LATIN COMPOSITION
AN ELEMENTARY GUIDE
TO
WRITING IN LATIN
PART I. CONSTRUCTIONS
PART II. EXERCISES IN TRANSLATION
BY
J. H. ALLEN AND J. B. GREENOUGH
BOSTON
GINN AND HEATH
1877
Entered according fco Act of Congress, in the year 1875, by
J. H. ALLEN AND J. B. GREENOUGH,
in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
Cambridge :
Press of John Wilson and Son.
PREFACE.
THIS book completes the series of preparatory text-books
announced by the present editors. It has been prepared with
a view to furnish a sufficient amount of study and practice in
Latin composition, during the last year of preparation for col-
lege, and the first of a college course. It supposes in the
learner a fair acquaintance with the language, gained by the
reading of the usual authors and the careful study of gram-
mar and notes, with some elementary practice in writing, at
least as much as that given in the " Method," to which this is
intended as a sequel.
"Latin Composition," so called, has often been taught
solely by the use of detached sentences illustrating the vari-
ous constructions of syntax, translated out of Roman authors,
to be re-translated into the original form. We are persuaded
that, however serviceable this may be to give a certain mechani-
cal familiarity with the formal rules of Grammar, it is not a
good preparation for " composition," in the sense that prop-
erly belongs to that word. The best way to learn intelligently
the usages of the language is to put real English into real
Latin. While we seek, therefore, to cover the entire ground
of syntactical constructions, the suggestions given in this
book are throughout from the English point of view. The
question we have attempted to answer is not " How closely
may this or that phrase in Cicero be imitated by the learner ? "
iv Preface.
but, " How may good common English be best represented in
Latin forms?" We would thus suggest a comparison not
merely of the words or the constructions, but (so to speak) of
the genius and spirit of the two tongues, which, we are con-
vinced, is the true way of appreciating what is most character-
istic and best worth knowing in the ancient authors.
With this view, the passages to be rendered into Latin are
freely selected from the sources which seemed suitable to our
purpose.* It will be observed that we have very early intro-
duced continuous paragraphs or narratives ; which, we believe,
are not only more interesting in themselves, but will be found
easier in practice than detached sentences, besides the advan-
tage of exhibiting the rarer constructions in situ, and not as
mere isolated puzzles. The extracts have been very carefully
selected, with a view not to anticipate constructions not already
given ; or, where this is inevitable, it is hoped they are suf-
ficiently helped by notes and vocabulary, while they are accom-
panied in every case by full preliminary instruction.!
The earlier of these extracts are chiefly anecdotes from
Roman history, or other matter within a range already familiar
to the pupil. In the later ones we have been obliged to in-
troduce, here and there, modern material and ideas. These,
it is likely, will tax more severely the pupil's knowledge and
capacity; but it seems evident that the more intricate con-
structions of Latin prose can be best understood when we
meet them from our own point of view, and find the need of
them to express our own forms of thought. It should be
understood that the difficulties they include are those of the
language itself; and it is best to meet them fairly at the start,
rather than evade or disguise them. There is no such thing
* Of these we may specify Smith's " Smaller History of Rome," and Sargent's
" Easy Passages for Translation into Latin."
t It may be worth while to suggest that the teacher may at his pleasure select
single passages or phrases for elementary practice.
Preface. v
as making a Ciceronian period or an indirect discourse in
Caesar or Livy an easy thing to boys ; and the student is not
fairly master of them until he can to some extent follow and
reproduce them in his own work. The difficulties may, how-
ever, be lightened to any extent, at the discretion of the
teacher, even to the extent of going over in detail the whole
ground of each exercise in advance.
It will be observed that a Vocabulary has been prepared
to Part First only; and that this aims only to give, as a
simple mechanical convenience, the Latin terms which may
be used in the passages where the English ones actually
occur in the book, leaving the mind free to attend wholly to
the construction. The learner should be impressed from the
start with the need of habitually consulting his Latin Lexicon,
to obtain the true meaning and use of the terms he employs.
Such explanation as could be given in a partial vocabulary
would be at best of very doubtful service. Even if on some
grounds desirable, the need of it appears to be removed by
White's excellent " English Latin Dictionary for the use of
Junior Students," which within reasonable limits of size and
price furnishes a guide such as every learner should possess,
who aims at any thing better than the mere performance of
the required task of the day; while the more advanced
student will not be content without something at least as
complete as the larger work of Kerchever Arnold. The
design of Part Second obviously excludes the use of any
partial or special list of words. For this, we trust that the
suggestions of the Introduction, and the frequent assistance
given in the notes, with the faithful consultation of the
Lexicon, which must always be supposed, will prove a
sufficient guide.
CAMBRIDGE, May 10, 1876.
THE following works, which have been freely used in the prepa-
ration of this manual, will be of service to those who desire to
give the subject a more thorough study. Those marked 2, 3, 4,
have been used to some extent as text-books in this country.
1. Theorie des lateinischen Stiles, von C. J. GRYSAR. 2d ed. Koln :
J. G. Schmitz. 1843.
A very complete and elaborate treatise, the source from which ex-
cellent material has been largely drawn by others.
2. Hints towards Latin Prose Composition. By ALEX. W. POTTS.
3d ed. London : Macmillan & Co. 1872.
A brief but admirable essay on the main points of Latin style and
expression (without exercises), with a great number of brief illustra-
tions, some of which will be found in the introduction to Part II. of the
present manual (pp. 126-129).
3. Parallel Extracts, arranged for translation into English and Latin,
with Notes on Idioms. By J. E. NIXON. Part I. Historical and
Epistolary. London : Macmillan & Co. 1874.
An excellent working manual, the passages on opposite pages sug-
gesting points of comparison between Latin and English style, and with
numerous figured references to the introductory Notes.
4. A Manual of Latin Prose Composition for the use of Schools and
Colleges. By the Rev. HENRY MUSGRAVE WILKINS. 3d ed. London :
Parker, Son, & Brown. 1861.
Numerous exercises, very fully annotated, a portion being " adapted "
(in English) to the Latin idiom. With introductory remarks and a
table of idiomatic expressions. A Key is published for the use of
teachers.
5. Principia Latina. Part VI. Short Tales and Anecdotes from
Ancient History for translation into Latin Prose. By WILLIAM SMITH,
D.D. 3d ed. London : John Murray. 1870.
CONTENTS.
PART. I. CONSTRUCTIONS.
PAGE
LESSON i. The Order of Words i
2. Rules of Agreement. i. Apposition .... 3
3. 2. The Verb .... 4
4. 3. Adjectives .... 6
5. Adjectives : Special Uses 8
6. Pronouns. i. Personal and Reflexive . . . . 10
7. 2. Demonstrative 12
8. 3. Relative 14
9. 4. Interrogative and Indefinite . . 17
10. Cases. i. As Objects of Verbs 20
11. 2. As Modifying Adjectives .... 23
12. 3. Indirect Relations 25
13. 4. Cause, Means, and Quality ... 28
14. 5. Separation and Comparison ... 32
15. 6. Special Uses of the Genitive ... 34
16. 7. Use of Two Cases 37
17. 8. Time and Place 39
18. 9. Prepositions 42
19. Verbs. I. Narrative Tenses 45
20. 2. The Passive Voice 48
21. 3. Infinitive Constructions 53
22. 4. Participial Constructions .... 57
23. 5. Gerundive Constructions .... 60
24. 6. Subjunctive Constructions .... 62
25. Relations of Time 66
26. Purpose and Result 69
27. Conditional Sentences ,. . . 72
28. Substantive Clauses 74
29. Intermediate Clauses 77
30. Indirect Discourse 80
31. Certain Special Constructions 83
PART SECOND.
PAGB
INTRODUCTION : i. Choice of the Word or Phrase ... 119
2. Structure of the Sentence 126
3. Idiomatic Phrases j^o
EXERCISES IN TRANSLATION.
I. Death of Epaminondas 135
II. The Ring of Gyges 135
III. Cyrus the Younger 136
IV. Xenophon's Sacrifice 136
V. The Sibylline Books 137
VI; Hannibal and Antiochus . . 138
VII. The Talking Crow 139
VIII. Hannibal in the Alps. Arnold 139
IX. The Embassy of Philip. Arnold 140
X. Hannibal near Rome 141
XL Young Scipio 142
XII. Hannibal's Exile 143
XIII. The Tale of Atalanta. Bacon ...... 145
XIV. Assassination of Caesar. Plutarch 145
XV. Death of Marcus Antonius , . 147
XVI. Destruction of Carthage 148
XVII. Xenophon at the Sea . . * 149
XVIII. Vercingetorix , . 150
XIX. A Story of Wolves 151
XX. Death of Socrates. Plato 152
XXL Hannibal in the Apennines 155
XXII. The Gauls at Rome 156
XXIII. Murder of Marcellus 157
XXIV. Story of Cincinnatus. Arnold 159
XXV. Princely Generosity. Feltham 160
XXVI. Defeat of Varus. Omry 161
XXVII. Siege of Syracuse. Arnold 162
XXVIII. Battle of Metaurus. Xr*0/// .163
XXIX. Inundations of the Tiber. Gibbon 165
XXX. First Acting at Rome. Livy 167
XXXI. The Fire of London 169
XXX 1 1. The Earthquake at Lisbon 171
XXXIII. Character of Trajan. Gibbon 174
XXXIV. Character of Cato. Mtddleton J75
XXXV. Of Studies. Bacon 176
XXXVI. Antony in Defeat North's Plutarch . . . . 178
XXXVI I. Speech of Antony. Shakespeare 180
COMPOSITION.
PART FIRST. CONSTRUCTIONS.
Lesson i.
The Order of Words.
READ carefully the whole of 76. Learn sub-
section i, with c, d ; and 2.
NOTE. Though the order of words in a Latin sentence seems
very arbitrary, yet it will be observed that almost every arrangement
produces some effect such as must usually be given in English by
emphasis or stress of voice. In the Exercises to follow, the pupil
should observe the reason of any change he may make from the
normal order, and the effect it has in making prominent some par-
ticular word or words. He should also acquire, as early as possible,
the habit of regarding his composition as a Latin sentence, and not
as an English sentence turned into Latin 'words. And he will be
aided in this by habitually reading over the sentence as Latin after
he has written it, to be sure that it has a Latin sound.
i. The normal or regular form of words in a Latin
sentence is the following : (a) The Subject, followed
by its modifiers ; (d) the modifiers of the Predicate,
the direct object being usually put last ; (c) the Verb,
preceded by any word or phrase which directly quali-
fies its action.
This is the order usually to be followed, where no
emphasis is thrown on any particular word, as in
simple narrative of fact : thus,
Hannibal imperator factits \proocimo triennio omnes
gentes Hispaniae \ bello subegit, NEPOS, Hann. 3.
2 Latin Composition.
REMARK. In actual practice, the normal order of words
is rarely found. It is continually altered, either for the sake
of emphasis , to throw stress on the more important words ;
or for the sake of euphony, to make the sentence more
agreeable to the ear.
2. Modifiers of Nouns as adjectives (not predi-
cate), appositives, and oblique cases used as attributes
usually follow the noun ; modifiers of Verbs in-
cluding adverbs and adverbial phrases precede the
verb. Genitives may come indifferently before or after
the noun which they limit, according to emphasis.
