telegraph Departments, which control
the telephone system, have not been able to cope with the
demand. In Yokohama this month there were applications
for four thousand telephones, while the authorities could
only allot some one hundred and fifty new telephones, which
are being distributed by a process of drawing by lot — those
who draw the right numher will get telephones.

The wireless telegraph displays were very well arranged.
Not only were there instruments inside of the pavilions, but
there was set up outside of the buildings a wireless plant
which was sending and receiving messages during the whole
of the exhibition.

One is amazed on first arriving in Japan, with the num-
ber of wireless outfits that can be seen, when travelling
through the country, amateur outfits located in some back-
yard perhaps, as Japanese boys take a great interest in wire-
less telegraphy which accounts in part for its popularity in
this country.

Transformers
Eight displays illustrated the transformer industry in this
country — from the little common variety that one sees on
the telegraph poles up to the large power-house size — eight
and ten feet high.

Dry and Wet Batteries and Appliances.

There were seven different displays of batteries — from
the pocket flash light variety to the large storage batteries
used for lighting automobiles, houses, etc. Pocket flash lights
of different varieties were usually on display also.

Miscellaneous Electric Devices.
Other interesting displays were staged representing the
following: Automatic signals for electric cars, motor fans,
laundry machines, electric furnaces for baking china and
porcelain ware, elecric volt motors, tachometers, speed indi-
cators, electric pumps, electric rice cleaning mills, magnetos,
electric automobiles, electric clocks and electric pumps ol
every description.

Electric Railway Models.

Besides the models of electric cars which were shown
illustrating their mechanical workings, etc., the Imperial
Government Railways had a very attractive exhibit showing
dining, sleeping and other cars, as used on their lines. There
was also on display the first street car ever run on the streets
of Tokyo.

Surgical and Medical Supplies

Modelled after German designs, the exhibits of surgical
and medical apparatus presented, a very attractive appear-
ance. There were in all eight companies represented in this
class. To the layman the X-rays and various massage instru-
ments and healing appliances all looked to be equal of those
seen in other countries.

University Exhibits.

Besides those displays shown by each individual manu-
facturer, the universities of Japan each contributed a booth

October 15. 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

where some particular electric device as used for the instruc-
tion of students, was shown. Thus the NVaseda University
were exhibiting a vacuum discharge apparatus, the Imperial
University sets of anemometers, direct current dynamos, high
tension insulators, and electro-therapeutic machines, etc..
while the Tokyo Technical School had on view a three-horse
power reduction motor, besides transformers, etc.

Government Exhibits.

The various departments of the Japanese Government
displayed very interesting examples of the utility of electric-
ity.

The Naval Department had on view a very powerful
search-light such as is used on warships. .\ late model of an
anti-aircraft gun was also demonstrated with particular re-
ference to the electric motor controlling its movements. The
War Department showed some up-to-date army w-ireless out-
fits together with telescopic searchlights, etc. The Depart-
ment of Communications exhibited various kinds of telegraph
instruments, wireless apparatus and fittings therefor.

The Korean Government had an exhibit showing the
kind of telegraph and telephone system in vogue in that coun-
try. While the Imperial Government Railway of Japan and
the Manchurian Railway Company each has interesting ex-
hibits of passenger cars as used on these railways, and show-
ed also the illuminating systems therein.

Associate Electrical Products.

There were also some fine exhibits of products made
by the use of electricitj' or articles used in addition to electri-
citj' for the manufacture of some other commodities. Five
exhibits illustrated the calcium carbide industry, the carbide
was shown packed ready for shipment in steel drums which
were inserted in a W'Ooden case. Electric steel made in Jap-
an was exhibited by five diflferent companies. Carbon elec-
trodes from the smallest to the largest sizes were on view-
in three diflferent booths — other products which attracted one
on passing through the various pavilions were — carbon
brushes, caustic soda, bleaching powder, potassium chloride,
electro-chemistry apparatus, ferrochrome and ferro-silicon,
ammonium sulphate, zinc paints, electric soldering machines,
cement, metallic tungsten and oxides, antimony, electric hair
dressing requisites, and electro-plated wares such as cutlery
of all kinds, spectacle frames, etc. An electric incubator was
also demonstrating its ability to liatch out young chickens
before the eyes of many eager onlookers.

Model of Hydro-Electric Power Plant.

Probably the best arranged demonstration of any seen
at this exhibtion. as well as the most creditable to the man-
agement, was the modelled hydro-electric system which was
built up on one side of the exhibition grounds.

An artificial mountain fifty feet high, the foundation of
which covered about 3.540 square yards of land, was built up
with structural timbers, and covered with soil, rocks, turf,
trees and flowers in order to give it the appearance of a real
mountain, with all its natural appearances. Along the top
of this structure and at a slight decline ran an artificial river,
the head of which was really supplied with water by a mo-
tor and pump, but the scenic eflfects of which gave the ap-
pearance of a great lake out of which the stream wound its
way among rocks and ravines, all very natural in appear-
ance, to the head of the pipe that took it down to the tur-
bine or horizontal water wheel of Pelton tpye. constructed
by one of the exhibitors, and which developed a force of
150 horse-power. This water wheel was constructed with
glass sides so that the spectators could see the inward work-
ings of the machine. There was a dynamo connected with
this water wheel, and the electricity generated was then trans-
formed by means of three transformers to a higher tension

and distributed throughout the exhibition grounds to supply
the current needed for the many lights, search-lights, etc.,
which were lit up in the evenings.

Over this mountain and through the grounds high volt-
age wires were carried on steel frames, very similar to those
in use by the Ontario Hydro-Electric Commission, but which
were entirely constructed in this country.

A tunnel eighty-four feet in length ran through the
centre of this artificial mountain, and inside of which were
scenes depicting actual conditions of warfare on the West-
ern Front. There were also paintings by a famous Japanese
artist.

Electric Searchlights.

Each evening after dark a battery of thirteen powerful
searchlights situated on the top of the north pavilion, which
were provided by the Naval Department, would play on the
surrounding country and cast great streams of light on the
sky and on the lake Shinobozu. This was a unique sight for
the public of Tokyo and was very attractive.

Model Suite.
One exhibit which proved very popular was the model
Japanese suite of five or six rooms fitted up with all the pos-
sible electrical fittings that could be applied to a house, such
as electric stove, kettle, fan. lights, bath-tub heater, toasters,
irons, etc. This served as a demonstration for the Japanese
public in making their house comfortable and at the same
time was an advertising medium.

Reinforced Concrete Appliances.

One firm had a very interesting exhibit of concrete pro-
ducts as applied to electrical conveniences. A few samples of
concrete double-track trolley line poles were on view, while
there were also railway sleepers made of reinforced concrete.

Tokyo Educational Association.

This association had a booth fi.xed up in the form of a
laboratory where there were about twelve microscopes as
well as many different kinds of electrical toys and novelties
such as buzzers and shockers, which the general public were
privileged to use.

Why Not Conserve Jitney Gasoline?

While we have no fault to find with the fuel administra-
tor for establishing chugless Sundays- if the needs of the gov-
ernment for gasoline require them, and we accept his word for
this, we invite his attention to another way in which he can
stop the unnecessary use of a large amount of gasoline. We
refer to the suppression of jitne3'S. for whose waste of gaso-
line, rubber, and lubricating oil. all necessary to our military
forces, there is no economic excuse. Such action by the fuel
administrator would correct a manifest evil so far as the con-
sumption of these war essentials is concerned, and would also
release to the essential industries of the country or to actual
war service the men who drive these cars and the mechanics
who keep them in repair. Electric cars are common carriers
and have to run. and where an electric line is parallel to jitney
service it can furnish all the transportation needed both on
Sundays and on other days. — Electric Railway Journal.

Don't allow your Thanksgiving Holiday to in-
terfere with your plans for attending the Goodwin
banquet on Tuesday night.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

October 15, 1918

Detailed Description of Recently Installed
45,000 kw. Turbine-Generators

By J. P. Rigsby*-

The 45,000 kw. turbo-generator unit recently put into
operation in the power station of, the Narragansett Electric
Light Company at Providence, R.I., is of the now well-known
Westinghouse cross-compound, double unit type, consisting
of a high and low pressure turbine, each connected through
a flexible coupling to its own generator, having a capacity of
32,500 kw., and mounted on separate bedplates supported on
foundations lying parallel to each other. The generators are
arranged to feed separately or together to the main bus.

This type of turbine is very successfully exemplified by the
three 30,000 kw. units installed a few years ago in the 74th
Street Station of the Interboro Rapid Transit Company, New
York. Steam enters the high pressure turbine through suit-
able governor-controlled valves, passes through this single
flow element, and out through an exhaust on the top, and is
conducted by means of a receiver pipe overhead to the middle
of the double flow low pressure turbine alongside, where it
divides, flowing in opposite directions through low pressure
blading, then down through the exhaust chambers into two
Westinghouse Leblanc jet condensers of the latest type.

The energy given by the steam at full load is equally
divided between the high and low pressure turbines, the gen-
erators dividing the load in half; at lower loads a greater pro-
portion is carried by the high pressure element.

The unit was designed to operate with a steam pressure
at the throttle of 200 pounds with 100 deg. superheat and a
vacuum of 29 inches in the exhaust, while the generators have
a capacity of 23,750 kva., 11,000 volts, 3 phase, 60 cycles at 0.95
factor, the high pressure element having a speed of 1,800
r.p.m., and the low pressure 1,200 r.p.m.

There are four bearings to each unit, a flexible pin type
coupling being used to connect the turbine and generator.

The high pressure turbine is of the single flow reaction
type throughout, of a very simple, rugged construction, de-
signed for efficiency and dependability, all parts coming in
contact with high pressure steam being made of cast steel,
while the exhaust chamber and other parts not subjected to
high temperature stresses are of cast iron.

The pressure in the high pressure cylinder varies from a
maximum of about 200 pounds at the inlet to atmospheric pres-
sure in the receiver pipe at full load.

With the reaction type machine, high pressure steam is
admitted, of course, direct to the cylinder casing instead of
into nozzle chambers, as is the case with an impulse type.
This presents the problem of perfecting a horizontal joint on
a cylinder of considerable diameter that will be tight, and
stay tight, against 200 to 300 pounds steam pressure, or any
tendency to open, due to distortions from the high temper-
ature.

The high pressure end, or steel part of the cylinder, is
composed of two steel castings, 5 feet 10 inches inside diameter
and 13/4 inches thick, while at the joint the thickness gradu-
ally increases until it merges into a flange eight inches wide,
tapering to the outer edge. The bolts 2% inches in diameter
are spaced about one-third of the way from the inside edge,
and four inches between centers. These bolts, or studs, as
they really are, are tapped alternately into upper and lower
flanges registering with suitable bosses on the companion
flange. This method permits of a closer spacing of bolts, re-
moving less metal, and produces a stronger flange than by

"Engineer, Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company.

any other means. No gasket is used, the joint being scraped
to a surface.

The four rings containing the blades are not an integral
part of the main cylinder, but are made of separate castings
jointed in the middle, resulting in simplicity of construction,
freedom from strains, and the absence of those difficulties
inherent in a complicated steel casting, besides being a dis-
tinct aid in manufacturing as the machine work is not all done
on one piece, but can be divided among different machines, and
finally assembled when each piece is completed. These rings
are clamped in place, again saving expensive work on the main
castings.

The high pressure cylinder is supported on three points,
as usual, one under the governor, or thrust end, and one on
each side of the exhaust, near the center line, thus insuring
against distortions, or a possibility of misalignment, due to
differential expansions between the turbine and generator
supports from unequal temperatures.

The high pressure spindle consists of a hollow steel drum
about three feet in diameter, carrying most of the blading,
there being two blade rings of larger diameter on tlie one
end. and corresponding dummy rings, or balance pistons, on
the other. The spindle ends are pressed into the drum and
are secured with tee-headed shrink links, which are held in
place by the blade and dummy rings.

The stresses in the spindle parts are quite low, these parts
being made from ordinary carbon steel. However, strict care
is taken in making the castings in order to insure homogene-
ity, the precautions necessary to secure this uniformity having
been learned by long experience.

There are 24 rows of blades in the high pressure turbine,
ranging in size from one inch blades, 4 inches long, to 1J4 inch
blades, 9J4 inches long. These blades are unusually strong and
rugged, and they insure the highest efficiency and durability.
The maximum mean blade speed is 470 feet per second.

The steam passes out through an exhaust at the top of
the cylinder into a 66-inch receiver pipe leading over to the
low pressure turbine. .\ similar exhaust is provided directly
below, which connects through an automatic relief valve to
the atinosphere.

A gate valve is placed in the receiver pipe, in case it is
necessary to operate either turbine alone, the high pressure
turbine running non-condensing, under control of its own
governor, or the low pressure turbine, on steam admitted
through a 14-inch throttle from the high pressure line, it being
connected in step electrically with soine other unit in the
system.

Flexibility on the Steam Line.
Steam is supplied to the unit through a 24-inch header,
every care being taken to provide adequate flexibility to the
line. A standard Westinghouse type throttle valve with the
regular automatic stop features controls the admission. The
throttle valve steam strainer and primary steam chest, which
are located adjacent to the bedplate alongside the turbine,
are spring-mounted, so as not to impose a dead load on the
cylinder.

The low pressure element is of the straight double flow
reaction type. The steam entering at the top through the
above mentioned receiver pipe, passes around the spindle in
an annular chamber of ample proportions, and enters the low
pressure blading, there being eight rows in each end, ranging

October 15, 191S

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

from •>4-inch blades. 6 inches long, to I'-^-inch blades. 18
inches long.

The low pressure cylinder rests on four supports applied
near the centre line on each side of the exhaust cbamliers.
It is free to expand axially. sliding on these supports, the
turbine being anchored to the inboard generator pedestal.
A system of radial and axial stays in the exhaust chamber
produces extreme rigidit}-. minimizing the possibility of dis-
tortion, or sympathetic vibrations.

The low pressure spindle is composed of a central drum,
rigidly secured to the spindle ends. Upon each of these ends
are mounted two discs carrying the low pressure blades, the
maximum mean velocity of which is only 515 feet per second,
which precludes the necessity of using other than a reason-
ably good grade of cast steel in the blade rings. However,
owing to the double flow feature, ample blade area is pro-
vided to make the best use of a high vacuum and still main-
tain a conservative blade length in the last rows. Phosphor
bronze b'ades are used throughout, except the last three
rows in the low pressure, which are forged steel.

The low pressure cylinder is entirely of cast iron, com-
posed of a center section and two end sections, bolted and
spigoted together, and all split horizontally. The three upper
pieces are handled as one, the vertical joints never being dis-
turbed.

The high pressure steam admission is controlled much
the same as on all other Westinghouse machines, by means
of a powerful, though sensitive, governor, which operates the

of 100 to 110 degrees on vvliich the journal actually rests.

Both turbines are equipped with double Kingsbury thrust
bearings capable of taking the load in either direction, though
when running under load the thrust is toward the generator.
Under normal operation they are loaded to about 300 pounds
per square inch, but are capable of safely carrying twice as
much. The maximum peripheral speed is about 100 feet per
second. These bearings are not only immersed in oil. but they
are supplied with a circulation of fresh oil through passages
which deliver it near the Centre.

The shafts are sealed with the usual well-known water
gland with the addition of an annular steam chamber for the
admission of steam so that vacuum can be established before
starting up. Water is turned on when the turbine approaches
full speed and the steam is turned off. One feature of these
glands is that they can be removed for inspection without
lifting the cylinder cover.

Each turbine is provided with an oil pump sufficient for
its own needs, though both feed into the same oiling system.
They are double plunger pumps, running at 165 strokes a min-
ute, with a common suction, but separate discharge.

The high pressure oil necessary to operate the steam in-
let valves is taken from one side of the pump on the high
pressure turbine, pressure being maintained bj- a spring loaded
relief valve. The total amount of oil used is aproximately 175
gallons a minute. The bearing oil pressure is from five to
eight pounds.

This unit, although it does not consist of two separate

Sign Peace at Potsdam

The war will change very suddenly from the
appearance of a close-drawn struggle to an abso-
lute German surrender. . . There are three
absolutely essential conditions to a satisfactory
peace.

The first is that Germany shall be invaded. Too
long has she been led to suppose that she is in-
violate. This delusion must be shattered.

The second is the occupation of Berlin and the
signing of peace at Potsdam, in the very hall in
which the plot was hatched.

The third and most important of all is that
Germany must pay to the last penny the expenses
her outrageous conduct has cost the allies.

This is both policy and justice. She can pre-
pare no other war while she has such a debt, and
she will need no army or navy. In 1915 she plan-
ned to exact four thousand millions from France
alone.

Revolution could only bring the Social Demo-
crats to the top. These people have, with a small
minority, in the main sustained the German at-
tack upon her neighbors. We owe them no con-
sideration. Whoever rules Germany inherits the
fruits 'of her criminal conspiracy against the
world.

— Sir Conan Doyle.

plunger of an oil relay attached to a floating cjdinder mounted
on the side of the first, or primary valve. This cylinder by
means of levers, controls the primary, secondary and tertiary
admission valves. The primary valve, located on the side, ad-
mits steam to the bottom of the high pressure cylinder, while
the secondarj' and tertiarj- valves, being located on the top,
systematically about the center line, admit steam to the
second, or third stage, as the case may be. Loads of 30.000
40.000, and 50.000 kw. respectively, can actually be carried on
these valves.

The bearings employed on this unit are carefully propor-
tioned to preserve a satisfactory ratio between unit pressure
and peripheral speed. They are lined with genuine babbit
metal, supported on sperical seats, and provided with positive
adjustment in any direction. .\ liberal supply of oil is dis-
tributed through a groove along the top, while the sides of the
bearings are eccentrically relieved for a distance of 35 to 40
degrees above, and below the center line. This leaves an arc

elements, is started the same as any other machine. Field ex-
citation is supplied to the generators, the throttle on the high-
pressure element is opened, and slowly brought up to speed,
the low pressure generator operating as a motor, and coming
to speed in step with the other. The two machines as a unit
can then be synchronized, and placed on the line, remaining
in step, and properly dividing their load.

Largest Condenser in the World.

The condenser equipment for the above turbine consists
of the largest condensing apparatus in the world. The con-
denser unit is composed of two separate and distinct low
level jet condensers, which can be operated together, or separ-
ately, if necessary. If the temperature of the injection water is
low enough to warrant it. the operation of only one conden-
ser is necessary to maintain a workable vacuum.

These condensers are connected to form a single con-
densing apparatus by means of an exhaust connection, ample

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

October 15, iniS

in area to permit operating either condenser alone, when
necessary.

The same water level is maintained in each condenser Ijy
the use of a water equalizing connection between one pump
body and the other. This is an absolutely necessary feature
and it is provided in order to maintain a constant submergence
over the center line of each pump, to provide sul¥icient head
to force water into the runner under vacuum. This water
equalizing connection is so constructed that no surges occur
between the condensers, it being made in the form of a tee,
the bottom of which forms a reservoir. A baffle running al-
most to the bottom prevents surging.

An air equalizing connection is provided to maintain tlie
same air pressure in each condenser. If both are in operation,
the valve may he either open or closed, but it has been found
by trial that if one condenser, only, is in operation, the valve
must be open in order to have the same air pressure in each.

The condensers are equipped with geared turbine driven
pumps running at 500 r.m.p. instead of 700 r.m.p., which latter
is standard. This was found necessary, owing to the limited
headroom in the basement. These pumps are able to operate
with a submergence of 50 inches above the center line of the
pump shaft, while 72 inches is necessary with a 700 r.p.m.
pump. This resulted in a saving in headroom of 22 inches.

Considering capacity, this unit requires less floor space
than any other condenser unit now in operation.

In starting up this condenser it is necessary to use a
priming pump. The main turbine is operated non-condens-
ing, or with a slight vacuum, until sufficient vacuum is obtained
for the condenser to lift its own water.

The operating company has found it convenient in winter
time, when the temperature of the injection water is very low.
to operate only one condenser of the twin outfit, and still
maintain the vacimm desired, thereby cutting the cost of
operation in half. In cutting the condensers- out, it is only
necessary to close the discharge and injection valves to the
condenser not in operation and to operate the other independ-
entl}^

As a matter of interest, it may be well to note that the
above concern uses nothing but jet condensers. Its experi-
ence has been that while the boiler feed water is expensive,
nevertheless, surface condensers do not stand up under the
extremely bad water conditions existing at Providence, and it
is necessary to employ jet condensers.

The twin condensers used with the above 45,00^ kw. tur-
bine require 18,000,000 pounds of condensing water per hour,
9,000,000 pounds in each condenser. In addition to this 15%
more is required for the operation of the air pump.

New York Subway Extension

The New York subway extension system represents the
world's greatest achievement in electric railway construction.
It consists of 619 miles of track, serves four of the five bor-
oughs of the city and has a capacity of three billion passen-
gers per annum. New York, after five years of construction
work and the expenditure of $400,000,000. has completed and
put into operation the greater part of her new sj'Stem of
radid transit, known as the Dual System, because the In-
terborough Rapid Transit Co. and the Brooklyn Rapid
Transit Co. have co-operated with the city in developing it.

Four parallel elevated lines and a subway constituted the
former rapid transit system in Manhattan. The subway
started in Brooklyn, ran north through the eastern part of
Manhattan as far as 42nd street, west on 42nd street to
Broadway, and then north through the western part of the
city, thus forming the so-called "Z." In the new system the
eastern part of the old subway has been continued south,
thus forming tv,'o parallel and independent subways with a
shuttle connec". ;on under 42nd street. This arrangement is

Canada's Plain Duty

Canada is calling on her people to over-sub-
scribe the Victory Loan of 1918 as an imperative
duty that cannot and must not be shirked. The
reasons are plain to every business man.

Great Britain, having borne tremendous bur-
dens, naturally finds it difficult to finance her war
purchases in this country. The United States is
perfecting a vast war machine and her financial
resources are required for that purpose. It is
necessary, therefore, that Canada should raise
within her borders the funds required, not only
to carry on our normal and war activities, but
also to advance substantial sums to Great Britain
if we expect her to continue her purchases here.

Canadians have not been asked to subscribe a
war loan since November, 1917, nearly a year.
This is an advantage in every way. The long re-
spite has enabled the 1917 Victory Loan to be
splendidly absorbed and distributed, and allowed
business to proceed without the temporary halt
which war loan issues always bring.

The maintenance of the market price of the
1917 Victory Loan at the issue price and even
higher, shows the gilt edged nature of the secur-
ity and furnishes a record in war finance. Their
purchase is a duty; a duty that ensures profit.

BUY VICTORY BONDS.

known as the "H." The eastern branch uses tlie old Brook-
lyn tunnel, while the western will later on enter Brooklyn
through a new tunnel. These two subways are operated by
the Intcrborough Rapid Transit Company. .\ third subway
is operated by the New York Municipal Corporation formed
by the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. This subway was built
between two Interborough subways, which will eventually
start in Brooklyn, pass under Broadway, Manhattan, and
run over the Queensborough Bridge, at 59th Street, into
Queens. In addition, a fourth subway, operated by the In-
terborough. connects with the old subway at Grand Central
Station, and runs through the Steinway tunnel to Long Isl-
and City and from thence into Queens. By the extensions
vast areas have now for the first time rapid transit and
easily accessible to the heart of the city.

Thus the railway mileage of New York has been more
than doubled, and it has the most extensive subway system
in the world. comprisin,g as it does more than two hundred
miles of under-ground railway. Some of the subway routes
which honeycombed the soil of the great metropolis has
necessitated the boring of tubes under the East river, at an
enoromus cost, and under difficulties which would seem to
require almost superhuman endeavor.

Nor is the whole story of the eflforts to solve the traffic
congestion problem of New York been told- Third tracks
have been added to the elevated railways on which express
service is provided during the rush hours, while instead of
one subway there are now three with express service all day.
Hence it is no exaggeration to say that the transportation
facilities have been increased five fold in down-town Man-
hattan and three fold elsewhere.

It is hoped that congestion will now be relieved at least
for a few years. But no growing city can ever solve the con-
gestion problem, for when new facilities are provided the
(Continued on page 38.)

October 13, 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

One-Man Car Possibilities for Economy

A special issue of tlic Electric Railway Journal is given
over largely to a discussion of the "economy" side of electric
railway operation and in this connection considerable space
is given to the one-man or safety car. In a number of cities,
both in Canada and the United States, critical situations "have
been saved by the adoption of this type of car which is alike
economical of men. power and maintenance. So far as Can-
ada is concerned it seems to be chiefly the opposition of the
operators themselves that has prevented the more general
use of this type of car — the chief objection being that men
will be thrown out of employment. In these days of labor
shortage this does not appeal to us as. an argument against
nearly so much as in favor of safety cars.

Among other interesting articles in the issue mentioned
is one by Mr. John A. Beeler. consulting engineer of New
York, in which he makes an analysis of one-man car possi-
bilities.

Of available operating economies the modern light-
weight one-man car with automatic equipment is most im-
portant in the extent of its applications, in the largeness of
its savings and above all in the fact that it increases travel.

By "extent of its applications" is meant all the service
in practically all communities of 75,000 or less; a large part
of the service in cities of the middle size, and service on such
lines of metropolitan cities as are not routed over the more
congested streets.

By "largeness of its savings" is meant the reduction in
power and platform expense aside from economies in track
and car upkeep.

"By "the fact that it increases travel" is meant the sti-
rtulation of traffic through increased service, which has had
the twofold eflfect of eliminatin,g automobile competition and
of encouraging short as well as long rides.
In a City Below 100,000.

Let us consider the modern one-man car as applied to
a specific case, saj' a city of less than 100.000. The commun-
ity is served by 25 miles of single track. It should be a
splendid electric railway town because of hills which are
responsible for grades up to 10 per cent. Slow schedules, bad
track, poor cars and two-man crews, however, have made
the cost of operation equal 90 per cent of the gross revenues.
That the town itself is prospering is indicated by the fact
that the car-mile earnings rose from 20 cents in 1911 to 22.5
cents in 1916. with a further rise to 24.5 cents in 1917. Yet
the small passenger earnings of $1.66 per car-hour (due
•largely to slow schedules) and average annual earnings of
but $5 per capita indicate that the riding possibilities of this
city are far from exhausted.

The reasons why the maximum riding possibilities have
not been attained might be classified as follows:

1. Unsatisfactory routing and headways.

2. Low speeds.

3. Unattractive cars.

4. Financial impossibility of increasing service, in view
of the low number of miles per man and car, excessive en-
ergy consumption and high maintenance.

Re-routing Offers Big Savings in Time. ^
Ordinarily the first thought in connection with improv-
ing service is to shorten the headways: the second is to raise
the schedule speed, and the third (if considered at all) is to
improve the routing. Yet in the present case re-routing
was the most important factor.

Analysis showed that lines Nos. 1. 2 and 3 were satis-
factory as to routing, since they brought the passenger di-

rectly to the business centre. Line No. 4 not only jjasscd
at some distance from the centre, but was also at the bottom
of a steep hill. It is true that a transfer to the' centre was
obtainable, but transfers are an inconvenience at best. This
circumstance, plus a ten-minute headway, doubtless tempted
persons who lived a mile or two along this line from the
business centre to walk instead of ride.

The remaining three lines. Nos. 5, 6 and 7, did not
reach the business centre directly, but relied on transfers.
The headways on these lines varied from ten to twenty-five
minutes. Since the one-way trip length of line No. 5 was 2
miles and of Line No. 7 only i;4 miles, it is obvious that
people in their vicinity could not save much time by riding.
As far as crosstown riding was concerned, three and even
four transfers might be necessary to ride an equal number,
of miles'.

Hence the basic recommendation was to route all of
the lines via the centre of the city so that riding would be
encouraged by minimizing walking and transfers. To put the
matter in another way: Five minutes saved a person in wait-
ing for a connection or in walking from an offside line is
in effect almost as good as cutting a ten-minute headway to
a five-minute headway.

As this re-routing was considered in connection with
one-man car operation, it is proper to mention that the con-
centration of all lines in the business section would be well
below the saturation point for this character of operation.
The averaged combined headway would still be only two
minutes, compared with less than one minute in cities where
such cars are now in use.

The railway was found to be using summer and winter
sets of rolling stock. The open cars were of ten-bench capa-
city, while the closed cars were of one-man car size, as they
seated only thirty to thirty-two passengers each. Because of
the duplication and age of the equipment only 40 per cent
of the rolling stock, including trippers, was in use on any
one da}'.

Energy consumption was high, ranging from 2.5 kw.
hr. per car-mile in simimer to 3.75 kw.-hr. per car-mile in
winter for cars averaging 25,000 lb. loaded. Thus whik the
cars were not so heavy as the over-sized cars of other pro-
perties, their age and antiquated design were figured as re-
sponsible for 200 watt-hours rather than the 125 watt-hours
per ton-mile possible with modern, faster one-man cars over
the grades of this city. Yet the old schedule speed averaged
only 7.5 m.p.h. or little more than twice walking speed. The
cost of car maintenance was 2.5 cents per mile.

To supersede this service the one-man safety car, which
has since become increasinglj' popular, was recommended.
Lender the conditions then obtaining this would have reduced
platform expense from 35 per cent to 18 per cent of pass^-
ger receipts after allowing a 3 cent differential in wages — an
annual saving of nearly $50,000. It would also have reduced
energy consumption (the use of thermostats and coasting
recorders being assumed) from 15 per cent to 8 per cent of
passenger receipts by cutting the cost per car-mile in half —
an annual saving of $20,000.

Other possibilities of the one-man safety car in promot-
ing economy and increasing travel will be noted in the fol-
lowing anaylsis of several re-routings:

In the case of two lines the present direct routing and
the ten-minute headway were to be unchanged, but the
round-trip running time was to be reduced from forty min-
utes to thirty-five minutes, so that seven cars would do the

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

October 15, 1918

work of eight. In light hours the round trip could be made
in thirty minutes, with six cars instead of eight, or six men
in place of sixteen!

A third line was to be lengthened from 4 miles to 6.5
miles, round trip, by being extended to the business centre.
Theoretically the headway was to be ten minutes as before,
but actually the overlapping of another line (also on a ten-
minute headway) would give the downtown part of the line
a five-minute service, thus helping to draw the pedestrian
ofT the sidewalk. The new schedule speed on his line would
be 10 m.p.h. instead of 8 m.p.h.

The remaining lines were recommended to be so com-
bined for through operation that on part of the route a
twenty-minute headway per line would give a combination
headway of ten minutes, while overlapping further downtown
would give a two and five-tenths minute service that only a
miser could withstand.

To go into further descriptions of the re-routings would
lead to needless complexity. In general it was apparent that
on the basis of lower operating costs alone it would pay to
change over to one-man safety-car operation over the re-
routed tracks without making any allowance for those in-
creases in travel and popularity that have been noted in so
many communities.

Bell Telephone Changes

Changes in the Bell Telephone Co.'s organization, effec-
tive October 1st, are announced. The Eastern Division,
which hitherto has comprised Quebec on the East, to
Gananoque on the West, has been extended westward to
take in Belleville, Kingston, Napanee, Picton, Tweed and
conti.guous territory. Over this division Mr. R. F. Jones will
continue to preside as Division Manager, and his division
superintendents will be Messrs. R. Neilson and F. G. Web-
ber, of Montreal, and J. E. Macpherson, of Ottawa. Mr. L.
Belcourt, formerly district superintendent at Quebec, be-
comes manager at Quebec city, and Mr. W. J. Cairns, whose
headquarters were until recently were at Brockville, liccomes
manager at Ottawa.

In the Western Division, extending from Trenton west-
ward to Windsor and Sault Ste. Marie, Mr. K. J. Dunstaii
of Toronto will continue as Division Manager, assisted by
Mr. A. T. Smith, Toronto, as Division Superintendent, and
Messrs. R. Burrows, F. Kennedy, R. Hamilton (Hamilton),
and J. L. Richmond (London) as District Superintendents

Important changes in the organization of the plant de-
partment also go into eftect October 1st. Mr. O. E. Stan-
ton of Toronto becomes Eastern Division Plant Superin-
tendent, with headquarters at Montreal, while Mr. J. H.
Martin, of Hamilton, becomes Western Division Plant Sup-
erintendent.

In the Traffic Department of the Company. Mr. J. N.
Groleau is appointed Eastern Division Traffic Superintendent,
and Mr. A. G. Watson, Traffic Superintendent of the West-
ern Division.

Norwegian Government Adopts Electric
Trucks

By A. Jackson Marshall

.\fter careful investigation the Norwegian Government
have placed initial orders with American manufacturers for
fifty heavy electric trucks to be used in various communities
for the distribution of food, which, in Norway, as elsewhere,
is none too plentiful these days, and which must not only
be economically used, but must be also scientifically distri-
buted to avoid waste and spoilage, and to assure minimum
transportation costs.

Norway, in common with many other European coun-
tries, is faced with a gasoline famine, the fluid, when procur-

able, costing about $1.00 per gallon. Here the horse, as else-
where, has ceased to be an economic asset, at least in ordin-
ary commercial applications. It is estimated that to feed a
horse with grain for one year requires five acres of land,
sufficient to support about eight persons. When in addition
to such extravagant use of productive land, horse feed must
be freighted vast distances across land and sea, using ship
tonnage which is other wise urgently required, the horse
must necessarily be relegated to the "non-useful occupation"
class.

The electric vehicle is the solution to these problems.
Water powers are plentiful in Norway, and, as a result, cur-
rent, for electric vehicle charging, is available in large quan-
tities at small cost. The electric vehicle successfully com-
peted with the "gas" car when gasoline cost fifteen cents a
gallon, and current five and more, cents per kilowatt hour.
The superiority of the "electric" in Norway is evident.
Besides, the electric vehicle possesses the advantages of not
requiring skilled mechanical operators, — its simple control
enabling it to be successfully operated by older men and
women, not required or suitable for direct war duties, and
who, as a class, work for minimum wages. Also the "elec-
tric" is very seldom out of repair, and consequently does not
require that degree of mechanical supervision and repair
necessary to keep gasoline trucks in service. Many Norwe-
gian cities have adopted electric vehicles, large orders being
placed with U. S. manufacturers. Electric trucks are also
being successfully operated by a number of commercial con-
cerns; and demands for electric passenger cars are said to
be in excess of shipping facilities.

Personals

Mr. W. J. Cairns, former district superintendent of the
Bell Telephone Company, Ottawa, Ont., has been appointed
loj:al manager, succeeding Mr. J. E. MacPherson.

Mr. R. A. Sara has resigned as Sales Manager of the
City of Winnipeg Light and Power Department, to accept
a position with the American Cellulose and Chemical Manu-
facturing Company of New York.

Mr. J. E. MacPherson, former local manager of the Bell
Telephone Company "at Ottawa, Ont.. has been appointed
general superintendent of the company's lines and exchanges
in Ottawa district.

Mr. R. V. Slavin has been appointed to succeed Mr. R.
A. Sara as Sales Manager of the City of Winnipeg Light and
Power Department. Mr. Slavin is a graduate of McGill Un-
iversity, 1910, and has been connected with Winnipeg's muni
cipal plant since the designing and construction days.

Mr. Tetsutaro Morishima, of Tokyo, Japan, electrical
engineer to the Japanese Imperial Government Railways, is
at present making a tour throu.gh Canada and visiting a
number of the more important power plants, with a view
to obtaining information regarding the power development
work in this country.

Mr. E. N. Hyde has resigned his position as general
supplies sales manager of the Northern Electric Co., Mon-
treal, and is returning to Philadelphia. Mr. Hyde has made
many friends in Canada, where he has long been recognized
as one of the foremost exponents of correct lighting. Both
by his writings and letters he has done splendid work in ad-
vancing the standard of electrical illumination.

Turkey is scarce. Why not postpone your
Thanksgiving dinner until Tuesday night and join
the Goodwin banqueters at the King Edward at
6.30?

October ITi, 11118

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

^ dealer

avd Cof?A~acior

Second Annual Meeting of British Columbia

Association of Electrical Contractors and

Dealers Held in Victoria a Great Success

On September 13 and 14 the British Columbia Association
of Electrical Contractors and Dealers held a very successful
annual meeting at \'ictoria, B.C. The Vancouver members
and their friends left by the morning boat for Victoria and
were met at the C. P. R. wharf by the Victoria members and
the visiting delegates from Portland and Seattle. Head-
quarters were at the Empress Hotel, from whence a trip by
motors was taken to the Observatory. On arrival at the Ob-
servatory they were introduced to Dr. Plaskett, who gave
them a very interesting account of the greatest telescope in
the world and its workings, explaining in detail and by move-
ment of the great tube and its parts, the extent and purpose
of the work.

From the Observatory the party motored to the Brent-
wood Plant of the B.C.E.R. Company, inspecting it under the
guidance of Mr. Halls, the sales manager. An excellent supper
was then in order at the Brentwood Hotel. The toastmastei,
Mr. E. C. Hayward, of Victoria, carried out his duties in his
usual efficient way. Mr. Halls gave the visitors to Vancouver
Island an address of welcome. He explained that Mr. Go-
ward, local manager of the company, had been called away
to Vancouver on business, much to the latter's regret. Songs
and choruses were then indulged in, closing with the National
Anthems of the Allies. The B.C.E. Railway Company kindly
provided a special car for the return to Victoria.

Next morning saw a large gathering assembled in the
Empress Hotel for the business meeting. The election of
officers resulted as follows: E. Bretell, Vancouver, president;
C. Moulton, New Westminster, first vice-president; W. Rich-
ardson, \'ancouver, second vice-president; P. F. Letts, Van-
couver, third vice-president; E. C. Hayward. Victoria, vice-
president for Victoria Chapter.

As a recognition of the excellent work performed by the
retiring president, Mr. C, H. E. Williams, during his more
than two years of office, he received the grateful thanks of
the Association' and was appointed ex-officio member of the
executive committee for the ensuing year. Mr. James Angus,
retiring from business in \'ancouver and moving to California,
was granted permission to resign his membership, receiving
the cordial thanks of the members for the excellent services
he had rendered as a member. In replying he stated that he
would perform "missionary" work in California, with the pur-
pose of inducing electrical men everywhere to join similar
associations. In order to assist him in the good work he was
elected an honorary life member of the Association.

Then followed a lengthy and earnest discussion on affili-
ation with the National Association, in which the visiting
delegates took part. The result was that affiliation was de-
cided on, to date from the 1st of October, 1918.

This meeting was followed by a luncheon at which the

speaker of the day, Mr. R. F. Hayward, general manager.
Western Power Company of Canada, gave a very forceful
and interesting address, in which he spoke of the progress and
possibilities of electricity, its great developments during the
war and the greater expected developments after the war.
He emphasized the necessity of following the great example
of Marshal Foch who set himself an "objective," or goal, to
secure. An enjoyable launch trip up the Gorge, with refresh-
ments at the Japanese Tea Gardens, terminated a very suc-
cessful gathering.

The B.C.E. Railway Company paid a very graceful com-
pliment to the electrical visitors in causing the stately Parlia-
ment Buildings to be electrically illuminated both nights.

The visiting delegates, Messrs. Jaggers and Sroufe, from
Portland, and NePage, Van Riper, Cooley, and Worth, from
Seattle, in addition to being of great social value, were of
great help to the Association in clearing up many points in
connection with affiliation with the National Association.

Specially gratifying features of the attendance were the
large representation from the wholesale houses, every firm
being well represented; the goodly number of electrical in-
j'pectors and the presence of electrical visitors from distant
cities, such as Mr. Fulton from Montreal, and Mr. Rowe from
Penticton.

At the conclusion of the business meeting, wires were
despatched, announcing the affiliation with the National Asso-
ciation, to the Chairman of the National Association and to
Messrs. Kenneth A. Mclntyre, president of the Toronto Asso-
ciation, and Mr. Wm. L. Goodwin, originator of the Goodwin
plan.

How You Should Keep Stock on the Move

By R. F. Behan"

In order to conduct a profitable business sucessfully it
is necessary to learn how long different kinds of articles
are kept in stock before they are sold. This knowledge is
important both from the standpoint of learning how much
of the overhead, such as taxes, rent, insurance and other
fixed items should be charged against articles carried in
stock, as well as to know how often the capital invested in
an article is turned over and how often a profit is taken.
From this we can learn the percentage profit earned in a
year on the capital represented in an article.

All business is done at some rate per month or per year,
varying somewhat according to conditions. A careful study
of the time that articles are held in stock will have the effect
of reducing the amount of stock to the minimum necessary
to take care of the business successfully; whereas lack of
such study will result in carrying too big a stock with out-
of-date articles and considerable deterioration, as well as an
undue overhead charge to take care of this slow stock. A
dealer of course should always take into consideration in
ordering his stock the question of delayed delivery and the
distance of the source of supply, the greater the distance

* In Contact

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

October 15, 191S

the greater the handicap in this respect and. of necessity,
the larger the stock supplied.

Assume for example that you sell $100.00 worth of heat-
ing appliances which cost you $70.00, your gross profits
would then be $30.00, or approximately 30 per cent of the
gross sale. If you can increase your rate of doing business
so that you can sell this quantity of stock in one-haH the
time the rate of gross profits is thereby doubled, whereas
the fixed charges or overhead has not increased.

As a prominent sales manager has aptly put it, the
answer to the whole problem is: Assuming that your pre-
sent volume carries sufficient profit to at least let you break
even, then any thing you can do to take on business at even
lower gross profit, which does not increase your expense,
is velvet to the extent of the amount of the gross profit.

If a man invests $20,000.00 and earns 20 per cent gross
on his capital on one turnover per year his gross sales would
be $24,000.00 per year. If his turn over was on the basis of

six months, with the same investment, he would do $48,000
business and the profit would be $8,000 or 40 per cent gross
on the investment. If his turnover was on the basis of three
months he would do $96,000 business, and the profit would
be $6,000 or 80 per cent gross on the investment. If his
turnover was on the basis of two months, he would do $144,-
000 of business, and the profit would be 120 per cent gross
on the investment.

From the above it will be seen that it is an exceedingly
desirable thing for the manager of a business to constantly
watch the condition of his stock and to study the demands
and requirements of his customers so that he will at all times
be in a position to take care of these requirements, either
out of his own stock or out of the stock of the manufacturers
or jobbers available, and at the same time not penalize him-
self with a slow-moving stock which not only bears heavily
upon the overhead, but also is subject to depreciation and
style charges.

The Modern Need is "Everyday Arithmetic"

Mr. Stanley A. Dennis, writing in Electrical Merchandis-
ing, complains of the old fashioned methods of teaching
arithmetic which are still extant in this year of modern times
— 1918. He points out that the type of problem a boy gets in
school is about as much use to him when he enters business
as his Greek and Latin. He also ofifers a few common-sense
suggestions along the following lines:

Yes, sir! Just think of it! Your tangle-haired youngster
playin.g with his blocks on the floor may know more about
business arithmetic at fourteen than you did at twenty-five.
As a business man, the chip of the old block has a good chance
to outclass the old block himself. Why? Because the folks
who write arithmetics are waking up at last. They have dis-
covered that for years they forgot a most important subject.
x\nd that is — overhead, or the cost of doing business.

Remember how in your barefoot days you longed to
streak it for the old swimming hole, but were forced to stick
to your desk and "figger out" this sort of stuff?

If Mr. Martin Culbertson, a retail merchant of Hopkins
Corners, buys a barrel of salt at $5 and sells it at $7.50, what
was his profit? What was his rate of profit?

If Mr. Silas Whipple buys $10,000 worth- of merchandise
a year and sells it at 9 per cent, more than he paid for it,
what was his profit?

Looks familiar doesn't it? But where do you see any-
thing about overhead in this kind of a problem? And what
other definition could a barelegged lad like you infer than
that profit is what is left of the selling price after the pur-
chase price of the article is deducted? Yet that is exactly
the definition of profit on which many of your school-day
playmates are trying to do business to-day. because over-
head was the forgotten element in business when you were a
slim shaver busy with sponge and slate pencil.

It is a safe bet that the arithmetic you plugged through
never mentioned the cost of doing business, and that you
started out with only three words in your bookkeeping voca-
bulary: purchase price, selling price, profit. Then one day
you looked helplessly into an empty cash drawer and a new
word dropped sizzling into your brain — expense! And as the
years have gone by one expense after another has jolted you
in turn until at last you've developed a somewhat disgruntled
acquaintanceship with a lean and hungry fellow you call
"Overhead," to whom you never tip your hat nor offer a cigar.

Well, your boy is luckier than you. He doesn't have to
go through that process. Overhead is no longer forgotten,

and in his battered '"rithmetic" overhead now has as large a
place as the yardstick and the bushel basket. This means
that what you have learned under hard knocks about charg-
ing in the cost of rent, light, heat, insurance, advertising,
freight, and delivery and other items since you went into
business for yourself, your boy will learn under gentle in-
struction from the pages of a down-lo-the-minute business
arithmetic. So when he opens his own electric shop for the
first time some day in the sweet bye-and-bye, he will start his
business career set four-square against all the financial hurri-
canes that may blow against him.

To W, Creighton Peet. chairman of the National Asso-
ciation of Electrical Contractors and Dealers, seems to belong
the credit for first discovering an arithmetic which takes care
of overhead. Mr. Peet first called the attention of contractor-
dealers to this arithmetic in a speech at the recent national
convention in Cleveland.

Here is the bonk: It is "Everyday Arithmetic," published
by Houghton Mifflin Company. It is in three sections. Over-
head is covered in -"Book Three," intended for the seventh
and eighth grades.

Here is what this new arithmetic (page 60) has to say
about overhead, or expenses, as the book calls it:

A business man has many expenses to meet. A retail
merchant, for example, must buy goods to sell; he must pay
wages to his clerks and other employees, and he must meet
expenses for rent, heat, light, insurance, advertising, freight,
and the delivery of goods to his customer. Furthermore, he
must see that the money invested in his business yields a fair
amount of interest. To make his business profitable, there-
fore, a merchant must charge enough for his goods, not only
to cover their cost, and to pay for the running expenses of his
business, but also to leave a balance after all expenses have
been paid.

How's that? Good, sound, business horse-sense, now isn't
it? And read this problem:

After running a candy store for several months, a young
woman found that it took 1654% of the amount she received
for the candy to pay the clerk hire and other running expenses
of the store. At that rate, what did she reckon as the cost of
selling a box of candy for which she received 30 cents? For
which she received 60 cents?

.\nd tliis one:

The young woman wanted to find out what kind of candy
brought her the highest per cent, of profit. On one grade of

October 15, 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

The Goodwin Banquet is timed to start at 6.?0
sharp. Don't be late and don't let anything —
business or pleasure — keep you away.

head. Can't understancl it. Must have been something wrong
with the aritlimetic when dad was a Ijoy."

chocolate, which she bought for 30 cents a pound she found
that she was making a net profit of 10 cents a pound. This
was what percent of the cost?

And this one too:

A dry goods merchant buys a suit for $!.''), and sells it for
$35. .After taking out the cost of the suit and 30 per cent, of
the selling price to pay the running expenses of the store,
the dealer makes a profit of how many dollars?

.\nd another:

A merchants' sales for a year came to $43,486; his run-
ning expense to $10,206. Tlie cost of his goods at wholesale
was $27,053. His net profit was what per cent, of his sales?
(3f the cost of his goods at wholesale?

Good, are they not? Just for the fun of it, take out your
pencil and "work" those four problems. It's good exercise,
good practice for your own business.

"It puts things in very clear and definite shape," says Mr,
Peet, "and I know that if I had been educated with this arith-
metic that it would have been much to my advantage. I think
that you will readily agree with me that if all the children
should have this one text put into their heads very clearly
so that it will remain there, then business will be on a better
footing than it is to-day."

Do you know your overhead? You can be sure that that
boy of yours will know this. Electrical Merchandising has
been telling you that if you want to make a 10 per cent, profit
and if your overhead is 33 per cent, of your sales you must
add 50 per cent, to your cost of labor and materials to get
your selling price. But do you know your overhead is 23 per
cent, or less? Maybe it is more. Can you prove it is less?
Can you offer exact figures on some twenty-eight or more
items of overhead that can be named? If not, it seems to me
I hear your son explaining, about 1930:

"Poor dad. He went under just about the last year of
the war. Seems he didn't know just how to handle his over-

Electric Floor Surfacing Machine

The Cavicchi Polishing Machinery Co. of Ouincy. Mass..
have developed a one-man type of motor operated floor sur-
facing machine for surfacing marble, terrazzo, granolithic,
mosaic or any composition stone floors. It is very compact
and powerful, and is said to give a perfect finisli without

the necessity of hand labor after the machine. This is ac-
complished by a special flexible wheel; this wheel has indi-
vidual members, which carry the abrasive; these are so ar-
ranged that they move independently of one another, thus
following the lay of the floor and producing a uniform finish.
The compactness of the machine makes it possible to use it
in small rooms and it will finish flush to the wall. The mach-
ines are made in two sizes; the larger has a 2 h.p. electric
motor, and the smaller a ^ h.p. The 2 h.p. machine can, it
is claimed, do the work of ten men.

The Inquiries Branch of the Department of Trade and
Commerce, Ottawa, have received a request from a Sydney
importer of electrical supplies for correspondence from
Canadian manufacturers, together with catalogues and price
lists. The reference number of the enquiry is 636.

Ten Ways to Kill an Association

L Don't come to the meetings.

2. But if you do come late.

3 If the weather doesn't suit you, don't think of coming.

4. If you do not attend a meeting, find fault with the work of the
officers and other members.

5. Never accept an office, as it is easier to criticise than to do
things.

6. Nevertheless, get sore if you are not appointed on a committee,
but if you are, do not attend the committee meetings.

7. If asked by the chairman to give your opinion regarding some
important matter, tell him you have nothing to say. After the meeting
tell everyone how things ought to be done.

8. Do nothing more than is absolutely necessary, but when other
members roll up their sleeves and willingly, unselfishly use their
ability to help matters along, howl that the association is run by a
clique.

9. Hold back your dues as long as possible, or don't pay at all.

10. Don't bother about getting new members. "Let George (Ken-
neth A.) do it!"

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

October 13, 1918

Pittsburgh Wmdow Reflectors

James Devonshire, Limited, 701 Yonge Street, Toronto,
have been appointed sole distributors for Canada for the
Pittsburgh Show Window Reflectors, designed for type C
lamps. These are made in three styles — No. 100, shown in
Fig. 1; No. 101; and No. 50, shown in Fig. 2. The reflector

flectors are designed for 100 or 150 watt type C lamps. For
larger lamp sizes different holders are supplied.

Fig. 1

shown in Fig. 1 is suitable for the average window with a
height of 8 to 10 feet with depth of one-half to two-thirds of
the height, and where the trim e.xtends well up the back wall.
No. 101 is designed for the same class of window but gives
a little more light at the front, illuminating the back wall at
a somewhat lower intensity. No. 50, shown in Fig. 3, is made
especially for high, shallow windows or for windows where
light is to be cut off at the 50 degree line, such as where there

Fig. 2

of glass or where the trim only ex-
It is also suitable for windows with-
out background or for "island" windows, as the light source
is concealed from the opposite side. All three of these re-

is an upper background
tends part of the way up.

Preserve the fruits of prosperity through a
policy of thrift. In the past Canada has been too
much a nation of spenders. We should now be-
come a nation of savers. If after this flow of
posperity we experience acute depression, it will
largely be our own fault. If we save we can
weather any storm. What protection shall we
have if we fail to save now? What excuse shall
we have to offer? The door of opportunity is
now thrown wide open to Canadians. Wealth
has been showered upon us. Shall we let it all
go? If we are thrifty we shall lay aside every
surplus dollar. Let us save — for Victory — and for
the rainy day that will almost surely follow.

Storage Batteries Ensure Continuous Service

The accompanying illustration shows a typical e.xample
of the Northern Electric Titan storage battery installation
for working oil switches and emergency lighting in the West
Portal sub-station of the Mount Royal Tunnel & Terminal
Company, Montreal, at such times as the power might fail.
The outfit consists of 64 cells of Titan Sealed in glass jars
of a rated capacity of 135 ampere hours. The current re-
quirement for switch operation is a maximum of 75 am-
peres for a period of from four to eight seconds. The cells,
being sealed in, come fully charged and the connections,
being bolted, render them easy to install in a minimum
amount of time. Batteries of this type are furnished from

stock by this company and this particular set was in and
working within a day of the receipt of the order.

Tlie art of storage battery manufacture and merchan-
dising may now be considered as having reached the state
wherein the multitudinous demands may be met in the short-
est possible time. For emergency work in operating switches,
reserve lighting or various breakdown service, the storage
battery has a place that careful operators do not overlook.
They afford priceless insurance against serious accidents and
delays. Interesting data on the application of storage batteries
for all types of emergency service, marine lighting, automo-
bile starting and lighting, farm lighting, fire alarm and sig-
nal service, telephone service, mine locomotive and all elec-
trical vehicle service may be had by writing the' company
at Montreal or any of its branches.

The new power transmission line to the Davidson pro-
perty at Porcupine, Ont., in north-eastern Tisdale Township,
is now almost completed.

The Ontario Gazette contains notice tliat, under the On-
tario Companies' Act, letters patent have been issued incor-
porating "The Ontario Association of Electrical Contractors
and Dealers."

The capital stock of the Western Electric Company,
Limited, has been increased from $7,500,000 to $10,000,000.

The death occurred recently of Mr. George Black, 71
East Avenue South, Hamilton. Mr. Black, who was a
pioneer telegrapher, was born in Montreal, eighty-one years
ago, and as a young man entered the service af the G.N.W.
Telegraph Company. He moved to Hamilton fifty years ago
to manage the company's office in that city, having been
previously stationed at St. Hyacinthe and Brockville. He
had been manager at Hamilton until ten years ago.

October 15, 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

POWER CABLE

350,000 CM. 3-Conductor 12000 volt

Paper Insulated, Steel Tape Armoured Cable

Overall Diameter — 3.62 ins.

Built to Specifications of Hydro-Electric Power Commission

of Ontario

Eugene F. Phillips Electrical Works, Limited

MONTREAL

Branches : Toronto, Winnipeg, Regina, Calgary, Vancouver

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

October 15, 1918

Current News and Notes

Fort William, Ont.

It is stated that the city of Fort William. Ont., will en-
deavor to secure the consent of the railway board to a seven-
cent fare in order to cover the present deficit.

Hamilton, Ont.

The Standard Underground Cable Company of Canada.
Hamilton. Ont., have been given a contract for eight hundred
thousands pounds of copper wire to be used in the extension
of the transmission lines of the West Kootenay Power Com-
pany from Grand Forks to Princeton. B.C.

Guelph, Ont.

Continual power shortages and consequent tie-ups on the
Guelph street railway have caused the management to issue
"delay slips" which will be furnished the passenger upon
application to the conductor. These are good for a trip at
some other time or the money will be refunded at the railway
office.

London, Ont.

On October 7 General Mana.ger Warburton of the London
and Lake Erie Railway Company announced that they would
cease to operate very shortly and that the work of scrapping
the road wouM commence immediately. A suggestion is now
before the city to purchase eight miles of the road that runs
between Lambeth and London and connect it witli the Lon-
don Street Railway.

New Westminster, B.C.

Messrs. Fred. J. Hume and C. P. Rum])Ie. of New West-
minster, B.C., have formed a partnership and opened a store
at 55 Sixth Street to deal in electrical supplies, installations
and repairs.

Renfrew, Ont.

A report of the Light Committee of Renfrew, submitted
recently, contained a recommendation that the cheap heating
rate of one-half cent per kw.h. on small disc heaters be dis-
continued. The town council, however, will continue the cheap
rate on the ground that the 2-cent rate recommended would
bar the use of the heaters and that as a measure of fuel econ-
omy they should be kept in service as long as there is suf-
ficient water-power to generate current for their use.

Toronto, Ont.

Mayor Church has given notice of the following motion:
"That the question of policy re the purchase of the Toronto
Electric Light Company, in accordance with the notice of
expropriation under the agreement with the city, be submit-
ted to the ratepayers at the coming municipal election.

The Toronto Railway Company has asked permission to
increase the fares to a straight 5 cents. The Board of Con-
trol, however, unanimously refused any concession. Thus,
for the, sake of two or three cents a day, every citizen of
Toronto must put up with an inadequate service. The mayor
and the members of the Board, of course, use their own cars
and therefore can generously afford to let the electors suffer.

The earnings of the Toronto Street Railway Company for
September, 1918, were $5'(1,636 as compared with $532,007 for
the same month in 1917.

operated entirely by women and the service appears to he
quite as reliable as when men were in charge.

The Energy Supply of North America

(Continued from page 24)

small due to their low heads and which cannot be economic-
ally developed by the synchronous generator due to the low
head and corresponding low speed. The designing character
of the induction generator, with regard to slow-speed machines
are no better — if anything rather worse — than those of the
synchronous generator, and the problem of the economical
utilization of the low head water power still requires solution.
It is not solved by the induction generator; the latter's charac-
teristic is simplicity of the station, giving the possibility of
numerous small automatic generating stations.

Women Sub-Station Operators.

The Edison Electric Illuminating Company of Boston
have been very successful in utilizing young women as sub-
station operators. At the present time about thirty women
are engaged in this work and there is every prospect that
the number will be increased. Two sub-stations are being

New York Subway Extension

(Continued froin page 30)
city's growth along the new lines becomes more rapid, which
in time results in congestion and demands additional facili-
ties, which, in their turn, cause new growth, and so on around
the circle indefinitely.

A large amount of new equipment was naturally needed
for the Dual System and for this the Westinghouse Electric
and Manufacturing Co. has furnished 600 control equip-
ments and 978 Matroes for the Interborough lines, the total
cost of this apparatus being over $3,000,000.

The power requir.emcnts are also greatly increased and
to supplement its present power equipment, the Interbor-
ough Company has installed an 80.000 horse-power Westing-
house turbine generator, which is the largest in the world.

Further extensions are already being planned, notably a
tunnel from Brooklyn to Statcn Island — but that is in the
future.

THE SWEEPERS OF THE SEA
Mr. Punch — "Risky work, isn't it?"
Trawler Skipper — "That's why there's a hundred
thousand of us doing it!'

— Published through courtesy of "Punch,"

November 1, I'JIS

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Published Semi-Monthly By

HUGH G. MACLEAN, LIMITED

HUGH C. MacLEAN, Winnipeg, President.
THOMAS S. YOUNG, General Manager.
\V. R. CARR, Ph.D., Editor.

HEAD OFFICE - 347 Adelaide Street West, TORONTO

ADVERTISEMENTS
Orders for advertising should reach the office of publication not later
than the 5th and 20th of the month. Clianges in advertisements will be
made whenever desired, without cost to the advertiacr.

