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,:^^^^^NW1^:;
'RlilCIPALOFTHC' jPeNN'-
State Normal Sci^coi--
:
FW/Z A DELPH: '\ - PORTER j> COA ^f
J
v^voi-li
HARVARD COLLEGE
LIBRARY
GIFT OF
JAMES STURGIS PRAY
Chalks Eliot Professor of Landscape Architecture
To be kept in the main coUedion of the
College Library
I
«
3 2044 096 999 370
Z.:?u>^
THE
ELEMENTARY
AEITHMETIC,
ORAL AND WEITTEI^.
BT
ALBERT N. RAXJB, A.M.,
PRINCIPAL OF THE CENTRAL PENNSTLYANIA STATE NORMAL SCHOOL^
AND AUTHOR OF "THE COMPLETE ARITHMETIC."
PHILADELPHIA :
PORTER & COATES,
822 CHESTNUT STREET.
u.v.ni.i
Copyright, 1877, by Porter A Ck>ATB8.
PREFACE.
Believing that Oral and Written Arithmetic form
properiy but a single study, and that they are best taught
together, the author has in this, as in his Complete Arith-
metic, combined both oral and written exercises in the
same book. He claims that by this arrangement much
valuable time may be saved to both teacher and pupil, and
the science of Arithmetic be even better taught than by
the plan of teaching the two from separate books.
In the composition of this book two main objects have
been steadily kept in view : first, that of teaching the
elements of Arithmetic thoroughly ; and, secondly, that
of training the pupil to think for himself and apply his
knowledge of the science as he acquires it to the actual
business operations of life. To accomplish the first of
these objects, the author has adopted a natural and sys-
tematic gradation, not only of subjects, but also the divis-
ions of these subjects and the various operations Under
these divisions. To this end also the problems have been
systematically graded throughout the book.
To accomplish the second object, simple, concise solu-
tions have been given as a basis where it was thought
they could be of advantage ; but in many cases the pupil
is left to depend upon'his own knowledge, gained from his
previous study of the book, to frame his own solutions.
He is required to give his explanation of many of the
written solutions of the problems as given by the author.
4 PREFACE.
It is believed that this will, under the guidance of a ju-
dicious teacher, give him valuable training, not only in
reasoning, but also in the use of language. He is re-
quired also, in many cases, to derive his own rules from
the preceding solutions and principles.
In order that he may understand the practical appli-
cation of Arithmetic, and at the same time acquire a
knowledge of the business use of the science as he pro-
ceeds, the problems given are largely, almost wholly,
drawn from the actual business operations of life.
The fact that a large number of pupils never study
Arithmetic for any great length of time, and the neces-
sity of their studying that only which will be of practical
utility to them in after life, has been kept constantly in
view in adapting the book to their wants.
Extended exercises are given in the application of the
Amdamental rules, because these are the basis of all the
operations of Arithmetic.
The definitions given are brief and accurate, and it is
thought they are all clothed in such language as the
pupils can readily comprehend.
Every effort has been put forth to make the book a
desirable one, not only for the pupil in learning the ele-
ments of Arithmetic, but also for the teacher in present-
ing the principles to the mind of the learner. It is
believed, and confidently hoped, that progressive teachers
everywhere will find it well adapted to their wants.
A. N. R.
Central State Normal School,
Lock Haven, Pa., July 19, 1877.
SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS.
The author neither desires nor aims to give here a
detailed method of teaching the whole subject of Arith-
metic, but rather to suggest a few hints which he hopes
may be of practical service to those who use the book.
Objects. — Since children acquire knowledge most
readily through their perceptive faculties, the teacher
should illustrate largely by the .use of objects. This
means of illustration should be used from the beginning,
for the reason that the child thinks concretely — that is, in
connection with objects. The idea of ten ones, or a ten,
can be best taught by putting together ten objects and
calling the collection Siten; in a similar manner ten tens,
forming a hundred, and so on. So also the idea of a
fraction and of fractional parts can be taught best in
connection with objects. Objects themselves are much
superior in this respect to pictures.
In the selection of objects care should be taken, espe-
cially in teaching the idea of a fraction, that such objects
be used as cannot be divided without destroying their
unity. Thus, an apple is much better for illustration
than a stick or a line ; for if an apple be divided into any
number of equal parts, none of these parts are units ; but
a stick may be divided into other sticks, or a line into
other lines, each of which is still a unit.
Numeral Frame. — Teachers will find the numeral
frame a great aid in teaching all the frmdamental rules.
It has the advantage of being compact and convenient,
aild is always at hand. It is among the most serviceable
articles of school fiimiture.
1* ^
SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS.
«
Counting. — Give much attention to the exercises in
counting following each of the tables. It is believed that
if these exercises are judiciously used, pupils will perform
the operations of the fundamental rules with much greater
rapidity and exactness. Don't continue these exercises,
however, till they become tedious or monotonous.
Tests. — Whenever possible give your pupils experience
in the actual application of measurements. Thus, let
them in the absence of a foot-rule or a yardstick mark a
lath into feet and inches, and by the use of this determine
the height and length of their desks, the blackboard, the
recitation seats, the doors, etc, and of the schoolroom
itself. If no set of weights can be secured, let paper or
muslin bags filled with sand or corn, representing the
ounce, the pound, the quarter-pound, etc., be used. The
pupil is thus more readily taught, because he gains his
knowledge largely by observation,, and the. judgment is
trained and cultivated while the knowledge is being
acquired.
Solutions. — ^The solutions given in this book are sim-
ple and concise. Teachers are not expected, however, to
confine themselves strictly to those given by the author.
Many problems will admit of several solutions. It will
be well, therefore, for the teacher to encourage the pupils
to give solutions of their own. He should be careful to
see, however, that no unnecessary words are used, and
that the solutions are given in good language. This will
train the pupils to think and reason for themselves.
In the written work everything should be done neatly,
whether on the slate or on the blackboard. Pupils should
be taught how to make figures. They frequently do not
make neat figures, because they have never been taught.
Thoroughness. — Do not hurry. Let your pupils mas*
SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS. 7
ter everything thoroughly as they pass over it. It is be-
lieved that the exercises in this book are sufficiently
extended and well graded to enable the learner to master
the elements of the different subjects presented. But
should the teacher deem it necessary to have more ex-
tended exercises, both teacher and pupils will find it ad-
vantageous often to originate problems •for^themselves.
The teacher should be sure that the pupil understands
the principles as he proceeds. It is too often the case
that he is hurried along from one subject to another with-
out having a clear comprehension of each, and therefore
spends years in doing the work of as many months.
Help. — Let the teacher give no help where the pupil
can overcome any difficulty by his own efforts. Every
obstacle the learner surmounts unaided, and every dif-
ficulty he overcomes, makes him stronger and better pre-
pared to contend successfully with the next. If help is
needed, let it come indirectly in the shape of hints or
suggestions. A single suggestion will often put a pupil
on the right track or start a train of thought which will
lead to success, and the knowledge thus gained without
actual aid will be doubly valuable to him.
Oral Arithmetic. — The exercises in Oral Arithmetic
are not designed to be comprehensive. In many cases the
teacher will find it advantageous to have his pupils solve
some of the written problems orally. A portion of the
class may be solving their problems on the blackboard
while another part of the class may be solving by the oral
process. Thus much valuable time may be economized,
and the solutions and principles, being discussed by both
methods in the same recitation, will be more fully com-
prehended and more definitely understood.
CONTENTS.
PAOB
Preface 3
Suggestions to Teachers 5
BBCnON CHAPTER I. PAOK
Integers 9"
I. Notation and Numeration. 9
II. Addition 19
III. Subtraction 30
IV. Multiplication 41
V. Division 63
CHAPTER II.
United States Money 66
I. Definitions and Principles. 66
II. Reductionof U.S. Money. 68
III. Addition of U. S. Money. 69
IV. Subtraction of U.S. Money 71
V. Multiplication of U. S.
Money 72
VI. Division of U. S. Money. 74
Bills 77
CHAPTER III.
Properties op Numbers 79
I. Factors and Multiples 79
Cancellation 82
II. Greatest Common Divisor. 83
III. Least Common Multiple... 85
CHAPTER IV.
Fractions 87
I. Definitions 87
II. Reduction of Fractions... 89
Common Denominator.. 96
Least Common Denom-
inator 97
III. Addition of Fractions 98
IV. Subtraction of Fractions..! 01
V. Multiplication of Frac-
tions 104
VI. Division of Fractions 110
Complex Fractions 115
8
BBCTIOIf CHAPTER V. PA«B
Decimal Fractions 118
I. Notation and Numeration. 118
II. Reduction of Decimals... 121
III. Addition of Decimals 123
IV. Subtraction of Decimals. 124
V. Multiplication of Deci-
mals 125
VI. Division of Decimals 126
CHAPTER VL
Denominate Numbers 128
I. Definitions 128
II. Tables and Measures 129
Value 129
Weight 130
Extension 134
Volume 137
Capacity 139
Time 141
Angles 143
Compound Numbers 146
1. Addition of Com-
pound Numbers... 146
2. Subtraction of Com-
pound Numbers... 148
3. Multiplication of
Comp'd Numbers. 149
4. Division of Com-
pound Numbers... 150
CHAPTER VIL
Percentage 152
I. Definitions and Principles 152
II. Interest 159
Simple Interest 159
1. General Method... 159
2. Decimal Method.. 161
Review Problems 162
Elementary Arithmetic.
CHAPTER I.
II^TEGEES,
SECTION I.
NOTATION AJfD XVMEBATIOK.
1. In writing numbers, ten figures are used. Theyare-^
0123456789
called naughty one, two, three, four, five, six, severe, eight., nine,
Natighi, 0, is sometimes called zero, or a cipher. The
other nine figures are sometimes called digits.
In writing numbers greater than nine, two or more of
these figures are taken together.
Repeating or naming the numbers in order is called
Coimtillg ; as, one, two, three, four, five, etc.
One 1
Two 2
Three 3
Four 4
Five 5
Six 6
Seven 7
Eight 8
Nine 9
Ten 10
Eleven 11
Twelve 12
Thirteen 13
NUMBERS TO 100.
Fourteen 14
Fifteen 15
Sixteen 16
Seventeen 17
Eighteen 18
Nineteen 19
Twenty 20
Twenty-one 21
Twenty-two 22
Twenty-three 23
Twenty-four 24
Twenty-five 25
Twenty-six 26
Twenty-seven 27
Twenty-eight 28
Twenty-nine 29
Thirty 30
Thirty-one 31
Thirty-two 32
Thirty-three 33
Thirty-four 34
Thirty-five 35
Thirty-six 36
Thirty-seven 37
Thirty-eight 38
ThittY-ivvaa ^<^
10
NOTATION AND NUMERATION.
Forty 40
Forty-one 41
Forty-two 42
Forty-three 43
Forty-four 44
Forty-five 45
Forty-six 46
Forty-seven 47
Forty-eight 48
Forty-nine 49
Fifty 50
Fifty-one 51
Fifty-two 52
Fifty-three 53
Fifty-four 54
Fifty-five 55
Fifty-six 56
Fifty-seven 57
Fifty-eight 58
Fifty-nine 59
Sixty 60
Sixty-one 61
Sixty-two 62
Sixty-three 63
Sixty-four 64
Sixty-five 65
Sixty-six 66
Sixty-seven 67
Sixty-eijght 68
Sixty-nine 69
Seventy 70
Seventy-one 71
Seventy-two 72
Seventy-three 73
Seventy-four 74
Seventy-five 75
Seventy-six 76
Seventy-seven 77
Seventy-eight 78
Seventy-nine 79
Eighty 80
Eighty-one 81
Eighty-two 82
Eighty-three 83
Eighty-four 84
Eighty-five 85
Eighty-six 86
Eighty-seven .... 87
Eighty-eight 88
Eighty-nine 89
Ninety 90
Ninety-one 91
Ninety-two 92
Ninety-three 93
Ninety-four 94
Ninety-five 95
Ninety-six 96
Ninety-seven .... 97
Ninety-eight 98
Ninety-nine 99
One hundred 100
EXERCISE IN COUNTING.
1. Count from 1 to 10.
2. Count from 10 to 30.
3. Count from 30 to 60.
4. Count from 60 to 100.
5. Count from 1 to 99.
6. Count from 99 to 1»
With what figure does 17 begin? 18? 35? 39?
47? 46? 43? AU the forties? All the sixties?
All the eighties ?
2. When we write numbers, ten ones are called a ten,
which is written 10
Two tens, or twenty , is written 20
Three tens, or thirty, "
Four tens, ot forty y
Five tens, or ffti/,
Six tens, or sixty,
Seven tens, or seventy, "
'Eight tens, or eighty, "
Nine tens, or ninety, "
a
u
(t
u
«
«
«
((
((
«
30
40
60
60
70
80
90
NOTATION AND NUMERATION.
11
One ten and one is called el^m, and is written.
One ten and two, or twelve.
One ten and three, or thirteen,
One ten and four, or fourteen,
One ten and ^ve, or fifteen.
One ten and six, or sixteen.
One ten and seven, or seventeen.
One ten and eight, or eighteen,
One ten and nine, or nineteen.
Two tens and one, or twenty-one,
Two tens and two, or twenty-two,
Three tens and four, or thirty-four.
Five tens and seven, or fifty-seven,
Six tens and two, or sixty-two,
Eight tens and five, or eighty-five.
Nine tens and nine, or ninety-nine.
a
tC
U
it
n
«
((
«
i<
tt
u
iC
fC
u
It
tten...
, 11
t(
. 12
u
. 13
it
. 14
(«
, 15
tt
. 16
tt
. 17
tt
. 18
tt
, 19
tt
. 21
It
. 22
tt
. 34
tt
. 57
tt
62
It
, 85
(i
. 99
EXERCISE.
1. Write in figures thirteen, nineteen, fourteen, twenty-
four, thirty-six, forty*three, fifty-two, sixty-one, seventy-
seven, eighty-five, ninety-eight.
2. Write in. words 12, 18, 27, 32, 86, 72, 64, 92,
26, 75.
3. Write in figures seventeen, twenty-nine, thirty, for-
ty-eight, sixty-five, eighty-one, forty-five, seventy-eight,
eighty-three.
4. Write in words 39, 96, 62, 74, 87, 34, 72,
27, 98.
5. Write in figures thirty-one, twenty-three, fifty-eight,
sixty, seventy-nine, forty-four, thirty-three.
6. Write in words 22, 54, 27, 99, 28, 26, 68,
98, 77.
3. Ten tens taken together are called a hundred.
12 NOTATION AND NUMERATION.
One hundred is written 100
Two hundred " " 200
Three hundred " " 300
Four hundred " " 400
Five hundred " " 500
Six hundred " " 600
Seven hundred *' " 700
Eight hundred " " 800
Nine hundred " " 900
4. When numbers are expressed by figures, the first
place on the right is called ones or units; the second
place, tens; the third place, hundreds. Thus, 326 is
three hundreds, two tens and six ones, and is read three
hundred and twenty-six.
EXERCISE.
1. Write in figures one hundred and twenty-five, two
hundred and seventy-three, three hundred and seventy-
two, four hundred and twenty-six, eight hundred and
ninety-three, three hundred and ninety-eight, nine hun-
dred and eighty-three.
2. Write in words 126, 472, 264, 746, 827, 722, 468.
3. Write in figures eight hundred and twenty-one, three
hundred and forty-three, nine hundred and seventy-four,
two hundred and seventy-six, three hundred and forty-five,
five hundred and forty-three, four hundred and thirty-
five.
4. Write in words 263, 348, 482, 576, 647, 446, 644.
5. Write in figures five hundred and forty-one, one
hundred and fourteen, one hundred and nineteen, two
hundred and one, seven hundred and twenty-three, eight
hundred and four, six hundred and ^ye,
6. Write in words 468, 144, 987, 207, 763, 875, 445.
NOTATION AND NUMERATION.
13
7. Write in figures four hundred and fifty-two, eight
hundred and thirteen, nine hundred and eleven, seven
hundred and ninety-eight, two hundred and twenty-one,
eight hundred and eighty-seven, four hundred and sixty.
8. Write in words 567, 348, 843, 654, 388, 777.
9. Write in figures seven hundred and twenty-six, three
hundred and ninety-nine, eight hundred and seventy-two,
three hundred and eighty-seven, six hundred and twenty-
three, seven hundred and eighty-nine, seven hundred and
sixty-four.
10. Write in words 111, 406, 460, 723, 327, 273, 732.
5. Ten hundreds taken together are called a thousand.
One thousand is written 1000
Twenty hundreds, or two thousand, is written... 2000
Thirty hundreds, or three thousand.
Forty hundreds, or four thousand,
Fifty hundreds, or five thousand.
Sixty hundreds, or six thousand,
Seventy hundreds, or seven thousand,
Eighty hundreds, or eight thousand,
Ninety hundreds, or nine thousand,
6. When numbers of more than three figures are writ-
ten, the fourth place to the right is called thousands.
Thus, 6723 is read six thousand seven hundred and
twenty-three.
7. The fifth place to the right is called ten-thousands.
Thus, 86423 is 8 ten-thousands, 6 thousands, 4 hundreds,
2 tens and 3 ones, or eighty-six thousand four hundred
and twenty-three.
8« The sixth place to the right is called hundred-thour
sands. Thus, 768357 is 7 hundred-thousands, .6 ten-thou-
sands, 8 thousands, 3 hundreds, 5 tens and 7 ones, or seven
2
Ma Tf J &vi/v/XAi
>.. .WV/V/Vf
... 3000
...4000
... 5000
... 6000
... 7000
... 8000
... 9000
14 NOTATION AND NUMERATION.
hundred and sixty-eight thousand three hundred and fifty-
seven.
9. In numbers of more than three figures, ev^y
three figures counting from the right are called a
Period. These periods are separated from each other
by commas.
10. The first period at the right consists of ones, tens
and hundreds. The second consists of thousands, ten-
thousands and hundred-thousands. Thus, in 845,675, the
first right-hand period consists of 5 ones, 7 tens and 6
hundreds ; and the second period, of 5 thousands, 4 ten-
thousands and 8 hundred-thousands.
11. The first right-hand period is also called the uniUt^
period, and the second to the right the thousands' period.
Thus, 643,876 is 643 thousands and 876 units or ones. It
is read six hundred and forty-three thousand eight hun-
dred and seventy-six.
12. If there are no figures for any of the places, naughts
must be supplied. Thus, write —
Eighteen thousand 18,000
Six hundred and three thousand 603,000
Four hundred and eighty thousand 480,000
Seven thousand ^ye hundred 7,500
Twenty thousand nine hundred 20,900
Sixteen thousand seven hundred and eight.. 16,708
Five hundred and seven thousand two hun*
dred 507,200
Five hundred and seven thousand two hun-
dred and six 507,206
Sixty thousand and thirteen 60,013
One hundred and seventy-three thousand
and six 178,006
NOTATION AND NUMERATION. 15
EXERCISE.
1. Write in figures seven hundred and eighty-four, six
thousand, eight thousand, five thousand five hundred.
2. Write in figures one hundred and seventeen thou-
sand, one hundred and seventy thousand, eight hundred
and fifty thousand, one hundred and seven thousand.
3. Write in words 1193 ; 12,700; 97,800; 20,600.
4. Write in words 21,500 ; 180,000 ; 180,700 ; 60,500.
5. Write in figures fift;een thousand four hundred and
sixty, twenty-seven thousand six hundred and four,
twenty thousand one hundred and seventeen, ninety-five
thousand one hundred and ninety-five.
6. Writ-e in figures eighty thousand six hundred and
seventy, eighty-five thousand and sixty-seven, seventy-two
thousand and five, sixty thousand and seventy-six.
7. Write in words 16,750 ; 25,702 ; 11,720 ; 19,559.
8. Write in words 86,700; 56,708; 52,007; 70,067.
9. Write in figures one hundred and seventeen thou-
sand six hundred and fifty, one hundred and forty thou-
sand and forty, eight hundred and five thousand five
hundred and five, six hundred and seven thousand seven
hundred and seventy.
10. Write in figures five hundred and forty-three
thousand two hundred and two, one hundred and
ninety-fiix thousand six hundred and nine, five hun-
dred thousand and sixty-seven, four hundred thousand
and six.
11. Write in words 711,560 ; 440,010 ; 550,805 ; 770,076.
12. Write in words 647,032 ; 546,607 ; 607,006 ; 600,003.
MILLIONS.
13. The third period of figures is c&Hedmilliom,
14. A miUion is a thousand thousand.
16 NOTATION AND NUMERATION.
15. The third period consists of millions, ten-milliona
and hundred-millions. Thus we write —
3 million 600 thousand and 65 3,600,065
17 million 420 thousand 642 17,420,642
45 million 316 thousand 718 45,316,718
264 million 376 thousand 945 264,376,945
740 million 360 thousand and 80 740,360,080
700 million 300 thousand and 6 700,300,006
EXERCISE.
1. Write in figures one hundred and seventy-eight
thousand nine hundred and sixteen, one hundred and
eighty-seven thousand five hundred and sixty.
2. Write in figures six million seven hundred and
sixty-three thousand four hundred and twenty-one, eigh-
teen million seven hundred and sixteen thousand seven
hundred and fourteen.
3. Write in words 967,478 ; 875,642.
4. Write in words 7,843,617 ; 15,673,424.
5. Write in figures one hundred and eighty-seven mil-
lion six hundred and forty-five thousand six hundred and
six, seven hundred and forty-three million eight hundred
thousand six hundred and five.
6. Write in figures six hundred million seven hundred
and fifteen thousand and fifteen, eight hundred and sev-
enty-seven million four hundred and three thousand six
hundred and six.
7. Write in words 244,707,644 ; 873,600,707.
8. Write in words 705,604,403 ; 700,600,006.
9. Name the periods in order from the right.
10. Name the places in order fix)m the right.
NOTATION AND NUMERATION. 17
TABLE.
•
m a
pkmods, J i a
^ ^
y y ' ^ , ' ^ y '
74 6, 68 3, 726
§ S
Places. I J ^ I ^ jf
1 1 f "i I 1 "S
WhSWhhWhP
10 units are 1 ten.
10 tens. " 1 hundred.
10 hundreds " 1 thousand.
10 thousands " 1 ten-thousand.
1 ten-thousands " 1 hundred-thousand.
10 hundred-thousands. " 1 million.
10 millions " 1 ten-million.
10 ten-millions " 1 hundred-million.
16. A Unit is one or a single thing.
17. A Number is one or more units.
18. A whole number — as, 1, 3, 4, etc.-^is called an
Integer,
19. Arithmetic is the science of numbers and the art
of computing by them.
20. Notation is the art of writing or expressing num-
bers by figures or letters.
21. Numeration is the art of reading numbers.
22. Figures have two values, simple and local.
23. The simple value of a figure is the value when it
stands alone.
2* B
18 NOTATION AND NUMERATION.
24. The local value of a figure is the value given it by
the place it occupies.
Thus, 7, 6 and 4, when taken alone, mean 7 ones, 6 ones
and 4 ones ; but when combined, as in 764, the value of
7 is 7 hundreds ; of 6, 6 tens ; and of 4, 4 ones.
REVIEW EXERCISE.
1. Express by figures seven hundred and nine, seven
thousand six hundred and nine, forty-three thousand
two hundred and seventy-five, sixteen thousand and
six.
2. Express by figures one hundred and fifteen thousand
and fifteen, five hundred thousand and five, eighteen
thousand and six, eighteen thousand and eighteen.
3. Express by figures six hundred and fourteen million
seven hundred and eighty-three thousand and sixty-three,
one hundred and forty-nine million six hundred thou-
sand, eighteen million, one hundred and seventy million
and five.
4. Express by figures nine hundred million and nine,
seven hundred and forty-three million seven hundred and
forty-three, seven hundred and forty million seven thou-
sand four hundred and seventy-four, two hundred and
four million six hundred and seventy thousand and sixty-
seven.
5. Express by figures seventeen million and seventeen,
nine hundred and sixty-two million nine hundred and
sixty-two thousand nine hundred and sixty-two, four hun-
dred and twenty-eight million four himdred and twenty-
eight thousand, nine hundred and eight million seventy
thousand six hundred and five.
6. Express by words 1,865 ; 6,006 ; 18,014 ; 73,642.
7. Express by words 114,000 ; 14,006 ; 128,128 ; 900,019.
ADDITION. 19
8. Express by words 462,352; 109,109,109; 16,000,000
160,000,000.
9. Express by words 1,600,000; 160,000; 4,004,004
45,045,045.
10. Express by words 87,500,875; 731,640,005
62,062,062; 405,060,708.
SECTION II.
ABBITIOJf.
1. A boy has one right hand and one left hand : how
many hands has he ?
2. A horse has two front feet and two hind feet : how
many feet has he ?
3. A girl has two apples in one hand and one in the
other : how many apples has she?
4. John had three cents, and his mother gave him two
more : how many had he then ?
5. Mary has three cakes and George has three : how
many have they both ?
25. Uniting two or more numbers of the same kind, so
as to find how much they all equal, is called Addition.
26« The number found by adding two or more num-
bers together is called the Sfum.
27. The %\^n of addition, +, is called jo^iw, and when
placed between two numbers shows that they are to be
added.
28. The following sign, = , is called the dgn of equality y
and when placed between two numbers shows that they
are equal. Thus, 2 -f 3 « 5, and is read ^ ^\3& '^ ^njM^^ Xi,
20 ADDITION.
Principle. — Only similar numbers can be added.
Thus, 3 boys and 2 boys, 4 cents and 7 cents.
ADDITION TABLE.
8
9
1234567 8 9
1111111 1 1
2345678 9 10
1234567 8 9
2222222 2 2
6 7 8 9 10 11
1234567 8 9
3333333 3 3
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1234567 8 9
4444444 4 4
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1234567 8 9
5555555 5 5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
01234567 8 9
eJ 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1234567 8 9
77777777 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
01234567 8 9
88888888 88
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1234667 8 9
9999999 9 9
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1234567 8 9
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
ADDITION.
21
1. Count
2 and 1 are
2. Count
4 and 2 are
Count by
3. Count —
By3's
By3'8
4. Count —
By4's
By4's
By4'8
5. Count —
By5'8
By5's
By5's
By5's
6. Count —
By6'8
By6's
By6'8
By6'8
By6's
ORAL EXERCISE,
by I's from 1 to 100 ; thus, 1 and 1 are 2,
3, 3 and 1 are 4, and so on.
by 2's from 2 to 100; thus, 2 and 2 are 4,
6, and so on.
2's from 4 to 60.
from 3 to 60.
from 4 to 100.
from 1 to 49.
from 2 to 74.
from 3 to 99.
from 1 to 51.
from 2 to 77.
from 3 to 93.
from 4 to 119.
from 1 to 73.
from 2 to 98.
from 3 to 117.
from 5 to 155.
from to 180.
7. Count-
By 7's from 2 to 51.
By 7's from 4 to 95.
By 7'8 from 5 to 110.
By 7's from to 133.
8. Count —
By 8'8 from 3 to 83.
By 8'8 from 5 to 125.
By 8's from 7 to 119.
By 8'8 from 1 to 145.
9. Count —
By 9'8 from 1 to 82. '
By 9's from 2 to 128.
By 9'8 from 8 to 188.
10. Count-
By lO's from 2 to 102.
By lO's from 5 to 135.
By lO's from 9 to 199.
CASE I.
To Add any Colnmn of Fignres whose Sam does not exceed
Nine^
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. How many are 3 pins and 4 pms?
2. How many are 6 pins and 2 pins ?
3. How many are 4 boys and 5 boys ? . -
4. How many are 5 boys and 4 boys ?
5. How many are 7 men and 2 men ?
22 ADDITION.
6. How many are 6 men and 2 men ?
7- How many are 4 cups and 4 cups?
8. How many are 3 spoons and 5 spoons ?
9. How many are 3 apples, 2 apples and 1 apple?
10. How many are 2 cows, 3 cows and 4 cows ?
WRITTEN EXERCISE.
Ex. How many are —
3 horses, JEJrpfcMMrftbn. — ^We write the numbers under one an-
3 horses'? ^^^t ^^^ ^d thus : 3 and 2 are 5, and 3 are 8. Henoe,
8 horses. ^® ^^^"^ ^ ^ horses.
Find the sum of —
(1.) (2.) (3.) (4.)
6 books, 6 men, 3 pens, 4 boys,
3 " 2 " 4 " 2
2 " 2
(5.) (6.) (7.) (8.) (9.) (10.) (11.) (12.) (13.)
673425 2 4 6
004212112
1223626 11
14. How many are 21 cents, 15 cents and 12 cents?
Solution. ExplancUum, — ^We write the numbers so that units
21 cents, stand under units and tens under tens, and begin
15 cents, ^.t the right to add. Thus, 2 and 5 are 7, and 1 is 8,
— 06° • which we write in the place of units ; adding the tens,
cents, ^g have 1 and 1 are 2, ahd'2 are 4, which we write
in the tens' place.
Find the sum of—
(15.) (16.) (17.) (18.) (19.)
16 horses, 18 men, 12 books, 10 cents, 71 boxes,
21 " 20 " 14 " 22 " 6 "
10 " 60 " 13 " 34 ** 12 "
ADDITION.
(20.)
(21.)
(22.) (23.)
(24.)
(25.)
23
12
20 ■ 18
23
123
44
14
30 20
42
322
22
13
46 40
20
400
(26.)
(27.)
(28.)
(29.)
(30.)
422
221
165
141
6
320
143
200
23
21
150
20
30
32
432
23
31. A man travelled 21 miles on Monday and 16 on
Tuesday : how fiir did he travel in both days ?
32. There are 33 boys and 25 girls in school: how
many pupils are there in the school ?
33. A horse cost 105 dollars, a cow 43 dollars and a
sheep 10 dollars : how much did they all cost ?