3. In the arrangement of Clauses, the relative
clause more often comes first in Latin, and usually
contains the antecedent noun ; while, in English, the
demonstrative clause almost always precedes: as,
Quos amisimus elves, eos Mart is vis perculit. Cic.
Marc. 6. (" Those citizens whom," &c. See examples in 48, 3. b.)
4. In contrasted phrases or clauses, either (i) the
same order of words is repeated {anaphora) , or (2) the
order is reversed (chiasmus) : as,
i. JBellmn genere necessarium magnitudine periculo-
id. Mani!. 10.
2. Non terror e belli, sed consilii celeritate. (id. n.)
5. Almost universally the MAIN WORD of the sen-
tence is put first (rarely last). This may be (i) simply
the emphatic word, containing the idea most prominent
in the writer's mind (emphasis) ; or it may be (2) con-
trasted with some other word preceding or following
(antithesis) . Compare, for example, the following :
1. M. Brutus Ciceronis amicus Caesar em, interfecit.
2. Amicus Ciceronis M. Brutus Cacsarem interfecit.
3. Cacsarem interfecit M. Brutus Ciceronis amicus.
That is, "It was Caesar," &c.
Apposition. 3
4. Interfecit Caesarem M. Brutus Ciceronis amicus.
Here the emphasis is thrown on t\\zfact of killing : compare
5. Interfectus est propter quasdam seditionum suspi-
tiones C. Gracchus. Cic. Cat. i. 2 (see the passage).
6. ttomae summum otiunn est.
Here Rome is contrasted with Syria, which Cicero had just
spoken of.
Lesson 2.
Bales of Agreement. !. Apposition.
REVIEW 46, 1,2; Learn a, b, c.
Observe that in Latin simple apposition is often
used where in English we use as, of, when, or even
a separate clause : thus,
1. I come to help you, adjutor tibi venio.
2. To treat Cicero as a friend, Cicerone amico uti.
3. To regard the gods as immortal, deos aeternos habere.
4. The city of Rome, Homa urbs.
5. I remember seeing -when a boy, puer memini videre.
6. Publius and Lucius Scipio, JP. et L. Scipiones.
7. Cato used to tell in his old age, Cato senex narrabat.
8. Fabius in his second consulship (when he was second time
consul), Fabius consul iterum.
N.B. In the following Exercises, words in brackets are to be
omitted in the Latin.
Proper Names of the first or second declension are not given in
the Vocabulary, except where the spelling is different in English.
Exercise 1.
i. The consul Cah^Flaminius defeated the Insu-
brians. 2 The next consuls, Scipio and Marcellus, con-
1 Praenomens (as Caius) are always to be abbreviated (see 15, 4).
The name must here precede the title. *Insubres.
4 Latin Composition.
tinued the war. Marcellus slew Viridomarus, chief of
the Insubrians, and Scipio his colleague took Milan,
their chief town. 2. Give this message 1 to Tar-<
quinius, your king. 3. O father Tiber, take me [into
thy charge] and bear me up. 4. We have sworn to-
gether, three hundred noble youths, against Porsena.
5. Bocchus was gained over to the Roman cause by
Sulla, the quaestor of Marius. 6. The consul Publius
Rupilius brought the Servile War to an end by the
capture of Tauromenium and Enna, the two strong-
holds of the insurgents. 7. Sempronia, the only sister
of Tiberius Gracchus, was married to the younger
Scipio Africanus. 8. The next year, Lucius Cor-
nelius Scipio, brother of the great Africanus, and
Caius Laelius, the intimate-friend of the latter, 2 were
consuls. 9. The Illyrians were a nation of pirates.
10. The she-wolf acted [as a] mother. n. The
Academy introduced a new [branch of] knowledge
[viz.] to know nothing. 12. Demetrius, an unprin-
cipled Greek, surrendered to the Romans the impor-
tant island [of] Corcyra. 13. Marius and Cicero
were born at Arpinum, a free-town of Latium.
1 Literally, " Report these [things] ." * idem.
Lesson 3.
Rules of Agreement. 3. The Verb.
i. REVIEW 49 (the general rule of agreement).
Learn the sub-sections i with #, b; 2. a, b.
NOTE. The correspondence of the verb with its subject (called
agreement) is nearly the same in most languages, though obscured
in English by the loss of the inflectional endings. The peculiarities
The Verb. 5
of Latin use are given in the sub-sections cited above. The most
important of these is the regular omission of the personal pronoun
of the first or second person as subject (the pronoun being contained
in the verb-ending 1 ), also of the third person whenever it is plain
from the context. Hence the rule
2. The personal pronoun is never to be expressed
in Latin, except when required for emphasis or pre-
cision.
3. A single idea is very often expressed in Latin by
two nouns connected by a conjunction (Jiendiadys).
In this case the singular verb is the usual form : as,
There is a continued series of events, est continuatio et
series reman.
4. The following examples show the most frequent
Latin usages :
1. Fannius and Mucius came to their father-in-law, Fannius
et Mucius ad socerum venerunt.
2. Neither .331ms nor Coruncanius thought so, nee Aelius nee
Coruncanius ita putabat.
3. Balbus and I held up our hands, ego et JSalbus sustuli-
tnus manus.
4. If you and Tullia are well, Cicero and I are well, si tu et
Tullia valetis, ego et Cicero valemus.
5. Water and earth remained, aqua restabat et terra (more
rarely: aqua et terra restabat).
6. I say, aio ; they say (people say), aiunt.
7. I strongly approve of Epicurus, for he says, &c., Epicu-
rum valde probo 9 dicit enim, etc.
8. Rational instruction prescribes, ratio et doctrina prae-
scribit.
N.B. The periphrastic forms of the verb come properly under
the treatment of Adjectives, and are included in the next Lesson.
1 So sometimes in old English or in poetry : as, Did'st ever see
the like? (Taming of the Shrew, iv. i). So the phrases, thank you,
Pray come, &c.
6 Latin Composition.
Exercise 3.
i. Catulus in the Senate, and Cato in the forum,
hailed Cicero [as] the father of his country. 2. Cicero
calls Athens the inventress of arts. 3. The army
of Hannibal lived luxuriously at Capua, a beautiful
city of Campania. 1 4. We avoid death as-if a dis-
solution of nature. 5. Many ancient peoples wor-
shipped the dog and cat [as] gods. 6. The swallow,
harbinger of Spring, had now appeared. 7. Marcus
Manlius, the preserver of the capitol, came forward
[as] the patron of the poor. 8. The censors, Crassus
and Masnius, created two new tribes, the Ufentine and
Falerian. 9. Quintus and 1 2 shall set sail to-morrow ;
you and Tiro will wait [for] us in the harbor.
10. Honor and shame from no condition rise. n. To
you, [my] son Marcus, belongs the inheritance of my
glory and the imitation of my deeds. 12. Never is
danger overcome without danger, as they say. 13. The
exigency 3 of the occasion 3 demands severity. 14. The
mad-scheme of Saturninus and the discredit of Marius
gave-new-strength 4 to the Senate.
1 See 46, 2. b * In Latin, " I and Quintus."
3 Two words with et. 4 Confirmo.
Lesson 4.
Rules of Agreement. 3. Adjectives.
i. LEARN 47 (the general rule of agreement) ;
also sub-sections i and 2, with #, b.
NOTE. As adjectives are not inflected at all in English, the
beginner is required to pay constant attention to the rule. The
only special difficulties likely to arise are when the same adjective
belongs to two nouns, especially when these are of different genders.
As to these, the principles stated in 2, with a and b, will in general
be a sufficient guide.
Adjectives. 7
2. The participial forms in the compound tenses, as
well as other participles, are treated in construction as
adjectives : as,
1. Ccesar and Bibulus were elected consuls, Caesar et Bibu-
lus consules creati sunt.
2. Tullia is dead (or died), Tullia mortua est.
3. Both consuls were slain, uterque consul occisus est.
4. Virginius and his daughter were left alone before the judg-
ment-seat, Virginias et jilia ejus soli ante tribunal
relicti sunt.
5. The wife and little son of Regulus embraced him as he
departed, Hegulum discedentem uxor et parvus
jillus amplexi sunt.
Exercise 3.
i. Brutus, the deliverer of his country, and Colla-
tinus the husband of Lucretia, were chosen first con-
suls at Rome. 2. Disunion and distrust were created
among the allies by the Julian law. 3. Herculaneum
and Pompeii * have been preserved to our times.
4. The entire Senate and Roman people went out to
meet 2 Cicero on his return from exile. 5. All sensible
[people] had become alarmed at the mad-conduct of
Saturninus. 6. Valerius commanding the foot, and
Brutus being appointed to head the cavalry, went out
to meet Tarquin on 3 the Roman borders. 7. My uncle
and myself, having returned to Misenum, passed an
anxious and doubtful night. 8. Manlius during-his-
absence 4 had been elected consul a second time.
9. Pompey, having marched into Syria, deposed An-
tiochus, and made the country a [Roman] province.
10. The conspiracy against Caesar's life was set-on-
foot by Caius Cassius Longinus, an enemy [of] his.
1 Supply urbes in apposition. 3 Lesson 17, h. Rem.
* Obviam with dative, following egredi. 4 absens.
8 Latin Composition.
11. Mantua, alas! too near unhappy Cremona. 1
12. You have before your eyes Catiline, the most
audacious of men. 13. Aurora opens the purple
doors and the courts full of roses. 14. A boar is often
held by a small 2 dog. 15. The wall was common
to 3 both houses, and was cleft by 4 a narrow chink.
1 6. Lepidus [was] defeated near the Mulvian bridge by
Catulus [and] sailed with the remainder of his forces
to Sardinia.
1 Dative. 2 non magnus. 3 Genitive. 4 Ablative.
Lesson 5.
Adjectives : Special Uses.
i. REVIEW 47. Learn 3, 4 (adjectives used as
nouns), with 6, 8, 9.
Under these heads occur many common phrases, in
which the Latin usage must be carefully distinguished
from the English : as,
1. I saw Scipio in his lifetime, Scipionem vivum vidi.
2. He came against his -will, invitus venit.
3. Every thing was safe, omnia tuta erant.
4. All of us are here, omnes adsumus.
5. He was the first to see (he saw first), primus vidit.
6. On the top of a tree, in summa arbore.
7. The inner part of the house, interior domus.
8. The rest of the crowd remained, reliqua multitude
manebat.
NOTE. The use of adjectives as nouns is most common in the
masculine plural, just as in English the wise, the brave, &c. In
the singular this use is rare, except with a few words which have
become practically nouns, such as familiaris, an intimate friend;
sapiens, a wise man; avarus, a miser, and with neuters as in 4. a.
In other cases the noun is generally expressed; and almost always
when a feminine or neuter would be used. Hence
Adjectives: Special Uses. 9
2. When any ambiguity would arise from the use
of the adjective alone, a noun must be added : as,
1. Boni, the good; omnia, every thing.
2. All [men] must die, omnibus moriendum est. But
3. A good man, vir bonus.
4. Power over every thing, potentia omnium rerum.
3. When any other case is used than the nominative
or accusative, the noun is more commonly expressed,
even when not required for distinctness.