SUBSCRIBERS

The "Electrical News" will be mailed to subscribers in Canada and
Great Britain, .post free, for $2.00 per annum. United States and foreign,
$2.50. Remit by currency, registered letter, or postal order payable to
Hugli C. MacLean, Limited.

Subscribers are requested to promptly notify the publishers of failure
or delay in delivery of paper.

Authorized by the Postmaster General for Canada, for transmission
as second class matter.

Entered as second class matter July ISth, 1914, at the Postoffice at
Buffalo, N. Y., under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

Vol. 27

Toronto, November i, 1918

No. 21

Micawber as a Power Controller

The shortage of power which is being felt all over the
Province of Ontario is most unfortunate, especially inso-
far as it interferes with essential industries. The mere cur-
tailment of house, street or store lighting is a comparatively
simple matter, which we could all accept gracefully if the
exigencies of the war situation demanded it, but it's quite
a different matter when munition factories have no power.
Unfortunately, with both light and power fed from the same
lines, it is impossible to disturb the one without at the same
ti;iie cutting ofl the other.

Sir Adam Beck has stated time and ajain that some
of the private companies could develop more power than
they are using, and everyone is asking why the Hydro does
not buy some of this power, or release some of their load to
the companies. If the companies have a surplus of power
it is reasonable to suppose they will sell it, and it was gen-
erally expected the Power Controller would exercise his
prerogative and bring buyer and seller together on an equit-
able basis. However, this does not appear to be the direc-
tion in which he is working — if indeed he is working at all.
He, possibly, has inside information telling him that Sir
Adam's statements regarding surplus on the private lines is
not correct. At any rate the only suggestion that has reach-
ed the public to date is that "perhaps" some of the power
-being exported can be withheld. This sounds unlikely, to
say the least, as the U. S. is short of power, like ourselves,
and overloaded with munition orders. Rather it looks like an
attempt to gain time, and as if the Power Controller, not

grasping the actual situation, not vigorous enough to take
heroic measures, is hnpin}^. witli Micawber. that si>mcthing
will turn up.

It is a great pity the important office of Power Con-
troller, at such a critical time, should be held by a man
wlio, all too apparently, lacks the knowledge and training
to enable him to see a solution which is evident enough to
others. A lawyer holding an executive engineer's job would
be bad enough in peace times, but is inexcusable now, and
costing the province and, indirectly, of course, the British
Empire, in both money and precious lives.

In the meantime the Power Controller waits for some-
thing to turn up.

Buy Victory Bonds

There are three reasonable and, we believe, unanswer-
able arguments why every Canadian should subscribe to the
\ ictory Loan:

1. Loyalty — You will feel more at peace with your-
self if you buy to the very limit of your possibilities, be-
cause you will know that you have done what a man
ought to do who is proud of being a Canadian and a
British Citizen.

3. Investment — Before the war such a gilt-edged in-
vestment as this is, yielded about 4 per cent. So it doubt-
less will be a few years hence. Think what a fortunate
position you will be in five years from now to have your
money earning 5^4 per cent, when current rates for sim-
ilar securitiss are about 4 per cent. That will also mean
that your bond will be worth, if you want to sell it, con-
siderably more than the par value you paid for it.

3. Prosperity — If we cannot advance money to Eng-
land at the present moment to pay for the commodities
she requires, she will be driven elsewhere to purchase.
That would mean no more orders for the things we have
to sell. Think what it will mean to the general business
situation to have $500,000,000 distributed over Canada
during the next few months. Think of the compara-
tive dullness of trade if we don't have it.
Bonds can be bought in denominations of $50, $100, $500,
or $1,000. Who is there in Canada to-day that cannot af-
ford one or other of these? Don't hang back because you
can't subscribe for a large amount. If every man, wo-
man and child of our 8,000,000 population took the smallest
bond of $50, that would mean a total of $400,000,000— more
titan the minimum asked for.

So whether you subscribe for a $50 bond only, or in
thousands, remember — if you have done all you can — that
you have squared your conscience, you have accepted a gold-
en opportunity for investment, and you have done your share
towards continuing the present lively prosperity of the coun-
try.

Public Utility Impertinence

A recent tabulation of the expenses of the average
householder earning an income of from $1,000 to $2,000
shows that less than 3 per cent, goes for electric light and
street car fares combined — that is from $30 to $60 a year.

This is one of the smallest sums entering into the an-
nual expense account. It is comparable with the item of
newspapers alone which, at a cost of 4 cents a day, (morning
and evening), with a special on Saturday night, runs into
the sum of $15.00. Of course we must not overlook the fact
that the price of newspapers has doubled since the war be-
gan.

It is about the same as the price of shoes which at two
pairs each for a family of four, averaging five dollars.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Nnvcniber 1. 1!)1S

amounts to $40. (The price of shoes has advanced from
!>0 to 100 per cent, since 1914.) It is much less than the price
of clothes, for which this typical family of four would re-
quire at the very least $300.00 — an increase of more than
100 per cent., in some cases, since the war.

And what of the other items? Rent increased; every
article of food — milk, bread, meat, sugar, vegetables — many
of them cost more than double what they did in the old days.
It truly is hard for the man of small means to make both
ends meet. And the situation is all the more irritating and
unbearable because there is evidence that many of the in-
creases are pure profiteering — taking deliberate advantage
of the times to raise prices more than increased costs justi-
fy. Taken altogether, it probably costs a man who formerly
kept his family on $1,000, not less than $1,700 or $1,800 tn
live in the same way to-day — an increase not at all justified
liy the actual increased cost of the necessities of life.

In a number of towns and cities in Canada there are two
items that have not advanced — electric light and street car
fares, the items wliich, combined, cost the householder from
$S0 to $60 a year. Yet the cost of operating these utilities
has greatly advanced, as can be seen by the average citizen,
since this cost includes wages and materials, both of which
are much more expensive. Is it any wonder if an electric
light or a street railway system should make a request for
an increase in the price of its product? .Surely ci.immon jus-
tice demands a recognition of their claims, without argu-
ment. Indeed, this recognition has been made in a number
of cities in Canada already and the rates and fares have been
increased.

Yet, when the railway company in a large Can-
adian city asked, a few days ago, for an increase in

fares, amounting to about 25 per cent,, the mayor

of that city called it "impertinence."

One cannot but wonder what his vocabulary produces
when he pays for his boots, his suits of clothes, his top hats,
his groceries, his coal, his meagre mid-day lunches!

But to sum up:

The commodity dealer in groceries, coal, rent, etc., is a
free agent — has little at stake, assumes no responsibility, ac-
knowledges no obligation, comes and goes as he likes — yet
he squeezes his customers for all the trade will possibly
stand, and they accept conditions cheerfully.

The public utility is tied by contract and franchise, has
heavy financial obligations, assumes definite essential respon-
sibilities, must work constantly and continuously to fulfill its
obligations, is tied hand and foot over long periods of time,
is held down at best to small financial returns — yet the pub-
lic, if the mayor of this large Canadian city is representative,
calls them impertinent when they ask a nominal increase for
their products.

In a nutshell: The retailer of shoes, clothing, coal, rent,
groceries, asks an increase of 100 per cent, which, in many
cases, also means 100 per cent, or more profit — and we call
it "war," "shortage," or what not. The public utility asks an
increase of 25 per cent, which at best might represent a yield
on investment of 5 or 6 per cent. — and it is "impertinence."

What do you think of the mayor's judgment?

Winnipeg Listening to Reason

The board of conciliation appointed to investi.gate mat-
ters in dispute between the Winnipeg Electric Railway Com-'
pany and its motormen and conductors has recommend-
ed an increase in wages and in order that this increase may
be paid the board has stated that the company should re-
ceive higher fares. The report further states: "It appears
by the evidence before us that the company has paid no
dividend to its shareholders since December, 191.5, and at
the present time, notwithstanding the elimination of jitney

competition, the operating expenses and fixed charges of
ihe railway exceed by several thousand dollars per month
the railway's actual earnings. ... In justice the public should
pay an adequate war compensation for a service which can-
not be rendered except for war prices." The wage increase
recommended is as follows: 39 cents an hour for the first
six months; 41 cents for the second six months; 44 cents
for the second year, and 47 cents for the third and succeed-
ing years of continuous service. Time and a half for over-
time is also granted.

BUY VICTORY

BONDS

EVERY squadron

:ommander in

the

Royal

Air

Force

in France is

a C

anadian. How

many

bon

ds can

you take?

Electrical Supply to Militaiy Hospitals

The Department of I'ulilic Works have received tenders
for the construction of a light and power transmission line
at St. Anne de Bellevue, P.Q., for the group of military hos-
pitals recently erected there. Current will be supplied by one
of the public utility companies from a point on the main
ro.id, near the Iniildings. The poles will be :i0 ft. above
.ground, with 7 in. tops, and .guyed at the turns and ends with
standard guy wire and anchors. The cross-arms are to be
of the standard 4-pin type, fitted with locust pins, double
cross arms being used at the turns and ends. The insulators
are of the double petticoat type. The primaries at the pole
connecting with the company's lines will be protected by
multi-gap li.ghtning arresters. The line wire is to be double-
braided.

The pole transformers will consist of seven lighting
and four power transformers. The former, ranging from 5
to 50 kv.a., step down, will be single phase, oil-cooled, 60
cycle, with primaries of 2,300 v., and secondaries of 220/110
v., three wire system. The power transformers are of the
same type, tlie primaries being 3,200 v., and the secondaries
,'>.")0 v., connected in pairs for three-phase, 550 v., distribution.
•All transformers are to have an efficiency of 98 per cent, at
full and half and 97 per cent at 25 per cent load.

Government Has Made Formal Protest

It is announced from Ottawa that the Canadian Govern-
ment has made a formal protest to Washington against the
action of the International Waterways Commission in grant-
ing permission to the St. Lawrence Power Company to dam
the south channel of the St. Lawrence River at Long Sault,
and an Order-in-Council has passed outlining the position of
the Canadian Government. Canada takes the stand that under
the .-Xshburton treaty, and the later treaty of 1909, it is defi-
nitely stated that navigation in the boundary waters is not to
be interfered with. The Government is of the opinion that
in view of these treaties the International Commission ex-
ceeds its rights in assuming the responsibility of giving auth-
ority to proceed with tlie weir.

The Hamilton Hydro-electric Commission have granted
a war bonus of 20 per cent, to all women employees drawing
less than $1,000 a year and 20 per cent, to all male employees
receiving less than $1,200 per year. The bonus dates from
October 1 and is for one year.

The city council of Brantford, Ont., will submit to the
electors next January a by-law authorizing a debenture issue
to the amount of $100,000 for the purpose of extending the
street railway tracks in the Terrace Hill district.

Xoveniber 1, 1U18

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

2;!

Possible Wartime Lighting Economies

Report of Committee on War Service of the Illuminating Engineering
Society Before Recent Convention

Every citizen can assist the Fuel Administration in its
efforts to conserve the coal which must be saved if the war
ability of the nation is not to be impaired. Principally this
may be done by adopting good practice in house heating.
To a lesser but important extent it may be done thrdugh
careful economies in lighting.

This guide to economies in lighting has been prepared
by the Committee on War Service of the Illuminating En-
gineering Society' at the request of the Fuel Administration
extended through the National Committee on Gas and Elec-
tric Service.

It is the patriotic duty of each citizen to see to it that
no fuel is wasted in his service. The technical guidance here
offered should make it possible for each to adopt lighting-
practice which will conserve fuel without impairing public
welfare or diniinishin.g useful accomplishment.

The following simple rules lead to the elimination of
waste in lighting, both by limiting the use of artificial light
to the minimum necessary number of hours per day, and by
promoting the most efficient use of artificial light during
those hours.

Elimination of Waste in Lighting

Do not light lamps when sufficient dayliglit can be had.

Extinguish lamps when leaving a room unoccupied even
for a few minutes. Use pilot flames on gas lamps. They
facilitate relighting and leave no excuse for failing to exting-
uish lamps when their light is not needed.

Do not use lamps which contribute merely to decora-
tion.

Do not use more lamps or larger lamps than necessary.

Do not use all the lamps when part of them will suffice.

Use single large higli efficient lamps rather tlian a num-
ber of small lamps.

In halls, bathrooms, etc., turn down gas lamps when full
light is not needed. Use electric turn-down lamps or
turn-down devices.

Do not use electric lamps of the carbon filament type
where the more efficient tungsten fiilament lamps can
be employed.

Do not use open-flame gas burners where the more ef-
ficient mantle burner lamps can be employed.

Do not use blackened electric lamps or broken mantles
or discolored chimneys. New lamps are more efficient.

Do not use indirect or semi-indirect lighting fixtures in
conjunction with dark ceilings which absorb a large
part of the light.

Use light colored reflecting surfaces (ceilings, walls, etc.)
wherever practicable. These reflect much of the li.ght
and make it possible to employ fewer or smaller
lamps.

Clean lamps, shades, globes, windows, etc., tlioroughly
and often. Dirt absorbs light.

Consult the lighting company for advice as to best light-
ing practice and latest devices.

Use daylight during the war in preference to artificial

•Underlying the accepted principles of illumination arc requirements
for safety, conservation of vision, aesthetics, comfort, convenience and
economy. The Illuminating Engineering Society is committed to the pre-
servation of these principles and to their application in lighting practice
in the public interest. .\ number of recommendations here presented, par-
ticularly those advocating decreased use of light, are calculated to' save
fuel rather than to bring about most desirable illumination conditions.
These are to be regarded solely as a war measure, justifiable in the pre-
sent emergency, but otherwise not to be approved.

light wherever and whenever possible.
Raise the shades to let in the daylight instead of lighting

lamps.
-Arrange window shades to admit maximum daylight
when desired. .\ good arrangement is to have two
rollers at the middle of the window, one drawing
up and the other down.
Ceilings and upperwalls should be light colored and
clean. Light colored surfaces reflect five to ten times
as much light as dark surfaces. They conserve both
daylight and artificial lighf.
Refracting or diffusing glass in windows helps to spread

the light to distant parts of the room.
Whitened surfaces on building exteriors (especially about
courts of high buildings) give more and better day-
light in opposite buildings.
Keep windows and skylights clean. Dirty windows may

absorb half tJie daylight.
Dust window screens frequently. Remove them as soon
as the insect season is passed. They absorb one-
third of the daylight.
Carry out operations requiring strong illumination near

windows where plenty of daylight is available.
-Arrange machinery, furniture, etc., so that daylight falls

on objects to be seen — not on the eyes.
The considerations underlying thes^ rules for economi-
cal lighting are as follows:

Fuel Consumed in Artificial Lighting. — The total coal
output of the country this year is estimated at 700,000,000
tons. .About 31/2 per cent, of this is composed in the produc-
tion of artificial light. Electric lighting requires about 12,-
000,000 tons. The net consumption of coal in gas lighting
is smaller (to which, however, a large amount of oil is to
be added).

Relative Efficiencies of Various Lamps. — Most artificial
light is produced by consuming fuel. Whenever a lamp is
extinguished, the consumption of fuel is diminished. A small
lamp consumes less fuel than a large lamp. Inefficient lamps
require more fuel for a given production of light than do
efficient lamps. The gas mantle lamp will produce five times
as much light as the open-flame burner for the same con-
sumption of fuel. An intelligent choice of lamps therefore
makes it possible to reduce the consumption of fuel.

Shades and Globes for Lamps. — Modern lamps are so
brilliant that they may injure the eyes if used without pro-
tective equipment. Shades and globes conceal them from
view, soften and diffuse the light, and. where desired, re-
direct a considerable part of the light in the direction needed.
Shades and globes never increase the total quantity of light,
but an efficient reflector will usually increase the light where
it is needed. With such a reflector a smaller lamp may suf-
fice, thus saving coal. The advice of the lighting company
should be sought when selecting such equipment.

Painting.— As a rule, at least one-half, and sometimes
practically all, of the light utilized in interiors is received
by reflection from walls and ceilings. Good light tinted paint
when fresh rarely reflects more than one-half of the light
which falls upon it. The proportion of light reflected from
good white lead and oil paint under average conditions di-
minishes by about 10 per cent, a year. The same is true of
calcimine and similar coatings. It is apparent therefore that

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Xovember 1. I'.lis

there is an opportunity for improving lighting efficiency
through the employment of the best finishes for ceilings and
upper walls. Painting white ordinary light tinted surfaces
may increase the light reflection by as much as 50 per cent.
Therefore in order to save fuel in lighting, wherever it is
practicable paint ceilings white; employ light tints for the
upper parts of walls: and use paint that is non-porous and
easily cleaned.

Extravagant Lighting.— Extravagance in wartime is un-
patriotic. It involves application for selfish purposes of mon-
ey and energy necessary to winning the war. Lighting in
excess of that which is necessary, and lighting for needless
display of decoration at such a time is extravagant.

Display Lighting.— The question of illuminated ad-
vertising display is a part of the larger question of general
advertising practically all of which involves consumption of
fuel. The desirability of curtailing lighting of this character
would appear to depend upon the necessity of reducing ad-
vertising in general.

Proper lighting display has a place in maintaining the
morale of the people no less important than amusements
and recreation. Display lighting also has a certain utility,
in providing necessary illumination. General and needlessly
extensive display and inefficient methods of lighting display
under present conditions are extravagant. In planning light-
ing of this character every economy of energy not inconsist-
ent with reasonable effectiveness of the lighting should be
sought.

Fallacies in Lighting Economies.— Removing reflectors
or shades from lamps in order to "get more light" defeats
the object. The raw light from glaring bare lamps is less
effective than a smaller quantity of reasonably diffused light
not exposed to the eye.

Attempting to economize by reducing the number of
lamps or by using smaller indiscriminately is unwise. In
nearly every case ample illumination is essential to useful
accomplishment. The most successful conservation is eli-
m.ination of waste of light, not reduction of use of light.

Where Not to Save Coal.— In wartime human energy and
financial resources are to be conserved as well as fuel. Ex-
cept in the greatest emergency it is unwise to save a little
coal at the expense of waste of labor or impairment of health
or menace to the safety of the public. Coal saved through
the improvement of lighting equipment is clear gain. To
diminish lighting standards in industrial plants, offices and
other places where accomplishment depends in part upon
vision is to reduce accomplishment or output. In such places,
therefore, lighting should not be reduced. On the contrary,
an increase in the standard of lighting may be the truest
economy and in the best interests of the nation. The liberal
use of light for protection of important property, munition
factories, public works, etc., is likewise in the public interest,
and under present circumstances no attempt should be made
to save fuel through the reduction of such lighting.

Curtailment a Local Matter.— In an acute local fuel sit-
uation an absolute lack of fuel may result in largely curtail-
ed activities. If there is no fuel, industry must cease. Such
a critical situation obviously demands radical curtailment
of lighting beyond anything which is contemplated for gen-
eral adoption.

In certain localities in the height of winter there may
be a power shortage due to abnormally taxed generating
capacity. This likewise may necessitate local lighting re-
strictions of a more extreme character.

In either event, when such a situation occurs, the prob-
lem is a local one, the handling of which must be governed
by the particular circumstances.

Specific Applications. — Intelligent application in any
lighting installation of the suggestions contained herein will
result in appreciable saving of fuel. In some classes of instal-

lation certain of these methods of saving have more conspi-
cuous application than others.

Store Lighting.

The amount of fuel consumed in store lighting is of suf-
ficient magnitude to make a consideration of possible econo-
mies worth while. Waste is usually due to causes rather
easy of correction without involving a decrease in the ef-
fectiveness of the illumination.

Economies may be effected by:

1. Eliminating excessive illumination.

2. Avoiding the burning of lamps when not actually

needed.
3 Saving the light wasted by dirty glassware, dark walls
and ceilings and inefficient equipment.

I. Illumination in stores should be only that necessary
to enable customers to see comfortably and plainly even
where the closest discrimination is required to the end that
they may make selections and judgments quickly and satis-
factorily and to enable salespeople to perform their duties
quickly and easily. The degree of illumination suitable for
any particular case may be determined by actual trial through
the use of more or fewer lamps or of lamps of greater or
lesser power.

II. Lamps should be so controlled that only those actu-
ally needed will be in use at any time. In small stores this
may be accomplished by controlling each individual lamp
or cluster of lamps at the fixture. In larger stores the lamps
farthest removed from the windows should be on separate
circuits being switched on first as daylight diminishes, the
outer lamps being turned on later as necessary. In all cases
the greatest practicable use should be made of daylight.

III. The loss of artificial light due to dirty glasswares
and dark or dingy ceilings and side walls ranges from 30 to
50 per cent, and may be avoided by renovation at necessary
intervals. Ask your lighting company.

Large lamps are usually more efficient than small lamps
and where practicable installation should be altered to con-
sist of the fewest lamps from which uniform illumination
may be obtained under the conditions of use. Show windows
should be lighted by lamps with efficient reflectors; by the
use of these it is often possible to save from 2.5 to HO per
cent, of the energy required for illumination without impair-
ing the illumination in the window. Under no circumstances
should bare lamps be visible from the street as this renders
the eye less sensitive and makes a higher intensity necessary
in the interior of the store, thus defeating the purposes for
which these economies are urg*'d.

Hotel Lighting.

It is suggested that waste in guest rooms be reduced
to a minimum by having a notice, probably^a card, placed
near the door readin.g:

U. S. F. A,

SEAL

•■It

is requested bj

the U. S. F

icl

Administration

that you kindly

turn off the 1

ght

s when

leaving

the room, and

help save fue

All employees of the hotel, especially the housekeepers
having charge of the guest rooms, should be cautioned to
see that lamps are not left burning when rooms are unoccu-
pied and that when rooms are being cleaned only necessary
lights are turned on. Bell boys should be instructed to turn
on only the main or overhead lamp when showing the guest
his room.

In dining rooms where two systems of lighting are in
use, such as overhead and table lighting, one of the two
should be reduced or eliminated entirely. Where overhead

Novenilier 1, I'.ilS

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

2ft

lighting- is sutticicnt. talilc laniiis solely for decorative ef-
fects should be done away with.

In public rooms such as cafes, lobbies, writing rooms,
etc., the illumination should be reduced to a point consistent
with comfort. All decorative lamps, around mirrors or on
brackets, etc., not absolutely essential to produce illumina-
tion of a sufficient intensity to avoid feeling of undue depres-
sion or gloom should be eliminated.

Wliile it is important as a measure of safety to keep
stairways, p;issageways. and halls adequately illuminated, it
should be remembered that hall lights burn long hours and
in cases where convenience or safety is not menaced reduc-
tions as to numl)er and size of lamps must be made.

Service rooms where lamps are allowed to burn constant-
ly should receive consideration, for example in large barber
shops where only a few chairs are in use lights over the
other chairs should be turned off. In the kitchen only those
parts of the room actually being used for preparation of food,
washing the dishes and the like should be lighted.

Home Lighting.
What can be done in the home to conserve fuel? To an-
swer this question let us ask what things in the home are
done by means of fuel. Well, heating, cooking and lighting
are mainly done by its use; and either directly or indirectly
this fuel is mainly coal. So that to conserve fuel in either of
these three uses there are two methods to be considered:

(1) To make sure of the efficiency of the appliance used, and

(2) To limit the time of its use to a minimum.

It may not be generally known that the percentage of
fuel used in the homes of Americans for tliese three pur-
poses is about as follows:

For heating (house and water) ... 87 per cent.

For cooking 11 per cent.

For lighting 2 per cent.

100 per cent.
Our specific purpose here is to consider the conserving
of fuel in home lighting.

Home lighting is by means of two kinds of light —
Natural or daylight, and Artificial light. To properly use the
former is to aid in conserving the latter, which requires coal.
At periods near dawn and near dusk, and during the
heavily clouded days we supplement daylight by artificial
light: and many times we do this unnecessarily because we
do not make maximum use of the daylight at hand.

Daylight. (A) Keep window panes cleaned; as much as
half the light may be absorbed by thick
films of dust.

(B) Keep insect screens dusted; when repaint-
ing use light colored paint instead of dark,
and do not paint the mesh closed; or else
use galvanized wire which is light in color
and durable. Also, remove the screens as
soon as the need for them has passed. Many
screens stop one-third the light.

(C) Housewives will be reluctant to give up,
even to a degree, their use of lace curtains;
but some minutes of artificial lighting may
each day be saved by a judicious use of
these during very bright periods only.

In short, use daylight wherever possible in place of arti-
cial light:

Early to bed and early to rise
Saves our hoys, fuel and cargoes and lives.
Artificial Light. — It cannot be said, in general, that our
homes are overlighted; but as first stated above, it is true
that many of them use light inefficiently, and many of them
are lighted overtime. It is desirable, therefore, to correct
both of these wastes, and to be watchful against their re-

currence. To this end, may we not get this habit: When
we look at a lighted lamp let us consider the rays streaming
from it as streams of coal made incandescent; and remem-
ber so long as the light flows, the coal flows!

If it sems dilticult to get every memlier of tlie family
inculcated with the habit of light saving, then much may be
accomplished by appointing one of the younger members a
Light Monitor, charged with the duty of seeing that no ex-
tra or wasteful light is used. He will probal)ly enjoy the duty
and responsibility.

Recommendations for improving the efficiency of the
lighting will be given in later paragraphs.

Having our equipment efficient, and desiring to further
economize in the use of artificial light, let us not so mucli
strive for a less lighted room as for less rooms lighted. Can
we not work toward the old idea of the common family
lamp, having it modernly equipped and supplying adequate
light for all surrounding it?

Recommendations.

1. Turn tiff all lamps not in use.

Even if you are coming back in a few minutes, you can
turn it on again. Pilot burners or wall switches will
he found a great incentive to this practice where
lamps are in intermittent use.

2. Clean lamps regularly. (Not merely occasionally.)

Dirty shades and reflectors may reduce your light one-
half. It is proved economy to replace dim electric
lamps or broken gas mantles with new ones.

3. Keep lamps properly shaded.

Lamps having proper reflectors will give best service.
Unshaded lamps cause eye-strain. Poorly designed
shades waste light. Consult your lighting company.

4. Use only modern lamps.

Replace open-flame burners with mantle lamps. Replace
carbon electric with tungsten lamps.

5. Regulate light for proper requirement.

Use turn-down lamps for hallways, kitchens, bathrooms,
etc., where night lights are required,

6. Avoid the use of lamps for decorative purposes only.

This is a form of extravagance unsuited to war times.

7. Do not use large size lamps in small size reflectors.

This results in exposed lamps and glare.

8. Do not use indirect or semi-indirect units with dark ceil-

ings.
Such ceilings absorb too much light, instead of returning
it downward in useful directions.
0. Again — Do not use artificial light where natural light may
be used.

Lighting Economies in Offices and School Rooms.

\'ery large economies in the operation of lighting sys-
tems in offices and schools may be effected by observing all
of the precautions listed below, and this without reducing
the general illumination, which is seldom of an intensity
higher than that required for the conservation of vision.

Control of Lamps. — Operate the lighting units for a
given area only when such area is in use. They should not
be turned on during any part of the day when the natural
lighting will suffice. Place the responsibility for such care-
ful operation on designated individuals.

Parts of the room remote from the windows may require
artificial lighting when natural light is sufficient near the
windows. Connect the switches, if possible, so that the light
sources may be turned on in rows parallel with the windows,
and the artificial lighting thus used in the several sections
only as is necessary.

Often the greatest waste occurs through the lighting of
an unnecessarily large number of rooms during the hours
of cleaning. Every building superintendent and janitor

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

November 1, I'.IIH

should insist that lamps be lighted in a given area only when
the cleaners are actively engaged there, and that the mini-
mum number be turned on which will permit the work to
be done properly.

Cards or signs should l)e displayed prominently in the
various rooms requesting tenants to turn on only such lamps
as are necessary to their work and urging that all lamps be
extinguished when daylight will suffice and when the tenant
leaves his office.

Reflecting and Diffusing .Accessories. — Use bowl-frosted
lamps with open reflectors and be sure that the reflectors are
deep enough to protect the eye from the glare of the fila-
ment or mantle. Larger reflecting fi.xtures with glass dif-
fusing bowls suspended below the lamps further soften the
shadows and reduce the demand for local desk lighting. In-
direct and semi-indirect fixtures produce the best conditions
for vision in school rooms and offices.

Clusters of lamps under flat shades produce glare and
distribute light ineffectively. The larger lamps are the more
efficient. Therefore a lower wattage will suffice in a single
large lamp with deeper reflecting or diffusing accessory.

Cleaning of Windows. — Windows should be cleaned at
frequent intervals to allow the maximum use of daylight and
limit the house of artificial lighting.

Painting of Light Wells. — Paint the light wells white.
This may reduce the period of artificial lighting by several
hours each day, and improve the daylighting at all times.

Removal of Window Screens. — Where windows of offices
are screened, the screens should be removed just as soon as
the necessity for their use has passed. They absorb a high
percentage of the daylight and require artificial lighting to
be turned on for considerably longer periods.

Cleaning of Fixtures. — Dust accumulating on school and
office fixtures frequently reduces the intensit^y by 25 to 50 per
cent. Clean the units regularly and at short intervals to in-
sure maximum output for the fuel consumed.

Wall and Ceiling Surfaces. — White ceilings and. to a
lesser extent, light colored walls add greatly to the efficiency
of any office or school lighting system. The added diffusion
of light is also particularly valuable here. It is necessary
that ceilings, especially should be refinishcd whenever they
become darkened. With indirect or semi-indirect lighting
the refinishing of the ceiling and cleaning of the lighting
units will frequently increase the intensity 50 to 100 per cent.,
permitting a reduction in wastage to the next lower size
of lamp.

In offices and school rooms the requirements of vision
are exacting. The occupants must view fine detail and work
in one position for long periods. The light from a lamp
therefore enters the eye constantly from one direction and
will prove annoying and harmful if too bright. Reflections
from polished surfaces and sharp shadows also interfere with
vision. If the general illumination is from amply diffused
sources of proper wattage, all individual desk lamps may be
dispensed with.

Economies in Fuel for Industrial Lighting.

In almost every plant there is waste in the use of light,
the elimination of which can be accomplished without re-
tarding production, impairing the vision or menacing the
safety of the employees. The principal sources of waste are
the following:

Inefficient Lamps. — Replace carbon electric lamps by the
modern efficient tungsten filament lamps. Substitute mantle
burners for open-flame gas jets. These substitutions will re-
sult in a saving of three-fourths of the fuel used for a given
candlepower.

Where clusters of lamps are employed under shades re-
place them by a single larger lamp with a suitable reflector.

The larger electric lamps are the more efficient. .\ lower
wattage may be used in a single unit than with a cluster.

Improper Reflecting or Diffusing Equipment. — Flat re-
flectors allow much of the light to escape to the walls in-
stead of directing it to the work. They also leave the bright
light source exposed to view and the glare interferes with
vision, causing a demand for still higher intensities. Use re-
flectors of the dome or bowl shapes for greatest economy.
Except where lamps are mounted in high bay areas use bowl-
frosted lamps to reduce glare reflected from the work and
to soften shadows.

Faulty Location of Units. — Space lamps close enough to
give uniform lighting and w'ith reference to the work, so as
to avoid bad shadows. This permits the use of a minimum
wattage in the general lighting and makes it possible to re-
m.ove most drop lamps or local lighting. Drop lamps within
control of the workmen are frequently burned by him
throughout the day when no necessity exists.

Maintenance. — Keep lamps and reflectors free from dust
by a regular schedule of cleaning at short intervals. In many
factories dirty reflectors absorb half of the light produced
by the lamps.

Have windows washed frequently. This will greatly im-
prove the natural lighting and permit the use of daylight
alone fnr more hours per day

The Kaiser does not want you to Buy Bonds.

Keep ceilin,gs and upper walls well painted in whiU.
When dark or dirty they will absorb so much light that more
artificial light must be furnished.

Wasteful Burning of Lamps. — So far as possible do all
lighting from a general overhead system out of the control
cf individual workmen. Make some individual in each de-
partment responsible for seeing to it that lamps are lighted
only in such areas and for such periods as necessary.

.\reas at a distance from windows often require artifi-
cial light when natural lighting is sufficient near the win-
dows. Switching arrangements should be such as to make
this possible.

Table I.

Foot-candles at the work
Ordinary practice Minimum

(a) Roadways and yard thoroughfares 0.05- 0.25 0.02

(b) Storage spaces 0.50- 1.00 0.25

(d) Rough manufacturing, such as
rough machining, rough assembling.

rough bench work 2.00-4.00 1.25

(e) Rough manufacturing, involving

closer discrimination of detail 3.00- G.OO 2.00

(f) Fine manufacturing such as fine
lathe work, pattern and tool making,

light colored textiles 4.00- 8.00 :!.00

(g) Special cases of fine work such as
watcli making, engraving, drafting.

dark colored textiles 1(1.00-15.00 5.00

(h) Office work such as accounting,

typewriting, etc 4.00- 8.00 :i.00

Note. — Measurements of illumination are to be made at the
work with a properly standardized portaljle photometer.

Change of Address

The address of the Hessco Electric Manufacturing Com-
pany has been changed from 310 Adelaide Street West to 33
Church Street, Toronto. •

Novemlier I. 1918

THK ELECTRICAL NEWS

The best attended banquet oi electrical men in the history ot Canada

Canadians Hear About the Goodwin Plan

of Merchandising Electrical Apparatus and Appliances— A Record Attendance Attests

the Universal Interest Taken in the Goodwin Program by Manufacturer,

Central Station, Jobber, and Contractor-Dealer Alike

The thrct-day convention of the executive- of tile Xa-
tioual Association of Electrical Contraclors and Dealers,
scheduled to meet in Toronto, Oct. 14, IJ and Hi, was post-
poned, owing to the epidemic of Spanish influenza. Special
permission was obtained, however, to carry out the ban-
quet part of the program, and on Tuesday evening, Oct. 15.
sonic 375 electrical men, many from outside of Toronto, and
a few from the eastern and western provinces, assembled
a! the King luhvard Hotel to hear Mr. W. L. Goodwin.

The delegation freim the National .\ssociation. in addi-
tion to Mr. Goodwin, included Mr. W. Creighton Peet, chair-
man of the National Association, Mr. James R. Strong, of
New York City, chairman of the National Constitution Com-
mittee, and Mr. Samuel A. Chase, special representative of
tlie NN'estinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co.

The banquet was held under the auspices of the newly
formed Ontario .Association of Electrical Contractors and
Dealers. Senator Frederic Nicholls, president and general
manager Canadian General Electric Company, whose -influ-
ence and suppeirt were, in large measure, responsible for the
success which attended the event, acted as chairman.

Senator Nicholls. in his intrc)ductory address, remark-
ed that as a pioneer of the electrical industry in Canada, in
which he had been engaged for thirty-five years, Ire felt
honored to act as chairman at such a gathering. It was the
largest and most notable gathering of Canadian electrical
men in all his experience, and he congratulated Mr. Kenneth
A. Mclntyre, president of the Ontario -Association, on the
great success which had attended his committee's efforts.
He then proceeded to point out wliat organization has done
for Canada as a nation during the past four years. The war
had introduced unprecedented conditions which had called

for greater co-operation and more complete organization
than had been known before. Such organizations as the
Imperial Munitions Board had been formed and the resulting
co-ordination of eflfort had worked most effectively to the be-
nefit of Canadian industry', correcting the trade balance to a
great extent, and producing wonderful prosperity. Such were
the proven advantages of organization. Senator Nicholls said
that having heard much of Mr. Goodwin's plan of organiza-
tion for the electrical industry, he had come prepared to lis-
ten to Mr. Goodwin himself, with an open mind.

Mr. Goodwin's Address

"We have two very important jobs before us — we as
electrical men. Our first job is to win this war, and that we
are going to do without any shadow of a doubt, as we have
the best organization in the field to do the job. It is said
that food will win the war, but this is not so. It has been
said that men will win the war. that money will win the war.
that materials will win the war. These are catchy state-
ments that sound all right, but the thing that will really
uin the war is organization, made up of all these things
together. Next to the winning of the war we have the
.greatest responsibility, perhaps, of men of any industry, in
the serving of the great masses of the people with electrical
necessities and conveniences. No other industry contributes
to such an extent to the progress, the success or the happi-
ness of the people as does the electrical industry. Any other
single industry might be left out of this war and the war
would go on just the same, but take away the electrical in-
dustry and everything would stop immediately. Other indus-
tries make much of their contriluitions to the war — the auto-
mobile, the food and other industries tell us what thev have

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

November 1. l'.i!8

done, but we are doing our work in silence and we will
receive our just reward in due time. To the electrical people
have been delegated the greatest responsibilities of serving
the public, but I feel that in the past we have served them
none too well. Our eflfort has been selfish and individual.
The great majority of electrical men do not realize their
responsibility to the public: their sole idea is to profit. We
give a great deal of time and money to charitable work,
hut do we realize that through the facilities which our in-
dustry offers human efficiency can be increased perhaps
many hundreds of times, and that beyond the personal pro-
fit is the greater responsibility of serving the public. I do
not know much about electrical conditions in Canada, but
I do about the States. We have made very satisfactory pro-
gress. We are dealing with an unknown quantity and a
great deal of credit is due to the pioneers, but we must do
more. It is not generally know-n that the public has not been
sold the electrical idea. Electricity in its various forms has
been sold as a luxury. True, it has come into our industries
as a necessity for lighting and transportation, but so far as
its general use in the household is concerned, it is still con-
sidered a lu.xurj'. In the States, with a population of ap-
proximately 100 millions, the gross sales of our central sta-
tions approximate .$300,000,000 per annum, or a per capita
consumption of ,$3.00. In manufacturing, installation, and so
on, the gross annual business is $.)0n, 000,000, making a total
of approximately .$800,000,000 or $8.00 per capita. This
amount was no doubt exceeded during 1917, but when you
consider that with perhaps three or four hundred thousand

BUY VICTORY BONDS

You are merely asked to LEND your money
at a good rate of interest — on rock-bottom se-
curity. Compare this with what the boys are
GIVING.

engaged in the industry we are only al)le to produce $800,-
000,000, and that the automobile industry exceeds the electri-
cal industry by five or six times, then I say that as elec-
trical people, we are not doing as well as we might.

"Our effort has largely been individual, and so believing
I gave considerable thought to the question and made sug-
gestions, and did some organization work in my own dis-
trict, the Pacific Coast. There we had only a per capita
consumption of $5.00 per capita, but we got the electrical
people together, and in five years this consumption was in-
creased to $30.00 per capita. If that rate could be extended
in the States then we would have a gross annual business
of ,$3,000,000,000 per annum, and all would participate in the
rewards."

Mr. Goodwin said that the great difficulty was that the
functions of the various branches of the industry had not
been properly defined, that the manufacturer and central
station had not assisted the retailer, but that the latter had
actually been in competition with him, with the result that
whatever business he got was at a low rate of profit. He
referred to his own experience in the jobbing business and
related how through co-operating with the retailer he had
increased his profits in the ratio of 5 to 3 by increased vol-
ume of business and reduced overhead, while actually selling
his goods at a lower rate. "I figure," he said, "that we are
spending, in the U. S., perhaps ten or fifteen million dollars
per annum to try and sell our products. If the same amount
were expended through organizations co-operating in scien-
tific distribution, it would easily raise our business to two or
three billion dollars per annum in five or ten years."

"People are generally suspicious at first, this being par-
ticularly true of the electrical contractor. He has stru.ggled
with these obstacles for years and can't believe that jobbers
and manufacturers, or central stations, are susceptible to
change of policy. Since the plan was started in the States,
however, hundreds and hundreds have changed and adopted
an ethical policy of retailing, and it is working out. Peo-
ple are willing to try things to-day that they would not try
a few years ago. Our campaign must be one of education.
\\'e must make business men out of the retailers, and when
this is done you will find that many of the difficulties
will have disappeared."

Driving around Toronto Mr. Goodwin had not been
favorably impressed with the type of electrical stores. "There
should be two or three hundred beautiful electrical shops in
a city like Toronto. Of all the great industries in the world
we are the only one that does not know what we are sell-
ing. We are selling an unknown quantity. We have not
sold the electrical idea. There has been too much complica-
tion in our policies and too much effort expended in getting
after unprofitable business. Our method of pricing in the
electrical business is most unscientific. The value of the
service rendered by the various factors has never been de-
termined. Xo one seems to know the value of the service
of retailers, whether it should be based on averages or sales
of each commodity. We must have a scientific basis of price
making before our distribution can be satisfactory. Price
should be based on factory cost, plus reasonable profit, plus
the cost of service rendered to the public. To my mind, a
scientific price schedule for tlie sale o' our commoditie.'i is
required."

Mr. Goodwin pointed out the great difficulties which have
arisen through lack of proper standardization. In the case
of transformers, for instance, a legion of different types is
required to supply all the various voltages, frequencies, etc.,
and there are some 5,000 different devices that may be used
when wiring a building according to the choice of the archi-
tect or engineer. "Fortunately, through necessity of war,
we are told we must conserve, and perhaps when we get
through, we may have 300, instead of 5.000. We arc being
taught the lesson of co-operation and we are going to sim-
plify our i)rol)lem of manufacture and distribution.

"We have in the electrical industry a lack of proper or-
ganization in the four main branches. We have a lack of or-
ganization in the industry as a whole."

Mr. Goodwin proceeded to make same remarks (m the
value of organization, and told how the W'luatstone bridge
had api)ealed to him as a particularly good illustration of
how the various factors in the electrical industry .■-hould be
co-ordinated. In this regard, he said:

"When Christie invented the Wheatstone Bridge in
1833, he little dreamed how significant it would become to
the whole electrical industry. To-day it represents the scien-
tific distribution in electrical merchandizing, and a brief
study of the diagram will indicate how close this analogy
really is. How particularly appropriate it is that the elec-
trical connections of an electrical instrumeat best indicate
the correct commercial relations in the electrical industry.

"The battery, the source of energj', represents the pub-
lic, whose investors furnish the capital for all branches of
the industry. This capital, the manufacturer converts into
generatin.g and distributing equipment for the central station
or industrial plant, or into appliances and supi)lies. His sales
diverge as shown in the diagram, dependent upon the prin-
cipal class of product utilized by each branch. The central
station has electric service as its principal product which,
it will be noted, is used through the wiring installed ])riuci-
pally I'y the contractor-dealer. The wholesaler has as his
principal function problems affecting wholesale electrical

NnvcniliiM- I, I '.I IS

THE E-LECTRICAL NEWS

LtGhT 6, POWER COMPANV

MANUFACTURCR I

RETAILER

CO ,sl

CAPITAL £A/r£r/f/A/G rns /A/ousrAfy

THE PUBLIC

CONSUMER

The Human Wheatstone Bridge — "How particularly appropriate it is that the connections of an electrical instrument best indicate the cor-
rect commercial relations in the electrical industry."

niorchaiuliziiiK. He makes contact with the central statinn
or the contractor-dealer in passing to the consumer. Tlie
contractor-dealer thus becomes the point of retail contact
of the manufacturer, central station, and wholesaler with the
consuming public which, by the way, following the circuit,
brings us back to the negative side of the battery, thus com-
pleting the analogy.

Nothing in the diagram indicates, nor is it the intention
to restrain in any fiu"m. either of the interests referred to in
performing the function of another, but due regard to the
interests of all should be recognized in order that the scien-
tific plan of merchandising under the Wheatstone Bridge
principle will not indicate on the galvanometer such an un-
balanced condition as now exists.

"When each interest operates with due regard to tlie
interests u\ t^e others, the galvanometer will indicate at
zero, an evidence of a balanced condition, winch, when ap-
plied to electrical merchandizing and the electrical indus-
try is reflected as stability and prosperity.

Solving the Problem of Distribution.

"With this explanation, you may now even ask the ques-
tion:— How will the Wheatstone Bridge principle of elec-
trical merchandising solve the problem of distribution and
remove conflict of trade interests ? My answer is: — It will
not, unless applied by each individual concern and recogniz-
ed as fundamentally correct by each branch of the industry.
So this Wheatstone Bridge plan of merchandising is sub-
mitted as a scientific instrument analogous to the mariner's
compass with the hope and belief that it will eventually be
so recognized by the captains of the electrical industry.

A compass, in itself, does not navigate a ship along the
right course, but it enables the captain to direct his shij)
along not only a safe course, but as well over the shortest

and iKst route to his destination. .So the Wheatstone Bridge
when applied to wholesale or retail merchandising, should
serve as the "compass" of our industry, enabling us to read-
ily understand "Navigatjon" as applied to our intricate com-
mercial problems of merchandising and distribution, causing
us to navigate our commercial ship not only along a course
free from the submerged rocks of friction and failure, but
as well over a course marked with beacons indicatin,g co-
operation, organization and co-ordinated effort. When the
galvanometer on the bridge indicates zero it will reflect to
the industry in the form of stability and prosperity.

"Better electrical merchants will mean better business
for all of us — contractor, central stations, joljbers and man-
ufacturing alike. A sound merchandising plan that will im-
prove conditions in the retail selling field is bound to bene-
fit in general every group and individual in the industry.
But in addition to the broad results that will come in this
way, the movement can oflfer some very definite benefits to
the lighting company, the wholesaler and the manufacturer.
And the plan should l)e looked at from all of these view-
points, for in this matter of retail merchandising lies the
solution to a lot of the prolilems that have been confront-
ing the industry as a whole.

"The central station, be it privately or publicly owned,
for example, wants security of public opinion and increased
kilowatt-hour business. The plan insures these very things
for the central station.

"The joljber wants larger volume of sales, security of
his position in the trade and with the manufacturer, better
credit conditions, better collections and his customers to be
better business men. The plan offers these to the jobber.

"The manufacturer wants simplification of his selling
|)ro1ilem, lowered cost of distribution and selling, standard-
ization and wider use of his products and security for his

THE ELECTRICAL NEWb

Xovcmlicr 1, I'.iis

National Association of Elect

Graphic Representati

N».tiona.l Association

Electrical ^Contractors

AndDealer^

fmee^t-s £inrtita.iiyj

VivULOtiE^eCUi.^ eCommittec
comprisinoonerepipsentati ve
from e38h6tat»(or Province'
m V^vi-fion J

f-cetsjcm cr;n::dli0

Atlantic Division

["^ects semi-ar>nadUii)

CTTfrritCee Secretary

Central Division

Jt-i rerorPro*

ComrrtUe
cc'^4>''isin(i I member
'•ro'" ej-P^ r>'srrict
' (greets tjitanerti/)

ill
ii!
ill
ill

%■

Ii!

U'-

li._

\\Secf!onJV^.2
\SecCicn ATo. 3
■Section Z\/b -4-

\ 1

\ Yofihcrj . Tcc tton
. Vc v/I^ oc/ii /ic • Section
Turrytowii . Section

\\\^JifotorJi^cti:oii ofMlstrut
\ \^f'}xture Section of Piituct
^CofitrdCt ■■ riajcctcon ofMiSli ic t
/'iLrc/iuridi-^ I'ti^Section otUistru i

The

continent is subdivided into four main "divisions"— Atlantic, Central, Pacific, Canadian- so that
and one national meeting each year. The divisions are sub-divided into states and provinces
the districts into sections such as motor, fixture, contracting, etc. The smaller the sub-divisions th|e

merji
, wit|!

\'ii\ oinlicr I, I '.I IS

TITF. F.T.FrTRirA I, NI-WS

cal Contractors and Dealers
m of Organization

— MA. N.\ t, EME^- T —
1 1 ^J^ecu'iye C oiumittcc

P/attondL

Cc-iitdl /).' vision i-
Aicific Divljici a

C3lt^j!^tTtZ>lVtJlO''

Pacific Division

(meets Jemi-anmialli^)

Canadian Division

/meets jc. Tii-dnnucilli/)

! I
I J
i J

flppomtiNdtioiulChjimaA

/tpfointiNattondltSrl'rc'.try

—■- ^-- /IpjKinTiNistiondi /7vj<arer

Sflec^i C/'. t!i ift.fn :'n f .'/^irae
" ^^ (Sce/jiltcley) '

Siec/jA.iUonal Counsel

/?ppoiafj SpeCMlCommlSas

i:/cffs District

" Exr<utiife Co/n/nif/rf

^jno Section
fordSectcon

•Section

^teft^ Stare
~ (or I'roi^inciai)
Szeiuttie GjmmitUrmi

elects Chdirmdn

/ip^intS
' derrctaryTrediurrr

\- W2hr/7]pe0 -Sectton

Ednion'torL Section
\L,etfibTid^e Section

tr utile Can

deiermiryeidnaiut

' llllu/.fi ^l~^

77 »<*<:- ^S*v/ /.

}tercha ndiz itidjnd

Indusltial Derelnflrn lit
Umvfrjdl MiiduilSalriHijoK
Code.

Mcrnljcrship
LeOisldtinn

PuhliCrit inti
LidhililuFiisutaiUC
Cofiitrnfiniii'-^Mfftmai
Credit, atirj/lccoiinl iHo
Credentials »

JfoiisclVinno
Sbbbcrs °
Alanufctc/iirer^
Ceitttj I Stations
yircliitectj-
£^rtaineens
■ST.a'hda.rdization
Otati-sZict--;
IfSOmmber!^ Comment

may meet together at points near which they are located. There will be two meetings of each division
rther sub-division into districts where thought necessary. Provision is also made for again sub-dividing
e frequent the meetings, which may be quarterly, monthly or weekly as conditions would determine.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Niiveiiilicr 1, I'.ils

I)usiiicss — and these arc the offerings tlie p]an licilds .'iii tn
the manufacturer.

"The contractors, therefore, in asking ,the sympathy
and interest of the other branches can themselves take pride
in the fact that tliey are getting ready to go before the in-
dustry with a plan which oiTers a great deal for the light-
ing company, the jobber and the manufacturer, if each of
these groups will study, understand and apply it."

In conclusion, Mr. Goodwin said: "I appreciate very
much this opportunity of addressing you. particularly as the
invitation has come from Senator Nicholls. and I am sure
he will be a supporter of any plan you may decide upon.
I do not say that the electrical men of Canada should get
together on this plan, but they should get together on some
plan and work it out."

Mr. Chase Endorses the Plan

At the request of Senator Xicholl.s, Mr. Chase, special
representative of the Westinghouse Co., addressed the meet-
ing. Mr. Chase referred to the excellent wrork being done
by Mr. Goodwin and his plan of education, stimulating the
various branches of the electrical industry to get together
and devise ways and means whereby better merchandising
methods may be used. He urged all to have confidence in
Mr. Goodwin and the plan of the National Association of
Electrical Contractors and Dealers for re-organization, and
not to lose time by asking each other: "What's the ulterior
motive?" Iiecause the plan, if in operation, w'ould be of bene-
fit to all in the electrical industry — manufacturers, central
stations, jobbers, contractors and dealers — and to the public
as well, for the reason that the lesson they are endeavoring
to teach is: "How can we most economically sell electrical
merchandising goods through the natural channels of dis-
tribution? To depart from these natural channels would be
as foolish as trying to change the flow of the St. Lawrence
River.

Mr. Strong on "Organization"

Mr. Chase was followed by Mr. las. R. Strong, of New
York City, who dwelt on the subject of "Organization," In
order to give his audience a clear understanding of the situa-
tion he proceeded to give a little history regarding the Na-
tional Association, telling how the beginnings of the present
organization were formed in 1890 in New York City with a
membership of eleven; how it had been enlarged to a state
association in ItlOS: and how in 1910, still finding the organ-
ization inadequate, the New York State association had
been instrumental in getting a number of prominent electri-
cal contractors together and fonning a national association.
This association had made progress and in 191fi reached a
membership of 1,500, covering most of the states of the Un-
ion, but still its scope was too limited, representing not 10
per cent, of the retailers in the electrical business. The of-
ficers were busy studying the problems of its improvement,
"when suddenly out of the Golden West came the Moses
who was to lead us out of our difiiculties," This Moses (Mr. •
Goodwin) attended a meeting of the executive last June,
when he presented a plan which was enthusiastically receiv-
ed. As a result a National constitution committee was form-
ed, consisting of Mr. McClary, of Detroit, and the speaker,
and to it was consigned the duty of revising the existing
constitution.

Mr. Strong pointed out that there were two main dif-
ferences between the old a:id the new constitution. The first
change was the creation of an associate membership, in or-
der to bring into the association those who did any retailing
of electrical merchandise. To suit this action the name was
changed to the National Association of Electrical Contract-
ors and Dealers. This associate memliership consisted of
those who carried on electrical merchandising as a depart-

ment of their busines.s — jobbers or central stations who re-
tail, and department stores with electrical departments. The
meinbcr was one wlio was exclusively a contractor and
dealer.

Tlie second step was to adopt the principle of paj'ing
dues in accordance with the amount of business done. The
members had been classified in groups from "A" — less than
$12,000 — to "J"^over .$500,000 — and each paid in proportion.
Further classes had since been added, the highest now bcin.g
"over the million." The contractor or dealer was permitted
to classify himself, based on his sales during the previous
calendar year. The object of this action was to interest the
small contractor or dealer, and leave the membership of the
association open to him for a small fee. and the scheme was
working out very satisfactorily.

Plan of Organization

Mr. Strong then referred to his organization chart whicli
is reproduced elsewhere on pp. 30 and 31 of this issue —
a new one to which the Canadian Division had been added.
He pointed out that the reason for making the four divisions
was that members might meet together at centres near
which they were located. There would be two meetings of
the divisions, and one national meeting each year. The divi-
sions were sub-divided into state associations, the provinces
of Canada being considered as states for purposes of consti-
tution, and there was a further sub-division into districts, if
necessary. Provision was also made to sub-divide the dis-
tricts into sections, such as motor, fixture, contracting, etc.

In the distribution of data, etc.. the channels worked
downwards from the National Executive to the section, while
the method was reversed in the collection of fees, the money
passing up throu.gh the district, state and division, each ap
propriating it proper share. To provide for proper repre-
sentation, there would be six committeemen elected to the
National Executive from each of the two larger divisions,
the .\tlantic and the Central, and two from each of the two
smaller divisions, the Pacific and the Canadian. The state
associations in turn elected committeemen to the divisions,
and the districts to the state associations.

Mr. Strong also referred to the special committees which
had been formed to collect and distribute information that
would be useful to all the members — such as industrial de-
velopment, universal data and sales book, national electrical
code, membership, legislation, publication, liability insurance,
conventions and meetings, credit, credentials, house wiring,
merchandisin.g, etc. .■\11 this organization work had been ac-
complished in a short time, and there were now ten state
secretaries giving their entire time to association work. It
was held that these secretaries should be paid men; p^st ex-
perience shows that in no other way could the work be car-
ried out satisfactorily. The secretaries attended to the
technical and detail work, while the officers were responsible
for the policies. At the last meeting of the Executive Com-
mittee, the appointment of a general manager of the Na-
tional -Association had also been authorized. Mr. W. H.
Morton, formerly of the J. & M. Electric Co.. of L'tica. N.
Y., and who had also been secretary of the old association
for fourteen years, was chosen for this position.

Broadly speaking, the fees collected were used to in-
crease the membership and to discover and assist those
members who were not carrying on their business properly,
sending them information and having experts call upon
them to discuss their problems and point out how their
methods might be improved. To assist in this object, a
questionnaire card had been used with a number of enquiries
as to methods, etc.

Another question which had come before the National
Executive Committee was that of establishing a Bureau of
Education and Research, and the speaker felt sure that at

Xoveirlitr 1. IIMS

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

tlie iK'Xt iiK-etiiiR of tlu- cimiiiiiUcc this slfp wmild lie decid-
ed upon. By means of this Bureau it was hoped to interest
those outside the association. It was also its ol)jcct to edu-
cate tlie electrical retailers and the general public in the
economical and safe use of electricity and electrical devices,
to prevent the danger of fire through careless handling, and
to promote the conservation of electricity during the war.
to compile and distribute data on the cost of operating ap-
l)liances. safe installation, etc.; and to compile this informa-
tion in such form as to be readily available for making sales.
In closing. Mr. Strong made a few remarks on the value
of organization, pointing out that it produced good fellow-
ship and presented a means of mutual education. "Kone
of us," he said, "arc too old to learn something from organ-
ization."

Mr. Hayward Speaks for Vancouver

The chairman next introduced Mr. E. C. Hayward. of
\'ictoria, B.C.. Nice-President of the British Columbia As-
sociation of Electrical Contractors and Dealers. Mr, Hay-
ward extended to those present the hearty greetings of the
association he represented. He said that his association
had been in existence for the last two years, and that a
month previously they had resolved to affiliate with the
National Association. He therefore tendered to Mr. Pect,
its chairmaji. their oflfer of affiliation. Mr. Peet, in replying.
expressed much pleasure in accepting the offer, and said he
only regretted the National Executive Committee was not
present to receive it.

Kenneth A. Mclntyre— The Man Behind the Gun

In introducing Mr. Kenneth .\. Mclntyre. president of the
Ontario Association of Electrical Contractors and Dealers.
Senator Nicliolls said that Mr. Mclntyre had worked very
hard indeed in order that this notable gathering mi.glit be
an accomplished fact, and that supreme credit was due him
for his eflforts, Mr. Mclntyre modestly deprecated the
chairman's flattering remarks, and explained how it had been
through the influence of Senator Nicholls and his invitation
to Mr, Goodwin to address the gathering that such success
had been made possible. He explained that his association
had followed practically the same plan of organization as
the National .\ssociation, only adjusted a little to suit the
Ontario Act. Envelopes containing full information and
directions as to joining the Ontario Association had been
provided for the use of non-members and he trusted that a
large' number of them would join right on the spot. In
closing, he tendered to Mr. Peet his association's offer of
affiliation.

Mr. Peet, in reply, said tliat he felt in a way that he
was making historj'. He took credit to himself for invitin.g
Mr, Mclntyre tQ Detroit to the National Executive Com-
mittee meeting, and said that at that time he and liis asso-
ciates were very much impressed with Mr. Mclntyre's en-
thusiasm for the movement.

PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE BANQUET
Photographs of the Goodwin banquet, 11 x 14
in., mounted, may be obtained from the presi-
dent of the Ontario Association of Electrical
Contractors and Dealers. Mr. Kenneth A. Mc-
lntyre, at $2.00 each; by mail 10c extra.

Hydro Development on Riviere des Prairies

.■\ company, headed by Senator M. J. O'Brien, of Ren-
frew, with Messrs. Qijinlan and Robertson, contractors.
Montreal, have sought authorization from the Quebec Gov-
ernment to proceed with a Hydro-electric development on
the Riviere des Prairies. Island of Montreal. The prelimin-
ary plans, drawn up by Mr. Henry Holgate, consulting en-
gineer, Montreal, provide for a development of 40,000 h.p.
Federal sanction has already been obtained, subject to modi-
fications of the original plan, and provincial authority is re-
quired for use of the bed of the stream.

