I California
Regional
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<J
THE
ELEMENTS
OF
SYRIAC GRAMMAR.
BY THE
REV. GEORGE PHILLIPS, M.A.
FELLOW AND TUTOR OF QUEENS' COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE.
CAMBRIDGE:
PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, FOR
J. AND J. J. DEIGHTON, CAMBRIDGE,
AND
JOHN W. PARKER, LONDON.
M.DCCC.XXXVII.
PREFACE.
THE following " Elements of Syriac Grammar" are
intended for the assistance of those Students in He-
brew, who are desirous of extending their studies to
the Syriac Language. This is easily accomplished in
consequence of the close affinity, which exists between
the two languages both in their structure as well as
in the multitude of words which they possess in com-
mon. A small portion only of time and labour is
quite sufficient for the Hebrew scholar to obtain a
moderate knowledge of Syriac. It is indeed so nearly
allied to Hebrew and especially to Chaldee, that after
he has read the Chaldee parts of the Bible, he may
at once proceed to the reading of Syriac, and it
is important that he should not neglect the acqui-
sition of it, since the advantages to be derived will
amply repay him for whatever trouble he may bestow
upon the subject. There is no necessity to give a
minute statement of these advantages; but it may be
mentioned that the Syriac Language supplies one
source of valuable information for the criticism of the
2094330
Pl< K K ACE.
Hebrew Bible. By an examination of a Hebrew word
as it is used in this language, essential service has been
rendered in elucidating many difficult and important
passages of Holy Writ, and it has been the constant
practice of commentators to have recourse to Syriac,
whenever the Text of the Old Testament fails to estab-
lish satisfactorily the signification of a word. In such
case every person allows that a reference to Syriac is
one of the legitimate means to be employed in deter-
mining the sense of a passage, and although this lan-
guage is inferior to Arabic in the extent and variety
of its literature; it is nevertheless superior as regards
its much more intimate connection with the original
language of the Bible.
But the great claim as it appears to me, which the
Syriac has on the attention of that class of persons,
for whose use this book is intended, consists in the Syriac
New Testament. The high antiquity of this Version
and its use in the early established Syriac Church stamp
an importance on it, which can be assigned to no other,
and if to these circumstances be added another, that
the Syriac Language is so nearly the same as that
spoken in Palestine in the first age of Christianity,
that by many persons it has been termed the vernacular
language of our Lord, it must be allowed that the
Syriac New Testament possesses a value inferior only
PREFACE.
to that which belongs to the Original. Michaelis
devoted his great talents to the study of Syriac and
to an examination of the Syriac Version. In his Intro-
duction to the New Testament, he has endeavoured
to fix the period when that Version was made, and
after bringing forward many cogent arguments in favour
of its high antiquity has inferred that it must have
existed, either at the end of the first or the beginning
of the second century. This great age and its frequent
deviation from the common reading in passages of im-
portance must recommend the use of it to every critic,
and the truth is that it has been more used than all
other sources of critical assistance together.
From these remarks it will obviously appear desirable
that the Hebrew scholar should acquire a knowledge
of the Syriac Testament ; especially as that knowledge
can be so easily obtained. To facilitate the acquirement
of it has been my chief inducement in sending forth
this elementary Grammar to the public. I have been
also further encouraged to do it from the growing
attention there is at the present time to Hebrew and
oriental studies in this Country. It is to be wished
that this attention will continue to increase, and that
before the lapse of many years some acquaintance with
the Hebrew Bible will be generally sought after by the
ministers of our Church. There may be some persons
PREFACE.
who will not join in this wish, and I am aware that it
has been urged by many, who are indifferent or are
opposed to the cultivation of Hebrew learning, that no
new doctrines can be discovered from the Hebrew Bible,
and that therefore the English Translation will supply
every want. To this it may be replied that the Greek
Testament contains no doctrines which are not to be
found in our English Version ; that this Version is
not inferior to that of the Old Testament in the fidelity
of its execution, and that therefore the same reason
may be brought forward for the abandonment of the
original.
It is one of the Articles of our Church that " the
Old Testament is not contrary to the New; for both
in the Old and New Testament everlasting life is
offered to mankind by Christ." I do not see therefore
on what principle the Hebrew Bible is not to be deemed
as important for all purposes of divinity as the Greek
Testament: indeed no arguments can be advanced in
favour of a knowledge of the latter, which will not
most certainly apply with equal force for a knowledge of
the former. But although the Hebrew Bible will not
disclose to its reader any new doctrines of religion;
there is something else which it will do. It will teach
him the primary signification of words, and thus present
to him many expressions with additional force and
PREFACE. Vll
enable him to form his own opinion and put his own
interpretation on many particular passages. This is a
benefit which is to be acquired from the Hebrew Bible,
and which will be found of immense value to the
Minister in his public Exposition of the Scriptures. It
may be also observed that if the candidate for Holy
Orders were encouraged to enter on the study of Hebrew,
the circumstance could not fail to be beneficial to him
in no ordinary degree. It would compel him to read
the Scriptures more frequently, to examine important
parts more critically, and would consequently make him
more familiar with the contents of the Bible than would
otherwise be the case. That pursuit which obliges the
Minister, or the candidate for the ministry, to study
the Scriptures cannot be adopted without advantage. It
will exercise an influence over all the powers of his mind
and the whole tenour of his life. It will fix his thoughts
on those matters which pertain to his profession, and
it may serve as the beginning and be made the basis
of a sound course of Theological reading. In the early
periods of the reformation, when the great questions at
issue between the contending parties could be decided
only by a reference to the Scriptures in their original
tongues, Hebrew and oriental literature were zealously
pursued, and there arose in those times men, who have
rendered their names imperishable as much by their
profound skill in Hebrew learning, as by the part which
viii PHEFACE.
they sustained in emancipating their country from
Popish tyranny. That was the time when oriental
literature flourished most in England, and it was be-
cause of the great proficiency which our venerahle re-
formers possessed in this branch of study, that with the
aid of God's Holy Spirit, they were enabled to dispel
the superstitions of Papacy.
There is also another point not to be forgotten in
estimating the importance of the subject now under
consideration. In these days many laudable attempts
are made to convert the Jews to Christianity. These
attempts deserve every encouragement ; for it must be
confessed that of all the people who are sitting in dark-
ness, none possess a greater claim on our exertions ;
none can appeal more strongly to our sense of duty
and our feelings of gratitude ; than the descendants
of that people, to whom were entrusted for so many
ages "the oracles of God," and from whom sprung the
first disciples and teachers of our faith. But whilst
we ought to take an interest in the eternal welfare
of our Jewish brethren and to use every effort to
bring them within the pale of the Christian Church ;
it may at the same time be safely affirmed that the
subscribers to the Jews' Society need never to look
for any great measure of success; unless the persons,
who are employed to conduct its operations are ac-
PREFACE. IX
quainted with the Hebrew language. Every person
who has had any experience in the feelings and
opinions of Jews must be aware of the j prejudice
which they possess in favour of Hebrew. The Bible
they read in Hebrew ; indeed they never like to
read any religious book unless it is in Hebrew ; and
it is certain that they are not unskilful in perverting
the Text of Scripture and rendering it subservient
to their own peculiar system. It is therefore incum-
bent on all, who are engaged in the conversion of
the Jews to meet this prejudice by informing them-
selves on the Hebrew Language. It is highly ne-
cessary that they should be competent to prove to
the Jews from their own Hebrew Scriptures that
Christ in whose death we rest our hope of salvation
is indeed he of whom Moses and the Prophets have
written. Neither will it be enough that they are
acquainted with the Hebrew Bible. The religion of
modern Jews is learned principally from the Talmud
and the writings of their Rabbis. The Jewish Teachers,
like the Priests of the Romish church, exercise a
spiritual domination over their flocks, and it is from
the oral law that they propound their dogmas and
derive their authority. The Jews are ever ready to
give a blind adhesion to these dogmas and to sub-
mit to the yoke which is imposed upon them. Who-
ever, therefore, wishes to combat effectually the errors
X PREFACE.
of Rabbinism, must make the study of the Talmud
his business for many years.
An objection has been frequently made to Hebrew
and its family of languages that they are barren in
their literature, and that a knowledge of the Bible
is the only information to be obtained from this de-
partment of study. Such is assuredly not the fact.
The works written in these languages, which have
been transmitted to us, are not deficient either in
the quantity or variety of subjects on which they
treat, nor in the interest and importance which these
subjects possess. There are the Chaldee Targums,*
or Paraphrases of the Bible, some of which are more
ancient than the Christian era. In them we read the
Interpretation, which the pious Jews of old put on
many important passages involving predictions of the
character and offices of the Messiah, and which can-
not fail to afford great satisfaction to the Christian
Student. There are also the modern Jewish com-
mentaries. They are very voluminous and although
they contain much of mysticism and folly; it cannot
be denied that many of them abound with remarks of
* I beg leave to recommend a Chaldee Grammar and Chrestomathy,
published a short time since by Mr Riggs, a Pupil of Professor Stuart
in America. The Grammar is chiefly a Translation of Winers and is
admirably adapted to promote the study of the Chaldee Targums.
PREFACE. XI
great philological value. In Syriac we have the New
Testament of which mention has been already made;
besides a great quantity of ecclesiastical and historical
writings. It must also be especially borne in mind
that a very great portion of the history, science and
literature of the middle ages is locked up in the
Syriac and Arabic languages.
In the execution of this book, I have consulted
the Grammars, which have been published in Ger-
many during the last fifty or sixty years ; as well
as others of a more ancient date. I have endeavoured
to be simple in the arrangement, to account for the
vowel changes and the various inflexions of words,
by the operation of a very few principles, and to
exhibit in a concise form the general structure of the
language. How far I have succeeded in these matters
I leave for others to decide. At the end is given
an analysis of the 2nd. Chapter of St. John's Gospel,
which I trust will be found useful to the Student
in the early stages of his progress.
It was my expectation that this Grammar would
have made its appearance about a year ago. The
delay has been occasioned by the new Syriac Types
at the University Press, which were not obtained so
soon as I expected. I take this opportunity of men-
Xll PREFACE.
tioning the circumstance in order to express my thanks
to the Syndics for their kindness in procuring them,
and also to offer an apology for the time which has
elapsed since the first announcement of the intended
publication.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
THE Alphabet 1
Vowels - 3
Diphthongs - - 4
Properties and changes of Consonants - 5
Changes of the Vowels , - - 8
The Diacritic Points, Kushoi and Rukok 11
Ribui - - 12
Linea Occultans, &c. - 13
Marhetono and Mehagyono - - 15
Other Diacritic Points - ib.
The letters ] O j - - 16
Accent - 17
Method of expressing numbers ' V - 18
Reading Exercises 19
NOUNS - 20
Gender 21
Number - 22
States of Nouns - - - 24
Adjectives - - - 34
Numerals - - 36
PRONOUNS . 40
Demonstrative Pronouns - - ib.
Relative and Interrogative Pronouns - - - 41
Pronominal Affixes - - 42
Nouns with Affixes - - 43
Example of a masc. noun with Affixes - .44
Example of a fern, noun with Affixes - 47
VERBS - 49
Tenses, &c. of the verbs |OO1 and AJ j - - - 53
Paradigm of Q 58
Observations on Regular Verbs - - - 60
xjv CONTENTS.
PAGE
63
Verbs which have a guttural for a rad. letter -
The Present Tense, &c.
IRREGULAR VERBS
Verbs ]si or wa_2 - C6
Verbs ^
Paradigm of ^D] 70
Paradigm of ,—Xj
Verbs Q-^- or « i S -
Verbs U 77
Verbs JJ «*•
Paradigm of ^OOD 78
Paradigm of (Lyi - 82
Verbs ^il 84
The Objective affixes attached to Verbs - - 85
Paradigm of ifc 86
Observations on Objective Affixes - - 93
Doubly defective Verbs 95
Quadriliteral Verbs - - 96
PARTICLES - 99
Adverbs - ib.
Prepositions 100
Conjunctions and Interjections » ib.
SYNTAX
Syntax of Nouns - 102
Construction of Adjectives - 104
......... Numerals 105
Syntax of Pronouns - - 106
...... Verbs - 109
...... Prepositions - 115
...... Particles 116
Enallage of Persons and Number - ib.
Ellipsis 117
APPENDIX - 118
St John's Gospel, Chap. n. - 124
Analysis - - - - 127
ERRATA.
Page 14, line 2, for Pi-**) read Pf-»-»| •
X X
............ last line, for ftl read ft]
...... 34, lines 17 and 18, no brackets.
...... 63, line 12, for from this last remark read from this last remark
but one.
...... 66, last line, for O^IZ] read
$. 1. THE Syrians in common with many other
Eastern nations, read from the right-hand to the left,
and have the same number of letters, which are all
consonants, as the Hebrews.
The following Table exhibits their forms, names,
powers and numerical values.
'orms.
1
Names.
Olaph ^L_^
Beth AJ.O
*
Powers.
f H unaspirated
\ as in humble
B Bh (V)
Numerical
Values.
1
2
vi
Gomal VI
G
3
?
Dolath AA>
D
4
01
He OO1
H
5
o
Vau OO
Vor W
6
1
7
Zain ,— 0
Z
7
•"
Cheth AJUJJ
Ch
8
4
Teth L^l
T
9
-»
Yud 5Q-*
fmje.
10
a
Coph «^IO
K or C as in core
20
1
7 *t>
Lomad 8V>N
L
30
So
Mini ^O_»_!D
M
40
J
£D
Nun v?-1
7 ^
Semkath A^klCD
f|
N
S
50
60
^
Ee U
70
e
Pe fe>
P Ph (F)
80
j
Tsode 1?^
Ts
90
e
Kuph t£XLQ
K
100
3
Rish »Aa5
X
Shin ' »
R
Sh
200
300
Thau
T or Th
400
2 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS.
Care must be taken to distinguish between the
following letters, which have nearly the same figure,
and differ chiefly in their magnitude.
One letter is joined to another by a small hori-
zontal line drawn from its extremity; as, 01 in oi^.
The exceptions to this are j ^ 5 and L, which when
joined to another letter assume the forms , 4 -r and A .