4. An abstract notion is very often expressed in
Latin by an adjective in the neuter plural : thus,
1. All men praise bravery, omnes fortia laudant.
2. The past at least is secure, praeterita saltern tuta sunt.
3. Choose the better part, elige meliora.
4. Fleeting good, bona caduca.
5. Pleasing ill, mala blanda.
5. Adjectives are often used in Latin where in
English we use the possessive, or a noun and preposi-
tion : as,
1. The fight at Cannae, pugna Cannensis.
2. Cams Blossius of Cumae, C. Blossius Cumanus*
3. Another man's house, aliena domus.
N OTE . These adjectives most commonly represent the geni-
tive, and will be treated in Lesson 15, b.
Exercise 4.
i. Duillius was-the-first a of the Romans to l conquer
in a naval battle ; Curius Dentatus first led elephants
in a triumph. 2. Right and wrong are by nature
opposed to-each-other. 2 3. After [his] exile Scipio
passed the-rest-of his life at Liternum, a small town
of Latium. 4. Demosthenes, the Athenian orator,
being banished from his country on 3 a false charge
1 Simple adjective. * Inter se. 8 Ob.
jo Latin Composition.
of having received money 1 from Harpalus, was-in-
exile at Megara. 2 He [was] afterwards recalled [and]
returned [to] Athens in a ship sent for that [purpose].
5. Octavia and Li via, the one the sister of Augustus',
the other [his] wife, had lost [their] sons, the 3 [famous]
young Marcellus and Drusus Germanicus. 6. The
aged senators who-had-been-consuls 4 or censors 4 sat
in the Forum on [their] curule chairs, awaiting death.
The Gauls found the city deserted ; but marching on
they came to the Forum, where they beheld the old
men sitting immovable like beings 5 of 6 another 6 world. 6
For some time they stood 7 in-awe-at 8 the strange sight,
till one of the Gauls ventured to go up to Marcus Papi-
rius and stroke his white beard. The old man smote
him on the head with 9 [his] ivory staff; then the bar-
barian slew him, and all the rest were massacred.
1 Lit. " of money received." 2 Megarae or is. ; 3 tile.
4 Adjectives. 6 forma ac natura. 6 de caelo delapsus.
7 Obstipesco. 8 admirans followed by ace. 9 Ablative.
Lesson 6.
Pronouns. 1. Personal and Reflexive.
1. REVIEW 19 (Personal and Reflexive Pro-
nouns) ; with 3. a (Possessive adjectives), d, e. Ob-
serve that the pronouns have almost precisely the same
syntax as nouns.
2. The Latin never uses the plural of the second
person (vos) for the singular you; but often the
plural of the first person (nos) for the singular I.
3. Of the double forms in the genitive plural, the
form in um is partitive, while thatin i is objective : thus,
1. The elder of us, major nostrum.
2. Mindful of us, memor nostri.
Pronouns.
ii
4. The Reflexive pronoun (se), with its correspond-
ing Possessive (suus), is used in some part of the
predicate, always referring to the subject of the sen-
tence or clause.
NOTE. In such cases we generally (not always) use self, selves,
and own. These accordingly are not necessary in Latin, except
when they are emphatic, being expressed by the reflexive or the
personal pronoun (me, te, &c.) :
1. Virtue knows itself, Virtus se novit.
2. Brutus slew his friend, Brutus amicum [suum] occidit
(his own friend, suum amicum,).
3. Philosophy has much pleasure in it, Philosophia mul-
tum habet in se delectationis.
5. The Possessives (like other adjectives) take the
gender, number, and case of the noun they are used
with, not of the one they refer to. They are regularly
omitted when they are plainly implied in the context.
Exercise 5.
i. Bulls defend themselves by [their] horns, boars
by their tusks, 1 [and] lions by their teeth and claws.
2. Horatius slew his sister with his own hand.
3. "Young man," said Sulla, "you have strengthened
your rival against yourself." 4. "Varus, Varus,"
cried Augustus, " give me 2 back my legions." 5. Cras-
sus, indeed, has defeated the enemy ; but I have ex-
terminated them root-and-branch. 6. " Who art thou,"
said Brutus, " and for what purpose art-thou-come ? " 3
"I am thy evil genius, 4 Brutus," replied the spectre;
" thou shalt see me to-morrow at Philippi." 7. Ci-
cero was accustomed to write down his orations.
8. Few men know their own faults and vices. 9. How
long a letter I have written to you with my own hand !
1 ictus dentium. 2 Dative. 3 Perfect active. 4 Furia.
12 Latin Composition.
10. Ancus Martius instituted the college of Heralds;
he also founded a colony at Ostia, at the mouth of the
Tiber, and built a fortress on the Janiculum. n. Very
agreeable to me is your remembrance of me (plur.).
Lesson 7.
Pronouns. 2. Demonstrative.
1. REVIEW 20, and learn carefully the sub-sec-
tions 2. a to e (use of the Demonstratives).
NOTE. These Demonstratives are used much like the corre-
sponding words in English, this, that, &c. Observe, however, that
though they run into one another in meaning, yet regularly hie,
ille, iste, are true demonstratives, and actually point to something ;
while is (the pronoun of reference) only refers without pointing
out. Thus a, a man, the man, one (who), &c., are often rendered
by is with qui following.
2. The Possessives /its, hers, its, theirs, are ex-
pressed by the genitive of a demonstrative, and have
no difference of gender in the singular.
3. When the word that is used instead of repeating
a word before expressed, it is regularly omitted in
Latin. But when a distinct object is referred to, it
may be expressed by ille, hie, or even is ; or the noun
itself may be repeated. Thus,
1. I prefer the art of memory to that of forgetfulness, memo-
riae artem quam oblivionis malo.
2. Virtue seeks no other reward except this [of which I have
just spoken] of glory, nullam virtus aliam mercedem
desiderat praeter hanc laudis. Cic. Arch. n.
NOTE. In such cases, the Latin often prefers some possessive
adjective or other construction (see hereafter, Lesson 15) : as,
The army of Ceesar defeated that of Pompey at Pharsalus,
Caesaris escereitus Fompeianos ad Pharsalum, vicit.
Pronouns. 13
4. Contrary to the English usage, hie is generally
used to refer to a preceding statement or example ;
ille to a following one : as,
That [which I have just mentioned] is a great argument, but this is
a greater : [namely] that, etc., hoc magnum est argumen-
tum, sed illud majus, quod, etc.
5. Hie often corresponds with our here , the -present;
ille to our there; and iste, yonder (by you) : as,
1. Caius Caesar here, Jiic C. Caesar.
2. Those benches yonder (by you), ista subsellia.
3. The present (now living) Mucius Scaevola, hie Mucius
Scaevola.
6. The demonstrative pronoun regularly agrees in
gender and number with a predicate appositive if there
is one : as,
This is the toil, this the task, Me labor hoc opus est.
7. The intensive ipse is usually put in the case of
the subject, even where the real emphasis appears to
be on the object: as,
1. You praise yourself over much, ipse te nimium laudas.
2. This thing is sufficient in itself, haec res per se ipsa
satis est.
N.B. The distinction between the intensive ipse and the reflex-
ive se both rendered in English by "self" requires to be care-
fully observed (see 20, 2. e, N!). Ipse often expresses even, very,
or just: as,
1. This very thing, hoc ipsum.
2. It is just three years, tres anni ipsi sunt.
Exercise 6.
i . yEneas carried with him into Italy his son Asca-
nius and the sacred Penates of-Troy. 1 He was kindly
received by Latinus, king of the country, and married
1 Adjective.
14 Latin Composition.
his daughter Lavinia. 2. All philosophers, and among
them Epictetus, were banished from Rome by Domi-
tian. 3. The ancients regard this [as] true riches,
this [as] a good reputation and great renown. 4. While 1
all arrogance is hateful, at-the-same-time x that of
genius and eloquence is by -far the most offensive.
5. Diseases of the mind are more dangerous than
those of the body. 6. The self-same Cato, the Cen-
sor, thus discourses in that very book of Cicero on Old
Age. 7. When I listen-to Cicero, I desire to write
down his orations, so greatly they delight me.
8. Romulus killed with his own hand Acron, king of
Caenina, and dedicated his arms to Jupiter. 9. Upon 2
the death of Numa an interregnum again followed ;
but soon after Tullus Hostilius was elected king. His
reign was as warlike as that of Numa had been peace-
ful. 10. Servius, the sixth king of Rome, gave his two
daughters in marriage to the two sons of Tarquinius
Priscus, Lucius and Aruns. The former was proud and
haughty; the latter, unambitious and quiet, n. This
was the third and last attempt [on the part] of the
Tarquinii; for by this victory 5 the Latins were com-
pletely humbled, and Tarquinius Superbus could apply
to no other state for assistance. He had already sur-
vived all his family, 3 and he now fled to-Cumae, 4 where
he died a wretched and childless old man.
1 cum . . . turn. 2 Ablative. 3 Dative. 4 Accusative.
6 Use clades (see p. 121, cc}.
Lesson 8.
Pronouns. 3. Relative.
i. REVIEW 48 (rule of Agreement), reading
carefully the Note ; together with sub-sections, i, 2, 4.
Relatives. 15
NOTE. A relative word used as in English, merely to introduce
a descriptive fact, is as simple in construction as a demonstrative,
and requires no special rule. Several classes of relative clauses in
which the mood of the verb is affected (see 69, 2) will be treated
hereafter.
N.B. Relative words include relative Pronouns, Adjectives, and
Adverbs ; with the indefinites quisquis and quicumque, whoever.
2. The relative is never to be omitted in Latin,
though it often is in English. Thus,
1. The book you gave me, liber quern mihi dedisti.
2. I am the man I always was, is sum qui semper fui.
3. He is in the place I told you of, eo in loco est de quo
tibi locutus sunn.
3. The relative is often used in Latin where other
constructions are used in English ; particularly where
we should use a participle, appositive, or noun of
agency : as,
1. The book entitled Brutus, liber qui dicitur Brutus.
2. The existing laws, leges quae nunc sunt.
3. The men of our day, homines qui nunc sunt.
4. Ceesar the conqueror of Gaul, Caesar qui Galliam vicit.
5. True glory the fruit of virtue, justa gloria qui est fructus
virtutis.
4. In formal or emphatic discourse, it is often better
to place the relative clause first ; and in such cases it
usually contains the antecedent noun : as,
Those evils which we suffer with many seem to us lighter,
quae mala cum multis patimur ea nol>is leviora
videntur.
5. When the antecedent noun is in apposition with
the main clause or some word in it, it is to be put in
the relative clause : as,
Steadfast friends, a class of which there is great lack, ftrml
amid, cujus generis est magna penuria.
1 6 Latin Composition.
6. A relative is constantly used in Latin when
English uses a demonstrative with and or but: as,
1. And since these things are so, quae cum ita sint.
2. But if they hesitate or are unwilling, qui si dubitdbunt
ant gravdbuntur.
7. When the word AS is used in English as a rela-
tive, it must be rendered in Latin by the relative pro-
noun, adjective, or adverb which corresponds to its
demonstrative antecedent : as,
1. The same thing as, eadem res quae.
2. Such (men) as, ei qui.
3. Such a leader as we know Hannibal to have been, talis
dux qualem Hannibalem novimus.