It is proposed to construct an arc shaped dam, starling
on the Montreal side below the \iau bridge, and continuing
in a straight line on the other side of the river to Sergeant
Island and to the north shore of X'isitation Island; from there
the dam will run to a point just below C'heval dc Terrc
Island. The power house will be on the south shore of
Jesus Island, and the preliminary plans provide for nine units.

The project will raise the water level some 1,5 feet and
will interfere with the sewer outlets of Montreal. When
representatives of the coinpany asked the Quebec Govern-
ment for the requisite authority for the work, the city of
Montreal raised the question of dama.ge to the outlets. The
company's representatives expressed a desire to meet the
city on this point, and the Premier therefore suggested that
the company and city get togethfr and settle the question
of reconstruction and financial responsibility. When this was
agreed upon, the company should again see the Government
for permission to proceed with the scheme.

The Naval Situation

The diagram below, which is taken from the Daily Mail,
of London, England, illustrates very clearly the trend of the
world's shipping output, and the losses due to enemy sub-
marines, from September, 1914, to June, 191S. It will be

?pDi^^G'xp-xc-^lAS-JJw-5i:p-[xc-tw-Juw-^p-Da:-,H^R-Jag^y'-fe^

Tlie Regina street railway system shows a deficit of
$42,40,") for the first nine months of the year, according to a
statement ju>t prepared. The electric li.ght department shows
a deficit of $1G,4U0 for the same period.

observed that at the point of time marked by the arrow, in
.April or May last, following a comparatively sudden decrease
in losses, the output rose above the sinkings. In allied and
neutral shi|)ping, the output began to overbalance the losses
at the earlier date marked by a smaller arrow. Now that we
have the confidence of a satisfattory conclusion of the war.
we can look back and consider the seriousness of the situa-
tion which confronted us when the Hun's piracy had reached
its peak in June. 1917. .At that date the sinkings of shippin.g
lielonging to the United Kingdom alone were more than
double the world's total output and about five times the
British output, while the world's iiroduction was eonsideral>ly
less than one-third of its losses. The British position, even
as late as last June, does not appear very satisfactory.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

November 1. i'.nn

Manufacture of Heating Appliances is Re-
stricted in the United States

The War Industries Board of the United States, in or-
der to conserve essential materials and labor, to free capital
tied up unnecessarily in manufacturers' and merchants'
stocks, and to simplify and standardize factory production,
has issued a schedule for manufacturers of electrical appli-
ances which calls for the discontinuance of the manufacture
of the following:

List to be Discontinued:

Carburetor heaters, hand-wheel lieaters. in-take heaters,
manifold heaters, primer heaters, blankets, robes, cigar light-
ers, frying pans, plate warmers, curling irons, saute pans,
waffle irons, fluting irons, egg boilers, soup kettles, stew
pans, corn poppers, hand dryers, hosiery forms, peanut roast-
ers, transfer irons, vaporizers, varnish sprayers, entree dish-
es, cigar lighters for automobiles, bookbinding appliances,
instantaneaus water heaters, automobile foot warmers, fudge
warmers, vegetable dishes, and all Sheffield plated ware.

The schedule for domestic appliances (OOO watts or less.
e.\cept ranges) provides:

All appliances that are to be eliminated, but which are
now in the process of manufacture or are completed in stock
may be sold, but no more material for any of these appli-
ances to be purchased except to balance up stocks on hand,
and their manufacture is to be discontinued entirely Dec. .'Jl.

191H.

Output to be Restricted.

Industrial appliances (over 6(10 watts).— Each manufac-
turer of the following appliances to restrict his outimt to
the number of styles and sizes specified:

Total
No. of No. of
styles sizes

Convection air heaters •! '''

Confectioner's appliances :i 2

Corset irons ' '

Matrix dryers 1 1

Tailor's irons, 12 1]). or over ~ 4

l^aundry irons. 7K' t" 10 lb 1 > "

Gluepots (no aluminum pots t^j' be niaile) 1 :i

Circulation water heaters - H

Immersion water heaters 1 **

l^iund disk hot plates, opencoil type .... 1 4

Dound disk hot plates, open coil type ... 1 4

Steam boilers: To be sold only where the electrical en-
ergy is generated from water power and there is a surplus
ot such ener.gy available.

Restaurant e(|uipment — Each manufacturer of the fol-
lowing appliances to restrict his output to the lunnber of
styles and sizes specified:

Total
No. of No. of
styles sizes

Bake ovens 1 5

'Broilers 3 3

Grids 2 3

Toasters ■•• 3 3

Hotel ranges 1 '3

In the appliances not discontinued, the Conservation Di-
vision has cut out Oi)l difTerent styles and sizes. For instance
in chafing dishes, there were thirty-six styles and but three
will be allowed; of electric teapots, twenty styles and one

allowed; of toasters, ten styles and but two allowed. Manu-
facturers are to discontinue silver plated and copper finish
appliances from the styles and sizes they will continue to
make.

None to Add to Style.

In no case is any manufacturer to add to the number
of styles and sizes that he is now making.

Each manufacturer of the following appliances to re-
strict his output to the number of styles and sizes specified:

Total
No. of No. of
styles sizes

Chafing dishes 3 1

Percolators with faucets 3 2

Percolators without faucets 3 2

Samovars ' 1 1

Nursery water heaters I 3

Teapots 1 1

Hot-water kettles 1 1

Ovens I 1

Reflector heaters 2 a

Toasters 2 1

Toaster stoves 1 1

Convector heaters 1 1

Disk stoves 2 2

Fireless Cookers 1 2

Flatirons. 7^ lb. or less 2 2

Grills 3 1

Heating pads 2 2

Hair dryers 2 *1

*1 in each style.

Ranges: No more than six ditYerent ranges covering
both styles and sizes to be made at any one factory, and
none to"l)e made at any factory that is not producing ranges
at this date. Nickel plating and fancy ornamentation to be
eliminated.

Electric Company Could Not Collect

Mr. Justice Demers. in the Superior Court. Montreal,
has dismissed two claims of the \audreuil Electric Co. Ltd.
for $23,450.40 and $10.04(i..53 against Curtiss and Harvey
(Canada). Limited, in liquidation. The N'audreuil Electric
Company had contracts for these amounts with the Curtiss
& Harvey powder plant, at Dragon, prior to the explosion
of last summer, which destroyed the i)lant completely. Fol-
lowing the disaster, the company filed claims with the liqui-
dator of the Curtiss & Harvey Conii)any for the above sums.
The liquidator opposed the claims nn the ground that the
disaster was of force majeure, and that the firm in li(|uida-
tion was not liable. This contention was upheld by the court,
which declared that the accident could not be attributed to
any fault of the Curtiss & Harvey Company.

Mr. R. F. Irvin has been appointed assistant to L. D.
Calhoun, the advertising manager of the Square D Company
of Detroit, manufacturers of Square D Switches. The ap-
pointment became effective October 3rd. Mr. Irvin was for-
merly liranch advertising manager of the B. F. (loodrich
Rubber Co.. in charge of advertising for (he I'hibidelphia
territory.

Xovcmher 1, I'JIS

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

What the Coming Victory Loan Means to Every

Class in Canada

By Mr. E. R. Wood — — —

One year has elapsed since we prepared tu subscribe the the Canadian people have been educated by the Victory Loan

lirst Victory Loan (our fourth loan) issued in November. campaign to invest their savings in Dominion Government

I'JIT. We then realized clearly, and for the lirst time, that Bonds.

Great Britain had reached the pojnt at which she was com- It ought to be clearly understood thai in approaching

pelled to borrow funds in the countries in which she is mak- uur next Victory Loan, we are faced with an equally serious

ing her war purchases. This was, and is, an extremely im- situation. Only by the complete success of our l!)lh Victory

portant consideration for Canada, because our activities. Loan can we continue to finance our requirements and carry

prosperity and assistance in the war, depend almost entirely on generally in the way we have during the past seven

on our ability to market our factory and farm products in nuniths.

the United Kingdom. Gave New Lease of Life to Dominion

When we were asked to subscribe to the Victory Loan, The remarkable o\ er-subscrijition iif tlie I'.UT \'ictory

we were enjoying what we may term the prosperity of war, Loan completely changed the uncertain outlook which pre-

due to the vast volume of orders placed in Canada by the vailed when the Loan was offered to the public. It gave a

L'nited Kingdom. These war orders were, and are, the back- new impetus to agriculture, commerce and prosperity. It

bone of our general position. invigorated our efforts in the war. It allowed, as already

We were faced also with certain results of the entry of stated, our Provincial Governments, municipal and other bor-

the United States into the war. The most serious was the rowers to finance their requirements at home. In short, it

closing of that money market to our financial requirements, gave another lease of life to tlie activities of the Dominion.
During 1015 and 1916 Canada was able to subscribe the

greater part of its war loans, leaving a portion of them for A Boon to Canadian Farmers

subscription in the United States which also financed a large For the farmer, the Loan was able to linance the only

part of our ordinary requirements. The new situation created purchaser who could buy his excess products, namely, Great

the necessity not only of making Canada's 1917 Victory Britain. In the fiscal year 1915, our farmers exported animal

Loan an unqualified success, but also of financing the Pro- produce and agricultural products valued at $209,000,000. For

vincial Governments, municipal and corporation requirements, the fiscal year ended olst March, 1918, they exported no less

in addition to taking up maturing obligations in the United than $740,000,000 worth of their output, the largest agricul-

States. Those obligations in ordinary times, would have tural exports from this country on record,
been renewed in that country.

With the subscription of a large Victory Loan in pros- Manufacturer Prospered by It
pect, and these serious financial factors governing the situa- F'or the manufacturer the \'ictory Loan continued to
tion, the market for bonds other than war issues was at a give the best export market he had ever possessed. Can-
complete standstill, and the outlook was not good. adian manufacturers during the fiscal year ended 31st March,
The trend in the financial position in the United States 1915, exported $85,000,000 worth of merchandise. That period
during the past 3^> years so far as Canadian borrowings are included nearly eight months of war. For the twelve months
concerned, is shown in the following table: — ended March, 1918, they have e.xported over $636,000,000
1915 $110 508 000 $04 094 000 58 worth of merchandise, an increase in three years of $551,-
j^gjg 80 014 000 57 010 000 72 000,000, or 648 per cent. It is interesting to note in connec-
jgj- 32 404 000 8 425 000 26 '•'°" with these exports that since the Loan was raised, ap-
jgjg Qj ,)Q5 0|jg J r-QQ qqq g ~g proximatcly $20,000,000 per month have been advanced to

,,., ,,..,„ , , ■ , ■, the Imperial Munitions Board at Ottawa for the purchase

When the L nited States entered the war, in .\pnl, 1917. . ^ ,^ . . , . .,,, , ,

, ., . , .^, . . , jl Great Britain in this country. 1 here have also been ex-

w'e were therefore faced with two important factors, namely, , , . - „ , r •

, i ,, . . , , , r , . ■ pended approximately $20,000,000 a month for other war pur-

that Great Britain could not pay cash for her purchases in .,,,.,,., , . . ,

, . , , , TT ■ ■ r- . , , poses in Canada, including large purchases ot farm products,

this country and that the L'nited States could not longer ^, ■ ■ .i i . . i r „..„,>„„«,>„ i • .i

, , r r^ 1 This is a monthly total of $40,000,000 or, during the seven

help to finance Canada. , ■ ,^ ,

,,,, , , ,■ , , . . ^, months Irom December, 191., to June, 1918, a sum ol
1 hat was the delicate and dangerous situation. The suc-

..... . ... , , $280,000,000.

cess ot the \ icto.rv Loan met that situation completelv. « «„ ^

"^ - 950 War Contracts

Cause of Great Business Activity While the entire farming community has shared in the

The great business activity resulting from the issues. war orders, all the manufacturers, naturally enough, have

created additional funds for investment. In due course, it not been benefitted directly. Even so, contracts have been

afforded sufficient surplus funds in our own country to fin- given to 950 manufacturers, and in July, 1918, 400 manufac-

ance, not only the requirements of war, but also credits for turers w'ere in actual contract relations with the Imperial

the United Kingdom and loans to our provincial govern- Munitions Board at Ottaw-a.

ments and municipalities. During the first eight months of Up to June, 1918. our manufacturers have produced over

1918, Canadian investors having taken the large Victory Loan 60,000,000 shells, 20,000,000 fuses, 74.000.000 lbs. of powder

of last fall, have also been able to finance our province and and 50,000,000 lbs. of high explosives.

municipalities to the extent of $60,000,000, as mentioned Of the 1.654.000 tons of steel used in our war work. 1.400,-

above. In addition $50,000,000 of the 1917 Victory Bonds 000 tons w-ere produced in Canada.

have changed ownership, being bought by bona fide investors Contracts have lieen let in Canadian shipyards for 90

from- holders who found it necessary or desirable to lessen steamships with an aggregate dead weight tonnage of 375,000

their holdings. This wide and continued interest in the Vic- tons. These orders have a value of $71,000,000.

tory Bonds is no _doubt due to some extent to the fact that National war plants have been established at a cost of

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

November 1, 1918

$15,000,000 in Montreal, Renfrew, Trenton, Toronto and
Parry Sound, where powder and high explosives are made,
fuses loaded and forgings produced and aeroplanes built.
These plants have been given their contracts by the Board
at the same prices and on similar terms as the independent
makers of munitions and they have already amortized their
cost to the extent of $10,000,000.

Large quantities of lir and spruce are being purchased
by the Imperial Munitions Board in British Columbia for
aeroplanes. The Board now has 67 logging camps in opera-
tion.

Made Possible Big U. S. Orders

As a collateral advantage to Canada, by reason of the
development of capacity to manufacture in a large way, the
United States have found it to their advantage to place or-
ders for the production of munitions in Canada to an import-
ant extent; the United States supplies all the raw materials,
Canada supplying the labor and experience. The beneht of
this to the United States, as well as to Canada, will be un-
derstood from the fact that the 75 millimetre shell, which is
the size for which the largest number of orders have been
placed, both in the United States and Canada, were pro-
duced in Canada last month in a quantity in excess of the
total production in the United States. The production of
this size of shell in Canada now on account of the United
States Government is 255,000 per week and is steadily in-
creasing.

As a further evidence of the interest of the United States
in the developed capacity of Canada, representatives of the
marine section of the Imperial Munitions Board were asked
to attend a conference' called by the Emergency Fleet Cor-
poration of the United States in Philadelphia on the 21st of
June, for the purpose of ascertaining what assistance Can-
ada could give to them in the production of marine engines
and marine supplies. Already large orders have been placed
in Canada for marine castings and winches, and general sup-
plies for the shipbuilding program in the United States. Of
course, it is obvious that this business from the United
States will have a marked effect upon the exchange situa-
tion, as the money is practically all for wages, as the material
is practically all from the United States.

Labor Demand Maintained

The success of the Victory Loan insured a continued de-
mand for all kinds of skilled and unskilled labor. High
wages have been received and have helped to cope with the
increased cost of living resulting from the effects of war for
a long period. Agricultural, factory and other labor have
earned good wages, giving a margin for saving.

The placing of $400,000,000 by the subscribers to the
Victory Loan, in the hands of the Government, enabled the
authorities to continue to finance the basis of our prosperity,
namely, war orders from the United Kingdom. It assisted
them also, to a marked degree, in seeing that Canada does
its full part to support our troops at the front, to help feed
the Allies, and to bring the war to a successful conclusion as
speedily as possible.

The flotation of the Victory Loan, in short, has kept in
motion and in good running order the complex, economic
machinery of the country.

New Loan Must Be Over-subscribed

Now with regard to Canada's 1918 Victory Loan, it is
imperative that it should be well over-subscribed and even
more successful than the 1917 Loan.

This is necessary, firstly, because we cannot continue to
do our part in the war without the required funds; secondly,
because we cannot obtain those funds unless the national
activities are maintained at high pressure; and thirdly, be-
cause that end cannot be accomplished unless we finance the

national activities which have such a vital bearing on the
international situation and the conclusion of the war.

It would be a disastrous error were we to be lulled, be-
cause of our prosperity, into a misunderstanding of the real
situation. It cannot be emphasized too frequently that the
safety of our national structure and our participation in the
war, depend entirely upon the results of the 1918 Victory
Loan.

Our Prosperity Depends on It

Our prosperity during the past year was a direct result
of the response to the loan issued last fall. The continuance
of our prosperity during the coming year will depend upon
the degree of success achieved by the Victory Loan of 1918.
Unless we do even better than a year ago, we will jeopardize
the prevailing prosperous conditions and activities which, in
turn, allow us to participate freely in the conduct of the war.

There is not a legitimate reason why on this occasion
we cannot better the results of the previous Loan. We have
done well in the past, both in the aggregate and per capita.
At the same time, we realize that our position in Canada is
a fortunate one, compared with that in European countries
which are in the immediate zone of war. No one can rea-
sonably contend that we have yet achieved the best pos-
sible results in regard to the raising of War Loans. The
evidence of better latent efforts are apparent on every hand.
It remains only to organize and give effect to them. For ex-
ample, while the total bank deposits in Canada on the 30th
of November, 1917, were $1,547,000,000, they had decreased to
only $1,541, 08:'., 788 on lilst July, 1918, a comparatively trifling
decline of under $6,000,000, while the deposits in Canada at
;ilst July, 1918, are $160,000,000, greater than 31st July, 1917.
This excellent record was achieved despite the subscription
of the 1917 Victory Loan of $416,000,000, despite the absorp-
tion of $50,000,000, of those bonds sold by holders during
this year, who desired to realize, and despite the purchase
by our investors of $60,000,000, provincial and municipal
bonds. These are substantial indications of Canada's ability
to subscribe another large Victory Loan, because the national
activities allowing the nation to make such a record as out-
lined above, have continued in a marked degree, making it
possible to repeat and better the 1917 Victory Loan and gen-
eral record of the country.

We Must Finance British Purchases
Great Britain having borne a tremendous burden of war
for four years cannot be expected to finance her war pur-
chases in this country. The United States is perfecting a vast
war machine. Her financial resources are required for that
purpose and to place credits at the disposal of the Allies. It
is necessary, therefore, that Canada should raise the ,funds
required, not only to carry on our normal and war activities,
but also to advance substantial sums to Great Britain for her
purchases here.

While in the United States, the people have been asked
to subscribe a Liberty Loan every few months, we, in Can-
ada, have not been asked to subscribe a war loan since No-
vember, 1917, This is an enormous advantage in every way.
The long respite from War Loan activities, has enabled the
1917 Victory Loan to be splendidly absorbed and distributed,
has in addition created a healthy market for provincial and
municipal bonds, and has allowed business generally to pro-
ceed without the temporary halt which war loan issues always
bring. Furthermore, it is not too much to say that the main-
tenance of the market price of the 1917 Victory Loan at the
issue price and the recent advance in the issue price consti-
tute a record in war finance.

If satisfactory results are acliieved with Canada's 1918
Victory Loan, the funds raised thereby will supply our needs
for another year. That is an additional reason why every
effort should be made to make the Loan an unqualified suc-
cess.

Xoveniber 1, 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

The Electrical Dealer from a Manufacturin:

Standpoint

By Mr. Samuel A. Chase*

In tliese days of reconstruction along almost all direc-
tions of human effort, it is not strange that a spirit of unrest
should have found an entrance to the field occupied by the
jobbers and contractor-dealers. Lawyers of the highest em-
inence are persuaded that both the practice of law as well
as the law itself are facing changes of a radical sort. A di-
ploma, a small black bag and a sympathetic, bedside manner
no longer constitute the essentials of a profitable medical
career. 'Merely to know that c-a-t spells cat does not nec-
essarily qualify one to teach the fact to others. And pre-
c;sel5' as law. medicine and pedago.gy have a future entirely
different from the recent past, so also is it most reasonable
to believe that tlie same principle applies with equal force
to the more complicated business of selling the product of
a factory.

Change is the fundamental fact of economic progress.
To recognize and accept the probability of a change is one-
half of the problem: and to see its direction accurately pro-
vides the ultimate solution.

The inexperienced manufacturer of electrical appliances
cieates a sales policy of selling direct, forgetting the jobber,
and contractor-dealer, and says they are useless. Cut them
out; they are carbuncles on the commercial body; they are
parasites; "they toil not neither do they spin." Many of you
have heard this sort of statement. Tt pretends to be an ar-
gument, and poses as a demonstration. Being both loud and
misleading it is the song of the siren in every sense so far
as anj' useful purpose can be found. Nevertheless it has
tempted many a manufacturer from the ship of safety and
one glorious summer of success has induced a multitude of
disastrous financial winters.

Nearly every commercial line has lieen attacked by the
fever, with the usual losses to the manufacturer, and the
injury of the distributor and seldom to the advantage of the
manufacturer.

There is an old saying that "the longest way 'round is
the shortest way home." E.xperimenta! short cuts often are
costly. A multitude of greedy manufacturers have tried to
sell direct at the jobber's price; a myriad of grasping retail-
ers have tried to buy directly from the manufacturer, with
the jobber's discount. So they lock horns over this trifling
middle percentage and upset the stability of trade condi-
tions very greatly to their own loss.

I am familiar with some of your problems; not all, not
nearly all. But I know the confusion caused by the electric
light companies when thej' sell electrical merchandising ap-
pliances at cost in order to increase the consumption of cur-
rent. I know about the pit dug by the local contractor —
into which he himself frequently falls. But although I know
something of your "'hard trials and great tribulations." I
know also that you should occupy an impregnable strong-
hold.

In the first place "possession is nine points of the law."
You may say confidently with Napoleon "I am here. I shall
stay."

Secondly, "in union there is strength," and you will im-
press others through consolidating associations, as an united
body.

Any plan of reconstructing the method of selling elec-
trical merchandising appliances through the co-operation and

*SpeciaI Representative, Westinghouse Supply Department.

close alliance between the manufacturer, jobber, central sta-
tion and contractor-dealer, distributing through natural and
legitimate channels, will place the electrical industry in a
better relation to the trade than ever before.

It will make close friends of those who have sometimes
been active enemies. This would be no small accomplish-
ment if there were nothing- else; but it is only the first of a
long list of benefits which will accrue, not only to the manu-
facturer, but also to everyone interested in the electrical in-
dustry. Why? Because the policy will give balance and sta-
bility to the commercial phase of the business. It will es-
tablish a rejation which is an improvement on "live and let
live" since it is based on the idea of co-operation — "live and
■ help live."

Wrong Methods in the Past.

For several years, as you know, the condition of the
electrical trade in some respects has been going from bad
to worse. Not that we, as manufacturers, have not made
money, or that the contractor-dealers as a class have been
doing business at a loss. But any business which proceeds
along other than sensible roads is conducted wrongly in
that particular direction in which it diverges from the path
of efficiency.

We know that you live under a competition so severe
.that only the most robust and aggressive contractor-dealer
can survive. We know that the dealer is as necessary a part
of the electrical trade as the manufacturer or the jobber in
the sale of electrical merchandising appliances. And, with
this knowledge set clearly before us, we propose to do our
utmost to assist toward reconstructing the highway of busi-
ness.

Where there is a rut, we'll get out of it; where there's
a steep grade, we'll go around the mountain; where there's
a chasm we'll bridge it; and where there's a long detour,
we'll build a short cut.

In the grand orchestra of electrical business, the small-
est retailer should find a place in which to play his piping
piccolo and the manufacturer and jobber should co-operate.

But. gentlemen, there is one important number of an or-
chestra we must not forget; that is the leader. So why not
assume the leadership of all the contractors of the United
States united in one bod}'?

If it is desirable, it may be feasible. If it may be feas-
ible, it may. be done. But it will not be done by merely talk-
ing about it, or wishing for it. There must be preparation;
the music must be written; the instruments tuned and the
performers trained. There must be team-work in the best
sense. There must be mutual confidence, as well as individual
courage. Utilize these qualities: combine them in the way
that you can and you need have no fear for the result.

On the other hand, there is no folly greater than to fool
oneself; and it is folly to assume that the distributor has a
vested right to any business. He must make his claim good
by performance and he cannot perform successfully without
a clear knowledge of his powers and limitations.

The manufacturers and jobbers must get the dealer's
lively sympathy and then his active co-operation and he must
assist to create a demand for electrical merchandising appli-
ances and do all the things which are vital and necessary
to merit the business.

One of the principal criticisms of the manufacturer in

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

November 1, 1918

the past has been that the average contractor-dealer does
very little to create a demand for the sale of household and
other electrical appliances to the consumer. In other words,
he is not a merchant.

If the contractor-dealer will become a real merchant,
there is no department of selling in which the manufacturer
and jobber will not be ready and anxious to help him. Suit-
able advertising matter will be furnished; salesmen instruct-
ed and attractive window displays suggested and the manu-
facturer, jobber, central station and contractor-dealer will go
hand in hand down the road of business prosperity.

I believe it pertinent at this time to emphasize that the
manufacturers believe that the electrical dealers have not
been as active as they should be in the sale of motor-driven
devices, and there is a great possibility in this field.

Take for instance, six of the commonest electrically-
operated machines used in the home, i.e., the washing ma-
chine, the sewing machine, the ironer, the vacuum cleaner,
the fan-motor and the polishing and grinding motor. All

BUY VICTORY BONDS
Are you SUBSCRIBING the way they are
FIGHTING?

of these classes of apparatus have been developed to a high
degree, are manufactured in very large quantities and should
be universally used wherever electricity is available.

The fact that the electrical dealers have overlooked this
possibility is noticea1)le since a number of new concerns
have sprung up who do nothing but handle devices of this
kind, adding to their line a full line of heating apparatus.
Such dealers can now be found doing a profitable business.
Their stock in trade consists of an attractive display room
in a district frequented by women on their shopping tours,
usually some advertising and in some instances, solicitation
through the residential district.

The electrical dealer has been slow to get into this par-
ticular field and, I believe that in order to handle devices of
this kind, he must have an attractive store, he must be in a
position to do extensive solicitation, considerable newspaper
advertising and render services from time to time in con-
nection with such devices as he has sold.

It is true that either an attractive display room or else
a system of house to house canvassing with samples furnish-
ed free of charge is necessary. Newspaper advertising has
also been effective, if the advertisements are properly timed
and carefully prepared. The question of service is further-
more necessary, but the successful electrical dealers make
their service feature one for building up additional business.
In other words, their service men who go out to repair or
adjust any device sold, open up sales for other classes of
apparatus. They distribute literature and report prospects
to the oftice, which are followed up systematically and en-
ergetically.

A good illustration of this service feature is that pur-
sued liy a concern out west which has recently put on the
market a farm lighting outfit. The sales organization of this
company feels that they are just starting when they sell the
farm lighting outfit. They follow up the prospects with all
sorts of electric devices, such as fans, house pumps, washing
machines, ironers, sewing machine motors and small motors
for general power purposes. Their prospect becomes a regu-
lar customer for lamps. He, undoubtedly will make exten-
sions in time in his wiring and will require supplies. Thus,
they become the sole supplier of the farmer's needs along
electrical lines. If more of the electrical dealers would pur-
sue such a policy as this the}' would, undoubtedly. Ijuild
this business up enormously.

It would pay the electrical dealers to get in touch with
the manufacturers of small motors and electrically operated
devices used in the home. On the most expensive of these,
extension time payment plans are now worked out which
enable the householder to finance purchases which he could
not think of financing if he were required to raise the neces-
sary cash.

This is the time of great economy. There are many tens
of thousands of electrically driven washing machines being
sold each year and this number is increasing in spite of the
increased cost of living, due solely to the fact that they ate
reliable labor savers. ■ Many women are dispensing with
their laundress and either handling the washing machines
themselves, or doing so through the maid of all work they
usually employ. This means a direct weekly saving which
will pay for an electrically-driven washing machine and iron-
ing outfit, before many weeks pass by.

Likewise, in the sewing machine motor, there never was
a larger demand than there is at the present time in connec-
tion with a large amount of clothes that are being manufac-
tured and the enormous amount of Red Cross work which
i^ being done. These same arguments apply to the other
devices I have named, and there is no question in our minds
liut what the next two or three years are .going to show an
increasing demand for labor saving devices.

The electrical dealer has not lieen alive to this situation
in many localities. Manufacturers have had to establish
their own branches for retailing these clectrically-drivcn
devices and as indicated, a special class of labor has sprung
up simply because the electrical dealer has not realized the
opportunity and modified his business methods to meet this
new condition.

Electrical manufacturers and manufacturers of motor-
driven machines used in the household have worked out quite
extensive selling campaigns, based on experience gathered
in the field, which is all furnished to the electrical dealer
gratis, as well as other literature and sales helps.

Exclusive of manufacturing, all business is divided into
three principal parts — buying, selling and paying for some-
thing. If therefore your president was authorized to appoint
a trade promotion committee, I believe excellent results
could be obtained, this committee to be composed of four
members or more; a distinguished buyer, a mature, widely
popular salesman; a financial man of ripe experience and an
experienced advertising man. They would be important men
in the trade, no two of them connected with the same house,
and the president, ex-officio would be a member of the com-
mittee.

Your trade promotion committee would have wide auth-
ity; no written reports to make, and its meetings would be
frequent. It would receive suggestions thankfully from any
source, but incur no displeasure for not using them. The cost
of its operations would not be difficult to assess equitably,
and also would be negligible as compared with the vast be-
nefits, financial and moral, which should accrue.

Through this compact little committee you would find
the means to combat successfully any apparent tendency to
invade your logical right to an important place in the world's
electrical business. You would be able to show greed how
it over-reaches itself by injuring you and ignorance would
be converted into a knowledge that the electrical contract-
or-dealer must not, in fact, cannot be ignored.

In short, if there should -be a definite tendency on the
part of the manufacturers and jobbers to eliminate the con-
tractor-dealer in your particular branch, you occupy a pecu-
liarly strong position which can be strengthened by main-
taining the closeness of your union and by a systematic, per-
sistent course of education to instruct those of whom you
buy and those to whom you sell, in the invaluable nature. of
your services.

N"o\cnilior 1, I '.US

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

:i9

Service at Cost for Toronto Railway

Mr. Herman H. Pitts, of Ottawa, a director of llic To-
ronto Street Railway, is at the head of an organization to
lie known as "Tlie Association of Holders of Pul)Iic Utility
Securities." It is hailed by the newspapers as an attempt to
ward off the takins over the railway by the city whoii tlu-
franchise expires in 1921. The association has for one of its
aims the inauguration of "service-at-cost" or in other words,
a sliding scale <if fares to increase or decrease proportion-
ately with the changes in the cost of service.

Peterboro Railway Extension

The Peterboro, Unt., street railway will be e.\tended
from Charlotte to Patterson street; two more cars added and
the service improved generally. .•Xfter these improvements
there will be no more si.x-for-a-quarter tickets, excepting in
special hours. The regular fare will be five cents, or five
tickets for a quarter. School children's tickets will remain
the same. It is provided that this arrangement shall last for
one year after the end of the war.

Use All Steam Plants

.\t a recent meeting of the (iuelph, ()nt., board of light
and heat commissioners it was decided that arrangements
be made immediately with all power users who have steam
plants not in use to start them at once and use to the fullest
extent. If this does not furnish the required load the com-
missioners have further decided that all power users who
have no war contracts will have to discontinue the use of
power. Electric heaters must not be used from 7 a.m. to 0
p.m. excepting at the noon hour. Saturday afternoons. Sun-
days and holidays. The street railway is also affected by
the power shortage, being only able to run in restricted hours.

Trade Publications

C. G. E. Publications — Bulletin 4T13.5A. standard unit al-
ternating current switchboard panels for general use in iso-
lated and small plants, 1150 and 3300 volts; Bulletin 4T050A,
standard unit direct current small plant switchboard panels
for two-wire general power and lighting service; Pamphlet
No. 622, electric heaters for the home, office and factory;
two leaflets, describing "Holophane" reflectors and fittings
and "Holophane" Realites and special units; Bulletin 40017,
small direct-current generators, type ML; Bulletin 46500.
C. G. E. indicating flow meter, type FS-2 for steam, FW-;2
for water and FA-3 for air; Leaflet 68413. CR 2940 push but-
ton stations.

Electrical Blue Book — 8th edition. 1918; Internation-
al Trade Press. Inc., Chicago, publishers; 274 pages, 9 x
13 inches, cloth binding, illustrated, price $2.00. The book
is composed of three principal parts. The first comprises
some 150 pages of catalog exhibits of approved electrical
fittings and appliances as produced by the leading electrical
manufacturers; all of these pages are well illustrated. In
the second part is given an outline of the Underwriters'
Laboratories Inspection Service, with a list of the branch
offices and stations and followed by a complete Ifst of in-
spected appliances and material. The third part consists
of the complete National Electrical Code. 1918 edition — the
first appearance of this latest code with all the revisions in-
dicated. There is also printed a list of the members of the
Electrical Supply Jobbers' Association; a general directory
of electrical associations and a complete buyers' guide of
electrical apparatus and material.

Current Notes

The Nitro-l)ayIi,ght Lamp Com|)any have moved from
4ii Queen .Street F.ast. Toronto, to 12 (Jueen Street East.

.\ l>>-law aiilhori/ing an ex|ienditure of .flo.odd to brin.g
Hydro power into the townshi]i nf Markliam, as far as Ihiion-
ville, has passed its third rea<ling in the township council.

The British Columl)ia Electric Railway Company have
announced that all returned Sf)l<liers minus an arm or leg
are entitled to free transportation on any of their city lines.

The Swedish General Electric Company have move<l
from 11 Dundas street to larger quarters at 109 Duke street,
formerly occupied by the Lancashire Dynamo and Motor
Comi)any.

The .\rcwell Corporation of Canada, Limited, has been
.granted letters patent and will 'carry on a .general electrical
business. The capital stock is given as $1,000,000 and the
head office, Toronto.

The Canadian Import Sales Company have opened offices
in the Foy Building, 34 Front Street West, under the man-
agement of Mr. C. R. Connors. They carry a complete line
of flashlight cases and bulbs as well as various <ither lines
i>f electrical specialties.

Electrics. Limited, have opened offices at 22 St. John
street. Montreal. The Company have secured a federal char-
ter, and have elected the following officers: Mr. Stephen H.
W iggett, president; Mr. Andrew C. Hersey. vice-president,
and Mr. G. H. Rainville, managing director. The firm are
wholesale distributors for Westinghouse "Mazda" lamps, and
also for motors, generators and other electrical equipment
manufactured by the VV'estinghouse Company. Both Mr.
Hersey and Mr. Rainville are returned officers, who have
served overseas for three years each.

Personal

Mr. H. E. Randall has resigned his position as purchas-
ing agent of the Shawinigan Water and Power Co., to take
up an appointment with the Ludlum Electric Furnace Cor-
poration, New York. Unfortunately he was taken ill with
influenza when about to leave Montreal and had to be re-
moved to a hospital.

Electric Iron, Limited, Orilli.i. Out., have been granted
a Dominion charter.

Obituary

Mr. Michael Mackay, a well-known telegrapher and for-
merly manager of the C.P.R. system at Quebec City, died
in Montreal recently.

Mr. Frederick G. Wurster, one of Gait's most prominent
business men and manager of the local office of the Bell
Telephone Company, died recently.

Mr. Ross Bodell, commercial supervisor of the G.N.W.
Telegraph Company, Toronto, died a few days ago, a vic-
tim of influenza.

Private W. C. Gardner, former traffic chief of the East-
ern division of the Bell Telephone Company, Montreal, died
in the Royal Herbert Hospital, Woolwich, England, from
pneumonia. He joined a draft of the Canadian army service
corps in June last and contracted a cliill on the voyage to
England .

Mr. Frederick J. Dunn, contract agent of the lighting
department of the Westmount Corporation, died in the Royal
\'ictoria Hospital on October 11 from pneumonia, following
influenza, aged 50. Prior to his appointment with the West-
mount Corporation, Mr. Dunn was employed with the Mon-
treal Light, Heat, and Power Co., going to that concern
when the Royal Electric Co. was merged with tlie Montreal
Gas Co.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

November 1, 1918

Am I the Man From Glencoe?

A Glencoe man was asked recently to contribute to one of the war funds, and replied
that he "felt he had done enough." A well-known writer in the Chicago Tribune has
this to say about the gentleman :

In other words, so far as he is concerned, the
war is over and done with. Men whose time is
more valuable than the money they give or raise
are devoting their entire days to the country's
service; but the Glencoe man feels that he has
done enough. Women discharge their servants,
do their own housework, and labor in Red Cross
and other war shops; but the Glencoe man feels
that he has done enough. Soldiers, discharged
from hospitals in France, feel that they still have
something to give, and return to the trenches,
but the Glencoe man feels that he has done

enough. Mothers, with aching hearts, are send-
ing their sons away to an unknown fate; but the
Glencoe man feels that he has done enough. It
must be pleasant to be so circumstanced mental-
ly. Few of us are able to forget that the war is
still going on.

But passing the hat isn't the best thing we do.
We are not diplomatic. We have a healthy and
perfectly good-natured contempt for a man who
can give and won't give, and we haven't any ob-
jection to his knowing it. We don't owe him
anything — not even, in these days, politeness.

Transfer Relay

Protective relays that operate by closing a separate
direct-current tripping circuit which in turn trips the circuit
Ijreaker, have proved more serviceable than "shunt-trip" re-
lays and have come into very general use. In some cases,
however, a separate direct-current tripping circuit is not
available and other means must be sought. The use of
"transfer" relays is the best solution so far obtained, for they
energize the trip coil off the circuit-breaker through current
transformers. While designed particularly for use with the
Westinghouse types CO and CR relays, the type BT relay
can be applied to any make of circuit-closing relay of similar
characteristics. The breaker operates solely through the
current transformer and the relays. When there is no
fault on the line, the trip coil of tlie breaker is mechanically

rripCoil -Or.

Note- fill Conncclions ihoivn as v,emd from Dear of Apparctos

and electrically isolated from the circuit, avoiding possibility
of tripping due to imperfection in the relay contacts ordi-
narily shunting the trip coil. The relay contains two series
coils, an upper or operating coil and a lower or holding coil
(see diagram of connections). The holding coil holds down
the armature core, until a third coil, wound on the same
magnetic circuit and known as the releasing coil, is short-
circuited by the protective relay. The releasing coil acts as
the secondary of a transformer and when short-circuited a
current flows through it, demagnetising the core. The hold-
ing coil, therefore, allows the operating coil to raise the core
which operates the transfer switch, thus closing the trip coil
circuit. The transfer switch and otlier current carrying
parts of the relay are designed to carry 5 amperes contin-

uously. l)Ut during times of short circuit the switch may be
called on to handle as much as 100 or 200 amperes. .\ current
transformer may be selected of sufficient capacity to operate
the protective relay, the transfer relay and the trip coil.
Low-ratio bushing-type current transformers sometimes used
on high-voltage circuit-breakers are not suitable. Only one
trip coil is required for use on a polyphase circuit, but if the
breaker is equipped with as many trip coils as there are
relays, it is advisable to connect each trip coil to its corre-
sponding relay.

Trade and Reconstruction in Germany

In the last issue of the British Board of Trade Journal
some account is given of the preparations now being made in
Germany to meet the special conditions which will obtain on
the cessation of hostilities. It is interesting to note that
Economic Boards are to be established. It is not intended
to exclude private trade, but to set up these boards and give
the industries a form of self-government. It is proposed more
particularly that these boards should exercise control over
the distribution of the foreign exchange and of tonnage.
With regard to the latter, the Tonnage Distribution Office of
the German shipping industry will decide questions of a
technical nature, and the preference that is to be given to the
various goods in shipping. Owing to the probability of the
scarcity of tonnage, the German Government has arranged
for a subsidy to be paid to the shipping industry in compen-
sation for their war losses, and there are to be stringent
regulations so that shipping is retained and is used, firstly,
for the transport of absolutely necessary imports, such as
food and raw materials ; and secondly, for requirements that
are purely German and not foreign. The Economic Board
for the textile trades will regulate the distribution of certain
kinds of wool and fibres to the cotton spinners as substitutes
for cotton. In this connection it may be noted that, out of
1,700 spinning and weaving factories in Germany, only 70
large ones are now working ; in the silk trade, out of 45.000
looms, only 2,500 are at work ; in the oi' industry only 15 ont
of 720 firms are still active; while in the boot and shoe trade
half the firms have closed down. The most important to note,
however, is that the German Government is quite alive to
the problems that will have to be faced in reconstruction, and
in this country we shall do well to see to it that our plans
.are fully prepared and that the Germans do not make use of
our methods before we put them into execution ourselves. —
Electrician.

Novemb

I !l I S

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Published Semi-Monthly By

HUGH G. MACLEAN, LIMITED

HUGH C. MacLEAN, Winnipeg, President.

THOMAS S. YOUNG, General Manager.

W. R. CARR, Ph.D., Editor.
HEAD OFFICE - 347 Adelaide Street West, TORONTO

SUBSCRIBERS

Subscribers arc requested to promptly notify the publishers of failure
or delay in delivery of paper.

Autliorized by the Postmaster General for Canada, for transmission
as second class matter.

Entered as second class matter July ISth, 1914, at the Postofficc at
Buffalo. N. Y., under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

No. 22

Vol. 27

Toronto, November 15, 1918

Immediate Need For Money

To Keep Street Railways Running

The full te.xt of the report to the Minister of Labor by
Chief Justice Mathers, Isaac Pitblado, K.C., and R. C. 'Ward,
on the conditions obtaining in Winnipeg between the Win-
nipeg Electric Railway Company and its employees, has
just been made public. The condition in Winnipeg has been
aggravated in the past by the competition of jitneys, but
this was recently eliminated. However, no dividends have
been paid by the company since 191.5, and when a recent
demand was made by the men for increased wages, the com-
pany was met with the alternative of practical Ijankruptcy or
the necessity of increasing the revenue through an increased
fare. The report referred to above stated that to accede
to the demands of the employees would be putting the com-
pany into immediate insolvency and the recoinmendation of
the committee includes both that the wages of the men shall
1)6 increased and also that the fares, as already noted in pre-
vious issues of the Electrical Xews, shall be brought into
conformity with the greatly increased costs of maintenance
and operation of the system. The new wage award which
was put into effect on October 1, is as follows: for the first
six months, 39 cents per hour; for the second six months. 41
cents per hour; for the second year, 44 cents per hour; for
the third and succeeding years, 47 cents per hour. The
committee took the stand that the request of the company
for increase in fares was not a matter of the history of the
relations between the local street railway and the muni-

cipality, nor did it rest upon any right to a dividend upon
capital invested in the enterprise. The increase must be
.Liiven, however, because of immediate pressure for money
necessary to keep the street railway running so that they may
meet the local and national demands for their service. In
justice the public should i^ay an adequate war compensation
for a service tliat cannot be rendered except at war prices.
These are conditions which ol)tain practically all over
llie continent. They have been recognized as just and right
HI a number of cities. In other cases, however, there is still
no evidence that the companies operating railway systems
are to be shown any measure of justice. Whatever may be
said of Germany, it apparently cannot l)e said of all Can-
adian municipalities that they have "won that victory over
tliemselves which teaches that niiglit is not right."

Timely Organization of
Toronto's Illuminating Engineers

Shortly Ijefore the outbreak of war, tliere was a move-
ment among engineers .specially interested in illuminating
matters, to form an association for the study and discussion
of problems connected with better lighting of our homes,
offices and factories, but, unfortunately, some of the moving
spirits were called to active service and the matter was
temporarily held in abeyance. With evidence of the
struggle drawing to a close, however, interest has been again
revived and a few weeks ago, a number of Toronto members
of the Illuminaf'ng Engineering Society of the United States,
met to discuss the advisability of further organization. A
meeting was held in Mr. VV. P. Dobson's office, Strachan
.Avenue Terminal Station, and it was decided that an en-
deavor would be made to hold meetings monthly, or even
more frequently, for the reading and discussion of scientific
and practical papers.

The first meeting of this nature was held on Tuesday
evening. November 5, with Mr. H. D. Burnett in the chair,
and was well attended. A semi-technical paper was read by
Mr. Geo. G. Cousins, a member of the research laboratory
of the Hydro-electric Power Commission of Ontario, on the
subject of "Photometry." Mr. Cousins' paper consisted of an
historical review of the development of photometry, a des-
cription of the various photometers in use in the Hydro lab-
oratories and tome interesting figures regarding results ob-
tained in tests on lamps and reflectors of various kinds.
Extracts of the paper are printed elsewhere in this issue.

It would seem that Toronto illuminating engineers have
chosen an opportune moment to initiate concerted action
along the lines of a greater knowledge of the subject of cor-
rect lighting. It is to be expected, now that the feverish
haste associated with the production of war materials is a
thing of the past, that we, as a nation, will have more time
to consider the essentials of quality production. The con-
test of the next few years among the nations of the world
will be won by the nation that can produce goods of the
highest quality. It follows that workers, in general, must
operate under conditions of the most favorable possible
nature— and nothing adds more to the efliciency of a work-
man than proper lighting. This is equally true whether we
consider the lighting of the factory or office in which he
works, or of the home in which he passes his hours of re-
creation. Canada, situated as she is. in the more northerly
latitude of the hemisphere, spends more hours than most
countries surrounded by artificial illumination. This in itself
constitutes an all-suflicient reason why the greatest possible
care should be taken in our lighting installations. In pro-
portion as our lighting is inadequate and improperly in-
stalled, the products of our hands and minds will fall short
()'. the standard required to compete in the markets of the
world.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

iember 15. 1<)1S

Bur-

Another New Industry for B.C.

The plant now being erected on the Xorth Arm of
rard Inlet by the American Nitrogen Products Company,
will be the first electro-chemical factory in Western Can-
ada It marks one more forward step in the industrial
advance of British Columbia. Other similar concerns should
follow when it becomes generally known that the provmce
offers exceptional facilities for the profitable pursuit of this
branch of the chemical industry, because of its abundant
water-power still unharnessed and its vast stores of the
necessary materials.

Little is at present being made public as to the intended
«cope of the company's activities. However, they will, dur-
in<- the balance of the war, engage in the production ot
nitric acid for use in the manufacture of munitions, and when
peace comes, in the production of fertilizer. The company
is an American concern, with a capital of $2,000,000. Ihc
head office is in Seattle. An experimental plant was estab-
lished some time ago in the State of Washington, and the
success of that undertaking led to the expansion to British
Columbia.

In the electro-chemical industry an abundant supply of
pure limestone and coke in the n'icinity of operation, and
cheap electricity, are essential. The process is a simple one.
Calcium carbide is first produced in an electric furnace from
the limestone and coke. The calcium carbide is then rai.sed
to a red heat and nitrogen from the air passed over it. The
nitrogen and carbide combine in the compound cyanamid. In
its turn, this compound can be readily transformed into am-
monia.

There are, of course, a number of slightly differing
methods of electro chemical manufacture. The Badische
Chemical Company of Germany use what is known as the
Haber process in their plant, producing something like 500,-
000 tons of nitrogen products annually for the military uses
of the enemy. Norwegian concerns favor the Arc process,
by which a direct combination of the oxygen and nitrogen
of the air is effected through the employment of the great
heat of an electric arc. This process, to be economically
feasible, calls for abundant and cheap electric power. .\t
Niagara Falls, Ont.. what is called the cyanamid process is
employed, in which cheap power is also essential.

The American Nitrogen Products Company have adopted
the Arc process. Their plant is being constructed close to
the Lake Buntzen power plant of the British Columbia
Electric Railway Company, with whom it is understood they
have arranged for 3,500 kilowatts at a low rate, made pos-
sible by the delivery of the power at times when the British
Columbia Electric Railway Company do not require it for
other purposes, and because of the proximity which obviates
the installation of extensive transmission lines and their
subsequent upkeep.

The Application of Synchronous
Converters

By Mr. H. B. Dwighl '

When direct current is required
quantities, it may be obtained from

New Power Scheme for Montreal Island

A second scheme for developing power on the Kivere
des Praries, Island of Montreal, is projected, Messrs. J. R.
Walker & Co., makers of sheathing felt, leather board, and
friction board, having applied to the Quebec Government to
construct a dam from the shore to Visitation Island, and
a second dam from Visitation Island to Cedar Island. The
power house is to be located on the Vincent de Paul side of
the river. The company have a mill known as the Sault
au Recollect Paper Mill. The scheme is understood to be
in opposition to that of the Sault au Recollect Land &
Power Company, referred to in our last issue, and which is
backed by Senator M. J. O'Brien. The dam of the last named
company would be higher up the river, but would skirt Visi-
tation Island.

in moderately large
the usual alternating-
current power systems either by means of synchronous con-
verters or by means of motor-generator sets. Of recent
years, synchronous converters have been much improved,
and have been gaining rapidly on the alternative apparatus,
the motor-generator sets. Very large installations of con-
verters have been made. For instance, the aluminum indus-
try and the zinc industry have many thousands of kilowatts
of converters in single installations. Many companies, in-
cluding several very large steel mills, have recently adopted
converters as their standard for the supply of direct current,
instead of motor-generator sets, their previous standard. In
railway work, converters are used in large numbers. In view
of these facts, it is of interest to review the economies and
advantages offered by synchronous converters.

The most outstanding economy effected by synchronous
converters is the large reduction in first cost. It may lie
stated that, except for the smallest sizes, a motor-generator
set will cost from 35 to 50 per cent, more than a converter
of the same rating. This statement will apply even when
the motor-generator can be installed without providing ad-
ditional transformers. Transformers are always required with
a converter.

.•\n economy as important as the preceding is the higher
efficiency of a converter and its transformers compared with
the efficiency of a motor-generator set, even without trans-
formers. For instance, the efficiency of a 500 kw. converter
and transformers of usual characteristics is about 93 per
cent, at full load, while that of a motor-generator set of the
same rating is about 87 per cent. The difference is expressed
more clearly by stating that the losses of the converter are
7 per cent., while those of the set are 1.3 per cent., or al-
most double. The cost of the extra power losses amounts
to a large sum in a year, and may amount to 5 per cent, each
year on the first cost of the converter.

One advantage of converters is that they are inherently
able to commutate successfully very large overloads. This
is especially useful in railway work, and some railway con-
verters are guaranteed to carry momentary overloads of
200 per cent., that is. they can carry peaks of load amounting
to three times their full load rating.

Synchronous converters can supply three-wire d.c. cir-
cuits at practically no extra expense, since the neutral can
he brought out from the transformers, without the expense
of collector rings and balance coils which are required with .
three-wire d.c. generators. Similarly, the neutral of a two-
wire d.c. circuit can be easily grounded when a converter
is used, and this will protect the d.c. circuit from abnormal-
ly high voltages.

The operating troubles encountered in the early years of
the development of the synchronous converter, which creat-
ed a feeling tliat motor-generators were more reliable, have
now been substantially overcome, and it can be stated that
synchronous converters are thoroughly reliable machines.
It can also be stated that 60-cycle converters are practically
as reliable as 25-cycle converters. Any commutating mach-
ine, whether converter or generator, will flash over when
subjected to a heavy short circuit. The flashing of convert-
ers has been reduced so much in recent years that they are
not at any disadvantage with respect to generators in this
matter.

Synchronous converters cannot give the same easy ad-
justment of the d.c. voltages as can be obtained with genera-

A'lnembei- 1."). 1.91.--

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

tors. However, if the variation required is small, an induc-
tion regulator may be installed on the a.c. side. For some-
what larger voltage variation, up to 10 or 12^ per cent, from
normal, booster converters have been used extensively. These
have a small a.c. generator connected in series with the line,
for changing the voltage. In certain cases low voltages
may be obtained by providing taps on the transformers, and
converters are now in successful operation in Canada which
operate at approximately half voltage as well as full voltage
by this means. Where the a.c. supply is subject to violent
fluctuations in voltage or frequency, motor-generator sets
may be preferable to converters.

The cost of development where special characteristics are
required is heavier in the case of converters than in the case
of motor-generator sets. Consequently, a standard converter
should be specified instead of an odd rating. Where a stand-
ard converter cannot be used, as in the case of small sizes,
or for the supply of current at 12.i volts, a motor-generator
set should be specified.

Converters can usually give flat compounding, that is,
the same voltage at no load and full load. Higher compound-
ing than this, while it may be desirable, is not absolutely
necessary for most applications. In general, converters can
operate in parallel with generators if the generators are
changed so as to have the same compounding as the convert-
ers.

Synchronous converters must be operated at nearly 100
per cent, power-factor, especially for long-continued heavy
loads, since low power-factor operation produces extra heat-
ing of the armature coils close to the collector ring taps. ,\
synchronous motor of generous size and whose field current
IS frequently adjusted, can give much more power-factor cor-
rection or much more control of the voltage than a convert-
er. It is a point worth remembering, however, that the most
leading current is required at the time of heaviest load, and
a converter, by means of its series winding, automatically
provides this. On the other hand, a synchronous motor gen-
erator set may quite possibly have a lagging power-factor at
times of overload, if the field rheostat is left at a fixed smel-
ting, as is often done, especially with the smaller units.
Therefore, taking into account overload conditions, a con-
verter may have almost as good effect on the power-factor
and the voltage as a synchronous motor-generator set which
is not carefully controlled. If the synchronous motor is
large enough to be provided with an automatic voltage regu-
lator, it will give the most leading current when it is most
needed, and will hold the voltage constant by power-factor
control, within the limits of its kv.a. rating.

In many countries, synchronous converters are used to
an increasing extent for the supply of direct current in large
quantities for railway work, electrolytic work and for d.c.
motor loads. Converters are not yet used to an equal extent
in Canada, and good results would be obtained if more at-
tention were paid to the possibilities of this useful type of
apparatus.

Water Powers in the Maritime
Provinces

It is stated that the British Columbia Government may
shortly undertake the electrification of the North Vancouver
section of the Pacific Great Eastern Railway. There is said
to be sufficient water power obtainable at three points to
electrify the entire road to Prince George, although such an
expenditure is not warranted at tlie present time.

The Toronto city council, it is stated, will take' immedi-
ate steps to have the ban removed on store lighting, and
also to have full street lighting restored. It is felt by many
merchants that this would be a very considerable stimulant
to Christmas trade.

By Mr. K. H. Smith

Since 11)1.5, active water power investigations have been
carried on in Nova Scotia by the Nova Scotia Waaler Power
Commission in co-operation with the Dominion Water Pow-
er Branch.

It has been necessary of course to give primary consid-
eration to hydrometric work, that is the securing of ade-
quate run-oflf data, of which none whatever were available in
Nova Scotia prior to the inauguration of the work herein
mentioned. During the past year, too, the necessity of mak-
ing every possible man available for immediate military duty
has further curtailed detailed power and storage surveys.

However, power investigations to date in Nova Scotia
have revealed power sites with a total 24-hour capacity at
all seasons of the year of about 100,000 horse-power. Maxi-
mum advantage of all these sites may be secured due to the
large storage reservoirs at each site. Under such conditions,
the installation warranted for the sites in question for or-
dinary commercial purposes would be from two to three
times the 24-hour capacity given.

It is to be understood that the estimate given al)ove is
only for such power sites as have been investigated to date.
and that a number of rivers on which power sites of con-
siderable magnitude are known to exist have not yet been
investigated. It should be noted, too. that a water power
site located at any place within the province of Nova Scotia
is within easy transmission distance of some industrial centre
or shipping point.

At its last session the Government of Nova Scotia pass-
ed a Water Power .\ct designed to place the local govern-
ment in control of all water powers with a view to removing
as far as possible, legal obstacles, and facilitating in every
v/ay legitimate water-power development. The effective car-
rying out of this Act depends upon regulations which have
not yet been put into force, but it is expected that such regu-
lations, worked out in co-operation with other parts of Can-
ada will be made operative at an early date.

During the past sumnier. a water power commission,
consisting of C. O. Foss, Chairman, B. M. Hill, and W. E.
McMullen, Secretary, was organized in New Brunswick. The
members of the Commission are all employed by the New
Brunswick government in other capacities, and it is espe-
cially noteworthy that they are all engineers.

This Commission entered into a co-operative arrange-
ment with the Dominion Water Power Branch, Interior De-
partment, Ottawa, similar to that in operation in Nova Sco-
tia. Water power investigations in the provinces of Nova
Scotia and New Brunswick, including hydrometric surveys
may therefore be carried on by a single engineering organ-
iation which results in maximum economy and efficiency.

As was the case at the beginning of investigations in
Nova Scotia, attention is being concentrated in New Bruns-
wick on hydro-metric work. While New Brunswick was in
a somewhat better position in this regard than Nova Scotia
due to the activities of the bordering state of Maine and of
tlie former International Commission, pertaining to the St.
John river, still there were run-off data for the greater part
of the province. Although active work was not begun until
-August, 10 gauging stations had been established up to the
end of September, and about 20 current meter measurements
made. It is considered that these stations with one or two

*District Engineer, for the Maritime Provinces, of the Dominion Water
Power r.ranch. Department of tlie Interior.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Xovember 15. !!)18

others to be established and those now or formerly main-
tained by the United States- Geological Survey will give
fairly satisfactory run-oflf data for all parts of the province.

It may be interesting to note that results from one of
the new gauging stations, that on the Madawaska river, are
of value to the province of Quebec, as well, and as the station
is actually located in that province, the Quebec officials are
assisting in its maintenance. In this particular instance,
therefore, there is co-operative action between the Federal
government and the two provinces of New Brunswick and
Quebec with one other province. Nova Scotia, indirectly
interested.

Possibly some delay in undertaking water power inves-
tigations in New Brunswick may be attributed to the fact
that in the past, there has been a general impression that
the province of New Brunswick was deficient in water-power.
Exception was made in the case of one or two outstanding
powers which were too large or too far removed from in-
dustrial centres to warrant immediate development and cer-
tain international powers on the St. Croix river.

In the course of a reconnaisance of the province pri-
marily for the location of steam-gauging stations, a number
of small moderate sized sites have become apparent, some
of which offer promise of economic development at an early
date, either individually or in conjuiction with others. .At
the same time, it is quite possible that some sites which
have not been considered favorably hitherto, due to a lack
of storage reservoirs and a consequent great diminution of
power at certain seasons of the year, may be developed in
connection with steam generating stations located at some
of the New Brunswick mines to great advantage from the
standpoint of cheaper power and conservation of coal re-
sources.

For obvious reasons there has been very little actual wa-
ter power development in the Maritime provinces recently.

In Nova Scotia a water power plant supplying the town
of Oxford, has been improved and enlarged, including the
construction of a steam reserve to utilize mill waste near at
hand. The village of Lawrencetown, Annapolis County, is
now installing a water power plant on the .Annapolis River
immediately in the village to replace a steam generating
plant, the cost of operating which was found prohibitive.
The town of Annapolis Royal has also made a start towards
increasing the storage capacity of their municipal water-
power plant.