34. A boy bought two hens for 50 cents, a duck for 25
cents and some feed for 12 cents : how much did he pay
for all ?
35. If I pay 122 dollars for a buggy, 45 dollars for
harness and 200 dollars for a horse, how much do I pay
for all ?
How much ifr-
36. 6 + 2+1?
37. 4+12+3?
38. 21 + 22+43?
39. 10+25+60?
40. 23+42+122?
41. 130+200+304?
42. 125+320+201?
43. 172 + 205 + 602?
44. 232 + 300+107?
45. 455 + 203 + 340?
CASE II.
To Add wben the Sum of a Colnmn exceeds Nine Units of
that place.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. How many are 5 apples and 5 apples ? 3 pens and
8 pens?
24 ADDITION.
2. How many are 4 dollars and 6 dollars?
3. A boy has 5 fingers on each hand : how many has
he on both ?
4. How many are 5 cents, 6 cents and 7 cents ?
5. A hog cost 10 dollars, a sheep 5 dollars and some
hens 7 dollars : how much did they all cost ?
6. A pair of boots cost 12 dollars, a hat 7 dollars
and some socks 2 dollars: how much did they all
cost?
7. How many are 7 books, 9 books and 22 books ?
8. Mary has 10 cents, John has 12 cents and James has
15 cents : how many cents have they together ?
9. A boy has 12 hens, 6 turkeys and 16 ducks: how
many fowls has he?
10. A boy learns 6 letters one day, 6 letters the next,
4 letters the next, and 2 letters the next : how many does
he learn in the four days?
WRITTEN EXERCISE.
Ex. How many are 6 horses, 8 horses, 4 horses and 6
horses?
BoLTJTiON'. Explanation, — We write the numbers under one
6 horses, another, and add, beginning at the bottom : 6 and 4
^ « are 9, and 8 are 17, and 6 are 23, which is 2 tens and
5 « 3 ones. We write the 3 in the units' place, and the 2
23 horses, i^^ the tens' place.
Add—
(1.) (2.) (3.) (4.) (5.)
5 cows. 8 sheep. 6 boys. 2 cents. 6 dollars.
6 " 4 " 7 " 6 " 7 "
4 " 3 " 4 " 9 " 6 "
3 " 5 " 2 " 4 " 9 "
ADDITION. 25
(6.) (7.) (8.) (9.) (10.)
6 7 6 8 8
4 8 4 7 9
5 3 7 5 7
9 2 3 6 2
(11.) (12.) (13.) (14.) (15.)
5 7 6 5 9
6 8 7 5 7
8 5 8 6 6
3 4 3 4 8
2 2 i ^ ^
Add. Explafuition. — We write the numbers so that units are
423 under units, tens under tens, and hundreds under hundreds,
347 and begin to add at the right : 9 and 7 are 16, and 3 are
19 ones, or 1 ten and 9 ones. We write the 9 in the units'
place, and add the 1 ten to the tens : 1 and 4 are 5, and 4
are 9, and 2 are 11 tens, or 1 hundred and 1 ten. We write the 1
ten in the tens' place, and add the 1 hundred to the hundreds : 1 and
8 are 9, and 3 are 12, and 4 are 16 hundreds, or 1 thousand and 6
hundreds. We write the 6 hundreds in the hundreds' place and
the 1 thousand in the thousands' place. The result is, therefore,
1619.
849
1619
Add—
(1.)
(2.)
(3.)
(4.)
42 dollars.
18 cents.
55 ducks.
48 books.
28
((
16 «
13
U
25 «
43
it
44 "
84
«
72 «
(5.)
(6.)
(7.)
(8.)
(9.)
(10.)
45
84
16
46
84
95
69
72
61
64
46
50
32
91
85
51
87
68
26
\
ADDITION.
(11.)
(12.)
(13.)
(14.)
(15.)
(16.)
642
272
615
465
956
925
347
447
421
641
608
675
872
638
879
848
467
259
(17.)
(18.)
(19.)
(20.)
(21.)
(22.)
752
342
253
897
156
851
423
426
541
111
481
318
709
151
422
343
423
806
820
737
735
625
782
167
(23.)
(24.)
(25.)
(26.)
(27.)
(28.)
4813
1122
2291
3574
4449
1357
5914
7914
5723
3333
2575
2468
6115
1234
2102
4680
4404
6555
7036
8024
6838
3391
3685
6666
(29.)
(30.)
(31.)
(32.)
(33.)
(34.)
5788
3455
2729
4044
3282
1185
2693
6521
8272
5260
6341
5073
1112
6817
3228
3788
3161
9962
6762
7773
9561
5473
2827
9467
8104
6839
5587
2667
7214
3478
(35.)
(36.)
(37.)
(380
43474
73422
77823
13536
38242
75638
21684
71882
67891
18208
18516
81385
84870
32378
33902
80246
22171
27226
. 14656
•
91257
ADDITION.
(39.)
(40.)
433827
28613534
663725
47224466
434958
31821746
367624
18714924
233647
73684627
27
Rnd the sum —
41. Of 6472+8733+4633+4854.
42. Of 2762+8756 + 9783+4578.
43. Of 1617+8743+7284+9621.
44. Of 2650+4062+8705 + 9030.
45. Of 5005+6007 + 7583+4783.
46. Of 27845 + 67832 + 74281 + 68432.
47. Of 47823 + 68421 + 70070 + 60504.
48. Of 1 27 + 6434 + 7805 + 60007.
49. Of 10+8756+405 + 66782.
60. Of 7560+804+7854+87400.
51. Of 1525 + 960+820+16 + 37800.
PROBLEMS.
•
1. A merchant sells 44 yd. of cloth on Monday, 62 yd.
on Tuesday and 30 yd. on Wednesday : how much does
he sell in the three days ? Ans. 136 yd.
2. A farmer raises 650 bu. of wheat in one field, 420 bu.
in another and 725 bu. in another: how many bushels
does he raise in the three fields ? Ana. 1795 bu.
3. A grocer sold 850 lb. of sugar in March, 927 lb. in
April and 1640 lb. in May: how many pounds did he
sell in the three months? Ans. 3417 lb.
4. A knife cost 62 cts., a slate 44 cts., a reader 95 cts.
and a grammar 65 cts. : how much did they all cost?
Am. 266 cts.
28 ADDITION.
5. A gentleman owns a farm worth 16000 dollars, a
store worth 12500 dollars, and a house worth 25000 dol-
lars : how much are they all worth ? Ans, 53500 dollars.
6. If a horse cost 157 dollars, a carriage 225 dollars
and a set of harness 120 dollars, what do they all cost ?
AnSn 502 dollars.
7. In my orchard I have 124 apple trees, 63 peach
trees and 27 plum trees : how many trees are there in the
orchard? Ans, 214.
8. A merchant has three pieces of carpet ; the first con-
tains 127 yd., the second 145 yd., and the third 162 yd. :
how many yards do they all contain ? Ans. 434 yd.
9. A man pays 1200 dollars for rent, 2750 dollars for
clerk-hire and 175 dollars for insurance : how much does
he pay altogether? Ans, 4125 dollars.
10. A man was born in 1813, and died when he was
62 years old: when did he die? Ana, In 1875.
11. A man receives as rent from five buildings the fol-
lowing amounts : from the first 125 dollars a year, from
the second 320 dollars a year, from the third 650 dollars
a year, from the fourth 240 dollars a year, and from the
fifth 175 dollars a year: how much does he receive from
all ? Ana, 1510 dollars.
12. A merchant has two pieces of muslin of 45 yd.
each, and three of 46 yd. each : how much muslin has he?
Ans, 228 yd.
13. What is the cost of three horses at 125 dollars each,
and four cows at 43 dollars each ? Ans, 547 dollars.
14. A drover bought 120 sheep for 625 dollars, 243
sheep for 763 dollars and 571 sheep for 2855 dollars : how
many sheep did he buy, and how much did they cost bim ?
Ans, 934 sheep for 4243 dollars.
15. A farmer has four hogs which weigh as follows :
ADDITION. 29
327 lb., 405 lb., 377 lb. and 396 lb. : how much do they
all weigh? Ans. 15051b.
16. The three stories of a building rent as follows : Ist
story, 1560 dollars ; 2d, 750 dollars ; and 3d, 425 dollars :
^hat amount of rent was received for the building?
Am, 2735 dollars.
17. Five timber-rafts contain the following amounts,
respectively: 1260 ft., 1340 ft., 973 ft., 1122 ft. and 1065
ft;. : how many feet do they all contain ? Ana. 5760 ft.
18. A builder receives 1800 dollars for building a
house, 743 dollars for building a barn and 2255 dollars
for building a store property : how much does he receive
for building all ? Ans. 4798 dollars.
19. Independence was declared in 1776, and the Con-
stitution was adopted 11 yr. later: in what year was the
Constitution adopted ? Ans. In 1787.
20. America was discovered in 1492, and the Puritans
settled at Plymouth 128 yr. after: when did the Puritans
settle at Plymouth? Ans. In 1620.
21. New York was settled by the Dutch in 1613, and
Pennsylvania was settled 69 yr. later: when was Pennsyl-
vania settled? Ans. In 1682.
22. The Puritans landed at Plymouth in 1620, and the
battle of Lexington was fought 155 yr. later: when was
the battle of Lexington fought? Ans. In 1775.
23. Washington was inaugurated as the first President
in 1789, and gold was discovered in California 59 yr.
later : when was gold discovered in California ?
Ans. In 1848.
24. I bought a house for 2750 dollars, and soM it so as
to gain 1225 dollars: how much did I get for it?
Ans. 3975 dollars.
25. I paid 175 dollars for a horse, 150 dollars for a
3*
30
SUBTRACTION.
buggy and 35 dollars for harness, and sold all at a gain
of 13 dollars : how much did I get? Ans. 373 dollars.
26. A merchant's cash sales were as follows : Monday,
127 dollars; Tuesday, 67 dollars; Wednesday, 173 dol-
lars ; Thursday, 187 dollars ; Friday, 25 dollars ; and Sat-
urday, 316 dollars : what was the amount of his sales for
the week ? Ans, 895 dollars.
27. The distance from Buffalo to Erie is 88 mi., from
Erie to Toledo 207 mi., and fi^m Toledo to Chicago
243 mi. : how far is it from Buffalo to Chicago ?
Ana, 538 mi.
(28.)
(29.)
(30.)
27506
463
32556
3741
117642
897634
82
75
7347
640
7065
86424
8714
82436
17
618
4782
1700
44106
954
476
27
8
16964275
8742
12645
8740
196
7253
60006
94372
SECTION III.
SUBTBACTIOJT.
1. A boy had 2 cents, and lost 1 : how many cents had
he then ?
2. A girl had 3 cakes, and gave her sister 1 : how many
had she then ?
SUBTRACTION. 81
3. Four birds sat on a bush ; 2 flew away : how many
remained ?
4. John had 5 cents, and bought an orange for 2 cents :
how many cents had he left ?
5. How many would he have left if he had paid 3 cents
for his orange ?
6. Mary bought 6 cups, but broke 3 : how many had
she remaining?
7. How many are 6 cups less 3 cups ?
8. How many are 6 cups less 2 cups ?
9. How many are 6 cups less 4 cups ?
10. Charles had 8 ducks, but 3 died : how many had
he then ?
11. How many are 8 less 3 ? 8 less 4 ?
12. How many are 8 less 2? 8 less 5?
29. Finding the difference between two numbers is
called Subtraction.
30. The number found by taking one number from
another is called the Difference,
31. The number from which the other is taken is called
the Minuend,
33. That which is taken from the minuend is called
the Subtrahend,
33. The sign of subtraction, — , is called minuSy and
when placed between two numbers shows that the one on
the right of the sign is to be taken from the one on the
left of it. Thus, 6 - 2 is read 6 minus 2, and means that
2 is to be taken from 6.
Principle. — Only similar numbers can be subtracted ;
thus, 3 boys from 6 boys, 5 cents from 7 cents, etc.
32 SUBTRACTION.
SUBTRA.CTION TABLE.
{12345678 9 10
11111111 1 1
01234567 8 9
23466789 10 11
22222222 2 2
01234567 8 9
3 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 U 12"
33333333 3 3
01234567 8 9
6
8
9
10
{567
5 5 5
12
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
44444444 4 4
6 7 8 9
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 7 8 9
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
66666666 6 6
01234567 8 9
{7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
7777-7 777 7 7
01234567 8 9
~8 9 10 ii 12 13 14 16 16 IT"
88888-888 8 8
1 234567 8 9
"9 10 11 12 13 il 15 16 17 18^
99999999 9 9
J 1 234567 8 9
10 ii i2 13 i4 is ie i7 is ig^
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
01234567 8 9
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. Subtract by I's from 100 to 1 ; thus, 1 from 100
leaves 99, 1 from 99 leaves 98, and so on.
SUBTRACTION.
33
2. Subtract by 2's from 100 to 2 ; thus, 2 from 100
eaves 98, 2 from 98 leaves 96, and so on.
3. Subtract by 2*s from 95 to 1 ; thus, 2 from 95 leaves
3, 2 from 93 leaves 91, and so on.
- Subtract —
By 3's from 100 to 1.
By 3's from 99 to 0.
By 3's from 98 to 2.
. Subtract —
By 4's from 100 to 0.
By 4's from 99 to 3.
By 4's from 98 to 2.
By 4's from 97 to 1.
^- Subtract —
By 5's from 100 to 0.
By 5*8 from 99 to 4.
By 6's from 98 to 3.
By 5's from 97 to 2.
By 5's from 96 to 1.
7. Subtract —
By6'sfroml00to4.
By 6's from 99 to 3.
By 6*8 from 98 to 2.
By 6*8 from 97 to 1.
By 6's from 96 to 0.
By 6's from 95 to 5.
t. Subtract —
By 7'8 from 100 to 2.
By 7's from 98 to 0.
By 7's from 97 to 6.
By 7's from 96 to 6.
By 7's from 95 to 4.
By 7's from 94 to 3.
9. Subtract —
By 8's from 100 to 4.
By 8's from 99 to 3.
By 8's from 98 to 2.
By 8's from 97 to 1.
By 8's from 96 to 0.
By 8's from 95 to 7.
By 8's from 94 to 6.
By 8's from 93 to 5.
10. Subtract —
By 9's from 100 to 1.
By 9's from 99 to 0.
By 9's from 98 to 8.
By 9*8 from 97 to 7.
By 9's from 96 to 6.
By 9's from 95 to 5.
By 9's from 94 to 4.
By 9'8 from 93 to 3.
By 9's from 92 to 2.
By 7*8 from 99 to 1.
11. Count by 4's from 3 to 39, and back again to 19.
12. Count by 5's from 6 to 66, and back again to 26.
13. Count by 7's from 18 to 53, and back again to 11.
14. Count by 8*s from 25 to 65, and bacVi «i^«2«i \.q\-
34 SUBTRACTION.
CASE I.
To Subtract where no Figure of the Subtrahend is greatei
than the corresponding Figure of the Minuend.
WRITTEN EXERCISE.
Ex. 1. Subtract 3 from 8.
Pbocess.
8 Explanaiion, — We write 3 under 8, and say 3 ones fropc*^
3 8 ones leaves 5 ones. Or, 3 from 8 leaves 5.
5
EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.
(2.) (3.) (4.) (5.) (6.) (7->
From 6 pens, 7 cows, 6 cents, 8 7 8
Take 2 ** 3 " 4 " 5 ^ ^
(8.) (9.) (10.) (11.) (12.) (IS.)
9 8 9 8 3 9
4 2 7 6 2 3
14* Subtract 4 from 8 ; 6 from 9.
15. Subtract 5 from 11 ; 6 from 15.
16. Subtract 4 from 13 ; 9 from 17.
17. Subtract 35 cents from 69 cents.
Process. ExplaTuition, — We write the numbers so that unit^
69 cents, stand under units, and tens under tens, and begin to
§^ subtract at the right : 5 units from 9 units leaves 4 units t
34 cents. 3 tens from 6 tens leaves 3 tens. The remainder is S
tens and 4 units, or 34.
(18.)
(19.)
(20.)
(21.)
(22.)
(23.)
From 65
74
49
54
65
46
Take 22
33
36
31
43
25
(24.)
(25.)
(26.)
(27.)
(28.)
(29.)
673
478
645
897
745
683
542
135
325
783
444
560
SUBTRACTION.
i
(30.) (31.)
(32.) (33.)
(34.) (35.)
6434 7859
4765 8493
4682 1378
3233 6637
3542 4272
2460 1164
(36.) (37.)
(38.)
(39.) (40.)
87643 • 97485
68432
22486 85434
85223 66283
46231
11375 74321
(41.)
(42.)
(43.)
847562
8764397
64863387
224530
4231264
53621105
35
44. A farmer had 75 sheep, and sold 32 of them : how
many had he remaining ? Ans, 43.
46. A merchant had a piece of muslin containing 47
yards ; he sold 26 yards of it : how much remained ?
Ans. 21 yd.
46. A man earns 878 dollars in a year, and spends 642
dollars : how much does he save ? Arts. 236 dollars.
47. I buy a horse for 175 dollars, and sell him for 162
dollars: how much do I lose? Ans. 13 dollars.
48. A farmer had 6742 bu. of oats, and sold 1430 bu.:
how much had he remaining? Am, 5312 bu.
49. A man paid 6750 dollars for a farm, and sold it
for 6620 dollars : how much did he lose ?
Ans. 130 dollars.
50. A lady bought a farm for 6320 dollars, and sold it
for 7460 dollars : how much did she make?
Ans, 1140 dollars.
61. A carpenter bought 7500 shingles to put on a roof,
and had 1200 remaining: how many did he put on the
roof? Ans. 6300.
52. A school had 85 pupils, but 23 left : how many re-
mained ? Ans. 62.
36
SUBTRACTION.
CASE II.
To Subtract when a Figrnre of the Subtrahend is grr^ater,
or expresses more, than the eorrespondingr Figrure of the
Minnend.
WRITTEN EXERCISES.
Ex. 1. Subtract 8 from 17.
Process.
17
8
9
Explxination, — ^Writing the 8 under the 17, we s»y
8 from 17 leaves 9.
Ex. 2. Subtract 29 from 85.
Pbocess. Explanation. — We write the numbers so that uni*^
stand under units and tens under tens. Since we car^'
not take 9 units from 5 units, we take 1 ten of the ^
tens, which equals 10 units, and unite it with the 5 unit^^
making 15 units ; 9 units from 15 units leaves 6 units, which w^
write in the units' place.
Since we have used one of the 8 tens, we now have 7 tens : 2 ten^
from 7 tens leaves 5 tens, which we write in the tens' place.
85
29
56
(3.) (4.)
(5.J
1 (6.)
(7.)
(8.)
From 16 14
15
23
45
63
Take 9 7
8
14
27
29
(9.) (10.)
(11.)
(12.)
(13.)
(14.)
26 75
83
72
65
84
19 46
64
48
37
26
Find the value —
15. Of 75-48.
18.
Of 96 - 77.
16. Of 64 - 57.
19.
Of 85-49.
17. Of 84 - 26.
20.
Of 73 - 19.
21. In a school of 65 pupils, 27 left: how many re-
mained ? Am. 38.
22. A boy had 75 cents, and spent 39 of them for a
book : how much had he left ? Arts. 36.
SUBTRACTION. 37
23. A box of soap contained 60 lb., but 47 lb. of it
have been used : how much remains ? Ana. 13 lb.
24. Mary had 72 pins, but lost 16: how many has she
now? Ans. 56.
25. Charles bought a cow for 69 dollars, and sold her
£of 95 dollars : how much did he make ? Ans. 26 dols.
26. Subtract 1657 from 8265.
Solution. ErpUmation. — Writing the numbers bo that units
8265 stand under units^ tens under tens, and so on, we sub-
1^7 tract, beginning at the right.
6608 Since 7 units cannot be taken from 5 units, we take
one of the 6 tens, which is equal to 10 units, and unite it with the
^ units, making 15 units; subtracting 7 units from 15 units, we have
^ units.
Since we have taken one of the 6 tens, there are but 5 tens ; 5 tens
&om 5 tens leaves nothing.
Since we cannot take 6 hundreds from 2 hundreds, we take 1
t-Iiousand of the 8 thousands, which is equal to 10 hundreds, and
tiniting this with the 2 hundreds, we have 12 hundreds; subtracting
6 hundreds from 12 hundreds, we have 6 hundreds.
Since we have taken one of the 8 thousands, there are but 7
thousands remaining ; subtracting 1 thousand from 7 thousands, we
liave 6 thousands. Hence, the result is 6 thous«inds 6 hundreds
and 8 units, or 6608.
(27.) (28.) (29.) (30.) (31.) (32.)
From 643 724 642 486 645 863
Take 428 617 139 395 696 469
(33.)
749
376
(34.)
472
318
(35.)
666
197
(36.)
435
264
(37.)
673.
647
(38.)
462
378
(39.)
450
375
(40.)
507
263
(41.)
570
387
(42.)
607
469
(43.)
725
678
(44.)
742
887
38
SUBTRACTION.
(46.)
6437
2863
(46.)
5347
3726
(47.)
8546
7615
(48.)
8432
6547
(49.)
8450
6375
(50.)
9720
6483
(51.)
6248
(52.)
5337
(53.)
8756
(54.)
8645
(55.)
8643
(56.)
9674
3673
4276
4165
3427
5750
2803
(57.)
86523
(58.)
42347
(59.)
83742
(60.)
73388
(61.)
61345
(62.)
52384
63748
26353
36635
37756
22378
41307
(63.)
74332
(64.)
634725
(65.)
7346000
(66.)
1000006
38856
378462
4683745
346087
Find the value —
67. Of 6700 - 1864.
68. Of 7820 - 6437.
69. Of 1877-1798.
70. Of 6342-6007.
71. Of 3600-2225.
72. Of 72500-63497.
73. 01*82000-18640.
74. Of 60000 - 17400.
75. Of 62000 - 18649.
76. Of 56009-27346.
Ans. 4836.
Ans. 1383.
Ans, 79.
Ana. 335.
Ana. 1375.
Ana. 9003.
Ana. 63360.
Ana. 42600.
Ana. 43351.
Ana. 28663.
PROBLEMS.
1. A horse was bought for 125 dollars, and sold for 117
dollars ; how much was lost by the sale ? Ana. 8 dollars.
2. A farmer took 620 bu. of potatoes to market, and
sold 455 bu. : how many had he remaining ?
Ana. 165 bu.
SUBTRACJnON. 39
3. Washington was born in 1732, and died in 1799 :
how old was he ? An8. 67 yr.
4. A roll of carpet contained 156 yd., but 79 yd. have
been sold from it : how much remains ? Ans, 11 yd.
5. The battle of New Orleans was fought in 1815;
Artlerica was discovered in 1492 : how long was America
discovered before the battle of New Orleans was fought ?
Ans, 323 yr.
6. A house cost 5440 dollars, and was sold for 6000
dollars : how much was the gain ? Ans. 560 dollars.
7. From a flock containing 820 sheep 417 were sold :
how many remain ? • Ana, 403.
8. A merchant began business with 20000 dollars, and
lost 1463 dollars : how much had he remaining ?
An8. 18537 dollars.
9. A man having 1600 dollars in bank, withdrew 977
dollars: how much remained? Ans, 623 dollars.
10. How many dollars are 15000 dollars minus 6743
dollars ? Ans, 8257 dollars.
11. I bought a lot for 450 dollars, and sold it for 525
dollars : how much did I gain ? Ans, 75 dollars.
12. At an election one candidate received 23204 votes,
and his opponent 18675 votes : what was the majority ?
Ans, 4529.
13. A farmer had 240 acres of land ; he sold 27 acres
to one man and 148 acres to another: how much re-
mained ? Ans, 65 acres.
14. A man died in 1877 at the age of 75 years : when
was he born ? Ans, In 1802.
COMBINATION PBOBLEMS.
15. A merchant received cash 1125 dollars, and paid
rent 215 dollars, and for clerk-hire 567 dollars : how much
cash had he remaining ? Ans, 343 dollars.
40 SUBTRACTION.
16. Three horses cost as follows: 175 dollars, 116 dol-
lars and 95 dollars ; the three were sold for 300 dollars :
how much was the loss ? Ans. 86 dollars.
17. A horse cost 125 dollars, a carriage 173 dollars
and some harness 62 dollars : if the owner sell all fur
400 dollars, how much will he gain ? Ans, 40 dollars.
18. Mr Miller owed a man 1500 dollars ; he has paid
him 650 dollars, 325 dollars and 92 dollars : how much
does he still owe him ? Ans, 433 dollars.
19. How long is it since the discovery of America?
20. A farmer raised 320 bu. of corn in one field, 290
bu. in another and 700- bu. in another; he sold 1269 bu. :
how much has he remaining ? Ans. 41 bu.
21. A boy had 120 apples; he found 72 more, and
then gave away 59 : how many had he remaining ?
Ans, 133.
22. A gentleman paid 6000 dollars for his farm ; he
built a house for 3976 dollars, and then sold both for
12000 : how much did he gain ? Ans. 2024 dollars.
23. A merchant paid 6000 dollars for his store ; he sold
the goods for 8642 dollars, and paid his clerks 1640 dol-
lars : how much did he gain ? Ans, 1002 dollars.
24. Two men bought store goods to the amount of 1644
dollars, and sold them so that each made 386 dollars :
how much did they receive for the goods ?
Ans, 2416 dollars.
25. In a regiment of 900 men, 127 were killed and
345 were wounded : how many escaped unhurt ?
Ans. 428.
26. What is the value of 1862 + 1744 - 673 ?
Ans, 2933.
27. What is the value of 1683 - 420 + 9684 - 6472 ?
Ans, 4475.
' MULTIPLICATION. 41
28. What is the value of 89644+7842 - 6845+67340?
A718, 157981.
29. What is the value of 6400 + 7856 + 6834 - 20465 ?
Ana. 625.
30. What is the value of 6000-1463 + 8674-6340
+1009-1001? ^n«. 6879.
SECTION IV.
MUL TIPLICA TlOJf.
1. One boy has 2 eyes : how many eyes have 2 boys ?
Solution. — 2 boys have 2 eyes and 2 eyes, or 2 times 2 eyes,
which are 4 eyes.
2. If 1 apple cost 2 cents, how much will 3 apples cost?
Solution. — 3 apples will cost 2 cents and 2 cents and 2 cents,
or 3 times 2 cents, which are 6 cents.
3. A chair has 4 legs : how many legs have 2 chairs ?
How many legs have 3 chairs ?
4. A girl has 5 fingers on one hand : how many has she
on both?
5. If 1 orange cost 5 cents, how much will 4 oranges
cost?
6. If 1 hat cost 5 dollars, how much will 3 hats cost ?
7. One cat has 4 feet : how many feet have 5 cats ?
8. How many feet have 4 cats ?
9. How many are 5 times 6 ?
' Solution.— 5 times 6 are 6 + 6 -f 6 + 6 + 6, or 30.
34. The process of taking one of two numbers as often
as there are units in the other is called Multiplication.
3B. The number to be multiplied or repeated is called
the Multiplicand,
4*
42
MULTIPLICATION.
36. The number showing how often the multiplicand
is repeated is called the Multiplier,
87. The result obtained by the process of multiplying
is called the Product.
38. The sign of multiplication, x, is read timea or
multiplied by; 5 x 6 is read 5 times 6, or 5 multiplied
by 6.
MULTIPLICATION TABLE.
Onck
Twice
3 TIMK8
4 TIMES
5 TIMES
6
TIMES
1 is
1
1 are
2
1
are 3
1
are 4
1
are 5
1
are 6
2 "
2
2 "
4
2
« 6
2
" 8
2
« 10
2
" 12
3 "
3
3 "
6
3
" 9
3
" 12
3
" 15
3
" 18
4 "
4
4 "
8
4
" 12
4
" 16
4
" 20
4
" 24
6 "
5
5 "
10
6
" 15
5
" 20
5
" 25
5
" 30
6 "
6
6 "
12
6
" 18
6
" 24
6
" 30
6
" 36
7 "
7
7 "
14
7
" 21
7
" 28
7
" 35
7
" 42
8 "
8
8 «
16
8
" 24
8
" 32
8
" 40
8
" 48
9 «
9
9 "
18
9
" 27
9
" 36
9
" 45
9
" 54
10 «
10
10 ''
20
10
" 30
10
" 40
10
" 60
10
" 60
U «
11
11 "
22
11
" 33
11
u 44
11
" 55
11
" 66
12 "
12
12 "
24
12
« 36
12
" 48
12
" 60
12
" 72
7 TIMES
8 TIMES
9 TIMES
10
TIMES
11
TIMES
12 TIMES
1 arc
1 7
1 are
8
1
are 9
1
are 10
1
are 11
1
are 12
2 "
14
2 «
16
2
" 18
2
" 20
2
" 22
2
" 24
3 "
21
3 «
24
3
" 27
3
" 30
3
" 33
3
" 36
4 "
28
4 "
32
4
" 36
4
« 40
4
" 44
4
" 48
5 "
35
5 "
40
5
" 45
5
" 50
5
" 55
5
" 60
6 «
42
6 "
48
6
" 54
6
" 60
6
" 66
6
" 72
7 "
49
7 "
56
7
" 63
7
" 70
7
" 77
7
" 84
8 "
56
8 ♦*
64
8
" 72
8
" 80
8
" 88
8
" 96
9 "
63
9 "
72
9
" 81
9
« 90
9
" 99
9
"108
10 "
70
10 "
80
10
« 90
10
"100
10
"110
10
"120
11 "
77
11 "
88
11
" 99
11
"110
11
"121
11
"132
12 "
84
12 "
96
12
"108
12
"120
12
"132
12
"144
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. Multiply by 2 from 1 to 12 ; thus, 2 times 1 are 2,
*l times 2 are 4, and so on.
2. Multiply by 3 from 1 to 6.
MULTIPLICATION.