4. There were as many opinions as men, quot homines tot
erant sententiae*
Exercise 7.
i. Tiberius Gracchus was by birth * and marriage 2
connected with the noblest families in the Republic :
grandson of the conqueror of Hannibal, son-in-law of
the chief of the Senate, and brother-in-law of the
destroyer 3 of Carthage. 2. Quintus Silo, a Marsian,
and Caius Papius Mutilus, a Samnite, who cherished
an hereditary hatred against the Romans, were chosen
consuls. 3. Sulla with his army was then besieging
Nola, a town which was still held by the Samnites.
4. Rome was now exposed to great danger ; for those
who had been her most faithful friends now rose against
her. 5. A day shall come when* sacred Troy shall
perish. 6. The terms which the general proposed
seemed intolerable to the Carthaginians. 7. Tiberius
and Caius Gracchus were the sons of Tiberius Sem-
pronius Gracchus, whose measures gave tranquillity
1 Propinquitas (plur.). * Adfinitas (plur.).
3 Lit. " of him who destroyed." 4 Repeat the noun.
Inter rogatives. 17
to Spain for l so many years. They lost their father
at 2 an early 3 age. But they were educated with the
utmost care by their mother Cornelia, the daughter of
Scipio Africanus the elder, who had inherited from
[her] father a love* of literature, and united 5 in her-
person 6 the severe virtue of the Roman matron with
a superior knowledge 7 and refinement, which 8 then
prevailed 9 in 10 the higher-classes 11 at-Rome. 12 She
engaged for [her] sons the most eminent Greek
teachers ; and from the pains she took 13 with M their
education they surpassed all the Roman youths of
their age.
I per. * Ablative. * primus.
4 studiunt. 6 habeo conjunctam. 8 se.
7 doctrina. 8 Neuter plural. 9 floreo. 10 apud.
II nobiles. 12 Adjective. 13 " Take pains," operam dare.
14 Dative.
Lesson 9.
Pronouns : Interrogative and Indefinite.
REVIEW 21, i. with a (forms of the Interroga-
tive Pronoun). These forms, including quisnam, who?
(emphatic), and uter (see 16, i. ), which of two?
are used much as in English. Thus,
1. Who is the map? Quis est homo?
2. What a man he -was! Qui homo erat!
3. What do you find fault with ? Quid repreJiendis ?
4. What plan of his do you find fault with? Quod consil-
ium ejus repreJiendis?
5. "Which eye aches? Uter oculus dolet?
6. Which finger hurts? Qui digitus dolet?
7. Who is it? (emph.) 1
8 Who in the world I Q^snam est? Qttis tandem est?
(pray who) is it? J < The latter a little stron S er '>
1 8 Latin Composition.
2. REVIEW 21, 2. c, d y e, h (forms and use of the
Indefinites) .
. The pronouns which correspond to the English A or SOME,
ONE, or ANY (indefinite, not emphatic) are quis, quispiam, ali-
quis, quidam. Of these quis is the least definite, and quidam
the most. When SOME is used of objects defined in thought though
not named, it is regularly quidam. The expressions nonnullus,
nonnemo, nonnihil are somewhat less definite than quidam. Quis
is the regular word after si, nisi, ne, num, to signify if any, &c.
With these particles aliquis is more definite, like our if some one,
&c. A FEW or SEVERAL may be expressed by aliquot, nonnulli,
plures; pauci (restrictive) means only a few. The English ANY
ONE WHO is often best rendered by si quis (See Note, Gr. p. 166).
1. Some one may say, aliquis dicat (dixerit quispiam).
2. Some philosophers think so, aliqui (or, if definite persons are
thought of, quidam) philosophi ita putant.
3. Some poor women live here, habitant hie quaedam
tnulieres pauperculae. [That is, some women he knows ;
some women or other would be aliquae or ncscio
quae.]
4. Up runs a man, accurrit quidam.
5. I will call in a few friends, aliquot amicos adhibebo.
6. In the very senate-house there is more than one enemy, in
ipsa curia nonnemo hostis est.
7. Banished not on some other charge but this very one, ex-
pulsus non alio aliquo sed eo ipso crimine.
8. He neither denies nor asserts a thing, neque negat ali-
quid neque ait (any thing whatever would be quidquam).
b. The pronouns which correspond most nearly with the English
ANY (emphatic) are quisquam (substantive), ullus (adjective),
quivis, and quilibet. The first two are used chiefly with negatives
(but see 21, 2. h) ; the other two are universal (any you like).
When only two are spoken of, EITHER is uter (corresponding to*
quisquam), utervis, uterlibet (corresponding to quivis and qui-
libet). For the negatives non quisquam, non ullus, non quid-
quam, non uter, use nemo, nullus, nihil, neuter.
i. What can happen to any (one) man can happen to any
man (whatever), cuivis potest accidere quod cui-
quam potest.
Indefinites. 19
2. I never did any thing worse, numquam quidquam fed
pejus (better, nihil umquam).
3. Why did I send to anybody before you? cur cuiquam
misi prius ?
4. I have less strength than either one of you, minus habeo
virium quam vestrum utervis.
5. No one thinking of any thing but flight, nemo ullius rei
nisi fugae memor.
c. The Distributives EACH, EVERY, are expressed by quisque
(uterque, if there are only two). Unusquisque is more emphatic
(every single one). Omnis is sometimes used in the singular in
nearly the same sense as quisque, but more indefinitely, and is
almost equivalent to a plural.
1. Every good book is better the larger it is, bonus liber
melior est quisque, quo major.
2. Both armies go away every man to his home, ambo ex-
ercitus suas quisque abeunt domos.
3. Each army was in sight of the other, uterque utrique
erat exercitus in conspectu.
4. Every system of instruction (= all systems of instruction),
omnis ratio et doctrina.
Exorcise 8*
i. Which do you consider the greatest general,
Cassar, Scipio, or Hannibal ? Which the better orator,
Cicero or Demosthenes ? 2. "We here bring you war
and peace," said the Roman ambassadors in the Sen-
ate of the Carthaginians ; " which pleases you best ? "
3. Pompey obtained the highest dignity in the State
that of the consulship without any recommendation
of ancestors. 4. The vices of Alcibiades were re-
deemed by some brilliant qualities. 5. Most men's
vices are redeemed by some better qualities. 6. No *
great man was ever without some divine inspiration.
7. Horace did not read his poetry to any one except
friends ; and then 2 under compulsion, not everywhere,
1 nemo. * Lit. " and that."
2O Latin Composition.
nor before 1 everybody [indiscriminately]. 8. Some
skill 2 as an orator 3 is necessary to a commander.
9. Several of the allies of Sparta were dissatisfied
with the peace she had concluded ; and soon after
some of them determined to 4 restore the ancient power
of Argos. 10. Some slight battles occurred, in which
the side 6 of-the-Syracusans 6 had the advantage. 7
11. Since Agamemnon, no Grecian king had led an
army into Asia. 12. It is contrary- to nature to take 8
any thing from any other 9 [person]. Does anyone
deny this ? 13. Whoever had killed a tyrant was
praised by the Greeks and Romans. Thus Harmo-
dius, who expelled the sons of Pisistratus, was honored
at Athens; Timoleon, who consented-to 10 the death
of his brother Timophanes, at Corinth ; and Brutus,
the slayer of Julius Caesar, at Rome.
1 Coram with abl. 2 Lit. " Something of skill." 3 Adjective.
4 Infinitive. 5 rts. 6 Adjective. 7 Lit. " was superior."
8 detraho. 9 Dative. lo probo.
Lesson 10.
Cases. 1. As Objects of Verbs.
1. REVIEW 52, i. with #, b (Accusative as Direct
Object); 51, i, 2. with a, b, d (Dative as Indirect
Object) ; 50, 4. a, b, c (Genitive as the object of verbs
of Memory and Feeling) ; 54, 6. d (Ablative of means,
with utor, &c.).
2. All of the above cases are used in Latin with
different classes of verbs to represent the English
Objective case. Thus :
1. I see the man, hominem video (ACCUSATIVE).
2. I help the man, homini subvenio (DATIVE).
3. I pity the man, hominis miser eor (GENITIVE).
4. I treat the man as a friend, homine amico utor (ABLATIVE).
Object- Cases . 2 1
REMARK. In all the above examples the verb is transi-
tive in English, but not really so in Latin. In deciding on
the case to be used as the object of any given verb, the
following points are to be observed :
a. The Accusative, as the case of Direct Object, is far more
general in its use than either of the others ; and may be assumed
to represent the English Objective, except as limited by the
special rules which follow.
b. The Dative is. to be used, along with the Accusative, wher-
ever in English two object-cases follow, with one of which we may
use the preposition TO or FOR (except after verbs of Asking and
Teaching, which take two accusatives) : as,
1. He gave me the book ( = he gave the book to me), mi hi
librum dedit.
2. I promise you a fig, tibi ficum promitto. But
3. He asked me for money, pecuniam m& rogavit.
4. Plato taught his scholars geometry, Plato discipulos
suos geontetriam docuit.
The Dative is also to be used after the verbs (apparently tran-
sitive) given in the lists in 51, 2. a, b, d, e. These sub-sections,
with the accompanying examples and remarks, must be attentively
studied ; as an accurate knowledge of these classes of verbs is
absolutely essential to the correct use of the language in one of
the commonest constructions in Latin.
c. Verbs governing the Genitive in Latin are few, and belong to
the strictly limited classes given in the sub-sections under 50, 4.
They are chiefly verbs of Memory and Feeling (with egeo,
indigeo, need). The genitive of Charge and Penalty corresponds
with the English use of the preposition OF.
d. The only verbs governing the Ablative in Latin, correspond-
ing to transitives in English, are the few deponents given in 54,
6. d. Either of them may easily be represented in English by
a phrase with a preposition : as,
1. I use (make use of) a sword, gladio ntor,
2. He eats (feeds on) flesh, came vescitur.
3. They abuse (take advantage of) my friendship, amicitia
mea abutuntur.
22 Latin Composition.
Exercise 9.
i. In our own calamity, we remember the calamities
of others. 2. I shall never forget that day : it re-
minds me at-once 1 of the greatest delight and 1 greatest
peril of 2 my life. 3. Pity the sorrows of a poor old
man. 4. Bocchus, king of Mauretania, had-pity-on
the condition of his son-in-law, Jugurtha, king of Nu-
midia, and promised him aid ; but afterwards, calling-
to-mind 3 the greater power of the Romans, betrayed
him to Sulla, the quaestor of Caius Marius. 5. The_
Italians loudly demanded the rights which had been
promised them by Drusus. 6. Caesar forgave all
those who had fought on the side of Pompey in the
civil war. 7. Marius commanded a separate army
in the neighborhood. 8. If a patrician man married
a plebeian wife, or a patrician woman a plebeian
husband, the State did not recognize the marriage.
9. Dentatus had accompanied the triumphs of nine
generals. As tribune of the people, he most bitterly
opposed the patricians. 10. The Knights abused
the judicial power, as the Senate had done before,
ii. He who commands the sea is lord of affairs. 12.