Middleton recently bought a water-power plant about
three miles from the town, which had been inoperative for
some town. With a few minor repairs and the building of
about 3 miles of transmission line, this development was put
into service at once, replacing a gas-producer generating sta-
tion. In addition to its former lighting load, the town is now
supplying industrial power, and recently connected up the
largest individual power user in the community who former-
ly had steam equipment.

In New Brunswick, a small water power development
was completed some months ago to supply lighting, and in-
dustrial power in small amounts for the towns of Rexton
and Richibucto. .At the present time, a 2000-kw. hydro-
electric station of excellent design and construction is being
built on the Madawaska river at Edmundston. This develop-
ment is intended to supply power for a large sulphite mill
also under construction at the same place for Eraser Com-
panies, Ltd.

In general, it may be said, that never liefore in the Mar-
itime provinces were so many major power projects under
serious consideration, and it seems quite probable that
considerable development will take place at the first
favorable opportunity. In a few cases, responsible
parties are pressing to have the legislation recently enacted
in Nova Scotia as outlined above made operative.

Official Meeting of American Institute of Elec-
trical Engineers to be Held in Toronto,
November 22 and 23

It is just fifteen years since a number of prominent
electrical men of the city of Toronto formed the Toronto
Section of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers.
During these years the section has reflected the increasing
electrical importance of the city and province. During the
present year they captured the pennant for the greatest per-
centage increase in membership during a campaign which
was conducted by Mr. A. B. Cooper and his committee.

In recognition of the position the Toronto Section has
attained the directors of the Institute have decided to hold
an official Institute meeting in Toronto on Friday and Sat-
urday, Xovember 22 and 23, 1918. Full particulars of this
meeting are appended and everj- member is urged to con-
tribute to its success by attending the technical sessions,
joining in the discussions, being present at the dinner at the
Engineers' Club on Friday evening, and by bringing his
friends along. We are confident this meeting will prove one
of the best electrical functions ever held in this city; it
should demonstrate not only the activity but also the soci-
ability of the electrical engineering fraternity.

On account of the influenza epidemic two very inter-
esting papers have been cancelled: this ought to make every
member enthusiastic about the big Xovember meeting. .A
most cordial invitation is extended to members and friends
to come along and renew acquaintance with old friends and
take an active part in the proceedings.
PROGRAMME
Friday, November 22
1.30 p.m. Paper l)y Mr. .Arthur H. Hull, Chairman, To-
ronto Section, "Elect'ric Power Development in
Ontario."
3.30 p.m. Paper by Mr. W. G. Gordon, Transportation En-
gineer, Canadian General Electric Company,
"The Electrical Equipment of the Canadian
Xorthern Tunnel in Montreal."
5.30 p.m. .\djournment.

fi.30 p.m. Dinner at the Engineers' Club for Members, Dele-
gates and Friends, price .$1.73 per cover.
7.15 p m. Address by Sir Robert A. Falconer, C.M.G.
«.on p.m. Paper by Mr. S. Svenningson, Designing Engi-
neer. Shawinigan Water & Power Company,
Montreal.

".A Long 110,000 Volt River Crossing."
10.30 p.m. .Adjournment.

Saturday, November 23
n.::o a.m. .Assemble at the Engineers' Club for one of the
following visiting trips:

(a) Leaside Munition Plant, Leaside, Ont.

(b) British Forgings Company, Electric Steel
Plant. .Ashbridges' Bay, Toronto.

(Members should register on Friday for which ever trip they
desire to make: automobiles will be provided by the accom-
modation is limitedj.

Executive, Toronto Section, 1918-1919

.Arthur H. Hull, Chairman, .Ashton B. Cooper, W. Percy
Dobson, Herbert B. Dwight, Frank R. Ewart, William G.
Gordon, Gordon R. Langley, William Volkmann, Ernest V.
Pannell, Secretary.

Reception Committee

E. M. Ashworth, W. M. .Andrew, E. T. J. Brandon, R. G.
Black, W. A. Bucke, F. G. Clark, H. C. Don CaHos, F. A.
Gaby, W. G. Gordon, H. U. Hart, Jas. Kynoch, G. D. Lea-
cock, Wills Maclachlan, W. R. McRae, D. H. McDougall,
.A. L. Mudge, T. R. Rosebrugh.

November IJ, I'JIS

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Electric Welding — A New Industry

By Mr. H. A. Hornor"

About a year ago tbe Chairnian of the Standards Com-
mittee of the Institute was requested to investigate and
standardize spot welders and the apparatus connected with
them. It occurred to the members of this committee that
electric welding could perform an important function in in-
creasing the progress of steel ship construction. The work
which was started by the Standards Committee was then
transferred to the General Engineering Committee of the
Council of National Defence. Last winter the Council of
National Defence abolished all advisory committees but at
this time the Emergency Fleet Corporation of the U. S.
Shipping Board had become so much interested in the sub-
ject that they decided to adopt the committee. The committee
is composed of representatives covering broadly the whole
field of welding activities in this country and. although electric
welding has been the subject of ail the investigations up to
the present time, it is now proposed to include gas welding
with representatives from all the gas welding associations
and companies connected with the industry.

The two main processes of electric welding, namely, arc
welding and spot welding, vi^ere found by this committee
applied in the first case to repairs and in the second case to
certain factory quantity production jobs. The work done was
in the case of spot welding only on light material, and in
neither case very extensive. The processes to be successful
in their application to the construction of merchant vessels
would have to show reliability in the joining of steel plates
from a half-inch to one inch in thickness. To this and
kindred problems the committee immediately turned its
attention.

The work had all Ijeen done in the field where it had been
applied by practical men. It was first necessary to formu-
late the proper nomenclature and symbols. This was
thoroughly investigated and a very comprehensive set of
symbols has been approved bj' the committee and is in daily
use by those now actively engaged in this new application.
The approved nomenclature introduces the subject to the
designing and calculating engineer and gives him the instru-
ment by means of which he is able to place his thoughts
rapidly and conveniently on drawings.

The manufacturers of apparatus joined the practical man
in the study of the problems of electric welding, .\pparatus
and so-called processes introduced various types of machines
suitable for the conversion of electrical supply to the proper
values of current and voltage needed at the arc or at the spot.
The manufacturer in his eagerness to meet the problem
naturally encountered many difficulties. These difficulties in-
creased until a point was reached as referred to above where
he demanded some standards upon which his apparatus could
clearly be rated. Therefore, the manufacturer was only too
pleased to co-operate with the Welding Committee and is
to-day conscientiously aiding in straightening out the difficul-
ties in which he was involved prior to last year.

Arc welding in this country has largely been done in the
railroad repair shops. It was discovered that the process was
much cheaper and could be performed more rapidly than
by any of the gas welding methods. It also could be appliefi
without preheating and in many cases without the expense
of disassembling complicated pieces of machinery. Spot weld-
ing besides being used in many different industries was sought
for by the railroad man and there has' been built a gondola
car which has seen some seven or eight years of service. It
is interesting to note here the difference in practice between

•Read before the A. I. E. E.

Circat Britain and the United States. The former knowing
little or nothing about spot welding had the practice and ap-
plication of arc welding very well under way; the latter exact-
ly the reverse.

Apparently the attempts to train operators were rather
crude and it was early observed that the reliability of the
electric weld depended substantially upon the skill of the
welder. The manufacturers of apparatus and the superin-
tendents in railways shops had struggled with the problem
of training operators but intensive study had not l)ccn given
the subject so that there existed in this respect a great deal
of groping in the dark.

Present Status of Electric Welding.

Investigations were immediately undertaken to answer the
question whether spot welding could be successfully acconi-
plislied using one-inch thick steel plates. An experimental
apparatus of large size was erected and put into operation,
the results showing that no difficulty was encountered with
half-inch and three-quarter inch plates. The same remark
applies to one-inch steel plates. In fact, this experimental
machine was successful in welding three thicknesses of one-
inch plate a condition which far exceeds the requirements of
merchant ship construction. This operation has its historical
significance in that this was the first time that any spot
welding of this magnitude had been performed. The success-
ful outcome of these experiments has led to the design and
construction of large spot welders to be used in the fabrication
of ship sections. The practical application of a large five-foot
spot welder will be made at a demonstration of a forty-foot
section of a standard 9ii00-ton ship to be built at the plant of
the Federal Shipbuilding Company, Kearney, New Jersey.
This is the largest portable spot welder ever built. It will
prove two points in ship construction by the electric method,
namely, the clamping of the ship's structural parts for as-
sembly thereby reducing the time in working the material as
well as for the erection of the ship material; and secondly,
by the speed of spot welding it will prove the decrease in
time for joining the material together. The consensus of
opinion is that the large stationarj- spot welder of five or
six-foot gap will undoubtedly play an important part in in-
creasing the speed of fabricating sections of standard steel
vessels. Further investigations are being made and designs
are being worked out for special spot welders for use in the
construction of bulkheads. The designs proposed are chiefly
for shop processes, but it can be asserted that such apparatus
will be of undoubted value in the saving of time and man
power.

•Arc welding had been tried in a great variety of work
but there was no conclusive evidence that it could be de-
veloped to the stage of joining ship plates with the certainty
of full strength. The first stage of this investigational work
is now almost completed. Sample welds of half inch ship
structural steel were taken by a; special sub-committee to
fourteen or fifteen different places where electric welding
was done, noted the conditions of current, voltage, electrode,
operator, etc., and then prepared the welded samples for
tests. The samples were forwarded to the Bureau of Stand-
ards in Washington so that the tests should be conducted by
parties absolutely disinterested and without knowledge of how
the samples-were obtaiined. The results of these tests showed
a remarkable similarity especially when it is realized that
they were made by several firms with different electrode
materials and under varving conditions of the electrical cur-

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

November Ij, 1918

rent. Practically all of the welds pulled at over 50,000 pounds
per square inch and several over 60,000 pounds the average
being about 58,000. On the bending test one of the samples
was bent to an angle of 78 degrees before a crack started and
final failure reached 80 degrees. In another case the sample
was bent to 65 degrees before the crack started and final
failure did not occur until 86 degrees. The point of import-
ance here is that all the welds showed a reliability and satis-
factoriness which makes conclusive the opinion that electric
arc welding is applicable for the joining of steel where the
structure is submitted to live loads, bending strains, static
pressure, or the like. The Sub-committee on Research is
pursuing this subject and practical samples are being pre-
pared for similar tests using three-quarter and one-inch stock
inaterial. The results of these tests will be available as soon
as the reports are presented and approved by the Welding
Committee. The Research Committeee is also preparing
various types of joints in heavy plating. These will be sub-
mitted to all the regulation tests and in addition to shock
and fatigue tests and tests to destruction.

To give a further indication of the large size practical
tests which are being carried on at the present time it may
be stated that three 12-foot cube electrically welded tanks
ure now being constructed. These tanks are built in sucli a
way that from twelve to fifteen different designs of joints are
used in their construction. After these tanks are built they
will be subjected to a static strain and the deflection of the
seams will he directly measured. Afterwards they will be
tested by external shock and crushed to destruction. Portions
of the joints will be cut. sent to the Bureau of Standards, and
again tested for the sake of accumulating precise data. In
this connection there is being built "at the Norfolk Navy
Yard a battle-towing target. The keel of the target 110 feet
long will be entirely electrically welded and the results of
this practical demonstration will be carefully recorded after
it has been put in regular service.

Alternating Current Found Advantageous.

It is to be expected that the manufacturers of apparatus
being keenly observant of the increased interest in electric
welding as well as in the future, which is probably now un-
questioned, would !)e active in their desire not only to im-
prove their present facilities and their design of apparatus,
but also to proceed themselves to follow the trend of the
investigations made by the Welding Committee. The con-
sequence of this has been a large increase in output of ap-
paratus that is needed. One interesting point is that certain
manufacturers who were decidedly of the opinion that direct
current was the only proper current to use for arc welding
have within a very recent period changed their point of view
and are willing to admit that alternating current may have
certain advantages in the development of this art.

The electric arc requires a reduced voltage and this is
difficult to attain with direct current without relatively ex-
pensive machines or a useless expenditure of energy. The
practice in this country in manufacturing establishments of
any size has been toward an increase in the supply voltage so
that very few large manufacturing plants use less than 220
volts direct current. With this voltage the only economical
method of transforrnation is in the use of a motor-generator
set. The efficiency in this case is in the neighborhood of
50 to 60 per cent. It is possible to use a supply voltage of
110 volts with a variable resistance which cuts down the
voltage to the arc volts. This gives a very poor efficiency. In
the case of alternating current the supply voltage can be
reduced by a transformer which will supply as in the case of
direct current a sufificient voltage for striking the arc and a
satisfactory reduction when the arc has been struck. On the
other hand, if a low voltage alternating current is provided
a simple reactance may be introduced which has some of the

same wasteful characteristics of the resistance used with the
direct current. The average apparatus will permit of electric
arc welding consuming about six to eight kilowatts per welder,
but if low voltage is provided there are certain outfits which
will reduce the consumption as low as three and one-half
kilowatts per welder, or even less.

Without entering into an elaborate analysis of the relative
costs of electric welding, it may be broadly stated that there
is hardly any question that the electric process is cheaper
than any other. The same may be said as regards speed and
also reduction of man power. In a recent discussion of this
subject President Adams stated that at one of the Eastern
shipyards the total number of parts on the welding program of
the standard riveted ships now building at that yard amounted
to 225,000. The labor cost for riveting these pieces is about
245,000 dollars and for welding about 99,000 dollars making a
saving of 146,000 dollars. But this is amy a v..v.^ in the
bucket when compared to what might be profitably done in
this line. He stated further that in certain particular in-
stances the saving is as great as 90 per cent.

One of the interesting questions discussed with some fervor
by the members of the Welding Committeee is the advantages
of the bare and covered electrode. Regarding this discussion
no definite facts can be stated. In England the practice has
been to use the covered electrode which protects the welding
arc from contact with the air thus guarding against too great
a formation of oxide. The practice in the United States iip
to the present time has been largely bare wire. Recently,
American investigators have discovered the important fact
that there are advantages in the covered electrode and many
experiments are now being made, some with results. It is
important to observe that in the above mentioned tests of
welds, the best one of these samples was made with a coated
(not an asbestos covered) electrode using alternating current.
The point in this case seems to rest upon the question of the
ducility of the weld and it would seem that the bare electrode
does not make as ductile a weld or at least one as easily bent
as the coated or covered electrode. The question of the
ductility of the weld is one of much importance in the appli-
cation to ship construction and will doubtless be of importance
to other allied indu.stries. It is, therefore, a question of
serious importance and constitutes an important part of the
work of the Sub-committee on Research.

No matter what the type of electrode is nor its composi-
tion, no matter what kind of shank material is to be welded,
no matter what kind of apparatus is employed, the reliability
of the weld rests mainly upon the man who welds it. This
man if he has been properly trained and is skilled in the art
knows instantly whether he is making a weld or not. He
becomes after much practice able, to judge fairly well upon
looking on a finished weld whether it is a good weld or not.
The work of training electric welding operators early became
a part of the functions of the Education and Training Section
of the Emergency Fleet Corporation. The men connected
with this work are members of the Welding Commit.tee.
Schools for the training of operators as well as for the con-
version of operators into instructors, are established in many
parts of the country. The objects held in view by the training
department are first to give the man intensive practice work
so that he becomes a good craftsman. The methods are
simple to start with, as the exercise of the right arm muscles
must become flexible enough to permit the operator to give
the required movement to the electrode. By a graduated
series of exercises this is accomplished in about eight weeks.
The man is allowed to do production jobs in the shop which
gives him confidence through responsibility. It becomes de-
sirable at this time to give the man some outside work on
ships and where this is practicable it is done. The man is
then turned over to an instructor who gives him an intensive

Novenil)er 1.'), 11(18

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

course in pedagogics lasting from live to six weeks. At tirst
sight it would not seem necessary to so instruct a man but
it is not generally understood that teaching after all is itself
a trade. The experience with the men in this respect is most
interesting. In nearly every case the man has resented this
course at the start but at the end has turned completely
around and in many cases has desired an even more extensive
training. What is really accomplished is to give the man
the necessary confidence to impart the knowledge that he
has gained to another green man. The men under training
are taken from the various industries especially the ship-
building industry and after they have finished their instructor
course are returned to their employer to carry on the in-
struction, in their own plant. The men who go through this
training as provided by the Emergency Fleet Corporation am
certificated when they have shown themselves to be en-
tirely proficient. It is not possible nor expedient for the
Emergency Fleet Corporation to require the certification of
all electric welders. It is the consensus of opinion that all
industries doing serious work with the electric arc should use
men who are certified as to their ability in the art of electric
welding. The main reason for this opinion is that the
operator must be a conscientious workman or tlie weld will
not be of perfect quality.

This brings forward another problem upon which a great
deal of experimental w-ork has been and probably will con-
tinue to l)e done, namely, a practical and scientific method of
testing a welded joint it has been made. There have been
a number of suggestions made for the solution of this prob-
lem. They are briefly, as follows:

(a) Mechanical. By hammering the weld or liy chipping
at frequent intervals.

(b) Electric. By means of resistance or voltage drop.

(d) X-ray. By means of an exposure on an X-ray plate.
At the present time none of these suggested methods have

lieen productive of conclusive results and recourse must be
had to the purely mechanical methods of striking heavy
blows on, or adacent to, the weld or by using a chipping
hammer and making intermittent examinations. It would
seem by far the best procedure to make the inspector pro-
ficent in the art so that he may closely observe the welders
while at work. This may be accomplished by a two or three
weeks attendance of inspectors at any one of the electric
welding training centers.

Methods of Electrice Welding.

There are many methods and processes of electric welding
but the two main ones that interest the committee at the
present time and alone have been mentioned so far are the
spot welding and arc welding. It inay be a surprise to some
of the old time welders to consider electric welding as a new
industry. In substantiation of this statement it may be well
to describe briefly what is meant by electric welding as it
is practiced to-day.

Spot welding is not much different in the methods of
procedure or in design of apparatus than when it was first
introduced. Copper electrodes, water-cooled in the heaviest
machines, are placed on opposite sides of the material to be
welded together. The joint is a lap joint. Machines are now
so designed that two spot welds may be made at one time.
The routine of the operation is as follows:

The electrodes are brought into contact with the materials
to be joined, current is supplied sufficient to give the required
heat, pressure is then applied, the current is removed, and
the pressure is reinoved, the weld is then complete.

The operator has a perfect indication of making a good
spot weld by the use of a button placed under the electrode
observing which he knows exactly the proper timing of the

operation. Tlicre is therefore no question as to a good, bad,
or indifferent, spot weld, .'\utomautic spot welders have been
designed and built, but it is the general opinion that they add
complication to a process which in itself is very simple.

The process of arc welding is as follows:

One side of the electric circuit is connected to tlie mater-
ial to be welded, the shank material is usually prepared l)y
bevelling the edge of the pieces to be welded together. The
other side of the electric circuit is connected to the electrode.
By touching the electrode to the shank material the arc is
drawn. The skilled operator now moves the electrode from
side to side of the groove .giving a semi-circular motion while
at the same time moving the electrode along the groove.

It is important that the arc "bite" into the shank metal
creating a perfect fusion along the edges and the movement of
the electrode is necessary for the removal of any mechanical
impurities that may be deposited. In the coated electrode it is
further necessary that the slag which forms for the protection
of the pure metal be worked up to the surface and it is ex-
tremely important in the event of a second or third layer that
the slag or impurities lie carefully scraped away before the
virgin metal is again laid on.

The operator in arc welding is protected with either a
hand screen covering his face with special glass through
which to observe his work. The electric arc emits dangerous
invisible rays in both the upper and lower spectrum scale
and it is quite evident that both the infrared and ultra-
violet are dangerous in their effect, the former is pathological
the latter actinic. The operator further uses gloves for his
hands and for the very difficult work of overhead welding it
is necessary for him to use a helmet which partly covers his
breast.

Developments.

The tendency of developments in spot welding lias already
been slightly touched upon. In their nature as applicable to
shipbuilding the advancement will naturally have to proceed
toward means for accomplishing spot welding in very cramped
locations. This makes an exceedingly difticult problem as the
power requirements are such as to preclude any very small
device. In riveting one-half of the apparatus is on one side
of the work and the other half on the opposite side and it is
difficult to conceive of any method of spot welding that will
admit of such an arrangement. In shipbuilding it is quite
probable that designs may be made that will permit of a
large or 5t least increased amount of spot welding in the
actual construction of the vessel. Certainly, present designs
of riveted ships will not allow of this to any great extent, .^s
already stated, spot welding can now take its place in the
fabricating shops and it is to be expected that within a few
months spot welding will begin to supplant riveting in this
field. The only drawliack to this will be the sufficient pro-
duction of spot welding apparatus.

The tendency of development in arc welding is toward
the automatic machine to obviate the responsibility that has to
be placed upon the skilled operator. Intensive work has been
done within the last few inonths in the line of automatic arc
welding machines and at the present time sample tests of
welds made by such apparatus have been sent to the Bureau
of Standards. These machines will occupy a very important
position in repetition work. They will not immediately
supersede the skilled operator in repair work, or in special
jobs but it may be expected that the development of such
machines will bring apparatus which can be man-handled and
will eventually take the place of most of the hand work as it
is now known.

Of the scientific advancement in the art of electric welding
there is so much to be treated that only a general outline can
be considered at this time. The research work has only just
begun. Practice has preceded the scientific investigation.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

November 15, 1918

The field, therefore, is full of most interesting problems.
Those who have been following the development of the past
six months are deep'y interested- to know the fundamental
reasons. The investigational questions may be grouped into
three main divisions:

1. Metallurgical; 3. Physical; 3. Electrical,

The metallurgist has yet to tell us what the conditions of
the metals are after the electrode material has fused with the
parent metal, and to determine what the proper conditions
must be to produce a good weld. This problem has in it a
great many variables. The physicist must explain the atomic
or electronic conditions which permit of the combinations at
the high temperatures involved and must explain the phe-
nomenon of overhead welding. The electrical investigator
must determine all the various phenomena connected with
the preferences between and the advantages of the use of
different forms of electrical energy and the varying character-
istics of the electric circuit in producing diflperent type of
welds.

Conclusion.

From the preceding remarks it must be conceded that the
Welding Committee of the Emergency Fleet Corporation has
already crystalized the prolilems connected with this art. The
working functions of this committee have been laid down
upon the broadest possible lines. Liberal opportunity has
been given every one to state in detail his opinion and to
express the reasons for his preference on every point con-
nected with this subject. The committee goes even further
than this. It furnishes those interested with every new idea
that is brought to bear upon the subject after sifting from the
suggestions any question of doubt or misstatement of fact.
All suggestions of improvement or problems of special ap-
plication are gladly taken in hand, thoroughly investigated
and reports made. It will welcome any comments that those
connected with the industries may desire to lay before it.
The personnel is at the present time such that it can devote
not one but many minds to the solution of any specific prob-
lem that is laid before it.

The committee early discovered that the literature of
electric welding was very much clouded by misstatement of
fact or half-baked theory and much of the time of the com-
mittee has been taken up in disproving such statements. In
order to spread the results of this work to all quarters a
handbook is now being prepared which will contain only
definite facts and results of investigations as are approved by
the whole committee. This handbook will be made available
to all those who desire to acquaint themselves with the
proper means of accomplishing good and reliable electric
welding.

Why Single Out Electric Railway Companies
for Condemnation

The opposition to increased fares on the Winnipeg Elec-
tric Railway System has advanced the argument that the
company ought to have built up a sufficient reserve to carry
them over this period of high prices. So, perhaps, they
should. So, also, should every other of the thousand and
one business concerns operating in Canada. Unfortunately,
however, they didn't know what was coming and the un-under-
standable feature of the whole situation is that street rail-
ways should be singled out for unjust treatment. Where is
there in Canada a single commodity that has not gone up in
price, except street railway fares. General Manager McLi-
mont, of the Winnipeg System, is quoted in reply to this
criticism as follows:

"How much money did you save during the boom days
— the days of prosperity before the war?

"Did you lay aside a reserve during those prosperous,

piping times of peace, in anticipation of these stressful sea-
sons of war?

"The argument has l)een advanced, in connection with
the Street Railway situation, that the Winnipeg Electric
Railway Company should have laid aside, during the days of
financial plentitude, a reserve which, in the eyes of the critics,
should have been sufficient to enable the company to con-
tinue selling its product — transportation — during war-time,
at pre-war prices.

"It is a great idea — on the surface. In a nut-shell, the
Winnipeg Electric should have done what no other corpora-
tion, firm, merchant or individual citizen did, and should
thereby have demonstrated a vision unparalleled on the
North American Continent and a foresight outrivalling that
of any human being outside of Berlin.

"The only thing that prevented the company from do-
ing diflferently from anybody else, was the fact that the au-
thorities at Potsdam failed to "tip off' the Winnipeg Electric
Railway Company to what was impending. The Kaiser and
his confederates hatched up the plot when the detectaphone
was out of order.

"If one started in to condemn everybody whom the war
has placed in a position of temporary financial embarrass-
ment in this Western country, the Kaiser's projected war
of 1940 would be started before the woi-k of . condemnation
could be satisfactorily concluded.

"The Winnipeg Electric Railway Comiiany now has to
meet an uncontrollable difference of more than .fr>00,000 be-
tween the money it earns and the money it has to pay. The
largest proportion of that sum is represented in wages,
which will be circulated by more than a thousand families
in and around this city.

"It would be futile to turn to those families and tell
them that they should not ask employers for increased rev-
enue to meet the increased cost of living, and that they
should have saved up during pre-war times, enough money
to carry them over until the end of the war without any in-
crease in wages.

"Is it not equally inconsistent tu tell tlie company what
you would think it folly to tell its employees?

"The .$fiOO,000 has to be found in order to keep the ser-
vice running. The company is not asking for money to pay
dividends. Dividends? Why they are now merely a distant
recollection— just like the savings accounts the workingmen
had before the war.

".\fter most careful computation it is found thaf a six-
cent fare will yield this company only just revenue sufficient
to meet its outlay under these new war burdens. This com-
pany was prosperous once — at a time when everybody else
was prosperous, during the boom years, when everybody, in-
cluding the Winnipeg Electric, was spending money as freely
as everybody else, with abundance of faith in the future.

"The C. P. R. paid dividends before the war; it has paid
dividends ever since the war began. It has no deficit. But
when the Railway War Board increased railroad workers'
wages and the C. P. R., with other roads, asked an increase
in freight and passenger rates, did the Dominion Govern-
ment or the Railway Commissioner say: 'No, you should
have set aside a big reserve in the palmy days before the
war?' The increases in freight and passenger rates were
granted.

"Why single out- the Winnipeg Electric Railway Com-
pany and condemn it for being temporarily embarrassed by
war-enhanced expenses? The company is confident that
thoughtful citizens will co-operate in order that its public
service may continue and that employees dependent on it
may receive a living wage."

The Montreal Tramways Company have let contracts
for repairs and extensions to their car barns at Vitre, de
Fleurimont, and St. ."Vntoine Streets.

No\cniber 15, 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Photometry and its Application to Commercial Needs

By Mr. Geo. G. Cousins'

Photometry is to the iUuminating engineer what the rule
is to the carpenter, tlie scales to the grocer, or the ther-
mometer to the chemist. It has made possible the vast ac-
cummulation of data on which the science of illuminating is
built and furnishes a means whereby the accuracy of the
theory is checked. Photometry and illuminating: engineering
have advanced hand in hand. The advances made in illum-
inating engineering have been made possible chiefly by the
use of photometry and on the other hand photometry has
been developed to meet the growing demands of the engineer.

The first literature on the subject was a book published by
Lambert in 1770. Until recent years photometry %vas used
only to measure the candle power of light sources, but its
use is now very extensive and includes many uses not thought
of until recently. The earliest experimenters in photometry
realized that the strength of light could not be measured
directly but that the intensity of one light could be expressed
in terms of that of another which thus becomes an arbitrary
standard with which the unknown light must be compared.
This is the principle of all practical photometry at the
present time.

Photometry is used at present mainly for the measurement
of candle power, flux, illumination intensity and surface bright-
ness. This classification does not include spectro-photometrj'
and objective photometry, the one being a rather specialized
branch and the other a method by which the human eye is
eliminated as the measuring instrument. The eye simply
reads the result of the measurement by observing the position
of a pointer on a scale. Objective photometry is based on
the principle that under certain conditions small currents will
flow from certain metals when exposed to light. These cur-
rents are proportional to the intensity of the light causing
theb and are used to deflect a mirror of a galvonometer or
electrometer, the magnitude of the deflection indicating the
intensity of the light. This has not 3'et graduated from the
experimental laboratory and it is necessarj' for us to fall
back on the eye as the final referee; upon its ability to judge
equality of brightness, or to detect small differences of
brightness, depends the success of a determination. The
eye is eflfective in making such a determination with any
degree of accuracy only under precise conditions. The two
lights being compared must be of the same color when pre-
sented to the eye. If a difference of color exists in the lights
themselves some means must be used to change one or both.
The most commonly used method is the use of colored glasses
to absorb some of the excess color of one light. The trans-
mission of these glasses must be known and compensated for
in the interpretation of a result.

In a laboratory where conditions are under good control
a flicker photometer may be used to measure lights of dif-
ferent color. This presents the two colors alternately at such
a rate that the resulting sensation is that of a single color,
which is a blending of the two. The speed of the alternations
must be such that the flicker disappears when the photometer
head is at a certain point between the two lights and reappears
with a slight motion one way or the other. In other words,
when both lights are of the same intensity at the photometer
head the flicker disappears and the slowest speed that will
accomplish this is the most sensitive for the instrument.

A discussion of photometry naturally leads to a discussion
of light sources and each has its effect on the other. Some
types of photometers are suitable for the measurement of

"Before a meeting of Toronto members of the Illuminating Engineering
Society.

some light sources and not for others. The advent of the
gas-filled lamps caused more extensive changes in the practice
of photometry than any other single event for a great many
years and it might be well to consider the differences between
the vacuum and gas-filled lamps that necessitated such
changes.

Before gas-filled lamps appeared on the market the vacuum
lamps were commonly rated according to their mean horizon-
tal candle power and this rating gave a very fair means of
comparing different lamps of the same type. However, for
many years lamp and illuminating engineers, especially the
latter, had realized that this rating was not altogether satis-
factory. In order to use existing lamp data in illumination
calculations it was necessary to convert the value of candle
power, which is the intensity,, into one of total light flux, the
unit of which is the lumen. This conversion is done by deter-
mining the ratio of mean spherical to mean horizontal candle
power and then multiplying the mean spherical candle power
by the factor 12.57 (4t') to obtain the lumens. This ratio
of mean spherical to mean horizontal candle power is constant
for vacuum lamps of each type, but its determination is a long
tedious job. In spite of its short-comings, however, the
candle power rating had become so deeply rooted that it
was too big a task for any isolated body of engineers to make
a change.

Now when gas-filled lamps were measured for mean
horizontal candle power in the ordinary way some very
peculiar results were noticed. With the lammp stationary,
the candle power was lower and the current higher than with
the lamp rotating at the ordinary speeds, at the same voltage.
This higher efficiency while rotating is caused by the gas in
the bull) being thrown outwards by centrifugal force to the
walls of the bulb. This left the filament in a more rarified
atmosphere and of course was not cooled to the same extent
by the gas as when stationary. The temperature increased,
which in turn increased the resistance and the current con-
sequently decreased. At every change in speed there was a
change in efficiency. A peculiar feature of this is that starting
with the lamp stationary and slowly increasing the speed of
rotation the efliciency at first decreases then increases and at
one speed is the same as the stationary efficiency. This speed
is usually about 20 to 40 r.p.m. — not enough to overcome
flicker. This condition put a serious damper on lamp rotation.
It was found that in some lamps there were fairly large dif-
ferences in candle power in different horizontal directions
and the candle power in one direction might not be anywhere
near the m.h.c.p. Again it was discovered that for lamps of
the same make and construction there were considerable dif-
ferences in the spherical reduction factor, and that the spher-
ical reduction factor varies during the life of a lamp. Here
is another fundamental difference between vacuum and gas-
filled lamps: in a vacuum lamp the filament material as it is
evaporated travels in straight lines to the bulb the same as the
light and the result is that at any stage of lamp life the
blackening at any portion of the bulb is proportional to the
amount of light passing through that portion. This results
in the spherical reduction factor remaining constant through-
out life. The gas in the gas-filled lamps rises as soon as it
is heated by the filament and these currents of gas carry the
evaporated filament material to the upper part of the bulb
and the mean spherical c. p. decreases more rapidly than does
the mean horizontal c. p.

In view of these difficulties it was quite evident that a new
method of measuring was rfeeded. Here was a condition that

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

November 15, 1918

made necessary the adoption of a rating based on the total
flux of light from the lamp, the method that had been ad-
vocated for years but which lacked a condition of necesity
to compel its adoption. At that time there were several dif-
ferent types of integrating photometers in use in various
laboratories, but none gave such promise of adaptation to the
peculiarities of the gas-filled lamp as the sphere and its use
has become universal. The sphere can also be put to many
different uses as will be described later.

Routine Photometry.

Now for routine photometry. The measurement of vacuum
lamps should by precedence come first. This branch of
photometry is about the simplest of any. A vacuum lamp
does not mind what position it is burned in and has no
definite peculiarities that demand extra precautions in its
measurement. Vacuum lamps are the most suitable lamps to
use as standards and this results in a good color match. In
our own laboratory acceptance tests are made on vacuum
lamps on the m. h. c. p. basis. The lamps are measured for
c. p. and watts and target diagrams are made on which the

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Fig. 1 — Target diagram showing the measured efficiency of 40-watt
tungsten lamps

/•ating of each lamp is shown by the position of a dot on the
diagram, Fig. 1. The comparison device used for this work
is the old familiar Bunsen screen. Speed is of more import-
ance than a high degree of accuracy and the Bunsen screen
permits speed of operation with a minimum of eye-fatigue.
As lamps are being so measured one lamp out of each tray
of 50 that is near the average watts and c. !>. is selected to
be further measured for life test, with more care as greater
accuracy is required. For this purpose a Lumner-Brodhun
photometric device is used and is capable of very high ac-
curacy. Life testing of stock lamps is done at rated effici-
ency and the voltage is adjusted to produce the required
efficiency.

The photometer on which this testing is done is not unlike
others built for the same kind of testing but a brief description
of it may be of interest. The comparison lamp is at the right
end and the test lamp socket at the left; the distance between
them is 100 inches. A batch of lamps being measured may
include a range of from 10 to 100 watts and with such a wide
range one candle power scale cannot include all and we have
found it necessary to use three. These are calculated for 16,
32 and 48 c. p. comparison lamps respectively. If three com-
parison lamps of these c. p.'s were used it would necessitate
that each be calibrated separately and this requires consider-
able time. In order to overcome this we use one lamp that
normally burns at 48 c. p. and it Ts calibrated by using stand-

ards of 22, 36 and 100 c. p. These are placed in the test
lamp socket one at a time, the photometer head is set at the
rated c. p. of the standard and the voltage across the com-
parison lamp is adjusted until a balance is obtained. With
the standards mentioned these balances occur at the ends
and near the middle of the c. p. scale and the average voltage
of the comparison lamp is taken as its working value. When
it is desired to use the 32 c. p. scale with this lamp, a
rotating sectored disk is placed between it and the photo-
meter head. This particular disk cuts oflf 1/3 of the light and
tlie effective c. p. then becomes 33. In a similar way the 16
c. p. scale is used with a sectored disk that cuts off 2/3 of
the light. By this means we have a range of from 6 to 125
c p. with one calibration of the comparison lamp. The change
from one scale to another involves but a moment of time.
This range includes all the vacuum lamps likely to be met
with. In operation the photometric observer sets the voltage
of both lamps and observes the c. p. The other operator
reads the current or watts and does the recording. The test
socket is made in 4 sections held in position by an endless
spiral spring so that when the socket is rotating lamps can
be placed in or taken out without stopping it.

.\fter all I have said about the lumen rating you may be
wondering why our tests are made on the c. p. basis. This is
because our specifications have not been changed since the
lumen rating has come into general use and these specifica-
tions are based on the c. p. rating. Also our c. p. photometer
is capable of more rapid use than the spheres.

The integrating sphere photometer for the measurement
of light sources is 1)ased on the theory that with an interior
white diffusing surface the brightness at any point of the
sphere wall is proportional to the m. s. c . p. of the source of
light within. This theory is strictly true for an ideal con-
dition when no foreign body to the light source is present in
the sphere. To measure the illumination on the sphere wall
a .-^mall portion of it is removed and a test window of diffusing
glass sul)Stituted. \ photometer track is placed so that the
light passing through the test window is balanced against
that of a comparison lamp which has been calibrated with the
sphere. It is necessary that none of the light from the test
lamp shines directly upon the test window and this neces-
sitates a screen being placed between the lamp and the
window; see Fig. 3. This screen constitutes a for-
eign body and is a source of error. The 'lamp socket and
other necessary fittings add to it. The screen divides the
sphere into three areas; the first surrounding the test window
receives only reflected light; the second forming the greater
part of the sphere receives both direct and reflected light;
and the third, opposite the test window, is entirely screened
from it. The errors caused by this condition can be minimized
by using a screen as small as possible and placing it so that
the shaded areas are as small as possible. In spheres where
the screen is small in diameter compared to the diameter of
the sphere and the precautions stated are taken the errors
are usually of negligible proportions. A sphere paint of very
high reflection factor also tends to keep down errors.

The most effective safeguard against large errors is prob-
ably the use of the so-called substitution method of calibrat-
i:ig the sphere. This simply means having the standard lamps
as near like the lamps to be tested as is convenient and placing
them in the position during calibration that will later be
occupied by the test lamps. In this way errors of the in-
strument are largely compensated for in the calibration. Each
sphere has its own constant which is affected by the reflection
factor of the surface and the size and location of the screen.

The measurement of the m. s. c. p. or the lumens of a
lamp is a comparatively simple matter but when larger units
such as reflectors or globes are measured, to determine the
losses due to them, the conditions become more complicated

November 15, 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

and require a more intimate knowledge of sphere photometry,
Figs. 'A and 4. These show that more screens are necessary
and tlie sphere must he cahbrated with all the apparatus, in-
cluding the test unit, in place, where it will be during the test,
and the standard lamp must be left there, extinguished, dur-
ing the measurement of the test unit. To measure the test
unit the lamp to be used in it is measured in its normal posi-
tion but without the reflector or globe in place, the auxiliary is
put in place and another measurement made. The second will
be stualler than the first by an amount equal to the loss

transmission and diffusion. Both are highly desirable, yet
one is obtained at the expense of the other although not
necessarily to the same extent with different makes. The
transmission is measured by the sphere photometer and the
diffusion by a different means. There are different ways of
expressing the degree of diffusion, hut one in common use
is to measure the distribution of l)rightness across the pro-

Fig. 3

caused Iiy the reflector or globe. Globes for street lighting
are sometimes purchased under specifications that place a
limit on the absorption. This is very easily measured. Our
large sphere is provided with hinged trap doors in the top
through which large units may be lowered and the opening
closed up if desired. Or an arc lamp may be measured with
the upper casing outside the sphere.

Illuminating engineers frequently need data on the re-
flection factor of wall papers, paints and other surfaces that
absorb light. This is measured in a small sphere. A surface
whose reflection factor has been determined must be used as
a standard with which to calibrate the sphere.

A mirror or a surface of magnesium carbonate or other
similar surface is suitable for use as standards. Standardizing
such a surface is rather a long job, requiring the measurement
of the reflection of a great many angles, Fig. 5. With a
standard surface placed in the sphere and turned away from
the test window a beam of light is directed into the opening
at the top so that it falls on the standard. A measurement is
then made from which the flux of light entering the sphere is
calculated. The standard surface is removed and the test
surface put in its place. From a measurement with this the
amount of light reflected from the sample is calculated.

The transmission of transparent and translucent materials
is made by causing the light to shine through the opening in
the top of the sphere and then measured, Fig. 6. This gives
the value, which is 100 per cent., all of the light having
passed through the clear opening. A sample placed over the
opening will absorb and reflect some of this light, the re-
mainder being measured and the result expressed as the per-
centage of the light transmitted. If a sample so tested is of
a diffusing characteristic it is necessary to state the charac-
teristic of the beam of light because a concentrated beam will
give a different result to a beam of diffused light. However,
to test different samples the results can be compared if test-
ed under similar conditions. Also if two sides of a sample are
not similar the results may not be similar and a statement
should be made as to which side is turned toward the li,ght.
This is shovifn by a test of ribbed window glass which trans-
mits 90.3 per cent, with the opposite side out. Clear window
glass transmits 87.3 per cent.; wavy wired glass clean trans-
mits 75.2 per cent.; a dirty sample transmitted 38.4 per cent.

A person confronted with the task of selecting diffusing
globes has to compromise between two opposing factors,

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

jected area of the globe. If a globe has a lighted lamp inside
it has the appearance of a disk and if the diffusion be perfect
it will be uniformly bright all over its area, otherwise the
center will appear brighter than the rest. If an opaque
screen with an opening in the center is placed in front of the
globe the candle power per square inch of the globe area
exposed can be measured. This opening may be square inch
area and should be fixed and the globe arranged so that it
can be moved across the photometer track, measurements
being made at convenient intervals. These results plotted in
the form of a curve show the variation in brightness from
the center to the edge. This method can also be used with
flat samples of material.

Another very important use of photometry to illuminating
engineering is the measuring of the distribution of light from
various lighting units. There are many forms of photometers

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Curves showing the horizontal and vertical cross-section of the beam from

an automobile headlamp equipped with different types of glasses

for doing this but most of them make use of mirrors to
direct the light from different angles from the units into the
photometer axis. The one in use in this laboratory has two
mirrors mounted at suitable angles on the one frame which
can be rotated about the test unit so that candle power
measurements can be made at different angles in the vertical
plane. The distance from the light center of the unit to the
photometric device is 10 feet, and the c. p. values are ex-
pressed as apparent c. p. at 10 feet. The word apparent is
used because the light from a large unit does not follow the

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

November 15, 1918

inverse square law at such a short distance. The 10 feet
distance is commonly used in American laboratories.

In interpreting the results of tests the absorption of light
by the mirrors must be taken into account. This may be done
by calibrating the comparison lamp with the standard on the
track and then in the distribution head and calculating the
dbsorbtion from these results or by placing the standard
directly in the distribution head and adjusting the voltage
across the comparison lamp until a balance is obtained. The
latter method requires a little less time. The most suitable
method to use depends on whether a direct reading c. p. scale
is used or the c. p. is obtained by reference to a table or by
calculation.

It is common practise to make c. p. measurements at- each
10 degrees around the unit. This method should not be
blindly followed as some units change in c. p. so rapidly in
some zones that very erratic results may be obtained. The
curves in Fig. 9 show the effect of H inch differences in the
position of the light sources on the angle of the maximum c. p.
In summarizing the results of distribution tests the lumens
in the principal zones are calculated for both the bare lamp
and the lamp equipped.

Distribution tests of projector lamps have to be measured
in a different way. A typical example is that of a series of
tests on automobile head lamps we were called upon to make
in connection with Ontario's head lamp law. A standard head
lamp was set up so that it could be set to different angles
in the horizontal and vertical planes and the beam was ex-
plored by means of an illumination photometer set up at the
opposite end of the room. C. p. measurements were made
at 0 deg., the center of the beam, 1 deg., 3 deg., 5 deg.,
7 deg., 9 and 11 deg. from the vertical and horizontal axes
Curves were plotted that show horizontal and vertical cross
sections of the various beams, Fig. 7. To supplement these
results the head lamp was set up on a table, fitted with cas-
tors, at the normal height from the road, (floor in this case)
and the photometer was set up at a distance of 100 feet and
the intervening distance marked off into 10 feet intervals. A
reflecting test plate was used in this test and was placed on
the floor and the photometer tube directed onto it. Foot
candle measurements were made at each 10 feet mark by
moving the head lamp up. These measurements gave the

prevail throughout the installation. The area is marked oft
into squares and a test station located at the center of each.
In offices desk tops are 30 inches above the floor and measure-
ments are usually made on this plane. In factories the bench
height or machine height is the reference plane. Street light-
ing may be measured on the roadway or at some plane above
it. There is no standardized method of making such surveys
and much of the value of the test depends on the judgment
of the one conducting it. Since the Commission started de-
signing and installing street lighting our measurements have

Fig.

—

' '~-

•V

—

■^

~ X--

«=

■N,

»^

e<-

—

"YT

■— -

~.,

—

^j-

= ^

1 —

'■"■

—

■f

8 — Curves showing difference in road illumination from one automo-
bile head lamp equipped with different types of glasses

road illumination from each lamp for the different glasses
investigated. The curves serve as a check on the distribution
curves, Fig. 8.

So far we have considered photometry in the laboratory.
There is another very different branch that takes us out into
streets, stores, offices, factories and anywhere where illumin-
ation is to be measured.

Of course work of this kind must be done with portable
photometers. These photometers are usually built for a very
wide range of work, such as measurements of c. p. in any
direction, foot-candle and surface brightness. To make a
survey of illumination the area selected should be repre-
sentative of the conditions, as regards the surroundings, that

Fig- 9
Distribution curves of a gas-filled lamp equipped with a prismatic reflector.
Different curves show the effect of different vertical positions of the
lamp filament. An example of a case wherf a large number of candle-
power measurements must be made to obtain the true distribution curve

lieen made on a plane 30 inches above the road. This has
become a sort of standardized method with us to enable com-
parisons to be made. Sometimes vertical illuminations on
an adjacent wall is required and in interiors the brightness
of fixtures and the ceilings against which they are reviewed
or the brightness of reflections from polished surfaces.

The Electric Club of Toronto

The regular Friday noon-day luncheons nf the Electric
Club of Toronto, were resumed Nov. 8 at the Prince George,
the speaker being Mr. Alfred T. DeLury, Professor of Mathe-
matics in the University of Toronto. Professor DeLury
spoke on the subject, "On Keeping Step," enlarging upon the
necessity of co-operation and a co-ordination of interests in
the pursuit of any worthy end, just as the "tramp-tramp" of
the soldier battalion is symbolic of the unified efficiency of
the army. The speaker, however, warned against the pos-
sibility of carrying organizations and standardization to
such an extreme as to crush individualism, and expressed
the opinion that, in the end, more substantial progress would
result by the free exercise of individual thought and free
expression of that thought. As a teacher, he considered the
most important function of his profession to be the training
of men and women to think — to arouse in them the desire and
curiosity to discover things and reach conclusions for them-
selves.

Xoveiulier lo, 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Hydro-Electric Reconstruction at Sherbrooke

The reconstruction work of tlic water power plants own-
ed by the city of Sherbrooke, brought about interesting re-
sults, and a short review of the work done will show what
can be accomplished in the way of raising the capacity of
many an existing hydro-electric plant at a comparatively
small outlay, and in some instances, as will be seen from this
description, without interruption to plant operation.

The two corporation plants are' situated on the Magog
River. The Rock Forest plant is located at the outlet of Lake
Magog, while the older plant of the two is located on Fron-
tenac street, within the limits of the city of Sherbrooke. Both
plants depend on the water storage of Lake Memphrema-
gog. which is discharged at the rate of 550 cubic feet per
second.

The total capacity of the two plants of the city of Sher-
brooke. prior to reconstruction, was 2900 horsepower, as
measured at the switchboard at the distributing point of the
Frontenac Street station. The plants were rapidly approach-
ing their ultimate capacity and the city of Sherbrooke de-
cided to take steps to increase the capacity of these plants
in order to enalde them to cope with the demand from mu-
nition works.

A careful study was made of the hydro-electric equip-
ment of the two power houses and tests were carried out
to ascertain the performance of each machine, as well as the
performance of each plant. With this information, the pro-
gramme of reconstruction was laid out, aiming at the maxi-
mum amount of power obtainable under the highest possible
commercial efficiency. The construction work was so planned
as not to interfere with the operation of the plants except
for one unit at a time.

In order to follow this work more readily, it will be well
to give a brief description of the plants prior to the time of
reconstruction.

Original Plant Equipment
The Rock Forest plant was built in liUl. This plant is
some seven miles out of Sherbrooke. The power house
equipment consists of two direct connected water-wheel gen-
erators of 940 kv.a. each, 3 phase, 60 cycle, 6,600 volt, oper-
ating at 180 r:p.m. The turbines are set in concrete open
flumes. Tlie maximum capacity of the two units under a head
of 30 ft., was 2,200 h.p. at the Rock Forest switchboard. Two
direct current water wheel driven generators of 50 kw. each
are supplying excitation for the alternators.

The current of the Rock Forest plant is transmitted to
the Frontenac Street plant, where it is stepped down to
2,300 volts for local distribution. The two power plants are
operating in parallel.

The Frontenac street power house was I)uilt in 1908. It
consisted of two direct connected water-wheel generators,
of 25 kv.a. each, 3 phase, 60 cycle, 2,300 volt, operating at
225 r.p.m. The turbines were of horizontal type and were
installed in steel cases. The combined maximum capacity of
these units, under a head of 28 ft., was 1100 h.p. at the switch-
board. A spare turbo-generator of 500 kw. was installed in
the same plant, operating at 180 r.p.m. Two direct con-
nected turbine driven exciters of 30 kw. each furnished the
exciting current for the alternators.

The 6,600 volt transmission line connecting the plants
consists of two 3-phase No. 1 B&S copper wire lines, car-
ried on cedas poles and supported by Victor porcelain in-
sulators No. 472.

After an examination and tests of the entire equipment,
the following were the conclusions arrived at.

1st. The Rock Forest turbines were inadequate in capa-
city and inefficient.

2nd. The transmission line losses were too high and tlie
line drop excessive for satisfactory operation.

3rd. The turbines at the Frontenac Street plant were of
old design and inefficient.

4th. The crib dam at tlie Frontenac Street plant was
wasteful of water.

5th. The small turbines driving the exciters of the Fron-
tenac Street plant were inefficient.

Reconstructed Plant.

While the Rock Forest iilant was of modern design and
construction, the maximum load the two units would deve-
lop at the switchboard at Rock Forest, was only 2,200 horse-
power. In view of the local conditions not permitting of the
realization of the full extent of power with the old turbines,
it was decided to replace them in order to increase the cap-
acity of this plant. As the Rock Forest plant has the ad-
vantage of the pondage of Lake Magog, which is approxi-
mately five square miles in area, the capacity of this plant
was based on a load factor of 50 per cent.

The reconstructed units developed, under test, 3,000
horsepower at the switchboard, when operating jointly un-
der a head of 30 feet. These turbines were furnished by the
Morgan-Smith Company, of York. Pa.

The 940 kv.a. Canadian Westinghouse generators in this
plant have done excellent service, when connected to the
old turbines, and now with the considerably increased load,
bv the installation of the new turbines the same generators

Turbine and governor equipment. Frontenac St. Plant. Sherbrooke. Que.

carry the overloads under low power factor conditions in a
most satisfactory manner.

The replacement of the twin, horizontal, centre discharge
units was carried out in twenty days, with little inconveni-
ence to power consumers, as by special arrangement enough
water was discharged from Lake Meinphemagog during this
time, to permit of operating the spare 500 kw. generator at
the Frontenac .Street plant, which ordinarily would be out
of service.

Attention was ne.xt given to the transmission line. The
operatin.g difficulties under a transmission voltage of 6,600
proved this voltage to be inadequate. The low power factor

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Novemlier 1",, 1918

of the load was responsilile for an excessive drop, and at
times the alternators were called upon to generate current
at a voltage in excess of 8000. The investigation of the
transmission line showed that a No. 472 Victor insulator was
suitable for an operating voltage of 13,200.

The line is of triangular construction, with a spacing just
sufticient to comply with standard requirements for 13,000
volts. It was found that the three Canadian Westinghouse,
533 kv.a. G(i20-2200 volt transformers were built with standard
13,200 volt insulation, and could be operated with a grounded
neutral. It was, therefore, decided that the current from the
Rock Forest plant be transmitted at 13,200 volts and the in-
stallation of three step-up transformers at the Rock Forest
plant was recommended.

With the installation of the three step-up transformers
of 750 kv.a. each, at the Rock Forest plant, one line was plac-
ed in successful operation at 13,200 volts and the sec-
ond line was operated at the lower voltage, pending the
completion of work of reconstruction of a 6,600 volt sub-
station of one of tlie power consumers, situated along the
transmission line.

With both lines operating at the higher voltage, the sav-
ing in transmission will amount to 400 horsepower under the
maximum conditions of power generated at the Rock For-
est plant. Besides that, the voltage drop will be considerably
minimized, thus resulting in an improvement in the power
factor at the Rock Forest plant. The combined increase in
power generated and transmitted over the two 13,200 volt,
transmission lines, as measured at the switchboard at the
receiving end of the Frontenac Street plant, is fully 50 per
cent, over the power received at the distribution point before
reconstruction.

The modifications to the plant at Frontenac street involv-
ed a considerable amount of work. As the city owned the
right to develop 10 feet additional head on the Magog River,
the new plans covered a 38 ft. development.

A concrete dam was built immediately downstream from
the old crib dam. The dam is 285 feet long, with a maxi-
mum height from rock to stop log platform of 56 ft. The
construction was carried on practically without interruption
to the plant, except for a period of a few days. A great deal
of concrete was placed in weather below zero with satisfac-
tory results. To expedite the construction of the concrete
dam, pneumatic placing of concrete was resorted to. The
construction of the dam was carried out by Messrs. Mac-
Bean and Williams, of Montreal, and Mr. W. W. Plum was
the contractor's engineer on the job.

As this plant is located between two privately owned
plants without any ponda.ge between them, a uniform flow
of water is aimed at throughout the twenty-four hours a
day. This restricted the capacity of the Frontenac Street
plant. In order, however, to enable the plant to carry jieak
load fluctuations and to utilize occasional excess water, a
load factor of approximately 70 per cent, was assumed, and
the equipment was chosen on this basis.

The two old turbines developed, at full gate, when oper-
ating together, a maximum of 1,100 h.p. They were of an
old type of construction, inefficient in the use of water and
rather costly as to maintenance. As the steel cases and
shafts were of liberal design, same were retained in order
to permit of more rapid installation of the new units. The
new units were supplied by the Boving Hydraulic & En-
gmeering Company of Lindsay, Ont. The turbines are direct
connected to 1,000 kv.a., 60 cycle, 3 phase, 2400 volt alter-
nators, operating at 300 r.p.m. These machines are of Can-
adian General Electric make.

It was recommended, in view of the low power factor
of the load, that the two 625 kv.a. generators of the old
equipment be used after reconstruction as synchronous con-
densers for power factor correction.

The reconstruction of this plant proved very satisfactory.
Tests of tlie two units, operating at the same time, show that
they develop a maximum of 2500 h.p. at the switchboard, or
1400 h.p. more than the old plant developed with the same
water. The increase is therefore, 127 per cent, in plant out-
put. Minor modifications to a somewhat restricted tail race
will allow of a further increase in the capacity of this plant.
To permit the distribution switchboard to handle the in-
creased load, the oil switches, current transformers., etc..
were replaced with equipment of a larger rating. All instru-
inents were recalibrated. Tirrill regulators were installed
at both power houses to improve the voltage regulation of
the system. ,

The excitation of the old units was furnished by means
of 2 - 30 kv.a. turbine exciters. One of these turbines was
taking the water from the steel case of the main unit, at a
sacrifice of efficiency of the big turbine. In the new plant
the excitation is furnished by 1-60 kw. generator, direct
connected to an induction motor, with the result of a con-
siderable improvement in the efficiency of the exciter set.

The work was carried out under the supervision of J. R.
MacGregor, superintendent of plants, and E. Noel, superin-
tendent of transmission and distribution. The concrete dam
was designed by T. Tremblay, City Engineer, and the en-
tire hydro-electric work was planned and executed under the
direction of M. A. Sammett, consulting engineer, Montreal.

Pro Patria

Captain Chester William Halstead, M.C., of Ridgetown,
Ont., was killed in action on October 10th last. Before en-
listing, Mr. Halstead was manager at Ridgetown for the
Bell Telephone Company. The official Gazette, in referring

The late Captain Halstead, M.C.

to his gallant work at I'aschendale, which won him the Mil-
itary Cross, said. "His utter disregard for machine-gun fire
inspired his men greatly. He, with his platoon, captured 77
prisoners and two machine guns, the latter being brought
into action at once against the enemy. After the captured
position had been consolidated, he went forward some 200
yards, where he met an enemy staff officer, whom, on his
refusal to surrender, he promptly killed. He gave a splen-
did example of courageous energy and dash."

Xoveniljcr 1,">. lliis

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

3:!

^ dealer

aT)a C or>^racior

Are Contractor-Dealers Going to Stand Idly by

and Watch the Hardware Stores and the

Druggists Skim the Cream off the

Electrical Milk Can?

A Provincial Hydro inspector dropped into a hardware
store in his local town the other day and found the pro-
prietor in conversation with a customer about a new fuse
plug. The customer had blown a 10 ampere fuse and ex-
plained that this had happened a couple of times when his
wife had connected up her iron. He didn't know the rea-
son; there was no other load on his house at the same time.

"Oh," said the hardware man, "you need a larger fuse.
This is 10— I'll give you a 20."

"Well, all right," replied the customer. I think there's
a ,"30 on the other side though. Perhaps you'd better give
me a 30 and make doubly sure."

"That's correct," said the hardware man. "We'll make
sure with a liO."

And this is an age of "safety first"; at a time when
rules and regulations covering installations, and the people
making the installations, are supposed to have rendered the
use of electricity fool-proof. The inspector naturally took
occasion to "butt in," and explained to these two innocent
babes that the trouble was doubtless due to a defective cord
and that by increasing the size of the fuse they were merely
adding to the chances for one more bad accident. As to
rules and regulations governing the size of fuses to be used,
the hardware man had never heard of them.

And this is no isolated case. Who is to blame that the
merchandising of electrical goods of every sort has been; in
efifect, taken out of the hands of the electrical dealers and
is handled very largely by hardware men, druggists, milliners
and w'hat not? The druggist's profession, for example, is
safeguarded by law to prevent life hazards and yet these
same people are allowed to handle equipment carrying as
much hazard possibly as the average prescription, without
tlie slightest protection to the public.

As long as the merchandising of electrical equipment is
in the hands of uninformed retailers and salesmen, what is
the use of making rules and regulations? All over the
country these stores are the dumping ground for unapproved
material, shoddy appliances of every sort that dishonor the
whole class of labor-saving equipment to which they are
supposed to belong and create a big life-hazard at the same
time. Further, appliances of every sort and size are being
sold for lamp socket connection.