43
3. Multiply by 3 from 12 to 6 ; thus, 3 times 12 are 36,
8 times 11 are 33, and so on.
4. Multiply —
By 4 from 3 to 9.
By 4 from 12 to 6.
6. Multiply —
By 5 from 2 to 7.
By 5 from 12 to 4.
6. Multiply-
By 6 from 3 to 10.
By 6 from 12 to 4.
7. Multiply-
By 7 from 2 to 8.
By 7 from 12 to 5.
8. • Multiply-
By 8 from 3 to 10.
By 8 from 12 to 2.
9. Multiply-
By 9 from 1 to 11.
By 9 from 12 to 3.
10. Multiply-
By 10 from 3 to 8.
By 10 from 12 to 2.
11. Multiply-
By 11 from 4 to 9.
By 11 from 12 to 3.
By 11 from 10 to 2.
12. Multiply-
By 12 from 1 to 7.
By 12 from 12 to 5.
By 12 from 2 to 9.
By 12 from 10 to 3.
Principles. — 1. When two numbers are multiplied,
either one may be taken as the multiplier. Thus, 4x5
= 20, or 5x4 = 20.
2. The product is the same kind as the multiplicand.
Thus, 3x3 cents are 9 cents ; 2 x 5 boys are 10 boys.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. What will 5 hats cost at 7 dollars each?
Solution. — If 1 hat cost 7 dollars, 5 hats will cost 5 times 7
dollars, or 35 dollars.
2. What will 4 pairs of boots cost at 6 dollars a pair ?
3. A sheep cost 7 dollars : how much will 6 sheep cost
at the same rate ?
4. If a lemon cost 3 cents, how much will 11 lemons
cost?
44 MULTIPLICATION.
«
5. John is 8 years old : how much is 4 times his age?
6. A boat cost 11 dollars : how much would 5 boats
cost at the same rate ?
7. If a coat cost 10 dollars, how much will 8 coats
cost?
8. There are seven days in a week : how many days are
there in 8 weeks ?
9. How much will 12 tons of coal cost at 6 dollars a
ton?
10. A man earns 4 dollars a day : how much can he
earn in 9 days ?
11. At the rate of 8 marbles for a cent, how many can
be bought for 12 cents ?
12. If a cow eat 12 pounds of hay, how miich will 10
cows eat?
13. What will 7 lead-pencils cost at 7 cents apiece?
14. If a chicken has 8 toes, how many toes have 9
chickens ?
15. John is 7 years old ; his father is 9 times as old :
how old is his father ?
WRITTEN EXERCISE.
CASE I.
When the Mnltiplier is a Single Figure. >
Ex. Multiply 355 by 5.
Addition. Multiplication. Explanation.— We write the multi-
355 355 plier under the multiplicand, and be-
355 5 gin at the right to multiply : 5 times 6
355 1775 ^jjj^g ^^ 25 units, or 2 tens and 5
355 units. Write the 5 units in the units'
J775 place, and add the 2 tens to the product
of tens : 5 times 5 tens are 25 tens, and
2 tens added are 27 tens, or 2 hundreds and 7 tens. Write the 7
tens in the tens' column, and add the 2 hundreds to the next product:
MULTIPLICATION. 45
5 times 3 hundreds are 15 hundreds, and 2 hundreds added are 17
hundreds, which write in its proper place.
The following explanation is shorter than the pre-
ceding :
JExplanation 2. — 5 times 5 are 25 ; write the 5 and add the 2 to
the next product.
5 times 5 are 25, and 2 are 27 ; write the 7 and add the 2 to the
next product.
5 times 3 are 15, and 2 are 17. Hence, the product is 1775.
(1.)
(2.) (3.)
(4.)
(5.)
(6.)
Multiply
26
34 42
63
72
81
By
2
3 3
4
4
4
(7.)
(8.)
(9.)
(10.)
(11.)
(12.)
25
18
24
35
54
63
5
5
6
6
7
8
(13.)
(14.)
(15.)
(16.)
(17.)
(18.)
43
64
75
87
95
19
_7
7
t
6
8
9
5
(W.)
(20.)
(21.)
(22.)
(23.)
(24.)
324
645
732
841
681
375
7
8
9
5
7
6
(26.)
(26.)
(27.)
(28.)
(29.)
(30.)
463
572
986
785
487
604
8
7
6
9
5
8
46
MUI.TIPLICATION.
Multiply —
31. 315 by 6.
32. 480 by 7.
33. 614 by 5.
34. 7842 by 3.
35. 6843 by 7.
36. 8742 by 5.
37. 9764 by 8.
38. 8973 by 6.
39. 14068 by 5.
40. 18007 by 4.
41. 6742 by 8.
42. 6040 by 9.
43. 61783 by 7.
44. 60784 by 6.
45. 85643 by 5.
46. 170604 by 6.
47. 683471 by 5.
48. 863478 by 7.
49. 785473 by 8.
60. 246853 by 9.
CASE II.
Process.
642
57
4494
3210
When the Multiplier consists of Two or more Figures.
Ex. Multiply 642 by 57.
Explanation, — We write the multiplier under the
multiplicand, as in the previous case, and begin to mul-
tiply at the right. By Case I., multiplying 642 by 7
gives 4494 ones. Multiplying 642 by 5 gives 3210, and
since the multiplier is 5 tens, the result is 3210 tens.
36594 . . .
which, added to the previous product, 4494 ones, gives
the correct product, 36594.
Multiply —
1. 32 by 43.
2. 46 by 65.
3. 67 by 35.
4. 73 by 87.
6. 122 by 73.
6. 144 by 96, Am, 13824.
7. 347 by 52. Am, 18044.
8. 954 by 63. Am, 60102.
9. 725 by 75. Am, 54375.
10. 864 by 64. Am. 55296.
Am, 1376.
Aiu, 2990.
Am, 2345.
Am, 6351.
Am, 8906.
11. 723 by 88. Am, 6^24.
12. 647 by 77. Am, 49S19.
13. 493 by 82. ^m. 40426.
14. 761 by 41. ^w^. 31201.
15. 875 by 65. ^rw. 56875.
16. 944 by 66. ^rw. 62304.
17. 871 by 73. Am, 63583.
18. 945 by 78. Am. 73710.
19. 674 by 65. Am, 43810.
20. 777 by 77. Am. 59829.
'^
MULTIPLICATION. 4
21. How many yards of muslin in 24 pieces of 43 yc
each? Ans, 1032.
22. K a cow cost 35 dollars, how much will 29 cow
cost ? Ans. 1015 dollars.
23. A railway train runs 38 mi. an hour : how far do€
it run in 75 hr. ? Ans. 2850 mi.
24. How much will a farm of 46 acres cost at 95 do)
lars an acre ? Ans. 4370 dollars.
25; What is cost of 27 bu. of oats at 63 cts. a bushel ]
Ans. 1701 cts.
26. What is the cost of 64 doz. of eggs at 27 cts.
dozen ? Ans. 1728 cts.
27. There are 12 things in a dozen: how many ar
there in 64 doz. ? Ans. 768.
28. A drover had some horses worth 125 dollai
each : what are 23 of these horses worth ?
Ans. 2875 dollars.
29. What is the value of 45 A. of land at 164 dollar
an acre ? Ans. 7380 dollars.
30. What will 55 mules cost at 185 dollars apiece?
Ans. 10175 dollars.
31. A clerk earns 755 dollars in a year: how muc"
at the same rate can he earn in 15 yr. ?
Ans. 11325 dollars.
32. There are 63 gal. in a hogshead : how many gallon
are there in 27 hhd. ? Ans. 1701.
33. If 1 boy solve 227 problems in a week, how man
at the same rate can 53 boys solve? Ajis. 12031.
34. If a man earn 27 dollars a week, how much can h
earn in 52 wk., or 1 yr. ? Ans. 1404 dollars.
35. A merchant has 47 pieces of calico, each containiuj
43 yd. : how many yards has he? Ans. 2021. j
48
MULTIPLICATION.
Ex. Multiply 6741 by 475.
Process.
6741
475
33705
47187
26964
3201975
ExpUxnatio/n. — Multiplying 6741 by 5 units, we have
33705 units; multiplying 6741 by 7 tens, we have 47187
tens ; multiplying 6741 by 4 hundreds, we have 26964
hundreds ; writing these products in their proper places
and adding them, we have the true product, 3201975.
Multiply —
36. 744 by 635.
37. 895 by 336.
38. 972 by 243.
39. 825 by 682.
40. 973 by 745.
41. 8462 by 781.
42. 9643 by 683.
43. 8532 by 763.
44. 8984 by 133.
45. 4659 by 886.
56. 64374 by 78561.
57. 648487 by 678432.
58. 7846825 by 397.
59. 75456593 by 6471.
60. 96458 by 7354.
46. 6484 by 6372.
47. 7856 by 3475.
48. 6748 by 6334.
49. 4878 by 3437.
50. 8547 by 7733.
51. 85474 by 2547.
52. 46887 by 3489.
53. 56184 by 5474.
54. 56664 by 4871.
55. 25473 by 4487.
Ans, 5057285814,
Arts. 439954332384.
Am, 3115189525.
Ans, 488279613303.
• ^rw. 709352132.
61. What will 655 A. of land cost at 164 dollars an
acre? Am. 107420 dollars.
62. If a train go 597 mi. a day, how far will it go in
313 d.? Am, 186861 mi.
63. How much will 864 horses cost, if 1 cost 95 dol-
lars? Am. 82080 dollars.
64. If it cost 125 dollars a year to board 1 student,
how much will it cost to board 453 students ?
Ana. 56625 dollars.
MULTIPLICATION. 49
65. A drover sold 197 horses at 168 dollars each : how
much did he receive for them ? Ana. 33096 dollars.
66. If 1 log cut 475 feet of lumber, how much will 374
such logs cut ? Am. 177650 ft.
67. A man had 4623 tons of iron, which he sold at 73
dollars a ton : how much did he get for it ?
Am. 337479 dollars.
68. A teamster hauls 676 bricks in one load : how
many does he haul in 688 loads ? Ans. 464400 bricks.
69. If a book has 723 pages, how many pages have 642
similar books ? Ans. 464166 pages.
70. If 1 cotton-bale weigh 397 lb., how much at the
same rate will 256 bales weigh ? Ans. 101632 lb.
CASE III.
To Multiply when there are Nanghts at the Right of
either the Mnltiplicand or the Multiplier, or both.
Ex. 1. Multiply 643 by 700.
Process. ErpUmation. — Multiplying 643 by 7 hundreds gives
643 4501 hundreds, or 450100.
700 This result is the same as is obtained by multiply-
450100 ing by 7, and annexing as many naughts on the right
as there are naughts at the right of the 7.
Ex. 2. Multiply 614000 by 600.
Process. Explanation. — Multiplying the multiplicand by 6
614000 hundreds, gives 3684000 hundreds, or 368400000.
. 99^ This result is the same as that obtained by multi-
368400000 plying 614 by 6, and annexing to the right five
naughts, which is the number of naughts to the right of both the
multiplier, 6, and the multiplicand, 614.
Hence, When there are naughts to the right of either
mvMiplier or multiplicand^ multiply the other figures and
annex as many naughts as are at the right of both numbers,
5 D
50 MULTIPLICATION.
Find the value —
1. Of 743x600.
2. Of 847 X 700.
3. Of 9642 X 6300.
4. Of 1875 X 6340.
5. Of 27 X 9000.
6. Of 6000x43.
7. Of 18000 X 623.
8. Of 6400 X 640.
9. Of 650 X 650.
10. Of 83600x7500.
11. Of 9230x7000.
12. Of 8000x61000.
13. There are 2000 lb. in a ton: how many pounds are
there in 75 T. ? Ana, 150000.
14. What is the weight of 20 loads of coal, if each load
weigh 1800 lb. ? Am. 36000.
15. A man sold 500 cows at 40 dollars apiece : how
much did he get for them ? Ans, 20000 dollars.
16. If a teacher receive 600 dollars a year salary, how
much would 35 teachers receive at the same rate ?
Am, 21000 dollars.
17. What are 160 A. of land worth at 150 dollars an
acre ? Am. 24000 dollars.
18. What are 600 horses worth at 200 dollars each ?
Am. 120000 dollars.
CASE IV.
To Multiply when there are Naughts in the Mnltiplier.
Ex. Multiply 6043 by 7006.
^^^^* JSr/jZanatwTi.— Multiplying 6043 by 6 units equals
7006 ^^^^^ ""^*®- Multiplying 6043 by 7 thousands equals
36258 ^2301 thousands, which we write in its proper place.
42301 Adding these products, we have the true product^
42337258 42337258.
Note. — Since times any number is 0, it is not necessary to
multiply by the naught.
In multiplying by any number of thousands, etc., the first figure
of the result should be placed in the same column as the multiplier.
/
MULTIPLICATION. 61
'l^Qs, in mulUplyiDg above bj 7 thousands, we say 7 times 3 are 21,
^d write the 1 in the thousands' column, adding the 2 to the next
product.
Find the value —
1. Of 806 X 307.
2. Of 7500 X 1406,
3. Of 1800 X 709.
4. Of 6742 X 604.
5. Of 12000x709.
6. Of 4600x4006.
7. Of 8740 X 6040.
8. Of 9000 X 70500.
9. Of 6004x6004.
10. Of 86457x300017.
11. A lot cost 420 dollars: how much will 105 lots
cost at the same rate ? Ans, 44100 dollars.
12. A drover has 406 cows worth 30 dollars each : how
much are they all worth? Arts, 12180 dollars.
13. How much will it cost to build 307 miles of rail-
road at 4060 dollars a mile? Am. 1246420 dollars.
14. A contractor built 604 miles of railroad at 6500
dollars a mile : hoW much did he get for it ?
Am. 3926000 dollars.
COMBINATION PROBLEMS.
1. A merchant has 26 pieces of cloth of 54 yd. eaeb-,
which he sells at 65 cts. a yard : how much does he re-
ceive for all of it? Am. 91260 cts.
2. A merchant sells 12 boxes of starch, each contain-
ing 60 lb., at 11 cts. a pound : how much does he receive
for it ? Am, 7920 cts.
3. A man earns 25 dollars a week, and pays 5 dollars
a week for board : how much does he save in 6 wk. ?
An8. 120 dollars.
4. A boy bought 3 ducks at 25 cts. each, and 4 hens at
30 cts. each : how much did he pay for all ?
Ans. 195 cts.
62 MULTIPLICATION.
5. What is the value of 7 horses at 125 dollars
and 14 cows at 27 dollars each? Ans, 1253 doll
6. A farmer has the following stock : 6 horses
140 dollars each, 13 cows worth 32 dollars each, i
hogs worth 16 dollars each : what is his stock wort!
Am. 1512 dol]
7. A builder hired 12 m^i at 2 dollars a day eac
5 boys at 1 dollar a day each : how much did he p
in 27 d. ? Ans. 783 dol
8. A farmer took 10 bu. of potatoes worth 75
bushel to market, and traded them for 12 yd. oi
worth 60 cts. a yard, the balance to be paid in cash
much cash did he get ? -4?w. 30
9. A merchant bought 27 lb. of butter at 33
pound, and gave in exchange 64 lb. of sugar at Ic
pound, and the balance in cash : how much did he
cash ? Ana, 59
10. If a train travel 28 mi. an hour, how far wc
go in 6 d. of 24 hr. each ? Ans. 4032
11 . What is the cost of 40 horses at 106 dollars
and 60 cows at 65 dollars each ? Ana, 8140 dol
12. What is the value of 165+178 + 347-612?
Ana
13. What is the value of 17x643, 27x647 an
745 ? Ans. 36
14. What is the value of 18x24 and 16x2'
30 X 28 ? Am
15. A man earns 427 dollars a month, and spen
dollars a month : how much does he save in 16 mo
Ana. 4032 dol
16. A farmer bought 17 cows at 45 dollars eat
53 hogs at 12 dollars each : which cost the most, ai
much? Ana, The cows, 129 dol
DIVISION. 53
17. A farmer took to market 12 hens at 33 cts. each, and
15 bu. of potatoes at 75 cts. a bushel ; he bought 14 books
at 95 cts. each : how much money had he remaining ?
Ans, 191 cts.
18. A merchant buys 12 geese at 85 cts. each, and 16
turkeys at 94 cts. each ; he gives in exchange 27 yd. of
calico at 9 cts. a yard, and 25 yd. of delaine at 34 cts. a
yard : how much money does he have to pay ?
Ana, 1431 cts.
19. A man paid 1600 dollars for a house, and paid
a man for 15 days' work at 2 dollars a day for fenc-
^g : how much did the property cost him ?
Am. 1630 dollars.
20. A lady sold 27 tubs of butter, each weighing
43 lb., at 27 cts. a pound, and bought 175 yd. of carpet
*t 90 cts. a yard : how much money had she left?
Ans. 15597 cts.
21. A man had 465 dollars ; he earned 750 dollars, and
then spent 540 dollars and lost 27 dollars : how much had
he remaining ? Ana, 648 dollars.
SECTION V.
Dirisiox.
1. Two boys have 4 eyes : how many eyes has 1 boy ?
2. How many times 2 eyes are 4 eyes?
3. Three dogs have 12 feet: how many feet has 1 dog?
4. How many times 4 feet are 12 feet ?
5. A bush has 8 roses: how many times 2 roses has it?
How many times 4 roses ?
6. A house has 1 2 doors : how many times 3 doors has
it ? How many times 4 doors has it ?
/.«
54 DIVISION.
7. An orchard has 20 trees : how many times 5 trees
has it? How many times 4 trees? How many times 10
trees?
8. How many times 6 is 24 ? How many times 5 is 25?
9. How many times is 5 contained in 15 ?
Solution. — Since 3 times 5 are 15, 5 is contained 3 times in 15.
10. How many times is 4 contained in 20 ?
11. How many times is 6 contained in 30?
12. How many times is 5 contained in 30 ?
13. How many times is 3 contained in 18 ?
14. How many times is 6 contained in 18 ?
15. If a boy earn 24 dollars, how many times 4 dollars
does he earn ? How many times 6 dollars ? How many
times 8 dollars ?
16. If a man has 30 cts., how many times 10 cts. has
he ? How many times 6 cts. ? How many times 5 cts. ?
How many times 3 cts. ?
17. How many times 6 boys are 30 boys ?
18. How many times 7 horses are 21 horses ?
19. How many times is 7 contained in 28 ?
39« The process of finding how often one number is
contained in another is called Division.
40. The number to be divided is called the Dividend.
Ah The number which is contained in the other is
called the Divisor.
42. The result obtained by the division is called the
QuoUent.
43. The sign of division, -»- , is read divided by, and
when placed between two numbers shows that the first is
to be divided by the second. Thus, 165 - 15 is read 165
divided by 15.
DIVISION.
55
DIVISION TABLE.
1 in
If 1 time.
2, 2 times.
3, 3
It
4
5
6
7
4,
?:
8, 8
9, 9
10, 10
11, 11
12, 12
u
II
it
n
tt
it
a
a
it
2in
2, 1 time.
4, 2 times.
6, 3
8, 4
10, 6
12, 6
14, 7
16, 8
18, 9
20, 10
22, 11
24^ 12
it
a
tt
a
it
tt
It
it
it
it
3 in
3, 1 time.
6, 2 times.
9, 3
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
33
36
((
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
ti
a
a
tt
tt
a
ti
tt
ti
4 in
4) 1 time.
8, 2 times.
12, 3
16, 4
20, 5
24, 6
28, 7
32, 8
36, 9
40, 10
44, 11
48, 12
it
a
tt
ti
it
tt
tt
ti
ti
tt
5 in
5, 1 time.
10, 2 times.
15, 3
20, 4
25, 5
30, 6
35, 7
40, 8
46, 9
50, 10
55, 11
60, 12
it
tt
it
it
tt
it
it
ti
tt
it
6in
6^ 1 time.
12. 2 times.
3 "
18
24;
3o;
36
42
48!
54
6o;
66
72
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
((
it
ti
tt
tt
tt
tt
tt
tt
14
21
28
35
42
49
56
63
70
77
84
7 in
7, 1 time.
2 times.
3
ti
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
ti
tt
it
ti
tt
ti
tt
tt
it
8 in
8, 1 time.
16, 2 times.
24, 3
32, 4
40, 5
48, 6
56, 7
64, 8
72, 9
80, 10
88, 11
96, 12
((
it
it
it
tt
it
tt
it
it
it
9
18
27
36
45
54
63
72;
81
90
99
108
9 in
1 time.
2 times.
3 "
•4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
a
it
a
tt
ti
it
tt
tt
a
10
20;
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100;
110
120
10 in
1 time.
11,
2 times.
22,
3 "
33,
4 "
44,
5 "
65,
6 "
66,
7 "
77,
8 "
88,
9 "
99,
10 "
110,
11 "
121,
12 "
132,
11 in
1 time.
2 times.
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
ft
tt
it
tt
a
tt
tt
tt
tt
tt
12
24
36
48
60
72
84
96
108
120
132
144
12 in
1 time.
2 times.
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
((
tt
tt
tt
ft
it
it
it
ft
a
56
DIVISION.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. Divide by 2's from 2 to 12 ; thus, 2 in 2, 1 time ; 2
in 4, 2 tiraes, and so on.
2. Divide by 2's from 12 to 2 ; thus, 2 in 12, 6 times ;
2 in 10, 5 times, and so on.
3. Divide-
By 3's from 3 to 24.
By 3's from 36 to 12.
4. Divide-
By 4's from 4 to 28.
By 4's from 48 to 24.
5. Divide —
By 5's from 5 to 40.
By 5's from 60 to 20.
6. Divide —
By &8 from 6 to 42.
By 6's from 72 to 24.
7. Divide-
By 7's from 7 to 63.
By 7's from 84 to 28.
8. Divide-
By 8's from 8 to 56.
By 8's from 96 to 32.
9. Divide-
By 9's from 9 to 81.
By 9*s from 108 to 27.
10. Divide-
By lO's from 10 to 80.
By 10'sfroml20to40.
11. Divide —
By irs from 11 to 132.
By irs from 132 to 11.
12. Divide-
By 12's from 12 to 96.
By 12's from 144 to 48.
1. How many oranges at 5 cents each can I buy for 30
cents?
Solution 1. — If 1 orange cost 5 cents, for 30 cents I can buy 6
oranges, because 6 times 5 are 30.
Solution 2. — If 1 orange cost 5 cents, for 30 cents I can buy as
many oranges as 5 is contained times in 30, or 6 oranges.
2. If a hat cost 4 dollars, how many hats can be bought
for 20 dollars ?
3. There are 4 pecks in a bushel : how many bushels
are there in 24 pecks ?
4. There are 7 days in 1 week ; how many weeks are
there in 42 days ?
DIVISION. 57
5. There are 8 quarts in a peek : how many pecks in
86 quarts?
6. How many coats can be bought for 63 dollars if 1
coat cost 9 dollars ?
7. If 1 quart of milk cost 10 cents, how many quarts
can be bought for 80 cents ?
8. How many pair of boots at 7 dollars a pair can I
buy for 77 dollars ?
9. There are 12 eggs in a dozen : how many dozen are
there in 108 eggs ?
10. K 12 yards of calico make a dress, how many
dresses can be made from 84 yards ?
11. If a sheep cost 6 dollars, how many can be bought
for 54 dollars ?
12. K a man earn 8 dollars a week, how long will it
take to earn 80 dollars ?
13. A pair of shoes cost 3 dollars : how many pairs can
be bought for 36 dollars ?
14. How many horses will eat 60 bushels of corn if 1
horse eat 5 bushels ?
15. If a cord of wood is worth 6 dollars, how many
cords can be bought for 54 dollars?
CASE I.
The Dirisor One Figrnre*
Ex. Divide 984 by 4.
Process. ExplarCation, — We write the divisor at the left of the
4)984 dividend, separating them by a curved line, and draw
246 a line under the dividend. 4 is contained in 9 hun-
dred 2 hundreds times, with 1 hundred, equal to 10 tens,
remaining ; adding this remainder to 8 tens, the next number in the
dividend, we have 18 tens ; 4 is contained in 18 tens, 4 tens times,
with a remainder of 2 tens, or 20 units ; adding this remainder to 4
58 DIVISION.
units, the next number of the dividend, we have 24 units ; 4 is con-
tained in 24 units 6 units times.
Note. — In practice we shorten the operation and say thus : 4 is
contained in 9 twice, and 1 remaining ; 4 is contained in 18, 4
times and 2 remaining ; 4 is contained in 24, 6 times.
Divide as follows —
(1-)
(2.)
(3.)
(^>
(fiw)
(6.)
2)6
3)9
4)12
4)20
5)26
6)30
(7.)
(8.)
(9.)
(10.)
(11.)
(12.)
4)28
5)35
3)36
6)12
6)36
7)42
(13.)
(14.)
(15.)
(16.)
(17.)
(18.)
6)54
7)56
6)60
9)63
5)45
6)24
(19.)
(20.)
(21.)
(22.)
(23.)
(24.)
7)49
8)32
8)66
8)72
8)96
8)80
(25.)
(26.)
(27.)
(28.)
(29.)
(30.)
6)18
7)70
9)72
9)46
9)81
9)99
(31.)
(32.)
(33.)
(34.)
(35.)
(36.)
4)48
5)50
6)66
4)84
3)963
2)864
(37.)
(38.)
(39.)
(40.)
(41.)
(42.)
5)70
6)96
8)96
7)147
6)126
6)736
(43.)
(44.)
(45.)
(46.)
(47.)
(48.)
6)738
7)483
8)624
5)720
8)944
4)6832
(49.)
(
:50.)
(51.)
(52.)
6)68405
6)68436
9)78462 (
5)46824
DIVISION. 59
(53.) (54.) (55.) (56.)
9) 468972 7) 468342 8 )847632 6)345678
Note. — If the divisor is not contained in the dividend a whole
number of times, write the remainder at the right, with the plos-
fdgn between the answer and the remainder. Thus,
3)644
214+2 rem.
57. If a ton of coal cost 4 dollars, how many tons can
be bought for 464 dollars ? Ans. 116.
58. There are 7 days in a week : how many weeks in
364 days ? Am. 52.
59. A pair of boots cost 9 dollars : how many pairs at
the same rate can be bought for 225 dollars ? Ans. 25.
60. If 9 horses are worth 1215 dollars, how much is 1
horse worth? Ans. 135 dollars.
61. If a farmer can raise 1504 bushels of potatoes on
8 acres, how many bushels can he raise on 1 acre ?
Ans. 188.
62. If a man can earn 6 dollars in one week, how
many weeks will it take to earn 690 dollars? Ans. 115.
63. In an orchard of 240 trees there are 8 trees in a
row : how many rows are there ? Ans. 30.
64. A train of cars runs 280 miles in 8 hours: how
far does it move in an hour ? Ans. 35 miles.
65. If 7 horses cost 980 dollars, how much does 1 horse
cost ? Ans. 140 dollars.
44. The mode of dividing in the foregoing problems is
called Short Division.
The divisor, the dividend and the quotient only are
written in Short Division.
45. When also the different steps of the solution are
written, the process is called Long Division.
60
DIVISION.
Ex. Divide 744 by 3.
Process 1.
3)744 1 248
6_
i4
12
24
24
Erpianaiion 1. — 3 is contained in 7 hundreds 2 hun-
dred times; 2 hundred times 3 are 6 hundreds; 6
hundreds from 7 hundreds, leaves 1 hundred. 1 hun-
dred and 4 tens are 14 tens. 3 is contained in 14
tens 4 tens times ; 4 tens times 3 is 12 tens, which
subtracted from 14 tens leaves 2 tens. 2 tens and 4
units are 24 units. 3 is contained in 24 units 8 units
times ; 8 times 3 are 24, which subtracted from 24 leaves nothing
Hence, 744 divided by 3 equals 248.
Explanation 2. — 3 is contained in 7, 2 times ; 2 times
3 are 6; 6 from 7 leaves 1 ; bringing down the 4, we
have 14. 3 is contained in 14, 4 times ; 4 times 3 are
12, which subtracted from 14 leaves 2 ; bringing down
4, the next figure of the dividend, we have 24. 3 is
contained in 24, 8 times ; 8 times 3 are 24, which sub-
tracted from 24 leaves nothing. Hence, the quotient
is 248.
Process 2.
£)744|248
6_
14
12
24
24
1. Divide
2. Divide
3. Divide
4. Divide
6. Divide
6. Divide
7. Divide
8. Divide
9. Divide
10. Divide
11. Divide
12. Divide
13. Divide
14. Divide
15. Divide
16. Divide
WRITTEN
32 by 2.
48 by 3.
60 by 4.
75 by 5.
96 by 6.
112 by 8.
324 by 3.
316 by 4.
432 by 3.
612 by 3.
846 by 3.
780 by 4.
840 by 4.
932 by 4.
825 by 5.
960 by 5.
EXERCISES.
17. Divide
18. Divide
19. Divide
20. Divide
21. Divide
22. Divide
23. Divide
24. Divide
25. Divide
26. Divide
27. Divide
28. Divide
29. Divide
30. Divide
31. Divide
32. Divide
800 by 5.
744 by 6.
894 by 6.
366 by 6.
761 by 7.
875 by 7.
672 by 7.
768 by 8.
960 by 8.
936 by 8.
999 by 9.
657 by 7.
675 by 9.
348 by 2.
4264 by 4.
6243 by 3.
DIVISION.
61
CASE II.
To Divide when the DiTisor consists of Two or more
Fibres.
Ex. Divide 4550 by 14.
Process.
14)4550 1 325
42
35
28
70
70
Explanation. — 14 is contained in 45 hun(}reds 3
hundreds times ; 3 hundreds times 14 are 42 hun-
dreds ; 42 hundreds from 45 hundreds leaves 3 hun-
dreds, or 30 tens ; bringing down the 5 tens, the
dividend is 35 tens. 14 is contained in 35 tens 2
tens times ; 2 tens times 14 are 28 tens ; 28 tens
from 35 tens leaves 7 tens, or 70 units, which is the
dividend. 14 is contained in 70 units 5 units timed; 5 times 14
equals 70, which being subtracted from 70 leaves nothing. Hence,
the quotient is 325.