After the Mithridatic war, Pompey, [though] only a
private-citizen, performed the part of a commander,
levied three legions, and having gained 4 a brilliant
victory 4 was received by Sulla with the greatest dis-
tinction. 13. Marcus Livius Drusus, like his father,
favored the side of the nobles. But he had promised
the Latins and allies the Roman franchise, a measure
which had always displeased the Roman people, and
which they violently resisted. Drusus, therefore, had
recourse to sedition and conspiracy. A secret-society
1 cum . . . turn. 2 in. 3 memor, with gen. 4 Abl. abs. Passive.
Cases -with Adjectives. 23
was formed, which was bound by oath to obey 1 his
commands. The ferment increased, and threatened
the safety 8 of the State; but at last Drusus was assas-
sinated in his own house. 2
1 Ace. and infin. * domi suae.
3 Lit. danger or destruction^ with dat.
Lesson .11.
Cases. 2. As Modifying Adjectives.
1. REVIEW 50, 3. b, c, d (Genitive with Adjec-
tives) ; 51, 6 (Dative of Fitness, &c.) ; 54, i. , 2. #,
3. 0, 6. , 9. 10. with a (various uses of the Ablative).
N. B. These rules include many participles, which are used
like adjectives.
2. Adjectives in English almost always require
phrases with prepositions when their meaning is to
be limited or explained. In Latin this is generally
done by using after the adjective the Genitive, Dative,
or Ablative case without a preposition.
NOTE. Some particular adjectives rather than classes
take a preposition, as in English. These will be treated hereafter,
in the Lesson on Prepositions (see 51, 6. a, b}.
a. Relative Adjectives that is, adjectives whose quality natu-
rally relates to some object, especially one which corresponds to the
object of a transitive verb regularly take the Genitive. This
relation is often expressed in English by the preposition OF : as,
1. Mindful of others, forgetful of himself, mentor aliorum
oblitus sui.
2. Disdaining letters, fastidiosus literarum.
3. Possessed of reason and judgment, compos rationis et
judicii.
4. Sharing in the booty, particeps praedae.
See also examples under 50, 3. 6, c.
24 Latin Composition.
b. Where the relation between the adjective and noun would be
expressed in English by the preposition TO or FOR, it is commonly
expressed in Latin by the Dative. The chief exceptions are given
in 51, 6. a, , c, d. (See constructions given in the Dictionary
under each word.)
1. A battle very like a flight, pugna simillima fugae.
2. A man hateful to many, homo odiosus muftis.
3. Times hostile to virtue, tempora infesta virtuti.
4. Adjoining the Belgians, jinitimi Belgis.
5. A law advantageous to the state, lex utllis rei pub-
licae.
c. When the modifying phrase denotes that in respect to which
the meaning of the adjective is taken where the English uses
IN, IN REGARD TO, or the like ; sometimes OF the Ablative is
generally used in Latin : as,
1. Lame of one foot, claudus alter o pede.
2. A man distinguished in war, vir bello egregius.
3. "Worthy of praise, dignus laude.
NOTE. In this use the Ablative and Genitive approach each
other in meaning ; but the Ablative generally expresses a remoter
and the Genitive a closer relation. The same relation is often
expressed by the Accusative with ad.
Exercise 10.
i. Oil rubbed-upon 1 the body makes it more capa-
ble of enduring heat, cold, or hardship. 2. Numa
instituted a college of priests, four in number. 3. The
fifth king of Rome was an Etruscan by birth, but a
Greek by descent. 4. The reign of Servius Tullius
is almost as barren of military exploits as that of
Numa. 5. Wild beasts are not only devoid of reason
and speech, but ungovernable 2 in fury, and impatient
of control. 6. A Roman patrician had a-number-of 3
clients attached to him, to whom he acted as patron.
1 inunctus, with the dative. 2 impotens, with genitive.
3 quidam.
Cases: Indirect.
2 5
7. Mucius, ignorant of the person l of Porsena, killed
his secretary instead-of the king himself. 8. Veii
was closely allied with Fidenae. 9. The Pentri in-
habited the Apennines. But, not content with their
mountain homes, 2 they overran the rich lands of Cam-
pania. 10. The season of the year was favorable to
Hasdrubal, and the Gauls were-friendly-to his cause,
n. The Roman ambassadors, forgetting their sacred
character, 3 fought in the ranks 4 of Clusium. 12. At
the beginning of the first Punic war, the Romans had
no fleet worthy of the name. 5 13. Porsena, alarmed
for his life, offered terms of peace to the Romans.
14. Cneius Pompey was extremely ambitious of power
and glory, and jealous of the superior merit and fame
of other men. 15. The Romans were like the Spar-
.tans in 6 [their] passion for 7 military glory and empire.
16. The poet Archias, a man endowed with genius
and virtue, was regarded by Cicero [as] equal to the
most learned of the Greeks, and worthy of the high"
est praise. 8
1 fades. 2 sedes. 3 officitim. 4 acies Clusina (sing.).
6 id nomen. 6 Ablative. 7 Genitive. 8 Plural.
Lesson 12.
Cases. 3. Indirect Relations.
REVIEW 51, i. 2. with a, b, d ; 3. 5. 7 (Dative
of Indirect Object, of Possession, of Service, of
Reference) ; also 50, 4. d (refert and interest) .
a. The most common use of TO or FOR in English is repre-
sented in Latin by the Dative of Indirect Object : as,
i. The province fell by lot to Cicero, provincia Ciceroni
obtigit.
26 Latin Composition.
2. I consult for the safety of the state, civitatis saluti
consulo.
3. Medicine is sometimes bad for the health, medicina
valetudini nonnumquam nocet.
NOTE. i. These should be distinguished from the cases
where the direct effect of an action is spoken of: as,
The dust hurts my eye, pulvis oculum meum laedit.
2. The dative of indirect object must also be carefully distin-
guished from the cases apparently the same in English where
TO or FOR expresses the limit of motion. In Latin all relations
of place, where, whence, or whither, are regularly expressed by
means of prepositions (see hereafter, Lesson 17).
b. This construction (dative of indirect object) is used in many
cases to express WITH, OVER, UPON, IN, BEFORE, AGAINST, where
in the Latin expression a verb compounded with a preposition is
used (see list in 51, 2. d: ad, ante, con, &c.) :
1. A rock hung over his head, saxum capiti impendebat.
2. I agree with Zeno, Zenoni adsentior.
3. I set myself against all his plans, omnibus ejus consir
His obstiti.
N. B. Particular attention must be given to the meaning and
construction of each* of these compounds in the vocabulary, as
many of them are transitive and take the accusative (See p. 44) : as,
He besieged the city of Alesia, urbem Alesiam obsidebat.
c. The English verb TO HAVE is often, by a Latin idiom, ex-
pressed by the Dative with esse (compare Note under 51, 3) : as,
1. I have a father at home, est milii pater domi.
2. The boy's name is Marcus, puero nomen est JMLarcus
(or Marco).
d. The phrases // belongs to, it is the part of, and the like, are
most commonly expressed in Latin by the Genitive with esse : as,
It is the part of wisdom (of a wise man), or, it is wise, est
sapientis (compare d, with Remark).
e. To or FOR is also expressed by the Dative when the object
is still more remotely connected with the action, so that the sen-
tence is complete without it (dative of reference) : as,
Cases: Indirect. 27
The good husbandman plants trees for his posterity, poste-
ris suis serit arbor es bonus agricola (compare the
examples in 51, 7. and a).
/. When FOR or OF expresses the purpose or end of an action,
the Latin idiom has the dative, often with the dative of indirect
object also : as,
1. Caesar sent three cohorts for a guard, Caesar tres co-
hortes praesidio tnisit.
2. It was of great service to our men, magno usui nostris
fuit.
NOTE. In English the same relation is often expressed by
simple apposition or by the conjunction AS. In Latin this con-
struction is limited to a few words, which must be learned by
practice (see examples and Remark under 51, 5).
g. For the cases in which TO or FOR is expressed by the geni-
tive with refert and interest, see 50, 4. d. The phrase for my
sake and the republic's is expressed by mea et reipublicae causa.
Exercise 11.
i. The troops of Sulla did no injury to the towns
or fields of the Italians. 2. Tiberius Gracchus relied
chiefly on the country-people. 3. Both Quintus Ca-
tulus and Hortensius were-opponents-of 1 the Gabinian
Law. 4. On 2 the arrival of Pompey, Tigranes was
obliged to look-to-the-safety-of 3 his own power. 5.
The great-numbers 4 01 the enemy were a hindrance
rather than a help to them. 6. Caesar's death was
undoubtedly a loss not only to the Roman people, but
to the whole world. 7. To the modern reader the
elegies of Propertius are not so attractive as those of
Tibullus. 8. The greatest danger Rome had experi-
enced since the time of Hannibal was now impending
over the State. 9. The consulship fell to Cneius
Octavius, who belonged to the aristocratic-party, 5 and
Lucius Cinna, a professed champion of the people.
1 obsisto. * Ablative. 3 prospicio. * multitude. 6 optimaies.
28 Latin Composition.
To their 1 election 2 Sulla made-no-opposition, 3 for
it was his own interest to quit Italy immediately. ID.
The Gauls once attacked the camp of 4 Quintus Cicero,
brother of the orator, [as he was] wintering in Gaul ;
but Caesar came to his assistance with two legions,
and rescued him. n. A servant of the consul
Opimius, pushing against Gracchus, insolently cried
out, " Make way for honest men, you rascals ! " 12.
" Stand aside young man," said Caesar to the tribune
Metellus, who vainly attempted to defend the treasury ;
" it is easier for me to do than say." 13. Damophilus,
a wealthy man-of-Enna, had treated his slaves with-
excessive-barbarity. 5 They consulted a Syrian slave,
whose name was Ennus, who belonged-to 6 another
master. This Ennus pretended-to 7 the gift-of-pro-
phecy, 8 and appeared to breathe flames-of-fire. He
not only promised them success, but joined in the
enterprise himself. 14. " Mother," exclaimed Corio-
lanus, " thine is the victory, a happy victory for thee,
but shame and ruin to thy son."
1 Relative. * petitio. 3 non obsistere. 4 Dative.
* Adverb in superlative. ' servio. 7 sibi adrogare.
8 vis divina.
Lesson 13.
Cases. 4. Cause, Means, and Quality.
REVIEW 54, 4. 6 (ablative of Agent and Means) ;
7. with 50, i. g (ablative and genitive of Quality) ;
54, 8 with a (Price and Value : compare 50, I. /') ;
also 3 (ablative of Cause), with a, b, c.
d The means, instrument, or agent by which any thing is done
we commonly express in English by the preposition BY or WITH.
In Latin a distinction is made between the -voluntary agent
(expressed by the ablative with ab) ; a person considered as an
Cases: Cause, c. 29
instrument or means (expressed by per with the accusative) ; and
the means or instrument (expressed by the ablative alone, or
in special cases by per with the accusative). Thus
1. Caesar was informed by the ambassadors, Caesar certior
factus est a legatis.
2. Caesar was informed by ambassadors (i. e. by means of
ambassadors), Caesar certior factus est per legates.
3. Caesar was informed by letter, Caesar certior factus
est literis (or per literas if the letters were official
documents used expressly as means of information).