Mr. Goodwin expressed himself as greatly disappointed
with tlie numljer and type of electrical stores he found in
Toronto. The same criticism holds to a greater or less
degree, no doubt, all over the Dominion. Isn't the average
contractor overlooking a golden opportunity? Think how
well the two operations — wiring a home and then supplying
that home with numerous electrical appliances — dovetail in-
to one another. What home is there that, having cost $100

to wire, is not an immediate prospect for appliances totalling
a much greater amount than this — electric fixtures, lamps,
table lamps, iron, percolator, toaster, range, hot plate, vacuum
cleaner, washing machine, and so on — and yet this large
amount of business the contractor hands over to the hard-
ware man with his compliments and the result is the hard-
ware man make?, a mess of the whole electrical business and
muddles things up generally for the public, the inspection
de[ arlment, the contractors and the manufacturers.

The time lias arrived when the merchandising of elec-
trical appliances is as much a specialized business as is the
sale of motors or transformers. Either the hardware man
must inform himself of electrical matters or the contractor-
dealers — who are already informed — must take it over. We
must not forget that the hardware trade is well organized
and is handled by men of intelligence who. if given half a
chance will master the art of selling electrical goods. If
contractor-dealers want to hold the field they must not delay
verj- much longer.

The Establishing of Rigid Resale Prices Will Not

Solve the Ills of the Electrical Industry —

The Solution is Co-operation and

Better Merchandising

A number of solutions have been offered for the diffi-
culties besetting the path of the electrical contractor-dealer.
The one most commonlj- mentioned is that manufacturers
should establish resale prices on all the articles they make.
This means that drastic measures would often have to be
taken to enforce the maintenance of these prices, but con-
tractor-dealers have frequently argued that manufacturers
should refuse to sell to any dealer who did not hold to
the price formally fixed on any article which he may carry
in stock.

There can be no doubt that a measure of protection l)y
the manufacturers and jobbers is due the dealer, but it does
not appear that the arbitrary establishment of resale prices
is the best form that protection can take. On the face of it,
it is evident that one dealer can do business on a smaller
profit than another and it constitutes an injustice, therefore,
not only to the buying public, but to the dealers themselves,
that the same fixed price should be charged in all localities
and under all conditions. There is the other side of it, too.
which we in Canada do not appear to have sufficiently con-
sidered, namely the legality of the proceeding. Can tliis
practice be construed as a restraint of trade?

Right at the moment the whole matter is being thrashed
out along this line in the United States courts. The Federal
Trade Commission has just disposed of a case in which
complaints were issued, charging violations of the law
through fixing the resale price of articles, and an order to
cease and desist from this practice has been issued in the
case of Chester, Kent & Company, of Boston, manufacturers

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

November l.'>. 1!)1M

of proprietory medicines. The order forbids the company to:

(a) Indicate to dealers the prices for which its pro-
prietary or patent medicines shall be resold.

(b) Securing agreements from dealers to adhere to
such prices.

(d) Refusing to sell to dealers who fail to adhere to
such prices upon the same terms as dealers who do so adhere.

(e) Furnishing any advantage to dealers who adhere to
the resale prices, while refusing similar treatment to dealers
who do not adhere to the prices.

This order of the Commission follows a similar decision
of the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of the
American Graphophone Company. The Federal Trade Com-
mission has decided to issue complaints against all business
concerns who refuse to sell unless the purchaser will agree
to maintain a resale price fixed by the seller. It is claimed
that when an article once passes from the maker to the pur-
chaser, the latter owns it and may sell it at any price he
chooses, so long as that price is not below cost, in which
case he would be entering into unfair competition with other
retailers selling the same article.

It is evident, therefore, that so far as the United States
is concerned — and there is little doubt conditions are identical
in Canada — the establishment of fixed resale prices will not
solve the difficulty the contractor-dealer is meeting in the
way of making a living profit. The solution lies rather in
better merchandising methods, a closer study of the condi-
tions under which each is operating and a better co-opera-
tion between the dealers themselves, first, and the manufac-
turers, jobbers and contractor-dealers, second. We are too
apt to take it for granted that the cause of failure in busi-
ness is too low a resale price. This is very rarely the case.
Poor business methods in the retail business are almost uni-
versal, and this, we believe, is the direction along which edu-
cation must proceed before the general condition of elec-
trical merchandising, in Canada, is placed on a satisfactory
and stable basis.

Those Who Pass and Those Who Pause— Which
Kind of Window is Yours?

If there is any doubt in your mind as to whether it pays
to spend a little time in making your windows attractive try
this test yourself. Station someone outside your window
with instructions to count the people who pass your store,
and those who pass in front of your window. Then change
the trim, making a special effort to produce an interesting
display, and try the same plan.

Unless your experience is an exception you'll find that
the well-planned, carefully trimmed window will attract a
considerably higher percentage than the window jumbled to-
gether in a hurry some Monday morning. Care and thought
in window trimming always pay.

You may learn some things about color and motion and
arrangement from this single test tliat will help yon in every
window you trim.

But remember this when you look over the tally sheet
of people who pass and people who pause: The figures are
only an indication of the value of a trim as an effective sales
factor.

Two windows, for example, might draw equal crowds,
yet one would merely satisfy idle curiosity, while the other
would actually sell goods. The important thing to remem-
ber is to put sales interest into the trim. The nearer you
can bring your message home to the passer-by the more
effective is the trim.

Don't forget that the window space is the most valu-
able part of your store. Make the most of it.

Change your trim often. Keep up with the times. Try
to have the most attractive window, not only on your street,
but in your whole city. Don't think for a minute that your
chance is limited by the size of your window, for it isn't
true. Small windows frequently are better trimmed than
those which can show a half block of plate glass.

The eflfectiveness of your window depends solely upon
the plan and its execution— and both depend on you.

Notice re Meter Loops

The Chief Inspector of the Toronto Hydro-electric Sys-
tem has asked the attention of electrical contractors to the
need of allowing sufficient length on meter loops for power
services. Each single wire should not be less than eighteen
inches in length.

New Book

Central Station List— published by the McGraw-Hill
Book Company, Inc., 10th .\venue and 36th Street. New
York. This book contains a list of central stations in Can-
ada and the United States by states, provinces and cities;
statistics showing the total number of pri.vate and municipal
plants, companies selling appliances, companies having day
service, and other data: towns with a population under 1,000
getting current elsewhere; state and provincial commissions
having jurisdiction over electric light and power utilities;
mdex to central stations whose names do not indicate their
location. Price $15.00.

Trade Publications

Condulets.— Suggestion No. 33, by the Crouse Hinds
Company of Canada; describing an actual installation of
weatherproof outlets and fittings.

C.G.E. Publications.— Bulletin 40021, describing belted
direct-current generators. Type LF, and Bulletin 48940, de-
scribing constant energy arc welding sets for metallic elec-
trodes— both well illustrated.

Switches.— Catalogue No. W-38, by the Square D Com-
pany; describing Square D switches of the steel-enclosed and
iron-enclosed types; also motor starters, compensator type
switches, plug receptacles, meter protective trims and acces-
sories; illustrated.

It is to be hoped that dealers in electrical
equipment will not fall behind in the movement
evidenced in the other lines of retailing to get
the Christmas shopping campaign well under way
during the present month. The average citizen
has caught the spirit of conservation underlying
this programme and is doing his shopping a
month or six weeks earlier than usual. If the
electrical dealer delays his advertising propa-
ganda, he will undoubtedly lose the trade which
the excellence and utilitarianism of his produce
justifies him to expect in this holiday season. The
Christmas stock should be displayed at once, win-
dows dressed with holiday goods and the spirit
of Christmas injected into the advertising, so that
people may know that electrical stores are alive
to the newer conditions under which we are now
living.

November 15, TJ18

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

3-Wire D-5 Meters

At the present time when great attention is being given
to conservation and standardization, the new direct current,
:i-wire, service watt-hour meter just placed on the market l)\
the Sangamo Electric Company is attracting attention. This
meter consists simply of two standard 2-wire elements placed
side by side in a common base and registering their kw.h.
on a common recording train so that the sum of the revolu-
tions of the two elements will be properly added and indi-
cated on the kw.h. dial of the meter. This is effected by
means of a very simple but ingenious differential gearing
within the recording train so that no matter what load there
may be on one element as compared with the other, the total
revolutions of the two elements will be accurately added and
recorded. Even with one element fully loaded and the other
one without load, the registration is as accurate as though
each element were recording on a separate train. This ar-
rangement of meter elements and train is not new. but has
been given a thorough and successful test on similar ampere-
hour meters built for use with storage batteries on submarine
vessels of the U. S. Navy, during the past two years. The
only diflference between these very successful ampere-hour
meters for submarines and the present 3-wire D-5 service type
meter, is in the fact that the driving elements in the ampere-
hour meters have permanent magnet fields instead of shunt
energized fields of the watt-hour meter.

As will be seen from Fig. 2, each element of the new
3-wire meter is a standard 3-wire element including the light

Fig. 1 — New Sangamo D.C. 3-wire Meter

load adjustment, the arrangement of damping magnates, and
in the case of meters over 10 amperes capacity, the arrange-
ment of internal or external shunts. As shown in diagram
Fig. 3 and from the arrangements of the elements it will be
apparent that this meter achieves the requirements of a true
3-wire direct current meter; that is, one which will measure
and record accurately the load on either side of a 3-wire dis-
tributing S3'Stem, no matter whether the other side is entirely
dead. For example, if the fuse in one outer line of the
system is blown or purposely withdrawn, the element con-
nected in the other side will record accurately the load on that
side, as its potential circuit and measuring circuits are inde-
pendent of the side which is open. If the neutral fuse is
blown or withdrawn, the two potential elements remain in
series across the outer lines so that the meter will continue
to record any load that may pass through it between the
outer wires with the neutral open. Under widely unbalanced
conditions of voltage between the outer lines, this meter will
record with a degree of accuracy which it is claimed is im-
possible with any former 3-wire direct current meter having a

single potential element connected either between one outer
line and the neutral, or between the two outer wires. As
shown in the diagram, the elements are so connected through
an interchange of connections within the terminal bo.x itself
that the load wires, from and to the line, pass in and out of

Fig. 2 — Meter with case and recording train removed, showing two inde-
pendent standard 2-wire motor elements

the meter in regular succession; no crossing over of inter-
changing of leads being required. The recording train is
held on a bracket connecting the two motor elements, shown
in Fig. 2 with the train removed, and absolutely correct
meshing of the two worm wheels on the train, engaging with
the two elements, is obtained by a system of locating rear
bearings of the worm wheels similar to that used in the
standard 2-wire meter. The train is held in position by a

Fig. 3 — Wiring diagram showing internal connections of the new
Sangamo 3-wire E^.C. Meter

simple device operated from the top front so that it may be
readily removed for purpose of inspection and calibration of
the elements. In calibrating, each element is considered and
tested as a standard 2-wire meter without respect to the other
element. For this reason, an absolutely perfect balance of

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

November 15, 1918

the two elements may be secured in minimum time and effort
by the tester.

The meter when connected, occupies about the same space
on the wall as an ordinary polyphase service type alternating
current meter. This meter will be supplied in all capacities
from the unshunted 10 ampere meter, to the largest externally
shunted capacities.

Current News and Notes

The Walger Insulated Wire Connector

The Walger insulated wire connector is illustrated here-
with. This is a device for fixture outlets and motor leads,
which does away with blow torch, alcohol, acid, solder, rub-
ber tape and paste, and allows the operation of making con-
nections with a considerable economy in time. All you re-
quire to make the connection secure is a screwdriver. It is
'argued by the manufacturers of this device that an electrician
can leave the workshop with enough connectors in his pocket
to wire up the fixtures of a whole house; that he can do the
work in a fifth the time, and always have clean hands to

The Connector

handle the fixtures; that the device facilitates the exchange
of fixtures and that it can be used without difficulty in
places where the electrician is cramped for room. It is also
claimed that a piece of work on which these connectors have
been used exclusively can be examined by the inspector more
readily and more thoroughly and that as a result the many
fires attributed to defective wiring may be greatly reduced
by their use. The illustrations show the method of making

The Insulating Shell

the connection and also the ifisulating shell and cap that
covers each connector. The device is approved by the Un-
derwriters' Laboratories, of Chicago, and by the Hydro-
electric Power Commission of Ontario. It is being handled
by Mr. C. Jackson, 22 College Street, Toronto.

Personals

Mr. John S. MacLean, advertising manager of the Can-
adian General Electric Company, and also of the Canadian
Allis-Chalmers Company, for the past five years, has re-
signed.

Lieut. M. B. Hastings, secretary. .\. H. Winter-Joyner,

Limited, Toronto, has been awarded the Military Cross.
Lieut. Hastings left Canada with the 4th Canadian Mounted
Rifles Batallion, but was later transferred to an artillery
company.

Obituary

In our last issue we recorded the appointment of Mr.
H>. E. Randall, of the Shawinigan Water and Power Com-
pany as sales agent of the Ludlum Electric Furnace Cor-
poration, N.Y., and his serious illness from influenza. We
regret to report that the illness terminated fatally, the elec-
trical profession thus losing one of its younger and most
promising members. Consequent on Mr. Randall's death,
Mr. R. J. Beaumont has been appointed manager of sub-
sidiary companies, and Mr. P. R. Labelle power sales man-
ager of the Shawinigan Water & Power Company.

Estevan, Sask.

A proposal is on foot to build a plant at Estevan, Sask.,
for the supply of light and power to the cities of Weyburn,
Regina, Moose Jaw and intervening points. It is believed
that such a plant could be made a commercial success by
the use of lignite fuel. Reports state that local opinion is
decidedly in favor and that steps will be taken immediately
to secure the necessary funds.

Eyebrow, Sask.

Messrs. Carlyle & Seeley, of Eyebrow, Sask., are plan-
ning the installation of an electric lighting plant to light the
business section of the town. While the matter has not
been definitely decided, it is thought the plant will be de-
signed for 15 kw., 110 volt, direct current operation, the
motive power to be a 30 h.p. oil engine.

London, Ont.

Manufacturers in London. Ont.. have been asked to run
their factories on daylight saving time during the winter as
a measure of combatting the power shortage.

The London Hydro-electric System completed the first
ten months of the fiscal year with a surplus of $68,000 over
all operating and capital costs.

Moose Jaw, Sask.

High operating costs are said to have brought about a
crisis in the affairs of the Moose Jaw Street Railway, a
privately owned system. Unless some immediate relief is
forthcoming it may be necessary for the company to cease
operating.

Quebec, Que.

Quebec city authorities have joined in the movement to
protest against the increased rates announced by the Hell
Telephone Company.

. Regina, Sask.

Tlie recent increase to the straight live-cent fare on the
Regina Street Railway is, according to a recent statement,
responsible for an increase of $20,000 in revenue for the first
ten months of the year. Approximately the same number
of passengers were carried.

Toronto, Ont.

In a report recently submitted by auditors appointed to
go over the books of the Ontario Hydro-electric Commis-
sion, it is shown that the total assets of the Commission
amount to $28,950,80::!. Under this heading is included an as-
set of $15,070,307, representing the value of the Niagara sys-
tem and the seven secondary systems in the province. On
the other side of the ledger are cash advances by the pro-
vince amounting to $17,037,074 on the various systems; $1,-
200,000 on Niagara power development; $583,131, due Central
Ontario System; debentures re purchase of Ontario Power
Company, $7,984,000. Other debentures total $51,210; ac-
counts payable $27,443. The liabilities also include reserves
for sinking fund aggregating $238,531, and reserves for re-
newals contributed by municipalities and in respect of ser-
vice and office buildings .amounting to $1,139,258. There is
a reserve of $137^701 for contingencies and the Commission
iOWQB to municipalities in respect of ' o^Jerating surpluses,
$446,484. Another surplus is $83,509 arising from depart-
mental operations in the service building. An insurance re-
serve of $2,451 completes the liabilities.

Wapella, Sask.

Mr. W. P. MacDonald, of Wapella. Sask., is planning the
installation of an electric lighting plant and is calling ten-
ders for a dynamo, engine, wire and general equipment.

December I. lOlS

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Published Semi-Monthly By

HUGH G. MACLEAN, LIMITED

HUGH C. MacLEAN, Winnipeg, President.
THOMAS S. YOUNG, General Manager.
W. R. CARR, Ph.D., Editor.
HEAD OFFICE - 347 Adelaide Street West, TORONTO
Telephone A. 2700

SUBSCRIBERS

The *'Electrical News" will be mailed to subscribers in Canada and
Great Britain, post free, for $2.00 per annum. United States and foreign,
$2.50. Remit by currency, registered letter, or postal order payable to
Hugh C. MacLean, Limited.

Subscribers are requested to promptly notify the publisher! of failure
or delay in delivery of paper.

Authorized by the Postmaster General for Canada, for transmission
as second class matter.

Entered as second class matter July ISth, 1914, at the Postoffice at
Buffalo, N. Y., under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

Vol. 37

Toronto, December i, 1918

No. 23

Are Hardware Stores the Best Medium
for Distributing Electrical Appliances?

Ill recent issues we have referred a number of times to
the conditions under which electrical devices are lieing re-
tailed— amounting almost to a monopoly of the business, in
many centres, by the hardware trade. Is this a desirable con-
dition? Is it in the best interests of either the manufacturer,
the jobber, the contractor-dealer, the central station or the
public?

Strangely enough, the hardware dealers appear to have
taken it for granted that they are the logical medium through
which electrical merchandise must reach the public. For ex-
ample, in a recent issue of a hardware trade journal a num-
ber of "kicks" are registered because in certain cases the
electric stores in the locality presume to sell at a lower price
than tlie hardware men think proper. Perhaps the conscience
of the electrical dealer is not yet sufficiently elastic to allow
him to charge profits which appear quite right to the hard-
ware man, or it may be that tliere are other reasons. Is it
not reasonable that the merchandising of up-to-date electrical
goods, representing a quick turnover, ought to be done at a
lower profit and that when the hardware man places these
goods on the same basis as his own stock, often representing
a big percentage of junk, he is treating the electrical business
unfairly and actually retarding its progress. The article in
question speaks of central station price-cutting, but it seems
highly improtiable under the power shortage conditions of
the past few months tliat any central station will tlirow

money away to crc;ito a condition uf greater demand that
they do not want.

'I'lie fact seems to be that hardware stores arc not the
logical channels through which we should distribute electrical
goods to the public. Manufacturers and jobbers have placed
their goods with hardware stores simply because this arrange-
ment offered an opportunity of widening the market. They
did not stop to consider the after effects of placing their
goods in inexperienced and unsympathetic hands and the re-
sult has yndoubtedly been, in many cases, dissatisfied custo-
mers and discredited merchandise.

Of course, it is one thing to say there ought to be enough
electrical stores to take care of this business and quite an-
other thing to get them going. It is doubtless evident to
the contractors, too, that a fine line of profitable business is
going to waste for want of proper taking care of. But, after
all, the trouble seems to be that the contractor, pure and
simple, knows little about retailing, which to-day has become
something of a science. He is not interested in getting be-
hind the counter and selling. As opposed to this the hard-
ware trade has the selling organization all ready.

If one may sum up the situation, it appears to be a mat-
ter of choice between two condition-s, neither of which offers
an immediate solution. If the merchandising of electrical
goods is to be placed in the hands of the hardware trade, their
salesmen must become acquainted with the general technical
conditions surrounding the installation and operation of such
equipment. On the other hand, if it is left to electrical con-
tractor-dealers these latter must inform themselves of the
principles underlying the business of retailing. It is probal)Iy
a toss-up which way would offer the least resistance, but it
is reasonably certain that tlie hardware men will not give up
a promising line of business without a struggle, and that if
the electrical contractor wants to keep the distribution of
electrical devices and equipment in his own liands he must
hustle — right now.

Successful Anniversary Session of Toronto
Section American Inst. Elec. Eng.

The 1.5th anniversary of the formation of the Toronto
branch of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers,
which was at the same time the 344th ineeting of the parent
Institute, was held in Toronto on November 22-33, at the
Engineers' Club, and will long be remembered for the splen-
did efforts of the officers and members of the Toronto sec-
tion. There was a record attendance at the reading of the
papers and at the various functions, and the keenest interest
was evidenced by the members and friends of the Institute
in the proceedings throughout.

The officers of the parent society arrived in Toronto on
Friday at noon and were entertained by the Toronto execu-
tive to luncheon at the Engineer's Club. Following a few
remarks by the President, the technical session began im-
mediately with Mr. .\rthur H. Hull, electrical engineer.
Hydro-electric Power Commission of Ontario, reading a
paper on "Power Development in the Province of Ontario."
This paper is reproduced in liberal extract on other pages
of this issue. An interesting discussion followed Mr. Hull's
paper, in the course of which Mr. F. A. Gaby, chief engineer
of the Commission, explained the plans of the Commission
to build up a network of distribution covering Eastern On-
tario from power developed on the St. Lawrence River,
which would be tied in with the Niagara System at some
point east of Toronto, so that practically the whole of the
province could, in an emergency, be fed from either the Nia-
gara Falls or the St. Lawrence system.

The second technical paper was read by Mr. W. G. Gor-
don, transportation engineer Canadian General Electric
Company, on "The Electrical Equipment of the Canadian

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

December 1, liilS

Northern Tunnel in Montreal." Mr. Gordon's paper is ex-
tracted elsewhere in this issue.

In the evening, at 6.30, the delegates and members met
in the Engineers' Club, where the guest of honor was Sir
Robert Falconer, president of the University of Toronto.
Sir Robert gave a splendid address, describing certain phases
of his recent visit to the front line trenches in France, where
he had been the guest of General Currie on the evening pre-
ceding and during the days which followed the battle of
Amiens. Sir Robert emphasized the value of this war to Can-
adians in teaching them their powers of organization. This
was in no way better illustrated than in the operations of the
four divisions under General Currie, where everything mov-
ed like clock-work and every man, as if automatically, per-
formed his duty. Canada has, of course, lost much in the
war, but she will have made a corresponding gain if the
lessons of organization that have been learned are put into
effect in the business life of the nation during the reconstruc-
tion period and afterwards. Sir Robert paid a glowing tri-
bute to the work of the Canadian engineers in France.

Mr. Arthur H. Hull, chairman of the Toronto section,

■in thanking Sir Robert for his fine address, spoke of the very

large number of graduates and under-graduates of the

School of Science — some 600— that had responded to the

duty call in defence of the Empire.

At 8 o'clock the meeting adjourned to the Chemistry and
Mining Building of the University of Toronto, where Mr.
S. Svenningson, designing engineer of the Shawinigan Wa-
ter and Power Company, Montreal, described the llt),000 volt
transmission line over the St. Lawrence River. This paper
is reproduced in full elsewhere in this issue.

On Saturday morning the delegates assembled at 9.30
at the Engineers' Club and were motored away, as their
choice prompted, for an inspection of the Leaside Munitions
Plant, the British Forgings and Steel Plant, or the Hydro-
electric Laboratories on Strachan Avenue, returning for the
final luncheon given by the reception committee at the
rooms of the Toronto Board of Trade.

The proceedings throughout were a splendid tribute to the
energy and ability of the officers of the Toronto section of
the A. L E. E. Everybody worked hard, from the chair-
man to the last member of the entertainment and reception
committee, but special recognition is due Mr. A. H. Hull
and the secretary, Mr. E. V. Pannell.

Canada's Need

Canada is fortunate in possessing a large number of valu-
able waterpowers. It is unfortunate in possessing apparently
a large number of people who are anxious to prevent the de-
velopment of these waterpowers.

Although in the muck-raking literature of the last ten
years, the development of waterpowers has come in for an
undue share of attention, few people realize that after all some
90 per cent, of the total amount of power utilized on the con-
tinent of North America is developed from coal by means of
steam plants, and that only about 10 per cent, is developed
from waterpower.

This overwhelming use of steam power, as against water
power, is due to the economic reason that it was cheap-
er to put in the steam plants and operate them, than to deve-
lop waterpowers vmder the conditions surrounding the deve-
lopment of these waterpowers.

Waterpowers have important uses. The principal eco-
nomic use of waterpowers to-day is to serve these industrial
purposes where the load is practically continous. Such loads
include the grinding of wood pulp, the operation of large in-
dustrial plants which operate continuously, and principally
the operation of electric furnaces where, combined with the

continuous use of power, is to be had a furtlier advantage in
the high temperature of the electric arc.

Canada is similar to some other northern countries, such
as Norway, in having waterpowers. The coal which Canada
possesses is limited and located in the extreme East and
West of the country, so that the expense of getting the coal
is now, and probably will be higher than in countries like
England and the United States. It is therefore essential that
the waterpowers be utilized to the maximum extent possible,
so as to decrease the amount of coal which is purchased
from abroad. By using one of our own resources instead of
buying the material outside the country, a distinct economic
gain accrues, always provided that the expenditure for the
waterpower itself, the method of development etc., arc un-
dertaken and carried through in such a fashion that there
will really be a saving by its operation.

The total amount of energy used for lighting purposes,
and for the small user, that is the home user or the minor
factory, does not exceed 35 per cent, of the total energy de-
veloped for electric power purposes. The other 75 per cent,
is used for industrial purposes by a relatively small number
of consumers, namely — the capitalists who have been held
in such scorn.

For the last several years, the tide has been turning
a.gainst the Government owned and controlled and operated
electric power systems, and to-day few people in their or-
dinary senses would recommend the distribution of electric
power by public bodies.

Arguments may be advanced to sliow that lighting is
really a public utility, and should be a Government enter-
prise, and arguments may be advanced properly that Gov-
ernment control should be e-xercised to see that suitable pre-
cautions are taken both in the formation of the companies
and in the control of the rates; but, dealing with the great
resources which this country has in its waterpowers, it is
more than obvious that in order to obtain rapid develop-
ment of these waterpowers, with immediate benefit to the
country, private concerns must furnish the money. Condi-
tions made by the Government must be such as will attract
private individuals and stimulate enterprise.

The Dominion of Canada, and particularly the Province
of Quebec, has a great opportunity in the next few years of
establishing a vast series of waterpower developments. Such
developments will lead to the investment of large amounts
of money, the employment of many men during the con-
struction period, and the establishment of huge industries to
use the electric power when developed.

With the creation of these industries will come the abi-
lity to export from this country the products made with elec-
tric power; and we will thus be turning into money natural
resources which are now being wasted, and bringing that
money back into this country to add to our wealth. — From
an article by Mr. Julian Smith on the subject "Canada's
Need," in the Montreal Star.

The Electric Club of Toronto

Two specially fine meetings of the Electric Club of To-
ronto were held on November 15 and November 22. On the
earlier date the Hon. Geo. S. Henry, L.L.B., Minister of .Ag-
riculture for the Province of Ontario, addressed the mem-
bers on "Agriculture — Yesterday and To-day," pointing out
the progress that had been made in the rural districts of
this province in spite of the tremendous handicaps of labor
shortage and the competitive fertility of the western provin-
ces as grain-growing areas. Mr. Henry also referred briefly
to the improvement in the province's live-stock, pointing out
that an Ontario-bred animal was recently sold for a price
which constituted a record for this continent. Mr. Henry also

neceniber 1. 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

took occasion to rectify certain misapprehensions that have
been expressed by the city man from time to time tliat the
rural communities had not done their share either in supply-
ing man-power or money towards the prosecution of the war
and gave figures to show that the percentage subscribed both
in population and in wealth was at least equal to anything the
larger centres could boast.

On November 32nd the Club was addressed by Mr. Ar-
thur V. White, consulting engineer to the Commission of
Conservation on "Canada's Heritage in the St. Lawrence
River." Mr. White's paper is reproduced in full elsewhere in
this issue. On the latter occasion the Club was honored with
the presence of Mr. James White, assistant to the chair-
man of the Commission of Conservation.

Montreal Electric Luncheon

After an interval of several weeks, due to the inthienza
epidemic, the Montreal Electrical Luncheon resumed its
meetings on November 20. The speaker was Mr. E. S. Mac-
Nab, of the train lighting department of the C. P. R.. who
described the organization of a standard Canadian railway.
He pointed out the high degree of organization necessary lor
the smooth working of a railroad, and incidentally referred to
the good results of co-ordination in the allied forces and in
the Victory Loan Campaign. The appointment of Marshal
Foch and the pooling of supplies and funds had gone a long
way to achieve victory. Canadian railroads had an approxi-
mate mileage of 32,700 miles, and 5,300 locomotives. Ger-
many, said Mr. MacNab, had to hand over to the Allies
within about 200 locomotives of the entire total in Canada.

The speaker then gave details of the system on which
railroads are run — from the president down to the trackmen,
pointing out how various departments are controlled by the
vice-presidents, how the lines are split up into divisions, and
how the work is minutely sub-divided. The electrical work
is, from the administrative point, handled in different ways on
various North American roads. Mr. MacNab also contrasted
the Old Country methods of controlling railroads with those
on this side, stating that the different conditions called for
varying systems. A collection for the Red Cross fund to-
talled $41.50.

Sympathetic references were made to the deaths of Mr.
F. N. Ormsbee, of the Standard Underground Cable Coin-
pany of Canada, his wife and child; Mr. H. E. Randall, of
the Shawinigan Water & Power Compan}-. and Mrs. Burnett,
wife of Mr. F. C. Burnett, of the Canada Cement Company.

50-Ton Electric Locomotives for Hydro

Twelve 50-ton electric locomotives are being built by the
National Steel Car Company, Ltd.. Hamilton, Ont., for the
Hydro-electric Power Commission of Ontario. They will be
used for hauling trains on the construction railway which is
being built in connection with the power development at
Chippewa Creek near Niagara Falls. Operation will be at
600 volts, direct current.

The locomotives are designed for double-end operation,
with general dimensions as follows:

Length over all 35 ft.

Truck centers 19 ft.

Length of main cab 10 ft.

Length of auxiliary cab 9 ft. 6 in.

Width over side sills 9 ft.

Height from rail to top of floor 4 ft. ()■< in.

Height from rail to top of cab roof 12 ft.

Details of Construction

The underframe is made up of Lbeams and channels.
The center, side and intermediate sills are 12-in. Lbeams

running continuous from end sill to end sill to which they
are secured by connection angles. The end sills are 12-in.
channels extending straight for 15 inches on each side of the
center line and dropping back 13 inches to the corner of the
underframe. Cross-ties, of which there are five, consist of
8-in. I-beams connected to the longitudinal sills by angle
connections. The bolster is composed of 14-in. .\ I -in. plates
riveted to the top and bottom of the longitudinal sills. The
flooring, except in the cab, consists of cast-iron lilm-ks 2^ in.
thick with checkered surface.

The draft gear is of the Miner twin spring type with
M.C.B., class "G" spring and kej'ed-yoke connection to the
M.C.B. coupler.

The cab is of all-steel construction, except the roof,
which is made of poplar tongued and grooved and covered
with 8-oz. cotton duck. The side and end posts are 3-in.
channels, while the corner posts are '^yi in. x Syi irf. x J^ in.
angle. The outside sheathing is No. 10 gauge sheet steel,
and is lined inside with wood lining. Each side of the cab
is provided with two drop-sash windows and one swing door.
Each end is provided w'th two stationary windows, one drop
sash window and one swing door. The doors are in diagonal
corners a; are also the drop-sash windows. All control
levers and handles are duplicated in diagonal corners for
reversible operation.-

The hood at each ejid of the cab is of all-steel construc-
tion and is composed of angles, channels and No. 16 gauge
sheet steel. Inside the hood are the air compressor, large
sand box, air-operated sanding device, and electrical equip-
ment and a removable steel door is provided for easy access.
The hood is narrow enough to allow a walkway around the
outside of the platform. A pipe railing is provided at the
outside edge with a hand railing around the top of the hood.

Trucks are of the arch bar design, with inside-hung
brakes, aYz-in. x 10 in. journals and 36-in. diameter wheels.
Each truck bolster is composed of two 10-in., 40-lb. rolled
I-beams supported by J>elical springs. Each truck is provided
with two inside hung 125-h.p. motors suspended from brack-
ets secured to channel transoms.

Special Air Equipment to Operate Dump Cars

Tlie locomotives are being equipped with Westinghouse
air brakes, with 14-in. x 12-in. type "S" cylinders, the main
reservoirs, parasite reservoir and radiating pipes being lo-
cated on the top of the floor at the side of the hood. Two
D-4-P, 50-ft. Westinghouse motor-driven compressors will
fi;rnish sufficient capacity to supply air to the dumping mech-
anism on twelve 20-yard dump cars, and the parasite gov-
ernors are provided and so arranged that when operated in
trains all governors will cut in at the lowest setting pres-
sure in the series, and will prevent the dumping apparatus
from depleting the pressure available for braking below a
safe predetermined minimum. The hand-brake equipment is
operated from inside the cab by a vertical hand wheel con-
nected b3- bevel gears to a sliaft running through the cab
floor.

The locomotives will be equipped with multiple-unit con-
trol, six' having General Electric control and six Westing-
liouse control. Each locomotive will develop at starting a
tractive effort of approximately 30,000 lbs. on drj- ra.ils.

The Canadian Bond Hanger and Coupling Company have
moved their plant from Alexandria, Ont., to a very modern
and up-to-date building at the corner of Villiers and Muni-
tion Streets, Toronto. The head office of the company will
also be at this address. Sufficient ground adjoining the plant
has been purchased to render capacity for expansion almost
unlimited. The company state that in the new plant they are
already in a position to double their former output.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

December 1, 1918

Block Bus System of Distribution

Owing to the unfortunate circumstances resulting from
the influenza epidemic, a recent meeting of the Toronto sec-
tion of the A. I. E. E. was cancelled. At this meeting it
had been announced that Mr. G. E. Stoltz would read a
paper on "Steel Mill Electrification," and in this connection
we have an interesting letter from Mr. A. H. Winter-Joyner,
referring to the "block bus" system now being more gen-
erally used in the transmission and distribution of large
blocks of power for short distances. Mr. Joyner sends us
an interesting discussion on this system which followed the
reading of a paper at a recent meeting of the .\ssociation of
Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers, which is so timely and
full of interest that we reproduce it in full. The members
of the Association had just completed an inspection of the
Carnegie Steel Company's mills at McDonald, Ohio.

Discussion on "Block Bus" System of Distribution

D. M. Petty: As to distribution system, if feeders run
through the plant to a sub-station, and from step-down trans-
formers to some particular mill, one feeder for each mill,
a large number of feeders will be the result. This system of
distribution is called the "Radial" feeder system. There are
other systems and the one which we have been looking at
to-day is known as the "block bus" system. I believe we
would be glad if Mr. Gaudy would give us a discussion cover-
iTig what he considers the advantages of the block bus system.

R. J. Gaudy: Undoulitedly, it came to the niind of a num-
ber of you that it was rather an unjustifiable step to take,
considering methods previously common. In this installation
which we saw to-day, the engineers for the Carnegie Steel
Company were, after careful study, assured that this pro-
ject justified the move towards a newer type of simplified
distribution. It should be gratifying to them to note that
groups of engineers elsewhere have recently met distribution
problems in handling large blocks of load over reasonable
distances, and have adopted identical solutions. It is obvious
that the block power bus. scheme is partially applicable only
where the blocks of load or load centres are sufficiently large,
and so located that a doulile transformation is uneconomical.
It should be considered comparable only to other methods of
distribution having similar selection of voltage. The block
bus scheme is, of course, not applicable where the items of
load are very small, and so widely separated that they do
not lend to handling from reasonable load centres. There
are under construction at this time, some tine e.\amples of
similar distribution.

In station construction, it is commonest practice to use
a bus for distribution from large blocks of generating capa-
city to adjacent switching positions. The McDonald installa-
tion is identical in scheme, the only change being the loca-
tion of the bus switch at the load block, and the extension
of the length of the bus between the supply and the load
with the elimination of the lines otherwise necessary between
the bus switch and the load centre switch.

The difference between the l)lock bus distribution sys-
tem and that of any other type, gives rise to some surprise
until you overlook the novelty of the thing and consider its
advantages.

1. The conductors are bare copper in air: which con-
dition is the most advantageous possible considering the dis-
position of heat produced by losses.

2. The conductors are rigid and are ruggedly supported
so that no difficulty can arise from mechanical stress de-
veloped magnetically.

3. The insulating medium is free from possibility of lie-
coming moisture soaked and breaking down.

4. The conductor is insulated by a material which will

not fail or deteriorate under temperature change. This fea-
ture is one which, for steel mill load, presents great ad-
vantage. Changes in the load requirements may occur on
very short notice. Production in one portion of the mill
may be doubled or trebled during a period which will not
allow of procuring and installing additional distribution line
material. The block bus system may be_ installed so that all
characteristics are best selected for the anticipated loads, but
when local or general increases come on there is absolutely
no danger of failure due to temperature damage to insula-
tion. This is of great advantage to the steel mill electrical
engineer because his distribution will immediately take on a
load addition which would be an undue overload on any
other distribution having equal conductor in place.

5. The switch gear necessary for any loading is mucli
reduced, for instead of a multiplicity of lines protected by
individual switches and against each other, you instal a bus-
line so well that it will not get into trouble and are limited
only to the capacity of switch .gear available, which is at this
time no mean limit.

6. If the location of the load blocks sug.gest eitlier a
block bus line or loop, loads may l)e added at any point, re-
quiring at the most only the addition of bars to the stack to
restore accurate characteristics desired.

The fact that the operating characteristics of bar copper
in air are not so widely known as the characteristics of other
transmission materials is mainly because they have not been
so universally used in the past decade. The values of all
characteristics such as power loss, voltage drop, regulation,
temperature rise, a.c. resistance and reactance were prede-
termined ami have been verified in the bus system at Mc-
Donald. All the data bearing on these characteristics are
available and the bus design may be now handled just as
intelligently as any other conductor arrangement on which
}-ou have accumulated information.

W'm. M. Hornlein: .\re conductors tapered?

R. J. Gaudy: Yes, they are tapered as the load is taken
off.

D. M. Petty: Condensation in a place of that kind will
occur where there is marked change in temperature in a com-
paratively short time. If the change in temperature occurred
slowly, the moisture in the air i)ractically takes care of itself.

Wm. M. Hornlein: .\ny possibility of moisture causing
corrosion, etc., of the supports? In other words, what will
be the up-keep of the system?

K. J. Gaudj': The equipment installed has been pro-
tected against possibilitj' of corrosion. The insulation se-
lected by the engineers here will allow for insulating at that
voltage during heaviest rainfall, which condition it would,
of course, be impossible to obtain in that tunnel.

\'. L. Crawford: Is this the first installation of this kind
of distributing system?

K. J. Gaudy: It is, I believe, in the steel mills. Some of
the central stations and construction engineers have gone in-
to it very extensively. 1 do not know of any bus installation
now operating that is any longer than this present lius. l'"or
one item of load there are several installations of that kind,
that is, where one block motor load utilizes the entire line.
I believe the installation you saw to-day, however, still has
the blue rilibon. I l)elieve the blocks are sufficiently large
to allow that.

Max Xain: Would maintenance be cheajier on 1)lock
type?

R. J. Gaudy: Yes. and the possibility of failure due to
overload almost absolutelv eliminated.

A correspondent would like to hear from any
man who contemplates striking a match in South
Kensington, with a view to sharing same. — Punch.

Decemlier 1, inis

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Power Generation in Ontario on Systems of
Hydro-Electric Power Commission

By Mr. Arthur H. Hull* ^-^

The Province ot Ontario is the largest and most popu- vince. the Commission had started to develop its own power

lous of the Provinces in the Dominion of Canada, having an by constructing a hydro-electric plant at Eugenia Falls on

area of 407.263 square miles and a population (census 1911) the Beaver River near Flesherton, which was put into oper-

of 2.523,274. Ontario's population is about 35 per cent, of ation in November 1915, and one at Wasdell's Falls on the

the total of Canada's population, and its area is 10.9 per Severn River which was started in service in October 1914.

cent, of the total area of the Dominion. Ten per cent, of In 1914 the Commission acquired by purchase the Simcoc

Its area is water. Railway and Po.wer Company, whose generating station at

Ontario has developed into the greatest manufacturing Big Chute on the Severn River had previously supplied pow-
Province in Canada and as there are no coal deposits in the er under contract to the Commission's Severn System, sup-
Province, its abundant water power resources are being more plying the district around the southern part of Georgian Bay.
and more utilized to furnish the power required for its var- In March, 1916, the Government of Ontario purchased the
ied and increasing industrial development. Other fuels, such entire holdings of the Electric Power Company which,
as natural gas and petroleum are found in the southern through subsidiary companies, was generating power on the
part of the Province, gas along the north shore of Lake Erie South River near Nipissing, on the Otonabee River at Peter-
and petroleum near Sarnia. The natural gas supply, how- boro, and on Trent River at Healy Falls, Frankford, Camp-
ever, is insufficient for present purposes and the quantity of bellford. and Trenton. The operation of the equipments thus
petroleum produced does not begin to meet the needs of the acquired was placed in charge of the Commission in June,
Province. The demand for electric power has increased 191G.

during the past ten years to such an extent, that, with the The various areas in the Province served by the Com-

war industries in operation, it l)ecame necessary to impose mission are designated by systems as follows:
restrictions on private and municipal consumers in order to _

provide the'ljower required bj' the war industries. The great I j'

saving in coal effected by the use of electric power in On- System = u 5 ^ Power ohtaineil from-

tario's industries is one of the most important aspects of 1 5- ? 2

the electric power situation, and further great savings can 'St > u. c

l,e. and will he before long, brought about by the electrifica- N^Lsing's^sfe'm ™ .:: ^^S^ c^ I fommt'^^-^^.s^nT'staVion

tion of the steam railroads. ;\'"*j°h? ^J^','"", ?-•'"'" ''" '* Comm's So. Falls Station

,, „^. ,,ji- 7T, , • VVasdells Falls .System. 22,CHW) w) ,-! Comm's Wasdell's Falls Stn.

Mr. H. O. .\cres. (hydraulic engineer. Hydro-electric Severn System 22,orii) tin s Comm's Big Chute Station

Ti /- ■ • \ • 1 Ti- . T-i • Eugenia Sy.stem 22,n(X> mt ;i Comm'*; Fnirpnia Station

i'ower Commission), in a monograph on Water Powers ot comms E.ugenia station

. ^ ^ f Healy Falls Stn.

the Province of Ontario, written in 1915, gives the following ,- , i ,-, . • o .. „, „ I -^"burn Station

° ^ Central Ontario System. 44,100 (W ?, Comm's-^ Campbellford Stn.

summation ot water power capable of development, and of Frankford Station

water power already developed in the Province: St. Lawrence System.. 26.40(1 fio ,•? M F Beadrcomna^ny''°"

„. . . „ . ,. ^ , , R'deau System 25,700 fiO 3 Ri'deau Power Co.

Division Potentiality Developed. /Comm's Ontario Power

Ottawa River & Tributaries 688,000 h.p. 71,000 h. p. v- = . ... r.^ ] rS°'^- ^""l-"

. ■ H . -F- Niagara System 110,000 "5 3 .{ Canadian Niagara Co.

Great Lakes Tributaries 446,000 h.p. 1.S7.000 h.p. I Electrical Development Co.

Hudson Bay Slope 250.000 h.p. 22,000 h.p. [ Queenston Development

Tames Bay Slope 1.500.000 h.p, 70,000 h.p. „ . , ^

T, ,.,r), r.- , ■ , Port Arthur System

International Boundary Rivers .. 2,045.000 h.p. 462,000 h.p.

In 'he Port .\rthur system, power is purchased at 22,-

4.929,000 h.p. 702,000 h.p. "^"^ volts, three phase, 60 cycles from the Kaministiquia

r.f n u * ► 1 f 1111 .„„^.^ Po^^e'' Co., and is delivered to the City of Port Arthur at

Ot the above total for power developed, about 69,000 <,„ „«„ , . „„.„ ,, , . ■',

■ ■ A ■^ A i u . 22.000 and at 2200 volts, part being transformed n the Com-

horse power is used in pulp and paper manufacture, about ■ • • t r ■ V- ■ • „ v,u...

.„„„„ 1 J u J 1- J- 1 missions Iransforming Station in Port .Arthur, containing

o9,000 horse power is used as hydraulic power directly ap- »iir»r , ■• ■■'"■■"■iio

r , J .1 1 1 --, o^o u • . ; • '^^° banks of transformers, each consisting of three 750 kv.a

plied, and the balance .t74.000 horse power is converted into. ■. ^ , , , , ^

, . . r r I . J """^ connected star-delta neutral ungrounded,

electric energy tor light and power. , , , , , "

Ti,-- 11 J 1 1 -^u .1, .• r 1 . • ^" oi'der to take care of the future requirements, the
Ihis paper will deal only with the generation ot electric ,- ■ ■ m ' .
1 .1, u J tri » • TD r- • ■ r ^ Commission now propose to construct a Hydro-electric sta-
power by the Hydro Electric Power Commission of On- ,• »i xt- ■ tT- - , ^ ,
tario which is now the largest producer and distributer of '°" °" "" f f'""" ^"^ at Cameron's Pool, about 80 miles
electric energy in the Province K \ nL u ' «'l' ^ave an ultimate capacity of
TI IT J i?i t ■ D r- r ^ about aO.OOO horse power. The engineering work is now
The Hydro Electric Power Commission of Ontario, „„j„, c ^i.- I < x °
. • u -11 1 s J . 1 !. .1 ,~ ■ ■ under way for this development. It is proposed to transmit
which will be referred to hereafter as the Commission, was ,. „ . ,,„„„„ i , , u o l ansinn
, . , ^ ■ ^ ■ 'he power at 110,000 volts, three ohase 60 cvcles to Port
formed by the Ontario Government in 1906, and l^rst furnish- , ,, ^, ' pnase, du cycles, to rort
J • ,,„.^„, 1 1- r T.T- X, ,, ■ -Artliur. three other power sites on this same river when
ed power over its 110.000-volt lines from Niagara Falls in . i , ■„ , . , , . nvci, vmicu
n^t^Ko, ioin ,1, 1 ■ 1 1 c .u r^ • developed, will, together with the Cameron s Pool site, give
October 1910,. the power being purchased from the Ontario ..*„» i .-,-„„„„ , ^. , . ,
n r- Tx- T7 11 ^ • T -1 ^ '°'a' o' loO.OOO horse power. The needs of the Port Ar-
Power Company ot Niagara Falls. Ontario. It was not until ., , ^ ^- , • ^ i u i, c , , -, .
1 » , . ,o,- .1 . .1 ,- ■ • 1 • J .■ '""'^ district should, therefore, be amp y provided for but
.August 1st. 191i. that the Commission obtained direct con- •.■ .,,- , . u , ■ , ; "'"<=" '"'• ""'
, 1 f .u .■ r , X,. T- 1, , , ■' additional power should be required for this district an-
trol of the generation of power at Niagara Falls, through .u -. ■ li r j , ^■, "="'<-i. i"
.l/-^t■^^ /- ,,- ,, r , ^ Other Site IS capable of development at Silver Falls on the
the Ontario Power Company, but m other parts of the Pro- i- ■ • .• • r>- , , , ^ ^
1 Kaministiquia River about 25 miles from Fort \\ illiam where

"Electrical Engineer. Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario, and with a :i50-ft. head a total of 25 000 horse nower ran hp Hp
Chairman Toronto Section .^.I.E.E.. before Toronto meeting .\.I.E E., , , . , . l^^v.^.. van uc uc

November 22. 1918. veloped. At the present time the electric energy supplied

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

December 1, 1918

at Port Arthur is used for operation of the street railway,
for public and domestic lighting, and for large grain eleva-
tors, ship yards, coal docks and miscellaneous industrial pur-
poses.

Nipissing System
The Nipissing System, formerly controlled by the Nipis-
sing Power Company, comprises a generating station on the
South River near Nipissing Village, sub-stations in Callander,
Powassan and North Bay. The generating station contains
two 450-kw. three-phase 2200-volt 60-cycle 450-rev. per min.,
horizontal generators with 13.5-kw. 135-volt direct-connected
exciters, each unit direct coupled to a water wheel of 925
b.h.p. at 86 ft. head. Water for this plant is taken from the
South River through an open canal 900 ft. long, then through
a wood stave pipe 6 ft. diameter 3.S00 ft. long to a differential
surge tank 73.5 feet high, close to the power house, a steel
penstock connecting thence to the turbines. The storage
pond has an area of about 100 acres and the drainage area
of the river is about 350 square miles. Provision was made
for extension, and by additional storage works, it is pos-
sible to increase the capacity to 3500 horse power.

Muskoka System

The power house on the south branch of the Muskoka
River at Muskoka Village was formerly owned by the Mun-
icipality of Gravenhurst and was taken over by the Commis-
sion in the latter part of 1915, and has been remodelled and
enlarged, and now supplies power over a single circuit 22.-
000-volt, three-phase, 60-cycle line about 26 miles long to
Huntsville, and at 6,600 volts three phase, 60 cycles, to the
municipality of Gravenhurst over the municipality's line.

The equipment in this station now comprises one 450
kv.a., three phase. 6,600-volt, 720-rev. per min., 60-cycle gen-
erator, direct connected to a 500 b.h.p. turbine, and one 750-
kv.a. similar 720-rev. -per min. generator, direct connected
to a 1,000 b.h.p. turbine. The hydraulic head at. this plant
is 102 ft. The water is conducted through one steel and one
wood stave pipe, each 946 ft. long to the turbines.

Wasdell's Falls System

This system comprises a hydraulic generating station on
the Severn River at Wasdell's Falls near Severn Bridge, and
sub-stations at Beaverton and Cannington. Power is trans-
mitted to Beaverton and Cannington over a single-circuit
steel conductor line at 22,000 volts, three phase 60 cycles, and
over a single circuit aluminum tie line at the same voltage
to the commission's Severn system, connecting at Longford
with the town of Orillia 33,000-volt lines from Longford
via Orillia to the Big Chute generating station.

The generating station is interesting on account of the
low hydraulic head. The normal head is 12 ft., but variations
from 9 to 15 ft. occur. The equipment consists of two 400
kv.a., 90 rev. per min., vertical type 60 cycles, three-phase,
3,300 volt generators connected through flexible couplings to
turbines rated at 600 horse power at 100 per cent, gate open-
ing with 12-ft. head.

Severn System

This system comprises a hydraulic generating station on
Severn River at Big Chute with substations as shown in the
diagram. The generating station as originally built in 1909
by the Simcoe Railway and Power Company contained three
900 k\,a.., three-phase, 2,300 volt, 60 cycle, 300 rev. per min.,
horizontal-shaft generators direct connected to turbines each
rated at 1.300 horse power under 56-ft. head. An extension
to the building has been made by the Commission during
the past year, and there is now being installed one 1600 kv.a.,
three phase, 60 cycle, 2,200 volt, 300 rev. per min. horizontal
generator direct connected to a 2,300 h.p. turbine. The
switching equipment is being rearranged to provide a double
high-tension bus for greater flexibility in operation. Space is

left for a a third bank of transformers, and for two future
22,000 volt line equipments. A double low-tension bus is in-
stalled. All power is transmitted at 23,000 volts, three phase,
over four lines. An interesting feature of the transmission
lines of this system is the long spans across Matchedash Bay
at Waubaushene, one being 1,135 ft. long and one 858 ft.
long. The west shore tower is 175 ft. high, the middle and
east shore towers are 88 ft. high. No. 00 B&S 19 strand
copper conductors are used on these spans.

The water is taken from the river through a canal 500 ft.
long to the head works and then through two steel penstocks
170 ft. long to the turbines.

Eugenia System

This system obtains power from a hydraulic generating
station constructed by the Commission at Eugenia on the
Beaver River and was placed in service in November 1915.
Extensions are now almost completed to provide double the
output. This development is one of the most interesting in
Ontario, and has the distinction of having with one excep-
tion, the highest hydraulic head of any plant in Canada,
being 53B ft. gross. It is also one of the highest heads in the
world using reaction wheels.

• The first installation consisted of two 2250 h.p. turbines
each direct connected to 1410 kv.a., three-phase, 4,000 volt.,
60 cycle, 900 rev. per min., horizontal shaft generators having
neutral grounded without resistance. The extensions cover
enlargement of the building to accominodate two additional
generating units, one of which is now being installed, and
for double high-tension and low-tension busses, -and for six
25,000 volt, feeders. The new unit consists of a 2.810 kv.a.,
three phase, 60 cycle, 720 rev. per min. horizontal maximum-
rated generator direct connected to a 4.000 h.p. turbine.

The success of this development depended upon the stor-
age of the water of the Beaver River and for this purpose
two large storage dams were constructed. From the head
works, a wood stave pipe 46 in. in diameter conducts the
water 3,400 ft. to the Johnson differential surge tank which
is 105 ft. high. From this tank a 52 in. diameter steel pipe
is carried 1,550 ft. to the power house, which is a brick build-
ing 69 ft. wide, 112 ft. long and 34 ft. high above the gener-
ator room floor. Actual tests made at this station after the
first installation was completed in 1915 gave an overall full
load efficiency of 80 per cent, which shows how carefully
the design was worked out.

Additional power for the Eugenia system will be obtain-
ed, when required, by the construction of further water stor-
age systems and of a second pipe line at the Eugenia Falls
development and the installation of a fourth unit, also by
the construction of a station on the Saugeen River near
Lake Huron which, operating in parallel with the Eugenia
Station, will make available a total output for the system of
15,000 h.p.

Three Systems Tied Together.

The Eugenia system comprises 245 miles of 22,000 volt,
circuit (176 miles of lines) supplying substations at the points
shown on accompanying diagram, and 50 miles of 4,000 volt
circuits. This system is connected to the Severn system by
means of a single-circuit, three-phase tie line from the Eug-
enia generating station to Collingwood, a distance of 34 miles.
By means of this tie line and the tie line from Wasdell's
Falls to Big Chute mentioned above, the Eugenia, Severn,
and Wasdell's systems are paralleled. The generating sta-
tion of the Town of Orillia on the Severn River at Swift
Rapids near Big Chute is also connected into the Severn
system.

Central Ontario System

Five main generating stations, one on the Otonabee
River and. four on the Trent River, all operating in parallel.

December 1, 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

supply this system. These are now fully loaded and plans
are being prepared for new stations near Campbellford to
provide additional power. The five exciting stations were
built by the subsidiary companies of the Electric Power
Company. The following table gives the data relative to the
existing developments, all generators being three-phase, GO
cycles, with 35 per cent overload guarantees:

Kated

, ,. Gross Turbine ... (Iriicrator

l-"<^"""" . head capacity ' ^1'^ voltage

feet h.p.

Trenton 30 1400 Vertical 6600

Frankford 18 1200 Vertical 6600

Campbellford ... 23 1100 Vertical 3400

Healy Falls ... 76 5600 Horizontal 6600

I 3-6600
Auburn 18 050 Horizontal j.o^oo

In addition to the above stations, a 1000 kv.a., three
phase, 60 cycle, 120 rev. per min. horizontal generator own-
ed by the town of Campbellford in its generating station, a
short distance north of the Campbellford station, delivers its
output to the 2,400 volt bus in this station. Also at Fenelon
Falls, a small generating station is operated, containing two
400 kw., 600 volt, three phase, 60 cycle, 200 rev. per min.
generators connected to two 700 h. p. turbines. These feed
into the 44.000 volt net work of the Central Ontario system
at Lindsay the voltage being stepped up in the generating
station through two banks of transformers to 11,000 volts
for transmission to Lindsay. All these stations are on the
route of the Trent Valley Canal the dams having been con-
structed by the Government of the Dominion of Canada.

Other power sites along the Trent Valley Canal will
when developed, provide about 60,000 electrical h.p. with a
maximum capacity of 75,000 electrical h.p. The present pow-
er output of the systein is used for lighting, street railway
and manufacturing purposes, a considerable quantity being
required at Campbellford for a pulp and paper mill, and near
Bellevil'e for cement mills. All transmission lines are con-
structed on wood poles. The total mileage of 44,000-volt cir-
cuits is 372, with 15 miles of 11,000-volt circuit, 16.4 miles of
6600-volt circuits and 53 miles of 4000-volt circuits.

St. Lawrence System

This system at the present time has no generating sta-
tion owned by the Comtnission. Power is secured by con-
tract froin the hydraulic station of the M. F. Beach Coin-
pany at Iroquois, but the amount obtainable proved inade-
quate and was supplemented by power obtained from the
steam generating station of the town of Brockville. As ad-
ditional power is needed arrangements are now being made
to obtain an adequate supply from another source, near
Cornwall. To take this power the Commission is now con-
structing a transforming station near Cornwall which will
contain one bank of three 1350 kv.a., single-phase, 63,500/26,-
400-volt, 60-cycle transformers connected star-delta and
switching equipment for two incoming 110,000-volt circuits
and for two outgoing 26,400-volt circuits. This system now
supplies power to Brockville, Prescott, Morrisburg, Winches-
ter and Chesterville.

Rideau System

A new net work is being developed called the Rideau
system and covering a district in the neighborhood of the
Rideau River. Plans are now being prepared for a hydraulic
generating station at High Falls on the Mississippi River near
Clarendon, a point about 50 miles northerly from Kingston.
Ontario. The installation at this point will consist of four
350 k.w., 2200 volt, three-phase, 60-cycle, 300-rev. per min.
horizontal generators connected to two turbines, one gener-
ator being at each end of turbine; and one 875 kv.a. 80 per
cent, power factor, three-phase, 60-cycle, 3300-volt, per min.

generator direct connected to its turbine with necessary
switching and transformer equipment to transmit the full
2,100-kw. output, at 36,400 volts to the Rideau system. A
portion of this system is now in operation, power being ob-
tained at 26,400 volts, three-phase, 60-cycles, under contract
from the Rideau Power Co. at Merrickvillc, and transmitted
to Smiths Falls wliere at the substation the municipality's
own generating stations are paralleled with this system on
the low-tension bus. This system may ultimately be con-
nected with tlie St. Lawrence System.

Niagara System

The Niagara system comprises all lines and substations
that receive power from Niagara Falls, and covers the en-
tire district from Niagara River to the Detroit River and
east to Toronto. Power is received at a transformer station
at Niagara Falls from the Ontario Power Co. (now controll-
ed and operated by the Commission) and from the Canadian
Niagara Power Company, at 13,000 volts, three-phase, 25
cycles and is transformed to 110,000 volts and to 45,700 volts
for transmission. There is , now installed in the Niagara
transformer station 133,000 kv.a. of '110,000-volt transformers
in eight banks and 43,000 kv.a. of 45,700-volt transformers in
four banks, not including spare units. Four banks of 110,000
volt units are composed of twelve 7500 kv.a., single-phase,
shell-type 13,000/63, 500-volt transformers, all other trans-
formers being of 3500 kv.a, rating. This station, in point of
transformers capacity, is the largest in the world, having a
total capacity of 174,000 kv.a., with 7,000 kv.a. in spare units
additional.