All the letters except the eight ] > <n o i . 5 L
may be joined to the following letter of the word.
The nine letters £>.. ,**.£_,ro2).Q.» terminating
a word, receive a slight additional stroke, and are
written »o.^i»>j^._.»CDfc2)»Ow». The five
a ^ So j i. alter their figure at the end of a word,
and are called finals. They retain their usual power,
but assume the forms ^, \, ^o, or ., \j.
The following compound characters are frequently
used.
Olaph-Lomad ^L for X)
Lomad-Olaph tf ^
Lomad-Lomad ^ \\ .
As Letters of the same organ are frequently
changed for one another in the process of deriva-
tion; Grammarians have divided the whole Alphabet
into classes according to the organ of speech by which
they are enounced.
VOWELS.
Gutturals |
CT1
Linguals j
Palatals ,.
*
Dentals ]
SO
Labials »C>
O
So ^
The consonants ] o _. will frequently become quies-
cent, i.e. lose their power as consonants; as is the case
with the Hebrew iim*.
2. Vowels.
There are five vowels, which are written, either
above or below the consonants with which they are
connected and are pronounced after them. There are
two sets, one derived from the Greek vowels, and the
other expressed by different positions of one or two
points. The following Table exhibits their names,
powers and forms:
Names. Power. Figure.
Syr. Greek.
7
Pethocho a «£) »O Alpha
Revotso e «O 2 «2 Epsilon
Chevotso i »O O Iota
• I
Zekofo o «i) «£> Omicron
Etsotso u ft*"* Q2 dO Upsilon.
The points of the vowel Zekofo may coalesce
with the point of the letter 5, as, . £mi Roh-tin.
i
The vowel Etsotso is always accompanied with o
except in the two words ^3 cul, ^Jio M'tul.
When no vowel is expressed, then as in the
Hebrew, a Sheva (or one of its substitutes) will be
implied and read accordingly.
1—2
VOWELS. DIPHTHONGS.
Vowels may be divided into two classes: pure, i.e.
those which complete their syllables: and impure,
i.e. those which do not complete the syllable with-
out the addition of a terminating consonant.
When followed by
a quiescent ] O or _i
Pure vowels are
Ma-leph.
Eihekel
li.
. as (sAo K'tho-bo.
• *
O - *QO°1 1 Ne-puk.
ft
Impure Vowels are
-_ T as in jL cad. J&^ tida-mo.
Men.
i-do-tho.
Final syllables are often, as in Hebrew, anoma-
lously long, on account perhaps of the accent; as,
^V A-pin, where - occurs with two consonants,
so also ^1 L^L .oV ^Ajf, &c.
~
The Greek vowels are more frequently used in
modern books.
3. Diphthongs.
There are several diphthongs made by the letters
Vau and Yud, which losing their own powers coalesce
with the preceding vowel and form one syllable.
Vau makes four diphthongs aw, eu, iu, ou.
PROPERTIES AND CHANGES OF CONSONANTS. 5
The first occurs in the beginning, middle and end
of words and is produced by the vowel ? preceding
o ; as, ^20 V au-kel, he Jed, ]k>oJ Tsau-mo, the fast,
•K
OJC7I ho-nau, this is.
The second eu, by the vowel * preceding o_, ; as,
, Esh-teu, I will drink it.
The third iu by a chevotso preceding o_, ; as,
, N'shad-riu, he will send him.
The fourth ou is when o is preceded by another
o with *>; as, |I?oo-» Shou-do-yo, promise.
Yud makes two diphthongs, ai and oi: ai by v
before .. ; as, A . ^ G'laith, thou hast revealed: oi is
effected by P before .» ; as, vj<ji hoi, she.
4. Properties and Changes of Consonants.
Consonants possess various properties and undergo
certain changes arising from the influence of vowels;
or other causes, which we proceed to mention.
The letters } o _. when they are not pronounced;
but rest in the sound of the vowel on the preceding
letter are called quiescent.
Olaph final rests in ° or * ; as, l^ul the man,
V^\t the men : except the four verbs ]v>^ he was
77 77 77
impure, ]*«^ he was comforted, }}. he polluted, ]]aZ]
T,
he was decorated.
Olaph in the middle of a word rests in * or *;
as, ^"jio to eat, fiojiD to say. Yud is sometimes
6 PROPERTIES AND CHANGES OF CONSONANTS.
changed into Olaph quiescent in *; as, <r^]So to beget,
for
Yud usually rests in * or *; as, ^^ he begun,
L>] is, ^5 but.
i i*
Vau deprived of a vowel is for the most part qui-
escent in *; as, iooo rise, ioou day. It is also used
as the fulcrum or, as it is technically termed, the
mater lectionis of this vowel ; as,
In foreign words Vau is frequently found to be
quiescent in the vowel *; as, .CDO-^ Peter, ^cooJolZ
•ft
throne.
The letters ] o _,, when they are placed after an-
other consonant, which is without a vowel, cannot be
pronounced; but they are nevertheless written for the
sake of orthography or etymology. In such instances
these letters are said to be otiose.
Olaph in the pronouns ^Ltf and ^Ajf, when
are added to participles for the sake of forming the
present tense is otiose; as, ^Aj] ^.VfcA kot-litun,
and ^AjJ ,A&o kot-loten, ye slay, masc. and fern.
Vau and Yud in the end of a word, when the
preceding letter has no vowel, are also otiose; as,
a^o Vtal, they slew, masc. . . V7fr o Vtal, they slew,
fern. ^Ao^o fctul, slay thou, imper. fern.
Yud is likewise otiose in the pronoun ^Aj]7 at,
thou; in certain affixes; as, . .^\<J> malk, my king,
PROPERTIES AND CHANGES OF CONSONANTS. 7
tftho-bek, thy book. And in some substantives
and adverbs; as, - .V- shel, tranquillity., ^Ak)], when?
It is supposed by many grammarians that Yud was
pronounced in ancient times and this supposition derives
support from the usage in Arabic and Hebrew ; for we
have /^X^., ^pN, which are pronounced chali and akxari;
we have also in the New Testament pafifiovvi, John xx. 16.
Ta\i6a KOV/ULI, Mark v. 41. and other similar expressions.
Consonants are sometimes omitted in writing; as,
P 7 t> 7
]Z;_»a end for U^], especially in compound words; as,
" f o 1 t>
- - 1:«^ man for *^_3\ ^, ^&] for J *£>") although. The
first radical N of Hebrew words sometimes drops off;
as, jjl one, Heb. TH^- Words which have the middle
radical doubled, on many occasions lose one of them ;
thus, - - - >. and *^-L he perceived, ^ nest from
Vau and Yud fall off in nearly the same manner
and in the same situations as in Hebrew, which may
be immediately observed by inspecting the paradigms
of the classes of verbs beginning with these letters.
Letters are sometimes added to words for the sake
of euphony. Thus, Olaph is prefixed to many words
beginning with Yud; as, ^] hand for ]^, ]k£a*1 day
for
Olaph prosthetic occurs also in the verbs _A^ and
x
as, ^L»] he drunk, and fc>^A»l he found.
CHANGES OF THE VOWELS.
We have also l^jJt hero from 1O3J, where the
seems to be a compensation for the Dagesh forte
in Hebrew and Chaldee. In some words of Greek
on »•
oridn there is a duplication of the Nun ; as, .cDOjJJoio
O •*•
synod, for joorJQic.
A great number of Hebrew words become Syriac
words by the change of one or more of their letters.
f is changed into 3 as, 2HT gold,
v . ... *Z . . . n!)S rock,
V L ... ;ftttf snow,
1 OT ... y«n he run, *4<3l5
j^ ] or j . . . nbj ^e revealed, . i \it or
TT I ^>
y
^ sometimes into ^D ... 1&3. fash, ;mn
T T
3 5 ... Qi^ <M>O r— *'~
^ ^ ... HV^ ^e man^ere^
5. Changes of the Vowels.
Inflexions of words are in numerous cases ef-
fected by vowels; certain vowels being selected as
characteristic of different forms of the same word.
The correspondence between Syriac and Hebrew vowels
is as follows:
Pethocho (v) to Patach (-); as, om^ji, ^Q his
king.
The vowel Revotso (*) corresponds generally to
the Hebrew — ; as, jonsZ, TipBTi thau shalt visit.
CHANGES OF THE VOWELS. 9
Chevotso (i) to the Hebrew ~; as, nrr>v for itpy.
Zekofo (?) to Kamets T ; as, ^oj] , DIK man,
he revealed.
TT
Etsotso (*) to Cholem, Kametschatuph, Shurek and
Kibbuts; as, ]_»JCLO, holiness, Enp; ^o ^b ^O «#.
Olaph in the beginning of a word, and also Ee
in the same situation, when it is before 01, instead of
being according to analogy without a vowel, will receive
a vowel, for the most part *» or * ; as, ^3) for ^D] ;
•»
5CTLL for 5CJLL.
Yud observes the same rule at the beginning of
a word, and takes the vowel i; as, ioAj orphan, for
* X
ioA...
*
The foregoing rule holds good also for the letters
Olaph, Vau and Yud when they begin a syllable ; the
vowel in such places is remitted to the preceding letter,
if it has been previously without one; except when
the Olaph, Vau or Yud is followed by two consonants
in the same syllable. A full exhibition of these prin-
ciples may be seen by looking at the irregular verbs.
When two consonants come together at the begin-
ning of a syllable, which is sometimes the case in
the beginning of a word, in consequence of prefixing
prepositions or conjunctions not having a vowel; also
in the middle of a word from inflexion ; the former
consonant will receive a vowel ; for the most part T~ ;
but also — ; as, ] - ^-> - ^ for ] .r vn - ^ in heaven,
10 CHANGES OF THE VOWELS.
7i for J2--) the letter, A^&oZ] for A^oZl she was
"" •» *
for A^£X»Z. This is analo-
gous to the Hebrew, when the former of two Shevas
coming together in the beginning of a syllable, is
generally changed into T.
Vowels are sometimes cast away: when another
syllable is added to a word, the final vowel is cast
away; as, Z^os> the feminine of ,Q^ he visited. But
it is preserved, 1st. if a letter only be added; as,
7^0^ thou hast visited; 2nd. if the consonant from
the analogy of the Hebrew ought to have a Dagesh
forte i thus isol people; in the definite state ]v>v;
3rd. the vowels ^ and' » are preserved; as, . - ^ A;
Zekofo in nouns of the definite state, when it is
followed by 001 «X is changed into Pethocho so that
it may make a diphthong with o; as, ocn ILj da-go-
lau, he is a liar, for o<n U^.?; QJOT ho-nau, this is,
for ocn Jjcji and this for ocri ]jcn.
Transposition of vowels takes place; especially in
nouns of one syllable; thus, jA^, man definite state
]i^iA, ^OJJD holiness definite state ]_ijaD ; many other
examples will be given in the Chapter on nouns; also
the prepositions VXLO and *>jao with the prefix
Lomad become ^Loo^ and io'^o^, and in certain
THE DIACRITIC POINTS, KUSHOI AND RUKOK. II
compounded particles a transposition takes place; as,
for "£>L until.
6. The Diacritic Points, Kushoi and Rukok.
The Syrians have no marks corresponding to the
Sheva and Dagesh forte of the Hebrews ; but they
use a point for the letters A^n,-^.
This point when it is situated above a letter takes
away the aspiration and when placed below preserves
it. In the former case it is called - . IQQ Kushoi which
signifies hardness, and in the latter J^DOJ Rukok,
softness.
There is much difference of opinion respecting these
points. It is sufficient to observe that Kushoi is used
for the A£i2,_,,L_o letters in the same manner as Dagesh
lene of the Hebrews : viz. 1st. In the beginning of
words. 2nd. In the middle of a word after a letter
which is without a vowel : as, OLSU-D Ken-pe, his wing.
3rd. In the second radical of the pael and ethpaal con-
jugations of verbs; if that radical be one of the
7 7
A^ID-^D letters ; as, ^L he brake. 4th. It is used
to supply the defect arising from the absence of the
first radical in verbs beginning with Yud or Nun ; or
of the second, when the second and third radicals are
the same, or to supply any other similar defect.
According to Amira and the old grammarians it never
doubles a letter ; but on the other hand it must be said
that the Eastern Syrians in this respect followed the
12 THE DIACRITIC POINTS, RIBUI.
analogy of the Hebrew, we have also Papftl, Master,
John iii. 2. and in the writings of St Paul we have
A/3/3a, Father. If this duplication be not admitted,
then it is important to state that in such cases where
it would be implied, the preceding vowel will complete
the syllable; thus, jjol tab-bar or ta-bar.
The Rukok is placed under a Aas—^s letter; if
it be without a vowel and in the middle of a word;
as fMr»n>. wisdom. But the insertion of these points
is much neglected in modern editions of the Syriac
Scriptures and other Books and it is unnecessary to
say any thing more on the subject.
7- Ribui.
Many nouns and verbs have the same form in
both numbers. In such cases it was found necessary
to employ some mark of distinction. For this purpose
Grammarians have invented the sign Ribui (**QA$)
» x
consisting of two horizontal* dots (••) placed above the
word, to denote the plural number. The following
words will illustrate the use of this sign.
^ ' A ^ ^ ** ^
p0A_, orphan, |ioAj orphans.
•
book, l£Ao books.
f|
was covered, . . fmZ.] were covered.
T »
he arrived, ^x-^O they arrived, (fern.)
Ribui is placed obliquely in X and J^s ; thus, X ^ .
LINES. 13
A plural noun ending in _* , or ' has no need
^ i >>
of the sign Ribui ; since the number is already in-
dicated by the termination.
It is sometimes used with a noun of multitude ;
Of DP
as ]±± a flock of sheep, to distinguish it from ]iL
a sheep.
If it be placed over the letter Rish j one of the
points coalesces with the point belonging to Rish ;
as, fco^ a herd of oxen.
8. Lines.
A small line is sometimes found above and
sometimes beneath a letter of a word.
It is found above a letter principally in the
following instances,
1. In abbreviated words; as, ^ for l^fO holy*
x
2. When letters are used to express numbers ;
as, -^-» 13.
3. In the Particle of Exclamation o] Of to
7
distinguish it from the particle o], or.