6. The English ON ACCOUNT OF, FOR, FROM, FOR THE SAKE
OF, THROUGH, denoting cause, occasion, or motive, though oftenest
expressed by the ablative alone, are frequently also rendered by
prepositions : as,
1. It happened through my fault, mea culpa accidit.
2. On account of the pleasure from conversation I delight
in entertainments, propter sermonis delectationem
conviviis delector.
3. We love the good for their virtues, bonos dlligimus
propter virtutes (so pro meritis).
4. He could not speak for grief, loqui prae maerore non
potuit.
So the phrases : ex quo, on ivhicji account ; ex eo quod,
for the reason that; per aetatem, by reason of age ; quam ob
rem, wherefore. See also Lesson 18.
c. A Quality is very often expressed in English by a noun
with the preposition OF : as, a man of worth, a tale of horror.
In Latin an adjective must be used in such cases, except when the
noun of quality has an adjective connected with it, when it may be
put either in the genitive or ablative : generally the latter when the
noun describes a physical trait. Thus
1. A man of valor, vir fortis (or fortissimus}.
2. A man of eminent valor, vir egreffiae virtutis.
3. A man of bodily strength and beauty, liomo validus et
pitlcJier.
4. Achilles was a man of very great strength and remark-
able beauty, Achilles vir erat summis viribus et
exinnia pulchritudine.
30 Latin Composition.
d. Manner in English WITH or IN is in Latin usually ex-
pressed by an Adverb when there is one ; otherwise by the
ablative, often with cum (see 54, 7. b) : as,
1. With care, accurate (or, cum cur a).
2. In silence, tacite (or, silentio).
3. In the most friendly manner, amicissime.
4. With the greatest zeal, summo studio.
e. The Price of a thing, usually given in English with the
preposition FOR or AT, when a definite sum is stated, is
expressed in Latin by the Ablative ; but indefinite price or value
is expressed by the Genitives of Quantity (tanti, quanti, &c.),
given in 54, 8. a. These Genitives often answer to the use of
an adverb in English, such as highly, slightly, not-at-all, used with
expressions of value or esteem. Thus
1. How much does this house sell for? ten thousand ses-
terces. Quanti hae aedes veneunt? decies mille
mimmis.
2. I esteem Plato very highly, but the truth more, Platonem
permagni sed veritatem pluris aestimo.
Exercise 12.
i. The Veneti had much confidence in their forti-
fied positions. Their coasts were fringed with pro-
montories and peninsulas, and, relying on their strong
ships, fully armed and supplied 1 with leathern sails,
they were not alarmed even by the greatest tempests
of the ocean. 2. A liar 2 hath need of a good memory,
but truth is always consistent with itself. 3. I offer
myself to thee, O Hercules ! because thou art de-
scended from the gods, and givest proofs of that descent
by thy love of virtue. 4. Great things are achieved
by great exertions, and glory was never the reward of
sloth. 5. The Sabines, like most other mountaineers,
were brave, hardy, and frugal ; and even the Romans
looked-up 3 to them [with admiration] on account of
their honesty and temperance. 6. Remus leaped in 4
1 ornatus. 2 Dative. 8 admiror. 4 per.
Cases: Cause, &c. 31
scorn over his brother's wall. 7. Romulus appeared
after [his] death to Proculus in more-than-mortal l
beauty. 8. Augustus lived with republican simplicity 2
in a plain 3 house on the Palatine [hill], and educated
his family with great strictness 4 and frugality. 4 9. Vi-
tellius was remarkable for his gluttony 5 and his coarse 6
vices. 10. Demosthenes listened awhile to the bland
professions of Archias, the actor, but at length replied,
"Archias, you never won me by your acting, nor will
you now by your promises." n. Columbus entered
the hall surrounded by a brilliant crowd of cavaliers,
among whom he was conspicuous for his stately and
commanding person. 7 12. To the English it was a
night of 8 hope, fear, suspense, [and] anxiety. They
had been wasted by disease, broken with fatigue, and
weakened by the many privations which are wont to
attend 9 an army marching through a hostile country.
But they were supported by the spirit and confidence
of their gallant leader, and by the recollection of
victories won by their fathers. 13. The forests have
given place to ^cultivated fields, the morass is dried
up, the land has become solid, and is covered with
habitations. A countless multitude, living in 10 peace
and abundance upon the fruits of their 'labors, has
succeeded to the tribes of hunters who were always
contending with war and famine. What has pro-
duced these wonders? What has renovated the sur-
face of the earth? The name of this beneficent
genius n is Security.
1 divinus. 2 cultus moderatits (abl.). 8 minime sumptuosus.
4 Adverbs. 6 intemperantia gulae. * turpis.
7 habitus corporis. 8 plena. 9 esse 10 /, ablative. n dea.
32 Latin Composition.
Lesson 14.
Cases. 5. Separation and Comparison.
LEARN 54, i. with a, 3, c, d (ablative of Separa-
tion) ; 51, 2. e (dative with Compounds) ; 54, 5.
with a ; 6. e (ablative of Comparison and Degree of
Difference).
a. The relations denoted in English by FROM or OF in such
phrases as to deprive of, to be free from, in want of, and the like
are in Latin expressed by the ablative : as,
1. He is free from terror, caret formidine.
2. To retire from office, abire magistratu.
3. A city stripped of defence, urbs nuda praesidio.
4. A man without a country, homo qui caret patria.
5. You will relieve me of great fear, magno me metu
liberabis.
N. B. Motion from a place is regularly expressed by means of
prepositions (see Lesson 17).
b. When a thing is said to be taken away from a person, the
dative is almost always used instead of the ablative : as,
1. He took a ring from the woman, mulieri anulum
detraxit.
2. You have robbed me of my property, bona mihi abstu-
listi.
c. The uses of the ablative with the Comparative may be seen
in the following :
1. Nothing is dearer to a man than life, niJiil homini vita
est carius.
2. Quicker than one would think, opinione celerius.
3. Much more rich than wise, multo divitior quatn sapir
entior.
4. The more dangerous the disease the more praised the
physician, quo periculosior morbus eo laudatior
medicus.
5. The more virtuously one lives, the less he will injure
others, quanto quis vivit honestius tanto minus
nocebit aliis.
6. Not more than two hundred horsemen escaped, hand
amplius ducenti equites effugerunt.
Cases: Separation and Comparison. 33
Exercise 13.
i. The orator Hortensius was eight years older
than Cicero. 2. Licinius liberated the plebeians 1
from an oppressive bondage. 3. Rome was now de-
prived of almost all her allies. 4. The constitution 2
of Lucius Cornelius took from the knights the judicial-
power 3 which they had exercised since the times of
the Gracchi. 5. Men are much less in bulk than
very many animals. 6. Grief and indignation de-
prived Marius of utterance. 4 7. Antisthenes, the
Cynic, was once very sick, 5 and cried out, " Who will
deliver me from these torments?" 6 Then said Dio-
genes, who by chance was by, "This knife, if you
will." w I do not say from my life," he 7 replied, " but
from my disease." 8. The archbishop tore the diadem
from the head of the statue, and the image, thus
despoiled of its honors, was thrown upon the ground.
9. The aged Nestor boasts his virtues, nor seems to
be too loquacious ; for his speech, says Homer, flowed
from his tongue sweeter than honey. 10. Hesiod was
robbed of a fair share of his heritage by the un-
righteous decision of judges who had been bribed by
his brother Perses. The latter was afterwards de-
prived of his property, and asked relief of 8 his
brother, n. Alcaeus, for instance, cheered by his
songs the nobles who had been driven into-exile. 9
12. After the expulsion of the kings, 10 a new office
was created at Rome, called the dictatorship, greater
than the consulship. This dignity, however, was dis-
continued after the second Punic war. The stronger
1 plebs (sing.). 2 instituta (plur.). 3 judicium. 4 vox.
6 gramter aegrotare. 6 malum. 7 ille. 8 a.
B e patria (abl.). l post reges exactos.
3
34 Latin Composition.
the Republic became, the less it needed this extraor-
dinary power. But in 1 the civil war it was revived
by order of the people, and conferred upon Sulla,
who afterwards resigned it and became a private
citizen.
1 Ablative.
Lesson 15.
Cases. 6. Special Uses of the Genitive.
LEARN 50, 2. with Remarks i. 2. 3 (Partitive
genitive) ; 3. a (Objective genitive with nouns).
a. When in English one noun is closely connected with another
by a preposition, the genitive is commonly used in Latin, no matter
what the preposition is in English (objective Genitive : see exam-
ples under 50, 3. a) : as,
1. Prayer to the gods, precatio deorum.
2. Escape from danger, fug a periculi.
3. Power over every thing, potestas omnium rerum.
4. Pain in the head, dolor capitis.
5. Confidence in one's strength, fiducia virium.
6. Departure from life, excessus vitae.
7. Subject for jests, materia jocorutn.
8. Struggle for office, contentio honorum,
9. Relief from duty, vacatio muneris,
10. Difference in politics, rei publicae dissensio.
11. Reputation for valor, opinio virtutis.
12. Union -with Caesar, conjunctio Caesaris.
13. Victory in war, victoria belli.
14. Devotion to us, studium nostri.
15. Grief for his son, luctus filii.
1 6. A means of guarding against troubles, cautio incotn-
modorum.
NOTE. Nouns which denote feeling often take the accusative
with in, erga, adversus, ad, instead of an objective genitive.
Prepositions are also used when the relation is very remote. (See
examples under 50, 3. d).
Cases: The Genitive. 35
b. Wherever the relation expressed by a noun with a preposi-
tion (especially OF) can be .viewed as a quality of the modified
noun, the Latin prefers to use an adjective : just as in English we
say, the Boston massacre; the Jackson administration; the
Socratic philosophy ; the touch of the royal hand, &c. (compare
examples in Lesson 5). Thus
1. The shout of the enemy, clamor hostilis.
2. Jealousy of the Senate, invidia senatoria.
3. Confidence in you, flducia tua (more commonly tui).
4. The Cyrus of Xenophon, Cyrus Xenophonteus.
c. Where a word denoting a whole is used with another
denoting a part (English OF, IN, AMONG), it is regularly put in
the genitive. (But notice carefully the Remarks on page 116 of
the Grammar.) The peculiarities of the construction are seen
in the following idiomatic phrases :
1. Enough money, satis pecuniae.
2. More learning than wisdom, plus doctrinae quant pru-
dentiae.
3. One of a thousand, unus de multis.
4. Alone of all, solus ex> omnibus (or omnium}.
5. At that age, id aetatis.
6. Nowhere in the world, nusquam gentitim.
7. Of the two consuls one was killed and the other
wounded, duo consules alter est interfecttis alter
vulneratus.
Exercise 14.
i. On his way 1 to prison Phocion suffered some 2
gross 3 insults from the populace with-meekness 4 and
dignity. 5 2. Two wives of the German king, Ariovis-
tus, perished ; of their daughters, one was slain,
another captured. 3. We have not yet discussed 6
the principal wages of virtue and the greatest of the
prizes that are held out to it. 4. From his boyhood 7
the Roman soldier was schooled to 8 habitual 9 indifFer-
1 cum duceretur. 2 quidam. 8 gravis. 4 submisse.