Four outging 110,000-volt circuits feed to Dundas trans-
former and switching station and from there power is dis-
tributed to thirteen 110,000-volt transformer stations. Four
45,700-volt lines feed to Welland to the substations of the
Electric Steel & Metals Company, the Union Carbide Co.
and the city of Welland. From this latter point a single-
circuit, 45,700 volt line runs to Dunnville.

The transmission net work on this system contains 760
miles of 110,000-volt circuits; 65 miles of 45,700-volt circuits;
539 miles of 26,400-volt circuits; 489 miles of 13,200-volt cir-
cuits; 37 miles of 6,600-volt circuits; 180 miles of 4000-volt
circuits; and 30 miles of 3,300-volt circuits. The 110,000-volt
and 45,700-volt circuits are carried on steel towers (with
exception of one 45,700-volt line from Welland to Dunnville),
while the other circuits mentioned above are standard wood
pole line construction.

The Commission in 1917 purchased the Erindale Power
Company which had a hydraulic generating station on the
Credit River at Erindale, 14 miles west of Toronto, contain-
ing two 600-kw. three-phase. 60-cycle, 13.300-volt. 300 rev.
per min. generators, each direct-connected to a 1,000 h.p. tur-
bine designed for a 60-ft. head. The present operating head
is about 50 ft. The output of this station is transmitted to
the Cooksville transformer station at 13,200 volts, 60 cycles,
and is fed into the 13,300-volt, 35-cycle bus in that station
through a 1000 kv.a. 60/35-cycle frequency changer set, aug-
menting the power supply on the Niagara system, and serv-
ing also to raise the power factor at the Cooksville station.

The generating plant of the Ontario Power Company,
taken over by the Commission in 1917, contains 14 generator
units, generating 13,000-voIt, three-phase, 35 cycle power
with a total rating of 149.013 kv.a. The Commission is now
making extensions to the generating station. The building
is being extended north about 90 ft. and a third pipe line of
temporary nature consisting of wood stave pipe is being
constructed. Two additional generating units are being in-
stalled each rated at 15,000 kv.a. maximum rating at 75, per
cent, power factor.

These new generators are the same speed as the previous
units namely 187,5 rev, per min. and the frames are the

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

December

litis

same size as the 8775 kv.a. units most recently installed.
They have, however, a higher temperature guarantee and are
so designed that they may be operated as synchronous con-
densers at zero power factor if it ever becomes necessary to
remove them from this station. These generators were made
in Canada, under war conditions, and all parts, except the
laminated steel and the insulation, were produced in this
country. This speaks well for Canadian industry in these try-
ing times.

The Ontario Power Company obtain some power from
the Electrical Development Company's generating station
at Niagara, this being brought into the distributing station
on two 12.000-volt feeders. When the present extensions to
the distributing station are completed, there will be six main
bus sections connected together through reactors. Three of
these bus sections will supply the power delivered to the
12,000 volt bus in the Commission's transformer station to
which the feeders from the Canadian Niagara Power Com-
pany are also connected through a bus reactor. The concen-
tration of generator capacity on this 12,000-volt bus is con-
sequently very great and has necessitated material changes
in the switching equipment and bus construction. The studies
covering the installation of reactors on this 12,000-volt sys-
tem have been most interesting. There is no 12,000-volt bus
in the generating station, and each generator feeds through
an automatic oil circuit breaker in the generating station to
its individual cables in the cable tunnels up the hill, thence
to its group of circuit breakers in tlie distributing station,
where switching arrangements are such that each generator
and each feeder may be connected to either of two bus sec-
tions. In the Commission's Niagara transformer station
there is a single sectionalized 12,000-volt transfer bus sys-
tem so arranged that feeders are connected through an aux-
iliary bus to the main bus or direct to a transformer bank.

It is of interest to note that the cables for the two new
15,000 kv.a. generators were purchased after laboratory tests
were made on manufacturers' samples to determine the di-
electric losses and tendency of compound to flow, and guar-
antees on dielectric losses were obtained from the contrac-
tor.

Another interesting point in connection with the feeders
entering the Commission's transformer station is that eight
of these are three-conductor, armored cables laid directly in
the earth without ducts, These armored cables all have sec-
tor-shaped conductors, with 8/32-in. x 8',32-in. paper insula-
tion, a lead sheath and a double steel tape armor with jute
bedding and jute covering. They are placed three feet be-
low the surface and two and three feet apart centre to centre.
Where these buried cables cross ducts containing other cables,
arrangements are provided to moisten the surrounding earth
either by sprays above the surface or by porous tile in the
ground.

The Queenston Development

When the Commission in March, 1908. contracted with
the Ontario Power Company for 100,000 horse power, it was
thought by many that such amount of power would meet the
requirement for many years. This supply was however ex-
hausted in 1915 that is, in 5 years from date of first delivery
of power, and the additional power secured by arrangements
with the Canadian Niagara Power Company has proved in-
sufficient to meet the demands. It became necessary there-
fore to look to a new development to secure a further supply
and the final decision was to proceed with a development
called the Queenston Development which is authorized by
an Act passed by Ontario Government in April, 1917, called
The Ontario Niagara Development Act.

Between Lakes Erie and Ontario there is a difiference in
elevation of 3.30 feet. The greatest net head now utilized on
the Canadian side at Niagara Falls is about 160 ft. Canada
is entitled to divert 30.000 cu. ft. per second from the Niagara

River, and of this amount, by an Ontario Government Order
in Council in 1915 the Commission were allotted 8610 cu. ft. per
second. The Ontario Power Company were allotted 11,180
cu. ft. per second, so that, within the control of the Com-
mission, there is now available 17,799 cu. ft. per second.

To obtain the greatest amount of power from the water
available, after careful surveys and studies, it was decided
to locate the generating station just above Queenston, and
to take water from the Niagara River, through the Welland
River (reversing the flow in same) and canals encircling the
City of Niagara Falls to Queenston. The first canal is now
under construction and the accompanying map of the Nia-
gara District, shows its location.

The total length of waterway from the Niagara River
to the generating station site is about 12^ miles, 4!4 miles
of this distance being in the Welland River, and the balance
in an excavated canal The net effective head will be about
305 ft. and the first canal is normally designed for 10,000
cu. ft. per second at minimum low water.

The generating station will be located about one mile
uj) stream from Queenston, in the Gorge, just at the end of
the last rapids in the river. \t this point the banks are steep
and short penstocks only w^ill be required. Provision is being
made for extensions, and right-of-way for two additional
canals has been purchased.

To show the eflfect of utilizing the greatest possible head
of water, it may be pointed out that about 30 h.p. will be de-
veloped for each cubic foot per second in this development,
whereas about 14 h.p. is all that is obtained in existing plants
at Niagara Falls.

The development now under construction is designed as
regards canal, forebay, gate house substructure and power
house substructure, for a capacity of 300,000 h.p. It is pro-
posed to construct the gatehouse and power house super-
structure for an initial installation of 200,000 h.p. in four un-
its. The designs arc made so that extensions of power house
and gate house can be made to almost any extent. Future
plans contemplate the use of 100.000 h.p. units.

The turbine speed has been fixed at 187.5 rev. per min.,
and specification for the generators are now being issued
calling for 45,000 kv.a.. 85 per cent, power factor, 12.000 volt,
three-phase, maximum-rated generators of vertical type
equipped with thrust bearings to take the weight of the ro-
tating part of the generator plus the downward thrust of the
turbines. Direct-connected e.xciter mounted above the thrust
bearings are proposed. The generators will be liberally
equipped with embedded temperature detecters so that close
and accurate observations may be kept of operating temper-
atures. The specified maximum temperature of any part of
the generator at rated load is 100 deg. cent, with cooling air
at 40 deg. cent. The ventilation problem for such units is
of great importance, each unit requiring approximately 125,-
000 cu. ft. of air per minute. It is proposed to install double
12,000 volt sectionalized buses, banks of transformers con-
sisting of three 15,000 kv.a.. single-phase units, and to lay
out the switching equipment so that one generator, one bank
of transformers, and one outgoing high-tension line will be
a unit. Bus tie reactors will be provided, and the short-cir-
cuit current will be limited to a value that can safely be
handled on the circuits and circuit breakers.

It is proposed to install two small service generators to
supply power required for the station services such as pump-
ing, cranes, lighting, machine shop, ventilating, etc.

To carrj' on the construction work on this development
it was decided to make as extensive use of electric power as
possible. Two large electrically operated revolving shovels
each fitted with an eight-cu. yd. bucket for earth excavation
and of capacity to handle a five-ton bucket in rock were pro-
vided. The larger or these two shovels has a boom 90 ft, long
and a dipper stick so ft. long, while the smaller shovel has a

December 1, 111 IS

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER COMMISSION

NIAGARA POWER DEVELOPMENT

Showinf! general plan of canal development work.

boom 80 ft. Ions iJnJ a dipper stick .is ft. long, liacli -sbovel
has motors of a nominal total rating of 715 h.p.- on a half-
hour rating. Three shovels weigh over 300 tons each and
have a capacity of 5,000 cu. yd. of earth per day. Five other
electrically operated shovels are also provided, having buck-
et capacities ranging from % to 4'/2 cu. yd.

The railway equipment of the construction work includes
150 dump cars of 20 cu. yd. capacity each, six 40-ton steam
locomotives and twelve 50-ton electric locomotives.

The electric power required for shovels, trains, air com-
pressors, etc., is obtained from the Ontario Power Com-
pany's station and is transmitted over two overhead feeders
to the Whirlpool Substation located near the Whirlpool. A
similar substation will shortly be erected near Montrose on
the southerly section of the canal. The Whirlpool substation
is of semi-permanent construction and contains switching
equipment for the two 12.000-volt incoming- lines, and for
three 1,500 kv.a., 12,000/4. 000-volt transformers, four 500 kw.
(iOO-volt, d-c. synchronous converters with their 12.000-volt
transformers. An adjoining room contains eight air com-
pressors of 1,000 cu. ft. per minute capacity each against 125
lb. pressure, belt driven from 550-volt motors, supplied
through two banks of 200 kv.a., 2300/550-volt transformers.
Air is distributed up and down the canal for a distance of
three miles from this substation to operate rock drills, chan-
nellers and forges, etc.

Power is distributed up and down the canal Ijy 4.000-volt,
25-cycle, three-phase, four-wire, grounded-neutral circuits to
which the shovels are connected through flexible armored
cable. A double track railway has been built for the full
length of the canal with a branch to the main dumping point
at St. Davids. These railway lines are electrified, the trolley

wires being offset to one side of the track so as not to inter-
fere with the shovels.

The substation at Montrose will be identical with that
at Whirlpool and it will similarly serve to supply power for
the work on the upper end of the canal.

The extensive use of electric power on the construction
of works of the magnitude of this development is working
out well and is resulting in a great saving of coal.

Electrification of Montreal Tunnel

By Mr. W. G. Gordon*

Following the discussion on Mr. Hull's paper, Mr. W. G.
Gordon, Transportation Engineer of the Canadian General
Electric Company, gave a very complete description of the
electrification of the Montreal Tunnel zone. He explained that
the tunnel is designed to provide at the same time an en-
trance for the Canadian Northern Railway System into the
heart of the city and to render available a large area for resi-
dential purposes. As Mount Royal stood in the way of these
two projects it was necessary to excavate a tunnel 3.1 miles
long. This tunnel has a uniform grade of .6 per cent, to-
wards the city. The paper described that different cross-
sections were used, depending on the geological formation.
The twin-section type of tunnel was used throughout.

Work was carried on from each end of the tunnel and
also from a shaft sunk about a mile from the end known
as the West Portal. When the headings on one side met,
the lines checked within l/16th inch on alignment and J4

•Transportation Engineer. Canadian General Electric Co., before Toronto
meeting A.I.E.E., November 22-23. 1918.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

December 1, 1918

inch on grade, and on the other side the error was only Ty:^
inch in alignment and H inch in grade.

Mr. Gordon explained the method employed in driving
the tunnel, which was to drive a bottom centre heading about
8 feet by 12 feet wide from which the full-sized e.xcavation
was developed in a number of places. Four drills were used in
each heading, supported on a horizontal bar and operated by
compresser air at 100 pounds pressure, the aggregate capacity
being about 11,000 cubic feet of air per minute.

The Montreal Light, Heat and Power Company supply
power for the operation of the tunnel at 63 cycles, 3 phase,
11,000 volts. Direct current is provided by two motor-gen-
erator sets, each 750 kw., 1,200 volts, with an overload capa-
city of 200 per cent, for 5 minutes. The overload capacity is
obtained by the use of a pole face winding; this winding of
tubes and rods through holes near the pole faces is so con-
nected as to directly oppose the armature reaction. In the
paper, Mr. Gordon described all of the electrical eqiupment
in detail.

There are at present six locomotives in operation, the
motor equipment of each consisting of four GE-239-A, com-
mutating pole motors wound for 1200 volts and insulated for
2,400 volts., two of the motors being permanently connected
in series for operating on the 3,400 volt trolley circuit. This
voltage is obtained by operating the motor-generators in
series. Each motor is rated at 320 h.p. Mr. Gordon further
explained the complete electrical equipment of the locomo-
tives.

The speaker described at length the multiple unit motor
cars at present in course of manufacture for handling local
traffic. The principal dimensions of these cars are as follows:

Length over buffers 67 ft. 5^ ins.

Length over body corner posts 57 ft. 6% '"S.

Truck centres 43 ft. 9 ins.

Width over side sill angles 9 ft. lOi^ ms.

Width over eaves 10 ft. 3.)4 ins.

Height top of rail over roof 13 ft. 0 ins.

Height top of rail to underside of side sill 3 ft. T/z ins.

Centre to centre of body side bearings 4 ft. 10 ins.

Centre to centre deck sills 5 ft. 6 ins.

The motor equipment of these cars consists of four GE-
239-A, 125 h.p., 1,300 volt, commutating pole motors, insulat-
ed for 3,400 volts, two of the motors being permanently con-
nected in series. The complete electrical equipment of the
cars was also given in detail.

Mr. Gordon explained that special local conditions and
temperatures introduced features which required a design
of the catenary system somewhat out of the ordinary. The
pantograph is of the sliding type and the conductor wire is
of special bronze composition, size No. 0000 with a break-
ing strength of 65,000 pounds per square inch. Its section
is the standard of the- A. E. R.A. for No. 0000 grooved trol-
ley wire. This wire was used in preference to hard-drawn
copper, because of its longer life when subjected to the wear
caused by the sliding pantograph, and also because it could
be pulled up tighter than copper on account of its greater
strength.

The article was illustrated throughout by lantern slides.

Experience on a Rural Telephone System," by Dr. W. Doan,
Harrietsville; "Financing a Telephone System," the local
company, by James McEwing, Drayton, and the municipal
system, by Francis Dagger, telephone adviser of the Ontario
Railway and Municipal Board; "Increased Telephone Costs
and Rates," A. D. Bruce, Stouflfville, and "Keeping Books for
a Local Telephone Company," by George Tait, Bridgeburg.

Officers Elected

The election of officers for the ensuing year resulted as
follows: Honorary president, F. S. Scott, Brussels; president,
Myron A. Gee, Selkirk; vice-president, A. McLean, Paisley;
secretary, A. Hoover, Green River; treasurer, F. D. Mackay,
Toronto. Executive — Col. T. R. Mayberry, Ingersoll; S. Sud-
daby. Burnt River; G. W. Jones, Port Hope; James McEwing,
Drayton; Anson Groh, Preston; J. R. Forbes, Waterford;
R. A. Harrison, Dunnville; C. J. Johns, Algonquin; ¥. E.
Webster, Creemore; George Tait, Bridgeburg; W. R. Wads-
worth, Byron; Dr. W. Doan, Harrietsville; E. E. Wilson,
Caledon; P. R. Craven, New Liskeard, and Dr. A. N. Hotson,
Innerkip. Auditors, George Tait and R. A. Harrison.

Canadian Independent Telephone Convention

The 13th annual convention of the Canadian Independent
Telephone Association was held commencing November 20
with headquarters at the Carls-Rite Hotel, Toronto. A splen-
did attendance was recorded and the papers read and topics
discussed were unusually bright. A resolution was adopted
urging that, in cases where highways are being widened in
connection with the Ontario Government's highway policy,
the Government in all cases assume the expense incurred in
moving poles and other equipment. Some of the papers
read at the convention were as follows: "A Troubleman's

Bell Telephone Co. Asking Increased Rates

The hearing before the Board of Railway Commissioners
in the matter of the application of the Bell Telephone Com-
pany of Canada for an increase in tolls and in the matter
of the application of the municipal corporation of the cities
of Montreal. Toronto, Hamilton and the Union of Canadian
Municipalities for an order directing the delivery of particu-
lars by the telephone company, is proceeding at Ottawa. The
Bell company have submitted statements for the years 1913
to 1917, the following being the figures for the years 1913
and 1917:

1913 1917

Gross operating revenue $8,397,463.49 $11,179,163.07

Operating expense 3,214,564.73 4,545,328.05

Annual maintenance 1,549,978.25 1,595,366.19

Depreciation 1,660,000.00 3,470,000.00

Taxes 190,648.22 432,427.22

Other deductions:

Total expenses 6,635,191.20 9,033,121.46

Net operating revenue 1,762,272.29 2,146,040.61

The total expenses from January 1 to September 30,
1918, were shown to be $7,483,739, and the net operating
revenues for the same period, $1,553,653.

The total capital liabilities for the above period were
shown to be $29,149,000, and the total current liabilities $1,-
358,366.14. The value of the company's lands and plants to
September 30, 1918, book value, was shown at $43,200,363.77.

The estimated new revenue that would be produced by
the proposed 30 per cent, increase, according to the state-
ment, is $1,200,000. Summarized the statement shows:

Exchange revenue $1,200,000

Long distance revenue 20,000

Service connection charges 115,000

Moving and change of name charges 135,000

Total new revenue 1,460,000

Additional statements were furnished by the company,
bearing on maintenance charges, etc.

A recent court decision in Toronto was in favor of a wo-
man who was said to have sustained internal injuries as the
result of a fall when a strap, to which she was holding in one
of the cars of the Toronto Street Railway, broke. The jury,
under Chief Justice Meredith, were of thf opinion that the
company was negligent in not maintaining the strap in a
safe condition and that $1,000, in the way of damages, would
go far toward alleviating the plaintiff's suffering.

December 1. 1918

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

110,000 Volt Transmission Line Over tlie

St. Lawrence River

By Mr. S. Svenningson'

The Shavvinigan Water & Power Company has for a num-
ber of years been transmitting power from the generatinc;
flants at Shawinigan Falls located north of the St. Lawrence
River about 20 miles from Three Rivers, one branch running
to Sherbrooke and supplying various towns and industries
between, the other branch feeding the asbestos mines an !
other industries in the Thetford district. The current is
transmitted at 50,000 volts from Shawinigan Falls to the St.
Lawrence, where the voltage is stepped dow'n to 25,000 for
transmission across the river over the submarine cable, then
stepped up to 50,000 volts and transmitted at this voltage to
Thetford and Sherbrooke.

At the time the submarine cables were installed, the al-
ternative of putting in an overhead crossing was considered
but the amount of power to be transmitted at that time was
so small that it was decided that the expense of an overhead
crossing was not warranted. However, the demand for power
on the south shore steadily increased, until by the begin-
ning of 1916, five submarine cables were in operation, two
three-phase and three single-phase, and the capacity of the
transformer house, 10,000 kw., had been reached.

Submarine cables have always been a weak point in this
part of the system and a source of more or less trouble and
expense. The current in the river carries them down stream
and is sometimes strong enough to pull them apart. In the
winter the ice has often put them out of commission, and it
has been found necessary at times to erect temporary pole
lines across the ice to maintain the service to the south
shore. When, therefore, in the Fall of 1916. the demand
came for more power for the south shore, partly for war
work, and it became a question of putting in an additional
submarine or an overhead crossing, the Company decided in
favor of the latter.

The construction of an additional submarine crossing
would have involved an e.xpenditure of about $150,000 for the
purchase and installation of the cables, additional transform-
ers, about 4000 kw. capacity, together with their switches,
lightning arresters, etc. and the necessary extension of the
transformer houses. Besides this, the weak point in the line
would not have been improved.

The overhead crossing was estimated to cost $200,000
the difference between the two being offset, in the opinion
of the company, by the elimination of the weak link, in ob-
taining greater security from interruptions to the service,
and a gain of from 2 per cent, to 3 per cent, in regulation
by cutting out the transformers together with the elimina-
tion of a considerable amount of operating and maintenance
expense. The transformers and other equipment were need-
ed and could be used to advantage in other parts of the sys-
tem.

Preliminary Investigation

The two shores of the St. Lawrence River upstream, as
well as downstream of the cable houses were carefully sur-
veyed in order to find the most advantageous point of cross-
ing. As a result of this preliminary survey it was finally de-
cided to investigate in detail two alternatives:

a. -A three-span crossing at Point-du-Lac, each span
approximately 2,200 ft long.

* Designninsr Engineer, Shawinigan Water & Power Co.,
meeting A. I. E. E.

before Toronto

1). .\ single-span crossing between the cable houses 4,-
800 feet long.

From a construction point of view the site at Point-du-
Lac, about six miles up the river from the cable crossing
appeared at first to be very favorable for an overload cross-
ing. The St. Lawrence at this point is about 7,000 ft. wide.
Init as the water is very shallow, except for a distance of
2.000 ft. in the centre, a crossing could have been built using
three spans of approximately 2,200 ft. each. The towers on
cither side of the main ch-nnnel would have been about 205
it h'gh. while the other two towers would have been about
110 ft. high. Although this alternative probably would have
been somewhat cheaper, i.e. the cost of the crossing itself it
would have necessitated the building of about 15 miles of
dou'hle-circuit high iension pole lines in order to connect up
\\iih the main trrnsmission lines. This additional cost would
have brought the '.otal cost approximately up to that of the
single-span scheme. A fairly strong point against the three-
span crossing was the inaccessibility of the towers during
certain periods in the spring and fall when the river is full
of floating ice. The single-span scheme was finally decided
on as being the most advantageous, although it was fully
realized that there were many difficult problems to solve in
connection with the design and construction.

General Description

The crossing as completed consists of a central span
4801 ft. long and two anchor spans, the north shore span 571
ft. long and the south shore span 951 ft. long.

There are two towers 350 ft. high and 60 ft square at
the base, the upstream and downstream faces tapering to a
width of 14 ft. at the top. A cross-arm at the top, 14 ft. wide
by 100 ft. long, carries three double-groove sheaves 8 ft. in
diameter and 50 ft. apart, over which the anchor cables pass.
The tower foundation is made up of four circular reinforced
concrete piers 11 ft. in diameter placed on the corners of a
60-ft. square. These piers are connected by heavily reinforced
concrete beams 4 ft. wide by 8 ft. deep.

Three lines of cable 50 ft. apart span the river between
the two towers. The cables are 1^ in. in diameter made of
galvanized plough steel. They are composed of si.x strands
of 19 wires each and a stranded core of 30 wires. To each
end of the centre span cables is yoked two anchor span
cables. These are carried over the- tower on the 8-ft diame-
ter sheaves and then down .to a point about 20 ft. from the
anchors. At this point equalizing beams are cut in the lines
and the load is transmitted from this point to the anchor
piers by means of short straps of 1^4 in. diameter cable.
The cables are gripped at the end by means of heavy steel
bridge sockets in accordance with the usual practice , for sus-
pension bridge cables and other structures of this type.

It was originally intended to use the main cables as con-
ductors and to insulate them from the tower by specially de-
signed insulators. L'nfortunately these insulators were not
completed in time for erection, and for the present the main
cables are used as messengers from which No. 1/0 stranded
copper conductors are suspended. These suspended lines
are supported every 250 ft. by suspension insulators of eight
units to a string.

The anchor piers are large mass concrete "dead men,"

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

December 1, U)is

each anchor beinK designed to take the full ovcrturnig mo-
ment when submerged.

Foundations
During February, 1917, a number of borings were taken
about the site of the towers to determine the nature of the
river bottom. These borings penetrated to a depth of 100 ft.
and we found that the foundation on which we would have
to build out towers consisted for the full depth of these bor-
ings of very fine white sand with occasional strata in which
a little clay was mixed with the sand. The difficulty of ob-
taining a secure pile foundation in this kind of soil and the
uncertainty as well as the cost of placing a mat foundation
in the dry, led us to adopt the form of pier foundation which

we used.

The piers were constructed in the form of hollow cyhn-
ders of reinforced concrete with an outside diameter of 11 ft.
and an inside diameter of T-ft. These cylinders or caissons
were poured in 6-ft lifts, the first lift tapering on the inside
towards the bottom to a diameter of 10 ft. and being shod
with a (5 by 6-in. an,gle cutting edge. This lift was poured
on the working platform and lowered into the water by
means of four two-in. screws. The second lift was then ex-
cavated by means of an orange peel bucket rigged up on a
derrick. As the caissons gradually settled successive lifts were
poured until they had penetrated the bottom to a depth
of about 40 ft.

Little trouble was experienced on the north side, but on
the south side we encountered large numbers of boulders,
some of which were so large that they could not be picked
up by the bucket, so that we had to drill and shoot them.
In order to do this the caissons had to be unwatered, a ted-
ious process which delayed the work considerably. When a
caisson had reached its penetration of 40 ft., :i plug of rich
concrete was poured in the conical section at the bottom
and the inside was then filled with mass concrete. The four
piers forming one foundation were finally connected by re-
inforced concrete beams.

This work was begun early in the year and we expected
to have it finished by mid-summer, but high water, high
winds, rain and labor troubles delayed us so mucli "that it
was not completed until about the middle of September.

Cables

The cables are 1^ in. in diameter, of galvanized plough
.steel made up of six strands of 19 wires each, and a strand-
ed steel core of 30 wires. Tests made at McGill University
showed that the wires had an average yield point of 221,000
lb. per square inch, and an average breaking load of 2.')8.000
lb. per square inch.

The completed cable was tested, the yield point being
found to be 15.S,500 lb. and the ultimate strength 18f;,400 lb.
or 193,000 lb. per square inch, and 227,000 lb. per square inch
respectively.

The test of the completed cable, indicated a modulus of
elasticity of 7,250,000 lb. or 8,800,000 lb. per square inch. We
were in df)ubt as to the correctness of our test in this regard
on account of the fact that the usually accepted value for the
modulus for stranded steel cables is about 21.000,000 lb. per
square inch. However, the behaviour of the cable during
erection bore out the results of the test.

The bridge sockets used for connecting the cables were
machined out of solid blocks of steel so as to allow a grip
of nine in. on the cable. The cable was passed through a
tapered hole in the centre of the bridge socket and broomed
out on the end for a length of 13 to 18 in. The wires were
then cleaned with gasoline and held in place by means
of a templet made of ]4 in. steel plate which fitted
over the back of the bridge socket. The bridge socket was
suspended bottom up and heated by gasoline torches for

about half an hour, when spelter was poured into the conical
hole through a one in. diameter hole in the centre of the
templet. After being allowed to cool, the ends of the wires
projecting from the templet were cut off and the templet was
removed.

Before adopting this form of connection, tests were run
under our direction at McGill University to determine the

.d^

^flSfWSBrV^fSr}'.^

North tower, St. Lawrence River Crossing,

sliowing copper conductors leading from

strain insulators on messenger cable

through main tower.

depth of socket required. We found that if the spelter was
heated to just the right temperature, i.e.. just hot enough to
ignite a sliver of wood thrust into it, that the full breaking
strength of the wire was, in the majority of cases, developed
in a length of six inches.

Shortly after the bridge sockets were poured it was found
necessary to shorten two of the cables and the speltered end
was cut off. We had one of these cones of spelter cut in the

Decenilier 1, I'.iIS

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

3:;

niacliine shop and found that the spelter adhered so firmly
to the wires that the section couhl be machined without lift-
ing the w'ires out.

Insulators

The insulators wliich we propose using eventually in the
steel line were devised by our engineering department in
conjunction with that of the Canadian Porcelain Company.
They consist of a large ring-girder and twd spiders.

The ring-girder is eight ft. in diameter and made up of
two nine in. channels 12 in. apart, with .^ in. cover plates.
The upper spider is connected to the ring-girder by means
of three 'i'/i in. bolts 10 ft. long, one at the end of each spider
arm. The centre spider is supported on the ring-girder by
six porcelain insulators of ei.ght skirts each, two insulators
at the end of each spider arm. The clear distance between
the spiders is about 36 in.

The porcelain insulators used are special compression in-
sulators having a tested breaking strength of 60 tons each,
this is about four times the estimated m'aximum load. Elec-
trical tests showed a dry flashover of 302. ObO volts and a wet
flashover of 262.000 volts.

The completed insulator lias a net weight of about 6 tons.

Erecting Cables

Owing to a constant succession of delays that occurred
in the construction of the foundations and the erection of the
towers we had to abandan our original plan of stringing the
cables in the Fall of 1917 before the ice formed 'in the river.
and so decided to do this part of the work after the ice had
become thick enough to support the weight of the heavj' reels
of cable.

Throughout the heavy snows of January and Fel)ruary
we managed by constant rolling and scraping to keep a road
open between the two towers. Early in March the centre
span cables were laid out along this road. The anchor cables
were then laid out. measured, and cut and their bridge sock-
ets attached.

The three lines were erected one at a time, the middle
line first and then the downstream and the upstream lines in
succession. The ends of the anchor cables were hoisted
over the towers, the south shore cables were hoisted over
the towers, the south shore cables made fast to the centre
span cable, drawn over the tower until the bridge sockets
touched the main sheave, tied to the top of the tower and at-
tached to the anchor pier. The north shore cables were next
attached to the centre cable, the suspension insulators and
copper line fastened to this and the cable hoisted into place.

The hoisting was done by a steam hoist braced against
the centre anchor pier. Two f^-in. steel hoisting lines reeved
through the two pairs of three-sheave blocks were used to
draw the end of the cable up to within 40 ft. of the anchor
pier, the final 40 Jt. being taker! up by means of two .^-in.
steel cables reeved through two pairs of six-sheave blocks.

The copper conductor in each line is supported by seven-
teen suspension insulators spaced about 250 ft. apart, the end
insulators being about 400 ft. from the towers. The copper
lines drop from the end insulators to strain insulators on the
tower at the loO-ft. level, pass through the tower to the back
where they are connected to another set of strain insula-
tors. On the north side, the lines pass direct from the main
tower to a transmission line tower on the shore, a distance
of about 600 ft. On the south side a light structural steel
truss. 50 ft. long, hung from two sets of the anchor cables,
provides an intermediate point of suspension, forming two
spans of 500 ft. each. Access to the insulators attached to
the truss is provided by a walkway running up from the
anchor pier and suspended from the anchor cables.

After the cables were erected we noticed an almost constant
vibration in them, varying in intensity and somewhat similar to

that in a violin string, with definite nodes 12 to l."> ft. apart
as nearly as could l)e judged. .-Kbout a month after the line
was put into service this vibration managed to shake loose
the bolts connecting two of the suspension insulators to the
cable and they dropped and hung suspended on the copper
line. Two of the ri.ggers volunteered to go out on the steel
cable, fish up the insulators and attach them again. .\ trolley
was rigged up and they had little difficulty in getting out to
the point from which the insulators had fallen, about 1,000
-ft. out from the tower. By means of a small tackle line they
h.auled the insulators back into place and started back to-
wards the tower only to discover that the grade in the cable
was so great that they could not pull themselves uj). They
solved the difficulty by looping the tackle line that they had
with them over the steel cable and sliding down the 2.50 feet
to a boat waiting below. A short time later an insulator on
one of the other lines broke loose and it was similarly re-
connected. This time, however, we profited by our former
perience and provided a tail line l)y means of wliich the
riggers were pulled back to the tower. Since then we have
experienced no trouble from this source.

The cables, as originally strung, allowed the following
clearances betw-een the copper conductors and the average
water level during the season of navigation:

Down stream 1T2.."> ft.

Centre 178.8 ft.

Upstream 180.6 ft.

The temperature at time of erection was about 20 deg.
fahr. As there is a change in sag of approximately one ft.
for each 10 deg. change in tempcratuure tft above would cor-

Cable test — Sample of cable
with grips attaclied.

Elastic limit 158,500 pounds; ulti-
mate strengtli 186.400 pounds.

respond roughly to clearances at 110 deg. fahr. of 163.5.
169.8. and 171.6 ft. respectively.

At the time these cables were erected we naturally ex-
pected the sag to increase as the cables stretched under the
load until the strands were drawn tightly together. There
was no data available with re.gard to the amount of stretch
to expect so that it was impossible to allow for this in sag-

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

December 1, 1918

ging the cables. The hoist, therefore, was left in position
so that we could pull up the cables when the sag became
too great.

In May of this year we found that the sag in the cables
had increased by from 24 to 27^ ft. and that in order to
obtain the necessary clearance over the channel we would
have to take up 34 ft. in the sag of the down-stream cable
and 13 and 14 ft. in that of the centre and upstream cables
respectively. The amount by which a cable is to be stretched
in order to take up a given amount in the sag varies inversely'
as the modulus of elasticity of the cable.

Owing to the low modulus which we worked out for the
cable from results of the tests made at McGill University we
were in doubt as to the amount of take-up required. We
found that in order to take up 24 ft. in the sag we would need
to pull the downstream cable in between 7.3 and 10.4 ft. de-
pendnig on the value of this modulus. This cable was taken
in about 8 ft. with a consequent reduction in the sag of about
25 ft. This corresponds to the result that would be obtain-
ed if the modulus of the cable were 17,000,000 lb. In other
words it would appear that from the time of the original sag-
ging of the cable to the time the cable was resagged, the
modulus of elasticity had increased from 7,250,000 lb. to 17,-
000,000 lb. This change in modulus is no doubt due to the
gradual stretching of the cable causing the wires and strands
to draw more closely together under the constantly applied
tension of the span.

Ice Protection

Ice conditions Tn the St. Lawrence River at this point are
at times very troublesome, and we considered it advisable
to construct some kind of guard piers outside the towers, to
obviate the possibility of damage from this source. During
the winter we deposited about 3,000 tons of field stone on
the river bed on each side about 75 ft. from the up-stream
and river faces of the towers, carrying the rock to an ele-
vation about three ft. above the surface of the ice. The ice
usually goes out about this level, but last year conditions
were exceptional, and before the ice moved it had risen above
the tops of our ice breakers, and passed clear over them,
piling up around the tower foundations to a height of 25 or
30 ft. Fortunately no damage was done. We are at present
completing the guard piers, by means of reinforced concrete
cribs filled with rock, and carried to about the level of the
maximum recorded high water.

Sag Calculations

In our calculations for sags, tension, length of cable,
etc., under various conditions, we used the parabolic formulas
in preference to the hyperbolic formulas for the catenary on
account of the greater simplicity of the former. Comparison
was made however, between the two sets of formulas and
we found, as we had expected, that at working tensions the
difference was negligible. The formulas for the parabola gave
us about six in. more sag, and about one ft. less length of
cable than the catenary formulas for the same conditions of
tension and temperature.

The maximum load on the cable, we assumed to be ^
in. of ice all round, and ten lb. of wind per square foot of
projected area for both the steel and copper lines, at a tempera-
ture of zero deg. fahr. Under these conditions the calculated
tension in the cable is about 106,000 lb. with a sag of 228 ft.
The normal tension at summer temperatures is about 61,000
lb. with a sag of 185 ft.

Conclusion

In our design, we always kept in view the accessibility
of various insulators and other working parts that are sub-
ject to break down. Automatic hoists have been provided
in the towers, as well as ladders which run from top to bot-

tom and provide access to the suspension insulators at var-
ious levels.

The crossing has been in uninterrupted service now for
about nine months; it has not yet weathered a winter with
its low temperatures, gales and sleet storms, so that we still
have something to learn about its action under these condi-
tions, but as the allowable stresses have been kept within
reasonable limits, we hardly expect serious trouble from this
source.

Prevent Smoke and Save Coal— Boiler Room
Instruments Help Save Fuel

Just now every practical suggestion along the lines of
fuel conservation is a matter not only of personal comfort
but, what is vastly more important, of the national welfare.
Naturally the best place to save coal is the place where it
is being used, and the boiler room offers a fruitful field for
the e.xercise of fuel economj'. The following summary of
the experience of the combustion engineers of the Westing-
house Electric & Manufacturing Company, as gained from
their own experiments and their observations of practical
operation in customers' boiler rooms, will therefore be of
value.

The formation of smoke, which contains much uncon-
sumed fuel, should be prevented by proper firing methods
and the flue gases should contain from 10 to 12 per cent, of
CO:. Fires should be kept free from holes, and the fuel
should be so distributed over the grate as to prevent the in-

flux of excess air which accompanies thin fires and the in-
complete combustion resulting from excessive thickness of
fires. The proper fuel distribution for a given type of stoker
is illustrated in the accompanying figure.

Gauges which indicate boiler operating conditions should
constitute a part of the equipment of every boiler room. As
a minimum, the instrument equipment should consist of draft
gauges connected with the furnace above the fuel bed and
on the boiler side of the flue damper, and a steam flow meter
for each boiler. Gauges and dampers should be conveniently
located, otherwise they will not be used.

The loss due to the presence of unburned fuel in the ash
should be avoided, boiler settings should be kept air-tight
and baffles in proper condition, and under no condition
should live steam leaks be tolerated. Exhaust steam should
be used in place of live steam for auxiliary purposes wher-
ever practicable. All steam pipes should be insulated and
the tubes kept free from soot and scale. The size of the
coal has much .to do with the capacity and efficiency of a
boiler. In general, the air pressure penetrates a fuel bed
formed of coarse fuel more readily than one formed of finer
coal, producing greater disturbance of furnace conditions
and lowered boiler efficiency.

December 1. 11)18

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Canada's Heritage in the St. Lawrence River

By Mr. Arthur V. White, M. E.'

About a year ago, when 1 had the pleasure o{ address-
ing tlie Electric Club, as you may recall, we traced the evo-
lution 1.1I the circumstances associated with power develop-
ment on the Niagara River, and noted how those circum-
stances led ui) to the ratification of what is known as The
Boundary Waters' Treaty of 1910, between Great Britain
and the United States, and to the formation, under the treaty,
of the International Joint Commission, This treaty now
largely governs the development and use of boundary wa-
ters, and is of great importance in connection with the sub-
ject before us to-day because it constitutes the chief legal
agency — so to speak — for safeguarding the interests of the
people, of both the United States an<l Canada, in the inter-
national St. Lawrence River.

In proceeding, it will, I believe, be profitable first to
point out how it is that even a recent treaty like the Bound-
ary Waters' Treaty sometimes fails to provide that effective
protection to either one country or the other, which it had
confidently been expected would be found actual and full.
I shall illustrate by reference to some issues which have
arisen under the Treaty and to some arguments advanced
under discussion of these issues.

Let me here comment, that the best safeguard the citizens
of Canada can have in matters affecting their natural re-
sources, is an intelligent unde'rstanding of the real value of
their assets and of the best uses to which they may be ap-
plied, coupled with a quick and discerning appreciation of
what constitutes any menace to these interests, and of how
to act promptly for its removal. Menace to public interest
often manifests itself in obscure and subtle forms.

Let us proceed to consider a few illustrations which,
owing to limitations of time, can here only be referred to
suggestively:

St. Croix River Application

The boundary line between the State of Maine and the
Province of New Brunswick passes along the St. Croix River
— a stream of considerable size. Four or five years ago United
States financial interests controlling the St. Croix Paper Co.
of the State of Maine, and operating in Canada througli the
Sprague's Falls Manufacturing Co., Limited — a company with
a Canadian charter — undertook to increase the power instal-
lation which they already had upon the St. Croix River by
erecting a new plant in the vicinity of what is known as the
Grand Falls, situate about ten miles above Woodland, Me.
The additional installation was to consist of 12,000 to 14,000
h.p., to develop which the company constructed a large canal
lying and extending for nearly a mile entirely within the
State of Maine. By means of a dam erected across the In-
ternational Boundary at Grand Falls a lake was created so
as to enable the water of the St. Croix River to be diverted
by the canal into the United States for the development of
power at the Grand Falls power house. This canal is so
constructed that, at its lower stages, the total flow of the
St. Croix River — an International Boundary stream — may be
diverted into the United States. This company, after con-
structing their works, came before the International Joint
Commission, pleaded ignorance of the law, drew special at-
tention to their vested interests, and were finally granted a
permit to utilize the works under terms greatly to their ad-
vantage.

Now, the Treaty provides that, after its acceptance, no
diversion from boundary waters, whether "temporary or per-
manent," shall be made without obtaining the necessary au-

*Consultine Engineer, Commission of Conservation, before The Electric
Club of Toronto.

thority. When the St. Croix case was under discussion,
counsel suggested that the word "temporary" might not mean
temporary with respect to time, but temporary with respect
to place. That is to say, that the diversion of the St. Croix
River was not out of accord with the treaty because the
river was only diverted temporarily; that is, it was "tem-
porarily" turned aside for a short distance and then resumed
its normal course.

Navigation in Lake Michigan

Consider the next illustration: The Boundary Waters'
Treaty defines boundary waters as "the waters from main
shore to main shore of the lakes and rivers and connecting
waterways, or the portions thereof, along which the Inter-
national Boundary between the United States and the Do-
minion of Canada passes, including all bays, arms, and inlets
thereof, etc." And the treaty also states: " It is further
agreed that so long as this treaty sliall remain in force, this
same right of navigation shall extend to the waters of Lake
Michigan and to all canals connecting boundary waters and
now existing or whicli may hereafter be constructed on either
side of the line."

Now, the treaty, subject to certain restrictions, stipulates
"that the navigation of all navigable boundary waters shall
forever continue free and open for the purpose of commerce
to the inhabitants and to the ships, vessels and boats of both
countries equally," and one not acquainted with possible in-
terpretations suggested for portions of the treaty, is natur-
ally surprised to learn that it has been contended that Lake
Michigan is not a boundary water — although a geographically
corresponding body of water in Canada, the Georgian Bay,
is such — and the treaty suggests, inferentially, that Lake
Michigan is only conditionally open to navigation, while
Georgian Bay — the Bay is not specifically mentioned — is open,
but not conditionally open as in the case of Lake Michigan.
Besides, assuming that the uninviting project of the Georgian
Bay Ship Canal ever materialized, this canal, under the treaty,
would be as equally free and open to the United States as
to Canada. Of course, I am not arguing one way or another
upon the points cited in my illustration, and I am passing
over any reference to rights still existent under earlier
treaties. I am simply suggestively pointing out certain facts
Vv'hich have been disclosed, and indicating certain contentions
which have been offered, when subjects involving treaty
terms have, variously, been considered.

Water Diversion from Niagara River

Take another illustration: The Boundary Waters' Treaty,
in Article V., deals specifically with the diversion of waters
for power purposes from the Niagara River, and provides that
"so long as this treaty shall remain in force, no diversion of
the waters of Niagara River above the Falls from the natural
course and stream thereof shall be permitted except for the
purposes and to the extent hereinafter provided."

When, during the last few years, certain interests de-
sired to utilize a portion of the waters now flowing in the
lower Niagara River, that is to say, below the Falls, the
claim was urged that such waters could be used without
coming before the International Joint Commission for per-
mission, because it was contended that the treaty only dealt
with diversion of w-ater above the Falls and did not specify
where the water should be returned. In other words, some
interests hold that, under Article V., the International Joint
Commission has no jurisdiction to deal with any diversion in
the Niagara River other than with diversion made from
"above the Falls." The water, it was argued, could be taken

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

December 1. 1918

Power Sites
St. Lawrence River

mPIDE.PLAT

out above the Falls and turned, if users so desired, directly
into Lake Ontario without coursing the lower Niagara River.
Application of St. Lawrence River Power Company
While illustrations might be multiplied, we shall here
consider only one other instance. This arose during the past
summer in connection with the application of the St. Law-
rence River Power Company respecting the construction of
works in the vicinity of, and the diversion of waters from,
the Long Sault Rapids. The St. Lawrence River Power
Company is a subsidiary company of the Aluminum Com-
pany of America, wliich, amongst other activities, operates
a large aluminum-producing plant at Massena, N.Y. The St.
Lawrence River Power Company desired to construct works
in the St. Lawrence which would, so far as possible, remove
ice difficulties which affected their winter output. To this
end they excavated, largely in rock, a long channel, 2.5 feet
deep by 150 feet wide, in the bed of the St. Lawrence River.
Complementary to this excavation there?' was to be a large
boom held by rock-filled cribs, some 30 feet square, sunk in
the St. Lawrence River. Below the dredged channnel just
referred to, -there was also to be constructed in what is

known as the South Sault Channel — that is, the passage
nearest the United States' shore — a "submerged weir," which,
actually, is a large submerged dam. The work of channel
excavation was undertaken, and practically completed under
permit from the United States War Department, without the
matter in any way being brought to the official attention of
the Canadian authorities.

The Boundary Waters' Treaty provides that there shall
not be "any interference with or diversion from their natural
channel of such waters on either side of the boundary" as
will result in any injury on the other side of the boundary.
If the enlarged channel remained, then the proposed sub-
merged weir had to be constructed in order to compensate
for alterations in level already resulting from the excavation.
Incident to the construction of this weir the company deemed
it desirable to obtain the approval of the International Joint
Commission. Consequently, an application was made for
hearing before the Commission. The company and the
United States Government authorities stated that as a "war
measure" it was necessary that the company be supplied with
more power in order to produce more aluminum. The Com-

LAKE S-" FRANCIS <S>

if-'

frO

B**'

plOS

^q ,t«'

.(^^

p/,p/DS

^ t/ pi''

WATER-POWERS ST LAWRENCE RIVER

Approximate scales: Horizontal 1 inch = 20 miles. Vertical: 1 inch = 150 feet.

Decern her 1. liilS

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

mission was urged to deal with the application of the com-
pany without delay and to waive rules of procedure whicli
constitute the usual safeguards so far as the public is con-
cerned. This course was urged although the company knew
at least aljout a year before it made the application that the
proposed dam would be necessary. Upon the war necessi-
ties Canada, of course, guaranteed every possible assistance
and despatch.

In passing. 1 would like to remark that at times when
certain issues have been under consideration before the In-
ternational Joint Commission, and it apiieared advantageous
to interested parties to show how what might be done in
boundary waters on one side of the boundary would affect
the level of waters on ill? other side, it has sometimes been
instanced that even a pile driven in a stream on one side
would affect the level of water on the other. In the case
of the large channel to which reference has just been made,
which substantially affected levels in the river and adversely
affected Canadian navigation, counsel for the applicant com-
pany argued that interests would really not be disadvantage.-
ously affected because when the large cribs and the dam was
in place disturbed levels would then be restored.

Under the W'ebster-Ashburton Treaty it is specitically
provided that the channels in the St. Lawrence River on both
sides of Long Sanlt, Barnhart and Croil islands were to be
kept "free and open to the ships, vessels and boats of both
parties." So that, in any event, if the South Sault Channel
were blocked by a dam, a navigable channel which was to be
kept open by treaty right would be closed, and a public lib-
erty and right which could not be justified under the spirit
and intent of the treaty would be enjoyed by private inter-
ested parties.

Now, althougli the construction of the works referred
to was, in"the judgment of many, a violation of the spirit and
terms of the treaty, the company, nevertheless, aided by their
representations respecting the allies' war necessity, were
able to obtain a permit to construct this dam and to have
it remain in place for five years or for tlie term of the dura-
tion of the war, whichever term should be longer. You will
notice it was not specified which term should be shorter. At the
time of hearing before the International Joint Commission
the solicitor-general of Canada, the Hon. Hugh Guthrie, on
behalf of the Government of Canada made a special, solemn
and very able protest against the granting of the permit ex-
cept under conditions which he outlined, and which, while
meeting temporary needs, would fully preserve the integrity
of what he contended to be Canada's rights under the W'eb-
ster-Ashburton Treaty.

From the foregoing illustrations it will be evident how
necessary it is for our leading public men, especially those
in Parliament, to have a good understanding of Canada's
natural heritage in boundary waters and of means which
must be taken properly to conserve this heritage for tlie
benefit of her citizens.

Navigation of St. Lawrence River

We shall now consider, very briefly, some more con-
crete aspects of the subject which to-day has our chief at-
tention: "Canada's heritage in the St. Lawrence River."

First, just a few words with respect to navigation. The
St. Lawrence as the wonderful water highway from tiie
Great Lakes to the sea has, as you know, been improved
chiefly by the, canal systems of the Government of Canada.
The new Welland Canal is being constructed with locks of
:iO feet draught. If it is to be used so that deep-draft, ocean-
going vessels may go up to the head of navigation of the
Great Lakes, then the St. Lawrence River in portions of its
main channel will have to be canalized by means of a series
of dams with suitable locks. If the river as a whole be can-
alized, obviously the water-power of the river would be

most econoiuically developed by having the dams necessary
for the navigation imi)rovement made adaptable also for the
de\elopment of water-power. One fact is certain, and that
is, that, in order to conserve the integrity of the St. Law-
rence River so that it may suitably be canalized — when llie
time comes for such work — its integrity must not be compro-
mised by permitting the erection of structures in the main
stream for piecemeal development of power, although this
has already been done to some extent. Naturally, there is
a great temptation for water-power companies to do on
the St. Lawrence as has been done elsewhere, namely, to
make the cheapest possible preliminary developments — skim
the cream off the powers, so to speak — for by so doing inter-
ests may readily acquire markets, and vested rights, and often
control of the general situation.

I shall not further refer to Canada's heritage in the navi-
gability of the St. Lawrence.- In a word, it may be summeil
up that deep-craft navigation from the Great Lakes to the
sea involves, absolutely, the treatment and canalizatioir of
tlie St. Lawrence River as a unit.

Water-Powers of St. Lawrence River
Coming next to the heritage of water-powers. I wouiii
remark first that the water-powers of the St. Lawrence River
are, as yet, largely within the control of the people. The
recent shortage of hydro-electric power w-hich has l*een so
keenly felt, both in Canada and the United States, has drawn
increased attention to the enormously advantageous powers
in and adjacent to International Boundary waters. Most of
the water-powers which are more readily capable of economic
development in Canada as well as in the United States either
have already been developed or are privately controlled.
Concentration of ownership is a noticeable feature of this
control. Canada cannot afford to have her St. Lawrence
River powers pass into the hands of powerful i>rivate interests.

Some Governing Factors

With respect to development of these water-powers, there
are some very important points upon which 1 must just com-
ment, such as ice conditions, the exportation of Cajiada's share
of electrical energy and the character of the agencies utiliz-
ing the power.

Respecting Ice. — Power development on the St. Lawrence
River cannot properly be considered apart from the subject
of ilie ice menace. Too great caution cannot be exercised
before attempting to harness natural forces of such magni-
tude as exist in the flow of the St. Lawrence River. Too
radical a disturbance of the balance which Nature seeks to
maintain may cause disaster, hence it is well to emphasize
this phase of the problem, for it involves the weighing of
basic physical factors of paramount importance.

Respecting character of consumption of power. — Where
very large developments of power take place it is, as you
know, usually necessary to have some industries, such as the
electro-chemicals, take large blocks of power. These indus-
tries require cheap power. As the demand for power in-
creases for municipal and small manufacturing purposes the
experience has been that the demands for power for such
uses become so urgent, and the inducements by way of price
so attractive to the vendors of such power, that large indus-
tries which were attracted by the cheap power have been
compelled to go farther afield. .A block of power — over C.">.-
01)0 h.p. — such as is exported from the Cedars plant in Que-
bec to the Aluminum Works at Massena, N.Y., would be
sufficient, speaking on. a broad basis, to supply light and
l^ower to some .35 manufacturing cities of 10,000 inhabitants
each. It will he apparent from a comparison of the benefits
resulting from power thus widely distributed and the local-
ized benefits from the same power utilized in bulk, as in
electro-chemical industries, that the former contributes in a
much greater degree to the upbuilding of communities and

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

December 1, 1918

to the growth of the country at large. This feature should
not be lost sight of.

Respecting the Exportation of Electrical Energy. — There
is strong opposition, especially throughout Ontario, to any
policy which permits the exportation of electric energy really
required for use in Canada. The Federal Government has
been memorialized upon this subject. It has been urged that
no large power projects such, for example, as those on the
international portion of the St. Lawrence River, should be
developed without reserving Canada's share of the power for
use here; and, further, that powers situated wholly in Can-
ada should be reserved against the day of Canada's need.
This statement is made having in mind the fact that it is not
the policy of Canada to embargo her exports, but that com-
modities of national importance should not be exported with-
out an adequate quid pro quo.

On the St. Lawrence River below Lake Ontario the first
site where development involving the whole flow of the river
could be made is in the vicinity of Morrisburg. With a dam
near the foot of Ogden Island, a head of about 11 feet could
be obtained, or, by taking in a portion of the Galop rapid,
it has been thought possible to obtain a total effective head
of about 15 feet. It is at this Morrisburg site — the Rapide
Plat — that the New York and Ontario Power Company de-
velops power in a small plant at Waddington, N.Y., under
rights extending back for one hundred years. This com-
pany desires to reconstruct this plant and increase the de-
velopment, thereby providing power for disposal in the United
States as well as in Eastern Ontario. The company offers
to have this project made conformable to any scheme for
the development of the river as a whole.

The next possible development is that at the Long Sault
Rapids, where the possible head is variously estimated to be
about 35 to 40 feet. This is the site near Cornwall, where
the Long Sault Development Company, a subsidiary of the
Aluminum Company of America, intended to erect its dams
had not their charter rights been cancelled bj' the State of
New York — a cancellation which was confirmed by the Su-
preme Court of the United States.

Descending the river, we have next, in a stretch of about
14 miles between Lakes St. Francis and St. Louis, three
series of rapids: the Coteau, the Cedars, the Split Rock and
Cascades. The Coteau site is the one for which the Power
Development Company, Limited, has been seeking rights.
Of this company the "Montreal Star" states:

"There was incorporated, by letters patent a modest com-
pany, with a capital of $500,000. the incorporators being the
bookkeepers of a well-known law firm in Montreal, closely

associated with certain existing companies .A modest

notice appeared in an obscure newspaper with a small cir-
culation and there was quietly filed a declaration in

the Registry Offices of the counties where the proposed de-
velopment is to be made, indicating that no less a scheme is
on foot than the building of a dam across the St. Lawrence
River."

Reliable assurances, however, have been given that rights
for this development cannot be obtained without full public
notice and discussion when all interested parties will have
the opportunity of being heard.

The Cedars Rapids Manufacturing and Power Company
utilize at Cedars rapid a head of about 32 feet developed by
means of a diversion canal some two miles long. The power
house has been designed for an ultimate development of
180,000 h.p. This company exports some 65,000 h.p. to Mas-
sena, N.Y.

The Soulanges plant of the Civk Investment and In-
dustrial Company is situated a short distance below the
Cedars plant. Power is obtained by tapping the Soulanges
canal. The head is 50 feet.

The St. Timothee plant of the Canadian Light & Power
Company is on the south side of the St. Lawrence directly
opposite the two last mentioned developments. The water
is led through a portion of the old Beauharnois canal.

I shall omit description of some other smaller plants,
such as those at Mille Roche and in the vicinity of Morris-
burg.

To summarize, we may place the estimated low-water
power of the international portion of the River St. Lawrence
at about 800,000 h.p., of which Canada is entitled to one half,
or 400,000 h.p. The potential low-water power on the por-
tion of the river which lies wholly within Canada would be
1,400,000 h.p. This, with its share of power along the In-
ternational Boundary, makes an estimated total for Canada
of 1,800,000 low-water continuous horse-power. It is de-
tailed in the following table.

Water-Power on the St. Lawrence River*
(Tentative schedule)

Average
Head Estimated low-water estimated
Site available 24-hr. h.p. 24-hr. low-

water h.p.

Morrisburg-Rapide Plat 11-15 170,000-230,000 200.000

1-ong Sault rapid 30-40 rjlKl.llOtl-CK'iii.OO" ."iTS.OOO

Coteau rapid 15-17 2:'.0.i « « i i;r,i i.i « ii i L'oO.mihj

Cedars rapidt 30-32 4;iu.i_hiif .jL'.:,.'!!!!! Snii.dtKt

Split Rock and Cascades rapids ... 14-18 220,0(KJ-l'.s0.0l]0 250.00(i
Lachine Rapid 20-30 300,000-450,000 375,000

Total 1,910,000-2,395,000 2,150,000

*In this table, to have the estimates fairly representative of the pos-
sible quantities which might be expected under representative low-water
flow conditions, some allowances have been jnade for efficiency and other
factors.

tUnder development for about one-third of the low-water flow of the
river. Consideration would be given to the possibility of combining the
Coteau, Cedars, Split Rock and Cascades; also of increasing the Lachine
power.

The above estimate, excluding ice conditions, is conserva-
tive. Under a "diversity load factor," such as is experienced
by the Hydro-electric Power Commission of Ontario, Can-
ada's 1,800,000 h.p. would take care of a power demand of
some 2,400,000 h.p.

Canada's share of this power belongs respectively to the
provinces of Ontario and Quebec. The Federal Govern-
ment has the rights in and jurisdiction over navigation. When
the time comes for international questions in connection with
the development of this river to be adjusted to admit of pro-
per development, there is no doubt that the various interests
involved, whether federal, provincial, corporate or private,
will, respectively, be fully taken care of. Perhaps, for ex-
ample, some arrangement may be made by which the Fed-
eral Governments shall provide the dams for navigation pur-
poses, making available for each province its share of water-
power under an arrangement by which the provinces would
assume such financial and other responsibilities as were purely
incident to the power assets.

I trust I have adequately emphasized the absolute neces-
sity for statesmanlike dealing with our resources of bound-
ary waters, the wise conservation, utilization and administra-
tion of which will help build up Canada and pay our future
taxes.

Monthly Meeting of Illuminating Engineers

The executive committee recently appointed
by Toronto illuminating engineers have secured
the promise of Lieut. Oliver, of New York City,
to address them on Tuesday evening, December
3. His subject will be "Artificial Daylight."
Lieut. Oliver will outline the results of a series
of recent experiments which, it is understood, go
a long way toward the solution of the problem of
producing a good northern daylight twenty-four
hours of the day. The meeting will be held in
the MacLean Building at 347 Adelaide Street
West. All those interested in better lighting are
requested and urged to be in attendance. The
meeting is called for 8 o'clock sharp.