Divide —
1. 385 by 11.
2. 312 by 12.
3. 660 by 15.
4. 923 by 13.
5. 756 by 14.
6. 520 by 20.
7. 735 by 21,
8. 608 by 16.
• 9. 324 by 18.
10. 1064 by 19.
11. 1650 by 22.
12. 1600 by 25.
13. 432 by 24.
14. 1680 by 30.
15. 1134 by 27.
16. 765 by 17.
17. 3191 by 28.
18. 6110 by 26.
19. 5175 by 15.
6
20. 6095 by 23.
21. 8760 by 24. Am, 365.
22. 4125 by 33. Am, 125.
23. 14770 by 35. Am, 422.
24. 14625 by 45. Am, 325.
25. 27398 by 38. Am, 721.
26. 17316 by 39. ^rw. 444.
27. 32928 by 42. Arts. 784.
28. 26136 by 44. Am, 594.
29. 37904 by 46. Am, 824.
30. 35280 by 48. Am. 735.
31. 34048 by 56. Am, 608.
32. 27720 by 72. Am, 385.
33. 33280 by 64. Am, 520.
34. 35406 by 63. Am, 562.
35. 21489 by 87. Am, 247,
36. 62167 by 107. ^n«.581.
37. 79005 by 115. Am.6S7,
38. 53125 by 125. ^rw. 425.
62 DIVISION.
39. 1509534 by 234. Arts. 6451.
40. 3160642 by 462. Ans. 6841.
41. There are 24 hr. in a day : how many days are there
in 1032 hr. ? Ans. 43.
42. If a cow cost 32 dollars, how many at that rate
can be bought for 2080 dollars? Am. 65.
43. If some pigs are worth 12 dollars apiece, how many
can be bought for 180 dollars? Ans. 15.
44. If a man walk 25 mi. in a day, how long will it
take him to walk 950 mi. ? Ans. 38 d.
45. If a train run 33 mi. an hour, how long will it be
in running 1386 mi. ? Ans. 42.
46. There are 60 min. in an hour : how many hours in
3900 min. ? Ans. 65.
47. At 55 cts. a pair, how many pidrs of chickens can
be bought for 1210 cts. ? Ans. 22.
48. There are 16 oz. in a pound : how many pounds
are there in 1968 oz. ? Ans. 123.
49. Bought mules at 115 dollars each : how many did
I get for 2760 dollars ? Ans. 24.
50. A received 5250 dollars &» haoKB at 125 dollar
each : how many did he sell ? Ans. 42.
51. How many pineapples at 16 cts. eack may^ be
bought for 400 cts. ? Ans. 25.
52. How many pounds of beef at IS cts* a pound can
be bought for 540 cts. ? .^*fc. ^^
53. Th€reare32qjLiiLabBEdidL^jMft%am^^
54. There are 64 pt. in a bushel: how many bush^i0
2688 pt. ? . Ans. 42.
55. There are 24 sheets in a quire : how many quires in
864 sheets ? Ans. 36.
DIVISION.
63
CASE III.
To DirJde when there are Ciphers at the Blgrht of the
Diyisor.
Ex. Divide 6783 by 600.
pg^ Expl<mation, — 600 is contained in 67 hun-
6|00j67|83
dreds 11 times, with a remainder of 1 hun*
dred. 600 is not contained in 83 ; hence, the
11+183 rem. ^^^^ remainder is 183.
Note.— When the divisor with the ciphers cutoff is greater than
^ <livide by Long Division.
Find the value —
1. Of 725 H- 30.
2. Of 864 -^ 70.
3. Of 892 ^ 80.
4. Of 7642 -H 60.
6. Of 6484-^200.
6. Of 8645 -^ 500.
7. Of 7887 ^ 700.
8. Of 9484 ^ 600.
9. Of 8642 -H 1200.
10. Of 54224^1500.
11. Of 3786 -H 1700.
12. Of 25761 + 2100.
13. Of 46483 + 2500.
14. Of 3f 400 + 1600.
15. Of 61380 - 3300.
16. Of 75611 + 4000.
17. Of 21500-^3600.
18. Of 75643 + 4500.
19. Of 45742 + 6000.
20. Of 378751 + 12300.
CASE IV.
To find the Equal Parts of a Number.
Ex. A man bought 15 cows for 495 dollars : how much
did 1 cost ?
Solution.
Bkplanation, — If 15 cows cost 495 dollars, 1 cow
cost as many dollars as 15 is contained times in 495,
or 33 dollars.
15)495133
45 ~"
45
45
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
1. If 16 hens lay 848 eggs in a summer, how many eggs
will 1 hen lay, at the same rate? Ans, 53.
64' DIVISION.
2. If 15 horses costal 740 dollars, how much will 1 horse
cost? Am. 116 dollars.
3. If 23 tons of hay are sold for 552 dollars, how much
is 1 ton worth? Ana, 24 dollars.
4. What can 1 man earn in a month if 24 men earn
1344 dollars ? Am. 56 dollars.
5. If 42 men lay 14700 bricks in a half day, how many
can 1 man lay at the same rate ? Ans. 350.
6. A drover sells 64 cows for 2880 dollars : how much
is that for each cow ? Ans. 45 dollars.
7. A drover stells 344 hogs for 4816 dollars : how much
does he get apiece ? Ans. 14 dollars.
8. If 43 ducks lay 5332 eggs in a season, how many
eggs does 1 duck lay? Ans. 124.
9. A farm of 118 A. was sold for 17110 dollars: how
much was that per acre? Ans. 145 dollars.
10. A farmer raises 7656 bu. of potatoes on 29 A : how
many bushels does he raise on 1 A. ? Ans. 264.
COMBINATION PROBLEMS.
1. Whatisthevalueof 644+584-500,-^104? Am.7.
2. What is the value of 1182+4208 - 4030, - 85 ?
Ans. 16.
3. What is the value of 74400 + 63300, -^ 324 ?
Am. 425.
4. From 6492 subtract 3468, and divide the remainder
by 27. Am. 112.
5. A man bought 16 horses at 120 dollars each, and
sold them all for 2000 dollars : what was the gain on 1
horse ? An^. 5 dollars.
6. A drover bought 25 cows for 1000 dollars, and sold
them for 1200 dollar's : how much did he gain on each
cow? -4n*. 8 dollars.
DIVISION. 66
7. A man earns 25 dollars a week, and spends 12 dol-
lars a week ; he saves 195 dollars : how many weeks does
iework? Ans. 15.
8. If a farmer buy 16 horses at 110 dollars each, and
gain 240 dollars on the lot, at what price each does he sell
the horses? . J.n^. 125 dollars.
9. I traded 16 hens at 45 cts. each for ducks at 40 cts.
each : how many ducks did I get ? Ans, 18.
10. Sold 6 lb. of butter at 35 cts. a pound, and 4 chickens
at 30 cts. apiece, and took in exchange muslin at 15 cts.
a yard : how many yards did I get ? Arts, 22.
11. A laborer worked 16 d. at 80 cts. a day, and took
his pay in potatoes at 40 cts. a bushel : how many bushels
of potatoes did he get ? Aiu, 32.
12. I sell to a merchant 3 bu. of potatoes at 80 cts. a
bushel, and 15 lb. of butter at 25 cts. a pound ; he pays
me cash 75 cts., and the rest in coffee at 30 cts. a pound :
how many pounds of coffee do I get ? Ana, 18.
13. A boy who wishes to buy some books worth 75 dol-
lars, saves 7 dollars a week for 9 wk. : how much does he
still need? Ans, 12 dollars.
14. If two men have 15 horses worth 90 dollars each
and 10 cows worth 40 dollars each, what is the value of
each one's share of the stock ? Ana, 875 dollars.
15. A man earns 544 dollars in 16 wk., but spends 3
dollars a week of this amount : how much does he save
each week ? Ana. 31 dollars.
16. A farmer has 24 cows and 93 sheep, worth 1521
dollars : if the sheep are worth 5 dollars each, how much
is each cow worth ? Ana, 44 dollars.
17. A drover bought 16 horses at 120 dollars each and
8 horses at 150 dollars each : what was the average price ?
Ana, 130 dollars.
6» E
66 UNITED STATES MONEY.
18. If a carpenter charge 18 dollars a week for 9 wk.
in building a barn, and 420 dollars for his lumber, what
does the barn cost ? Ans. 582 dollars.
19. A farmer gave his &rm of 160 acres for a store
worth 12000 dollars: what was the land worth an acre?
Arts. 75 dollars.
20. If a clerk has a salary of 2500 dollars a year, and
spends 6 dollars a day for 365 days, how much has he
left at the close of the year ? Ana, 310 dollars.
CHAPTER II.
UNITED STATES MOK'ET.
SECTION I.
DEFIJ^ITIOJ^S AJ^D PRIJ^CIPLES.
46. United States Honey, sometimes called Fed-
eral Money, consists of dollars, cents and mills.
Table.
10 mills (m.) = 1 cent, e.
10 cents = 1 dime, d.
10 dimes, or 100 cents = 1 dollar, S.
10 dollars = 1 eagle, E.
47. In business, dollars, cents and mills only are used.
A quarter-dollar is 25 cents, a half-dollar is 50 cents.
The dollar is denoted by the following sign, J, called
the dollar-sign.
48. Dollars are separated from cents, in writing, by a
UNITED STATES MONEY. 67
point, called a aeparatrix. Thus, 3 dollars and 25 cents
is written $3.25 ; four dollars and 5 cents is written $4.05.
Cents occupy the second place at the right of the point ;
the first place is occupied by dimes.
When there are no dimes or no cents the vacant places
are filled with naughts.
49« United States money may be either paper money or
coins. Coin is sometimes called specie; and paper money,
paper currency.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. How many cents in 3 dimes?
2. How many cents in 2 dollars ?
3. How many cents in 3 dollars and 16 cents?
4. How many cents are equal to a five-dollar bill ?
5. How many cents are equal to a dollar bill and 25
cents?
6. How many cents in a half-dollar and a quarter-
dollar ?
7. How many cents in 1 dollar and a half?
8. How many dimes in 4 dollars ?
9. How many cents are equal to 2 five-dollar bills ?
10. How many dollars in 3 eagles?
Read the following :
11.15.
$1426.
$21.50.
$.243.
$3.24.
$6.00.
$107.16.
$.803.
811.17.
$18.05.
$107.60.
$8.03.
$19.30.
$25.07.
$100.70.
$6,003.
Write—
1. One dollar and twelve cents.
2. Eight dollars and twenty-five cents.
3. Three hundred and fourteen dollars and forty-two
cents.
68 REDUCTION OF UNITED STATES MONEY.
4. Ten dollars and nine cents.
5. Six cents and six mills.
6. One dollar and a half.
7. Eighty dollars and eighty cents.
8. Twenty dollars two cents and two mills.
9. Three hundred dollars and thirty cents.
10. Thirty dollare and three mills.
SECTION II.
REDUCTIOJf OF UJ^ITED STATES MOJfET,
Note. — Since 1 cent equals 10 mills, and $1 equals 100 cents,
or 1000 mills, we have the following
RULES.
1. To reduce cents to mills, multiply 6^ 10, or annex a
cipher,
2. To reduce dollars to cents, multiply by 100, or annex
two ciphers,
3. To reduce dollars to mills, multiply by 1000, or annex
three ciphers,
4. To reduce dollars and cents to cents, or dollars, cents
and mills to mills, remove the dollar-sign and the sepa-
ratrix,
5. To reduce mills to cents, divide % 10 ; cents to dollars^
divide by 100 ; and mills to dollars, divide by 1000, and
write the sign of the denomination required,
WRITTEN EXERCISE.
1. How many mills in 3 cents? In 45 cents?
^. How many cents in 5 dollars? In 40 dollars?
In $87.
ADDITION OF UNITED STATES MONEY. 69
3. How many mills in 42 cents ? In $4.18 ?
4. How many cents in $41.16 ? In $84.12 ?
5. How many mills in 4 cents and 4 mills ?
6. How many mills in $6,066 ?
7. Reduce 647 mills to cents and mills.
8. Reduce 847 cents to dollars.
9. Reduce $8,475 to mills.
10. Reduce $400.03 to cents.
SECTION III.
jlDDITIOJf OF UJ^ITED STATES MOJ^EY.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. A hen cost 40 cents, and a duck 30 cents: how
much did both cost?
Solution.— If a hen cost 40 cents, and a duck 30 cents, the two
cost 40 cents plus 30 cents, or 70 cents.
2. A book cost $1.25, and a slate 50 cents : how much
did they both cost ?
3. A pair of shoes cost $2.50, and a hat $2.25 : how
much did they both cost ?
4. If I pay $1.20 for a turkey, $1.15 for a goose, and
60 cents for some butter, how much do I pay for all ?
5. If a cow cost $25.50, and a sheep $7.75, how much
will both cost ?
6. If I earn 20 cents on Monday, and 75 cents on Tues-
day, how much do I earn in both days ?
7. If I pay $7.50 for a coat, and $2.25 for a pair of
pants, how much do both cost ?
8. A book cost 90 cents, a pen-holder 10 cents, and a
slate 35 cents : how much did they all cost ?
70 ADDITION OF UNITED STATES MONEY.
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
Note. — In solying problems in Addition of United States Money,
write the numbers, placing cents under cents and dollars under dol-
lars, and add as in simple addition. Separate dollars and cents by
a point and prefix the doUar-^ign. ^
Ex. Add «18.30, $16.25, $18.40 and $13.21.
Pbocess. Explanation. — 1 and 5 are 6 cents ; 2 and 4 are 6, and
$18.30 2 are 8, and 3 are 11 dimes, or 1 dollar and 1 dime; ]
16.26 and 3 are 4, and 8 are 12, and 6 are 18, and 8 are 26
13 21 clollars ; write the 6 dollars, and add the 2 ten-dollars to
*gg ,g the next column. 2 and 1 are 3, and 1 are 4, and 1 are
5, and 1 are 6 tens of dollars. Hence, the sum is $66.16.
Add the following :
(1.) (2.) (3.) (4.)
$18.25 $54.34 $57.60 $105.20
17.24 71.56 75.20 110.00
121.43 84.93 18.00 409.05
' 67.44 62.71 10.00 1000.65
5. I sold 1 horse for $87.50, and another for $94.75 :
how much did I get for both ? Ana. $182.25.
6. I bought sugar for $4.24, coffee for $1.25 and rice
for 63 cts. : how much did they all cost me? A'ns. $6.12.
7. A merchant's receipts for 4 d. were $16.20, $13.40,
$27.42 and $19.75 : how much were his receipts ?
Ans. $76.77.
8. In building a barn I paid the carpenter $97.40, the
mason $25, and for lumber $367.45 : how much did my
barn cost ? Ans. $489.85.
9. I paid $9.75 for a coat, $1.50 for a vest, $3.50 for a
hat and $3.75 for a pair of pants : what was the cost of
all? ^rw. $18.50.
10. A man's coal-bill for the year was $50.50, his rent
$225, his groceries $460.73 and his other expenses $630.73 :
what were his expenses for the year? -4 rw. $1366.96.
SUBTRACTION OP UNITED STATES MONEY. 71
SECTION IV.
SUBTRACTIOJ^ OF U. 8. MOJfEY.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. K a knife cost $1.25, and it is sold for $1.75, what
is the gain ?
SoiiUnoN. — If a knife cost $1.25, and it is sold for $1.75, the
gain is the difference between $1.75 and $1.25, which is 50 cents.
2. A merchant bought some goods at $2.62 a yard, and
sold them at $3.89 a yard : what was the gain per yard ?
3. A huckster bought turkeys at $1.20 apiece, paid 10
cts. apiece for their feed, and sold them at $1.75 apiece :
what was the gain ?
4. Bought some rice for 60 cts., some sugar for 45 cts.
and some tea for $1 : how much change should I get
from a five-dollar bill ?
5. Bought a horse for $120, a saddle for $15, and sold
both for $150: what was my gain?
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
Note. — In solving problems in Subtraction of United States
Money, write the numbers, placing cents under cents and dollars
under dollars, and proceed as in simple subtraction. Separate the
dollars from the cents in the result and prefix the dollar-sign.
Ex. Subtract $14.26 from $19.41.
Process. E'Epfenohon.— .We cannot subtract 6 cts. from 1 ct. ;
$19.41 hence we take 1 dime, or 10 cts., which with 1 ct. equals
1^-26 11 cts. ; 6 cts. from 11 cts. leaves 5 cts. ; 2 dimes from 3
$5.15 dimes leaves 1 dime ; 4 dollars from 9 dollars leaves 5
dollars. Hence, the difference is $5.15.
(1.) (2.) (3.) (4.)
From $6.24 $27.62 $75.90 $60.50
Take 3.12 19.45 27.54 18.46
72 MULTIPLICATION OF UNITED STATES MONEY.
5. What is the difference between $18 and $9.75 ?
A718. $8.25.
6. If a horse was bought for $175, and sold for $181.25,
what was the gain ? Ans, $6.25.
7. A carpenter's whole expense in building a house
was $1562.35; he received $1700: how much did he
make? Am. $137.65.
8. Bought a house for $1875 and a lot for $525, and
sold both for $2350 : how much did I lose ? Am. $50.
9. My salary is $1000 a year; I pay for rent $150, for
groceries $325.40, for butter $60.30, for dry goods $127.63,
and for other expenses $75.60 : how much do I save ?
Am, $261.07.
10. A house and lot cost me $1927.50 ; I paid for re-
pairs $127.67, and sold the property for $2500 : what waa
my gain ? Ans. $444.83.
' SECTION V.
MULTIPLICATIOJf OF U. 8. MOJfEY.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. What will 5 pencils cost at 6 cents each?
Solution. — At 6 cents each 6 pencils will cost 5 times 6 cents,
or 30 cents.
2. What will 3 books cost at 90 cents each ?
3. If 1 yard of muslin is worth 15 cents, how much are
40 yards worth ?
4. If a pair of shoes cost $2.50, how much will 12 pairs
cost?
5. What is the cost of 2 horses at 120 dollars eaich, and
3 cows at 40 dollars each ?
MULTIPLICATION OP UNITED STATES MONEY. 73
6. If I buy 2 hats at $1.20 each, and a book for $2,
how much change do I get from a five-dollar bill ?
7. A man bought 3 bushels of wheat at $1.25, and sold
the flour he made from it for $4.50 : what did he gain ?
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
Note. — Multiply in United States Money as in simple nombers,
separate dollars from cents, and prefix the dollar-sign.
Ex. Multiply $16.25 by 7.
Process. Explanation. — 7 times 5 cents are 35 cents, or 3 dimes
$16.25 and 5 cents ; 7 times 2 dimes are 14 dimes, + 3 dimes are
. Z 17 dimes, or 1 dollar and 7 dimes ; 7 times 6 dollars are
$113.75 42 dollars, + 1 dollar are 43 dollars ; we write the 3 dol-
lars, and add the 4 to the next product ; 7 times 1 ten-dollar are 7
ten-dollars, +4 ten-dollars are 11 ten-dollars. Hence, the product
is $113.75.
1. Multiply $27 by 3.
2. Multiply $121 by 16.
3. Multiply $8.17 by 4.
4. Multiply $20.96 by 14.
5. Multiply $70.15 by 21.
6. Multiply $18.27 by 84.
7. Multiply $107.27 by 46.
8. Multiply $150.05 by 705.
9. What are 19 hogs worth at $13.75 each?
Ana, $261.25.
10. What will 43 yards of carpet cost at $1.45 a yard?
Am, $62.35.
11. What is the cost of 93 cords of wood at $3.75 a
cord ? Am, $348.75.
12. What is the value of 12 books at $1.50 each, and
25 books at $1.75 each ? Am, $61.75.
13. A farmer sells 117 bushels of wheat at $1.35 a
bushel, and 40 bushels of oats at 62 cents a bushel : how
much does he get for both ? Am, $182.75.
14. A merchant sells 19 yards of cloth at $2.25 a yard,
7
74 DIVISION OF UNITED STATES MONEY.
and 27 yards of carpet at 95 cents a yard : how much does
he get for both ? Ana, $68.40.
15. A lady goes to market with 10 dollars; she buys 6
dozen of eggs at 27 cents, 7 pounds of meat at 16 cents,
and 3 bushels of potatoes at $1.25 : how much money has
she reraaming? Ans. $3.51.
16. A drover bought 95 cows at $37.25 each, and sold
them at $40 each ; how much did he make ?
Ans. $261.25.
SECTION VI.
DiriSIOJV' OF UJTITED STATES MOJfEY,
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. If a melon cost 25 cents, how many can be bought
for $1.50.
Solution. — If a melon cost 25 cents, for $1.50 there can be as
many bought as 25 cents is contained times in $1.50, or 150 cents,
which is 6.
2. If 6 sheep cost $42, how much will 1 sheep cost ?
3. At 10 cents apiece, how many copy-books can be
bought for $2.50 ?
4. If 9 cords of wood cost $36, how much will 1 cord
cost ?
5. At 20 cents apiece, how many pineapples can I buy
for $1.80?
6. At the rate of 25 cents a dozen, how many dozen
buttons can be fought for $3 ?
7. K a man earn $40 in 8 d., how much can he earn in
Id.?
DIVISION OF UNITED STATES MONEY. 75
8. If I buy 17 lb. of sugar at 10 cts. a pound, how
many oranges at 5 cts. each can I get for the change due
me from a five-dollar bill ?
9. A yard of calico is worth 9 cts. : how many yards
can I get for 10 doz. of eggs, worth 18 cts. a dozen ?
10. If I trade 6 lb. of butter at 20 cts. a pound, and
10 lb. of lard at 12 cts. a pound, for sugar at 12 cts. a
pound, how many pounds of sugar do I get ?
CASE I.
To find how often One Sum of Money is contained in
Another.
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
Note. — When finding how often one sum of money is contained
in another, reduce both sums to the same denomination and divide
as in simple numbers.
Ex. How often is 14 cts. contained in J3.22 ?
Pbogbss.
23 ' — Erplanation, — $3.22 is equal to 322 cts. ; 14 cts. is
~42 contained in 322 cts. 23 times.
42
1. Divide $6000 by $12.
2. Divide $3200 by $160.
3. Divide $56 by 80 cts.
4. At $16 each, how many coats can be bought for
«384 ? Am. 24.
5. At $45 an acre, how many acres of land can be
bought for $3330 ? Ans. 74.
6. If hats cost $2.25 apiece, how many can be bought
for $56.25 ? Am, 25.
7. How many bushels of oats at 55 cts. a bushel can I
buy for $58.85 ? Am. 107.
76 DIVISION OF UNITED STATES MONEY.
8. How many cows at $24 each can be bought for
$1512? Ans,m.
9. At 27 cts. a yard, how many yards of dress goods
can I get for 814.31 ? Am. 53.
10. At $2.25 a yard, how many yards of cloth can be
bought for $36 ? Ans, 16.
CASE II.
To Divide a Number into £qnal Parts.
Note. — To find the equal parts of a number, divide as in simple
numbers, and separate dollars from cents with the separatrix.
Ex. If 5 cows cost $125.75, how much will 1 cow cost?
Solution. Explanation. — If. 6 cows cost $125.76, or 12676 cts.,
6)1 25.76 1 cow will cost as many cents as 6 is contained in
^5J5 12675, or 2516 cts., equal to $25.16.
1. Divide $9.50 into 5 equal parts.
2. Divide $5.10 into 6 equal parts.
3. If 6 books cost $6.90, how much will 1 book cost ?
Ana, $1.15-
4. If 8 inkstands cost $6, how much will 1 inkstand
cost ? Ana, $.75.
5. If 11 T. of coal cost $63.25, how much ^vill 1 T.
cost? Ana, $5.75.
6. If 12 bu. of oats cost $3.60, how much will 5 bu.
cost? Ans, $1.50.
7. If a man earn $7.50 in 5 d., how much can he earn
in6d.? ^m. $9.
8. If 9 lb. of butter cost $2.43, how much will 50 lb.
cost? ^/w. $13.50.
9. If 42 A. of land cost $1890, how much will 65 A.
cost ? Ana. $2925.
10. If 23 yd. of carpet cost $28.75, how much will
40 yd. of the same carpet codt? Ana. $50.
BILLS. 77
COMBINATION PBOBLEM8.
1. A fanner brings to a grocer 10 doz. of eggs at 18 cts.
a dozen, 26 lb. of lard at 15 cts. a pound, and takes in ex-
change 10 lb. of coffee at 23 cts. a pound, and a set of dishes
worth $2 : how much is due him in cash? Ana. $1.40.
2. A farmer gave a horse worth 175 dollars and 3 cows
worth 40 dollars each for some sheep worth $5 each : how
many sheep did he get ? Ana. 59.
3. A farmer exchanged 60 bu. of potatoes at 45 cts. a
bushel, 3 bbls. of flour at $6.50, and 50 bu. of wheat at
$1.20 a bushel, for carpet worth $1.50 a yard : how many
yards did he get ? Ans,l\,
4. A merchant sells the following goods : 10 yd. of
calico at 9 cts. a yard, 21 yd. of muslin at 13 cts. a yard,
18 yd. of delaine at 35 cts. a yard, and takes in exchange
15 bu. of corn at 62 cts. a bushel, and the remainder in
cash : how much cash did he get? Ana, $.63.
5. A man buys a farm for $16000 ; he buys 6 horses at
$130 each, 15 cows at $32 each, 1 pair of oxen for $96,
15 pigs at $4.25 each, and 70 sheep at $3.75 each, and
sells all f(tr $18000 : how much does he gain ?
Ana, $317.75.
BILLS.
60. A Bill of goods is a written statement of the goods
sold, giving quantity and price of each article and total
cost, also the date of the sale, with the names of the buyer
and the seller.
61. The party who owes is called a Debtor, and the
party to whom a debt is owed is called a Or editor.
Note. — In mercantile and other business transactions if the
fractional part of a cent is less than one-half, it is not counted ; if
it is equal to a half cent or greater, It is counted a cent.
7*
78 BILLS.
Make out the following bills :
Lock Haven, Pa., JvJy 3, 1877.
Mr. Wilson Kistler,
Bought of Jacob Brown.
15 lb. Coffee at 32/ $4.80
16 " Lard at 15/ 2.40
25 " Sugar at 13/ 3.25
16 " Ham at 16/ 2.56
Amt. $13.01
(2.)
Reading, Pa., Aug, 7, 1877.
Dr. J. H. Barton,
Bought of W. W. Rankin & Co.
8 tons Coal at $5.75
16 " Coal at 5.25
4 " Coal at 5.00
Amt $121.25.
(3.)
Lancaster, Pa., June 6, 1876.
Mr. Samuel Christ,
Bought o/S, D. Ball.
6 tons Hay at $18
16 bushels Rye at 1.25
27 " Corn at M
Amt. $145,55.
(4.)
Buffalo, N. Y., Jan. 1, 1877.
Hon. J. W. Smith,
Bought o/ Abraham Best.
11 bbl. Flour at $6.75
32 bu. Wheat at 1.63
971b. Beef at .09
17 bu. Corn at .45
Amt. $142.79.
FACTORS AND MULTIPLES. 79
(5.)
Brooklyn, N. Y., May 1, 1876.
Mr. M. W. Herr,
To John A. Bobb, Dr,
To 27 yd. Muslin at 10/
" 16 pr. Shoes at $1.25
" 25 yd. Carpet at 1.16
" 27 yd. Silk at 85
Or.
By 46 bu. Potatoes at $.75
" 33 1b. Butter at .25
" 16doz.Egg8 at .18
Bal. due, $28.77.
6. Jan 13, 1877, L. A. Thompson bought of A. C. Har-
rison of Harrisburg, Pa., 32 lb. sugar, at 13/; 11 lb.
coffee, at 27/; 26 lb. soap, at 9/; 14 lb. rice, at 9/; 127
lb. fish, at 13/, and 18 lb. crackers, at 12/.
Make out a bill. Ans. $29.40.
CHAPTER
PEOPEETIES OF KUMBEES.
SECTION I.
FACTORS AJfB MULTIPLES.
53. A Divisor of a number is any number that will
exactly divide it.
53. A Factor of a number is one of its exact divisors.
54. A Prime Number is one that has no factors, and
therefore no exact divisor.
80 FACTORS AND MULTIPLES.
55. A Composite Number is one that may be divided,
and always is the product of two or more factors.
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, etc. are prime numbers.
4, 6, 8, 9, 10, etc. are composite numbers.
56. A Prime Factor is a factor that cannot be divided.
67, When any number is a factor of two or more num-
bers, it is called their common factor. Thus, 2 is a com-
mon factor of 6 and 8.
68. An Even Number is one whose right-hand figure
is 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8. All even numbers are divisible by 2.
59, An Odd Number is one whose right-hand figure
is 1, 3, 5, 7 or 9.
60, Factoring is the process of finding the factors of
a composite number.
61, A factor is said to be common to two or more num-
bers when it is found in each of them.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. What are the factors of 10?
Solution.— The factors of 10 are 2 and 5, because 10 is divisible
bv 2 or 5.
2. What are the factors of 6? Of 8? Of 12?
3. What are the factors of 12 ? Of 15? Of 20 ?
4. What are the factors of 18? Of 24? Of 30?
5. What are the factors of 33? Of 49? Of 50?
6. What are the prime factors of 30 ?
Solution. — The prime factors of 30 are 3, 2 and 5, because 3,
2 and 6 are the only prime numbers by which 30 is divisible.
7. What are the prime factors of 12 ? Of 8 ?
8. What are the prime factors of 15? Of 20 ? Of 22?
9. What are the prime factors of 25 ? Of 27 ? Of
36?