6 cui?t (with abl.). * disserere de. 7 a puero.
8 Ablative. 9 perpetuus.
36 Latin Composition.
ence to [his own] life. 5. During 1 the holidays in
summer 2 the young men exercise themselves with 3
sports. 6. To what a degree of brutality will excess
of misery debase human nature! 7. Cneius Lentu-
lus, a military tribune, said to the wounded consul,
" Lucius ymilius, whom the gods ought to favor as
the only [person] free-from 4 the blame of this day's
disaster, take this horse while you have any remains
of strength. 5 Do-not 6 add to the horror of this day 7
by the death of a consul. Even without that, there is
abundant [cause for] tears and mourning." 8. I will
recount the delights and pleasures in this age of
eighty-three, which I now take, and on account of
which men generally account me happy. 9. Many
inventions greatly facilitate success in the chase. The
most singular of these, is a poison in which they dip
their arrows. The slightest wound with these en-
venomed shafts is mortal. 10. Hannibal, after his defeat
at Zama, served his country in peace, n. Many men
expose themselves to death for the sake of power;
but this king resigned his crown because his love for
his dominion, his affection for his subjects, and his re-
gard for their interests were greater than his desire for
power. 12. The conspirators divided into three parties.
One was posted near the governor's house, a second
secured the approaches to the market-place, a third
hastened to the quarter of the tombs, and awaited
the signal for the fight. 13. Not only was Brutus's
life saved at the battle of Pharsalus, but, restored to
the state after the death of Pompey, along with many
of his friends, he had also great influence with 8 Caesar.
1 Ablative. 8 Adjective. 8 in. 4 insons.
5 dum aliquid superest virium. e ne (perf. subj.).
7 Lit. "make this day one-of-horror" (funestus}. 8 apud.
Use of Two Cases. 37
Lesson 16.
Cases. 7. Use of Two Cases.
1. REVIEW 51, i. with d ; 2. with c (Accusative
and Dative) ; 52, 2. with a, b, c, d (two Accusa-
tives). Learn 50, 4. a, b, c (Verbs of Reminding,
Accusing, &c., with the Impersonate miseret, &c.).
2. A verb in English, besides its object, has often
another modifying noun with a preposition. Such
nouns are in Latin usually put in the case correspond-
ing to the English preposition, though sometimes a
preposition is expressed.
a. The Accusative and Dative (compare Lesson 10, b\ in such
phrases as
1. He laid the burden on my shoulders, humeris meis
onus imposuit.
2. I do not envy Crassus for his wealth (I do not grudge
wealth to Crassus), Crasso divitias non invideo.
3. Caesar required ten hostages of the Helvetians, Caesar
Helvetiis decem obsides imperavit.
. NOTE. In these cases notice the Latin idiom, as it often
differs from the English ; and observe carefully the construction
of each verb as given in the Vocabulary.
b. Accusative and Genitive, in such phrases as
1. You remind me of my duty, me mones officii.
2. He accuses me of theft, arguit me furti.
3. I repent of my folly, meae me stultitiae paenitet.
4. I am weary of life, me vitae taedet (weary with toil,
fessus labore).
c. Two Accusatives : i. One in Apposition (see Lesson 2) ;
2. With verbs of Asking and Teaching :
Paneetius taught Scipio the Greek philosophy, Panaetiiis
Scipionem Graecarn docuit philosophiam.
38 Latin Composition.
Exercise 15.
i. The men-of-Minturnae 1 repented of their un-
grateful conduct towards 2 a man who had been the
safety of Italy. 2. The younger Marius put an end
to his own life. 3 3. In the proscriptions of Sulla, to
many a man who belonged to no party an estate or a
house was his destruction. For although the property
of the proscribed belonged to the state, yet the friends
of Sulla purchased it at-a-nominal-price. 4 4. Marius
upbraided the nobles 5 [with] their effeminacy and
idleness, and proudly compared his own words and
exploits with their indolence and ignorance. His
election was a great victory for the common-people,
and a great humiliation to the aristocracy. 5. The
great numbers of the enemy were a hindrance rather
than a help to them. 6. Polybius taught the noble-
men of Rome their own municipal law. 7. O
Jupiter ! give us those things that are-good-for 6 us !
8. Praise is to an old man an empty sound. I have
outlived my friends and my rivals. Nothing is now
of much account to me. 9. An exile and a menial
muttered the last farewell to Pompey, the mighty
victor of the East, the powerful lord of the Roman
Senate. 10. The Senate distributed provinces and
suitable honors among the partisans of Brutus, n.
The noblest of the Romans were ashamed of the
victory by which they had avenged the disgrace of
the Caudine Forks. 12. Old age is 7 most irksome 7
to the poor. 8 13. Publius Autronius and Servius Cor-
nelius Sulla had been elected consuls, but were con-
victed of bribery. Catiline also, who wished to
1 Minturnensis. 2 erga. 3 mortem sibi consciscere.
4 minima. & Dative. 6 convenire. 7 piget. 8 Accusative.
Cases: Time and Place.
39
become a candidate, had been impeached l for oppres-
sion in his province by Publius Clodius. 14. Cains
Mucius was seized by the guards and brought before
the king, who threatened him with cruel tortures.
But he said, " See now how little your torments terrify 2
me." Then he plunged his right hand into the
fire of an altar that burned near by, and held it in
the flames, by which it was wholly consumed. From
this act the name Sccevola was given him, which
signifies He that uses the left hand. 15. The second
secession extorted from the patricians again a second 3
great charter 4 of liberty. The people had become
tired of the decemvirs, and were dissatisfied 5 with
their measures ; for which reason they retired from
[their] office, and 'the people elected ten tribunes.
The decemvirs were then accused of treason, and
some were condemned to death, others committed
suicide. Two consuls were elected, and the Valerian
and Horatian laws were passed. The plebeians were
still, however, debarred from marriage with the patri-
cians.
1 reus fieri. * Subjunctive. 3 alter. 4 pignus. 3 paenitet.
Lesson 17.
Cases. 8. Time and Place.
LEARN 55, i. with a; 2. and b; 3 (reading Note),
with a, b, c, d, /, 2. and 4 ; also Remark under 56,
I. c.
a. Many expressions have in Latin the construction of time
when, where in English time is not the main idea : as,
1. In the fight at Cannae, pugna Cannensi (or apud
C annas}.
2. At the Roman games, ludis Romanis.
3. In all the wars of Gaul, omnibus Gallicis Itellis.
40 Latin Composition.
6. In many expressions of time the accusative with ad, in, or
sub, is used. Such are the following :
1. A thanksgiving was voted for the 1st of January, suppli-
catio de&reta est in Kalendas Januarias.
2. They assembled at the [appointed] day, convenerunt ad
diem.
3. Till evening, > ad vesperum .
Towards (about) evening, )
4. About the same time, sub idem tempus.
c. Time either during or within which may be expressed by
a noun in the singular, with an ordinal numeral : as,
1. Within (just) four days, quinto die.
2. He has reigned going on six years, regnat jam sextum
annum. But also
3. He has already reigned for six years, regnavit jam sex
annos.
d. Distance of time before or after any thing is variously ex-
pressed : as,
1. Three years after, post (or before, ante) tres annos,
post tertium annum, tres post annos, tertium
post annum, tribus post annis, tertio post anno.
2. Three years after his banishment, tribus annis (tertio
anno) post exsilium (post guam ejectus est).
3. "Within the last three years, his tribus proximis annis.
4. A few years hence, paucis annis.
5. Three years ago, aMiinc annos tres (tribus annis) ;
ante hos tres annos.
6. It is three years since, triennium est cum (tres anni
sunt cum).
e. The time of day is only counted by hours, beginning at
sunrise (prima, secunda hora) ; the time of night by watches,
(vigiliae), of which there were four from sunset to sunrise.
/. The names of the Months are adjectives, and agree either
with mensis or with the parts into which the month was divided
in the complicated Roman system, for which see Grammar, 84.
g. The year is expressed by the names of the consuls in the
Ablative Absolute. Modern dates may be expressed by the year
after the birth of Christ (post Christum natum).
Cases: Time and Place. 41
h. With names of places (except Towns, &c., see 55, 3), TO
is expressed by in or ad with the accusative ; IN by in or ab, with
the ablative ; FROM by ab, de, ex, with the ablative. But AT,
meaning near (not /), is expressed with all names of place by ad
or apud, with the accusative.
REMARK. Notice that, when several names of place follow a
verb of motion, all must be under the same construction. Thus
"Within four days after this was done the matter was
reported to Chrysogonus in Sulla's camp at Volaterrse,
quadriduo quo haec gesta sunt res ad Chryso-
ffontim in castra L. Sullae Volaterras defertur.
Notice also that the meaning of the Latin verb must be con-
sidered in relations of place : as,
1. He arrived in Spain, pervenit in Hispaniam.
2. He arrived at Rome, pervenit Romam.
3. They assembled in the Senate-house, convenerunt in
curiam.
4. He brought his army together in one place, coegit exer-
citum in unum locum.
Exercise 16.
I. After the death of Lucretia, Brutus threw off his
assumed stupidity, and placed himself at the head 1 of
her friends. They carried the body into the market-
place [of ]Collatia. 2 There 3 the people took up arms
and renounced the Tarquins. A number-of 4 young
men attended the funeral-procession 5 to Rome. Bru-
tus summoned the people 6 [and] related 7 the deed-of-
shame. 8 All classes were influenced with the same
indignation. 9 By order of the people Tarquin was
deposed, 10 and, along with his family, was banished
from the city. Brutus now set out for the army at
Ardea. 11 Tarquin in the meantime had hastened to
1 Lit. " added himself as leader." 2 Accusative. 3 Relative.
4 plures. 5 exsequiae funeris. e convocato populo.
7 narrare de. 9 f acinus flagitiosum. dolor et indignatio.
10 regnum abrogari (with dat). n Accusative.
42 Latin Composition.
Rome, but found the gates closed against him.
Brutus was received with joy at Ardea, and the army
renounced [their] allegiance 1 to the tyrant. Tar-
quin, with his two sons, Titus and Aruns, took refuge
at Caere, in Etruria. Sextus fled to Gabii, where he
was shortly after murdered by the friends of those
whom he had put to death. Tarquin had reigned
twenty-two years when he was driven from Rome. In
memory of this event an annual festival was celebrated
on the 24th of February, called the Regifugium.
2. Jugurtha was taken prisoner. The 2 great traitor
fell by the treachery of his nearest relatives. Lucius
Sulla brought the crafty and restless Numidian in
chains, 8 along with his children, to the Roman head-
quarters ; and the war, which had lasted for seven
years, was at an end. The glory of this victory was
given to Marius. King Jugurtha, in 4 royal robes and
in chains, along with his two sons, preceded the tri-
umphal chariot of the victor, when-he-entered 5 Rome
two years afterwards, on January ist, B. c. 104. By
order of Marius, the son 6 of the desert perished a few
days afterwards in the subterranean city prison.
1 obedientiam abicio. 2 ille. 3 vinctus catenis.
4 regie vestitus. 5 Participle. 6 alumnus.
Lesson 18.
Cases. 9. Prepositions.