Decemher I. V.)i>5 THE ELECT RICA L NEWS so

POWER CABLE

350,000 CM. 3-Conductor 12000 volt

Paper Insulated, Steel Tape Armoured Cable

Overall Diameter — 3.62 ins.

Built to Specifications of Hydro-Electric Power Commission

of Ontario

Eugene F. Phillips Electrical Works, Limited

MONTREAL

Branches : Toronto, Winnipeg, Regina, Calgary, Vancouver

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

iJecenilier 1, HilS

Now Then —What About Christmas ?

IT is a pretty safe bet that nearly every-
body is trying to spend his money these
days as economically and efficiently as
possible. None of us are exactly going
out of our way to get rid of the coin and not
a few of us are denying ourselves all pleasures
and some necessities.

And now, right along comes Christmas.
What are we going to do about it? Shall we
make presents as usual ? If so, what kind ?

In our economies of living, some voluntary
and others by Government regulation, we have
found that lots of things we thought necessary
to our existence are very easily dispensed
with. Also that there is more satisfaction in
spending our money on sensible articles than
on fiub-dubs and French pastry.

Most certainly we're going to give Christ-
mas presents this year — one might just as well
try to empty the ocean as to subdue the
Christmas spirit of giving. But our Christmas
presents this year, perhaps more than last year,
are going to be in keeping with our established
mode of living. They are going to be practic-
al, useful gifts that will arouse in the recipient
more than a mere passing sense of interest.
The jim-cracks and the nick-nacks are going to
be more than ever out of style.

It follows, "as the night the day," that no-
thing could be more consistent or worthy dur-
ing our present economical and systematic liv-
ing than electrical appliances. They are 100
per cent, useful, sufficiently ornamental to be
pleasing and give lasting satisfaction. More-

over, electrical gifts can be chosen suitable for
all ages from the little tot to the elderly totter-
ers.

Further, the retailer who holds off until the
last moment with his Christmas campaign this
year and tries to send it off with a bang dur-
ing the last week, is very likely to find himself
among the "also-rans."

The spirit of early buying is abroad, and the
electric retailer must take advantage of it.
Don't lose another minute ; make your slogan
— "Buy early to relieve congestion ; buy elec-
trics to relieve worry and fatigue."

Electrical dealers, get your campaign under
way. People are going to buy at least as usual.
No one can give better value or satisfaction
than you.

Sell Electrical Gifts for Christmas

The illustration above suggests big possibilities in the way of Christmas advertising.

December 1. liilS

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

:^^-lW*^if^if$f9dm^/^^^ > . ^

-Cl^

,.>.^^

Kraft Cord "Braiduct'^

Afa</e in Canada under Canadian Patent No. 147,057

beh Jior T^t '""";"<^"^'':d 'r^'" .^" ^^--^^al photograph, and illustrates the
end n -1? , T"f '" '''•' "'^'^ test-perfect flexibility. A\e cut the

ends to show plainly the superior construction— note the high grade Canvas
Duck Lining and the IvR.\FT CORD winding. This KRAFT CORD iV made
to our own specihcations and is fire-proofed, which is entirely new

■ ^.^^^^ 5°^^ " BRAIDUCT " is in a class by itself-superior to any

durc^'trScuoir" ^"^^'""'^ ^'^^ '^'' -^'-' "^ «-^^^^ —"--'- --

^\e are now making our own insulating compounds, consequently every
lot will be uniform in flexibility, and every foot is fished at the factory

KRAFT CORD "BRAIDUCT" is easy to instal-easv to cut-easv to
secure, as it is made in our uwn country, and easy to buy, as our price is ri'o-ht

KRAFT CORD '• BRAIDUCT " is packed in heavy fibre boxes, e^ach
tra^s't° "'"^' ^^'^ "•^- '"'"'"'"§ P'"'^'''' '^§^'"^t d^'"=i8e i"

the ^n^t^?^""? "BRAIDUCT" is regularly inspected and labelled l.v
tilt Underwriters Laboratory under the direction of the National Board of
l<ire Underwriters and every coil carries their label.

^e will be glad to send you a sample.

The Flexible Conduit Co.

Guelph

Limited

Canada

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

December 1, I'JlS

Daum Refillable Plug Type Fuse

The illustration herewith shows a new refillable plug fuse
manufactured by A. F. Daum. This is made of porcelain, the
only metal being the fuse strip which is readily inserted a-
fresh when a fuse is blown. The company state that the Or-
iental Electric Industrial Corporation, of Hagoga, Japan,

have just completed negotiations for a sole license in Japan,
under the Daum patents. Mr. S. Mori, chief engineer for the
Corporation, was recently at the Daum plant getting details,
and stated that hitherto all fuses have been imported, and
that the company he represents will be the first to make
renewable fuses in the far East.

Victoria Electric Supply Co. Change of Address

The \'ictoria Electric Supply Company, jobbers of elec-
trical supplies and fixture parts, announce that they are re-
moving their business from l.'iT King Street, West, Toronto,
to the ground and first floors of the Nordheimer Building, 77
York Street, just south of King. The new premises are very
commodious and will admit of the more expeditious ship-
ment of goods and also will enable the company to carry a
more extensive stock of supplies. It is their intention to add
to their lines a varied assortment of glassware and a com-
plete line of automobile accessories.

Personals

Mr. Stanley Ebbett, of the New Brunswick Telephone
Company at Moncton, has been appointed superintendent of
traffic with headquarters at St. John.

Mr, F. T. Atkinson, district .superintendent for the New
Brunswick Telephone Company at Fredericton, N.B., has
been transferred to Moncton, succeeding Mr. Stanley Eb-
bett.

Mr. Frank Harris, formerly exchange manager for the
N. B. Telephone Company at Sackville, N.B.. has been ap-
pointed district superintendent with headquarters at Frederic-
ton.

Mr. C. F. Sise, general manager of the Bell Telephcnie
Company, has been elected vice-president of the company,
in succession to the late Mr. C. Cassils. He has been con-
nected with the telephone business during his entire com-
mercial life. After graduating as B.Sc. from McGill, he took
up the study of telephone engineering; was later made super-
intendent of toll lines of the Bell Telephone Company, and
in 1903 was appointed assistant superintendent of the com-
pany. Three years later he was made general superintend-
ent, and in 1911 general manager. His present title is vice-
president and general manager.

Messrs. F. H. Phippen and H. W. Harper have been ap-
pointed arbitrators in the matter of the demands of em-
ployees of the Toronto Street Railway Company. Mr. Phip-
pen will represent the company and Mr. Harper the men.

Current News and Notes

Fredericton, N.B.

The New Brunswick Telephone Company have com-
pleted a long distance line between Fredericton and Minto.

Grand Forks, B.C.

A tram line will be built at the Rock Candy Mine, Lynch
Creek, to connect with an extension of the Kettle Valley line
a couple of miles above Lynch Creek. The new line will be
a mile and a half in length.

London, Ont.

The city of London, Ont., recently applied to the Do-
minion Railway Board for permission to charge the Bell
Telephone Company a rental of 25 cents for each pole or
foot of underground conduit used in that city. The Rail-
way Board stated that the matter would require parliament-
ary legislation and as the Bell Telephone Company would
likely oppose the measure very strenuously, it is not likely
thai London will carry the subject further.

Montreal, Que.

The Shawinigan \\ater & Power Company have under
consideration the development of Gres Falls, on the St.
Maurice River. This water power was purchased from the
Union Bag & Paper Company, of New York.

With a capital of .$20,000, La Minoterie Moderne, Ltd.,
has been formed to take over the business of Laurin and
Frere, Charlemagne, P.Q., and to develop water powers in
the counties of L'Assomption, Montcalm, and Joliette.

The Dominion Bridge Company, Limited, Montreal, has
received an order for two 5 motor, 40 ton capacity, 60 foot
span electric travelling cranes from the British America
Nickel Corporation, Limited, at Sudbury, Ont. ■

Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que.

The Public Works Department, Ottawa, have awarded
the contract for the construction of a light and power trans-
mission line at St. Anne de Bellevue, I'.Q., to the Artistic
Brass Works Company, 250 Beaver Hall Hill, Montreal. The
line is in connection with a group of military hospital build-
ings recently erected. The price is $5,500.

St. Thomas, Ont.

It has been definitely decided that the track and equip-
ment of the London and Lake Erie Transportation Company
will be scrapped. The city of St. Thomas will be paid $:!,700
in settlement of back rental for the use of the city's tracks
and will allow the company to continue using the tracks for
haulins material until they cease operating.

Sherbrook^, Que.

The city of Sherbrooke, Que., has put into operation a
new transmission line from Weedon to Sherbrooke, thus
adding about 1,000 h.p. to the current available for manufac-
turers. The city purchased the property of the Two Miles
Falls Power Company, installed new transformers and built
the transmission line now in operation. A second unit is
being installed at Weedon.

Toronto, Ont.

In accordance with an order by the Ontario Railway
Board the Toronto Street Railway Company have taken on
about 300 new men and have added about 175 more cars to
the service. The Railway Board has ordered the company
to place in service every available car.

Electrical workers in Toronto and vicinity, who are said
iv be now 90 per cent, organized against 40 per cent, seven
months ago, are at present negotiating with employers for a
new wage schedule, The union and employers, it is under-
stood, are completely harmonious.

Deceinlier I, 111 is

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

PEIRCE

Presteel Brackets

354 138 254

Anchor Rods Eye Bolts

Cross Arm Braces
Turn Buckles Machine Bolts

all Hot Galvanized

Acme Stamping & Tool Works Ltd.

Hamilton, Ont.

The
EDEN
Electric
Washer

Good Profits — ^Easy Sales

are assured for the dealer who handles the
Eden Washing Machine. A first grade ma-
chine, that once sold, stays sold and brings
new customers.

Write for our proposition

Great West Electric Co., Limited

WINNIPEG

Distributors of Laco Tungsten and
Nitro Lamps

"The iTi.'tleiial of a thousand uses'

THE ANHYDROUS PHENOL RESIN COMPOUNDS

They excel in

Heat Resistance — Dielectric Strength — Mechanical

Strength — Accuracy of Dimensions

furnished in

sheets, tubes^ rods, granular, molding plastic,

impregnating liquids.

Write us for our catalog.

Redmanol Chemical Products Co.

676 West 22nd Street, CHICAGO

GALVANIZED STEEL

TOWERS AND POLES

The modern means
of supporting over-
head wires.

Power
Telephone

and

Trolley
Lines

We shall be pleased
to furnish designs
and estimates upon
request.

standard Tower of the Hydro
Electric Power Commission of Ontario

The Canadian Bridge Co., Limited

Walkerville, Ontario, Canada

Structural Steel of all Kinds
Montreal Office in New Birks Building.

Mica Insulation

We manufacture everything, including: —

Tubes, Motor Rings Washers,

Built Up Plate

Flexible-Mica Cloth and Paper

Raw Mica (cut or uncut)

Ground Mica

Mica Company of Canada, Ltd.

p. 0. Box 156, HULL, Quebec

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

December 1, Itils

Motor For Sale

\Vc have in stock for immediate delivery one
250 horse power, 3 phase, 01) cycle, 550 or 2200
volts, 000 amperes, R..P.M. Westinghouse form
M.S., mill type, squirrel cage induction motor,
complete with rails, starting coil and oil switch.
This motor is designed for dirt-ct connection,
but also equipped with special wooden pulleys
for belt diive. The motor has been entirely re-
wound and is as good as new. For further par-
ticulars wHte or wire Railway & Power Engi-
neering Corporation, 202 C. P. R. Rldg., Toionto.
or. Room 10, Windsor Hotel, Montreal. 2M

Electrical Contractors
Appliance Manufacturers

Advertiser would join new or established busi-
iiuss. 17 years electrical experience. Installa-
tion, purchasing, sales and factory management.
Would purchase interest in good jjroposition.

W. HERBERT TEES,
23 Bo.x 326, Ingersoll, Ont.

How Pennies in the Mail Sold Irons

You've got to hand it to tlie ladies !
The following letter was received by the
Westinghouse Company from Miss J. A.
Kerkof, Manager of the Seymour, In-
diana, Store, of the Interstate Public
Service Company :

"We are in receipt of some little- hook-
lets and folders from you which we con-
sider the most attractive and valuable
advertising helps. Please lind enclosed
sample letter whicli we are sending out
to a number of iron prospects with
which we are using your booklets."

With this letter came a small envelope,
just the proper size for enclosing folder,
'Labor Savers for the Home," for that is
the little booklet referred to by Miss
Kerkhofi'. And in each envelope with
the folder was a brand new penny. Ac-
companying this envelope with its folder
and penny was a letter that drove the
penny right through the folder and into
baby's bank, but not without bringing
the desired results:

"A l)ad penny always returns," says
the letter, "liut this is not a Imd penny,
and we don't want it returned. Keep it
tor luck, or put it in the liaby's bank."
1 hat's the introduction to the penny and
then the letter states that the penny was
sent for two reasons, one to pay for
reading the letter and the second lo
bring to the reader's attention the tre-
mendous power back of the penny. How
two of these little pennies each day
would pay for an ironing and how simple
It was to secure the iron by phoning
Miss Kerkhof.

And when tlie call came o\er the phone
she got there in a hurry. That is one
of the ways she has placed 725 irons m
the homes of 890 residence consumers.
Of course. Miss Kerkhof knew what tlic
ladies in Seymour were missing l)y not
ironing electrically and she didn't add
much to their pleasure until she had
them persuaded.

But we just ha\ e to hand it to the
ladies these war times, and we take our
hats off to Miss Kerkhof with 725 irons
out of 890 possibilities. — In "Contract."

PETRIE'S LIST

of New and Used MOTORS

FOR IMMEDIATE DELIVERY

.\o.

M.P.

Phase

Cycle

Voltf

Speed

Maker

l(J(i

550

4.S0

WestK.

51)

550

725

\Vest«.

220

1.50O

T. & 11.

3li

«0

220

720

Fbks.-.M.

2.5

220

045

Wesig.

i.50

1440

I. & M.

211

550

710

Westg.

1.-.

.550

140O

Lancashire

550

7:«»

Weslg.

■25

550

720

Westg.

.550

].50<l

Lang-Dav.

■••A

- 3

550

. 725

Westg.

OOO

7.50

C. G E.

«0

220

12oi>

T. & H.

550

1440

E.xcelsior

.»

550

140O

Excelsior

5.50

720

Westg.

5.50

1400

Excelsior

.'!

2.5

5.50

1.500

C. G. E.

."I

:'.

2.5

5.50

14IH)

Excelsior

2.5

5.50

14(HI

Excelsior

(ill

110

;i40O

Diehl

Writt U

1 Cor

Pricci

H. W. PETRIE, Limited

Front St. We«t - Toronto, Ont.

KOFFICt,
OOURT HOUSE S

oaussroREFiniNcs.

Rubber Covered Wires and Cables

FOR POWER, LIGHT AND TELEPHONE WORK

Incandescent Lamp Cord, Flexible Switchboard Cables, Special Cords and

Cables for all kinds of Electrical Work.

Prompt Shipments from Canadian Factory.

BOSTON INSULATED WIRE & CABLE CO., Limited

Canadian Office and Factory, HAMILTON, ONT-

i^ FISHER ELECTRIC CO.

43 Britain Street, TORONTO

New and Used Machinery

MOTORS GENERATORS
TRANSFORMERS

WRITE US WHAT YOU WANT TO BUY OR SELL
Large Stock Carried

Ndrthern Aluminum Co., Ltd.

1305 Traders Bank Building
TORONTO, ONT.

Manufacturers of Aluminum

Ingot, Sheet, Tubing, Wire, Rod, Rivets,
Moulding, Extruded Shapes, also

Electrical Conductors
all Aluminum and Steel Reinforced

Litot Aluminum Solders and Flux

will solder aluminum to itself or other metals

WRITE FOR INFORMATION

Dci-enilier 1.". iniS

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

m^^^M

G«nemticin, Transmission and AppGcotion of ElecJtndty ' ' "

Published Semi-Monthly By

HUGH G. MACLEAN, LIMITED

HUGH C. MacLEAN, Winnipeg, President.
THOMAS S. YOUNG, General Manager.
W. R. CARR, Ph.D., Editor.
HEAD OFFICE - 347 Adelaide Street West, TORONTO
Telephone A. 2700

MONTREAL - Telephone Main 2299 - 119 Board of Trade
WINNIPEG - Tel. Garry 85G - Electric Railway Chambers
VANCOUVER - Tel. Seymour 3013 - Winch Building
NEW YORK - Tel. 3108 Beekman - 1123 Tribune Building
CHICAGO - Tel. Harrison 5351 - 1413 Gt. Northern Bldg.
LONDON, ENG. 16 Regent Street S.W.

SUBSCRIBERS

Subscribers are requested to promptly notify the publishers of failure
or delay in delivery of paper.

Authorized by the Postmaster General for Canada, for transmissio^^ ■
as second class matter.

Entered as second class matter July 18th, 1914, at the Postoffice at
Buffalo, N. Y., under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

Vol. ay

Toronto, December 15, 1918

No. 24

Are Canadian Members of International Joint
Commission Sufficiently Alert to
Dominion's Interests i,

In accordance with usual practice the International Joint
Commission has published an opinion in support of its in-
terim order in the St. Lawrence River power case, referred to
in our issues of September 15 and October 1. This opinion
w-as prepared by Mr. Justice Mignault of the Supreme Court
of Canada, and outlines the history and scope of the applica-
tion, describes the locality, analyzes the evidence submitted
regarding the effect of the proposed submerged weir, and
so on.

Treating first the jurisdiction of the Commission to deal
with this matter, the report advances a number of arguments
from which the conclusion is drawn that "this sufficiently dis-
poses of the objection that the Commission is without juris-
diction, which objection, in the opinion of the Commission,
is groundless."

Referring then to the matter of a decision regarding the
erection of the weir itself. Mr. Justice Mignault notes that
too short a period of time was allowed in which to consider
the matter from all sides. "A sudden emergency." he said,
"had arisen." and he argues that the order is so framed that
"no rights of either country or t>f any of its citizens can pos-
sibly be jeopardized by its action" since "the submerged weir
is approved 'merely' for a term of five years or until the
duration of the present war, whichever shall last occur." He
does not think there is any ground for the fear expressed by

Hon. .Mr. Gulluic, that "if il goes in it will nc\Li loim out,"
although douljti'ess Mr. Justice Mignault is fully aware of
the conditions existing, for example, at Niagara Falls, where
the cry of "vested rights" in the United States has made it
impossiljle to rcc'all electricity developed on the Canadian
side and exported to the States, though the exigencies due to
war demands have made it just as urgent, doubtless, as have
the requirements of aluminilirii for which the weir in question
is being constructed. '

There is one point t'oo that Mr. Justice Mignault seems
to almost studiously avoid. That is the fact that the work
for the weir was well on towards completion before any ap-
plication was made to the Joint Commission. This fact is
called attention to in a paper by Mr. A. V. White, printed in
our issue of December 1. in which he used these words:

"The St. Lawrence River Power Company is a
subsidiary company of the Aluminium Company of
.Vmerica, which, amongst other activities, operates a
large aluminum-producing plant at Massena, N. Y. The
St. Lawrence River Power Company desired to con-
struct works in the St. Lawrence which would, so far
as possible, remove ice difficulties which affected their
winter output. 25 feet deep liy 150 feet wide, in the bed
of the St. Lawrence River. Complementary to this
excavation there was to be a large boom held by rock-
filled criljs. some 30 feet square, sunk in the St. Law-
rence River. Below the dredged channel just referred
to. there was also to be constructed in what is known
as the South Sault Channel — that is. the passage near-
est the United States shore — a 'submerged weir.' which
actually is a large submerged dam. The work of chan-
nel excavation was undertaken and practically complet-
ed under permit from the United States War Depart-
ment, without the matter in any way being brought tc
the official attention of the Canadian authorities."
If the jurisdiction of the Joint Comtiiission covers this
matter, why were they not awake to the fact that treaty obli-
gations were not, being observed by the United States? Surely
this Commission is very much to blame that a work of this
nature could go on without their having knowledge of it.

■ As it turns out, the war is over before the weir is com-
pleted and the Commission haye merely given the St. Law-
rence Power Company a gift,-;..fpr five years, of whatever ad-
vantage the weir, may proyx fo them in developing their in-
dustries. Surely there is'a limit. to liberality.

On both these counts we cannot see but that the Canad-
ian members of the Joint Waterways Commission were guilty
of being over-ruled, (perhaps over-awed), by the powerful
interests against which they were supposed to be contending
for Canada's interests.

Canadian Reconstruction

The Canadian Reconstruction Association. Sir John Wil-
lison. president, are publishing a number of valuable pamph-
lets on various phases of reconstruction work, one of the'
most valuable of which deals vi-ith the organization prepar-
ations that Great Britain is putting forth.

Organization, co-operation and combination are the guid-
ing principles in the remarkable preparations which Great
Britain is making for reconstruction. In the industrial,
commercial and financial world the coinmon impulse is to-
wards the close association of banking, trade and business
interests. A new industrial machinery is being created, so
constructed that Great Britain will be able to maintain and
improve its commercial position in the face of intense and
highly organized competition.

The United Kingdom is considering changes in economic
policy which may have far-reaching influences on world af-
fairs. It is correcting surely the mistaken policies of the

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Deccmlier !.">. mis

past which left it dependent upon other countries for essen-
tial commodities. Not only are new basic industries being
established. The impetus lent to land cultivation by govern-
ment and public activity has gone far to correct the depend-
ence of the United Kingdom upon other countries for food-
stuffs. It is estimated that for this year sufificient food will
be produced to feed the population for 40 weeks as against
provision for 10 weeks before the war. The area under
wheat is now one and a half times what it was in 1914. The
supply of home grown cereals in 1917 was more than 850,000
tons greater than the previous year, and the potato crop
showed an increase of 3.000,000 tons. By the middle of Feb-
ruary this year some 1,300,000 fresh acres had been brought
under the plow in addition to the fresh acreage recorded in
1917. At the end of May, the Director-General of Food
Production for England and Wales published an interim re-
port on the result of the year's campaign for increasing home
grown supplies. It estimated that the area of land under
corn crops this year in the United Kingdom will be more than
four million acres
greater than that of ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

and that the acre- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
age under potatoes in
England and Wales
alone will be .'50 per
cent, larger than in
1916. Both these fig-
ures would constitute a
record in the history of
British a g r i c u 1 t u re
They do not take into
account the produce of
allotments and private
gardens, of which the
former have increased
in England and Wales
by not less than 800,-
000 since 1916. Much
of the greatly increased
production is due to
the work of women;
:)16,000 being employed
on the land, of whom
:>00,000 are village wo-
men, and 16,000 in the
land army. Indeed,

only agricultural

not

but industrial and na-
tional life have been

effected by women war workers who are now estimated to to-
tal 4.500,000, of whom nearly 1.500,000 are doing men's work.
Xo fewer than 1,000,000 are employed on munitions, while
many thousands are to be found in banks and financial insti-
tutions, stores, shops, railway employment and other occu-
pations.

The pamphlet deals with various phases of industrial
life under the following headings: — industrial policy, raw
materials, combination urged, greater markets, general trade
policy, export trade plans, metal bank authorized, organiza-
tion of reconstruction committees, scientific research, bank
amalgamations, fiscal policy, necessity for tariff, j)rQtection
advised, imperial preference.

This is the first of the series to be issued by the Canadian
Reconstruction .\ssociation, dealing with measurej being
taken in other countries to meet after-war conditiopg. The
signing of the peace agreement will undoubtedly be followed
by a period of intense commercial rivalry. In Gre^t Britain,
the United States, France, Japan, etc., co-operation:i)od com-
bmation are the guiding principles of the preparations which

financial, industrial and business interests are making with
their governments for the coming trade struggle. It is essen-
tial that like preparations and like co-operation should be
pushed forward in Canada without delay.

Montreal Electrical Luncheons

Mr. W. G. Mitchell, described the natural resources, cli-
matic characteristics and trade possibilities of Siberia at the
Montreal Electrical Luncheon, on November 27. Siberia is
just now in the public eye and Mr. Mitchell, who has just re-
turned to Montreal, after two years in European and Asiatic
Russia, was able to give a large amount of information as to
that comparatively little known country. He remarked that
the natural resources and physical features were almost iden-
tical with those of Canada, but there was this great diflference
— Siberia had no water powers, so that hydro-electric de-
velopments like we possess are impossible. The climate was
perhaps a little more severe than in Canada; the summer

temperature averaged
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 70 degrees and some-

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ to 105 de-

grees, and in winter the
average was 10 degrees
below zero.

There were no limits
to the mining possi-
bilities, the deposits of
coal, copper and gold
being enormous. Lum-
lier and fur were also
great assets; the coun-
try had very large sup-
plies of pine, spruce
maple, birch, walnut
and oak. In his opin-
ion Siberia has a fine
future — its possibilities
could not be exagger-
ated.

"Electricity and Sur-
gery" was the subject
of a talk by Dr. G.
Fisk. at the Montreal
Electrical Luncheon, on
December 4th. It was
I^H^K^g^^B^H^^^B^K^^HK iuformativc

speech, touched with
incidents which had
come under the doctor's observation. He referred to the
great landmarks in the history of surgery, the discovery
of anesthetics, the antiseptic and aseptic treatments, and
the last, the important part which electricity was playing
in surgery. In this connection Dr. Fisk alluded to the use of
the X-rays in diagnosis, and also described the mercury
vapour lamp, which was being used in sterilizing the skin,
in skin diseases, in improving nutrition, curing rodent ulcer,
and in cleansing infected wounds. The ultra violet rays.
X-rays, and radium rays stood in the order named as regards
intensity, and here, as in the case of the Hertzian waves, there
were vast fields for investigation by electricians. Electrical
heat was also being extensively employed in surgery. Mas-
sage had come into its own during the war and should be em-
ployed in combination with electricity.

Dr. Fisk concluded with a consideration of w-hat he term-
ed the greatest force of alh the electro-magnetic force of
human personality, which was so freely cultivated in the East.
Western men had the faculty of devising machinery, but little
skill in cultivating the mental power.

Teat

I1e.-crnl.cr l.i. inis

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Britain's Effort in the War

On Friihi}'. Xnvcnilu r il. ilic l-'Icclrio riuh (pf Toronto, was
lioiiorcd by liavins as its guest and speaker, Hon. Dr. Cody,
Minister of Education for the ],''rovince of Ontario, vvlio lias
recently returned from a visit to the Old I^and and the l)attle-
fields of France and Flanders. Dr. Cody spoke on Britain's
elTort in the war, and seldom, if ever, we are sure, lias tlie
dull listened to as inspiring or gripping an address.

There was no need for apology, said Dr. Cody, for
speakin.g to a group of electrical men on the subject of war,
for the war could never have been waged as it has been with-
out electricity. The development of artillery fire to its
present efficiency and its co-ordination with infantry advance
would have been impossible without electricity. By its use
the headquarter's staflf is advised, within a few minutes, of the
happenin.gs up and down the line. The submarine is directly
the result of electrical appliances. And so, from the motor
lorry up to the aeroplane, we find that electricity has played
a tremendous part. Indeed, the present struggle is a warfare
of gasoline and electricity.

Dr. Cody said he would not stop to speak of the achieve-
ments of the Canadian corps, e.xcept to say that .it was ex-
celled by no corps on the Western front. Everywhere, too,
Canadians were found occupying places of distinction in other
British armies. Col. Chas. H. Mitchell was possibly the best
intelligence officer in the whole army. Col. W. G. MacKen-
drick had won himself high distinction as a road builder.
Gen. Ed, Morrison, of Ottawa, formerly a newspaper man,
was one of the foremost artillery officers on the western
front, as was also Professor McNaughton, of McGil! Uni-
versity, who, it was said, had been instrumental in practically
revolutionizing artillery practice in that field. General Ross,
of Kingston, a medical man, was offered the position of Chief
Medical Director of the Fifth British .\rmy. .A.nd so, every-
where, Canadians were holding positions of honor.

But it was of what the old Mother Land had done that he
wished to speak, because there had been most insiduous
propaganda- on this continent that England would fight to the
last Canadian, or to the last Australian.

The eiTort of the Motherland could be divided into three
elements — the effort of the army in the field, the effort of the
army at home, and the effort of that power, so salient and
seemingly remote, but at the same time omnipotent, the
British navy.

Regarding the British army, it was interesting to note
that 75 per cent, of the total was supplied from the United
Kingdom, while 12 per cent, came from the Overseas Domin-
ions, and 13 per cent, from India. When we begin to analyze
the contribution of the United Kingdom, we find that Eng-
land gave 60 per cent., Scotland, 8 per cent., W'ales, 3 per
cent, and Ireland 2. So in point of the number of men who
have borne their part in the struggle, the Motherland has
given her share. Leaving out India, and including only white
troops, there came from the LTnited Kingdom 85 per cent,
of the men raised and the casualties were 86 per cent, of the
total, while we overseas recruited 15 per cent., and our cas-
ualties were about 14 per cent. Therefore it is not fair to
say that England would fight to the last Canadian, when one
thinks of the array she raised — up to the end of 1917, seven
and a half millions, and up till August, 1918, eight and a half
millions. That army at the beginning was small, but that
little force of 160,000 men was the most highly trained in the
world; none were so perfect in discipline and endurance. It
was by a wonderful feat of transport that they were landed
in France in two weeks. Eighty thousand of them were
thrown in at Mons against two German army corps, later

augmented by three additional army corps, and supported by
innumerable artillery. They were out-numbered and uut-
guiincd anil tlicy had to retire, fighting grimly all the way.
.\t Le Cate.iu, they fought a rear-guard action under General
Smith-Dorrien and gave the Germans a beating, making it
possible to retreat in good order to tlie Marne. It was the
endurance of tliat little British army that made the victory of
the Marne possible. ,\t .\lons, too, the British army won
glory enough to last for ;in eternity, but no more was said
about it in the British papers than might have been said about
a sham battle on Salisbury Plains. Then there was the first
battle of Vpres in the terrible Ypres salient, perhaps the
worst part of the whole western front, and in that winter the
first British army held the Germans while Kitchener's first
hundred thousand were in training, against tremendous odds,
fighting at times spaced ten to tv/enty feet apart. "Do not,
on this continent of eflfervescencc and advertising, let us mis-
understand what the race from which we are sprung has
done."

Wide Scope of British Activities

British troops have carried on campaigns not only in
France and Flanders, but in Italy, in Egypt, in Palestine,
in Mesopotamia, in the Balkans and in Persia, and at Arch-
angel, too, they landed a force to save from the Germans and
the Bolsheviki, stores which rightly belonged to the Allies,
besides the operations which conquered the Germans in
East and South-West Africa. All over the world the Bri-
tish army has waged its conflicts, sometimes, indeed, with
reverses, but while Britain may lose battles, she does not
lose campaigns. The battle she always wins, historically,
is the last battle, and -and if the armistice had not been
signed at the time it was, the whole Geramn army, prac-
tically, would have I)een forced to surrender, but Foch did
not cherish the desire, or at least, did not urge the point
to win the most brilliant and striking victory in the field
in the long course of miliary achievement. He gave up that
victory that he mi,ght spare the lives of his men. when he
secured the same result in a less costly and sjjectacular
manner.

The army in the field was made possible by the army
at home. First of all Britain found that she w^as hopelessly
unprepared in guns and munitions. We were firing shrap-
nel until May, 1915, when it was found that only high e.x-
plosive shells would do the work. Then Lloyd-George took
hold of the Ministry of Munitions, reorganized it and put
some of his own energy and enthusiasm into it. That was the
turning point of the war on land; government arsenals mul-
tiplied apace, privat* concerns all over the country took up
the manufacture of munitions, and controlled industries in
which the government was a partner increased a hundred
fold. Perhaps the most marvellous of all the plants created
was that at Gretna Green, the largest cordite factory in the
world. This whole plant, including two towns within its
confines, extends for a length of about ten miles, and of its
working force, possibly 90 per cent, are women and girls.

How was this triumph attained so that Britain had shells
enough and to spare. It was the British .genius for organi-
zation— a genius of which we thought Germany had a mon-
opoly— the big.gest mistake we ever made — that made it pos-
sible in the first place. The other explanation was the spirit
of the British women. \\'omen of high degrees and low
degrees and no degrees at all. went in and worked like
daughters of Titan, carrying out operations of which one
could not have believed them capable.

And as to finance, Britain, in the first year of the war.
financed her overseas Dominions to the tune of one billion
dollars, and she has financed her allies on the continent to
the extent of eight or nine billions. Her war debt, when all
is over, it is estimated, will be 50 billions. When her debt

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Decemlier T"), mis

was 1)5 billions she had raised 35 or 26 billions by loans,
and 9 billions by taxes. Britain has been paying taxes that
would make us turn pale or shoot the tax collector.

Then, what about the ration ? Her people endured the
most rigorous ration that there might be space in British
ships for American troops. The pasture land, much to their
disadvantage, was used for the production of wheat that
France and Italy might be fed. Fifty per cent, of France's
coal supply came from Britain, and she lent to France one
million tons of shipping. She was the carrier, clothier and
universal provider of her continental allies.

The Grand Fleet

Then there was the third great contribution that Bri-
tain made. Dr. Cody said that even after he had been all
the way through the five British armies and had seen the
great munition plants and aerodromes, he still felt that there
yet remained the climax of it all. So he hied him to the old
city of Edinburgh and down the Firth of the Forth, and
there he saw stretching for twenty-five miles out to sea, the
Grand Fleet. We cannot reproduce in print the word-pic-
ture which Dr. Cody drew of this great sight. There were
the mighty super-dreadnaughts, like the Queen Elizabeth,
Admiral Beatty's flag-ship, and the Iron Duke, which had
been Admiral Jellicoe's flag-ship; there were the Malaya
and the New Zealander, which had been contributed liy the
countries of which they bore the name; there were battle-
cruisers, like H.M.S. Lion, which had been Ijattered in the
Tutland fight; there were newer and lighter battle cruisers,
which had sacrificed armament for speed — ships whose bows
cut the waves like razors; and there were the indomitable
little destroyers. At such a sight, one thought of what sea
power had meant to the world, of how empires had fallen
when they had lost control. One thought of the Armada,
and of Napoleon, and then of him — what shall we call him?
—William the Last. On every occasion it was sea power
that counted most, and so far as Europe was concerned, it
was British sea power that kejit the ocean free. This has
made it impossible for German battleships to iirey on the
commerce of the world, has made it possilde for 20 millions
of British troops to be conveyed, back and forth, to the bat-
tlefields. This was the fleet that was responsible for the car-
rying of supplies, which baffled the German efifort to choke
the Allies by her submarine warfare, which convoyed two
million Americans to the battle area. It was the fleet that
sounded the knell of German domination. Britain held her
dominion on the seas and by the seas, said Dr. Cody, and
she will not, please God, forego her ri^ht and her privilege
to maintain her supremacy on the sea. For "The sea is His
and He made it," and can we not reverently add, "and Bri-
tain has kept it free."

Another Big Night for the Toronto Section of
the A. I. E. E.

More than one hundred and twenty members and friends
of the Toronto Institute of Electrical Engineers attended a
meeting at the University of Toronto on Friday, December
0, to hear an address by Dr. Saul Dushman. Not only did
the Toronto membership turn out in force, together with a
number of professors and students of the School of Practical
Science, but at least half a dozen ladies were present, at-
tracted by what proved to be a most fascinating address de-
livered in inimitable style. Dr. Dushman selected for his
subject 'Some Recent Applications of the Electron Theory,"
and although his main intention was to deal with the develop-
ment of the kenotron and other hot cathode apparatus, he
began his talk with a resume of the whole field of vacuum and
Rontgen tube research, which has occupied such advanced
scientists as Crookes, Thomson, Ramsay and others. Great

improvements in the means of exhaustion have provided
much greater degrees of vacuum than the early investigator.*
ever dreamed of, and at the same time the practical applica-
tions of the electron theory have been widely increased.

The kenotron is a vacuum tube having its cathode heat-
ed by a local battery circuit and has been used by the thous-
and by the United States Government for the equipment of
aeroplanes as part of their wireless plant. The instrument
itself provides a convenient rectifier and source of high volt-
age direct current. The well-known Cottrell process of
smoke precipitation by electronic discharge employs a group
of kenotrons as its .power plant. Some photographs taken
of a roundhouse of the P. & R. Ry. at Philadelphia showed
in remarkable fashion the effect of this plant in clearing
smoke.

The apparatus which Dr. Dushman brought up vvitli him
from the General Electric laboratory at Schenectady enabled
a number of interesting demonstrations to be made which
quite substantiated the laws believed to govern the current
discharge from a hot cathode with different temperatures
and voltages. Furthermore,, many slides which were shown
on the screen heJped to make the treatment of the subject
most complete and compreliensible to the layman.

It is a tribute to the importafice of the Toronto Section
that a physicist of Dr. Dnsliman's standing should take the
trouble to make a six hundred mile trip in winter for the
purpose of addressing a Section meeting. Nevertheless, elec-
trical engineering is perhaps the most active and important
])rofession in Ontario, and the suggestion that Canadian elec-
trical engineers should have their own technical institute,
which has been heard in several places, has been voiced not
without reason.

On January 17, 1!)19. the next meeting of the Toronto
Section will be held in the Engineers' Club, when the privilege
of an address from Mr. Roland C. Harris, Chief Commissioner
of Works, will again bring the members together. Conimis-
sicnier Harris has promised to talk about civic engineering
in general and some engineering features of "The Bloor Street
\'iaduct" in particular.

Coal Consumption in Electric Plants

The Hydro-electric Pnwer Commsision of Ontariu liave
issued a report on the rate of coal consumption in various
electric generating stations and industrial establishments in
Canada and the United States. The basic data for this re-
search has been selected only from those relating to such
electric power stations as use coal for fuel and which use
i! entirely for generating steam. Special effort has been
made to eliminate all factors which would in any wise be
irrelevant to the purpose in hand. Thus, all stations which,
in part, use wood, oil or fuel other than coal; stations using
producer gas and those employed for standby or auxiliary
purposes, have been disregarded. Most of the figures given
are averages for the past five years and average figures for
different sizes of stations have been deduced therefrom. The
report contains a quantity of tables, curves and charts.

Mr, J. E. .\ldred, president of the Shawinigan Water and
Power Company, states that they are closing the biggesf year
in their history so far as volume of business is concerned.
While the actual figures have not been made public it is said
they will be entirely satisfactory to the shareholders.

The Matauc Lumber and Development Company, in-
corporated with a capital of two million dollars, takes very
wide powers, including the acquisition in the counties of Ma-
lane, Rimouski, Gaspe and Bonaventure, P.Q.. of water
powers and the right to generate, distribute, and employ
electric power.

December 15. ini5

THK i: l.l'CrKKAI. .\KW>

1805

1918

Admiral Lord Nelson

HISTORY'S greatest sea spectacle in 1918 came within
thirty days of the anniversary of the world's greatest
sea battle. Trafalgar was the world's greatest sea fight
because it marked the coming downfall of one more despct
of mankind. Napoleon failed to ir.ake Paris the Capital of
all Europe becau'e he never could invade England. The
l.ttle £uns that hurled cannon-balls from the "Victory" in
1805 were the fore-echo of the guns of Waterloo in 1315. and
of the silent surrender of the Kaiser-navy 103 years later.
Had Nelson never flung his fleet of wooden tubs from the
forests of England at the ships of France and Spain, Well-
ington's great little armies might as well never have
marched. We read that in the action at Trafalgar the four
ships " Victory." '* Temcraire," " Redoubtable " and "Fou-
geux" fought so close that they made almost a single deck.
Sabre and musket, man to man they fought, and there was
Nelson in the midst of them, as he always was. From the
mast of the "Victory" still fluttered in the smoke the rags
of that immortalizing signal, " England expects that every
man this day will do his duty." When Nelson spoke in
the name of England it was with a passion that not to obey
him was not to know the glory of duty. Master of naval
strategy and tactics, he never had time to write a book
about it, because he was too busy fighting for England.
He knew nothing of politics, like Wellington ; nor cf state-
craft, like Napoleon, But he knew the swish of the sea,
the roar of the guns, the coast-lines of Europe from the
Baltic round to the Aegean ; and wherever he went — after
whatever enemy — sailor, daredevil fighter, poet in action,
terrible and beloved, he carried with him like a song, "Eng-
land, My England." Trafalgar was his last word to Napo-
leon that England must conquer because she could not be
invaded.

"Mighty seaman, this is he, — was great on land as thou
by sea," wrote Tennyson in his Ode to Wellington. A mus-
ket ball from the crosstrees of the "Redoubtable" killed Nel-
son. But the death of Nelson was the life of England and
duty, as Trafalgar was the first sure sign in 1805 of the
liberation of all Europe.

I IT. M.S. "Victory"

Admiral Sir David Beatty

THREE times in four years he had fought them. He had
hoped to fight them again — and to a finish. But here
in the North Sea, November 21. 1313. was the finish
without the fight. Seventy-one Kaiser-ships of the line
steaming up the lane of a great nation's navy. Five hun-
dred great guns — any of them at ten miles could have riddled
all Nelson's fleet of tubs in 1805 — Never a shot! It was his
answer to that day when the High Seas Fleet put to the
North Sea in 1914 with the King's message. "Capture or
destroy the enemy." Perhaps he remembered that twenty
days afterwards; he potted five German cruisers off Heligo-
land; and then he began to wait, prowling in the fog, look-
ing for more ships from Kiel — till on January £4th. 1915, he
sank the "Bluecher" and smas'.ied the "Seydlitz" and the
"Derfiinger" in that IDO-mile run — back to Heligoland, when
all the "Lion's" gunners had to aim at was a target of fun-
nel-tops and smoke, the size of a threepenny bit. One year
and three months more he waited; till May 31. 1916. v/hen
in the battle of Jutland the Rear- Admiral's Fleet came at
the bulk of the Kaiser-navy that ran when JelUcoe's supports
cam.e up — back to Heligoland. Rear-Admiral became Com-
mander-in-Chief and waited again ; shuffiing his great mys-
tery fleet back and forth in Scandinavian mistr. nobody un-
officially knew where — till ti:e morning of November 21st,
1913, he put to sea in the "Queen Elizabeth." What a sight
greeted him! The dark-grey lines of the Invincible Navy in
the smoke ; the six-mile lane; the fo,:^ lifting ; and out of
the low mist from the region cf Heligoland they came —
abjectly to surrender!

It was "Der Tag" Dead March of the Kaiser-navy; more
magnificent in its fitting humiliation to a degenerate race
than any surrender of an array. Never a shot, nor a shell,
nor a shout. In a great grey silence of miles of monster
ships the Kaiser's ensign was hauled down and the sullen
sea drama was over. Was Beatty happy? Heaven knows.
Three times he had fought 'em, doing his bit to bring one
more despot of Europe to his knees. He had hoped to fight
'em again. Here was the finish without the fight. What a
finish!

H.M.S. "Queen Elizabeth" i
I

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

December 15, ini8

45,000 Kw. Cross-Compound Steam Turbine

Separate High-Pressure (Single Flow) and -Low-Pressure (Double Flow) Elements

Each Coupled to Its Own Generator

Thc-re has recently been put hi service in the Brunuls
Island power station of The Duquesne Light Company, at
Pittsburg, a 4.5,000 kw. cross-compound turbine-generator unit
which is described in the Electric Journal. The cross-com-
pound idea is not new, of course, even in steam turbine prac-
tice, a most successful example being the three 30,000 kw. units
which have been in operation for some years in the 74th street
power station of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company,
New York, while in the same power s.tation has just been
installed the largest turbine yet constructed, a three-cylinder,
cross-compound unit of 70,000 kw. capacity.

This new 45,000 kw. Pittsburg unit consists of separate
high and low-pressure elements, each coupled directly to its
own generator. The high-pressure element is a single-flow,
reaction-type turbine, running at 1,800 r.p.m. and expanding
to atmosphere. The low-pressure element is a double-flow
turbine of the same type, running at 1.200 r.p.m. and expand-
ing to vacuum.

The reason for dividing a large capacity turbine into two
or three elements running at different speeds is obvious. A
certain quantity of steam has to be passed, which may in-
crease in volume one hundred and fifty times, lu-lween inlet
and exhaust, and drop five hundred degrees in temperature.
This means beginning with very short blades on a small
drum and ending with very long blades on a large drum. If
these are all put on one spindle it is inevitable that consider-
able compromise must be made at the extreme ends, with a
resultant loss in efficiency: and furthermore, the wide range of
temperature in the same cylinder may cause troublesome dis-
tortions. With the use of two or more cylinders, the expan-
sion is divided, making it unnecessary to resort to a com-
promise in blading distribution or velocities. The high tem-
perature can be confined to one cylinder of smaller size and
simpler construction, and not endanger the necessarily large
size low-pressure sections. This may result in a more expen-
sive construction, but is warranted by a greater efficiency
and dependability.

Steam is supplied through a 34 inch main to the high-
pressure turbine. It pa.-ses first through an automatic throt-
tle valve, a steam strainer, and a governor controlled primary
valve, and then enters the high-pressure cylinder from be-
low. The steam chest, strainer, etc., are spring supported
and are carefully aligned to remove the possibility of outside
forces being exerted on the turbine cylinder, sufficient to cause
distortions when the parts are expanding and contracting
under load. Steam is exhausted from the opposite end of the
high-pressure cylinder at about atmospheric pressure, when
running at full load. The exhaust steam from the high-pres-
sure cylinder passes into a cast iron overhead receiver pipe,
which leads to the center of the low-pressure turbine where
it divides, flowing either way into surface condensers below.

In connection with the marked increase in the capacity of
steam turbines of late years, it is interesting to note that the
size of the turbine has not increased in proportion to its ca-
pacity, owing to the development of the high-speed alternat-
ing-current generator; whereas the steam pipes have propor-
tionately increased. This presents the problem of so arrang-
ing the header, that it will have a maximum flexibility at the
point of contact with the turbine, and will not disturb the
alignment or distort the cylinder by its expansion or con-
traction.

A 66 inch gate valve is located in the receiver pipe mid-

way between the two turbines, for the purpose of isolating the
one from the other in case of a shut down. Provision is made
for the valve to be closed automatically in case either element
should get into difiiculty, and the necessity arise for its im-
mediate removal from the line, without disturbing the other.
This is accomplished by a specially equipped governor on the
low-pressure turbine, which will be described later.

The turbine is designed to operate with 300 lbs. gauge
sleam pressure. 200 degrees superheat at the thrott'e, and an
absolute pressure in the exhaust of one inch of mercury. The
pressure in the receiver pipe is 12 lbs. absolute at 30,000 kw.
The generators are each 23,600 kv,a., three-phase, GO cycles,
excitation being provided separately, .A double condenser is
provided containing 28,000 sq. ft, cooling surface in each shell
and capable of maintaining a 29 inch vacuum with a load of
35,000 kw. and 60 degrees cooling water.
Flexibility in Operation.

This big unit is not radically diflferent from the others
of the same type. A distinctly new feature is the automatic
device for cutting out either turbine if, for any reason, its
immediate removal from service becomes necessary. By this
means all the economic advantages of a 4.5,000 kw. machine
are obtained with the flexibility of a 22„5O0 kw. that is. it is
necessary to carry in reserve only 22.,500 kw. rather than
45.000, as would be the case if it were a single cylinder or
tandem machine. Each turbine and generator rotor is sup-
ported in its own bearings, so that four bearings are required
for each element. They are heavy cast iron shells lined with
babbitt and split horizontally, the upper half fitting into the
lower, to prevent any side movement between the two halves.
The bearings are self-aligned, being supported on spherical
keys with sheet metal liners of definite thickness underneath,
for horizontal or vertical adjustment. Oil for lubrication is

Fig. 1 — Section through high-pressure single-flow turbine

admitted to the bearing casing at the bottom, is conducted
through internal pipes to the top and distributed over the
length of the journal through an oil groove. The sides of the
bearing are eccentrically relieved for a space of about 35
degrees above and below the center line, to within an inch of
eadi end, thus providing a reservoir of oil along each side.
The journal is thus supported on an arc of about 110 degrees.
It has a peripheral speed of 75 feet , per second and a pressure
of no lbs. per sq. in. on the projected area of the bearing.

Both turbines are equipped with Kingslniry thrust bear-
uisrs capable of taking load in either direction, thoiigh when

Deceml)er 1."). lillS

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

running tlu- thrust is toward tlic generator. UiidtM- normal
operation they are loaded .to about :iOO lbs. per sq. in., but
fare capable of safely carrying twice as much. The peripheral
5])eed is about 100 feet per second. These bearings arc not
only immersed in oil. but are supplied with a circulation of
fresh oil through internal passages which deliver it nearer
the shaft. The couplings are of the flexible pin type, pro-
viding sufficient flexibility to take care of any ordinary mis-
;.lignment due to improper setting or to deflection of shafts.

The shafts are sealed with a water-gland which operates
on the principle of a centrifugal pump, maintaining a water
seal with a head greater than atmosphere, thus preventing air
from leaking through the water filled chamber and into the
exhaust. A steam seal is provided in an additional chamber
along side the one in which the paddle wheel revolves, into
which steam is admitted at a pressure of about five pound
gauge, or a little above atmospheric pressure when starting
up. This prevents air from leaking through the gland into the
turbine while it is being brought up to speed or until the
gland becomes operative. When running the steam is turn-
ed ofif.

The high-pressure turbine is of the single-flow reaction
type. The entire cylinder or casing except the exhaust end
is made of cast steel. The internal blade rings are separate
and bolted in place.

High-pressure steam is admitted to the cylinder from
below through the primary inlet, as shown in Fig. 1. It
passes through the successive rows of blades and out through
an overload exhaust to the low-pressure turbine. This par-
ticular turbine is arranged to carry 30,000 kw. on the primary
valve with 175 lbs. steam and 100 degrees superheat at the
throttle and 28. .5 inches vacuum in the exhaust. For a load
between 30,000 and 40,000 kw. steam is admitted through the
secondary valve, thus by-passing the first five rows of four
inch blades and entering the second stage which has five inch
blades. This gives greater capacity but at a reduced effici-
ency. Similarly for loads above 40.000 kw. steam is admitted
directly to the third stage, starting with six inch blades. The
limit of capacity is approximately 50,000 kilowatts.

There are 24 moving and the same number of stationary
rows of blades in the high-pressure turbine, beginning with
four inch blades one inch wide on a 36 inch drum and ending
with 10.5 inch blades 1.35 inch wide on a 50 inch drum.

The rotor is composed of three main parts, the body and
two ends, besides which there are two blade rings on one end
and two dummy rings on the other. The ends are pressed
into the body on long taper fits and secured by tee-headed
shrink links, making a thoroughly secure and rigid construc-
tion with a calculated deflection at the center of not over
seven thousandths inch and a critical speed of 2,300 r.p.m.
The normal speed being 1,800, there is left an ample margin to
insure smooth running when properly balanced.

Low Pressure Turbine

The low-pressure turbine is of the double-flow type as
shown in Fig. 2. Steam enters the center section and flows
both ways, passing through eight rotating and eight station-
ary rows in each end. varying in length from six to eight
inches, then passes into the exhaust chamber and down into
the condensers below. As the load is divided equally between
the high-pressure and low-pressure turbines at full load, the
steam enters the low-pressure turbine at about atmospheric
pressure.

The cylinder or stationary part is of cast iron and is
composed of center and end sections, the blade rings being
cut integral with the cylinder. The three sections are bolted
and spigoted together and all are split horizontally. The
upper three pieces are handled as one. the vertical joints
never being disturbed after they have been once assembled.

The turbine rests on four supports applied directly below

the horizontal joints, on each side of the exhau.st chamber,
and in line with the center of the exhaust opening. It is free
to expand axially, sliding on these supports, with the turbine
anchored to the inboard generator pedestal. A system of
radial and axial stays in the exhaust chamber gives ample
support for the spindle bearings and produces extreme rigid-
ity in the whole structure, minimizing the possibility of dis-
tortions with change of load, or due to external pressure.

The low pressure rotor is composed of a central hollow
drum rigidly secured to spindle ends on each of which is
pressed two blades or discs carrying the low-pressure blades.
The maximum mean velocity of the blades is only 515 feet
per second which precludes the necessity of using other than
a good grade of cast steel in the blade rings, as the rotative

Fig- 2 — Section through low-pressure double-flow turbine

Stresses do not exceed 20,000 lbs. per square inch at 20 per
cent, overspeed. This has a distinct advantage over a design
containing special grade steels, which are not only hard to
get, even in normal times, but in the use of which a certain
hazard is always taken, through the possibility of an unde-
tected flaw, or some part not being up to specification, and
besides a little abuse in the way of improper heat treating on
a highly stressed part may result in a costly failure. Owing to
the double flow feature, ample blade area is provided to take
full advantage of a high vacuum and still maintain a reason-
able blade length in the last rows. Phosphor bronze blades
are used, except in the last three rows of the spindle, which
are drop forged steel.

Automatic Cut-out

One of the principal features of interest on this' turbine
is the means whereby, in case of necessity, either machine
may be automatically or manually cut out of service without
disturbing the other. Each turbine is provided with an over-
speed stop governor which will shut off steam to that unit in
case the speed should rise ten per cent, above normal. Each
unit also has a speed control governor. The one on the high
pressure turbine, which normally controls the steam supply
to the whole system, is of the customary form. The gov-
ernor on the low pressure element, while essentially the same,
has some special features.

A gate valve is placed in tlie 66 incli receiver pipe, con-
necting the high and low-pressure cylinders, which is auto-
matically closed by a hydraulic piston, under the control of
the low-pressure governor, in case the low-pressure turbine
should over-speed. The high-pressure turbine is provided
with an emergency exhaust which will, in such an event, open
to atmosphere through a relief valve, the turbine still continu-
ing to carry load. Similarly if the two turbines are running
together and the high-pressure element should lose its load,
steam will be shut off by its governor, when it will continue

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Decenilier 15, Hi Is

to run with no load, or if it should over-speed, the steam will
be entirely shut ofif>by the over-speed governor. In either
case, through lack of steam, the low-pressure tuthine will
slow down a certain percentage below normal speed, when
the governor on the low-pressure element will open the gov-
ernor valve and admit live steam directly.

The governor on the high-pressure turbfne is adjusted
for the usual close regulation of about three per cent, over
the full range from no load to full load. The governor on the
low-pressure turbine during this time must, of course, be in-
active, neither admitting high-pressure steam through the
steam chest, nor closing the valve of the receiver pipe. In
this way, the travel of the low-pressure governor is divided
into three zones: — the outer position, in which the gate valve
admitting steam from the high is operated; the inner, in
which is controlled the admission of high-pressure steam,
when other source has failed; and the middle position, or
neutral, where the high-pressure governor is controlling the
system, and the low-pressure governor has no eflfect on the
admission of steam, but is simply running idle.

It is desirable, of course, thatiijie low-pressure governor
should not be called upon to perform any of its functions,
except in the case of an emergency, and in prdejr that this
position may be maintained properly by ifie' Switchboard
operator, a system of signal lamps is arranged- to show its
position in the neutral zone. By changing the'tension of the
speed changer spring, the governor may be kept in its middle
position, so that a normal fluctuation of frequency will not
cause the governor to function. The spring on the low-
pressure governor is designed to give a total speed range of
twelve per cent, which is divided up as follows: Starting from
the central position, if the speed rises four per cent, the
governor is on the verge of tripping the low-pressure inlet
valve. With a further rise of less than one per cent, the valve
will be tripped shut, one more per cent, travel being provided

ED ^iGNai-S TO B.E LOCtyzO AT s,^itC"BO*R0

Fig. 3 — Low-pressure turbine gov-
error, phowine: r'iaE^rammatically
th" rnetho-l of inHicating the po-
sition of the governor.

for clearance. From the central position downward, should
the speed. decrease two per cent, the high-phessure valve will
begin to open and will be full open after three per cent, "more
decrease. Another one per cent, is also provided at this, end
for over-travel.

The signal lamps in the switch board .gallery. Fig. '.i. are
controlled from the low-pressure governor by a system of
contacts operated by .gji extension on the governor level. .\s
the governor moves between its inner and outer position this

level travels across the contacts, registering its position on
the illuminated sign.

Principal Features
To revrew the system briefly: — If the circuit breaker on
the low-pressure element should open due to a short-curcuit.
the turbine will speed up and close the steam inlet from the
high-pressure cylinders. The high pressure turbine will con-
tinue to run, carrying its load and exhausting to atmosphere,
while the low-pressure turbine, with its source of steam cut
off, will fall in speed until reaching two per cent, below nor-

D R

Fig. 4 — Diagram of
generator connec-
tions.

mal. when the governor valve will admit high-pressure steain.
In the meantime, if the line has been cleared the unit may be
synchronized and reconnected to the bus bars, the gate valve
opened, and the low-pressure cylinder receive its steam as
before. If the low-pressure turl)ine for similar reasons should
overspeed ten per cent, and the automatic stop operate, it will
result in the automatic closing of the tiigh and low-pressure
steam inlets, and the opening of the circuit breaker, and thus
this half of the turbine will I>e entirely shut down. The high-
pressure element, however, will continue to run non-condens-
ing and carrying its load as usual.

If the circuit breaker on the high-pressure turbine should
open and the load be dropped, the supply of steam to the
system would diminish, and the speed would fall until the
low-pressure governor valve opened, admitting high-pressure
steam to carry load. The connection from the high to the
low-pressure cylinder would remain open, the no-load steam
on the high-pressure element continuing to help run the low.
.\fter the electric difficulties have been removed the high-
pressure generator can be synchronized and placed back on
the line and the load carried as before.

If the high-pressure turbine should overspeed ten per
cent, through some local cause, and the automatic stop oper-
ate, the main throttle and governor valve would close, shut-
ting off all steam to the system. The circuit breaker would
open and the machine shut down. The speed of the low-
pressure element would immediately drop until its governor
valve opened to admit high-pressure steam to carry the load.
In this case the steam seal on the high-pressure glands should
at once be turned on to prevent an air leak into the system
unless, however, the inlet pressure is kept above atmosphere.
In case it is necessary to run the low-pressure turbine alone
for any length of time, the gate valve in the receiver pipe
should be closed.

Attached to each throttle valve and operated by it is a
switch whose function is to operate the main circuit breaker.
The throttle valve is tipped out by the emergency stop and
in this way not only is the turbine absolutely isolated, but
the generator also. The operation of the throttle valve by
hand, however, does not operate this switch.