FACTORS AND MULTIPLES.
81
10. What
60?
11. What
80?
12. What
and 9?
13. What
and 12?
14. What
and 20 ? 16
15. Name
16. Name
17. Name
18. Name
1 to 50.
are the prime fisictors of 33 ? Of 44 ? Of
are the prime factors of 75 ? Of 100 ? Of
prime factors are found in 4 and 6 ? In 6
prime factor is common to 10 and 12? 8
prime factor is common to 15 and 20 ? 18
and 20? 18 and 24 ? 30 and 50?
the prime numbers from 1 to 50.
the prime numbers from 50 to 100.
the composite numbers from 1 to 100.
the factors of the composite numbers from
WRITTEN EXERCISE.
Ex. What are the prime &ctors of 360 ?
Solution.
3 )360
3)120
2)40
2)20
2)^0
5
Expla-nation. — Dividing 360 by the prime &ctor 3,
the result is 120; dividing 120 by the prime factor 3,
the result is 40 ; dividing 40 by the prime &ctor 2,
the result is 20 ; dividing 20 by the prime factor 2,
the result is 10; dividing 10 by the prime factor 2,
the result is 5, which is also prime. Hence, the prime
divisors or prime factors of 360 are 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 5.
Find the prime factors —
1. Of 30. Am. 2, 3, 5.
2. Of 60. Ana. 2, 2, 3, 5.
3. Of 48. Arts, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3.
4. Of 125. Am. 5, 5, 5.
5. Of 120. Ans. 3, 2, 2, 2, 5.
6. Of 144.
7. Of 175.
8. Of 180.
9. Of 420.
10. Of 270.
11. Of 475.
12. Of 800.
13. Of 1200.
14. Of 1875.
15. Of 4620.
16. Of 1440.
82 CANCELLATION.
What prime factors are common —
17. To 10 and 20 ?
18. To 12 and 15?
19. To 18 and 24?
20. To 30 and 40 ?
21. To 60 and 70?
22. To 25 and 125?
23. To 27 and 81 ?
24. To 120 and 600?
25. To 500 and 700?
26. To 144 and 180?
CANCELLATION.
62. Cancellation is the process of shortening opera-
tions in Division by rejecting or cancelling equal factors
common to both dividend and divisor.
Rejecting the same factor from both dividend and
divisor does not affect the value of the quotient.
Ex. Divide 4 x 60 by 3 x 8.
Pbocess. JSrplanatum. — Since dividing both dividend
1^ and divisor does not alter the value of the quo-
4 flfl tient, dividing both by 3, 4 and 2 by cancelling,
^ ^ ^''^ = 10 the quotient is 10.
^x?
EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.
3x4x5x6
1. Find the value of , ^ ^
4x3x6
2. Divide 16x4x5 by 8x2x10. Ans. 2.
3. Divide 7x16x6 by 14x3x8. Am. 2.
4. Divide 108 x 10 x 12 by 6 x 9 x 20. Ans, 12.
5. Divide 9 x 7 x 16 x 16 by 21 x 32 x 2. Ana. 12.
6. Divide 108 by 27.
o 108 2x2x3x3x3 .
SoLunoK. — ^^-^^^ A.
7. Divide 96 by 32 ; 96 by 24. Ans, 3 ; 4.
8. Divide 225 by 15; 256 by 32. Ans. 15 ; 8.
9. Divide 288 by 3 x 48 ; 500 by 5 x 20. Ans. 2 ; 5.
GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR. 83
10. Divide 64 x 12 x 28 by 18 x 7 x 4. Ans. 36.
11. Divide 1 8 x 45 x 280 by 30 x 35 x 24. Am. 9.
12. Divide 4 x 50 x 12 by 5 x 30. Ans. 16.
13. How many hens at 30 cents each can be bought
for 2 bushels of corn at 75 cents a bushel ? Ans, 5.
14. How many cows at $25 each will cost as much as
12 horses at *75 each ? Am. 36.
15. Three pieces of cloth containing 30 yards each,
worth $5 a yard, were exchanged for 5 pieces of cloth
containing 45 yards each: what was the second kind
worth per yard ? Arts. $2.
16. If a farmer exchange 25 bushels of wheat at $1.20
a bushel for delaine at 40 cents a yard, how many yards
does he get ? Ans. 75.
SECTION II.
GREATEST COMMOJf DIVISOR.
63. A Conunoxi Diyisor, or common factor of two or
more numbers, is a number that will exactly divide each
of them. Thus, 3 is a common divisor of 6, 9 and 12.
64. The Greatest Common Divisor of two or more
numl>ers is the greatest number that will exactly divide
each of them. Thus, 6 is the greatest common divisor of
12 and 18.
ORAL EXERCISE.
Name a common divisor —
1. Of 6 and 9. Of 12 and 10.
2. Of 4 and 6. Of 15 and 18.
3. Of 16 and 20. Of 18 and 21.
4. Of 25 and 30. Of 20 and 30.
6. Of 16 and 40. Of 30 and 50.
84 GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR.
Name the greatest common divisor —
6. Of 6 and 9. Of 12 and 10.
7. Of 15 and 18. Of 12 and 24.
8. Of 20 and 15. Of 20 and 30.
9. Of 25 and 50. Of 25 and 40.
10. Of 24 and 48. Of 48 and 72.
PrincipLtE. — The product of the common fectors of
two or more numbers is the greatest common divisor of
those numbers.
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
Ex. Find the greatest common divisor of 15, 30 and 60.
Solution 1. Explanation 1. — By examining the so-
15 = 3x5 lution we find the only prime factors com^
30 = 3x5x2 mon to 15, 30 and 60 are 3and5; hence
60 = 3x5x2x2 .-, ._. j. . -^r
the greatest common divisor of these niim-
3 X 5 = 15 = G. C. D. hers is 3 x 5, or 15.
Solution 2. ExpUmaiion 2.-5, being contained in
5)15 30 60 all the numbers, is a common factor; 3,
S)S 6 — 12 being contained in all the numbers, is also
,"* — 2^ T a common factor, and since the numbers
' ' have no other common factors, the greatest
5 X 3 = 15 = G. C. D. common divisor is 3 x 5, or 16.
From these solutions we derive the rule for finding the
greatest common divisor of two or more numbers :
RULE.
Find the factors common to all the numbers, and take the
product of these factors.
Find the greatest common divisor —
1. Of 15, 20, 30. Ans. 5.
2. Of 16, 20, 24. . Ans, 4.
3. Of 25, 50, 100. Ans. 25.
LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE. 85
4. Of 18, 36, 72. Am. 18.
6. Of 28, 56, 42. Am, 7.
6. Of 120, 240, 72. Am. 24.
7. Of 210, 180, 150. Am. 30.
8. Of 44, 110, 77. Am. 11.
9. Of 210 miles, 90 miles, 75 miles. Ans. 15 miles.
10. A man has 2 logs which he wishes to cut into
boards of equal length ; one is 24 feet, and the other 16
feet long : how long can he cut the boards ? Am. 8 ft.
11. What is the greatest common divisor of $27, $36
and $72 ? Am. $9,
12. What is the greatest equal lengths into which two
trees can be cut, one being 105 feet in length and the
other 84 feet ? Am. 21 feet
SECTION III.
LEAST COMMOJf MULTIPLE.
65. A Multiple of a number is a number which is
exactly divisible by that number.
66. A Common Multiple of two or more numbers is
a number that is exactly divisible by each. Thus, 18 is
a common multiple of 9 and 6, because it is divisible by
each of them.
67. The Least Common Multiple of two or more
numbers is the least number exactly divisible by each of
them. Thus, 30 is the least common multiple of 10 and
15, because it is the least number exactly divisible by
each of them.
ORAL EXERCISES.
What is a multiple —
1. Of3? Of 4? Of 5? Of 10? Of 6? Of 20?
8
86 LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE.
What is a common multiple —
2. Of 3 and 4? Of 4 and 5? Of 5 and 10?
3. Of 6 and 12? Of 5 and 15? Of 5 and 6?
What is the least common multiple —
4. Of 2 and 3? Of 3 and 4? Of 4 and 5?
5. Of 2 and 5? Of 3 and 5 ? Of 5 and 6?
6. Of 2 and 7 ? Of 3 and 6? Of 4 and 9?
7. Of 5 and 7? Of 6 and 9 ? Of 10 and 12?
Principles. — 1. Every multiple of a number contains
the prime factors of that number.
2. The least common multiple of two or more numbers
contains all the prime flEictors of each of the numbers, and
no other factors.
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
Ex. Find the least common multiple of 10, 15 and 20.
Solution. ExpUmation. — The least common
10 = 2 X 5 multiple of the given numbers must
OA o o ti contain the Actors 2 and 5 to be di-
■r r^^,.. ^ « ^ «^ visible by 10 ; it must contain the fac-
L. C.M. = 2x6x3x2=60 . « "^ k * k ^- • -ui u ic •*
tors 3 and 5 to be divisible by 15 ; it
must contain the factors 2, 2 and 5 to be divisible by 20. Since
the number 60 contains all these &ctors and no others, it is the least
common multiple of 10, 15, 20.
Prom the foregoing we derive the rule for finding the
least common multiple of two or more numbers :
RULE.
Find the prime factors of the numbers, and take (heprodud
of these factors, vising each the greatest number of times U
occurs in any of the given numbers.
What is the least common multiph
1. Of 15, 10 and 5 ? An^. 30.
2. Of 20, 10 and 30? Ans. 60.
FRACTIONS. 87
3. Of 9, 12 and 18 ? Am. 36.
4. Of 2, 3, 4 and 5 ? Am. 60.
5. Of 3, 6 and 18 ? Am. 18.
6. Of 10, 25 and 30? An^. 150.
7. Of 15 and 24? ^tw. 120.
8. Of 24, 30 and 36 ? Am. 360.
9. Of $20, $30 and $40? Am. $120.
10. Of 18 men, 16 men and 12 men ? Ans. 144 men.
11. What is the smallest tract of land that may be cut
into 6-acre, 5-acre or 4-acre lots ? Ana. 60 acres.
12. What is the smallest sum for which I can hire
workmen at 6, 8 or 9 dollars a week ? Am. $72.
13. What is the least common multiple of 10, 15, 20,
26 and 24 ? Am. 600.
CHAPTER IV.
FEAOTIOI^S.
SECTION I.
DEFIJriTIOJTS.
If a unit be divided into two equal parts, each of these
parts is called one-half; if into three equal parts, each part
is called one-third ; if into four equal parts, each part is
called onerfourth ; two of the four equal parts are called
two-fourths, and so on.
These parts of a unit — one-half, one-third, one-fourth,
two-fourths, three-fourths, etc. — are called fractiom.
68. A Fraction is one or more of the equal parts of a
unit
88 FRACTIONS.
69. A fraction is usually expressed by writing the num-
bers one above the other with a short horizontal line be-
tween them. Thus, three-fourths is written f ; two-thirds,
i, etc.
70. The number below the line is called the Denamir
nator, and shows into how many equal parts the unit is
divided.
71. The number above the line is called the Numerator]
and shows how many of the equal parts are taken. Thus,
in ^ the denominator, 5, shows that the unit is divided
into 5 equal parts ; and 4, the numerator, shows that 4 of
these parts are taken.
72. The numerator and the denominator are called the
Terms of the fraction.
EXERCISE.
Read— J, i i, i i, i f , f J, ^.
Write one-third, two-fourths, three-ninths, six-sevenths,
five-sevenths, three-eighths, five- ninths, seven-tenths, thir-
teen-fifteenths, sixteen-fortieths.
73. A Common Fraction is one in which the nu-
merator and the denominator are both expressed by
figures.
74. Comtnon fractions are either proper or improper.
75. A Proper Fraction is one whose numerator is less
than its denominator; as, f, f, etc.
76. An Improper Fraction is one whose numerator is
equal to or greater than its denominator ; as, f , f , f, etc.
77. A Mixed Number is one consisting of a whole
number and a fraction.
REDUCTION OF FRACTIONS. 89
SECTION II.
BEDUCTIOJf OF FRACTIOJ^S.
CASE I.
To Reduce Whole or Mixed Numbers to Fractions.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. How many halves in 1 apple ? How many thirds ?
2. How many fourths in an orange ? How many fifths ?
3. How many halves in 3 apples ?
Solution. — In 1 apple there are 2 halves, and in 3 apples 3
times 2 halves, or 6 halves.
4. How many halves in 4? In 5? In 6? In 8?
6. How many thirds in 2? In 4? In 5 ? In 10?
6. How many fourths in 3? In 6? In 9? In 12?
7. How many fourths in 5f ?
Solution. — In 1 there are J ; in 5 there are 6 times J, or ^ ;
■^ and f are •^. Hence, in 5| there are -y.
8. How many fifths in 3 ? In 4 ? In 5f ?
9. How many sixths in 5 ? In 6 ? In 7| ?
10. How many eighths in 4? In 10? In 6|?
11. How many thirds in 7f ? In 8^ ? In 12| ?
12. How many tenths in 6^^ ? In 5^ ? In 12^5^ ?
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
Ex. Reduce 17^ to an improper firaction.
Solution.
171 Explanation. — In 1 there are f , and in 17 there
J^ are 17 times }, or ^ ; -<^+ J= J^.
62 thirds = ^.
From the foregoing we derive the rule for reducing
mixed numbers to improper fractions :
8*
90 REDUCTION OF FRACTIONS.
RULE.
Multiply the whole number by the denominator^ and to
this add the num^eraior, writing the product over the given
denominator.
Reduce to improper fractions —
7. lOf Ans. ^,
8. 25f . Am. ^^
1. 4f. Ans. ^.
2. 5^. Ans. V.
3. 6J. Ans. ^.
4. 7|. Ans. J^. , 10. 27f. Ans. ^^
5. Sf Ans. ^.11. 26|f. Ans. ^
9. 30f Ans. ifi
6. 9f. Ans. ^. 1 12. 24Jj. Ans. ^
CASE II.
To Bednce Improper Fractions to Whole or Mixed
Numbers.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. How many ones in -^ ?
Solution. — Since one equals |, in -^ there are as many ones as
I is contained times in J^-, or 3.
2. How many ones in f ? In f ? In f ?
3. How many ones in ^ ? In J^ ? In J^ ?
4. How many ones in -^? In Y? In ^?
5. How many ones in-^? In^? In^?
6. Reduce f to a mixed number.
Solution. — Since one equals |, in } there are as many ones as j
is contained times in f, which is 2 times and } remaining, or 2}.
7. Reduce f to a mixed number.
8. Reduce ^ to a mixed number.
9. Reduce ^ to a mixed number.
10. Reduce ^ to a mixed number.
REDUCTION OF FRACTIONS. 91
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
Ex. Reduce ^ to a mixed number.
Solution. Explanation, — Since there are } in 1, in ^ there
8)63 are as many ones as f is contained times in ^, which
7f is 7, and J remaining, or 7J.
Prom the foregoing we derive the
RULE.
Divide the numerator of ike improper fraction by the
denominator ; the quotient is the whole or mixed number.
Reduce to whole or mixed numbers — '•
1. ^. Ans, 3|.
2. ^. Ana. 6^.
3. ff . Ana. 5^.
4. 4-' ^^' 12|.
6. If. Ana. 2^.
6. fj. An^. 3^.
7. ^. Ana. 9f.
8. ^. Ana. 13f.
9. ^. Ana. 8|.
10. ^. iln«. 10^.
CASE III.
To Reduce Fractions to Equiyalent Fractions haying
Higher Terms.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. How many sixths are there in -J^?
Solution. — Since there are f in 1, in } there are J of f , or |.
2. How many fourths in ^?
3. How many sixths in ^ ? In -J^ ?
4. How many eighths in ^ ? In J ?
6. How many tenths in |^ ? In ^ ?
6. How many twelfths in |? In J? In ^?
7. How many twelfths in f ?
Solution. — In ^ there are -fj^ and in f there are 3 times A, or
A-
8. How maoy twelfths in f ? In ^ ?
92 REDUCTION OF FRACTIONS.
9. How many fifteenths in | ? In | ? In | ?
10. How many twentieths in | ? In f ? In ^ ?
pRrNCiPLE. — Multiplying both numerator and denom-
inator of a fraction by the same number does not change
the value of the fraction. Thus, ^ equals f , which is the
same as multiplying ^ by f .
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
1. Reduce f to twentieths.
Solution. Explanatimi, — To reduce fourths to twentieths it is
J X A = 14 necessary to multiply the denominator by 5 ; but to
preserve the value of the fraction the numerator must
also be multiplied by the same number. Hence, f = i^.
From the foregoing we derive the rule for reduction of
fractions to higher terms.
RULE.
Multiply both numerator and denominator by that num-
ber which will produce the required denominator.
2. Reduce |, |, f to 12ths. Ans, ^, ^, |^.
3. Reduce ^, ^, \ to 30ths. Ans, ^, ^, ^.
4. Reduce f , |, ^ to 30ths. . Ans. fj, |^, ^.
5. Reduce f , i^, f to 36th8. Ans. ff , ^, |^.
CASE IV.
To Rednce Fractions to their Lowest Terms.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. How many thirds in |^?
Solution. — Since J = J, there are as many thirds in f as } is
contained times in |, or f . Hence, in f there are f .
2. How many halves in f, ^, f ?
3. How many thirds in i, i, ^2
REDUCTION OF FRACTIONS. 93
4. How many fourths in f , f , t^ ?
5. How many fifths in -5^, r| , 1^ ?
6. How many sixths in ^^, -^j, ^ ?
7. Reduce 3^ to fourths ; ^ to thirds.
8. Reduce \^ to sixths ; -^^ to fifths.
9. Reduce ^ to fifths ; \% to thirds.
10. Reduce ^ to halves ; ^ to fourths.
11. Reduce ^J, ^ to their lowest terms.
Note. — When a fraction cannot be reduced to one haying a less
denominator, it is said to be in its lowest terms.
12. Reduce ^, |f , ff to their lowest terms.
13. Reduce ^, ff , |^ to their lowest terms.
Principle. — The division of both terms of a fraction
by the same number does not change its value. Thus, if
both terms of the fraction y\, equal to ^, be divided by 6,
the quotient is ^. The value is not changed.
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
Ex. Reduce ]^ to its lowest terms.
Solution. Fxplanation. — Dividing both terms of || J by 12,
iff = tJ = I i* reduces to |f . Dividing both terms of If by 2,
Or, it reduces to f . Since 5 and 6 do not have a com-
}}J-5- J}-= J§ mon divisor, the lowest terms of the fraction |^|J
H-*-i = * isi
Prom the solution we derive the following
RULE.
To reduce a fraction to its lowest terms, divide both terms
of the fraction by a common divisor, and this resuU again
by a common, divisor, and so on till the terms have no com-
mon divisor.
94
REDUCTION OF FRACTIONS.
Reduc<
1. 3^ to thirds. Ana, f .
2. -j^ to fourths. Ana. f .
3. ^ to fifths. Ana, f .
4. If to twelfths. Ana, ^.
5. ff to fifteenths. Ana, -J-f .
6. f^ to sixths. Ana. ^.
Reduce to their lowest terms —
7. If-
10.
TjTJ
Ana, f.
Ana, f.
Ana, f.
Ana. -j^.
19 _70
13. Itt-
14. -^j-.
Ana, ^.
Ana, ^.
CASB V.
To Rednee Compound Fractions to Simple Ones.
78. A Compoimd Fraction is a fraction of a frac-
tion, as ^ of f, or I of 2^.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. What is ^ of i?
Solution. — Since J equals f , J of J is i of f , or J.
2. What is i of i? ^of i?
3. What is I of I? -Jof i?
4. Whatis Jof I? iof i?
6. If I have ^ a dollar, and give ^ of it away, how
much do I give away ?
6. If a man own ^ of a store, and sell \ of his share,
how much does he sell ?
7. A boy had ^ of a dollar, and lost \ of it : what part
of a dollar did he lose ?
8. Bought ^ of a farm, and sold -J- of my share: what
part of the farm did I sell?
9. How much is f of f ?
Solution. — J of J is yV » J of f is twice as much, or ^ ; and |
of I is 2 times -j^, or -j^. Hence, | of f is ■^.
REDUCTION OF FRACTIONS.
95
10. What is I of f?
11. What is I of I?
12. What is f of f?
13. What is i of f?
14. What is I of I?
15. What is f of f?
16. What is I of f ?
17. Whatisf of I?
18. Whatisf of I?
19. What is I of f!^?
20. If Charles has | of a dollar, and loses f of it, what
part of a dollar does he lose ?
21. A boy has f of a pound of candy, and eats f of it :
how much does he eat ?
11. If I have f of a bushel of peas, and give away f of
it, what part of a bushel do I give away ?
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
Ex. What is I of I?
Solution.
Whatis-
1. ioff?
2. |of ^?
3. fof I?
Ans, ^.
Ans. ^^.
Ana, ^.
Reduce to simple fractions —
7. I of f of i.
8. iofioff
9. |of ^of^of |.
10. I of I of f of I
11. I of I of A.
12. f of I of ^.
13. I of f of i of ^.
Analysis.
Jof i = 3x^ff = J^.
4. fof ^? Ans.^,
5. -f^ of I? Ans. ^f.
6. -J of f of f ? Ans, ^, or ^.
Ans. -J.
-4 715. "I-.
Ans. -j^.
Ans. ^.
Ans. ■^.
Ans. -f.
Ans. 7^.
96 COMMON DENOMINATOR.
COMMON DENOMINATOR.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. Reduce f and f to fiftee»ths.
Solution. — Since there are {^ in 1, in } there are J of |4,
and in J, twice fV, or fj. In J there are i of |f , or ^, an
twice T^j, or j%. Hence in } and f there are {^ and ^.
2. How many twelfths in f and f ?
3. How many tenths in ^ and ^ ?
4. How many twentieths in ^, \ and f ?
5. How many thirtieths in f , f and | ?
6. Reduce ^ and J to fractions having a comm(
nominator.
Note. — When fractions have the same denominator they a
to have a common denominator.
7. Reduce f and f to fractions having a commc
nominator.
8. Reduce f and f to fractions having a commc
nominator.
9. Reduce f , f and f to fractions having a commc
nominator.
10. Reduce ^, f and 2 J to fractions having a coi
denominator.
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
1. Reduce f , f , ^ to fractions having a common d(
inator.
Solution 1 . Explanation 1 . — Multiplying any of the dene
3x2 _ J g tors by the others, we find the common denonc
8
X
^'^Ov^o'"^?
3x2 ^* to be 24. Multiplying both terms of f by t
2 ^^^ _ 16 nominators 3 and 2, it equals J| ; multiplyin
4x2 terms of | by the denominators 4 and 2, it
1 ^^^ _ 1 2 if j multiplying both terms of J by the dem
3x4 tors 3 and 4, it equals Jf .
CX)MMON DENOMINATOR. 97
Solution 2. Exj^nalion 2. — ^We find the oom-
Denominator = 4 X 3 X 2 = 24 mon denominator, 24, by multiply-
} = J J ing together the given denominators
} = J} 4, 3 and 2, and reduce each fraction
J = J} to.24th8.
Prom these solutions we derive the following rule for
^educing fractions to a common denominator :
RULE.
Multiply both terms of each fraction by all the denomina-
tors except its own.
Ileduce to fractions having a common denominator —
2. i, i, i- Ans, H» T^> tV
3. i I, h Ans. il f^, H-
4. 1, 1 1. Ans. m> IM, T%.
5. h f i ^^^ AV tV7> t%.
6. i A, f ^^«- Hi iM, m-
7. i i i, i. ^n«. xVir, WV, i^TT, AV
^' f» fj tV" • Ans. ^f ^, ^-j-J, ffiy.
79. The Least Common Denominator of two or
more fractions is the least denominator to which they can
all be reduced.
It is also the least common multiple of their denomi-
nators.
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
Ex. Reduce f , f, -J to equivalent fractions having their
least common denominator.
Solution.
2) 4, 6, 8 Explanation. • — The least common
2) 2, 3, 4 multiple of 4, 6 and 8 is 24, which is
1, 3, 2 therefore the least common denomina-
2x2x3x2 = 24, L. CD. tor. By analysis, i = /:f, and f = 3 x ^^,
} = H or if; i = A,and J = 5x^ = J|; t =
« = « A,andi = 7xA=JJ.
9 Q
98 ADDITION OF FRACTIONS.
The following is the rule for reducing fractions to cqi
alent ones having their least common denominator :
RULE.
Find the least common multiple of the denomdnators
the least common denominator ; divide this common den
inator by each denominator, and multiply both terms by
quotient.
Note. — ^Bedace mixed numbers and compoand fractions to i
pie ones, and these to their lowest terms, before proceeding to
the least common denominator.
Reduce the following fractions to their least denominal
1. i i |. ^ns. M, «, ^
2. I, A» A- ^^- H> M, f^
3. 1 h «• ^ns. m> m. m
^' if T4> ITT" Ans, -f ifj-, -j-gir* Tsi
6. i of I, 3% of f ^ Ans. il a
SECTION III.
ADDITIOJf OF FRACTIOJfS.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. How many are ^, f and |^?
2. How many are f , ^ and ^ ?
3. How many are -f, f and ^t
4. What is the sum of f , f , |^ ?
6. What is the sum of ^ and \ ?
Solution. — J equals ^, and J equals -^ ; ^ and ^^ are
Hence, the sum of \ and J is ^j.
ADDITION OF FRACTIONS.
99
What is the sum —
6. Of iandi?
7. Of iandi?
8. Of land i?
9. Of i and I?
10. Of J and }?
11. Of J and f?
12. Of i, iandi?
13. Of i,iandi?
14. Of 2i and 3J ? .
Note. — Questions of this kind may also be solved by adding the
whole nambers and the fractions separately ; thus, 2 and 3 are 5 ;
i and ^ equal ^ and -fj, or ^. Hence, 2| and 3^ equal 5^^.
15. Of 2 J and 3i?
16. Of 3i and 2^?
17. Of 3|and3i?
18. Of 2|and3|?
19. Of 4iand2f?
20. Of 3f and4f?
21. Of 4t and 2f ?
22. Of 6iand5f?
23. Of 4 and 3f?
24. Of 7|and6|?
25. K I pay f of a dollar for a turkey, and i a dollar
for a goose, what do I pay for both ?
26. If I pay J of a dollar for butter, f of a dollar for
eggs, and -^ of a dollar for cheese, how much do I pay for
aU?
27. A pair of boots cost 85^, a hat $3f , and a vest $2^ :
how much did they all cost ?
80. Addition of Fractions is the process of finding
the sum of two or more fractions.
81. Similar fractional units are those having the same
name.
Principles. — 1. Only similar fractional units can be
added. Thus, thirds can be added to thirds, but not to
fifths or other fractional units.
2. Fractions to be added must have a common de-
nominator.
100 ADDITION OF FBACTION8.
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
Ex. Find the sum of | and |.
Solution. ^ . . ,«, , . ^, ^
,4 Analy8ta,—The oommon denominator of } and
4 is 20.
From the foregoing principles and solution we derive
the following rules for Addition of Fractions :
RULES.
1. Reduce the fractions to a common denominator, add
{he numerators and write the resuU over the common de-
nominator.
2. To add mixed numhere, add the whole numbers and
{he fractions separately, and {hen add the results.
Note. — 1. Beduce each fraction to its lowest terms before
reducing to a common denominator.
2. Beduce fractional results to their lowest teims, and improper
fractions to whole or mixed numbers.
Find the sum —
1. Of land f. Ans. 1^.
' 2. Of I and f * Ans. 1^.
3. Of 1 1 f Ans. 2^.
4. Of f , I, ^. Ans. Iff.
5. Of 1 1 i • Ans. 2^.
6. Of j, I, |. Ans. 1^.
7. Of i, ^, i. Ans. ii-
8. Of I A, H. ^^' 2H.
9. Of 3f and 5f
Pbocess.
SUBTRACTION OF FRACTIONS. 101
10. Of 2i and 3^. Ans. 5|.
11. Of 3f, 6|, 3|. Ana. 14^.
12. Of 7i 9j\, 2i. Ans, 18^.
13. Of 6| and 9|. Ans. 16i|.
14. Of 1^ of ^ and ^ of J. -irw. 3^.
15. Of 2| and I of f iln«. 2||.
16. What is the sum of $19 J, $16^, $27|?
Ans. $63|^.
17. What is the sum of $23f, $19|, $16|?
Ans. $60^.
18. What is the sum of 9| yd., 10} yd., 18| yd. ?
Ans. 39i yd.
SECTION IV.
SVBTRACTIOJf OF FRACTIOJfS.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. What is the difference between |- and f ?
2. How much is f less J ? ^ less i^ ?
3. How much is -^ less ^^ ? J less ^ ?
4. How much is |^ — ^ ?
Solution. — f equals J, and i equals i; f less f is | ; hence f —
iis J.
Subtract —
5. \ from ^.
6. -J from f .
7. f from f .
8. f from ^.
9. ^ from f .
10. f from ^.
11. f from 1^.
12. ^ from -J.
13. ^5^ from f.
14. I from f .
15. What is the difference between 2^ and 1^?
Suggestion. — ^Keduoe the mixed numbers to improper fractions
before subtracting.
9*
102 SUBTRACTION OF FRACTIONS.
16. Between aj and 2|? 18. Between 6^ and 6f ?
17. Between 4J and 5|? 19. Between 10^ and 7^?
What is the value —
20. Of i+l-J?
21. Of i+J-i?
22. Ofi+i-i?
23. Of |+f-|?
24. Of l+l-f?
25. Of 3i+2i-3i?
26. If a boy has ^ a dollar, and spends \ a dollar, how
much has he remaining ?
27. I have 14 dollars, and owe 10^ dollars : if I pay
what I owe, how much have I remaining ?
28. John is 7^ years old, and Henry is 9J yr. old ; how
much older is Henry than John ?