1. LEARN 56, I. with a, b, c ; 2. comparing 42,
i. #, , , and 3 (Use of Prepositions) ; also 52, I.
d; 2. b (compounds of circum and trans).
2. In general, the use of prepositions in Latin is
the same as in English. They are always followed
Cases : Prepositions. 43
either by the Accusative or Ablative : those implying
motion towards an object for the most part taking the
accusative, and those implying rest in, or motion
from an object ', the ablative.
NOTE. There are very many idiomatic uses of prepositions,
for which see the Examples in 42, 2. and consult the Lexicon.
a. Position is frequently expressed in Latin with ab (rarely
ex), properly meaning yr^w . as,
1. In the rear, a tergo.
2. On the side of Pompey, a parte Pompeiana.
3. On the left hand, a sinistra (compare nine, on this side}.
4. On the other side, eoc altera parte.
5. In a great degree, magna em parte*
b. In the choice of prepositions the Latin point of view must
be carefully observed, as in many cases it differs from our own
(see Remark under 56, i. c}. Thus
1. To put clothes into a chest, ponere vestes in area.
2. To choose in one's place, in alicujus locum deliyere.
3. To fight on horseback, ex eqruo piignare.
4. It was reported in camp, in castra nuntiatum est.
5. To go on board ship, conscendere in navem (more com-
monly without the preposition).
6. To send a man a letter, vnittere (dare) literas ad
aliquem,. But
7. To give one a letter (to carry), dare literas alicui.
c. In many cases where a preposition is used in English, Latin
has the preposition compounded with a verb or implied in it. In
such cases the construction of the Latin verb must be observed
(see Dictionary) : as,
1. To go over a river, flumen transire.
2. To take one's forces across a river, copias flumen
transducere.
3. To go beyond the boundaries, egredi fines (or out of
the city, eoc urbe).
4. To fly from the enemy, fugere hostes.
5. To get into one's favor, inire alicujus gratiam.
44 Latin Composition .
NOTE. When a verb with a Preposition in English is repre-
sented in Latin by one of the compounds of 51, 2. d (ad, ante,
con, &c.), it is commonly followed by the dative. If, however,
the compound represents a verb qualified by an Adverb, it retains
its original construction : as, insidet equo, he sits upon a horse;
but, convocat suos, he calls his men together.
Exercise 17.
1. Without intelligence and goodness bodily gifts
are 1 of little 2 worth. 1
2. Besides life and sense (which he has in common
with 3 the brutes), there is in man 4 something more
exalted, more pure, and that more nearly approaches 5
to divinity.
3. It was an arduous [undertaking] to conduct such 6
a body of men through hostile nations, across swamps
and rivers which had never been passed by any one
except roving barbarians. But they penetrated a good
way into the mountains. Then, however, a chief
appeared, with a numerous body, in a narrow-pass.
But men who had surmounted so many obstacles
despised the opposition of such feeble enemies. 12
4. As I was hurrying through the town a group of
boys ran before me, crying out, Agamemnon ! Agamem-
non! I went on behind them, and they led me to the
tomb of the king of kings, a gigantic structure, 7 for
the most part in-good-preservation, 8 of a conical form,
and covered with turf. The stone over the door is
twenty-seven feet long 9 and seventeen wide ; larger
than any hewn 10 stone in the world, except Pompey's
pillar. The royal sepulchre was forsaken and empty ;
the shepherd shelters his flock within it ; the traveller
sits under its shade, and at-that-moment n a goat was
1 valere. 2 Superlative. 8 commune esse \alicut\ cum, 4 Plural.
5 prope abesse. 6 tantum agmen. ' moles. 8 incolumis.
9 in longitudinem. 10 quadratus. n turn maxime.
12 tarn exiguam vim hostium.
Verbs: Narrative Tenses. 45
dozing 1 quietly in [one] corner. I turned-away 2
[and] left him 3 in quiet possession. The boys were
waiting outside the door, and crying, Afycencel My-
cen&I led rne away from the place.
5. I have at length arrived at Cadiz. I came
across the bay yesterday morning, and have estab-
lished myself in very pleasant rooms which look out
upon the public square of the city. The morning sun
awakes me, and the sea-breeze comes in at my
window. At night the square is lighted by lamps
suspended from the trees, and thronged with a brilliant
crowd of the young and gay. Cadiz is beautiful
almost beyond-imagination. 4
1 dormito (imperfect). 2 Participle. 3 Relative.
4 supra qiiain quis animo concipere possit.
Lesson 19.
Verbs. !. Narrative Tenses.
1. LEARN 58, i. 2. with a, d; 3. with , c;
5, 6 (Present and Past Tenses of the Indicative) ;
57, 8. h (Historical Infinitive). Also, review 27, 3
(use of the Perfect and Imperfect).
2. The narrative tenses in Latin are used nearly as
in English. But
a. The Present is used much oftener than in English to express
a past action more vividly.
&. The ordinary English past tense is represented in Latin
sometimes by the Perfect (historical), and sometimes by the Im-
perfect. (For the distinction see 27, 3.) But the use of
the Imperfect depends not so much on the actual duration
of the action as upon the way in which the writer wishes to
represent it. Thus
46 Latin Composition .
1. Cicero lived sixty-three years, Cicero viocit
annos. [Here the action, though of long duration, is stated
as a simple fact.]
2. Bibulus watched the heavens, while Caesar held the elec-
tion, Eibulus de caelo servabat, eum Caesar
comitia habebat, or habuit. [Here the action, though
brief, is represented as continuing.]
3. Homer flourished before the founding of Rome, Homerus
fuit ante Romam conditam.
4. Homer was more skilled than Hesiod, Homerus doctior
erat Hesiodo.
c. In rapid narrative, the English past tense is often rendered
by the simple (historical) Infinitive, with its subject in the nomina-
tive. This construction also often corresponds with the English
"began to." (For examples, see Grammar, p. 156.)
d. Customary action is represented in general by the Present,
and in past tense by the Imperfect; though soleo, and similar
words, are often used (but much less commonly than in English)
to give emphasis to the fact of custom. Thus
1. He was always praising Milo, laudabat semper Milo-
nem*
2. He would often play with his children, saepe cum
pueris ludebat.
3. It was a habit of Quintus Mucius to tell, Q. HMucius
narrare solebat.
e. The beginning of an action is often expressed by the Present
or Imperfect, especially with jam : as,
1. I begin to feel like dancing, jam lubet saltare.
2. They stood up and began to applaud, stantes plaude-
bant.
f. The English compound perfect is often expressed in Latin
(when the action still continues) by the present, with some word
denoting duration of time. The same usage with the imperfect is
more rare.
1. We have suffered many years, multos annos patimur.
2. We have long been involved in dangers, jam diu in
periculis versamur.
3. The forces which they had long been getting ready,
copiae quas diu comparabant.
Verbs: Narrative Tenses. 47
Exercise 18.
1. The Tiber had overflowed its banks far and
wide. 1 The cradle in which the babes were placed
was stranded at the foot of the Palatine, and over-
turned on the root of a wild fig-tree. A she-wolf,
which had come to drink 2 of 3 the stream, came to
them from time to time, and suckled them. When 4
they wanted other food, the woodpecker, a bird sacred
to Mars, brought it to them. At length this marvellous
spectacle was seen 5 by Faustulus the king's shepherd,
who took the children home to his wife Acca La-
rentia. They were called Romulus and Remus, and
grew up with the sons of their foster-parents 6 on the
Palatine Hill.
2. Then Nasica rushed out of the Senate-house,
followed 7 by many of the Senators. The people made 8
way for them, broke up 8 the benches, and armed 8 them-
selves with sticks, and rushed 8 upon Tiberius and his
friends. The tribune 9 fled to the temple of Jupiter ;
but the door had been barred by the priests, and in
his flight he fell over a prostrate body. As 10 he was
rising, he received the first blow from one of his
colleagues, and was quickly despatched.
3. Pyrrhus was at first victorious ; for his own
talents were superior to those of the captains who
were opposed to him, and the Romans were not pre-
pared for the onset of the elephants of the East, which
were then for the first time seen in Italy as it were
moving mountains, with long snakes for hands. But
the victories of the Epirots were fiercely disputed,
1 late. z potum (supine). 3 ^(acc.). 4 cum (with indie.).
5 conspicere. 6 altores. 7 comitatus. 8 Hist. Inf.
9 ille. 10 cum (with imperf. subj.).
48 Latin Composition.
dearly purchased, and altogether unprofitable. At
length Manius Curius Dentatus, who had in his first
consulship won two triumphs, was again placed at
the head of the Roman commonwealth, and sent to
encounter the invaders. A great battle was fought
near Beneventum, in which Pyrrhus was completely
defeated.
4. Cato was an unfeeling and cruel master. His
conduct towards his slaves was detestable. After
dinner he would often severely chastise them, thong
in hand, for some trifling act of negligence, and some-
times condemned them to death. When they were
worn out or useless, he sold them or turned them out
of doors. He treated the lower animals no better.
His war-horse, which had borne him through his
campaign in Spain, he sold in-that-country. 1 In his
old age he sought gain with increasing eagerness, but
never attempted to profit by the misuse of his public
functions. He accepted no bribes, he reserved no
booty to his own use ; but he became a speculator, not
only in slaves, but in buildings, artificial waters, and
pleasure-grounds. In this, as in other points, 2 he
was a representative of the old Romans, who were a
money-getting 3 and money-loving 4 people.
1 ibi. 8 res. 3 quaestuosus. 4 avarus.
Lesson 20.
Verbs. 58. The Passive Voice.
i. LEARN 23, 3 (use of the Passive) ; 35, i. h
(gerundive of Deponents) ; 40, b (second Peri-
phrastic Conjugation).
Review 51, 4. a, b (dative of Agent) ; 54, 4
(ablative of Agent).
Verbs: The Passive Voice. 49
2. The Passive in Latin is often employed where in
English we prefer the Active. The principal cases
are the following :
a. The Impersonal use of neuter verbs in the passive (compare
39, cj and Method, Lesson 20, Obs. 3) : as,
1. They live on plunder, ex, rapto vivitur.
2. They fought fiercely on both sides, acriter utrimque
pugnatum est.
b. This impersonal use is the regular way of representing the
English passive, where the corresponding Latin verb does not
govern the accusative (see 51, 2. f) : as,
1. The commander is relieved (by the appointment of a successor),
imperatori succeditur.
2. I am persuaded that this is true, mihi persuasum est
hoc esse verum.
3. These things are done more easily than they are resisted,
facllius haec flunt quam his resistitur.
4. This subject was much discussed, tie hac re multum
disputation est.
5. Let the influence of friends be employed, and when em-
ployed obeyed, amicorum, auctoritas adhibeatur
et adhibitae pareatur.
c. The most common way of expressing the English ought,
must, and the like, is by some form of esse with the Gerundive,
which in this construction is always PASSIVE, no matter which
voice is used in English (compare 73, 2. Note) : as,
1. Nobody is to be blamed, nemo culpandus est.
2. We must do every thing, omnia nobis sunt facienda.
3. All must die, omnibus moriendum est.
4. We must resist old age (or old age must be resisted),
senectuti resistendum est.
d. When the Subject of the action is indefinite, the Latin
generally prefers the passive construction (compare 