The low-pressure element, is served by two 28,000 sq. ft.
surface condensers or a total area of 36,000 sq. ft. The con-
densers are spring supported, there being no expansion joints
between the low-pressure turbine and condensers. They de-
part from the standard construction in that the circulating
system of each condenser is divided into two parts, so that
one halt can be in operation, while the tubes in the other are
being cleaned. Each condenser is equipped with two water

Deccm])er 15. iwis

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

inlets and outlets, and also has two air off-takes, one on each
side of the condenser shell. The condenser is supplied with
74,000 gallons of cooling water per minute, by three circu-
lating pumps of the double impeller type. All the circulating
pumps are turbine-gear driven. The air removal apparatus
consists of two sets of Westinghouse-LeBlanc wet air pumps,
each of which is capable of completely removing the air, so
long as the leakage is normal.

The water supply for the air pumps is taken from a steel
tank. Both sets of pumps discharge into one tank, and the
air pump water is used over and over again. Of course this
arrangement requires a certain amount of make-up water to
keep the temperature of the air pump water down to normal.
This is taken from the service line. The overflow from the
air pump tank is ordinarily discharged into a sump. Due to
the fluctuating water conditions at Brunots Island Station,
booster pumps were also supplied in order to take care of the
overflow during periods of high water in the river. The con-
densate is removed by means of centrifugal pumps, each of
which is capable of handling the maximum condensate. The
air and condensate pumps are driven by the same turbine, but
are not on the same shaft, there being a coupling between the
air and condensate pumps.

The two three-phase. 60 cycle, 12,000 volt generators are
designed for the same output at full load. The one connected
to the high-pressure turbine has four poles and runs at 1,800
r.p.m., W'hile the one connected to the low-pressure turbine
has six poles and runs at 1,200 r.p.m. In spite of this con-
siderable diameter in speed the D'L as measured at the
outside diameter of the punchings. as well as the length of
the core, is almost the same in both cases, it being but 3.5
per cent, higher in the low-speed generator. On the other
hand, the D'L measured on the active diameter and length of
the rotor is 45 per cent, higher in the low-speed machine.
The reason for the D"L being nearly the same at the outside
diameter is due to the fact that the high-speed machine has
a considerabl)' greater depth of punching back of the slots,
because of the larger flux per pole per inch of length axially.

Each generator requires approximately 70,000 cu. ft. of
air per minute for cooling. With this large volume of air,
the air temperature rise, and the iron temperature rise are
both comparativel}' low. The air is supplied from separate
blowers, and the two machines require appro.ximately the
same pressure to circulate the needed air through them, this
pressure being about 4.25 in. of water. All the air is washed
before it enters the generators, thus insuring against clogging
of air ducts and tending to decrease danger of burnout. Air
to the amount of one and one-third times the weight of the
generators passes through them per hour. Also approximate-
ly 1.4 times the weight of steam needed to drive the gener-
ators with full load of 40.000 kw., is required in air for
cooling.

The stator insulation in the buried portion in both
machines is mostl}^ mica, and is capable of withstanding con-
tinuous temperatures of 150 degrees C. The rotor insulation
in both machines also is mostly of mica, and is capable of
withstanding the same temperatures as the stator. The stator
coils of both machines have but one turn each, there being
parts of two coils in each slot. That only one turn per coil is
needed with 12.000 volts is due to the fact that the generators
are so large, and a small number of turns in series is re-
quired to generate the total voltage. With one turn per coil,
there is no danger of break-dowm between turns, which is an
important item with over 200 volts per turn, and a breakdown
between turns wouuld mean not only the destruction of the
insulation, but would also probably be accompanied by great
damage to the core. In order to reduce the eddy current
loss in the stator coils to a point where the temperature will
not become dangerous, the coil is well stranded, and the

strands are transposed from one coil to the next, thus bring-
ing the top set of strands of the first coil in series with the
second set of strands of the second coil, the third set of
strands of the third coil, etc.

In order to protect the generators in case of fire, arrange-
ments have been made to inject steam into the air intake just
below the entrance to the end bells and, in addition, there is
provision for shutting oflf the air as soon as fire is discovered.
This means has been found to be quite effective.

The generator fields were designed to have approximately
the same exciting voltage at full load as that required by the
other generators previously installed in this station, and with
which this unit is to operate in parallel. This enables fairly
eflicient operation, as very little external resistance is needed
in series with the field windings of the generators when an
automatic regulator is used. It also permits the use of a
common storage battery for emergency excitation of this and
the other units.

The scheme whereby the two generators are paralleled
is given in Fig. 4, in which A is a switch which is manually
operated and is used only to connect the two generator wind-
ings together when the unit is started. When starting, with
this switch closed, the fields of the two generators are excited
so that the two units are kept in step from a standstill. When
the machines are up to speed, the switch A is opened. D is
a nonautomatic circuit breaker. R is a reactance, and F is a
circuit breaker which opens in case there is a short-circuit on
either side of the line. In case of a short-circuit the react-
ance R prevents a prohibitively high current from flow-ing
from the second machine to the point of breakdown. B. and
C are differential automatic protective devices for the two
generators.

Accident Under Peculiar Circumstances

A rather unusual case is just now being tried before
Justice Middleton in the non-jury assizes. The plaintiff,
a woman, is suing the Toronto Street Railway Company
and the city of Toronto for $5,000. It appears that she alight-
ed from a street car at one of the intersections and in order
to avoid a pool of w-ater and a waggon belonging to the
city she crossed the road and was struck by a car turning
the corner in the opposite direction. The plaintiff contends
that the street car should not have stopped at a point where
passengers could not be discharged Avith safety and that the
city should not have allowed the pool of water or its team
to remain on the street at a point where passengers alight.
The city contends that it was under no obligation to re-
move the water, that the team was being used in a reason-
able manner and that the accident was due to the plaintiff's
negligence. The railway company also denies liability.

Re-Construction Work in Sherbrooke

There were two typographical errors in the article on
Hydro-electric Reconstruction at Sherbrooke, published in
our issue of November 15. On page 31 it was stated that the
Frontenac street power house plant consisted of two water
wheel generators of 25 kv.a. each. This should have read
' 625 kv.a. each." On page 32 reference is made to the Rock
Forest Transmission line and the three Canadian Westing-
house transformers are described as of 533 kv.a., 6600-2200
volts. This should have read "633 kv.a., 6600-2200 volts."

The fare on the Boston Elevated Road has been increas-
ed to 8 cents. In Atigust last it was raised from 5 to 7 cents.
School children will be able to purchase tickets at the rate
of 5 cents each.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Decenilier 13. 1018

Joint Usage of Poles-a Workable Economy

By T. N. Bradshaw*

Two or more lines of poles erected on the same side of
the street or highway are not only unsightly but represent
an economic loss and a waste'of timber. Where the wires on
such conflicting lines are carried at or near the same lev^l
a serious electrical hazard to persons or property is liable to
be created owing to the proximity of the wires of different
classes and the liability of contact between them or the possi-
bility of employees working pn one class of wires coming in
contact with another.

The most practical way of eliminating the losses and
havards. referred to in connection with lines located on the
same side of the street appears to be a properly constructed
joint-use line having a well-defined space for the wires and
lixtures of each occupant. These spaces should be separated
from one another by an ample vertical clearance space. They
should also be provided with a suitable climbing space so
that employees of the various companies using the poles can
ascend and descend them without coming in- contact with
the wires through wdiich they may have to pass.

.'\ wide experience covering a number of years with lines
constructed as outlined above seems to indicate that the clear-
ance space should be not less than 40 inches vertically be-
tween signal wires and attachments and electric light or

to the fact that there is no known protective device tliat can
be placed on a signal circuit that will afford adequate protec-
tion against the potentials carried on high-tension circuits,
it is not considered advisable to place telephone, fire-alarm
or other signal circuits- on the same poles with such circuits.
High-tension lines should, wherever practicable, be construct-
ed on rights-of-way remote from those occupied by the signal
lines. (By high-tension circuits are meant the following:
Constant-potential, alternating-current, neither side ground-
ed, exceedin.g .jOOO volts; constant-potential, alternating-cur-
rent, one side or neutral grounded, exceeding 2900 volts to
ground; constant-current, series-metallic, line current exceed-
ing 7.5 amp., and constant-potential, direct-current circuits in-
cluding feeders and trolle3'-contact wires, one side grounded,
exceeding 750 volts to ground).

Pole lines located on the opposite side ol a street or
highway are not considered as conflicting, but the same pre-
caution should be observed, when erecting separate lines of
poles, regarding the relative levels of the wires of different
classes. That is, electric light or power wires should be car-
ried on a taller pole line. This will enable electric light ser-
vice wires crossing the streets to be carried over the tele-
phone wires, and telephone wires from the opposite side of

J_S_8l

a 8 8-,.

a>Nmcn>Pssu,''K'/>TEP.

ON P/fiS Of BWCH^TS

"Tl

NOT LESS TWIN ao'

STREET SIDE

NOT LESS Tum
30-

„.,.^ CLASSC
9/JiX CONVJCTOFS
CBLES

NOTLESSmM

. CLASS B IJHOUND

wmEmiNSvLAnNS

CONDUIT OP MOULDINS

FIELD SIDE

NOT LESS THAN

e'-o'

trolley-feed wires and attachments. Experience also shows
that a climbing space of not less than 30 inches wide on
either the back or field side of the pole is necessary in order
to provide for climbing and for the raising and lowering of
transformers. It is. of course, preferable to provide a greater

Relative positions of power, signal and trolley wires on joint poles.

the street to be carried under the electric light wires. This
practice prevents the interlacing of the service wires, which
is liable to be a serious problem in congested streets.

In order to bring about the conditions outlined in the
foregoing it is necessary to have some form of inter-company

vertical separation than 40 inches between signal wires and agreement covering not only specifications and methods of

wires carrying high voltages, and many companies endeavor
to have this space not less than 6 ft., particularly with new
lines, using the minimum clearance of 40 inches only on old
lines that are made joint after the line has been in service
for some length of time.

The street side of the poles should always be reserved
for the vertical runs of the electric light or power wires,
and the field side for the vertical runs of signal wires. Owing

"Chairman of Committee on .Toint Usage Rules, before International
.\ssociation of Municipal Electricians,

construction and the reservation of space requirements, but
also a fair division of the construction and maintenance costs.
In Connecticut the matter is helped along by fair-minded leg-
islation, and the Public Utilities Commission of Connecticut
has promulgated in its Order "D" docket, No. 1447, a set of
rules and specifications under whicli most of the wire-using
companies of the state have been operating for some tiiuc
with very satisfactory results.

Since most of the lines in Connecticut liave been placed

Deccnil)er !.■>, 191S

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

on a joint-use basis and the construction standardized there
has been a marked decrease in the number of fatal accidents
to the employees. This is undoubtedly due to the fact that
employees working on signal circuits no longer have to climb
through electric light wires in order to get at their own work,
and the electric light wires are generally placed so far above
the signal wires that electric light cnii)loyees are not apt to
come in contact with grounded conductors of another class
while working on high-voltage wires.

There is another feature which appears to make joint u^e
l)referable, particularly in cities and towns where there is
considerable local distribution; that is. that the city or town
is more completely covered by the pole lines of the two com-
panies, and many companies have reasoned that it is better
to own one-half of all the poles in a locality rather than to
own all of one-half the poles.

In order to insure the success of any joint-line arrange-
ment, particularly where electric light and signal lines are to
occupy the same poles, the broadest possible co-operation
must be indulged in between the various occupants for elim-
inating inductive interference. Electric light lines should al-
ways be kept free from grounds that might upset the electro-
static balance to ground, also long single-phase taps from
three-phase circuits should be avoided wherever practicable.
The voltage wave developed b}' the generators should be as
free as possible from noise-producing harmonics, and con-

sideration should be given this fact before the generating
machinery is purchased from the manufacturer. Deviation
from the pure sine wave should not be allowed to exceed thc
limit set by the American Institute of Electrical Engineers.
These precautions are quite necessary in connection with
electric light or power circuits. l)ecause it is not always pos-
sible to transpose telephone lines, for instance, so as to elim-
inate all inductive interference. In many instances it has
been found necessary to place transpositions in the electric
light or power circuits to co-ordinate with those in the tele-
phone circuits.

In Connecticut alone there are approximately l.TOO miles
(2. TOO km.) of pole lines used jointly by electric light and
telephone or other signal lines. Practically all of this joint
line mileage is standard as regards location of the wires and
vertical or lateral separation, so that it is fair to saj' that the
joint-use line is, under proper regulation, a success, simplifies
the distribution problem and works toward safety.

While it is sometimes more expensive to erect a joint
line, the cost to each occupant is usually less than a separate
line or poles would be. The maintenance costs are also less
because of this division of the charges. The lines appear to
stand up better under the influence of severe storms because
of the fact that such joint-use networks are usually much
better guyed or braced than a single line would be. More-
over, such lines receive more attention from the engineers in
order to make them satisfactory to all parties concerned.

Is the Zone System the Fare Solution ?

By Thos. Conway, Jr.

The electric railway industry stands face lo face with the
greatest crisis in its history, not even excepting the revolu-
tion which followed the electrification of the horse-car lines.
The problems of the early 90's were technical and concerned
the handling of a largely augmented business by a new and
untried method of propulsion. The problems of to-day are
financial and concern the method of saving an industry
whose entire economic basis has been undermined.

In the early days of the war. when the prevailing opin-
ion was that the struggle would be comparatively short-lived.
th.e remedy for the electric railway situation seemed to be a
temporary increase in fares which would carry the industry
over the crisis. With slight advances in labor costs and the
practical certainty of a marked reduction after the war in
the prices of materials, it then seeemd possible to return
speedilj' to substantially a pre-war basis. It was this situa-
tion which caused electric railway operators to move for a
horizontal increase in fares to 6 cents, resulting in an in-
crease in revenue of about ten per cent., sufficient to ofifset
the then increased cost of operation. The 6-cent fare was
easily understood by the public, and its adoption would de-
stroy the popular belief that a nickel and a street car ride
were synonoymous. Everyone felt that after the war was
over it would be possible to fix the rate of fare with refer-
ence to the cost of service.

It is apparent that there is now no likelihood of a return
to pre-war operating costs. The war hastened the process
of readjustment to a higher cost level, which would have
occurred over a period of years in any event.. Labor, which
represents 60 per cent or more of the cost of operation of
the average electric railway, has secured very large increases
which must in the nature of things be more or less per-
manent. The solution, whatever it may be. should therefore

* Professor of Finance, University of Pennsylvania, before .\mei icari
Electric R.'iilway .Asj^ociatioii.

not only carrj- the industr\- throu.gli the war. Imt furnish a
sound economic basis for a period of years.

Turning to the Zone System

Up to the present time two alternatives have been seri-
ously considered. The first involves a horizontal increase
in the unit of fare to 7 cents or more, as the case may re-
quire. The experience thus far secured is fragmentary, but
it is apparent that progressive reductions in travel. If a
0-cent fare increases revenue 10 per cent, a T-cent fare will
not increase revenue 20 per cent. Indeed a point is soon
reached where a further increase in fare will bring about an
actual decrease in revenue. Just where this point is will vary
with each particular property, but it is safe to saj- that the
practical limit of horizontal rate increases has been reached
upon many properties.

It is this situation which has caused tlie thoughts of a
large percentage of the industry to turn to some sort of a
zone system as a possible solution. In sulistance. the funda-
mental idea of a zone system is that the rate of fare shall
bear some relation to the length of ride. The application
of this principle takes various forms. In Europe the passen-
ger fare varies directly with the mileage traveled. In this
country the practice has heretofore been to establish certain
arbitrary zones. A person traveling in a zone pays a cer-
tain rate, and his fare increases with the number of zones
through which he travels.

Manifest Advantages of Zone System
The appeal of a zone system is due to its manifest ad-
vantages. While higher horizontal rates inevitably cause a
reduction in the volume of a utility's business, a properly
devised zone system would hold a larger proportion of the
existing travel. A R. 7. or 8 cent fare discourages short-
distance riding, which under proper operating conditions
constitutes profitable business.

From the standpoint of the public the zone system has

:jO

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Decenilier 15, I'.n-^

the great advantage of making the long rider pay a corres-
pondingly higher fare than he who takes a short journey.
The system appeals to the public, because a man pays for
what he gets. It is true that the plan appears to saddle
all of the extra costs upon a portion of the public rather than
distribute the burden equally over the company's entire bus-
iness. As long as the public regards increased costs as a
war phenomenon this argument has weight, but when it is
understood that the increase will be in a large measure per-
manent, this contention loses force.

No Present American Zone System is Entirely
Satisfactory

It has been my privilege to visit recently every city in
the United States in which a zone system exists, to talk
with the operating officials and to study the actual operation
of each system. Judging from the standpoint of the finan-
cial results secured, I believe it can be said that no zone sys-
tem now in force is entirely satisfactory. The Milwaukee
zone system (in force upon the suburban lines alone) produc-
ed the revenue predicted at the time the original plan was
formulated — a sum insufficient to meet present costs. In
every other case the revenue producing possibilities of the
system have been greatly over-estimated. In one of the most
important of the recent experiments, the over-estimate
amounted to as much as 40 per cent of the estimated operat-
ing revenue.

More Speedy and Safer Fare Collection Needed

The great difficulty with zone systems, as thus far
employed, concerns the collection of fares. In general, two
methods are employed. In either case city fares are collect-
ed in the ordinary manner, registration being effected with a
fare box, overhead register or some other of the many fare
collection devices now generally employed. In some cases,
the fares on suburban lines are similarly collected and regis-
tered, the conductor going through the car and collecting the
fares at each zone limit. Where outlying zones of one or two
miles are used and the schedule is rapid, the conductor
spepds his entire time in successive trips through the car col-
lecting fares. The practice is annoying to passengers and
keeps the conductor of? the rear platform, thereby increasing
boarding and alighting accidents.

The alternative to this method is the even more cumber-
some plan of using a duplex ticket. This method is employ-
ed on a number of systems, the plan being to collect the
entire suburban fare as the car passes the limit of the central
5 or 6-cent area. Over-riding can be guarded against only
through the use of hat checks, periodic inspections of the
portion of the duplex given to the passenger or surrender of
the duplex ticket as the passenger leaves the car. This meth-
od is so cumbersome that it is only practicable where there
is no considerable amount of boarding and alighting at fre-
quent intervals. It has proved impractical in city areas.

Its greatest defect concerns the possibilities of stealing
on the part of conductors. Some idea of the extent of such
losses can be secured from the experience of one of the
most important companies which have tried a zone system.
The news of the arrest of a numlicr of conductors was fol-
lowed by an increase of 10 per cent in passenger revenues,
l)eginning on the succeeding day. No amount of inspection,
however, appears to prevent the misappropriation of fares
where travel is heavy and haste in collection is necessary.

The application of such collection methods to lines
located wholly or in large part in the thickly built-up city
territory is impossible. The Rhode Island Company and the
Bay State Street Railway have recently decided to go from
a system where rates of 2, 3, 5 or 6 cents per zone prevailed
to a basis of either 5 or 10 cents per zone. A system with

5-cent zones is no different from that which has prevailed
for many years in this country.

The only other method of fare collection thus far tried
under strictlj' urban conditions is the plan employed in Pitts-
burgh. As the Pittsburgh Railways has pointed out, this is
not a zone system but two flat-rate systems, one superimpos-
ed upon the other. The fare within a prescribed area, includ-
ing the centre of the city, is 5 cents. Anyone travelling from
the centre of the city to a point beyond the limits of this
central area pays 7 cents, while the same rate of fare is
charged for travel between any two points situated within
this outside ring. From the standpoint of fare collections
this system is simple. It. however, has the same disadvant-
ages inherent in the high unit fare, because it discourages
short riding in the outer zone in which a large proportion of
the population is -situated.

Better Method of Fare Collection.

After careful study. I am convinced that the successful
application of a zone system in thickly built-up city areas
is predicated upon the development of a more speedy and
safer method of fare collection. The successful system of
fare collection must be one in which the opportunity for the
passenger to bfat the conductor or for the conductor to mis-
appropriate the fare is reduced to a minimum. Where fares.
of varying units are collected, it is out of the question to
register them serially upon one register, even though a fare
box or some other pre-payment device is employed.

One of the most prominent electric railway operators
recently said to me that the industry would be saved if the
men in it had Iirains enough to work out their own salva-
tion. His conclusion is certainly true concerning the zone
system. The problem of the moment, in so far as the zone
system is concerned, is to devise a method of collection
which will meet the practical conditions prevailing in all of
our large cities. If a practical method of collection can be
devised the zone system, in my opinion, furnishes the solu-
tion for companies whose average ride exceeds a mile in
length. The possibilities of a zone system are now the sub-
ject of serious study and investigation by some of the largest
companies in the country, and it is to be hoped that the so-
lution will be shortly hit upon.

A zone system should encourage short riding. The long
rider should be made to pay an adequate fare for the journ-^
ey which he takes, and the cost of furnishing the service
which he uses. Business should be encouraged rather than
discouraged. The automobile, the improved highway and
the jitney have taken enough of the business of the electric
railway. More travel rather than less should be the goal.

Even with a satisfactory system of fare collection at
hand I doubt whether it would be possible to work out a
zo'ne system of fares which would meet the financial necessi-
ties of many properties. I have recently seen a number
of properties whose future seems hopeless. Sufficient travel
can not be secured at rates of fare which will produce ade-
quate revenues to defray the present hi,gh cost of opera-
tion. Indeed the extremity of the electric railroad industry
is so great that every opportunity should be seized upon to
convince the public that the function of the railway is to
provide transportation rather than serve as a medium of
reducing general tax bills.

Taxes at Expense of Public

In the days when the 5-cent fare ruled supreme, muni-
cipalities and states alike levied taxes and burdens of one
kind or another upon the electric railway, upon the theory
that whatever they got was at the expense of the utility own-
ers rather than the car rider. To-day increased expenses
must be immediately reflected in increased fares. There is
no reason why the average car rider should pay higher

TJecenibcr 15. liMS

THE ELECTRICAL iNEWS

;ji

fares in order that streets be maintained lor those who own
motor trncks and pleasure automobiles. Franchise taxes
levied upon the gross receipts of companies, payments for
snow removal, street sprinkling and the like, will from this
time forth require percetpible additions to the rate of fare.

It should be pointed out to the riding public that they
are the ones who pay electric railway taxes, through higher
fares. This is true whether a company operates under a
sliding-scale fare, the "service at cost law" in Massachusetts
or the strict control of a public utility commission as in
most of our states. The utility's profits are in all cases lim-
ited to the amount necessary to induce capital to enter the
business. When earnings exceed this amount rates are re-
duced, and when they fall below this requirement, rates
>hould lie immediately increased.

It is gradually beginning to dawn upon the people of
this country that the days of profiteering in electric rail-
ways ended some years ago, and that if the electric railway
is to survive it must be helped rather than hindered, and
must be allowed to charge a rate of fare which it sufficient to
maintain its solvency and to permit it to continue to serve
the public. That the cost of the service, by whomsoever
provided, must be met, goes without saying. The next few-
months will be the most critical in the history of the indus-
try. Its entire future hangs in the balance. It can not long
continue upon the present unsound economic basis.

Why the Railways Need Higher Fares

I shall not attempt to review the events of the past year
as they have affected this industry, nor shall I try to point
a way out of the alarming situation in w-hich we find our-
selves. That is the province of this conference.

I do desire, however, to emphasize a point which I be-
lieve has not been so forcibly impressed upon the public
from whom we are asking increased revenue as it might
have been.

The leading economists of the country unite in the state-
ment that the purchasing power of the dollar has declined
at least 50 per cent, since the early nineties. In other words,
the 50 cents of that period bought what it requires $1 for
to-day. And this means to the street railways of the United
States that the 5-cent fare of the nineties is now less than
a 3}/2-cent fare.

In our request for a higher fare we are, therefore, ask-
ing nothing more than that what we receive for the service
rendered shall be restored to somewhere near its real worth
at the time when the rate of fare was fixed. The coin drop-
ped in our fare boxes to-day bears as an impress "5 cents";
but as compared to the 5 cents which was stipulated in our
franchises or fixed by statute as our lawful and legal fare,
it is S'/i cents and no more. To put the street railway fare
upon a parity with wdiat was received in the decade 1890-
1900, under a franchise, a statute, or an agreement, calling
for the nickel unit, it would now be necessary to substitute
the dime for the nickel.

The wages paid to the motorman in this earlier period
were approximately 2D cents an hour. With a single fare we
could therefore pay for fifteen minutes of his time. To-daj',
through the action of the federal government, the motor-
man's pay approximates 38 to 48 cents an hour, and a single
fare pays for but eight or six minutes of his time according
to the rate of wages, and this in varyingly increasing ration
is true of all that we must use to render our service.

On the other hand, taking $5 a day as the average wage

*From the address of President J. J. Stanley, before the recent New
York Conference of the A.E.R.A.

in the earlier period, the workman using the street car to
ride to and from his work was compelled to pay out 5 per
cent of his day's wages for transportation. To-day, with an
average wage of $4, and this is probably much less than the
correct figure, he pays for the same purpose but 2'/2 per
cent.

This decreased purchasing power of the dollar is not
a product of the war alone. The war but gave it an addi-
tional, although a mighty, impetus. It has been a gradual
development and in other industries it has been accompanied
by an increase in price of commodity, which has at least
kept pace with and, in some cases, passed it.

It has been in part overcome in the electric railway
field by extraordinary improvements in apparatus and meth-
ods, the result of millions spent in experiments due to the
enterprise and initiative of railway men and manufacturers
of which the public reaped the benefit.

The limit of economy tnade possible by these improve-
ments in operation was, however, largely reached some time
before the war, and for a nuinber of years the difference be-
tween the cost of producing our service and the price at
which it was sold has come from the pockets of those whose
money is invested in the industry.

That was the situation when the war sent the price of
every thin.g which we must use in producing our product
soaring skyward and left the price at which we sell sta-
tionary.

It is plainly evident that whether the public shall decide
to operate the street railways, whether it assumes greater
control over them, or whether it allows them to remain in
the hands of private investors, that the unit of their fares,
the price at which their product is sold, must be restored
at least to the level which prevailed in past years.

I have confidence in the common sense and judgment
of the public. I believe that it stands ready to pay a fair
price for what it receives and I conceive it to be our main
duty both as members of this association and as operators
of electric railways to see that the public is informed as to
what such a fair price really is, not in terms of coinage, but
in those of value — that is purchasing power.

New Book

The Decimal System — by Charles Hoare; Effingham Wil-
son, 54 Threadneedle Street. London, Eng., publishers; price
one shilling. This book, which contains 85 pages, has been
compiled with a view to the daily requireinents of the artizan
and mechanic rather than for the man with scientific training.
It is intended that, with moderate practice and stud)', it should
be possible for any one acquainted with the simple rules of
arithmetic to obtain with ease and accuracy the result of
calculations connected with their daily occupations and which
they have hithertCK been accustomed to consider as wholly
beyond their reach. The author has borr>e in mind that the
elementary principles of decimal arithmetic are practically
unknown to a large number of workers and that by acquiring
this knowledge in compact and understandable form they
will be of much greater value to themselves and their em-
ployers.

Passenger traffic on the Toronto civic car lines for
November shows increases of 219,974 in the number of per-
sons carried and $3,233 in revenue over the same month last
year.

A newspaper report states that the Italian Minister of
Finance proposes, among other things, state control of the
sale of electric lamps.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

December 15. lUlS

^ dealer

avd (jOT?/rac/or

The Next Ten Years will see the Average Farm-
er with an Electric Plant— Who Gets the
Business, the Machine and Automobile
Agent or the Electrical
Contractor-dealer ?

We have made a very thorough invL-itigation of the pros-
pective field for electric light and power plants for the farm
Iiome. We are now confident that within the next ten or
twelve years at the most, it will be extremely difficult to find
any farm home, except those occupied by renters, which will
not be equipped with an electric light and power plant of
some kind.

I am convinced /that the farm-lighting plant market is
going to develop much faster than did the automobile mar-
ket. The reason for this is apparent. Ten or twelve years
ago, when the automobile manufacturer first began to build
up a dealer's organization in small rural trading centers
through which to develop the farm market for automobiles,
there were at that time probably not more than one or two
farmers out of each ten who had available cash. Further-
more, at that time, the farmer had to be convinced that the
.gasoline machine was a practical machine for him. Up to
that time, he had not come into close contact with the im-
proved living conditions in the cities where the inhabitants
had access to all the comforts and conveniences which belong
to the city home.

To-day there is probably not one farmer out of ten, ex-
cepting renters, who cannot afford to invest $600 or $700 for
a complete electric light and power plant and its equipment
for his home.

The automobile has largely done the missionary work
for the farm-lighting plant. The automobile has educated and
thoroughly convinced the farmer that the gasoline engine is
a practical equipment for him. Almost every farmer owns
an automobile, a great many of them a truck or tractor or
probably one or more stationary engines for grinding feed,
sawing wood, pumping water, churning, washing and other
purposes. Many other educational influences have recently
been at work for the farmer.

No doubt when you hear that $30,000,000 worth of elec-
trical equipment was sold the farmers last year and $60,000,000
this year, you probably wonder who has sold them this equip-
ment. I can assure you it is not the mail order houses, for
electrical equipment is entirely too mysterious a proposition
for a farmer to buy from a mail order house. Some little
of it has been sold by the farm implement dealer, but very
little, as he knows little about it and as a rule lacks the neces-
sary sales ability to sell the farmer lighting plants.
Who Should Sell Farm-Lighting Plants?

Who is the logical man to sell farm-lighting plants? I
will let electrical dealers answer this for themselves when
they have reviewed the facts. Isn't it true that farmers of to-

From a paper presented before the Illinois State Association of Electrical
Contractors and Dealers.

clay kiiuw more aljoul .yaMjImc engnic^ ihan any oilier cla^s
of merchants, not excluding even the automobile salesman?
It will not take him long to find out and tell you whether
or not your gas engine is right. Who besides the electrical
dealer is sufficiently versed in electricity to know whether
the electrical equipment is right for the farmer's needs? Who
knows what the farmer can or cannot do with the plant or
what he should do or should not do? Which is more import-
ant: To sell the fartiier a very .fine light plant and set it in
his basement and run a few lights around so that he had to
get up on a chair to turn them on and off, or to put in a light
and a switch where he needs it and can reach it conveniently?
Who can wire it with the proper size of wire so the farmer
will not have a continual loss? Who understands how to wire
for his washing machine, cream separator, pumps, vacuum
cleaner and heater plugs so that he will not burn the contacts
off his iron while pulling out the plu.g? Who can w-ire all his
outbuildings so he can have li,ghts when and where he needs

Farmer is Concerned with Results.

We have found in the installations we liave made that the
farmer knows and cares very little about the plants that make
tlic liglit. The result is what he desires. Farmers tell us
how fine it is to work in a nicely-lighted barn and outbuild-
ings and how the big light out in the yard Lights up the
neighborhood, and how he turns on his cream separator and
goes in and eats his supper. Then Mrs Farmer tells us the
motor has taken all the work out of washing and she would
not l)e without the electric iron for the price of the plant,
and "those two lights on my dresser are the finest things. I
never really saw myself in the .glass at night until I got those.
In fact, we are just so pleased with everything except that
$15 fixture in the living roorn. It don't look good enough
beside the two $,50 fixtures in the parlor and dining room,
and as we got oflf so much cheaper than we thought we would,
Mr. So and So says I can have this changed." Mr. So and So
speaks up and says, "Yes, we have lived on this one farm for
fifty-five years, and the $1,050 we spent with you is the best
improvement we ever put on the farm and there isn't money
enough in your city to buy this back if we could not get
another."

This customer is simply a good, substantial, progressive
farmer who has worked and worked hard for all he has and
spends his money wisely. His is only one example of all our
installations, which we insist on being as complete as his.
When these farmers express the great pleasure they get from
the light, we attribute very little of it to the plant in the
basement. However, we do insist on the plant being one we
consider the best. But the farmer's great satisfaction, we
think, comes from the complete and conveniently designed
installation which we insist each must have. We surely think
the barber, the plumber, or hardware man is going to have
some job putting across one of his cheap installations in the
vicinity of one of our plants.

The reason the electrical contractor .-ind dealer has not
sold these plants in the past is that he has failed to introduce

December 15, I'.nS

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

salesmanship into his business. How many times he has sent
to his prospective customer a price on something and closed
Ibe accompanying- letters by saying, "I sincerely hope our
price will be low so you can give us the business." If \vc
had all the paper we wasted this way. it would be worth a lot
of money now.

It always seemed to nie that an electrical en.gincer fe't
that it would be below his dignity to try and sell his product
like other merchants, althou.gh he is a merchant like anyone
else. A few years ago, however, we accidently got hold of
an engineer that must have beeen born a salesman, for he
certainly didn't learn it around our office. He would not mail
his proposals, but he would take them out and stay with the
prospect till he came back with the job at the hi,ghest figure
submitted. Then after he got the job. everything had to be
done just right. He was a hard man for our men to work
for at first, but he soon convinced them it was no harder to
do things right than to do them otherwise. This man soon
developed a clientele that did not care to go to the trouble of
getting bids. They would simply leave it to him. He is now
helping design the electrical equipment for the new boats of
the United States Navy. Before he left he gave us a taste
of what salestnanship would do for our business, and we have
endeavored to progress on these lines, slowly Init surely,
since.

1 am very sure the electrical contractor-dealer is the
logical man to develop this farm-lighting market. But he
must wake up if he would get the business and prevent auto-
mobile dealers from selling half-made jobs to the farmer.
My advice to the electrical contractor-dealer is to get into
tlie farm-lighting business' at once. It is a good war-time
business and will be a better business after the war. More-
over, it will enlarge the field of the contractor-dealer. Your
sales organization can be utilized for city sales at such times
as they cannot get out into the country.

While our firm was not a pioneer in this business and
we do not know that we have gone at the thing just right, I
am willing to tell something of our experience. We first had
a meeting and talked over the proposition of selling farm-
lighting plants. It was a pretty cold meeting. There wasn't
very much enthusiasm over it. About the only one in favor
of it was myself, and as I .couldn't see any other business in
sight with a spy glass, and as I was general manager. I was
able to put it over.

Finding the Plant and the Prospects.

\\ e tlien started to choose a plant to sell. We considered
the merits and demerits of them all and finally picked on one
we thought was the best. W^e ordered one of these on a
three months' trial, and gave it a thorough practical test.
.\fter this test we became thoroughly sold on this machine.
It may l)e possible that the manufacturer of this plant had
better salesmen than the others, but as we in' our own minds
feel that we are selling the best, we believe that is all that is
necessar}'.

We next fitted up a demonstration room in our basement.
It was done in mahogany woodwork and furniture. It had
rugs on the floor and was just as nice a room as you would
see anywhere. We installed the plant in running order, con-
nected up the batteries, hung fixtures, connected up an auto-
matic water system, electric washing machine, vacuum clean-
er, toaster, iron and cream separator. In fact, we have every
device there that can be bought for 33-volt circuits.

We then got a Prairie Farmers' directory giving names
of all the farmers in our territory. These were card indexed.
.\1I the farm owners, large tenants and other prospects were
placed in a mailing file. We mailed a personal letter explain-
ing our entrance into this field. We followed this up in a
week by a circular of the plant with a return postcard. We
received two cards back out of 3,300. This convinced us the

farmer will not admit to anyone that he wants to l)uy any-
thing. He is afraid you might sell him. We ftdlowed this
witli a catalogue of the plant. This we followed with a
descriptive flyer of the plant and different accessories he
could use with tlie plant and cuts of a few lighting fixtures.

By this time we had a plant installed. We photographed
the farmer's home, got a testimonial from him and had this
all printed on a flyer with a little selling talk and mailed these
to each of our list. We get out one of these flyers each
month.

How Many Trips It Takes To Sell a Farmer.

In the meantime, we had started out our salesmen to call
on the farmers, to get acquainted with them, to learn to talk
about the crops. In this we learned to always hear in mind
that you can't sell a farmer the first trip, seldom on tlic
second trip, rarely on the third, sometimes on the fourth,
maybe on the fifth, possibly on the sixth, more probably on
the seventh, but more likely on the eighth. .Still your chances
for making the sale are better on the ninth trip, but the tenth
seems to be the good average number.

The hardest proposition of all is to get a salesman that
can sell a farmer. A good city salesman rarely has the
patience to sell the farmer. To sell the farmer, a salesman
must first of all know his product through and through. He
must be absolutely honest. While an untruthful salesman
will not get very far any place, he absolutely cannot sell the
farmer a lighting plant. To make a sale of a plant to the
farmer, the salesman must get his confidence, must keep it
after the sale while the wiremen are making the installation.
Even after the job is completed it is good practice to have the
service man call on the farmer once a month and see how
thin.gs are going. Show him that you are still interested in
his plant after you have his money.

We have found that such service men are less expensive
to have than salesmen. If the service men's work is well
done, the farmer, who is your customer, will do your selling
for you in his neighborhood.

Toronto Illuminating Engineers Meet

The monthly meeting of Toronto illuminating engineers
was held in the MacLean Building at 347 Adelaide St., West,
on Friday, Dec. 3. Lieut. Oliver gave an address on arti-
ficial daylight, and explained the properties of -a special
form of daylight glass, his own invention, outlining the le-
gion uses to which such glassware is being put. A number
of curves, prepared by Lieut. Oliver, showed that the spec-
tral intensity through the special glass demonstrated, coin-
cided very closely with that of northern daylight, being some-
w'hat low at the violet end and high at the red end of the
spectrum. This, however, the speaker explained, was for
sentimental reasons, the excess of red appealing more
strongly to the average customer. If required, the process
of manufacturing could easily be varied to duplicate, exactly,
the natural daylight spectrum.

Lieut. Oliver made the suggestion that inasmuch as it
is the public who offend most in the matter of bad lighting,
and since it is the electrical contractor-dealer who is more
closely in touch with the public, the meetings of illuminat-
ing engineers should be attended both by the contractor-
dealer and the public. This is undoubtedly a suggestion in
the right direction, and we hope something may be* done
before the present season is over to bring about some joint
meetings.

The Ontario Association of Electrical Contractors and
Dealers, Toronto District, held an important general meet-
ing in Room G, King Edward Hotel, on Thursday evening,
Dec. 13.

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Deceiiil>er 1"). I'.ils

The Relation of Light to Health

By Charles E. De M. Sajous, M.D., Sc. D. :

The word "ferment" is steadily being replaced in medical
phraseology by the word "enzyme." In the words of Pro-
fessor Mendel, "Enzymes are no longer thought of exclusive-
ly as agents of the digestive apparatus; they enter everywhere
into the manifold activities of cells in almost every feature of
matabolism." In other words, the same ferments, pepsin,
trypsin and others which first prepare foodstuffs in the
stomach and intestine, for assimilation by the tissues of the
body at large, are the same agents which carry on certain
functions in the intimacy of the tissues.

Considerable evidence is available to show that these
digestive ferments are carried from the alimentary canal to
the tissue cells by certain white corpuscles of the blood, in
which they are readily found. To these white corpuscles
belong the phagocytes, which ingest and digest disease
germs. We thus have digestive ferments taking part — along
with the oxidizing ferment — not only in the vital processes of
each tissue cell, but also the defense of the body against dis-
ease.

Prevost's theory of mobile temperature equilibrium is
now known to apply to radiant heat as well as to heat energy
derived from other sources. It is simply that if two bodies of
different temperatures are placed close to each other, the
warmest of the two will lose by emitting radiant heat which
the colder body will take up until the temperature of both is
equalized. Briefly, the skin absorbs radiant heat when the
cutaneous temperature is lower than that of the radiations
received, up to certain limits (influenced by the perspiration
and other factors) and the temperature of the tissues of, and
beneath, the skin is thus raised.

The penetration of radiant light through the tissues when
long wave lengths characterize the rays, is considerable, that
of red rays for instance, exceeding one inch. Careful experi-
ments by Rollier showed that solar rays could penetrate the
hand and forearm and also, under favorable circumstances, the
entire chest.

How does light energy influence the vital process of
those tissues and contribue to the defense of the body against
disease? Charcot, the French neurologist, as far back as 1859,
urged that we should distinguish between the purely chemical
effects and those produced by heat. In the present connection
we probably are dealing with a process in which the chemico-
physical effects credited to oxidizing fcrtnent I have termed
"adrenoxidase" and heat both take part, particularly near the
surface.

There exists immediately under the superficial tissue a
great system of small interwoven canals which, so to say, act
as sewers of the tissue cells. They serve not only to carry
off, but also to purify the fluids received from those cells by
breaking down, as far as possible, the wastes and detritus
that they form while carrying on the process which consti-
tutes their life. These channels are interspersed with glands
that contain phagocytes, i. e., cells of the type that destroy,
by means of their digestive ferments, disease germs and other
harmful substances that the small canals carry to them from
every direction. This system of lympy channels and glands,
known as the lymphatic system, is a prominent weapon of
defense. Everyone has seen lymph, a whitish viscid fluid,
collect on abrasions, and also enlarged glands on the neck of
children. These latter are enlarged lymphatic glands trying
to destroy bacteria from some source, the tonsils, adenoids,
etc., thus preventing general infection.

The beneficial influence of sunlight is readily accounted

* A paper presented before the Philadelphia Section of the Illuminating:
Engineering Society.

for when we take the lyinphatic system into consideration in
addition to the tissue cells, in view of the effect of light
energy as manifested by its radiated heat. Indeed, — and this
is the dominating factor in the process — the ferments of both
kinds previously referred to those which prom'ote tissue
oxidation and those that digest and destroy bacteria and
organic poisons become increasingly active as the heat to
which they are exposed is increased, and we obtain as results
an increase of both vital activity and defensive aggressiveness.

This increased efficiency of ferments under the influence
of increased temperature is the method adopted by Nature,
according to my own viewpoint. It explains the process we
term "fever," long deemed an enemy, but in reality a defen-
sive function calculated to destrop poisonous substances or
germs that have found their way into the body fluids and cells
from a focus somewhere either in the superficial or deep
tissues. In the course of fever, the germ destroyers, or
phagocytes, are not alone at work in the blood stream, but
the whole internal lining of the bloodvessels theinselves is
made. up of these germ destroying cells. Again, the lymphatic
vessels which act as drains for the tissue cells, we have seen,
afford additional aid in the defensive process by means of the
multitude of phagocyte-laden glands through which the serum
obtained from the blood by the tissue cells must pass before
it is returned to the circulation.

Of course, abnormally high fever, i. e., fever above 104
degrees F., for instance, may become dangerous in the sense
that the verj' digestive ferments which have their purpose to
defend, become too active and begin to digest not only the red
blood corpuscles, a process physicians term "hemolysis," but
also certain tissues, a process known as "autolysis." To offset
these inorbid effects of excessive radiation during hot weather,
tlie skin protects the body by perspiring; the water which
moistens the skin, by evaporating, keeps the surface tempera-
ture within normal limits. The cool baths pliysicians employ
in the treatment of typhoid fever, have the same end in view;
they keep the fever within safe limits.

On the whole, the relation of light to health may be sum-
marized, in view of the few data submitted, by the statement
that it is intimately bound up with the perpetuation of life,
whether the tissues be normal or diseased. It tends to sus-
t.'iin health by promoting, as radiant energy, the activity of the
oxidizing fennent adrenoxidase, which sustains the oxidation
of tissue cells, an essential function of their life. It tends to
defend the cell, when endangered by certain germs and
poisons by enhancing through the heat energy developed, the
efficiency of the defensive ferments which submit these harm-
ful agencies to digestive destruction.

Illumination in Stores and Factories*

By Frederick J. Pearson

An absolutely uniform lighting system in an establish-
ment is inferior to a fairly uniform general lighting system
supplanted by special lighting where necessary. Artificial
lighting is used only for a small portion of the 24 hours and
should be intensified to stimulate production. Efficiency,
while important, should not always receive consideration to
the exclusion of other factors which may result in greater
satisfaction, increased sales in a store, etc. Reproduction of a
lighting system merely because it was found to be satisfac-
tory elsewhere, without considering the local conditions, may
lead into error. Local conditions must govern design. In a
store, a uniform general lighting system for all departments
should be used as far as practicable in order to simplify
maintenance. As few large units as practicable should be

^From a paper presented before the Chicago Section of the IlluminatlnB:
Engineering Society.

Peocniiicr l.'>. l!lis

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

used in order to reduce the initial and operating costs. Tlu-
fixtures should be of simple outline and in harmony with the
surroundings. Fairly dense diffusing globes with gas filled
tungsten lamps are desirable. Show case lighting is rather
unsatisfactory because of the poor service from the special
lamps used. It is, however, necessary to light show case.^
locally. Show window li.ghting still suflfers to some extent
from exposed lamps.

Light conditions in most factories are poor. Good light-
ing increases production just as it increases sales in a store.
Increases of illumination intensity from 6 to 10 foot-candles
have increa.^ed the cost of lighting by only 1 per cent, and
have licen found to promote sales by 0 or 7 per cent. In-
crease of lighting cost of 2 per cent, in one installation was
reflected in an increased factory production of 10 per cent.
In fact improved lighting is one of the greatest of dividend
l)roducers whether in the factor)', the store or the office. We
are still far below the saturation point in artificial lighting.

In discussion. Prof. K. H. Freeman pointed out that the
real measure of illumination effectiveness is the ratio between
results secured and cost. In factories it is the relation of
production to cost of lighting; in stores it is the relation of
sales to cost of lighting.

Mr. J. R, Cravath questioned if local show case lighting
is necessary.

Mr. O. L. Johnson referred to the difficulty in getting
store and factory managers to appreciate the importance of
good lighting which can be obtained only by the use of good
equipment, well installed, with due respect to the local con-
ditions. He inquired concerning the practice in department
store lighting of adapting the lighting to changes among de-
partments, and asked as to the eflfect of different lighting
intensities on different departments from one to another of
which shoppers might go.

Answering questions, Mr. Pearson made the following
statements:

Show case lighting, although troublesome, is a necessity,
because goods in cases cannot be lighted properly from a
general illumination system. Merchandise sells better under
light of higher intensity. In factories the choice of enclosing-
globes or reflectors must depend upon local conditions. Both
are used in particular cases with success. It has been observ-
ed that intensified lighting results in greater activity, more
enthusiasm and better sales service. Under daylighting there
are on bright days fewer accidents, fewer discharged people,
loss dissatisfaction among employees. There is also a larger
production in the factory and better workmanship. The dif-
ference between bright days and dark, cloudy days is really
surprisingly large. In artificial lighting, with 7. or S, or even
9 foot-candles, where formerly 6 were employed, better re-
sults have been obtained. Since increasing the illumination
intensities employees and customers have both shown more
enthusiasm, interest and activity. In the factory 6 or 7 foot-
candles of general illumination is used, supplemented by local
lighting. In dye houses and bleacheries, 12 to lo foot-candles
is the intensity adopted.

Can't We Run Our Own Business?

It is pretty generally admitted that there will
be an enormous increase in Canada's electrical
business. Huge projects that were in preparation
when the war cut them short will, it is expected,
be gone on with, with the result that in the coun-
try districts power will be available. This will
mean that THE HARDWARE MEN, WHO
HAVE BEEN LEADERS IN DISTRIBUTING
ELECTRICAL SPECIALTIES of all kinds, will
have a greatly enlarged field of operations. — Ex-
tract from a Canadian hardware journal.

Increasing Canada's Exports

The importance of universal expansion in production is
admitted on all sides to be, now, more than ever, a nationai
necessity and it is therefore always a pleasure to refer in
these columns to instances where Canadian manufacturers not
only rise to opportunities offering at the time, but have the
forethought to prepare for them beforehand. One of our
Montreal manufacturers, the Duncan Electrical Co., Limited,
following up their active and successful work in the export
field during the last three years, have decided to take one
complete exhibition booth at the Lyons Fair, 1919, with a
view to taking the fullest advantage of the possibilities oflfer-
ing — we understand that they were the first Canadian factory
to apply for space there and we are sure our readers join us
in wishing this company, the best of results as a reward for
their enterprise. A cordial welcome is extended to any Can-
adians visiting the Duncan Exhibit at the Lyons Fair.

Not Enough Electricity for General Heating

.■\n interesting bulletin ( Xo. 6) has just been issued by
the National .\dvisory Council for Scientific and Industrial
Research, entitled "The Heating of Houses — Coal and Elec-
tricity Compared." The article is by Mr. A. S. L. Barnes,
assistant engineer Hydro-electric Power Commission of On-
tario, with the co-operation of the technical staff of the
Commission. The bulletin once again points out the futility
of any hope that our water powers will ever supply sufficient
energy for general heating. On the contrary, the use to
which such powers will naturally be put is to operate indus-
trial machinery and thus release large quanties of coal which,
in turn, can be used for purely heating purposes. Mr. Barnes
calculates that a city the size of Toronto would require a
ma.ximum demand of 1.000,000 h.p. As this is appro.ximately
twice the amount now being developed at Niagara Falls the
hopelessness of general electric heating from our water-
powers is quickly understood.

Electrical Goods Splendid Xmas Sellers

Hardwaretnen in Next Two Weeks Have the Best Opportunity They Have Had in

Four Years — Buying Public Feels Free to Make Larger Purchases Now

War is Over — Don't Forget Attractive Window Display

This is the prominent heading of an article in a Canadian hardware journal. What do you think about it,
Mr, Contractor-Dealer ? Isn't this YOUR business AND YOUR PROFITS ? Are you going to
let him get away with it ?

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Decemlicr 1."i. r.ils%

Geyser Electric Washers

The illustration herewith is a sectional view of the Geyser
Electric Washer, manufactured by the Onward Manufactur-
ing C'lmpany, of Kitchener, Ont. The hot suds are forced
through the clothes by means of a high speed propeller in the
liottom of the tank. The clothes are always under water in a
'. cTiitantly revolving cylinder. Geyser washers are made in
seven sizes and are equipped with a swingin.g wringer, which

can be used in three different positions. .\11 moving parts are
enclosed and the tank and frame are electrically welded. The
finish is baked enamel — white with gray trimming. The in-
side of the tank is specially plated, rust-proof and easy to
keep clean.

A B.C. Get-Together Supper-Concert

The British Columbia Association of Electrical Con-
tractors and Dealers held a "get-together supper-concert" at
the Vancouver Citizens' Club, Vancouver Block, Vancouver,
on Thursday, December 13. at 6.4.i p.m. Invitations were sent
to all electrical men. including manufacturers, central station
men, jobbers, salesmen, office staffs, etc. The programme
consisted of songs, speeches, choruses. Among the speakers
Ijeing the following, Geo. Kidd, General Manager B. C. Elec-
tric Railway Co.; G. D. Neill, manager, Employers' .A-S-
sociation. Subject: "Playing the Game." F. B. Milligan,
credit manager, Northern Electric Company. Subject: "Elec-
tric -A.ccountin.g."

Tickets at $1.2.5 each were distributed by the secretary.
Captain W. J. Conway, 406 Yorkshire Building, and a number
of representative elecrical men of Vancouver and vicinity.

Hubbell Specialties — The Harvey Hubbell Company of
Canada are distributing a folder formally announcing that
their Toronto factory is now completely equipped for the
manufacture of Hubbell electric specialties, and that they
are prepared to make immediate delivery to distributors and
retail dealers tlirou.ghout the Dominion.

The Hotpoint Company Fined for Breaking Rules
and Regulations of Hydro Commission

A summons was recently issued against the Hotpoint Cc...
according to a Kitchener paper, at the instigation of the In-
spection Department of the Hydro-Electric Power Commis-
sion of Ontario, for having caused to be distributed adver-
tising matter calculated to increased the fire hazard by ad-
vocating the use of electric heaters on key sockets, which is
contrary to the Rules and Regulations of the Commission.

This is the first case of the kind for which a summons
has been issued under the new regulations. Electrical in-
spection departments all over the continent have had to cope
with this same evil and in order to sell heaters the vendors
have resorted to a method of wrongly educating the public
to the idea that no wiring is necessary.

In spite of warnings of the Inspection Department, the
Hotpoint Company failed to comply with the instructions
and a fine of $10.00 and costs was imposed liy Magistrate
Weir.

Meters for Wireless and High Frequency Work

.\ hi,gh graile liot wire niea.suring iustrnnK-nt doi.gned
particularly for wireless and other high frequency work,
depending for its operation upon the expansion of a metal
strip which is heated by the current to be measure<l has been
developed by the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing
Co. The slight sag in this conductin.g strip is magnified
several hundred times on the scale by means of wires and a
deflecting spring. The conducting strip is made of non-
corrosive material. The separating posts have the same
temperature coefficient of expansion as the conducting strip,
so that the changes in room temperature do not cause an
error in the reading of the instrument. The instruments are
furnished in two forms, for flush mountin.g and portable.
Similar instruments for switchlioard mounting are also sup-

|)lied. The flush-mounting form, known as type EH, is of
the round open-face type. The face is ."J inches in diameter,
and tlie diameter outside the flange is 3W inches. It has a
black rubberoid case and rim, with white dial. The portable
form known as type PH, is mounted on a morocco-leather
covered wooden case with heavy glass over the dial. The
case is 3*4 inches by 4H inches by 2 inches thick. The scale
plate is made of metal, and the scale subtends an arc of 90
degrees, being 2J^ inches long. The type EH meters have a
guaranteed accuracy of 2 per cent, while the type PH, with
hand marked scale, can be expected to show an accuracy
within 1 per cent, of full scale. Standard meters are for 1, 2,
and 5 amperes. Care must be used not to subject the in-
strument to more than 200 per cent. load.

At a recent meeting of the Ottawa City Council it was
agreed to present the street railway purchase question to the
electors in the form of three separate by-laws, the first dealing
with the purchase of the railway at the expiration of the
franchise in 1933. the second with the purchase of the railway
at an earlier date by arbitration, and the third with the man-
agement of tlie railway.

ncccmhcr 1.-,, p.ns THE I'. L R C T R I C A I. NEWS

POWER CABLE

350,000 CM. 3-Conductor 12000 volt

Paper Insulated, Steel Tape Armoured Cable

Overall Diameter— 3.62 ins,

Built to Specifications of Hydro-Electric Power Commission

of Ontario

Eugene F. Phillips Electrical Works, Limited

MONTREAL

Branches : Toronto, Winnipeg, Regina, Calgary Vancouver

THE ELECTRICAL NEWS

Decemlier 1"), 1!)I-

Personal

Major T. W. Wilson, of Montreal, formerly on the en-
gineering staiT of the Montreal Light, Heat & Power Co.. has
been decorated with the D.S.O. About a year ago he was
awarded the M.C. for conspicuous work at Passchendaele.
He has Ijeen three years overseas.

Mr. W. D. Neil, Superintendent of the Eastern Division
of the C. P. R. telepraphs, haslieen transferred to the Ontario
division, being succeeded by Mr. C. L. Leighty. Mr. W. M.
Thompson, Traffic Superintendent of Eastern lines, is pro-
moted to Superintendent of the Eastern Division.

Mr. W. E. Bell, Montreal, has been appointed Acting
Division Superintendent of Telegraphs of the Grand Trunk
Lines in Alberta and British Columbia. Mr. Bell, whose
headquarters are at Edmonton, has jurisdiction over all mat-
ters pertaining to the construction and maintenance of tele-
graph and telephone lines and operation of railroad. and com-
mercial telegraphs in the two western provinces. He suc-
ceeds Mr. W. J. Rooney, who has been granted leave of ab-
sence owing to ill-liealth.

Obituary

Mr. James T. Mattice. commercial superintendent of the
Manitoba Government telephones, died in Winnipeg on No-
vember 7. He was for many years on the staff of the Bel!
Telephone Company in Montreal; in 190G he removed to
Winnipeg, and was the comptmy's contract agent in 190fi,
when the Manitojja Government took over the telephones.

Mr. Thos. Howe, local manager of the Bell Telephone
Company at Tilbury, Ont., died recently.

Mr. G. B. Dowswell, president of Dowswell Lees &
Company, Limited, manufacturers of electric washing
machines. Hamilton, Ont.. died recently.

Current Notes

Fort William, Ont.

The city council of Fort William, Ont., have passed a
by-law authorizing an increase in fares on the street railway,
subject to approval by the Ontario Railway Board. Under
the new arrangement there will be only one rate — straight
five cents — for all adults between 5.30 a.m. and midnight, and
ten cents straight after midnight. Children's tickets will be
eight for a quarter. The new rates will go into effect on New
Year's Day.
Montreal, Que.

The Montreal office and warehouse of the Canada Wire
and Cable Company. Limited, and of the Moloney Electric
Co, of Cg'iada, Limited, have been removed to 143 Beaver
Hall Hill.

The statement of the Montreal Light. Heat and Power
Consolidated foij the fiscal half-year ende<l Octi'luT ^Imw n

Mr. Contractor-Dealer — Is this one of YOUR customers?

gains in gross and net revenue and in surplus. The gross
stands at $5,297,130, an increase of $474,420 oer the 1917 per-
iod: operating charges were .$328,642 higher at $2,539,339;
net revenue was $145,779 higher at $2,757,791, and surplus
lietter by $145,199 at $2.225,.S84. During October the gross
increase was $64,890; the net $33,391, and the surplus $29,-
SSO. The total of the latter item was $444,238. the largest in
the history of the company.

Regina, Sask.

The high cost of labor and material is being felt by the
Saskatchewan government telephone system and it is an-
nounced that rate increases will be necessary in the near
future.
Toronto, Ont.

.\t a recent meetin.g of the executive of the Hydro-elec-
tric Railway Commission a resolution was passed and will be
forwarded tcj the Dominion Government recommending that
the Government purchase the Grand Trunk Railway and that
the Hydro build electric lines from Toronto to Buffalo, and
Toronto to London, the cost of the proposal being in the
neighborhood of $25,000,000.

Toronto Street Railway receipts for November were
$20,279 less than the same month last year. This, however,
is attributed to the loss of revenue on the two days when
people were celebrating the signing of the armistice and the
street cars were tied up. Every previous month this year
has shown an increase in gross receipts and in the city's per-
centage. Last month's receipts were $547,226, as compared
with $537,505 in November, 1917. The city's percentage was
$53,010, as compared with $55,823, a decrease of $2,843.

Winnipeg, Man.

.\ppIication has been made to the public utilities com-
mission for an increase of from 15 to 20 per cent, in the fares
on the lines operated by the Winnipeg, Selkirk and Lake
Winnipeg Railway Company. It was stated that the com-
pany is at present facing a yearly deficit of $52,000 and that
the su.ggested increase in fares would still leave a deficit of
.^2(1,000. .

THE

Salisbury Electric Radiator

Real Radiation from Electrical Energy

A Fool-proof Electric Radiator

No Water No Repairs

Nothing to Re-fill

This is your opportunity position rjou

SALISBURY ELECTRIC COMPANY, LIMITED,' TORONTO

TK Electrical news and
1 engineering

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V.27

Engineering

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