29. A merchant has 10 yd. of cloth, from which he cuts
2f yd. : how much remains ?
30. A farmer sold ^ his corn in the fall, and fed ^ ; he
has 60 bu. remaining : how many bushels had he ?
82. Subtraction of Fractions is the process of find-
ing the difference between two fractions.
Principles. — 1. Two fractions can be subtracted only
when their fractional units are similar.
2. Fractions must have a common denominator before
their difference can be found.
Note. — Beduce compound fractions- to simple ones, and each
fraction, as well as the resulting difference, to its lowest terms.
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
1. Subtract f from |.
Solution.
6 _ 4 ExptaTMiion, — | equal fj, and f equal H » H lew
SUBTRACTION OF FRACTIONS.
103
The following is the rule for subtraction of fractions :
RULE.
Reduce the fractions to a common denominaior^ subtract
Ihe numeraiors and vrrite the resuU over the common denom-
inator.
How much IS —
1. i-f?
2. 1-A?
3. l-t?
4. l-f ?
5. ii-A?
Ans. ^.
Ans. 1^.
Ans.-^.
6. A-A?
7. i+i-i?
8. f+l-i?
9- H-f ?
10. A-H ?
Ans, ■^,
Ans, f .
Ans, ^.
Ans,^,
11. Prom 6} take 3|.
Solution 1.
Analysis.
6i-3f
tt,or3A
6f-¥,
3*=¥,
SoLtmoN 2.
6i-6M
S*=3A
Note.-
—Let the pupil explain.
12. From 6^ take 3^.
13. From 6f take 5|.
14. From 5J^ take 3^.
15. From 7f take 2^.
16. From 7^ take 4|;
17. From 15| take lOf.
18. From 17^ take 12f.
19. From 18^ take lOf .
20. From 27f take 19|.
21. From 27^ take \^.
What is the value —
22. Of }of |-iof f?
Ans, 3^.
Ans, 1^,
Ans, \W,
Ans, 5^.
Ans, 2^^.
Ans, 4r^,
Ans, 4f .
Ans, 7^.
Ans. 8^.
Ans. 8f .
Ans, \,
104 MULTIPLICATION OF FBACTIONB.
23. Of 6^ - f of 2^ ? Ana. 4^.
24. Of -I of 7^ - ^ of 2|? Ans. 4.
25. Of f + | + i-f of li? A718. lU-
26. A farmer buys sheep at 5\. dollars apiece, and sells
them at 8 dollars each : how much does he gain ?
Am. S2|.
27. If I buy groceries amounting to $3|, and give the
merchant a twenty-dollar bill, how much change do I get?
Ans, $16f
28. From a farm of 120f acres there were sold 19^
acres : how many acres remained ? Ans. 100|f acres.
29. A merchant has one piece of muslin containing
45f yards, and another of 43^ yards ; he sells 50f yards :
how much remains ? Ans. 38^ yards.
30. Having 6| tons of hay, I sold 2| tons : how much
remains ? * Ans. 3^ tons.
SECTION V.
MULTIPLICATIOJf OF FBACTIOJ^S.
CASE I.
To Mnltiply a Fraction by an Integer.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. How much will 6 pairs of ducks cost at f of a dol-
lar a pair.
Solution. — If 1 pair of ducks cost } of a dollar, 5 pairs will
cost 5 times } of a dollar, or ^^ dollars, equal to 3} dollars.
2. At ^ of a dollar each, how much will 6 melons cost?
3. At f of a dollar each, what must I pay for 10 hens?
4. If a horse can eat ^ of a bushel of oats in a day,
how much can 12 horses eat in the same time ?
MULTIPLICATION OF FRACfTIONS. 105
5. If a hat cost f of a dollar, how much will 10 hats
cost at the same rate ?
How many are —
6. 3 times i^? 4 times ^ ? 6 times |?
7. 5 times ^ ? 8 times |? 8 times |?
8. 6 times ^ ? 4 times f ? 5 times ^ ?
9. 3 times |? 6 times |? 8 times f ?
10. 10 times f ? 9 times f ? 10 times ^ ?
Since 2x-J=^, 3x|^ = |, etc., we have the following
Principle. — A fraction may be multiplied by multi-
plying its numerator.
Since 2x^ = |^, or J, 3x^ = |^, or f, etc., we have the
following
Principle. — A fraction may be multiplied by divid*
ing its denominator.
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
1. Multiply ^ by 4.
Solution 1. /^ x 4 = }J = f , or If. Let the pupil explain.
Solution 2. &x^=f, or If. .Ecp/ana<ion.— Since dividing
^ the denominator of a fraction
multiplies the value, 4 x ^^ equals |, or If.
RULES.
1. To multiply a fraction by an integer, multiply the
numerator or divide the denominator.
2. To multiply a mixed number by an integer, multiply
the whole number and the fraction separatdy, and add the
resuMa.
106 IfULTIPLICATION OF FRACTIONS.
Multiply —
2. ^ by 4. Ans, ^,
3. i by 8. Ana. 6f
4. I by 10. Ana. Sf.
5. i by 12. Jn«. 9^.
6. II by 6. ^/w. 5i.
7. ^ by 9. Ana. 6.
8. 3^ by 6. Ana. 20.
9. 8| by 8. ^Tw. 70.
10. 7f by 12. ^rw. 94.
11. 18iby25. An8.^56\.
CASH II.
To Multiply an Integer by a Fraction.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. If 1 yard of muslin cost 12 cents, how much will ^
of a yard cost?
Solution.— If 1 yard cost 12 cents, J of a yard will cost J of 12
cents, or 4 cents.
2. A boy had 25 cents, and lost | of it : how much did
he lose ?
3. If a man earn $60 a month, how much will he earn
in ^ of a month ?
4. A cow cost $40, and a sheep \ as much : how much
did the sheep cost ?
5. A horse cost $120, and a pig ^ as much: how much
did the pig cost ?
6! If a ton of hay cost $25, how much will |- of a ton
cost ?
Solution.— If 1 ton of hay cost $25, i of a ton will cost J of
$25, which is $5, and f of a ton will cost 4 times $5, or $20.
7. John has 30 cents, and James has f as many : how
many has James ?
8. A house cost $800, and a barn f as much: how
much did the barn cost?
9. f of 14 yards of calico cost 60 cents : what is 1 yard
worth?
MULTIPLICATION OF FRACTIONS. 107
10. If 2 hens cost 60 cents, how much will f of 30
lens cost?
11. f of $50 is 8 times the cost of a shawl : what was
the cost of it ?
12. f of 15 are how many times ^ of 6 ?
13. f of 16 are how many times ^ of 20?
14. I of 24 are how many times ^ of 30 ?
15. What is i of 6 ?
Solution.— J of 1 is J, and ^ of 6 is 6 times J, or {. Hence,
iof 6i8f
16. What is i^ of 7? iof 6?
17. What is I of 8? i of 9?
18. What is I of 12? -j^of 16?
19. What is } of 9 ?
Solution.— i of 9 is f, and f of 9 is 3 x f , or ^. Hence, } of
20. What is I of 10? | of 10?
21. What is I of 8? f of 8?
22. What is I of 4? f of 5?
23. Whatisf of 7? f of 8?
24. What is I of 4? ^of 16?
25. What is f of $26 ? | of 17 miles ?
Principle. — The product of an integer by a fraction
equals the fraction of the integer.
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
1. Multiply 45 by f .
Solution.
45 X f Explanation, — 46 times f is the same as
« i X 45 = i|^, or 33} } of 45, which is i}^, or 33}.
108
MULTIPLICATION OP FRACTIONS.
5. 29 by f
6. 54 by f .
7. 75 by |.
Ans, 12f.
Am. 20^.
Am. 25
Multiply — .
2. 27 by f Am. 18.
3. 36 by |. Am. l^.
4. 60 by |. Am. 22|.
8. Multiply 65 by 4f.
Solution.
65
4f £lrptona^tan. — 4 times 65 are 260, and f of 65 are
260 i|ft, or 43J. Adding the two results, we have 303J.
303J
The following are the rules for the multiplication of in-
tegers by fractions :
RULES.
1. Multiply the integer by the numerator, and divide the
residt by the denominator. Or, Divide the integer by the
denominator, and multiply the result by the numerator.
2. When the multiplier is a mixed numher, muMiply the
integer and thefra^dion separately, and add the resuits.
Multiply —
9. 25 by 3|.
10. 20 by 6f
11. 35 by lOf.
12. 48 by 8f .
Am. 93f .
Am. 124.
Am. 376^.
Am. 41 2|.
13. 60 by 15f . Am. 925^.
14. 12 by I off Am. 7^.
15. 42hjiof7l. Am. leS^.
16. 125 by 18|. Am. 2348|.
CASE III.
To Multiply a Fraction by a Fraction.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. Whatisf of I?
Solution.— J of J is jiy ; J of | is 2 times i^, or A ; and } of f
is 3 times ^, or ^y equal to J. Hence, f of } is i.
MULTIPLICATION OF FRACTIONS. 109
2. What is f of I?
3. What is J of I?
4. What is f of f?
5. What is I of I?
6. What is I of 3^?
7. What is I of 4 ?
8. How much will f of a bushel of potatoes cost at ^
of a dollar a bushel ?
9. What is the cost of f of a peck of beans at ^ of a
dollar a peck ?
10.. What cost IJ doz. of eggs at 12^ cts. a dozen?
11. A hat cost ^ of f of 16^ dollars : how much did it
cost?
12. If 4 pairs of shoes cost $9, how much will 2 pairs
cost?
Principle. — The product of a fraction by a fraction
equals the fraction of that fraction.
Remark, — The process of multiplying fractions may be
shortened by cancellation.
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
1. What is the product of f of 5^ by ^?
Solution 1. Explanation. — Since 6 J equals ^, ^ of
i of 5}xf 5Jxf equals f of ^xf, which is fjf,
« Jx^xf = fjf, or IJ equal to J/, or If
Solution 2.
fofSJxf
= jx^xJ = -V,orlf
2
The following is the rule for multiplying fitictions by
fractions :
RULE.
Multiply the numerators together for the numerator, and
the denominators for the denominator , of the product.
Note 1. — ^Reduce mixed numbers first ,to improp)er fractions.
2. Cancel common factors in the numerator and the denominator.
10
110 DIVISION OF FRACTIONS.
Remark, — This case is practically the same as finding
the fractional part of a fraction.
Multiply —
2. A by f . Ans, H-
3. i by f Ans. |f
4. li by |. Ans. f
5. I of f by f ^n«. J|.
6- it by f of 4. Ana. ^.
7. f of ^ by I of ^. ^W5. j*^.
8. I of 7 by 2^. Jlns. 13|.
9. 8ibyiof7i. Ans. 2SU'
SECTION VI.
DiriSIOJf OF FRACTIOJ^S.
CASE I.
To Diyide a Fraction by an Integer.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. K 3 ducks cost 1^ of a dollar, how much will 1 duck
cost ?
Solution. — If 3 ducks cost ^ of a dollar, 1 duck, which is J of
3 ducks, will cost J of ^ of a dollar, which is ^, or ^ of a dollar.
2. If 3 caps cost ^ of a dollar, how much will 1 cap
cost ?
3. If 5 melons cost -j!^ of a dollar, how much will 1
melon cost ?
Solution. — If 5 melons cost ^^ of a dollar, 1 melon will cost \
of ^ of a dollar, which is ^ of a dollar.
4. How much will 1 boy earn in a day if 3 boys earn
J of a dollar ?
5. If 6 men can do f of a piece of work, what part of
the work can 1 man do ?
6. If 6 cows eat f of a ton of hay in a certain time,
how much will 1 cow' eat in the same time ?
DIVISION OF FRACTIONS. Ill
7. K f of a farm be divided into 8 equal parts, hoW
much will each part be ?
8. 5 persons own f of a ship : what is each one's share ?
9. 6 boys pick 10^ quarts of berries : how much does
each boy pick ?
10. What is i of 5i? i of 3t^? "f of 10^^?
Since ^ divided by 2 is f , f divided by 3 is ^, etc., we
have the following
. Principle. — A fraction may be divided by dividing its
numerator.
Since ^ divided by 2 is J, ^ divided by 4 is ^, etc., we
have the following
Principle. — A fraction may be divided by multiplying
its denominator.
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
1. Divide H by 3.
Solution. Explanation. — J} divided by 1 is ^; hence, JJ di-
ll -«- 3 = ^ vided by 3 equals J of ||, or f^.
2. Divide \i by 6.
Solution. ExptancUion,- — }J divided by 1 equals |J; hence,
H"*"6 ii divided by 6 equals J of |J, or ^, Therefore,
=ixH = H H divided by 6 is H.
Divide —
4. 1^ by 9. Ans. f^.
6. f by 6. Am. ^.
7. A by 7. Ans. ij%.
8. II by 10. Ans. ^.
9. d^ by 5. Ans. -J.
10. 7i by 7. ^n«. |f .
112 DIVISION OF FBACTIONS.
CASE II.
To Diyide an Integer by a Fraction.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. At f of a dollar apiece, how many turkeys can I buy
for 3 dollars ?
Solution. — If 1 turkey cost f of a dollar, for 3 dollars, or ^^
dollars, as many turkeys can be bought as } is contained times in
^^y or 4 turkeys. Hence, if 1 turkey cost f of a dollar, for 3 dol-
lars 4 turkeys can be bought.
2. At f of a dollar each, how many hats can I buy for
6 dollars?
3. If 1 hen cost J of a dollar, how many hens can I
buy for 2 dollars ?
4. How many baskets holding } of a peck each will it
take to hold 6 pk. ?
5. If 1 doz. of fish cost ^ of a dollar, how many dozen
can I buy for 3 dollars ?
6. If f of a dollar buy 1 yd. of cloth, how many yards
can I buy for 9 dollars ?
7. How many pairs of gloves at f of a dollar a pair can
I buy for 4 dollars ?
8. How many times is ^ contained in 2 ? In 3 ? In 4 ?
9. How many times is f contained in 2 ? In 4 ? In 6 ?
10. How many times is f contained in 6 ? In 9 ? In
12?
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
1. Divide 9 by |.
Solution. Explanation. — Since 9 divided by 1 equals 9. 9
9 -J- f = divided by \ equals 4x9, and divided by } it equals
9x J = -V- = 12 J of 4x9, or } of 9, which is equal to V, or 12.
The following is the rule for dividing an integer by a
Auction :
DIVISION OF FRACTIONS. 113
RULE.
Multiply the integer hy the denominator^ and divide the
remit by the numerator of the given fraction. Or, MvMiply
the integer by the divisor inverted.
Divide —
2. 12 by f ,
Ars. 16.
7. 30 by |.
Ans. 34if.
3. 15 by f
Ans. 18.
8. 60 by \\.
Ans. 108.
4. 20 by |.
An8. 25.
9. 40 by 3i
Ans. llf.
6. 18 by f
Ana. 21.
10. 55 by 4-
Ans. 10.
6. 25 by |.
Ans. 41f .
11. 75 by 6^.
Ans. 11t^.
CASE III.
To Diyide a Fraction by a Fraction.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. At "3^ of a dollar each, how many caps can I buy
for f of a dollar ?
SOH.UTI0N. — ^If 1 cap cost ^j of a dollar, for ^ of a dollar, which
is equal to -^ of a dollar, I can buy as many caps as -]% is contained
timefl in ^, or 4 caps. Hence, at -^ of a dollar each, I can buy 4
caps for f of a dollar.
2. How many pens at J of a cent each can I get for
2 J cents?
3. How many slates at ^ of a dollar each can I get for
4.^ How many oranges at f of a dime apiece can I buy
for 4^ dimes ?
6 If silk cost f of a dollar a yard, how many yards
can I buy for $5^ ?
6. If 6 hens cost one dollar and a half, how many can
I buy for $^ ?
7. Three hats are sold for $4^: how many can be
bought for $13^?
10* H
114
DIVISION OF FRACTIONS.
8. Divide j by ^.
Solution. — Since 1 is contained in |, j times, ^j^ is contained in
f 10 times | times, or ^ times ; and ^^ is contained in f , J of ^^
times, or ^ times, equal to 8. Hence, | divided by ^j^ equals 8.
9. Divide f by ^,
10. Divide | by ^
11. Divide ^ by f .
12. Divide ^ by f.
13. Divide f by |.
14. Divide ^ by ^j.
15. Divide J/ by f .
16. Divide 2f by ^V-
17. Divide 2| by f .
18. Divide 9^ by i.
19. Divide 9^ by f .
20. Divide 9^ by 2^.
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
1. Divide f by |.
Solution. Analysis. — 1 is contained in |, | times ; \ is
f -«- J contained in }, 6 x } times, and J is contained
*=ixf = i4) or A i o^ 6xf times, or f x}, equal to JJ, or t^.
Hence, } divided by f is ^^j.
The following are the rules for the division of fractions
by fractions:
RULES.
1. Divide the dividend by the numerator of the divisor ^
and multiply by its denominator,
2. Invert the terms of the divisor, and multiply the 7ii»-
merators together, also the denominators,
3. Reduce the fractions to a common denominator, and
divide the numerator of the dividend by the numerator of
the divisor.
Divide —
2. I by |.
3. |by I
4. I by f
5. i by f .
6. I by f .
7. A by i
Ans, \^,
Ans, 1\,
Ans,\i.
Ans, 1^.
Ans. "I^.
Ans, 1.
8. ^ by \,
9. 3f by f
10. ^ by |.
11. 4 by 2^.
12. 6i by 34-.
Ans, 10^.
-4rw. 9f .
Ans. 54-.
-4n«. IJ.
Ans, l-IJ.
13. iofl7iby3i.^7w.2A,
REVIEW.
115
CASE IV.
Complex Fractions.
Note. — Complex Fractions may be regarded hb being one
form of Division of Fractums, The number or fraction in the nu-
merator may be regarded as the dividend, and the number or frac-
tion in the denominator as the divisor. Thus, in the fraction
p f is to be divided by f .
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
1. Seduce ^ to its simplest form.
Solution.
f _ « . Explanation. — | divided by J equals } rnul-
i tiplied by }, which equals If, or J.
Reduce the following fractions to th^ir simplest forms:
2.1.
f
5 i
Ans, \i.
Ans. f .
Ans, 1^.
Ans. \\,
Ans. "5^.
I
^■7f
Ana. ^.
Am. 1&|.
Ana. ■^.
10.^-^. An8.m-
11 l±ii
xL7l9» vLf X«
REVIEW.
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
1. Reduce 21^ to an improper fraction.
2. Reduce 87-j^ to an improper fraction.
3. Reduce ^^ to a mixed number.
116 REVIEW.
4. Reduce ^^^ to a mixed number.
5. Reduce ^ of J of ^ of ^ to a simple fraction.
6. Reduce -J^ of -^ of 6f to a simple fraction.
7. Reduce f , f , f, -j^ to their least common denomi-
nator.
8. Reduce f , f , |f to their least common denominator.
9. Add 4i, 3^ and 6^. Am. 143^.
10. Add i of f , 3| and I of 6^. Am. 7|.
11. From 44| take 16f Am. 27|.
12. From 18J+16| take i of 27. Am. 20^.
13. Multiply 12i by 12^. Am. 156J.
14. Multiply I of 18f by | of 2^. Am. 231|.
15. Divide 18| by ^. Am. 2|f
16. Divide f of 16| by | of 16. Am. ||.
T of *
17. Reduce ^ | ^ to a simple fraction. Ana. 1^.
18. Reduce ^ J. ^ \i to a simple fraction. Ans. fj J.
19. A man earns 3| dollars one day, 6;^ dollars the
next, and 4^ the next : how much does he earn in three
days? Am. $14^.
20. A boy has 6| dozen hens, 3J dozen ducks and 1^
dozen turkeys : how many fowls has he? Ans. 11^ doz.
21. A farmer has 26f acres of woodland, and sells 16 J
acres : how much has he remaining? Ans. 10^ acres.
22. If a man have 27f dollars, and earn 9^ dollars
more, how much will he have if he lose 16 J dollars?
Am. 20^^ dollars.
23. One hat costs $3f : how much will 14 hats cost at
the same rate? Am. $52|-.
24. George earned $17^ one week, and 4 times as much
during the month, less $3| : how much did he earn in the
month? Am. $65^.
REVIEW. 117
25. Twenty-seven carpenters earn in one day $87| : how
inuch does each earn in a day ? Ana. <^3 J.
26. If a store is worth $26246f , and is bought by a
company of 16 men, how much does each one pay?
Ana, $1640f
27. A man owning a 40-acre &rm planted ^ in potatoes,
f in wheat and the remainder in corn : how many acres
did he plant in each ?
Ana, 8 A. in potatoes, 26f A. in wheat, 5^ A. in corn.
28. A farmer owned 127-J- A. ; he sold 16 J A. to one
man and 45f to another : how much has he remaining ?
Ana, 65|^ A.
29. If 15 bu. of wheat cost $18J, how much will 16 bu.
cost? Ana. $20.
30. A boy who is 14 years old is /^ as old as his father
and -^ as old as his grandmother : how old is each ?
Ana. Father, 40 years ; grandmother, 60 years.
31. If a man sleep 7^ hr. a day, how many hours does
he sleep in 365 d., or a year? Ana. 2615| hr.
32. A man bought a barrel of sugar ; he sold \, \ and
J of it : what part of the barrel remains ? Ana. JJ.
33. What is the cost of 13^ lb. of meat at 15 cts. a
pound ? Ana. $1.96f
34. A man earns $2| a day, and spends $5^ a week for
board : how much does he save in a week ? Ana. $11.
35. A farmer sells f of his land, and finds that 12^ A
is ^ of the remainder : how much had he at first?
Ana. 93f A.
36. What is the value of a turkey weighing 14f lb., at
12J ctB. a pound ? Ana. U .79^.
118 NUHEBATIOM OF DECIMAL FRACTIONS.
CHAPTER V.
DECIMAL FEACTIONS.
If a unit be divided into ten equal parts, each of the
parts is called a tenth.
If each tenth be divided into ten equal parts, each of
the parts is called a hundredth.
In the same manner, each of the ten equal parts of a
hundredth is called a thousandth,
83. A Decimal Fraction is a number of tenths, hun-
dredths, ilwusandthsj etc. — ^that is, a number of the decimal
divisions of a unit
SECTION I.
JfOTATIOJf AJfD JfUMERATIOJT.
84. A decimal fraction is usually written without its
denominator ; when so written, a point called the deemed
point or separatrix is placed before the numerator. Thus,
•^ and ^[%, when written decimally, are written .3 and .27.
85. When decimal fractions are written without their
denominator, they are called DecmwJs,
86. The divisions, beginning at the decimal point and
reading to the right, are named as follows : tenths, hun-
dredths, thousandths, ten-thousandths, hundred-thousandths,
miUionths, etc.
The following table shows the relative place of decimals
and whole numbers :
NUMERATION OF DECIMAL FRACTIONS. 119
00
4444 4 4. 44.44 444 444
s
a
.2
1
V Y _^— —
Integers. Decimals.
The decimal .175 is read thus: 1 tenth, 7 hundredths
and 5 thousandths, or 175 thousandths.
87. Decimals are read by naming the numerator as
given, and the denominator, which is 1, with as many
ciphers annexed as there are figures in the given nume-
rator.
Bead the following :
.8 .64
.125
.3142
6.23
.6 .72
.107
.0641
7.8
.4 .83
.604
.0037
19.303
.3 .27
.718
.0005
6.006
Note. — When the fraction is expressed decimally, the units*
figure of the numerator is placed in the order indicated by the
decimal. Thus, 'in jiUjf the 9 is placed in the ten-thousandths'
place, and the other figures in their proper connection with it. It
is written .0129, a cipher being used to fill the vacant space.
^^ Q^
Write the
following decimally :
A
100
A
10
A
i8o
Tinnr
■nmr loooo
lOOO TOOOO
120
NUMERATION OF DECIMAL FRACTIONS.
142 thousandths.
165 thousandths.
63 hundredths.
4 hundredths.
107 thousandths.
707 ten-thousandths.
15 ten-thousandths.
5 tenths.
12 thousandths.
104 thousandths.
16 hundredths.
19 millionths.
14 thousandths.
106 ten-thousandths.
6 hundred-thousandths.
76 hundredths.
1 thousandth.
32 millionths.
16 ten-niillionths.
106 hundred-thousandths.
88. An integer and a fraction may be written as one
number. Thus, 17^^ ^s written decimally 17.003.
Write the following :
9 and 7 tenths.
16 and 3 hundredths.
14 and 6 thousandths.
16 and 18 hundredths.
18 and 9 tenths.
15 and 18 thousandths.
603 and 19 ten-thousandths.
721 and 17 thousandths.
6 and 6 ten-thousandths.
3 and 13 millionths.
13 and 3 millionths.
16 and 16 ten- thousandths.
Principles. — 1. The denominator of a decimal frac-
tion is 1, with as many ciphers annexed as there are
figures in the numerator.
2. Moving the decimal point to the right increases the
decimal tenfold for every removal of one space.
3. Moving the decimal point to the left decreases the
value of the decimal tenfold for every removal of one
space.
4. Annexing a cipher to the right of a decimal, or re-
moving a cipher from the right of a decimal, does not
alter the value, as it simply multiplies or divides the nu-
merator and the denominator by the same number.
REDUCTION OF DECIMAL FRACTIONS. 121
SECTION II.
BEDUCTIOJ^ OF DECIMALS.
CASE I.
Redaction to Higher or Lower Terms.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. How many tenths in 3 ones ? In 8 ones ?
2. How many hundreds in 6 tenths ? In 9 tenths ?
3. How many thousandths in 8 tenths? In 6 hun-
dredths? In .7?
4. How many tenths m .60 ? In .500 ?
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
1. Reduce .16 to thousandths.
Process. Explanation, — Since there are 10 thousandths in 1
.16 = .160 hundredth, in 16 hundredths there are 16 times 10
thousandths, or 160 thousandths.
2. Reduce .13 to thousandths.
3. Reduce .6 to thousandths.
4. Reduce .17 to hundred-thousandths.
6. Reduce .14 to thousandths.
6. Reduce .600 to tenths.
7. Reduce .0700 to hundredths.
8. Reduce .6000 to tenths.
CASE II.
Reduction of Decimals to Common Fraettons.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. In .4 how many fifths?
2. How many fourths in t^ ? In .75 ? In .500 ?
3. How many fifths in .20 ? In .60 ? In .0500 ?
4. How many twentieths in .5 ? In .40 ? In .3000 ?
11
122
REDUCTION OF DECIMAL FRACTIONS.
Let the pupil explain.
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
1. Seduce .16 to a common fraction.
Process.
.16-AS=A
Note. — In reducing a decimal to a common fraction, omit the
decimal point and write the denominator.
Reduce the following decimals to common fractions :
2.
.4.
Ans. ^.
9.
.125.
Ans. ^.
3.
.15.
Atu. ■^.
10.
.625.
Ans. ^.
4.
.25.
Ans. \.
11.
.0625.
Ans. ■^.
5.
.60.
Ans. f .
12.
4.0375.
Ans. 4^.
6.
.08.
Ans.-^.
13.
4.375.
Ans. 4f .
7.
.09.
Ans.T^.
14.
.035.
Ans. 7^.
8.
.36.
Ans. ^.
15.
.1875.
Ans. ^.
CASE III.
Redaction of Common Fractions to Decimals.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. How many tenths in ^ ; J ; f ?
2. How many hundredths in J; -^i f ?
3. How many thousandths in ^ ; ^ ; ^ ; -^ ?
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
1. Reduce ^^ to a decimal.
Process.
40)5.000 1. 125
42_ Explanation, — ^ equals -^ of 6; 6 equals fj, or
^^Q m or M»; A of mi is ,VW, or .126.
"200
200
Note. — To reduce common fractions to decimals, annex ciphers
to the numerator and divide hj the denominator, and point off as
many places in the quotient as there are ciphers annexed.
ADDITION OF DECIMAL FRACTIONS.
123
Reduce the following to decimals :
2.1.
i47w. .5.
12. |.
uiw«. .625.
3. i.
Am. .25.
13. 6J.
uitw. 6.25.
4. i.
^rw. .125.
14.1^.
Ana. .26|.
5. f
-4.IW. .4.
15. 18f.
^?w. 18.75.
6. |.
uiiM. .75.
16. 66J.
Ans. 66.25.
7. A.
-Atw. .15.
17. 12J
-4n«. 12.5.
8- A-
Ans. .175.
18. 16|.
uirw. 16.6.
9- A-
^7W. .075.
19. A.
Am. .3125.
10. i*.
^7ia. .2.
20. 7|.
uirw. 7.6f.
11- A
-4rw. .4375.
21. 8A.
Am. 8.09375.
Notes. — 1. When the denominator of the fraction contains other
prime factors than 2 or 5, the division will not terminate.
2. When a sufficient number of decimal places is obtained, the
remainder may be expressed by a common fraction.
SECTION III.
ADDITIOJf OF DECIMALS.
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
1. Add 3.7, 18.24, 163.017 and 614.16.
Process.
3.7
18.24
163.017
614.16
799.117
ExplancUion. — The . decimals are so written that
units of the same order stand in the same perpendic-
ular column, and the addition is then performed the
same as in simple numbers.
RULE.
Write the numbers so that the decimal points shall stand
in the same perpendieula/r column, and add as in simple
rmmbers.
2. Add 16.16, 18.17, 9.16 and 20.13. Am. 63.61.
124 SUBTRACTION OF DECIMAL FRACTIONS.
3. Add 15.04, 7.7, 18.05 and 16.43. Ans, 57.22.
4. Add 3.64, .75, 127.5 and 27.003. Am, 158.893.
5. Add .718, 72.5, 5.316, 7.29. Ans, 85.824.
6. Add 18.43, 17.03, 10.894, 1.707. Aiis. 48.061.
7. Add 33.624, .006, 600, 800.08. Atu, 1433.71.
8. Add 21.05, 26.005, 18.0005, 20.5. Am, 85.5555.
9. Add 14.003, 1.27*5, 1.324, 16.5. Am. 33.102.
10. Add 80.07, 645.3, 3.003, 64.00016.
Am. 792.37316.