When it is found beneath a letter ; it directs
that such letter is not read and is therefore generally
called the linea occultans. Thus, 2*o Bath not
Barth, a daughter. It is found,
(i) In nouns with the middle radical doubled
o 7 t>
as ]* iv> Manna, |1V a stag.
Y P
Ol for QJCTI that is, occurs frequently in ecclesiastical
writings, and especially in the Commentaries of Ephraim Syrus.
LINES.
(2) With Olaph in the beginning of a word
in many instances; as, ^»S\ a man, ^j^]
another-, especially in the pronoun )j], as
often as it is used in the place of the
substantive verb ; as, \i] ]i] I am.
" i»
(s) With Dolath when it is without a vowel
and placed before Thau; as, J2j*» new.
(4) With He in the following cases,
(a) In affixes; as . .mnnVvn Ms kings: ^oi_,;_o
he called him.
(b) In the verb ]oai was; when it is redun-
dant, when it is the logical copula, or
when it assists in forming the imperfect
and plusperfect tenses ; as, "jooi ^oioZul he
_ x
was, ")ocn .^ he was visiting, "jooi .^^
* in
he had visited. But when it is used in the
sense of to be, to exist, the line is not
found.
(c) In the pronouns ooi and v^oi; when they
are put for the logical copula ; as, ooi ^j
my body is.
(d) In words derived from the Greek,
X ~
Rome.
(e) In the verb »oau he gave.
(s) With Loin ad in some forms of the verb
7 0
; as, J]jl departing, fern.
LINES. 15
r r
(6) With Nun in the four pronouns AJ], ^Aj),
». r y o
^pAj], ^.-.AJ] and in some nouns ; as, ]AI . o»m
the ship.
(7) Rish in L^> a daughter.
When a line is found under a letter in a verb
of the imperative mood of a passive conjugation ; it
implies that such letter is deprived of its vowel as
Ethkatl
9. Marhetono and Mehagyono.
The application of these lines is very little attend-
ed to, and therefore no particular notice of them is
necessary. They serve principally to mark the division
and emphasis of syllables in poetry.
Marhetono is a small line above a consonant, which
ought to have a vowel, but is to be pronounced without
it.
The Mehagyono is a line beneath a letter which
being without a vowel denotes that it is to be pro-
nounced with one, for the most part with short (*»);
as AVy.j with Men.
10. Other Diacritic Points.
A point is sometimes used which, by its position
either above or below the word, will determine the
true pronunciation and meaning; when without it and
without the vowel points, the word would be ambigu-
ous: thus, oil, for o\^ to him: oil, for oiS to her.
Jg OTHEll DIACRITIC POINTS.
This was apparently the ancient Syriac usage prior
to the introduction of the Greek vowels. It is 'fre-
quently used as a note of Interrogation, Exclamation,
Admiration, Command, &c. For various offices which
this point performs, see the Appendix.
There are also certain signs for marking the end
of a sentence, and subdividing it into clauses, of which
the following are the principal.
(1) At the end of a period are found four points
(i) «r CO. , ' " ' ' •
(2) Two points placed obliquely from the right
hand towards the left, finish a clause,
and are equivalent to our colon ; thus,
•. ]- "i *A vjo_kl ,_.? li-w p When Jesus
* *
saw the multitudes.
N. B. These points are sometimes put as
a sign of interrogation.
(3) Two points placed obliquely from the left
hand to the right, thus (••), split the clause
into different members, and are equivalent
to our comma or semicolon. They are fre-
quently placed perpendicularly (:)
N. B. These points are sometimes found
after a long interrogation, see Matt. xii. 10.
(4) One point frequently ends a period.
11. The Letters } o _,.
These letters are differently pronounced in different
situations. Olaph is pronounced as Yud.
ACCENT. 17
(1) When it is preceded by another Olaph; as,
7 "
5]] Oyar, air.
(2) When it is followed by another Olaph with-
out a vowel ; as, ]|Kn m'loyo, fulness.
(3) When it is the second letter of the par-
ticiple peal; as, ^oK Tso-yem, fasting.
.*•-*
Vau is pronounced as v when it begins a word or
syllable; as, o va, o ve, a vi: in other places it has
the sound of u or w.
Yud in the beginning of a word with the vowel
1 is not pronounced. It preserves only the sound of
its vowel ; as, .o i . IneJe, lie sucked, tn » Ikar, he was
•K I X
heavy. Hence we find that before a Yud of that kind,
Olaph is sometimes placed and the vowel belonging
to the Yud is transferred to the Olaph ; thus, ]^ a
X
hand, from the Hebrew -p, is written ]j_/j. The pro-
T I
nunciation of either word is the same.
12. decent.
Grammarians have given a few rules for placing
the Accent.
1. In words of two syllables; if the first sylla-
ble terminate in a consonant without a vowel; this
syllable has the accent; as, ]lv>( Rdm-sho, evening.,
]k> Jt gdrmo, bone.
2. If on the contrary the final letter of the word
be without a vowel, then the accent is put on the
18 ACCENT.
second syllable; as, yXj I-led, he begat, ;^<y> Po-ked,
•n z TI
visiting. Should each syllable be formed in that man-
ner, then each is affected with the accent; as, /og*
•
Pek-ddth, she has visited.
3. In words consisting of more than two sylla-
bles, the accent is generally placed on the penulti-
mate; as, ]A^£> Po-rdch-tho, bird, ]A\o£]iD Me-Ml-
•*
tho, meat, fZojuZtiD Marth-yo-nn-tho, admonition.
13. The Method of expressing Numbers.
This is done by the letters and by the assistance
of a few marks. Numbers of any magnitude may be
expressed, as in the following Table.
•*
*^l J Ol O
1
oj ^
1 2
3
4
5
6
7
8 9
~ 0
^
io
j
JD
Vi
*® ^
.0
or ] »o
*\
?
01
O
i
o. 4
»_J
10 20
30
40
50
60
70
80 90
100
5 **
L
or ^ ^
*
J
JS
vi
*
^
200 300
1 1000
\
400
»0
i
500
2000
600 700 800
&c. ") 10,000
900
»S 20,000
&c.
Fractions
are
written
thus,
] 1
*O 2
v&c>
If it be required to add a smaller number to a
greater, that is, to express a number consisting of units,
tens, hundreds, &c. the letter indicating the greater is
put^on the right hand of that indicating the less; thus,
CTUJ 235.
READING EXERCISES. 19
14. Reading Exercises.
MATTH. VI. 9—13.
,-»,_£/ J ] i V) • n? vo_c]
7 .7 7
7 7
• *^° •• ' ^
£>7i> o»> 77
t t£) ]J] ] in . nr> i \ \v7 ]]Q . . o . »\ n*-^ « 1 .>
o«> l>7."*7 p ^ />
^cn -^ -7; ^4k> ]« • ^
The same in English Characters.
A-bun dvash-ma-yo neth-ka-dash sh'moc. Ti-the
mal-cu-thoc neh-ve tsev-yo-noc ai-ka-no d'vash-ma-yo
oph bar-ho. Hav Ian lach-mo d'sun-ko-uan yau-mo-no.
Vash-buk Ian chau-bain ai-ka-no doph ch'nan sh'vakn
l'cha-yo-bain. V'lo tha-lan l'nes-yu-no e-lo pa-tson
men bi-sho me-tul d'di-loc hi mal-cu-tho v'chai-lo
v'tbesh-buch-tho 1'olam ol-min.
LUKE XXII. 63—65.
7 7 * . 7
OOC7I .^«~An v^Q m » \ OOOi
7
OOOl
Ujiji
OOO1
The same in English Characters.
Vgav-re da-chi-din vau 1'ye-shu m'-vaz-chin vau beh,
vam-cha-pen vau leh. V'mo-chen vau leh al a-pau
vom-rin eth-na-bo ma-nu m'choc vach-ron-yo-tho
sa-gi-yo-tho m'gad-pin van vom-rin a-lau.
2—2
NOUNS.
15. THE simplest forms of nouns are those which
consist only of the letters composing the root; as,
Vv. king, **>^>? sacrifice. Such words are evidently
•* *
in their primitive state.
The augmented forms will consist of the root
augmented by one or more of the letters } o *_. JXD j L,
which to assist the memory may he called ^AjoSo) .
Thus, ^^^D an altar from OO^DV sacrifice: m . vnV7
disciple from v>\ he learned.
These letters are probably abbreviations of words
and the signification of them qualifies that of the
primitive word to which they are united.
Nouns having (i) with the first radical and (o-)
with the second, are generally nouns signifying persons ;
as, ]Soo_»!i5P a friend; whilst those having (o*) with
the first radical, or ending in o*, Zo-, llo*, are ab-
stract nouns ; as, V»>oo holiness,, ]2o^aiJ. strength.
Two words are sometimes compounded in sense;
t c 1
as, Jlo 2*o a voice. Sometimes the two words are
joined together ; as, ]AA\v^ lord of enmity, i. e. an
NOUNS. 21
enemy. A great number of compound words occurring
in Scripture may be found by referring to the Lexicons
of Schaaf and Castell under the words ]ioj £,
ft
*£}$ ^-.5 &c.
16. Gender.
There are two genders : the masculine and feminine.
Of the masculine are,
(i) The names of men and their offices; as,
£ Luke, ]j(ji2 priest, \*&\ musicians.
(2) Names of nations, rivers, and mountains; as,
viV Canaan, _j>5a_. Jordan.
Of the feminine gender are the names of women,
the offices of women, countries, cities and names of
the double members of the human body.
The feminine gender of nouns is also known by
the termination. These terminations are ]°, o, ^, 11,
as, \j^L»L praise, oA > [ goodness, .^joZ" confession,
•n x
Ai"vn a part. The nouns not ending with any of
the foregoing letters and not included in the preceding
paragraph, are generally masculine.
The feminine gender of adjectives is derived from
the masculine by the addition of ]' to the end of
the latter; thus, }^[ good from ~*^[ masc. Those
ending in _ quiescent convert it into ^ moveable;
as, - .^i pure, fern.
22 NOUNS.
A few adjectives insert Yud immediately before the
fern, termination ; as, 5o£l small, fern. |l5o£l ; . ^W «V)
*
obedient, fern. ]r. i v'W -Vn.
-H
Some nouns are used in both genders and are therefore
termed common, such as, ]i J\ tongue, ] i i\ cloud, &c.
The rules indeed for distinguishing gender are for the
most part the same as in Hebrew. The same words, when
occurring in both have the same gender ; as, ")2p an(^
.<y>m book, Q«p and JSOQ_, day, are masc. y"u$ and |i,5]
earth, ^S? and ] • <^ i soul, are fern.
Words derived from the Greek do not observe the
foregoing rules ; but generally retain their own gender ; as,
StaOqKr], fern.
17- Number.
There are two numbers, the singular and the plural.
Masculine nouns make the plural number, 1st. by
adding ^_, to the singular; as, ^L,. man, ^^L^. men.
2nd. Those words ending in ] or ^ throw away the
] or ._» and the termination ,_. is added ; as, U-£ boy,
^ - ^l boys, . - ^\rr>vr> plu. . \m(n reprobated.
Nouns of the fern, gender form the plural by
changing the termination ] into ' ; o* and t into
^o, and ^j into ^ ; as, ] i . c* m ship, i '.' <^ rr> ships, r>vnj
similitude, ^oSoj similitudes, Aik) portion, Aik) portions,
> usury, in the plural r. _r>*
NOUNS. 23
Many of the Syriac nouns have the masculine form
in the sing, and fern, in the plural ; as, ]m'| physician,
plu. Aco) ; 52.] place, plu. ^oyL] ; fcxtfoD throne, plu.
There are others which have the fern, form in the
sing, and masc. in the plural ; as, \^]? ell, plu. .Vn] ;
]Aco] wall, plu. ]m] : ]A\Vn> tear, plu. | vSP; ; "\&D talent,
plu. ..on: ]i « year, plu. _*J_».
i i
Nouns compounded of two words sometimes admit a
plural in the former ; as, *) 1 i " i *•*» sons of man or men ;
sometimes in the latter ; as, ]«~»At\v*-^ enemies, and some-
times in both ; as, jloAi o (daughters of words) words,
•n
fables.
Some nouns are found in the plural form only ; as,
] ?Vn« heavens, ] " *> life, ]ICn water.
Some nouns have a double form, one masc. and the
other fern. ; such as, ^] father, plu. oiGJ and
There are other nouns which are very irregular; as,
IS^DO] nation, plu. .oioj.
Many words of a Greek origin retain the Greek ter-
mination in the plural ; as, |kli.Oj ^ry/ua, plu. ]Z)iQ-.0>
Soynara. Others terminate in £QO\, »CDOj »CD| or .CD,
resembling the termination as of the Greek accusative
plural; as, ]n ,A .>. StaOriKt), plu. .onnn >A .^. StaOrjitas, 8cc.
24 STATES OF NOUNS.
18. States of Nouns.
To the absolute and constructive state of nouns,
which the Hebrews have, the Syrians add a third,
the Definite, or as it has been more generally called,
the Emphatic. This is indicated by the termination
and is equivalent in general to the article n before
a Hebrew noun. It happens however that the primary
signification of this state has been departed from in
many instances, and nouns are found in the def. state
when only an indef. sense is intended to be expressed.
The rules for passing from one state to another depend
either upon the gender, the number, or the final letter,
or on more than one of these. First for
19- Masculine Nouns.
In the singular number the absolute and con-
structive states are the same.
The definite state is obtained by the addition of
}' to the end of the absolute. Hence the definite
state of masculine nouns and the absolute state of
feminine nouns have the same form.
Those nouns ending in ] in the absolute state,
in the definite, the } is changed into ]_/.
The constructive state plural number is formed by
changing the termination ^ of the absolute into .J
x
and ^_, into ^_I.
The def. plu. is formed from the absolute by chang-
ing the termination ^ , into ] and ^_, into ^ ; this
and the preceding rules will be illustrated by some
examples, which will presently follow.
STATES OF MASCULINE NOUNS. 25
To ascertain the changes of vowels, which nouns
undergo in their different states of both numbers, or
which is the same thing, given the abs. state sing. num.
to find the vowels and their position in the constr. and
def. states for both numbers.
1st. If a word consist of three consonants and a
vowel on the second consonant, which is the case with
a very large class of nouns, this form is equivalent to
one of the old forms of segolate nouns in Hebrew. In
Syriac these forms are i. ^LD the alternate form of
which is ^4rj or ^40. n. ^^4° ^ ^4^ or \^Q .
in. ^so^o alt. ^~£o_o . Now whenever the noun in its
primitive form receives a syllabic augment, the alternate
form is used; thus, jA.. man, def. }l^%» We have
therefore only to add the proper termination to the
alternate form to obtain the def. state sing, or the abs.
const, and def. states plural*. Thus,
Singular.
Def. Abs. and Constr.
07 7
; <^ •> morning 1
y
book 2
servant 3
wing 4>
•n **
} > *^ • (*"> • captive 5
•K
| !XXLjt^| body. 6
* Exception. In ]^ • the vowel remains in its place in the
abs. and def. states plural.
26 STATES OF MASCULINE NOUNS.
Plural.
Def. Constr. Abs.
r r ? 7
T <TI « »_»;_21_» "i °* * mornings
books
* *. j 9, *"
|Vn •(-> ... . . Vn «n . . Vn •»-•«
servants
4
1. In the foregoing examples, that which is marked
(l) comprehends all those nouns having i on the second con-
sonant, and remitting it to the first in the process of inflexion ;
such are j-Ls body, .<^v dust, *2\ time, ^>j beard.
2. In the second example, we have those nouns which
take ^ in the second consonant, but in inflexion, it is changed
to *» and remitted to the first. The truth is, the vowel "» is
the proper vowel in both places, and the reason of the change
is that in such nouns the last letter is a guttural or Rish.
3. In the third example are included those nouns whose
forms are ^^o and ^^D> such are ..\Vn king, io^. bone,
•» •» •» ^
husband, io-j^ anathema, . - <?M soul.
4. The fourth example belongs to that class of nouns
whose forms are ^0 and
5. Nouns having the third radical Olaph, take the forms
which are exhibited in the example ]«^- ; but ]L. manifest,
» T> Vv
covered, have their definite forms ] 1 V *
STATES OF MASCULINE NOUNS. 27
boyy makes in the def. plu. ] > ^ ^ • as if from the obsolete
word . . *\^ we have likewise ] 1 Vn« as if from
6. All nouns of the forms ^ol^o and ^£00 are repre-
sented by the sixth example.
^ifj herb, def. ]A. » may be considered as belonging to
•» i
the same class of nouns, as ^ov . The Yud has Chevotso,
because this letter is never without a vowel when it begins
a word. If the last consonant be a guttural or Rish, it is
preceded by the vowel Pethoco instead of Revotso ; as,
^•^ month, .* . heap of stones.
Such nouns as, ^ > v eye, j>ool day, correspond to the
Hebrew segolate nouns. In these, the vowel is changed
into ?, in the def. state sing., and all the states plu.,
and this new vowel makes a diphthong with o or *-*,
thus;
Singular.
Def. Abs. and Constr.
eye
day.
Plural.
Def. Constr.
. 5- r
. . ^nn .
2nd. Other classes of nouns are the following.
28 STATES OF MASCULINE NOUNS.
1. Such nouns as admit no change of vowels in
inflexion ; thus,
Singular.
Def. Abs. and Constr.
1 „ . »-i - ~ « *"> evi/.
Def. Constr. Abs.
The vowel Zekofo is immutable, and therefore mono-
syllables with this vowel are represented by . • .«•*»; as, AiVn
portion, »o'Aa 6ooA;. Nouns also having two or more sylla-
bles, if the penultimate terminate in a consonant, or if the
ultimate syllable be perfect without the terminating conso-
nant, belong to this class ; as, . vJ\c^v> explanation, , . Vn\)
disciple. Some nouns wanting an absolute state may be re-
07 07 0 71
ferred to it; as, p >"| Me ^^g*, ]_,j] ^Ae Zzow, ]JQ_K» Me ser-
pew#, lloio death, "jo^CD winter, ]Zo» conversation, for
7 "*
the form of the definite state remains in all the parts of
their inflexion. Finally, nouns which possess either of the fol-
lowing forms preserve their vowels immutable, viz. . . \rT^j-»
0 *. P
def. ] . \o fvo^ ^\ . ^o def. ]1 . f\r> . A few nouns appear
x x
to correspond with the segolate nouns in Hebrew, but which
really belong to this class; as, \^ carcase, 5a^l small,
^•n . v> magician.
2. Monosyllables, the vowel of which is ? or %
nouns of many syllables, the last of which is mutable,
are exemplified in the following Table.
STATES OF MASCULINE NOUNS.
29
Singular.
Def.
to
Abs. and Constr.
0 species
Priest
Path.
Plural.
Constr.
Abs.
' Def.
..7 7
Li_M ^j-Jl » ^ species
. o 7o o
Prierf*
Pflrtta.
The noun .o sow, makes in the plural . i «-»> sows ,-
as if it were derived from a different root. Also ^>Q-» is
peculiar in receiving the consonant 01 in the plural ;
ff y p p
tnus? >mVr> m * >mVn ^ lOT^Q-s *
3. Nouns of more than one syllable, terminating
in Olaph or Yud may constitute another class.
Such are,
Singular.
Def.
Abs. and Constr.
seen
.07
f >A • V)
Def.
07 7
Plural.
Constr.
Abs.
30 STATES OF MASCULINE NOUNS.
A few nouns double the last letter in the plural;
but the linea occultans is placed under the first of
the two letters; thus, ^cJ sea, plu. iViVtl . » V)V) I
i ~ ™
L people, is also another instance.
20. States of Feminine Nouns.
In the singular number the constructive state,
changes f of the absolute into L?; thus, ]L» year AJ_».
Nouns, which in the absolute state terminate in
cT or ^ in the constructive, end in Zo* or A., ; as,
i *
victory, constr. ZODI : *•"" usury, constr. A_»_«25 .
Fern, nouns having a masc. termination ; as,
belly, those ending in Z°; as, Ailo portion, make the
abs. and constr. states the same.
The definite state of fern, nouns, which have a
masc. termination is the same as that of masc. nouns ;
as, j&iS belly, def. ITD^.
«
In the def. state the \ of the abs. is changed into
12.; as, ]lS0 word, def. ")A\v»
If the word in the abs. state terminate in \1;
the Yud becomes quiescent in the def. state and
the preceding consonant takes z ; if the termination
in the abs. be 16; then Vau becomes quiescent in *
in the def. Ex. 4. 5.
Nouns ending in o or «, make the def. by the
x
addition of ]1; those ending in t add only V in the
def. Ex. 6. 7. 8. 9.
STATES OF FEMININE NOUNS. 31
To avoid the concourse of several consonants
without a vowel, or which is the same thing, to
Facilitate the pronunciation ; a vowel, namely ^ or ^
p 7
is placed with the second or third radical ; as, Uk>$]
widow, def. ] A \vnVj7
A few nouns ending in /, in the abs. masc. ; in the
def. state fern, assume * under the Nun, which is
followed by \L>; as, ^n^o, def. fern. ]A . iv>..!vn com-
x
forter.
In the plural number the constr. state is derived
from the abs. by changing the final ^ into ^ and
the def. is derived from the abs. by changing .into
11.
The Examples in the following Table will fur-
ther illustrate what has been here said on the states
of fern, nouns.
Singular.
Def. Constr. Abs.
(JoAo
virgin
1
V
chariot
2
P 7
lr^-w
companion
3
o 7
] 1 \j
girl
4
beast 5
y *• *•
Z.OO5 OO5 ten thousand, or a myriad 6
». m p *> . p
division 7
V^
usury 8
Alio portion 9
32 STATES OF FEMININE NOUNS.
Plural.
Def. Constr. Abs.
virgins
V i . v chariots
f 7
companions
)_Q_i_»o _Q_I_»J ^Q_t_K* beasts 5
<Q^5 myriads 6
^ .« V^ divisions
La }^T> ^OliO portions 9
1. In No. 1 ; we have an example of those nouns
ending in ]' which undergo no change of vowels in their
different states ; such are, ] '» . ^ evil, ]v . o an egg, ]5oLt
Vb,
2. Nouns which assume an additional vowel in the
def. state singular.
3- This example represents nouns in which the vowel
on the 1st. rad. of the abs. sing, is removed to the 2nd.
rad. in the def. They partake of the character of segolate
nouns in Hebrew.
4, 5. In these examples we have nouns whose termi-
nations are |I and ]o. A few nouns belonging to the latter
cast away the vowel of the first rad. in the def. state sing. ;
as, ")cLK»io blow, def.
STATES OF FEMININE NOUNS. 33
6. This is an example of nouns, ending in o*> which
preserve their vowels unchanged, and in which no new vowel
is introduced; as, OJ_I_K» liberty, <\_^n « equality , o .... • ...
i
utility.
7- Nouns represented by oJl_\2> are such as receive
another vowel in the plu. viz. v or % which is placed on
the 2nd rad. ; as, o Toi prophecy,
8. This is the model of nouns, the abs. state of which
ends in ._, . In the plural Yud quiescent is changed into
Yud moveable.
9. In the nouns represented by Aik>, we have in the
plural L taken away and O moveable placed before the plural
termination ; such are, A\v sacrifice, A ^m ablution.
In some instances the last letter is written twice in the
H O 7
plural ; as, jla bride, plu. \\^ .
There are some anomalies ; as, ]lxo «7 praise, ]Av.n A «7
in the def. ; "JA^, sister, plu. def. ]Zcuj|| .
21. The Syrians have no cases, which are marked
by terminations; but the nominative and oblique cases
of the Greeks and Latins are known by the context, or
are expressed by the constructive state, by the influence
of a transitive verb, or by some particle ; as,
_io, &c. preceding; thus,
uo I . Jesus departed.
words of God ; or,
God.
3
34 ADJECTIVES.
foWiV to the king; tv> 1 . \ to Jesus; ]',vnm\ to
the blind man.
^£ world. Sometimes we see
in imitation of the Hebrew rw*. See Gen. i. 1.
oj O/ woman. See also Acts i. 1.
tt'/A /^ £«#§•, &c.
Adjectives.
22. The Syriac adjectives are few, but this defect
is supplied by other words, which when placed in cer-
tain positions obtain the use and signification of adjec-
tives. For instance, the state of construction will supply
the force of an adjective; as, V»joa &L»Jk) city qfholi-
X
ness, i.e. holy city, Matth. iv. 5. Also a substantive
put absolutely with > prefixed ; as, . - <*** ]°. .. ^ a natural
body, oo05? l^J) a spiritual body, 1 Cor. xv. 44. Also
in other ways; as, the fire, QoSsj jElj w^^A t« not extin-
guished, i. e. inextinguishable) <QG£± ^o_L ^1j ^ojcn
*j-w jL OT • 011 /^£y #o w^om ^g showed himself alive,
lit. (0s living.}
Adjectives are distinguished by gender, number and
states, which are the same as in the substantives. It
is only necessary to notice that in adjectives, the
masc. def. and the fern. abs. have the same form;
but they are easily known one from the other by
the substantive or the verb with which they are
ADJECTIVES. 35
connected. The degrees of comparison are not to be
found in a change of the adjective, but are merely
marked by certain particles and connections.
The comparative is expressed by the positive con-
strued with <^o either preceding or following it; as,
dbi ȣ>> ^o -10 greater than all; there is sometimes
added &j[ powerfully ; or, j_,Al more ; as, ]Aj^Lo
X X
<ji_lsoa£) _-»52.? liJCoSLm v> .^^ and sharper than a
two edged sword, lit. very much sharper. Blessed
is he who gives ./^m ^ |jL>] _So ;_*Aj more than he
who receives. The comparative is sometimes marked
by the sense of the passage only ; as, ]oau ]I » - r>
ISollS, }r^ the elder shall be servant to the younger.
The superlative is often formed by the duplication
of the positive; as, W.Vo V\ .\A least; sometimes
X X
by adding the particle ^^ very, which is equivalent
to the TKE5 of the Hebrews; as, *n^5 ] - " ^ worst,
plu. ; sometimes again by . . .. <v> much ; as, ~ . .. ™
]7.o !v> most honoured; or, by »o prefixed to the
plural; as, ]^\Cn^ "j^^i small among kings, i.e.
x
the least of kings; or as, }-* *^-* ^poijo^i least of
•» X
the Apostles, literally, least of those who (are) the
Apostles ; or it is expressed in the following man-
ner; whosoever therefore shall break one IJ^DO^ VD
IJOAI - V'TI of these least commandments. Matth. v.
19. see also two other places in this verse.
3 — 2
36
ADJECTIVES.
Many adjectives are formed by the addition of \1'
to the words from which they are derived; thus,
] [ & mn * corporeal, }1)Q^ mountainous, ]".." . ^o primi-
tive; so also adjectives having a Greek origin; as,
P P 7 r p 7 P
]_,^i^ barbarous, 1>j}} aerial. In some instances the
termination ]j is added to the primitive word to form
the adjective; as, }Lm-*> primary, ] i.\m hairy, ]iS_»>
proper.
23. Numerals.
Numerals are either cardinal (]°(\ . - <*). or ordinal
Cardinal.
Fern. Masc.
Ordinal.
Fern. Masc.
owe
Constr.
.-.2.52. ^jjZ _*
-
lA i \ i ^5 ] i S t ^3
'T four
sixth
S i n • seventh
i
u.1 .W. V. 1 ,W eigAM
mn<A
L. ]Lm] or
seven
K,Z ni
nne
NUMERALS.
37
From ten to twenty the numbers one, two, &c. are
prefixed to ten, in the following manner.
Fern.
.
jy
Fern.
]'A >r . m v? . .
&c.
Cardinal
Masc.
7 7
eleven
twelve
thirteen
777
m v» V>^
5 1 fourteen
fifteen
* VA 7 7A
. m v7 A • . m vA « sixteen
1 7
• m v«^ » seventeen
. rn v>\ i V>7
.rr> vA »7
Ordinal.
eighteen
. m v » 7 nineteen.
Masc.
{11 1 m SiZ
eleventh
thirteenth.
&c.