SECTION IV.
SUBTRACTIOJ^ OF DECIMALS.
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
1. From 65.13 take 18.344.
Process. Exphnation, — Since annexing a cipher to the right
65.130 of a decimal does not alter its value, 65.13 may be
}^'^^^ written 65.130. Writing the number so that the deci-
46.786 mal points are immediately above each other, the sub-
traction is performed as in simple numbers.
RULE.
Write the numbers one above the other, so that the decimal
point of the minuend shall be immediately above the decimal
point in the subtrahend^ and subtract as in simple numbers.
Find the value —
2. Of 87.15 - 63.24. Am. 23.91.
3. Of 119.3 - 65.784. Am. 53.516.
4. Of 107.07 - 6.45. Am. 100.62.
5. Of 615.34 - 7.183. Am. 608.157.
6. Of 7.004-4.7. ^iw. 2.304.
7. Of 14 -.14. Am. 13.86.
8. Of 3.3. - .033. Am. 3.267.
MULTIPLICATION OF DECIMAL FRACTIONS. 125
9. Of 21.5-16i. Am, 5.25,
le. Of 307f - 194.785. Ana, 112.965.
11. Of 12^-6|. Am. 5.75,
12. From 9 and 7 tenths take 3 and 45 hundredths.
Ana, 6.25.
13. From 8 and 3 hundredths take 83 millionths.
Am, 8.029917.
SECTION V.
MULTIPLICATlOJ\r OF DECIMALS.
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
1. Multiply 3.12 by 5.25.
Process.
3.12
• Explanation. — 3.12, or j^J, multiplied by 6.25, or
llf H-h equals W^m or 16.38.
1560
16.3800
From the foregoing we have the rule for multiplication
of decimals:
RULE.
Multiply dedmala as aimple numhera, and point off from
the right aa many decimal placea aa there are in the multi-
plier and the multiplicand.
Note. —If the number of figures in the product is less than the
number in the two factors, prefix as many ciphers as may be neces-
sary to make the number of decimal places in the product equal the
number in both factors.
2. Multiply 16.14 by .6. Am, 9.684.
3. Multiply 17.21 by .15. Am, 2.5815.
4. Multiply 27.48 by .07. Am. 1.9236.
11*
126 DIVISION OF DECIMAL FRACTIONS.
5. Multiply 18.23 by 1.17. Ans. 21.3291.
6. Multiply 27.007 by 1.006. ^jw. 27.169042.
7. Multiply 20.02 by 4.8. Ans, 96.096.
8. Multiply 372.006 by 4.09. Ans. 1521.50454.
9. Multiply 264.0078 by 5.19. Ans. 1370.200482.
10. Multiply 8.0008 by 6 tenths and 7 thousandths.
Ans. 4.8564856.
11. Multiply 96 and 374 thousandths by 81.18.
Ans. 7823.64132.
SECTION VI.
DIVISIOJT OF DECIMALS.
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
1. Divide 29.295 by 2.17.
Process.
2.17)29.295113.6
217 Etplanation.— 29.29b is equal to ^^^; 2.17
759 is equal to m ; ^^%^ divided by -f^ equals
^- W, or 13.6.
1085
1086
Note. — Since the quotient multiplied by the divisor equals the
dividend, it is evident, according to the preceding section, that the
number of decimal places in the divisor plus the number in the
quotient equals the number in the dividend ; hence, the number in
the dividend less the number in the divisor equals the number in
the quotient. Hence the following rule for division of decimals :
RULE.
Divide as in simple numbers^ and point off as many de-
cimal places in the quotient as the number of decimal places
in the dividend exceeds the number of those in the divisor.
Note. — If the number of decimal places in the divisor exceeds
the number in the dividend, first annex enough ciphers to the divi-
DIVISION OF DECIMAL FRACTIONS. 127
dend to make the number of places equal to the number in the
divisor.
2. Divide 123.39 by 4.5. Am. 27.42.
3. Divide 77.935 by 1.09. Arts. 71.5.
4. Divide 205.2608 by 24.32. Am. 8.44.
6. Divide 2.7306 by 15.17. Ana. .18.
6. Divide 16644.3728 by 23.08. Am. 721.16.
7. Divide 6.54 by 26.16. Am. .25.
8. Divide 13.68 by 18.24. Am. .75.
9. Divide 164.835 by 20.25. Am. 8.14.
10. Divide .0121344 by .016. Am. .7584.
REVIEW PROBLEMS.
1. A horse cost $125.5, a cow $15.75 and some sheep
$124.63 : how much did they all cost? Am. $265.88.
2. A farm consists of 23.385 A. of meadow, 16.315 A.
of woodland, and 45.3 A. of tillable land : how many acres
are in the farm? Am. 85 A.
3. If a man have 27.75 dollars, and spend 18.125 dol-
lars, how much money has he remaining ?
Ana. 9.625 dollars.
4. If a house cost $1162.5, a store $3146.1875, and
both were sold for $4400, how much was gained by the
sale? Jns. $91.3125.
5. A merchant has 650.5 lb. of sugar ; he buys 425 J lb.
more, and sells 824.125 lb. : how much remains?
Am. 251.625 lb.
6. If a man travel 3.125 mi. an hour, how far will he
travel in 6.2 hr. ? Am. 19.375 mi.
7. How much will 7.1251b. of meat cost at 12.5 cts. a
pound ? Am. 89.0625 cts.
8. What is the cost of 93.5 lb. of lard at 12.5 cts. a
pound? ^w«. $11.6875.
128 DENOMINATE NUMBERS.
9. What is the cost of 16^ A. of land at $125.5 an
acre? Ana. $2012.70625.
10. If a man travel at the rate of 31.15 mi. a day, how
far will he travel in 14.375 days?
Am. 447.78125 mi.
11. If a man travel at the rate of 31.5 mi. a day, in
how many days can he travel 204.75 mi. ? Atis. 6.5 d.
12. If 18.751b. of meat cost $2.34375, how much wiU
1 lb. cost. ? Ans. 12.5 cts.
13. K I trade 15^ lb. of butter at 37.5 cts. a pound for
coffee at 18.75 cts. a pound : how many pounds of coffee
do I get? Ans. 31 lb.
14. A man bought a farm of 45.375 A. for $7260 : how
much did it cost him per acre ? Ans. $160.
15. Exchanged 3.5 T. of coal at 84.80 a ton for lath at
30 cts. a hundred : how many lath did I get ?
Ans. 5600.
CHAPTER VI.
DEE"OMIE"ATE NUMBEES.
SECTION I.
BUFIJVITIOJfS.
89. A Concrete Number is one which is applied to a
particular unit ; as, 3 sheep, 2 pounds, etc.
90. A DenominBrte Number is one whose unit is
named ; as, 6 gallons, 3 inches, etc.
Denominate numbers are always concrete.
TABLES AND MEASURES. 129
91. Numbers are of the same denomination when they
have the same unit ; as, 2 pints, 7 pints, etc.
93. A Compound Number is one consisting of several
denominate numbers, but of the same measure ; as, 6 feet
8 inches.
SECTION II.
TABLES AJfD MEASURES.
VALUE.
Note. — ^United States Money has been considered on page 66
and the pages following.
ENGLISH CURKENCY.
93. EngUsh Currency is the money used in Great
Britain and Ireland.
Table.
4 farthings (fer.)=l penny, d.
12 pence = 1 shilling, s.
20 shillings = 1 pound, £.
21 shillings = 1 guinea, G.
l£=^20s. = 240d. = 960far.
ORAL EXERCISES.
1. How many farthings in 3 d. ? In 5 d. ?
2. How many pence in 3 s. ? In 12 s. ?
3. How many shillings in 6 £ ? In 9 £ ?
4. How many shillings in 60 d. ? In 120 d. ?
5. How many pence in 12 s. 6 d. ? In 6^ s. ?
6. How many £ in 480 d. ? In 80 s. ?
I
130 TABLES AND MEASURES.
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
1. Reduce 2 £ 3 s. to slullings.
SoLunoK.
2 £ 3s
20 * Eicjilainaiion, — Since 1 £ equals 20 s., 2 £ equal
'^ 2 times 20s., or 40 s. ; 40 s. plus 3s. are 43.
43 s.
2. Reduce 975 d. to £, etc.
j^ Evplanaiion, — Since 12 d. equal 1 s., in 975 d.
^ . , there are as many shillings as 12 is contained
2 0)81 s 3 d *^®* ^° ^^^' ^^ ^^ ®' ^ ^'
. ^' * Since 20 s. equal 1 £,, there are as many £, in
81 s. as 20 is contained times in 81, or 4 £ 1 s.
3. Reduce 5 £ 6 s. to shillings. Ans. 106 s.
4. Reduce 1 £ 5 s. 6 d. to pence. Ain, 306 d.
5. Reduce 1680 d. to £, s. and d. Ana, 7 £.
6. Reduce 16740 far. to £, etc. Am. 17 £ 8 s. 9 d.
WEIQHT.
AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT.
94. Ayoirdnpois Weight is used in weighing pro-
duce, coal, iron, groceries etc.
Table.
16 drams (dr.) = 1 ounce, oz.
16 ounces =1 pound, lb.
25 pounds = 1 quarter, qr.
4 quarters = 1 hundred- weight, cwt.
20 hundred-weight « 1 ton, T.
1 ton = 20 cwt. - 80 qr. - 2000 lb - 32000 oz.
1 lb. avoirdupois equals 7000 grains.
The long ton, equal to 2240 lb., is used in collecting
TABLES AND MEASURES.
131
duties at the United States custom-houses and in selling
coal at wholesale.
The following are also used :
32-
45
48
56
lb.
(t
a
01 oats,
of timothy seed,
of barley,
of rye or Indian com.
► -1 bushel.
60
56
a
of wheat, potatoes or clover seed,
of butter
«1 firkin.
196
200
100
100
u
it
of flour,
of beef or pork,
of dry fish ^
of nails
^ =»1 barrel.
« Iquintal.
«1 k^.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. How many ounces in 3 lb. ? In 5^ lb. ?
2. How many pounds in 64 oz. ? In 240 oz. ?
3. How many pounds in 4 T. ? In 2 T. 6 cwt. ?
4. I exchange 2 cwt. 3 qr. of flour at 2 cts. a pound for
muslin at 10 cts. a yard : how many yards do I get ?
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
1. Reduce 6 T. Icwt. 3 qr.
2. Reduce 2750 lb. to tons,
to quarters.
etc.
Solution.
Solution.
6T. Icwt. 3qr.
20
120
1
121 cwt.
4
25)2750 lb.
4)110 qr.
20)27 cwt 2 qr.
1 T. 7 cwt.
484
3
487 qr.
Hence, 6 T. 1 cwt. 3 qr. = 487 qr.
Hence, 2750 lb. - 1 T. 7 cwt 2 qr.
Let the pupil explain.
132 TABLES AND MEA8UBE8.
3. Reduce 6 T. 3 cwt. to huDdred-weight. Ans. 123 cwt
4. Reduce 18 T. 1 cwt. 22 lb. to pounds.
Am. 36122 lb.
5. Reduce 2300 lb. to tons, etc. Ans. 1 T. 3 cwt.
6. What is the value of 1 T. 4 cwt. of flour at 2^ cts. a
pound ? Ans. $60.
7. What will 16 bbl. of flour cost at 2f cts. a pound?
•Ana. $86.24.
8. How much will 3 T. of wheat cost at $1.10 a bushel ?
Am. $110.
9. A farmer sold 60 bags of wheat, each weighing 183
lb., at $1.15 a bushel : how much did he get for his wheat?
Am. $210.45.
10. What is the value of 40 bu. of clover-seed at 13^
cts. a pound? Am. $324.
TROY WEIGHT.
95. Troy Weight is used in weighing gold, silver,
gems and jewels.
Table.
24 grains (gr.) = 1 pennyweight, dwt.
20 pennyweights = 1 ounce, oz.
12 ounces == 1 pound, lb.
1 lb. Troy = 12 oz. = 240 dwt - 5760 gr.
APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT.
96. Apothecaries' Weight diflers from Troy weight
in the division of the ounce. It is used in weighing med-
icines.
Table.
20 grains (gr.) = 1 scruple, 3.
3 scruples = 1 dram, 3«
8 drams = 1 ounce, S-
12 ounces » 1 pound, lb.
TABLES AND MEASURES.
llb. = 12S=965 = 2889-5760gr.
1 ID. = 1^5 =1^05
1 lb. avoirdupois = 7000 gr.
1 lb. Troy = 5760 gr.
1 lb. apothecaries' = 5760 gr.
1 oz. avoirdupois «
1 oz. Troy =
1 oz. apothecaries' «
133
437 J gr.
480 gr.
480 gr.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. How many ounces in 6 lb. Troy ? In 4^ lb. ?
2. How many ounces in 31b. 11 oz. Troy? In 101b.
14oz.?
3. How many pounds in 49 oz. ? In 59 oz. ? In 63 oz. ?
4. How many pennyweights in 4 oz. ? In 5 lb. ? In 2
lb. 6 oz. ?
5. How many ounces in 60 dwt. ? In 960 gr. ? In
2ilb.?
6. How many scruples in 3 5 2 3? In 1 lb. 6 S 53 ?
7. What is the difference in weight between an ounce
of gold and an ounce of iron ?
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
1. Reduce81b.3oz.4dwt.
2. Reduce 8600 gr. to
to pennyweights.
pounds.
Solution.
Solution.
81b. 3 oz. 4 dwt.
24)8600 gr.
12
20)358 dwt. 8 gr.
96
12)17 oz. 18 dwt.
3
1 lb. 5 oz.
99 oz.
20
1980
4
1984 dwt.
Hence, 81b. 3oz. 4dwt.=
Hence, 8600 gr. = 1 lb. 5 oz.
1984 dwt.
18 dwt. 8 gr.
Let the pupil explain.
12
134 TABLES AND MEASURES.
3. Reduce 6 lb. 7 oz. Troy to ounces. Ans. 79.
4. Reduce 7 lb. 8 oz. 4 dwt. to pennyweights.
Arts. 1844 dwt
5. Reduce 1600 dwt to pounds, etc. Ans. 6 lb. 8 oz.
6. Reduce 9000 gr. to pounds, etc.
Ans. 1 lb. 6 oz. 15 dwt.
7. How much is a gold chain weighing 1 oz. 3 dwt
worth, at 90 cts. a pennyweight ? Ans. $20.70.
8. How many sfrains in 6^ lb. Troy ? Ana. 37440.
9. How many grains in ^ lb. avoirdupois ?
Ans. 45500.
EXTENSION.
97. Extension is that which has one or more of the
dimensions — ^length, breadth and thickness.
98. A lAne has length only.
99. A Surface has length and breadth.
100. A Volume has length, breadth and thickness.
LONG MEASURE.
101. Long Measure is used in measuring length and
distance.
Table.
12 inches (in.) = 1 foot, ft.
3 feet = 1 yard, yd.
5^ yards, or 16^ feet = 1 rod, rd.
40 rods = 1 furlong, jRir.
8 furlongs = 1 mile, mi.
3 miles = 1 league, lea.
1 mi. = 8 for. = 320 rd. = 1760 yd. = 5280 ft. = 63360 in.
The inch is usually divided into halves, quarters, etc.
TABLES AND MEASURES.
135
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. How many inches in 3 ft. ? In 5 ft. ? In iO ft. ?
2. How many feet in 24 in. ? In 60 in. ? In 84 in. ?
3. How many feet in 6 yd. ? In 40 yd. ? In 3 yd. 2 ft. ?
4. How many yards in 18 ft. ? In 36 ft. ? In 72 in. ?
5. How many yards in 3 rd. ? In 4^ rd. ?
6. How many rods in 22 yd. ? In 49^ ft. ?
7. How many inches in 6 ft. 3 in. ? In 3 yd. 2 ft. 9 in. ?
8. At 40 cents a foot, how much will 20 rd. of fence
cost?
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
1. Reduce 7 yd. 2 ft. 3 in.
to inches.
Solution.
7 yd. 2 ft. 3 in.
_3
21
23 ft.
12
276
_3
279 m.
Hence, 7 yd. 2 ft. 3 in. = 279 in.
2. Reduce 940 in. to rods.
Solution.
12)940 in.
3)78 ft. 4 in.
6i)26yd.
11 )52
4 rd. f yd., or 4 yd.
Note.— 5J = V, and 26 =A^.
Hence, 940 in. = 4 rd. 4 yd. 4 in.
3. Reduce 16 ft. 5 in. to inches. Ans, 197 in.
4. Reduce 5 yd. 2 ft. 10 in. to inches. Ans, 214 in.
5. Reduce 10 rd. to feet ; to inches. Ans, 165 ft.
6. Reduce 620 in. to yards, etc. Ans. 17 yd. 8 in.
7. Reduce 720 ft. to rods, etc. Ans. 43 rd. 3 yd. 1 ft. 6 in.
8. Reduce 800 in. to rods, etc. Ans. 4 rd. 8 in.
SUEFACE OR SQUARE MEASURE.
103. Square Measure is used in measuring areas or
surfaces.
103* A Surface has length and breadth only.
136
TABLES AND MEASURES.
104. A Rectangle is a fig-
ure having four sides, each
of which is perpendicular to
two of the others. A slate,
a book and a sheet of paper
are examples of rectangles.
105. A Square is a rectangle whose
four sides are equal.
A square inch is a square whose
sides are each one inch long.
106. The Area of a surface is equal
to the product of the two numbers rep-
resenting the two dimensions. Thus,
in the rectangle ABCD, -^
5 ft. long and 3 it. wide, the
unit, which is 1 sq. ft., is
contained 3x5 times, or 15
times. This may be foimd
also by actual count of the
small squares found in the
rectangle.
From this we have the rule to find the area of a rect-
angle or similar sur&ce :
RULE.
MvUvply the length by the breadth.
Table.
144 square inches (sq. in.) = 1 square foot, sq. ft.
9 square feet
30 J square yards, )
272^ square feet I
160 square rods
— '^iV^^.^ -«Mi^^ii^iB ^i^_^^^_ ^^■BBBV^^ m^mtm^mm^
•b ' ' Jr
640 acres
= 1 square yard, sq. yd.
= 1 square rod, sq. rd.
= 1 acre, A.
^ 1 square mile, sq. mL
TABLES AND MEASURES. 137
1 A. - 160 sq. rd. = 4840 sq. yd. - 43560 sq. ft. = 6272640
sq. in.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. How many square inches in 2 sq. ft. ? In 1 sq. yd. ?
2. How many square feet in 3 sq. yd. ? In 5 sq. yd. ?
3. How many square feet in 3 sq. rd. ?
4. How many square yards in 5 sq. rd. ? In 90 sq. ft. ?
5. How much will 1 sq. mi. of land cost at $50 an acre ?
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
1. How many square rods in 2 A. 4 sq. rd. ? Ans, 324.
2. Reduce 435600 sq. ft. to acres ? Ans. 10 A.
3. How many acres in 3 sq. mi. ? Ans. 1920 A.
4. A town-lot is 160 ft. long and 60 ft;, wide : how many
square feet does it contain ? Ans. 9600.
5. In a rectangular piece of land 480 ft. long and 320 ft.
wide, how many acres are there ?
Ans. 3 A. 84 sq. rd. 51 sq. ft.
6. K I buy 10 A. of land at $150 an acre, and sell it at
2 cts. a square foot, how much do I gain? Ans. $7212.
MEASURES OF VOLUME.
107. Cubic Measure is used in computing the con-
tents of volumes or solids.
108. A Volume or SolidhasthTee
dimensions — ^length, breadth and
thickness.
109. A Cube is a volume bound-
ed by six equal squares, which are
called its faces. The three di-
mensions of a cube are equal.
A cubic inch is a cube each
side of which is one inch in length.
12*
138 TABLES AND MEASURES.
110. The Volume of a body is expressed by the product
of the numbers representing ite three dimensions.
Table.
1728 cubic inches (cu. in.) = 1 cubic foot, cu. ft.
27 cubic feet = 1 cubic yard, cu yd.
1 cu. yd. = 27 cu. ft. = 46656 cu. in.
WOOD MEASURE.
Table.
16 cubic feet (cu. ft.) «= 1 cord foot, cd. ft.
8 coad feet, ) -. j j
or 128 cubic feet } "^ ^'^' ^-
A cord of wood is a pile 8 ft. long, 4 ft. high and 4 ft.
wide.
24f cubic feet = 1 perch of stone or masonry, pch.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. How many cubic feet in 3 cu. yd. ? In 3456 cu. in. ?
2. How many cubic feet in 3 cords ? In 2 cords ? In
1^ cords ?
3. How many cubic feet in a block 3 ft. long, 2 ft.
thick and 2 ft. high ?
4. How many cubic feet in 2 pch. of stone? In 4
pch. ?
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
1. How many cubic feet in 6 pch. of stone?
Am, 148^.
2. How many cubic inches in 10 cu. ft ? Ans. 17280.
3. In :^ of a cord of wood how many cubic feet ?
Am. 32.
TABLES AND MEASURES. 139
4. How many cords in a pile of wood 60 ft. long, 4 ft.
wide and 6 ft. high ? Ans, 11 J.
5. How many perch of stone in a wall 200 ft. long, 1\
ft. thick and 6 ft. high ? Am, 1%^^,
6. How many cubic inches in a tank 6 ft. long, 4 ft,
wide and 3 ft. deep? Ana. 124416.
MEASURES OF CAPACITY.
LIQUID MEASURE.
111. laquid Measure is used in measuring liquids.
Table.
4 gills (gi.) = 1 pint, pt.
2 pints =" 1 quart, qt.
4 quarts = 1 gallon, gal. = 231 cu. in.
1 gal. - 4 qt. = 8 pt. = 32 gi. = 231 cu. in.
112. The ale gallon contains 282 cu. in., but it is now
rarely used.
113. The barrel and the hogshead are no longer fixed
measures. Their contents are estimated by gallons.
114. In estimating the contents of cisterns, reser-
voirs, etc.,
1 barrel (bbl.) = 31^ gallons.
1 hogshead (hhd.) = 63 gallons, or 2 barrels.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. How many gills in 3 pt. ? In 3 qt. ?
2. How many pints in 40 gi. ? In 3 gal. ?
3. How many quarts in 20 gal. ? In 40 gi. ?
4. How many pints in 3 gal. 2 qt. ?
6. If a gill of oil cost 3 cents, how much will a gallon
cost?
140 TABLES AND MEASURES.
6. K 2 gal. of wine cost $5.12, 'how much will a gil'
cost?
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
1. Beduce 16 gal. 3 qt. to quarts. Ans. 67 qt
2. Reduce 73 gal. 2 qt. 1 pt. to pints. Arts, 689 pt.
3. Reduce 1 gal. 3 qt. to gills. Ans, 56 gi.
4. Reduce 600 gi. to gallons, etc. Ana. 18 gal. 3 qt.
5. Reduce 900 pt. to gallons, etc. Ans, 112 gal. 2 qt.
6. How many cuhic inches in a barrel of 31^ gal.
Ans, 7276^ cu. in.
DKY MEASURE.
115. Dry Measure is used in measuring grain, fruit,
salt, soft coal, etc.
Table.
2 pints (pt.) = 1 quart, qt.
8 quarts, = 1 peck, pk.
4 pecks -= 1 bushel, bu. - 2150.42 cu. in.
1 bus. - 4 pk. - 32 qt. = 64 pt. = 2150.42 cu. in.
1 pint dry measure equals nearly 1^ pints liquid mea-
sure.
116. In measuring grain, beans and other small seeds
the measure must be even full. But in measuring beets,
potatoes and other coarse vegetables it must be heaped
measure. Four heaped measures are equal to 5 even
measures. A heaped bushel equals J of an even bushel.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. How many pints in 6 qt.? In 3 pk. ?
2. How many quarts in 16 pt. ? In 7 pk. ?
3. How many quarts in 2 bu. ? In 1 bu. 3 pk. ?
4. How many pecks in 80 qt. ? In 4 bu. 3 pk. ?
5. How many pints in 1 bu. ? In 3 bu. 2 pk. ?
TABLES AND MEASURES. 141
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
1. How many quarts in 3 bu. 2 pk. ? Ans. 112.
2. How many bushels in 634 qt. of beans ?
Ans. 19 bu. 3 pk. 2 qt.
3. How many pints in 17 bu. 3 pk. 6 qt. ? Ans, 1148 pt.
4. If I buy 2 bu. of wabiuts at $1.50 a bushel, and sell
them at 3 cts. a pint, how much do I gain ? Ans, 84 cts.
APOTHECARIES' FLUID MEASUBE.
117. This measure is used in measuring liquids in pre-
paring medicines.
Table.
60 minims, or drops (m.) = 1 fluid drachm, f 3.
8 fluid drachms = 1 fluid ounce, f S.
16 fluid ounces = 1 pint, O.
8 pints = 1 gallon, Cong.
1 gal. = 8 pt. = 128 f g = 1024 f 3 = 61440 m.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. How many ounces in 3 pt. ?
2. How many f 3 in 3 f S ?
3. How many f S in 3 Cong. ?
4. How many minims in ^ f 3 ?
5. How many f 3 in 3 O. 5 f S.
TIME.
118. Time is a measured part of duration.
Table.
60 seconds (sec.) = 1 minute, min.
60 minutes = 1 hour, hr.
24 hours = 1 day, d.
365 days = 1 year, yr.
366 days = 1 leap year.
100 years = 1 century, cen.
142 TABLES AND MEASURES.
Also,
7 days -= 1 week, wk.
4 weeks = 1 month, mo.
52 weeks = 1 year, yr.
119. In business transactions 30 days is considered a
month, and 12 months a year.
. The months of April, June, September and November
have 30 days each.
February has 28 d., except in leap year, when it has 29.
The remaining months, January, March, May, July,
August, October and December, have 31 days each.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. How many seconds in 3 min.? In ^ min. ?
2. How many minutes in 120 sec. ? In 4 hr. ? In
IJhr.?
3. How many hours in 240 min. ? In 4 d. ?
4. How many hours in 5 d. ? In 6 d. ?
5. How many weeks in 35 d. ? In 60 d. ?
6. How many days in 6 wk. ? In 5 wk. 3d,?
7. What part of a day is 12 hr. ? 4 hr. ?
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
1. Reduce 6000 sec. to hours, etc. Ane. 1 hr. 40 min.
2. How many minutes in 2 d. ? Ans. 2880.
3. How many hours from 3 o'clock in the morning till
9 o'clock at night ? Ans, 18 h.
4. How many minutes from 6 o'clock A. M. to 4 o'clock
P. M. ? Am. 600 min.
Note. — A. M. means before noon ; M., noon ;- and P. M., after-
noon.
TABLES AND MEASURES. 143
5. How much time passes from 10 minutes before 7 in
the morning to 8 o'clock 25 min. P. M. ?
Ana. 13 hr. 35 min.
CIKCULAK MEASUBE.
120. Circular or Angular Measure is used in mea-
suring angles and arcs of circles. Also in determining
the latitude and longitude of places.
121. The measuring unit is called a Degree. It is -jj^
part of the circumference of a circle.
122. A Circle is a plane figure
bounded by a curved line, every part
of which is equally distant from a
point within called the Centre.
123. The bounding line is called
the Circumference. The space with-
in the circumference is the circle.
124. An Arc is any part of the circumference, as A B
or AC.
125. An Angle is the difference in the direction of two
lines meeting at a common point called the Vertex. Thus,
B O C and A O C are angles.
126. A Bight Angle is one in which the two lines are
perpendicular to each other. Thus, AOB and BOD
are right angles.
127. An angle is measured by the arc of the circle
included between its two sides. Thus, the measure of the
angle B O C is the arc B C.
128. Any straight line extending from the centre to
the circumference, as O B, is called a JRadma, and any
straight line passing through the centre and limited by
the circumference, as A D, is called a Diameter.
144 TABLES AND MEASURES.
129. Every circumference is divided into 360 equal
parts, called degrees; each degree into 60 equal parts,
called minviea; and each minute into 60 equal parts,
called seconds.
Table.
60 seconds (") =1 minute, (' ).
60 minutes =1 degree,- - (°).
30 degrees -= 1 sign, s.
12 signs or 360° »- 1 circumference, c.
90° = 1 quadrant, or right angle.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. How many degrees in 120' ?
2. How many minutes in 5° ? In 240" ?
3. How many minutes in 4° 30' ?
4. How many degrees in 7200" ?
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
1. Reduce 18900" to degrees, etc. Ans. 5° 15'.
2. Reduce 19° 18' to minutes. Ana, 1158'.
3. Reduce 1850' to degrees, etc. Ana. 30° 60'.
4. Reduce 4° 6' 30" to seconds. Ana. 14790".
5. How many degrees, etc., in 27604" ? Ana. 7° 40' 4".
COUNTING.
130. The following table is used in counting buttons,
screws, etc.
Table.
•
12 things - 1 dozen, doz.
12 dozen = 1 gross, gro.
12 gross = 1 great-gross, gr.-gro.
20 units = 1 score, sc.
1 gr.-gro. - 12 gro. = 144 doz. = 1728 units.
TABLES AND MEASURES. 145
PAPER.
24 sheets = 1 quire, qr.
20 quires = 1 ream, rm.
2 reams = 1 bundle, bun.
5 bundles = 1 bale, B.
1 B. = 5 bun. = 10 rm. = 200 qr. = 4800 sheets.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. How many are 1^ doz. ? 4\ doz ?