The law for deriving them from the cardinal is suffi-
ciently obvious.
Cardinal numbers from three are for the most part
joined to the thing numbered by Apposition in the abso-
38 NUMERALS.
Intestate; as, —^'^ ]LZ>?( four months; ^
z
ten virgins. But the constructive state is occasionally
used; thus in Matth. iv. 25. we have )&L^&0 imi ten
cities, literally, a decad of cities.
These numbers are frequently found to occupy the
place 6f ordinals. In Luke i. 59. we have ]_»liiaZ.j ]Soo_I
the day which (is) eight, i. e. the eighth day, . v» A^
i -a
hour.
Denary numbers from 20 to 90 are expressed in the
plural and are of the common gender ; thus, .ym^ twenty,
thirty, ^ . sn?f forty, ^. «V)
seventy, . iVn7 eighty, . v«7 ninety.
The ordinals are derived from these by adding the
termination ]^ for the masculine, and ]^' for the femi-
nine ; as, masc. ] 1 1 .. m v fern. ]A ^ i ..mv twentieth.
The remaining numerals are, ]]VD a hundred,
hundred, ]]SoAlLl #Aree hundred, &c. which are form-
ed by prefixing the less number of the feminine gender
before ^]VJD. Also, .<?>^\ or ^W^ a thousand, fern.
» plu. . «^^s. . ba2^, ooj ten thousand.
Twice, thrice, &c. are sometimes expressed by cardinals,
with the noun ^\ time after it; as, Aj ]^ once, lit.
one time.
Words denoting a part of the whole are, ]'A\ol a
third part, ]±SQJ a fourth part, :fttvV> a tenth, &c.
NUMERALS. 39
Multiples, as double, treble, &c. are expressed by ^ >
and a cardinal number following with ^ prefixed, or
sometimes without it ; as, ]vo Jo ^ seven fold, lit. one
in or into seven, __»5Z ,_** double.
The days of the week are, ]A -^ jJL ^r*< day of
the week, ]A1^ r-»'^- second day, SEC.
PRONOUNS.
24. PRONOUNS are sometimes separable, i. e. con-
sist of words, and sometimes inseparable., i. e. they are
expressed by certain particles called affixes placed at
the end of nouns, verbs, or other particles. The
following is a Table of the personal pronouns.
Plural.
Fern. Com. Masc.
Singular.
Fern. Com. Masc.
We
^ i 1J1
You _
They.
She
OO1
OO1
/, 1st person.
Thou, 2d.
He, 3d.
001 and ^01 are also used for the demonstrative
pronouns; as, 001 1^. that man, ^01 ]ZAj]
^QJ] and ,__»_j] are for the most part found after
a transitive verb; as, ^QJ] Q<AO ^QJOI they have filled
them, John ii. 9.
25. The Demonstrative Pronouns.
IjCJI
,-jAcn
•a
^^r
this, fern.
these, of both genders.
^
.00
poi
^ i.JOT
*, masc.
these, masc.
, fern,
RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 41
These become reciprocal by being joined to the
personal pronouns ; as, "jjoi 001 he himself, fjoi ,_,cn
x
she herself.
"jjcn and "jxri coalesce with 001 and _cn ; and then
we have the following compounds, QJCTI this is, masc.
^,01 Ijoi this is, fern.
26*. The Relative and Interrogative Pronouns.
The relative is > of both genders and numbers
and is prefixed to words. It is probably the same
as the Hebrew nt (which has sometimes the power of
a relative pronoun) and has the same use and sig-
nification; as, af or
The interrogatives are,
of the person <>o, also, who?
of the thing <^>, )k>, ^Q^D, <oSo, ]iiOj what?
Vn is of both genders and numbers. o i^n is com-
P7 1* 771 77*7
01 Vn and OO1 ; as, . .rno i . V <JLA »>jA£) QJLiD?
who hath opened his eyes ? lit. who is he, who hath
opened for him his eyes ?
Interrogatives of both person and thing are ]i_,f
masc. ]r,'|7 fern, who, which, what? of the sing. numb.
and . V .~f . who, which, what? of the plural.
When > is used with these interrogatives, they
P f 7
become relatives; as, ^]i J]j ,_!05 he who goeth not
up, leu? ]v>-»? ]^> the bear which he saw.
42
AFFIXES.
Care must be taken not to confound Vn with the
preposition Vn. Before the use of vowels the former
word was written Vn with a point above it and the
latter <sn.
27- The following Table exhibits what are called
pronominal affixes, which are added to the end of
nouns. They are certain abbreviated terminations or
inseparable particles and have the signification of pos-
sessive pronouns.
Singular.
^» com. gender, my
Plural.
7
«— i
com. gender.
my
7
>"
masc.
thy
7
>-^->
fern.
thy
V
,010
masc.
his
OU
fern.
her
7
<r*
com.
our
* 7
' ^ '
masc.
your
7
^-<
fern.
your
*. 7
XTLi
masc.
their
7
iGT-j
fern.
their
masc.
fern.
Ol masc.
Ol fern.
7
_ com.
12 masc.
fern.
OO1 masc.
fern.
^
thy
thy
his
her
your
your
their
their.
28. There are separate possessive pronouns. They
are expressed by the letters ^_,?, which are put before
the affixes; thus, ^lu? my, ^? %, masc.,
, fern., oiX,? his, oi^L? her,
our,
. your,
NOUNS WITH AFFIXES. 43
masc., • n^-? your, fern., ^cmXjj their, masc., ,
their, fern.
Distributive pronouns are expressed by ]-*] , v i • i]
and the preposition ^o; sometimes the substantive
d
is taken away and the distributive pronoun is in-
dicated by ,_io only; thus, ^OTLLLD v i • i| some of
them, or ^pcruiD some of them. Also . - i \A or ^OAn
whosoever, ]VQ\^ or v^^nVA whatsoever. The latter
pronoun is composed of ^ aU, and iOylo something;
or, «wy thing.
Other pronouns are formed by adding the affixes
to the nouns ]• <^7i soul or person, and IkjoLo
substance, or person; as, >. « ^i "jla *«^^ thyself.
m • 01 .01 .. ^1o #w<7 /^^ w^w/, Jianged himself.
w himself. See, also John vi. 53.
29- Nouns with Affixes.
We come now to nouns with affixes. The vowel
changes of nouns receiving the affixes in Hebrew are
many and complicated; but in Syriac are few and
simple. The following is an example of a masculine
noun, which is first put in the definite state and
then takes the affixes in the place of the termina-
tion f.
44
NOUNS WITH AFFIXES.
Singular.
Def. State. }s±±D king
1st. pers. sing. com. . i O\V> nty king
o . 7
2nd masc. ^.nNV) thy
2nd fern. . i nn\V) thy
3rd masc.
3rd fern.
1st. pers. plu. com. no our
2nd masc. ^on"l> your
2nd fern. ^. i •"nVf) your
3rd masc. ^vn^\Vf> their
3rd fern. ^CTinVn their.
Plural.
1st. pers. sing. com. - • ^ xV> my kings
2nd masc. -^ > ^^^> ///•//
7 . 7
2nd fern. . . n . n\Vi thy
7 . 7
3rd masc. . .rnnnxVi ^Z'A-
3rd fern. rn . nV;^ her
1st. pers. plu. com.
2nd masc.
y . 7
2nd fern. . n . n\V> your
3rd masc. Vvn . n\Vn their
3rd fern. ^ >rn . n\Vo their.
1. The word . .o\V) is pronounced JKfo/%; the
being otiose.
NOUNS WITH AFFIXES. 45
2. Nouns in the singular number the definite
state of which terminates in ]!, form the affix of the
first person singular in ,»»_,, and the second and third
ac
persons plural in ^O^LI, v • -> -? <ooij, ,_icru ; thus,
] '. V £ boy, . . . \ [ my boy, ^ A.\^ your boy, ^001 1 N £
I X I
their boy. ]l£o Lord, which takes the affixes from
}£&, is an exception to this rule.
3. Those nouns having the abs. state; as, ^ois,
and the definite; as, ]JOID retain the *» with the
affixes of the first person sing, and second and third
persons plu. ; as, <^j<j\h my priest. Again, those in
the abs. state having the vowel ? on the last syl-
lable, and any other vowel on the preceding syllable;
the ? is preserved with the affixes of the above-
mentioned persons; as, ]Jl^rk), abs. o^JDyk) altar,
77 J.
. . .... «~>tv> my altar.
4. There are some nouns, namely, monysyllables ;
which have the vowel * in the abs. state; and
which lose it in the definite. Such nouns preserve
the *• with the affixes of the above-mentioned per-
sons; as, ioj def. ]ioj blood, . >vn^ my blood.
5. Some nouns in the plural number receive the
affixes both in the def. and const, states. They are
those which terminate in the absolute state in ^ ;
the definite in ]I7 and the constructive in ~ . !.
Note, . . A\Vn has two significations. 1st. my kings.
2nd. kings of; as, ]±y}7 - . n\Vn kings of the earth.
46 NOUNS WITH AFFIXES.
Three nouns, namely, ]£]' father, \$ brother,
father-in-law, take the affixes in an irregular manner.
7
1st. pers. sing. com. « »i*~)| my father
•X 7
2nd .......... masc. ^ao] thy ......
0, 7
2nd .......... fern. w^-SO^l thy ......
*. 7
3rd .......... masc. v_»(JIO_r2J his ......
' * \
3rd .......... fern. OlO^j her ......
•X 7
1st. pers. plu. com. \Q^I our ......
* -X7
2nd .......... masc. ^O-2OO| your ......
•X 7
2nd .......... fern. . no «-V| your ......
* *, 7
3rd .......... masc. ^poioo] their ......
9* 7
3rd .......... fern. Oldo] their ......
The other two nouns take the affixes in the same
way; except that fen_v. makes . .Vn^. my father-in-law.
See obs. 4, p. 45.
30. In feminine nouns the same affixes are used
for both numbers; namely, those which are annexed
to the singular number of masculine nouns. They are
put to the end of feminine nouns in the constructive
state in the first person singular, and in the second
and third persons plural, and at the end of their
definite state in the other parts, the termination ]
having been taken away. The reason of this differ-
ence is, that in the pronominal affixes mentioned ;
if they were placed to the definite state of the noun,
there would be a concourse of several consonants
without a vowel.
NOUNS WITH AFFIXES.
The following is an example of feminine nouns
with affixes.
Singular.
abs. I*"*1; • family const. A*"*i; • def.
1st. pers. sing. com. «-*Arb;_» my family
2nd masc. ^»AiD;_» /////
7
2nd fem. - • "^A'-v » thy
7
3rd masc. OlA*""); • his
3rd fem. OlAo^j* her
1st. pers. plu. com. \A^i-» OMr
*> 7 7
2nd masc. ^OI)Ao;-» ^OMr
2nd fem. . nAo. • ^oMr
4k 7 7
3rd masc. ^OCTlAo^» their
77
3rd fem. ^-aOlA^iJ M«>.
P/wra/.
0 7
1st. pers. sing. com. »-iA£3;_» my families
2nd masc. ^iAo;_» /////
o 7
2nd fem. «_ju2A^^» /////
•7)
f 7
3rd masc. (7lAiD;_» his
t> p 7
3rd fem. O"lAp;..» Aer
7 P 7
1st. pers. plu. com. ^A*^; • our
<\ p 7
2nd masc. ^QDA^"); • ^our
2nd fem. > nAo. » ^<w
** p 7
3rd masc. ^nrnA*^. » MezV
3rd. . . fem. —jOlAsi^ M«V.
48 NOUNS WITH AFFIXES.
]2*o with the affix *_, transfers the v from the
first to the following letter; thus, ^Z^ my daughter;
but it remains in the others ; as, ^L^ thy daughter,
ooZj^i your daughter.
31. Numerals and Particles with Affixes.
Numerals also receive the affixes of masculine nouns
in the plural numher; thus, vo<JujZ7 these two, masc.,
_»<JL/Z>Z7 these two, fern., ^porl'^LlZ these three, masc.,
^pCT-iAirri] these four, ^nrn .A Ivn^> these jive,
these six, rn /Avol these seven.,
.
ten.
When the singular affixes are annexed, they have
the power of possessive pronouns, and possess there-
fore another signification. For example, rn7:rr>v his
ten, .y/.fnv thy ten, ^poiZ^iiA ^/z^V ten, and we find
very frequently in the New Testament m7:r^v;; /«,?
twelve, speaking of the twelve disciples of Christ.
A great number of particles take the affixes ; as,
wo in, . .«-. in me, ^ in thee ; ^ to, ^\ to you, ^k>
from, rnivn from him, iv> ^-ow w^, ;yAmo «/?er,
^ooij^ms after them, &c. Some particles take the
affixes of masc. nouns plu. ; as, io^o before, - . v/o
i^/br^ m^, v. . vr>[ n ip/br^ thee; so likewise, ^1 ow or
upon, .o>K>. t/br, instead of, and others.
VERBS.
32. IN Syriac, as in Hebrew, the root of the verb
is the 3rd pers. sing. numb, masculine gender of the
first conjugation. Most of the roots are triliteral, a few
are quadriliteral. The triliteral roots have a vowel
under the second letter, and make only one syllable.
The different forms of the verb, which express various
modifications of the original sense, are usually called
conjugations. They amount to eight, of which four
have an active, and four a passive, and sometimes a
reciprocal signification. They derive their names from
the verb VM«y\. and are contained in the following table,
from which the characteristic of each conjugation may
be observed.
Act. Pass.
1 Peal \Ls> 2 Ethpeel
3 Pael ±gs 4 Ethpaal
*
5 Aphel \±2>} 6 Ethtaphal
1»
7 Shaphel Wv<* 1 8 Eshtaphal
The Peal conjugation is the same as the Kal of
the Hebrews ; that is, it expresses the verb in its sim-
plest form and meaning.
4
50 VERBS.
Ethpeel is the passive of the preceding conjugation,
and like the other passive conjugations has the syllable
L] prefixed*.
n
Pael is the Piel of the Hebrews, when the signi-
fication of the Peal conjugation is intransitive, the Pael
makes it transitive ; as, JD>I lie was just, Pael *ojf he
T»
justified; sometimes it expresses the Peal sense with
greater energy ; as, ^» he sought, Pa. he sought dili-
gently. This conjugation has a causative sense in some
verbs ; as, ^i he bought, ^{ he caused to buy, i. e.
he sold. To the Pael is sometimes assigned the sense
of commanding, permitting and declaring what is ex-
pressed by the Peal, and sometimes these two conju-
gations have the same signification.
Ethpaal is the passive of the preceding conjugation.
As the Pael, in many instances, signifies to make or
cause to do whatever is indicated by the Peal; the
Ethpaal will necessarily signify to be made to do, that
which is denoted by the Peal, and hence it is that
the Peal and Ethpaal conjugations in some verbs pos-
sess the same meaning; as, .^I -> he thought, .ol T.7]
he was made to think, i. e. lie thought.
* Professor Lee in his Heb. Gram., supposes L] to be a frag-
ment of the verb |Z| fie came; that it was originally written in
full; but in process of time it was pronounced and afterwards
written with the verb, the sense of which it qualified. See in
his Chap, on Heemanti nouns, his account of the force of this
and other particles which are prefixed to primitive words.
VERBS.
51
Aphel corresponds to the Hiphil of the Hebrews.
In sense it is usually causative of Peal ; as, pj he
remembered; Aph. ^DJ]T he caused to be remembered;
he commemorated. It is also found to possess the sig-
nification of desiring, permitting, declaring, exhibiting,
&c. whatever is indicated by the Peal ; as, -(\V«") he
permitted, or granted power, Vv^nv1? he exhibited trou-
ble. In some instances it has an intransitive meaning ;
as, jau]7 it shone. The characteristic is }7 prefixed to
the root.
The preceding conjugations are of very frequent use,
and are acknowledged by all Grammarians. Those which
follow are of much rarer occurrence.
The Ethtaphal is the passive of the preceding con-
jugation. It is formed from the Aphel by prefixing
the particle L], and changing the Olaph, the charac-
teristic of the Aphel conjugation, into Thau. Examples
of this form are seldom found. See Mark xiii. 24.
(Philox. vers.) the sun ^^_K»!AJ shall be darkened.
The Shaphel conjugation is generally considered to
have the same signification as the Aphel; it is formed
by prefixing ^ to the root, and like the Pael and
Aphel take * under the second radical instead of ?.
By many persons this conjugation has been referred
to quadriliteral verbs; but it is found so frequently,
much more so than the Ethtaphal, that Michaelis and
others have made it a separate conjugation of triliterals.
4 — 2
52 VERBS.
Examples are, .*^- he made or caused to serve,
he inflamed, ^Vnl ^£ matfe perfect.
Eshtaphal is the passive of the preceding conjuga-
tion, and is formed from it by prefixing L], transposing
the L with the o», and changing * under the second
radical into ?.
The Eshtaphal conjugation agrees in form with the
tenth conjugation of Arabic verbs.
If the first radical of a verb be i, «m, ., ^*; it is
transposed with Z of the particle L] in the Ethpeel and
Ethpaal conjugations; as, -n^A*] he was left, instead
of .r^-7] ; .rX7\rW) he ivas lifted up, instead of .rXn-J'j .
After 1, the L is changed into 5, and after . into ^;
as, . » ^]] he was conquered, »«-A^.] he was crucified.
Verbs are either regular or irregular. The former
class includes all those verbs which preserve their radi-
cals unchanged throughout all their inflexions, the latter
those, which lose or undergo a change of one or more
radicals.
There are two tenses, the preterite and future.
Their forms are ^c and ^QJ^QJ and these forms
determine the past and fut. times more accurately
than they do in Hebrew. The present tense may be
expressed by the active participle with the aid of the
personal pronouns. By means also of the auxiliary
verb two other tenses are defined; namely, the im-
perfect and plusperfect, of which some account will
be afterwards given.
VERBS. 53
The different numbers, persons and genders are
formed by prefixes and affixes joined to the root of
the verb as in the Hebrew.
The Imperative form is used in an affirmative
sense. A negation or prohibition is expressed by the
future tense and the particle }] not placed before it.
The Infinitive is in its nature an abstract noun,
and as such receives the pronominal affixes. It has
an active, neuter, or passive sense; and when added
to the verb will give intensity to the signification.
33. Before we proceed to give the tables of the
different classes of verbs, it is desirable to present the
reader with the tenses, &c. of the substantive verb
]6oi he was, and of A.,] is, which are peculiar in
x
their forms and because the former is much used in
the general conjugations.
Prceterite Tense.
Person. Sing. Number. Gender.
1 AjOOl / was com.
i
2 AjOOl thou wast masc.
2 «_»A_iOCTI thou wast fern.
3 |OOT he was masc.
3 ZoCTl she was fern.
Plural Number.
7
1 __»OCTI we were com.
2 ^pjOQl you were masc.
2 _»A_»OO1 you were fern.
7
3 OOCT1 they were masc.
3 »-iO<n they were fern.
54
VERBS.
Future.
Person. Singular. Gender.
OOT I shall or will be com.
MOM sAaft or wilt be masc.
MOM *Aa// or wz7/ be fern.
I 7»
3 foOTJ he shall or ?z;z7/ be masc.
3 ]ocnZ. */?e shall or «n7/ 6e fem.
Pluial.
1 ]oOTJ tve shall or mill be com.
•X .
2 ^OOOlZ. _?/e *Afl// or mill be masc.
2 __iOCTlZ ye shall or w«7/ be fem.
3 OOU <Ae shall or wz7/ 6e masc.
3 __»OOTJ <Aey *Aa// or will be fem.
Injfattioe.
Singular.
2 fcjOOl, or AjOOT be thou masc.
2 «_j£_iGcn 6e <Aow fem.
Plural.
^O^jOOl 6e ^e masc.
•• . 7
^-•ZUOOI 6e j(c fem.
VKIIBS.
55
Present Tense.
Singular.
ft] ]j] lam
•X 7
OO1 Aj] thou art
I 7
jCTI vjAj] /AoM or/
•X 7
OOT OO1 Ae is
«_i01 w_»O1 she is
Plural.
ye are
r-j-J ! ^-*Aj| //c are
3 ^QJOl _iOO1 they are
3 ^ » 1O1 _iOOl i/«ey are
Participle.
Singular,
jocn being or w
% o i>
(-iCCn being or ?*
Plural. -
_iOOl 6eiw»' or are
v »
_iOOl 6ezn^ or are
Gender.
com.
masc.
fern,
masc.
fern.
com.
masc.
fern.
masc.
fern.
masc.
fern.
masc.
fern.
The personal pronouns are frequently used in the
place of the substantive verb after a participle, by
which means the present tense of verbs may be ex-
pressed, as will be afterwards seen. We have also
56
VERBS.
the personal pronoun in such an instance as, ocn
he is good. In these cases, ^] and ^ are em-
ployed in preference to ^OJCTI and . vry
34. We come next to A^ is, which is the same as
the Hehrew HP. It takes the affixes in the following
manner.
Person. Plural. Singulan
2 * ore
2 *** ^eare — ^-A-1 thwart fern.
3
e w masc.
x
7
3
she is fem.
If to A,] with its affixes be joined the verb }o<n,
the imperfect tense will be formed; thus, A.OOI
thou wast, ]ocn ^cruL] he was.
i
The verb A.J signifies to have, when it is followed
hy Lomad with the pronominal affixes; as, _\
there is for me, i. e. / have.
Plural.
r Singular. Gender
Behave ^\> A.) I have com.
masc.
have ^^ A,] thou hast fem.
,., mas,
they have oil A.] ,fe ^ fem.
VERBS. 57
y o
The negative form is A . \j a contraction of ]]
and AJ]; when it is joined with the pronominal affixes,
i
we ohtain the following, - . V A^JL there is not for
x
me, i.e. / have not, ^ A_i_S thou hast not, and so
on for the others. Or by annexing the affixes to the
verb, we have, ^JL^L I am not, ^Lt^L thou art not,
we are not, c.
35. We will now give a paradigm of ^JD in all
its conjugations, &c. as an example of the inflexion
of regular verbs in general.
58
CONJUGATION OF REGULAR VERBS.
Peal. Ethpeel. ; Pael. Ethpaal.
Praet. 3. masc.
3. fern.
2. masc.
2. fern.
1. com.
Plur. 3. masc.
3. fern.
2. masc.
2. fern.
1. com.
0X40
0X40
Infinitive.
Imper. masc.
fern.
Plur. masc.
fern.
^040
0X040
_l_Xo4o
0^40
Fut. 3. masc.
3. fern.
2. masc.
2. fern.
1. com.
Plur. 3. masc.
3. fern.
2. masc.
2. fern.
1. com.
^40 AJ
^040!
Part. act.
EXAMPLK ^D he slew.
59
Aphel.
Ethtaphal.
Shaphel.
Eshtaphal.
- . V y^A Jf
\ ^
•X . B 7
rTVfri
»> . p 7 1<
o \ f\oA m Vn
V\ j\ 0 1 <vT>
KEGULAK VERBS.
36. Observations on Regular Verbs.
The Prceterite.
The first letter of the root is generally without
a vowel, the second has for the most part v; but
sometimes it has *»; especially in intransitive verbs
and verbs denoting the affections, qualities, or sensa-
tions of the mind; as, ^OITD he ceased, ZCTLO he
Hushed, .no? he cleaved, ^i he slept, ^5 he
trembled, .^- he laid down, ^- he inhabited.
Also verbs whose middle radical is Olaph; as, ^|_»
T»
he enquired, *o]rc he was hoary. Those also whose
first radical is Yud have frequently "> under the second;
as, ^Aj he set.
T» x
The Yud of the feminine gender, third person,
plural number is sometimes omitted and the verb is
written as, ^Lo ^eV s^ew'> fern. The same occasionally
happens to Vau of the masculine gender. The reason
is that these letters are never pronounced.
Nun paragogic is added in some instances both
to the masc. and fern, genders of the third person,
plural number; but more frequently to the latter;
as, ^0^4^ v >v^0, third pers. plu. masc. and fern.
The force of this particle is supposed to be that
of giving energy or certainty to the expressions in
which it is found to occur.
Some verbs are found to have Olaph prosthetic;
as, oj^L»l lie found.
REGULAR VERBS. 6l
The numbers and persons of this tense are formed
by affixing a particle of one of the personal pronouns
•A 7 -A 7 7
to the radical letters; thus, ^pA\4° f°r
The Future.
This Tense seems to be formed in the active con-
jugations by prefixing certain abbreviated forms of
the personal pronouns to the imperative mood ; thus,
», * t> -X *.
^o^o) for ^>CL£JD and \i] ; \>o_&-o2 for ^o^o and
A* * " - , * '
In the passive conjugations the same forms are
used instead of ] of the particle 2.1.
Verbs having *< under the middle radical of the
praeterite, in the future take ? ; as, ,-4^1 ; those also
whose third radical is a guttural or Rish take ?.
A few verbs submit to no rule as to the vowels
which they receive; thus, ^>21 / will receive, which
has the same vowels as the Heb.
The second and third persons singular feminine
sometimes admit Yud Otiose or paragogic at the
end; thus, . : i >\Ko7 and
The praeformative letters are not four as in Hebrew;
namely, ]JTN; ^ut only three; namely, ^2], The third
person sing, and plu. of both genders take . for ,»•
probably from IJOT.
62 REGULAR VERBS.
is the third pers. sing. masc. and the first
person plu. ; but the context will determine the person
which is to be taken.
The verb «ro°* & he obeyed, receives «-» for * through
the whole of the Ethpeel conjugation ; except the infin.
which is regular; thus, praet «m » °\ &L] imper. 0 m i *\ ^L]
part, -m . g^AVn.
x »
Infinitive.
The Infinitive of all the conjugations has Mem
prseformative. The Peal is masculine. The others
have the termination o and are feminine.
Imperative.
The observation on the vowel placed over the second
radical of the future holds good in the imperative ; as,
Ojm make ye, o^kjj sleep ye. In the Ethpeel and
Ethpaal conjugations, the middle radical has no vowel
and under it is placed the tinea occultans. This pecu-
liarity has probably arisen from the general practice of
people to utter a command in a hasty and an abrupt
manner.
Nun paragogic is sometimes found with the forms
of the imper. in the Peal, Pael and Aphel conjuga-
tions ; as, ^oXo_^D for n\o (\n .
Participles.
The Participle active Peal is always written as
without the Vau, which is inserted in the He-
*
brew participial noun Kal. This circumstance arises
from Vau not being used with the vowel P; but
REGULAR VERBS. 63
with *. On the contrary the passive participle has
_ with the vowel i; as, W . fcr>. The participles of
all the other conjugations are derived from the prse-
terite by prefixing Mem. This letter is very probably
a particle of the pronoun ^2, ,_lb, or ]LD; so that,
VV^Avn is he who slayeth, i. e. one slaying. In
the passive and Aphel conjugations the Olaph is omit-
ted and its vowel taken by the Mem.
The part. W » frr> sometimes takes the vowel ? on
x
the first rad.; especially on intrans. verbs; as, ^ .m . Wr
astonished, Luke i. 21.
From this last remark must be exempted some
verbs of the Aphel conjugation, which retain the
Olaph when another letter is prefixed ; as, > » »]0->
permitting to live. This is also the case in the fu-
ture.
The Olaph of the Aphel conjugation is changed
77 7 »
in the Ethtaphal into Z; as, ^^oU^o for ^4°lASo.
This is likewise true in the whole conjugation.
37- The gutturals produce a few anomalies and only a
few ; for the Syrians have not so great a variety of vowel
changes as the Hebrews. Verbs, the third radical of
which is <n, oo > ^ or 5, have in the future and imperative
Peal for the most part the vowel v under the middle
radical. In the other conjugations and the active parti-
ciple Peal, they have v in the place of "*; as,
worshiping, o^n^io glorying, ojio he mocked,
he commemorated.
g4 REGULAR VERBS.
The verbs ] To he consoled, ]v>^ he dejiled, ]]. he
polluted, in the Pael and Ethpaal conjugations, have the
same changes of the vowels as the gutturals which are
mentioned in the preceding paragraph.