2. How many dozen in 3 gro. ? In 2 gr.-gro.?
3. How many buttons in 5 gro. ?
4. How many gross in 432 screws ?
6. How many sheets in 6 qr. of paper ?
6. How many sheets of paper in ^ rm. ?
7. How many quires in 3 rm. ? In 240 sheets ?
8. How many sheets in 3^ rm. ? How many quires ?
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
1. How many things in 3 gr.-gro. ? Ans, 5184.
2. How many things in 6 J gro. ? Ans. 900.
3. How many matches in 5 gr.-gro. ? Ans, 8640.
4. How many gross in 1500? Ans. 10 gro. 5 doz.
5. How many quires in 1700 sheets of paper?
Ans. 70 qr. 20 sh.
6. How many sheets of paper in 11 qr. 11 sh. ?
Ans. 275 sheets.
7. How many sheets in 3 bales of paper ? Ans. 14400.
8. How many reams, etc. in 2500 sh. of paper?
Ans. 5 rm. 4 qr. 4 sh.
9. If a man use 12 sheets of paper in a day, how much
does he use in 150 days ? Ans. 3 rm. 15 qr.
10. If 1 desk require 6 doz. and 2 screws, how many
screws do 20 desks require? Ans. 123 doz. 4 screws*
13 K
146 COMPOUND NUMBERS.
COMPOUND NUMBERS.
1. ADDITION OF COMPOUND NUMBERS.
131. Addition of Oompound Numbers is the pro-
cess of finding the sum of two or more similar compound
numhers.
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
1. Find the sum of —
lb. 08. dwt gr. Explanaiion. — We write the numbers in ver-
6 5 6 ^qq\ columns, so that units of the same denomi-
18 3 9 4
26 2 16 ^^^i^° stand in the same column. The sum of
3 4 18 ^^^ ^^ right-hand column is 38 gr., or 1 dwt. 14
51 2 14 S^' Writing the 14 gr. in the column of grains
and adding the 1 dwt. to the column of penny-
weights, the sum of the second column is 22 dwt., or 1 oz. 2 dwt.
Writing the 2 dwt. in the proper column, and adding the 1 oz. to
the column of ounces, the sum of the third colunm is 12 oz., or 1 lb.,
which we add to the column of pounds. The sum of the fourth
column is 51 lb. Hence, the sum of the given numbers is 51 lb.
2 dwt. 14 gr.
From this and similar solutions we derive the following
rules for the addition of compound numbers :
RULES.
1. Write the numbers so that units of the same denominor
tion shall stand in the saime column,
2. Beginning wiih the lowest denominationy add as in
simple numberSy and reduce the sum to the next higher de-
nominationy writing the remainder y if any, under the column
addedy and adding the quotient obtained by the redwstion
to the next column.
3. Proceed in the savne manner uyith all the columns to
the last.
Note. — If any places are wanting, supply ciphers.
COMPOUND NUMBERS. 147
What is the sum of the following :
6
(2.)
8.
3
d.
4
pk
3
(3.)
qt. pt
2 1
1
(4.)
1^. qt
3 1
pt
1
8
9
6
6
4
4 3
1
3
12
3
Z_
6 1
7
1
yd.
6
(6.)
ft.
2
in.
7
d.
7
(6.)
hr. min.
3 15
lb.
3
(7.)
(H. dwt
4 18
6
3
8
6
4 12
9
6 12
18
2
1
6
18
9 20
13
4
12
8
2
40
3 30
18
8 6
6
3
4
(8.)
3 9
3 2
8
cwt
6
qr
2
(9.)
lb.
15
oz.
8
6
6
1
12
18
3
20
12
6
4
13
15
2
6
5
8
7
2
15
16
22
15
10. Add 6 mi. 3 for. 16 rd,, 18 mi. 14 rd., 16 mi. 7 for.
and 20 mi. 6 for. 35 rd. Ans. 62 mi. 1 for. 25 rd.
11. Add 12 bu. 2 pk. 3 qt. 1 pt, 17 bu. 3 pk., 14 bu. 1 pk.
1 pt, 8 bu. 6 qt 1 pt Am, 52 bu. 3 pk. 2 qt 1 pt.
12. A farmer raises in four years the following quanti-
ties of corn : 106 bu. 3 pk. 1 qt, 125 bu. 1 pk. 1 qt. 1 pt,
205 bu. 3 pk. 5 qt., 250 bu. 2 pk. 7 qt. 1 pt : how much
did he raise ? Am, 688 bu. 2 pk. 7 qt
13. How long is it from 2 hr. 6 min. 40 sec. before noon
to 15^ min. past 4 o'clock in the afternoon ?
148 COMPOUND NUMBERS.
2. SUBTRACTION OF COMPOUND NUMBERS.
132. Subtraction of Compound Numbers is the
process of finding the difference between two similar com-
pound numbers.
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
(1.) Process. ExplancUion. — We write the
From 63 lb. 4 oz. 18 dwt. 13 gr. numbers as in addition of corn-
Take 27 6 4 16 pound numbers, and begin to
35 lb. 10 oz. 13 dwt. 21 gr. subtract at the lowest denomina-
tion. We cannot take 16 gr. fix)m 13 gr. ; we therefore take 1 dwt,
equal to 24 gr., which added to 13 gr. equals 37 gr. ; 16 gr. from
37 gr. leaves 21 gr.; 4 dwt. from 17 dwt. leaves 13 dwt. We can-
not take 6 oz. from 4 oz. ; we therefore take 1 lb., equal to 12 oz.,
which added to 4 oz. equals 16 oz. ; 6 oz. from 16 oz. leaves 10 oz. ;
27 lb. from 62 lb. leaves 35 lb.
Note. — ^Let the pupil derive the rule.
(2.)
(3.)
lb.
oz. dwt.
£
s.
d.
From 27
6 15
25
6
3
Take 14
7 8
(4.)
18
4
(5.)
11
yr.
mo. wk.
d.
mi.
fur.
rd.
From 115
7 6
2
18
4
27
Take 97
8 3
(6.)
12
12
7
(7.)
36
bu..
pk. qt. pt
T. cwt.
. lb.
oz.
From 140
3 2 1
18 7
20
6
Take 60
2 5
(8.)
•
7 4
26
(9.)
15
yr.
mo. d.
jr.
mo.
d.
From 1867
6 13
1706
1
6
Take 1855
3 26
1608
12
9
COMPOUND NUMBERS. 149
10. From a barrel containing 31 gal. 2 qt. there leaked
out 6 gal. 3 qt. 1 pt. : how much remained ?
Arts. 24 gal. 2 qt. 1 pt.
11. A farmer had 126 bu. 3 pk. of seed-wheat, and sold
111 bu. 2 pk. 6 qt. 1 pt. : how much remained ?
Ans. 15 bii. 2 qt. 1 pt.
12. A pile of wood contained 7 cd. ; a teamster hauled
away 4 cd. 6 cu. ft. : how much remained ?
Am. 2 cd. 122 cu. ft.
13. How old was a man who was born Jan. 3, 1832,
and died July 1, 1877 ? Ana. 45 yr. 5 mo. 28 d.
14. A lady was born Nov. 22, 1837 : how old was she
Sept. 2, 1876 ? Ans. 38 yr. 9 mo. 10 d.
16. A girl was born Jan. 13, 1862 : how old was she
Sept. 2, 1877 ? Ans. 15 yr. 7 mo. 19 d.
16. What is the time ft'om 15 min. past 4 P. M. to 3 min.
before 10 P. M. Ans. 5 hr. 42 min.
17. A note was dated Jan. 15, 1877, and was to be paid
Aug. 10, 1877 : how long from the date of it to the time
it was paid ? Ans. 6 mo. 25 d.
3. MULTIPLICATION OF COMPOUND NUMBEKS.
133. Multiplication of Compound Numbers is the
process of finding the product of two numbers, one of
which is compound.
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
1. Multiply 12 £ 6 8. 9 d. by 7.
Explanation. — 7 times 9 d. are 63 d., or 6 s. 3d.;
Process. ^^ ^^^^ 6 s. are 42 s. ; 42 s. and 5 s. are 47 s., or 2 j&
12£ 68. 9d. .^g 7time8l2£&TeS^£;S^£Bnd2£areSe£.
oc£ rj — Q A Hence, 12 £ 6 8. 9 d. multiplied by 7 equals 86 £
7s. 3d.
Note. — Let the pupil derive the rule.
150 COMPOUND NUMBERS.
(2.)
(3.)
6 cwt 3 qr. 7 lb.
18 mi. 3 fiir.
16 rd.
Multiplied by 6
7
34cwt. Oqr. 101b.
128 mi. 7 ftir.
32 rd.
(4.)
(5.)
14gal. 3qt Ipt
16 yr. 3 mo.
3wk.
8
12
(6.)
(7.)
3d. 6 hr. 15 min.
3£ 68. 4d.
l&r.
10
14
8. Multiply 4 gal. 3 qt. 1 pt by 20. Ans, 97 gal. 2 qt
9. If a farmer can raise 16 bu. 3 pk. 4 qt. of wheat on
an acre, how mucli can he raise on 40 acres ?
Ans. 676 bu.
10. If a horse can haul 17 cwt. 3 qr. 16 lb. 4 oz. of coal
in a load, how much can he haul in 16 loads ?
Ans. 14 T. 6 cwt. 1 qr. 19 lb.
4. DIVISION OF COMPOUND NUMBERS.
134. Division of Compound Numbers is the pro-
cess of dividing one number by another, the dividend be-
ing compound.
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
1. Divide 40 bu. 3 pk. 6 qt. by 7.
Process. Explanation, — } of 40 bu. is 5 bu., and 5
7) 40 bu. 3 pk. 5 qt. bu., or 20 pk., remaining. 20 pk. and 3 pk.
5 bu. 3 pk. 3 qt. are 23 pk. ; ^ of 23 pk. is 3 pk., and 2 pk., or
16 qt., remaining ; 1 6 qt. and 5 qt are 21 qt ;
f of 21qt is3qt
Note. — Let the pupil derive a rule.
COMPOUND NUMBERS. 151
Perform the following divisions :
(2.) (3.)
8) 25 £ 15 8. 4 cL 9) 80 bu. 1 pk. 6 qt.
3£ 4s. 5d. 8bu. 3pk. 6qt.
(4.) (5.)
12) 58 gal. 2 qt. 15) 244 mi. 2 fiir. 20 kL
(6.) (7.)
20) 125 yr. 10 mo. 24 )244 £ 4 s.
8. K 8 hens weigh 42 lb., how much does each weigh ?
Ana. 5 lb. 4 oz.
9. If 12 bags contain 31 bu. 2 pk. of oats, how much
does 1 contain ? Ans, 2 bu. 2 pk. 4 qt.
Note. — When both divisor and dividend are concrete numbers,
reduce both to the lowest denomination in either, and divide as in
simple division.
10. Divide 40 £ 4 s. by 2 £ 10 s. 3 d.
Process.
40 £ 4 8. =9648d.
2£ 10s. 3d.= 603d.
= 16.
11. Divide 78 lb. 12 oz. avoirdupois by 3 lb. 15 oz.
Am. 20.
12. A man travels 410 mi 6 far. 10 rd. by travelling
16 mi. 3 fur. 18 rd. a day: how many days does he
travel ? An8. 25.
1 3. How many loads of coal, each weighing 1 T. 3 cwt.
27 lb., will weigh 46 T. 10 cwt. 80 lb. ? Am. 40.
14. A number of boys gather 10 bu. 3 pk. 1 qt. of
chestnuts; they divide them equally, and each receives
3 pk. 4 qt. 1^ pt. : how many boys were there ? Ana. 12.
152 PERCENTAGE.
CHAPTER VII.
PEEOENTAGE.
SECTION I.
DEFIJflTIOJfS AJfD PBIJfCIPLES.
135. Percentage is the name applied to computations
in which 100 is the unit or measure.
136. Per cent is an abbreviation of the Latin phrase
per centum, meaning by the hundred,
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. What is riir o^ 100? -^ of 100? yf ^ of 100 ?
2. What is T-b of 200? ^ of 400? ^ of 600?
3. How many hundredths of 6100 are 63 ? 65 ? 610 ?
Note. — ^h^^ of any number is 1 per cent, of that number ; yj^ is
2 per cent, of it ; xJ(^ is 3 per cent, of it ; ^ is 15 per cent, of it,
and so on.
4. How many hundredths of a number is 5 per cent,
of it ? 8 per cent. ? 10 per cent. ? 20 per cent. ?
6. How many hundredths of a number is 15 per cent,
of it ? 75 per cent. ? 120 per cent. ? 100 per cent. ?
6. What per cent, of a number is j^^ of it ? j^ of it ?
^ofit? 3% of it?
7. What per cent, of a number is .14 of it? .27 of it?
.12iofit? 1.19 of it?
Per cent, is usually written % ; thus, 25 per cent, is
written 25%.
8. How many hundredths is 5% ? 15%? 20%?
40%? 75%? 6i%? 12i%? 135%?
PERCENTAGE. 153
9. What per cent, of a number is ^ of it ?
Solution. — J equals ^j%, or 20 fo. Hence, ^ of a number is
20 fo of it.
10. What per cent, of a number is^ofit? J? ^?
lAr? A? V V A? ^? V V i? V
11. What fractional part of a number is 5% of it?
Solution. — 5% =Thij ^^ A* Hence, 5% of a number is ^
of it.
12. What fractional part of a number is 10% of it?
20%? 25%? 50%? 30%? 60%? 24%? 48%?
65%? 92%? 87%?
13. What part of a number is J% of it?
Analysis.— J ?& = i of xiu = ^Jiy •
14. What part of a number is |% of it? |% of it?
|%ofit? T^%ofit?
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
Express decimally the following :
1. 20% ; 25% ; 18% ; 30% ; 40% ; 60%.
2. 75% ; 4% ; 8% ; 12^%; 93f % ; 175%.
Write the following, with the per cent, sign (%) :
3. .25; .18; .42; .12J ; .18^^; .16|.
4. 1.24; 8.75; i;f;i;f
137. The number of hundreds is called the Rate. Thus,
in 5%, or yf^, 5 is the rate.
138. The Bate per cent is the fraction which denotes
how many hundredths are taken.
Every number is ^^, or 100 per cent, of itself.
139. The number of which the per cent, is taken is
called the Base.
154 PERCENTAGE.
140. The result of taking the per cent of the base is
called the Percentage.
141. The base added to the percentage is called the
Amount,
142. The base less the percentage is called the Differ-
ence.
CASE I.
The Base and the Bate Fer Cent, being giyen^ to find the
Percentage.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. What is 30% of 120?
Solution.— 30% = ^, or ^ ; ^ of 120 is 36.
5. What is 40% of 75?
6. What is 65% of 39?
7. What is 90% of 30?
2. What is 5% of 40?
3. What is 10% of 70?
4. What is 15% of 50?
8. What is 18% of $50?
9. What is 32% of 75 cows? -
10. What is 45% of 120 cents?
11. A man's wages were $1.20 a day, but they were re-
duced 10% : how much did he then get?
12. A clerk's salary was $70 a month, but his employer
reduced the salary 10% : how much did the clerk then
get?
13. A merchant who sells some goods at 40 cts. a
yard, reduces the price 20% : what dpes he sell at
then ? ^
14. A boy had 84 chickens, but 25% of them died:
how many had he remaining ?
15. A horse cost me $140 ; if I sell him so as to gain
15%, what do I get for him?
PERCENTAGE. 156
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
1. What is 37% of 120 A. of land?
Solution.
120 A.
.37 Explanation — Since 37% equals .37, the required
840 percentage is .37 of 120 A., or 44.4 A.
360
44.40
From the foregoing we derive the
RULE.
MvMply the base by the rate per cent.; the remit is the
percentage.
2. What is 21% of $170?
3. What is 15% of 40 cows?
4. What is 25% of 618?
5. What is 12% of 50 chickens? •
6. What is 9% of 200 mi.?
♦ 7. What is 43% of «72?
8. I bought a horse for $95, and sold him at a gain of
26% : what was my gain? Ans. $24.70.
9. If my salary is $75 a month, and it is reduced 5%,
how much do I get a month? Ans. $71.25.
10. A boy has a flock of 60 hens, and they increase
in one year 33^% : how many has he at the end of the
year? Ana.^O.
11. K a man receive $1200 a year salary, and spend
15% of it for board and 6% of it for books, how much
has he remaining ? Atia. $948.
12. A boy whose knife cost him $2.50 sold it at ,
a gain of 34% : how much did he get for it?
Am. $3.35.
156 PERCENTAGE.
CASE II.
The Base and the Fereentage being giyen, to find the Bate
Fer Cent.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. What per cent, of 35 is 7 ?
Analysis.— 7 is J of 35 ; it is therefore i of 100^ of 35, or 20^
of 35.
2. What per cent, of 20 is 10?
What per cent.—
6. Of $55 is $11 ?
7. Of 40 is 5? Is 8?
8. Of $200 is $40 ?
3. Of 40 boys is 8 boys ?
4. Of 60 ducks is 15 ducks ?
5. Of $90 is $18?
9. 16 is what per cent, of 200?
10. 36 is what per cent, of 108 ?
11. 14 is what per cent, of 35?
12. $35 is what per cent, of $140?
13. A l||y had 60 marbles, but lost 15 : what per cent,
of his number did he lose?
14. If I have a hat worth $5, and sell it for $4, what
per cent, do I lose ?
15. If from a barrel of vinegar containing 40 gal. I
sell 15 gal., what per cent do I sell, and what per cent
remains ? •
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
1. What per cent of 150 is 21 ?
Solution.
i^^^)21-^lii. Explanation— 21 is ^^ of 160, or ^^ of 100^
^ of 150, which is Vifi? ^, equal to 14%.
600
RULE.
To find (he rate per cent, divide the percentage by the
base.
PERCENTAGE. 157
2. What per cent, of 600 is 150 ?
3. What per cent, of 80 is 12 ?
4. What per cent, of 66.40 is 16 cts. ? Am, 2^.
5. What per cent, of 20 A. is 7 A. ? Ans, 35.
6. What per cent, of 3 bu. is 2 pk. ? An8. 1&|.
7. What per cent, of 5 gal. is 3 qt. ? Ans. 15.
8. A man wishing to purchase a house for $1000 had
only $800 in money : what per cent, could he pay cash ?
Ans» 80.
9. If I buy muslin at 8 cts. a yard and sell it at 11 cts.,
what per cent, do I make ? Ans. 37^.
10. K a book cost me 90 cts., and I sell it at $2.25, what
per cent, do I make ? Ana, 150.
CASE III.
The Bate Per Cent, and the Percentage being giren, to
find the Base.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. 40 is 20% of what number?
Analysis. — 20% is ^^^V, or |; since 40 is J of a number, f, or
the number, is 5 x 40, or 200.
2. 20 is 10% of what number?
3. 10 is 20% of what number?
4. 24 is 6% of what number?
5. 25 is 5% of what number?
6. $40 is 20% of what a horse cost: how much did he
cost ?
7. $36 is 9% of the cost of a town-lot: how much did
it cost ?
8. If 12% of the cost of my coat is $3, how much did
it cost ?
9. If 28% of my money is $14, how much money
have I?
u
168 PERCENTAGE.
10. If 15% of the cost of a knife is 45 cts., how much
did it cost?
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
1. 120 is 30% of what number ?
Solution 1.
30^=120
1^=^x120=4 Let the pupil explain.
100% =100x4-400
Solution 2. Explanation,— If .30 of a number is
120 -I- .30 = ^ftp = 400 120, the number is as many as .30 is con-
tained times in 120, or 400.
RULE.
To find (he base when the rate per cent and the per-
centage are given^ divide the percentage by the raie per
cent,
2. $260 is 13% of what number? Ana. $2000.
3. If I receive $210 rent for a house, which is 7% of
the value, what is the value ? Ans. $3000.
4. If 20 bu. of potatoes is 5% of my whole number,
how many bushels have I ? Ans, 400.
5. A merchant sold muslin at 15 cts. a yard, which
was 25% more than he paid for it: what did it cost
him ? Ans, 12 cts. a yd.
6. A clerk spent 20% of his salary for board and 30%
for clothing and books; he saved $400: what was his
salary? ^/w. $800.
7. If $175 is 14% of my money, how much money
have I? -4rw. $1250.
8. If a farmer sell 60% of his corn, and feed 25%
of it, how much was the crop if he has 105 bu. remain-
ing ? Ans, 700 bu.
SIMPLE INTEREST. 159
SECTION II.
IJ^TEREST.
143. Interest is a certain percentage paid for the use
of money. It is reckoned at a certain rate per cent, for
each year.
144. The sum on which the interest is paid is called
the Principal.
145. The per cent, paid per annum is called the Rate.
146. The sum of the principal and the interest is called
the Amount.
147. Simple Interest is that which is reckoned on
the principal alone.
SIMPLE INTEREST.
1. GENERAL METHOD.
ORAL EXERCISE.
1. What is the interest of $100 for 2 yr., at 6% ?
Solution. — ^At 6%, yj^y of the principal equals the interest for
1 year, and for 2 years 2 times yj^, or ^^ ; ^-^ of $100 equals $12.
Hence, the interest of $100 for 2 yr. at 6% is $12.
2. What is the interest of $200 for 1 yr., at 5% ?
3. What is the interest of $400 for 2 yr., at 5% ?
4. What is the interest of $300 for 2 yr., at 6% ?
5. What is the interest of $300 for 2^ yr., at 6% ?
6. What is the interest of $140 for 2^ jr., at 6% ?
7. What is the interest of $500 for 3yr. 6 mo., at 6% ?
8. What is the interest of $120 for 5 yr., at 6% ?
9. What is the mterest of $25 for 6 yr. 3 mo., at 8%.
10, What is the interest of $60 for 8 yr. 4 mo., at 5% ?
160 SIMPLE INTEREST.
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
1. What is the interest of $360 for 3 yr. 8 mo., at 6% ?
Solution.
^ Qg Explanation.— 6 foy or .06, pf |360 is
2i7g5 $21.60, or the interest of $360 for 1 yr.,
3f yr. — 3 yr. 8 mo. at 6%, and for 3 yr. 8 mo., or 3f yr., the
6480 interest is 3} x $21.60, or $79.20.
1440
$79.20
2. What is the interest of $500 for 7 yr. 2 mo., at 6% ?
Ana. $215.
3. What is the interest of $350 for 7 yr., at 6% ?
Ana. $147.
4. What is the interest of $200 for 6 yr. 6 mo., at 6% ?
Ana. $78.
5. What is the interest of $75 for 3 yr. 8 mo., at 5% ?
Ana. $13.75.
6. What is the interest of $12 for 2yr. 9 mo., at 10% ?
Ana. $3.30.
7. What is the interest of $600 for 7 yr. 3 mo., at 8% ?
Ana. $348.
8. What is the interest of $140 for 8 yr. 4 mo., at 3% ?
Ana. $35.
9. What is the amomit of $120 for 6 yr. 5 mo., at 6% ?
Ana. $166.20.
Note. — Add the interest to the principal to find the amount.
10. What is the amount of $740.50 for 7 yr. 3 mo., at
7%? ^Tw. $1116.30.
11. What is the amount of $180 for 2 yr. 6 mo. 12 d.,
at 5% ? Ana. $202.80.
12. What is the amount of $160 for 1 yr. 3 mo. 18 d.,
at6%? ^rw. $172.48.
SIMPLE INTEREST. 161
2. DECIMAL METHOD.
Note. — By this method the years, months and days are reduced
to the decimal part of a year.
WRITTEN PROBLEMS.
1. What is the interest of $130 for 6 yr. 7 mo. 24 d.,
at6%?
Solution.
30)24 d. 1130
12)7.8 mo. _^ r» I ,. a ^ oa a
^T— 1^ oQ Explanation, — oyr. 7 mo. 24 a.
^' ' 6.65 equals 6.65 yr. The interest for
3900 1 yr. at 6 % is $7.80, and for 6.65 yr.
4680 it is 6.65 x $7.80, or $51.87.
4680
$51.8700
2. What is the interest of $150 for 3 yr. 4 mo., at 5% ?
Ans, $25.
3. What is the interest of $450 for 6 yr. 3 mo. 24 d., at
6% ? Ana. $170.55.
4. What is the interest of $190 for 2 yr. 4 mo. 18 d., at
7%? ^ns. $31.70.
5. What is the interest of $225 for 1 yr. 9 mo. 18 d., at
7% ? Ans, $28.35.
6. What is the interest of $240.60 for 7 yr. 5 mo. 6 d.,
at6%? ^/w. $107.26 + .
7. What is the interest of $920.14 for 5 yr. 8 mo., 12 d.,
at7%? -4rw. $367.14-.
8. What is the interest of $742.10 for 6 yr. 5 mo. 12 d.,
at6%? Jn«. $287.19 + .
9. What is the amount of $225 for 3yr. 2 mo. 12 d.,
at6%? ^iw. $268.20.
10. What is the amount of $220.40 for 1 yr. 7 mo. 21 d.,
at5%? Jrw. $238.49 + .
14* L
162 • REVIEW PROBLEMS.
11. What is the amount of $40.50 for 6 yr. 11 mo. 12 d.,
at4%? Am, $51.76 ~,
12. What is the amount of $320.50 for 7 yr. 3 mo., 16 d.,
at6%? ^rw. $460.77+.
REVIEW PROBLEMS.
1. If a man earn $20 a week and pay $6 a week board,
how much can he save in 16 wk. ? Ans, $210.
2. How long will it take a boy to save $105, if his wages
are $12 a month and he apends $5 a month ?
An8, 15 mo. '
3. What is the cost of 6 cows at $27.50 each, and 4
horses at $115 each? Ans, $625.
4. A boy had 80 cts., but lost f of his money : how
much has he remaining ? Ana, 48 cts.
6. If 49 years is J of 2^ times my age, how old am I ?
Ans. 42 yr.
6. How many sheets of paper in S\ reams ? Ans. 1560.
7. A man who was worth $25000 willed $1600 to the
poor, and the remainder to his six children, to be divided
equally : how much did each one get ? Atis. $3900.
8. How much will 13 lb. 6 oz. of butter cost at 18 cts.
a pound ? Ans. $2.41 - .
9. If I trade 16 chickens worth 30 cts. each for 20 yd.
of gingham at 22 cts. a yard, how much do I lose?
Ans. 40 cts.
10. If I trade 15 hens for 30 yd. of calico at 12 cts. a
yard, how much do I get for my hens each? Ans. 24 cts.
11. If I take to a store 6 lb. 4oz. of butter at 20 cts. a
pound, and 16 lb. 6 oz. of lard at 16 cts. a pound, and get
in exchange sugar at 9 cts. a pound, how much sugar do
I get? Ans. 4Slh.
REVIEW PROBLEMS. 163
*
12. What is the value of 6 bu. 2 J pk. of onions at $1.60
a bushel ? Am, $10.50.
13. How many dozen of eggs at 12^ cts. a dozen can I
buy for 3 bu. potatoes worth 75 cts. a bushel?
Ans, 18 doz.
14. How many yards of carpet 1 yd. wide will it take
to carpet a room 15ft. long and 12ft. wide? Ans. 20yd.
15. A farmer sells 18 bags of wheat, each containing
2J- bu., at $1.50 per bushel : how much does he get for his
wheat ? Ans. $67.50.
16. How much will it cost to paint a floor 18 ft. long
^d 16 J ft. wide, at 5 cts. a squaire foot? Ans. $14.85.
17. How much will it cost to dig a cellar 40 ft. long,
30 ft. wide and 5 ft. deep, at f ct. a cubic foot ? Ans. $45.
18. A merchant had a piece of cloth containing 42^ yd.,
from which he cut 12 coats of 2f yd. each : how much re-
mains? Ans. d^yd.
191 K a farmer buy 26 sheep at $5 each, but 6 of them
die, how much should he receive for the others that he
may not lose ? ^ Ans, $6.50 each.
20. A party of 6 go on a fishing excursion ; their car-
fare is $1.20 each ; their meals $10.20 for all of them, and
they pay $1.20 expressage on their baggage : what is each
one's share of the bill ? Ans. $3.10.
21. If a merchant buy goods at 40 cts., how must he
sell them to make 15% ? A71S. 46 cts.
22. If I borrow $120 June 17, 1876, and pay it back
July 5, 1877, how much interest do I pay at 6% ?
Ans. $7.56.
23. What is the interest on $140.50 from May 10, 1876,
to Aug. 1, 1877, at 7% ? Ans. $12.05.
24. What is your age in years, months and days ?
25. If one boy travels 16.5 mi. a day, and another
164 REVIEW PROBLEMS.
travels 20.25 mi. a day, how far apart will they be in 12.6
days if they travel the same direction? Ans, 47.25 mi.
26. If the two boys mentioned in the preceding prob-
lem travel in opposite directions, how far apart will they
be at the end of 6.4 days ? Ajis. 285.2 mi.
27. How many acres in a street 60 fl. wide and 1^ mi.
long ? Ana, 10 A. 145 sq. rd. 13.75 sq. yd.
28. A marketman buys a turkey weighing 16 lb. at 8
cts. a pound, live weight, and sells it at 12§- ct?. a pound,
dressed : how much does he make if the turkey loses 30%
in dressing? Ans, 12 cts.
29. A miller sold 4.5 tons of flour at $7.25 a barrel :
how much did he get for the flour? Ana, $382.91.
30. What is the value of 2740 lb. of hay at $12.50 a
ton? ^n«. $17.12^.
81. A boy sells 2 pk. 8 qt. of chestnute at $4 a bushel:
how much does he get for them ? Ana, $2.87^^.
32. A farmer plants 6 bu. potatoes worth $2 a bushel
on some ground ; he pays a man for cultivating them 90
cts. a day for 12 d., and raises 120 bu. which he sells at
80 cts. a bushel : how much does he make ? Ana. $73.20.
83. Into how many building lots, 140 ft. long and 20
ft. wide, can a piece of ground containing 10 A. 1200
sq. ft. be cut? Ana: 156.
THE END.
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