38. The Present Tense is formed by the participles
(form ^^40) and the personal pronouns placed after
them; thus,
Singular.
\3\ M 5° I am slaying
thou art slaying
thou art slaying
OOT Vi^0 he is slaying
«_i01 ]' fc0 she is slaying.
Plural.
. \ fco n>e are slaying I
> masc.
^Aj"! > V^o ye are slaying I
- i i
&c.
7 \" ° \
i y> \^r» n>e are slaying I
V fern.
ye are slaying
)
The third pers. plu. is expressed simply by the
act. part, in the plural number.
These auxiliary pronouns are sometimes contracted
and affixed to the verb ; as, A\rfro , . .A'V/VO thou art
slaying, second pers. sing. masc. and fern.
The substantive verb added to the participial
form ^40 wiH sometimes express the imperfect tense;
IRREGULAR VERBS. 65
as, ]ooi v\4o he was slaying. But if this verb be
added to the praeterite it will sometimes make the
pluperfect tense; as, "jocn ^>!&o he had slain.
The pluperfect tense will not always be determined
in this manner: for it sometimes happens that the
auxiliary verb is thus found with the praeterite, when
the context will not permit it to signify the plu-
perfect tense. In such case the praeterite or im-
perfect tense will be expressed.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
39- Large classes of verbs deviate from the fore-
going paradigm of ^^o and present many irregularities
in the process of conjugation. They are produced by
nearly the same causes as in Hebrew ; namely,
by gutturals, which have been already noticed; by
the letters ) o ^, by the first radical being Nun;
or by the second and third radicals being the same.
Indeed the same classes of irregular verbs exist in
the Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic and the whole
of that family of languages.
We have seen that the verb V\v<^ is employed to
designate the conjugations. The classes of irregular verbs
5
VERBS |a OR
also are usually denoted for the sake of brevity by one
of the letters in ^Ia ; thus, "K "^> l^>> stand for
verbs the first radical of which is ] ^ or j ; "^ a±>
^ ^ . those the middle radical of which is }} o or
— ; or the second and third radicals the same and finally
those the last radical of which is ] or ^,.
40. Verbs \& or . . <^.
1. In accounting for the anomalies which exist
in this class; it is to be observed that Olaph or
Yud beginning a word must have a vowel; as, &£
he was anxious, ^ he begot, and not *2>I], yXj.
See }. 5.
2. In the middle of a word Olaph or Yud and
the preceding letter cannot be both without vowels.
This is the consequence of what is stated in (1) ;
for in those forms where two consonants without
vowels come together; the Olaph or Yud would begin
a syllable and would consequently require a vowel as
much as at the beginning of a word.
3. This vowel of the Olaph or Yud is generally
remitted to the preceding letter; but when an ad-
dition is made to the end of the word ; to avoid
the concourse of several letters without vowels ; the
Olaph or Yud retains its vowel; thus, ^Z] he was
begotten, oXo]Z] they were corroded, L^lL] I was
•* » •*
begotten.
VERBS ja OR . . e* 67
4. In the Aphel, Shaphel and their passive con-
jugations, the Olaph or Yud is changed into Vau
which coalesces with the preceding ? and makes the
diphthong au; as,
5. Olaph and Yud are dropped in the future
first person singular; as, ^02] I shall eat for
»
/ shall beget.
6. Verhs - * <* are regular in the Pael and
Ethpaal conjugations, which are therefore exceptions
to (5).
7. In the Peal conjugation, the vowel of the
Olaph is *> in the praet. In the pass, participle it is
?. In the imper. in those cases where the second
vowel is *, the first is ? ; as, ^o^f eat thou masc. ;
but if the second vowel be ?, the first is "<; as,
jiol say thou masc. A similar rule is observed in
*
the future tense ; namely, when the second vowel is
-x the first is * and when the second is ?, the first is x.
8. The Olaph in the Ethpeel and Ethpaal con-
jugations is sometimes changed into Z; as, ^LL] from
•» *
jl*") he took, ^tl^^L] he lamented. Indeed Olaph pre-
i» t\
ceded by Thau is frequently changed into Thau for
the sake of euphony.
9. Olaph or Yud in the middle of a word rests
in general in *» or i. The latter is sometimes chang-
ed into the former.
5—2
gg VERBS ]& OR - » CH
The verb, ^f) he departed, makes its imperative mood
*
of the Peal conjugation thus,
oil
The ^ of ^] has the linea occultans as often as it
4V
ought to have a vowel from the analogy of the regular
verb, and Zain by the same rule is without one. In such
cases the vowel of Lomad is remitted to Zain; as, Ai^fj
*
she departed.
In the passive part. Peal the radical ^ in some verbs
receives the vowel v instead of *; as> .<?> .\. taught,
Rom. ii. 18.
Yud in the verb »oau has no need of the vowel x;
because the second radical is not pronounced and therefore its
vowel is remitted to the first. In the imper. we have
The Yud remains in the Aphel conjugation in the verbs
] he ejaculated, .o i *") he sucked.
he was faithful, in the Aphel conjugation takes
Oi as the characteristic and ] is changed into ^ ; thus,
n he believed; so, Heb. PP^?, Arab.
Some verbs beginning with Yud reject this radical in
the inf. and fut. Peal; as, ^ he knew, inf. 15^;
X *
he set, fut.
VKKBS _0. 69
41. Verbs ^_a.
The anomalies belonging to this class of verbs
are only few; the principal one is the rejection of
Nun in certain situations and the rule is this; when-
ever Nun is at the end of a syllable and without
a vowel according to the analogy of the regular verb,
it is rejected. We have therefore fut. Peal
Ne-puk for »aa2LU Nen-puk. inf. .r><y>vn for
In the imper. Peal, the Nun is thrown away at
the beginning of the word; as, *oo2> for »oaaj. The
reason of this elision is perhaps the difficulty of pro-
nouncing it with rapidity in such a situation and it
has therefore been neglected in writing.
The Ethpeel, Pael and Ethpaal conjugations of
these verbs are quite regular in all their forms.
Verbs of this class are not found in the Shaphel
and its passive conjugation.
The vowel of the second radical in the fut. and
imper. Peal observes generally the same rule as regular
verbs ; thus, ^nu he cut, .^g>i he breathed,
CONJUGATION OF VERBS
Peal. Ethpeel. Pael. Ethpaal
Prset. Sing. 3. masc.
3. fern.
2. masc.
2. fem.
1. com.
Plur. 3. masc.
3. fem.
2. masc.
2. fem.
I. com.
Infinitive.
•X . C • T
Imper. Sing. masc.
fem.
Plur. masc.
fem.
Put. Sing. 3. masc.
3. fem.
2. masc.
2. fem.
1. com.
Plur. 3. masc.
Si. fem.
2. masc.
2. fem.
1. com.
Part, act
pass.
EXAMPLE ^\o he eat.
71
Aphel.
Ethtaphal.
Shaphel.
Eshtaphal.
Also]7
AXiof
Aloof
n «
7 7
7 V 7
^ 1 Nn
*. , P 7 T>
n XnnA m Vi
. i Nno •
i»
^ i Nno •
. i \no aZ
. ^r> 17
v i *\")
vvno a. V>
CONJUGATION OF VKKBS, - . <*
Peal.
Ethpeel.
Praet. Sing.
Plur.
3. masc.
3. fern.
2. masc.
2. fern.
1. com.
3. masc.
3. fern.
2. masc.
2. fern.
1. com.
Infinitive.
Imper. Sing. masc.
fern.
Plur. masc.
fern.
Fut. Sing.
Plur.
3. masc.
3. fern.
2. masc.
2. fern.
1. com.
3. masc.
3. fern.
2. masc.
2. fern.
1. com.
-A
A.AJ*
Ar
A*
Part. act.
pass.
EXAMPLE \ll he begot
73
Aphel.
Ethtaphal.
Shaphel.
Eshtaphal.
. .t \0 m.
* .» r
.SolAS
*. . 7
74 VERBS OL
he fixed, take the vowel *; but ^inj he adhered,
ifa it flowed down, have ?. There are a few excep-
tions; as, A*>J he descended, which takes * in the
it
fut. and imper.
The rule for the removal of Nun does not apply
to verbs of this class, when the second and third
radicals are the same; nor when the middle radical
is one of the quiescent letters; nor in some verbs whose
second radical is He.
.o\m he ascended is anomalous and takes some of its
7 7
forms from the obsolete verb .r»mi; as, »mx> imper.
inf. .OPO fut.
Olaph characteristic of the Aphel conjugation is oc-
casionally retained with the prefixes; as, L»]L thou wilt
bring down from
42. Verbs r>v or . . v.
Verbs having Vau and those having Yud for
their middle radical letter differ so little from each
other in their conjugations; that they may be
both comprehended in one class. These letters are
sometimes placed in such situations as to lose their
consonantel power and defects in consequence arise
in those forms of the verb where that power is lost.
1. Vau deprived of a vowel for the most part
rests in the vowel -\ In such a case whenever another
vowel is required by the analogy of the regular verb ;
the Vau is usually changed into Yud; as,
for ioaoZZ], Avn. n for
VERBS r> V . . V . 75
2. Vau for the most part takes the vowel » or
\ When therefore another vowel is required by the
analogy of the regular verb ; the Vau is taken away
or changed into Olaph or Yud; as, i-oo for
for
S. In the Aphel conjugation, the Vau is changed
into Yud; the vowel * which belongs to Vau is also
changed into *, and this vowel is remitted to the pre-
ceding letter; as, sn . r^ for
There are some verbs, which preserve the o in the Pael
and Ethpaal conjugations ; as, JQJ he disturbed ; ioiL] he
•» *
was disturbed.
In the part. Peal the Vau is changed into Olaph and
is pronounced Yud. When the third radical is a guttural
or Rish ; the vowel "» is changed into v. See ^. 37-
Throughout the Bthpeel conjugation L of the syl-
lable L] is doubled, except in the 2nd pers. fut. This-
•
is the same as in Chaldee, except in the latter lan-
guage the duplication is made by Dagesh forte.
The verbs of this class are not found in the Sha-
phel and Eshtaphal conjugations.
There are some verbs having the middle radical Vau,
which are not conjugated after the paradigm; namely,
(i) Those which have Olaph or Yud for the
third radical; as, "jo* he was equal, ^
he adhered.
VERBS
(2) Such verbs; as, ^.QTD he desired, ^o^]' he
i>
acted unjustly.
In some verbs a difference of signification is marked
by the middle radical Vau being moveable or other-
wise ; as, jcLw it was white, 5o>l he saw.
Verbs having Yud for the middle radical letter,
preserve it in some of the forms of the Peal conjuga-
tion; for instance, Ao^o in the praeterite.
Plural. Singular.
In the fut. Peal the preformative letters have no
vowel except that which belongs to the first person
singular.
From verbs of this class quadriliteral forms are fre-
quently derived and make two additional conjugations;
namely, Palpel and its passive Ethpalpal; as, \jfii he
made a commotion, from viof, ^o&i he exalted, from
5. See quadriliteral verbs.
In ] I .... he lived, whenever a preformative is annexed,
the Yud is taken away and its vowel remitted to the pre-
ceding consonant ; as, inf. \tl^o for ] .' >vvr>
VERBS |i, ]J . 77
43. Verbs ]±.
There are a few anomalies in these verbs, but they
are not so numerous nor of a kind to require a para-
digm. Most of them may be accounted for on the
principle stated in J. 40 ; namely, that Olaph remits its
vowel to the preceding letter which was previously
without a vowel. Agreeably to this law we have *z>\4
he was good, ^so he was old, ^Vj_» he enquired; imper.
ACD put on the shoe. So also in Ethpeel we have
Olaph is sometimes placed before the first radical ;
we have indeed the following forms, ^
In Aphel we have, ^»]^( he did badly, Jrcf he
« ^ *
put on the shoes, *£>[£( he did well.
•n
In Pael and Ethpaal conjugations Olaph is changed
into Yud ; as, ^. £ he prepared, ~^'-fi] he was pre-
» •»
pared.
44. Verbs jj].
This class comprehends the two classes of Hebrew
verbs terminating in N and n, and the three classes
of Arabic verbs ending in ' 4 (^ t
In the consideration of these verbs, we observe
1st. When they receive an addition to the end,
the Olaph is either taken away or changed into Yud;
78
CONJUGATION OF VERBS
Peal.
Ethpeel.
Pael.
Praet. Sing. 3. masc.
3. fern.
7 P
A V> . nZZf
•R 7
So . o
.7 7
AVi . o
2. masc.
AVno
A^n. o77]"
AV) . o
2. fem.
r_>AV>o
. .Av>.o77f
1> 7
. .AVn .0
1. com.
AVno
AvA.»;;y
* 7
AV> . o
Plur. 3. masc.
nVno
X « «.1>
nV) . o// j
•B 7
oVo . o
3. fem.
. . Vno
. .Vn. 077]
•» 7
. . Vn . o
2. masc.
<0&0£>
^AJ^uDZZf
^AVnTA-
2. fem.
<_».ASO:0
>AVn . o77]
^Asolo
1. com.
7 o
i^nn
7 x . ..1>
7 * 7
i^n . o
^ '
Infinitive.
la&o
^x^ZAk)
0^ D 7
Imper. Sing. masc.
iOOD
ixo^ZZ]
7
fem.
•X
. . Vno o
..V).nZZ]
7
. . Vn . o
Plur masc.
QVO^O
Q^.^77]
7
nVn > o
fem.
v »V>on
.^. o77]
7
• Vi i o
^ T. X 1«
V
Fut. Sing. 3. masc.
iOOQJ
So . o7A i
SnTA,
3. fem.
. i SoonZ
. . Vn . o77
. .Vn . o7
2. masc.
iodoZ
Sr> . o77
VQ T o/
2. fem.
1. com.
X ft. ,
.Vnno7
.^. A77"
x 7 .
,Vn , o/
V
v^ . o77]
V
Plur. 3. masc.
3. fem.
2. masc.
V
Vino i
.nVn . o7Aj
Vn . o7 A 7
^nVn .01
P 7
Vn . o i
* 7 7
2. fem.
^0£>Z
Vn . o77
0 7 .
1. com.
ik
Son o i
Sr> . o7 A i
i^ol^j
Part. act.
*>l£
So . o7AV>
7
So . nVn
pass.
X
7 7
So . oVr>
EXAMPLE
79
Ethpaal.
Aphel. | Ethtaphal.
Palpel.
EthpalpaJ.
..•»
Zl
..*
Z.(
A Vn . A
f V
nV> » o/ I
SZf
iZf
X .7
oVn . <*i|
. . V> . ol
7 7 7
^*f
i Vo . ol
ut in Ethpeel.
OlO-lDJ
7*7
9. 07
77..
. i V) i nZ. I
n
77..
r>Vn . o/ |
.7
. ><vT> . nj
^.VnAn77]
7 7 , .-»
. . V) . O//
ix^^nj
. . Vn . o7
•X X
oVn . o i
* 7 * i*
.nVn . o//
oZ
7 7 . .•»
v.^:^;
80 VERBS |] .
thus, AiLt, A .\ This arises from the circumstance
that Olaph is seldom found in the middle of a word
beginning a syllable, or quiescent in the middle of
a syllable.
2nd. Participles form the fern, gender according
to the rules given in the Chapter on Nouns; as, JL^.
fern. ] .' V '. j jl«ji> fem. ] .P V ,. v>
3rd. Olaph in the 3rd. pers. sing, praet. of all the
conjugations, except Peal, becomes Yud quiescent in I ;
as, - *tt •
4th. The iufin. is subject to the 1st. rule; but
in other respects it is regular.
5th. In the imper. Peal and Ethpeal sing, masc.,
Olaph is changed into Yud; in the former it rests in
x, in the latter it makes a diphthong with ?; thus,
-^-\t and ^juX^Z]. But in the other conjugations
Olaph remains and rests in o. In the fem. o makes
a diphthong with ^,. In the plural forms the 3rd.
rad. is taken away in all the conjugations; thus,
6th. In the fut. tense and participles, Olaph rests
in •»; but before the affixes ^o and <_, it is taken
away. Before the affix ^ Olaph passes into Yud
moveable; as,
In the plu. praet. Peal of the third person we
have ol and _ for ojl ~tf. In a few in-
VERBS ]]. 81
stances in the Philoxenian version the Olaph is pre-
served when the affixes are annexed to them ; as,
]7 they untied him ; Mark xi. 4.
Some verbs in Peal change Olaph into Yud and
are declined as the prseterite of the other conjugations;
thus,
Plural. Singular.
. 1 1 >r-KJ «—»;
The verb ^A_»l is not of the Aphel conjugation as
is manifest from the vowel "> being under the Olaph.
It is probably the Peal conjugation with Olaph pros-
thetic.
A few verbs of this class have v in the sing.
numb. masc. of the imper. ; as, ^L»] drink.
In the 3rd. pers. plu. prset. and 2nd. pers. plu.
imper. Peal, some verbs take the paragogic forms
82
CONJUGATION OF VERBS
Peal.
Ethpeel.
Pael.
Praet. Sing. 3. masc.
3. fern.
2. masc.
2. fern.
1. com.
Plur. 3. masc.
3. fern.
2. masc.
2. fern.
1. com.
Infinitive.
•* V
. \ Vn
Imper. Sing. masc.
fern.
Plur. masc.
fern.
V
Put. Sing. 3. masc.
3. fern.
2. masc.
2. fern.
1. com.
Plur. 3. masc.
3. fern.
2. masc.
2. fern.
1. com.
Part. act.
pass.
N
EXAMPLE 11 he revealed.
83
Ethpaal.
Aphel. Ethtaphal. Shaphel. Eshtaphal.
A ^J I7
- ' i\ ' ^ 11 1
. v1
w->Z!\ i \ .« •
*
* t » •> *
o^
*. .0 T
n . \ . V>
. \ . «
QX i S JL m V)
Ni'
I
J8
?h£
-
^i
»\
FiM
&
\.V ,
tA_a_]
.? ^> 7
^^O
"S1
6—2
84
VERBS \yv>.
45. Verbs • \i^,
Verbs which have the second and third radicals
the same lose the middle radical in the Peal, Aphel,
Ethtaphal, Shaphel and Eshtaphal conjugations. The
vowel of the middle radical expunged is remitted to
the first. With the exception of this defect and a
peculiarity in the act. part. Peal; the whole inflexion
is quite regular. The Ethpeel, Pael and Ethpaal
conjugations retain hoth the radicals and are in every
respect regular. But for the two last conjugations the
Palpel and Ethpalpal forms are most frequently used ;
as, ;_^J. he drew, \\s\s he agitated, ^^5 he mag-
nified.
The imper. and fut. Peal receive on the second
radical the vowel * or v, according to the rule laid
down for these forms in the reg. verbs; thus, ICLCU
TV
he will spoil, ^JJj he will desire.
In the act. part. Peal the middle radical is chang-
ed into Olaph ; but it is pronounced as Yud ; thus,
.CD]*' is pronounced Ro-yes J. 11. When an addition is
made to the end of this part.; the Olaph with its
vowel is taken away; as, ^.m^ ^-VQ. The verb
^A is an exception; for it preserves the Olaph in
the plural ; as, ,_AU masc. and Sji fern.
Verbs which have Olaph for the second and third
radicals preserve both of them in inflexion; see doubly
irregular verbs.
OBJECTIVE AFFIXES. 85
In the part. Aphel the middle radical is sometimes re-
tained ; but it has the linea occultans ; as, . \\fcvr>
shadowing.
The Olaph characteristic of the Aphel conjugation is
sometimes retained with the preformatives ; as, n«-i^/)vn\
to love.
The Objective Affixes attached to Verbs.
46. We have already seen that different affixes
are added to verbs to mark the person and number;
besides these, others are frequently attached, which
may be called the objective affixes ; thus, ^.^J^Q
she has slain thee. If the verb be intransitive then
it must be translated with some preposition to pre-
serve its connection with the pronoun. We will first
give a Table of these Affixes.
When a consonant precedes the affix.
Sing. Phi.
7 7 77
(.ill imper.) . (^_, imper.)
01
2nd. pers. masc. 3rd. pers.fem. Proet. and Nun preced.
Sing. Phi.
3rd. fern, plu.)
3rcl- fern, plu.)
86
CONJUGATION OF VERBS ML,
Peal.
Aphel.
Ethtaphal.
Praet. Sing. 3. masc.
3. fern.
2. masc.
2. fern.
1. com.
Plur. 3. masc.
3. fern.
2. masc.
2. fern.
1. com/
vf
4=r
Infinitive.
Imper. Sing. masc.
fern.
Plur. masc.
fern.
o^ZZl
Put. Sing. 3. masc.
3. fern.
pass.
ICLQJ
EXAMPLE }^o he destroyed.
Sbaphel.
Eshtaphal.
Palpel.
Ethpalpal.
». £> 7
n] o] »~>Vn
77 *
38 OBJECTIVE AFFIXES.
Vorvel preceding.
Sing. Plu.
V
01 (CTU)
It is only necessary to give examples of a regu-
lar verb ; because irregular verbs receive the affixes in
nearly the same manner. The chief exception consists
in those verbs which have Olaph for the third radical ;
of which on account of some striking peculiarities
particular notice must be taken in the proper
places. It is also not necessary to extend the para-
digm beyond the Peal conjugation : for the others
are inflected like it. Whatever deviations there are
will be given.
The first and second persons of both numbers
through both the tenses do not take the objective
affixes of the same person, otherwise the signification
would be reciprocal which is usually expressed by
certain conjugations.
In the prset. the third pers. plu. fern, has two
forms - . V7(\ <-> and . Vyj\ Q one the simple and the
other the paragogic; each of them takes the affixes.
There is also a masc. paragogic form ^Q Vfr Q -
Verbs of the sec. pers. plu. praet. of both genders
do not receive the affixes ^obi and _»oi; instead of
them are used the separate pronouns ^QJ] and > ^
OBJECTIVE AFFIXES. 89
47. Prceterite.
3rd. pers. sing. masc. ^^Q he has slain.
A he has slain me, _S^o ...... us,
ihee, masc., . . nVfrA ...... thee, fern., ^ool^o ......
2/OM, masc., .^\^o ...... yow, fern., m\fro ......
* •»
AM«, oiS^jD ...... Atfr, ^QJ] ^4° ...... them, masc.,
. 1] ^!^D ...... them, fern.
Srrf. pers. sing. fern. AX^D *Ae has slain.
ft
^_j££^o she has slain me, Q±&o ...... us,
...... #^, masc., wjjDA^^o ...... #^^, fern., ^oDAlL
...... you, masc., ^^AlL^D ...... you, fern.,
•» •»
...... him, a\t£^o ...... her, ^QJ]
masc., ^ • i") AS^jo ...... them, fern.
masc.
them, masc., . i] ZL^JD ...... fern.
^ *
2wrf. pers. sing. fern. ^»
, .
her, .QJ]
* ^ i>
masc., jj] ^M^o ^ew, fern.
90 OBJECTIVE AFFIXES.
1st. pers. sing. &\fon .
* •*
thee, masc., ^sAX^o ...... thee, fern.,
. , masc., inA^o ...... you, fern.,
them, masc., 1 A^uQ them, fern.
or
*
US, ^r, \ j\n
...... thee, masc., . . no V fr n ...... ^^, fem., ^o
•X 7
...... yow, masc., . nn \ K o ...... you, fem., . .
..*•'' ^ r
...... him, rnoVfro ...... A^r, ^Oj] oV^r)
masc., v> I1) r.\7|\o ...... ^wz, fem. The other form
takes the affixes of the 2nd. pers. sing. masc.
3rd. pers. plu. fem.
US,
, masc., . >n\^\A ...... thee, fem.,
-h
you, masc., V.n\r5-o ...... yow, fem., . .
Am, oOLftuD ...... A^r. The other form takes the
affixes of the 2nd. pers. sing. masc.
2nd. pers. plu. masc.
US, ^
him, auo^u
OBJECTIVE AFFIXES. 91
2nrf. pers. plu. fern.
.A\yfto ...... wztf,
rn . i
IsJ. j9er*. phi.
.j\y|\o ...... #^££, masc., . . m \y^v r> ...... thee,
fern., ^oAiJ^o ...... you, masc., . niV^o ...... you,
fem., - .rn . i \yj\ n ...... Am, rn i \^ r>
Infinitive.
masc., . . ^\ftr>vn ...... thee, fem.,
* *
masc., .^V^ovn ...... you, fem.,
Imperative.
. \n r> ...... 7»e . Vr>
US, ^ .m
sing. fem.
^ . \n
o ...... M^9 ^ .rnr>
, fem.
OBJECTIVE AFFIXES.
Plu. numb. 2nd. pers.
...... me, <o^or> ...... us, ^,
him, gio\£on ^r.
2wd. pers. fern.
Future Tense.
3rd. pers. sing. masc. \>d (^ni.
US,
thee, masc., . .^\j\m ...... thee-, fern.,
me,
, masc., ^.^\Q£QI ...... you, fern., ^OTO i \ Q n i
Ai/w, ^-i > Vfrrii ...... her.
2nd. pers. sing. fern.
r>7 ...... w^, __i_l_xX^D2. ...... US,
* 3C X ^
...... him, mi" >
3rrf. per*. p/M. TMOJC.
, masc., wjjuo\^Qj ...... #^££, fern., ^pVi
» •»
, masc., ^ . niAV^i ...... ^ow, fern.,
* T.
icn > io\5ni ...... him, OUQ^^QJ ..... . he?'.
OBSERVATIONS ON OBJECTIVE AFFIXES.
3rd. pers. fern.
me, iX ft n i ...... Wtf,
, masc., . . mKfrrM ...... //«££, fern.,
you, masp... .AiXftoi ...... yoM, fem., . .rn .
•*
him,
Participles are seldom found with the objective
affixes; when they are, the modification they undergo
is the same as that for nouns.
48. Observations.
Prceterile with Affixes.
It will be observed from the foregoing examples,
that verbs and nouns have nearly the same vowel
changes; thus, ^JD when it takes the affixes remits
the ? to »o ; which is similar to, r^i > <J1f^\v • ^n
the other persons of the sing, the vowel is retained
on the second radical to avoid three letters coming
together without a vowel. In the third person plural
of both genders the v is put back on the first letter,
o receives x and *-* of the fem. is taken away. The
first and second persons plu. preserve both vowels un-
changed.
Verbs having "» for the second rad. retain it in those
places where ? is found in ^uo .
Verbs having Olaph or Yud for the first radical
may be referred to ^uD ; for whenever ,0 is destitute
of a vowel, there Olaph has * and Yud i; when <a
has v, Olaph and Yud have the same.
96 QUADRILITERAL VERBS.
two consecutive letters can be at the same time sub-
ject to defect. It will be sufficient to consider a few
instances of doubly irregular verbs, which may be divided
into the following classes.
1st. Verbs with the first radical a Nun and the
third Olaph; as, Jnj he injured, Ethpeel, . . ^]: where
I IS
Olaph is changed into Yud. Aphel ^jz], where the
x
final Nun is dropped; so, ]<-TM he tempted, imper. Aph.
7.7
oro] .
2nd. Verbs having the first and third radicals
Olaph ; as, ]1] he came, fut. Peal ]Z]j, which possesses
» •* T*
7
the defects both of ^"j and JL. .
3rd. Those with the first radical Yud and the
third Olaph; as, ]ku he swore, A .vn. / have sworn,
i ii
he will swear, ]So]k> to swear.
4th. Verbs having the second and third radicals
Olaph. ]]L he forbade, whence 3rd. pers. prset. plu.
o]o inf. }]^£) imper. *4a. «fl he laboured, Aph.
^llj we will wake thee wearied.
•»
]]_» it is Jit, and a few others are altogether de-
fective and anomalous.
50. Quadriliteral Verbs.
The Syrians have some verbs composed of more
than three letters; they are not numerous, and as in
Hebrew and Arabic, are chiefly derived from triliteral
QUADRILITEKAL VERBS. 97
roots. They are formed by the addition or repetition
of a letter, and undergo little or no alteration when
the prefixes and affixes are annexed.
I. By the repetition of one or two of the letters
of the triliteral root, and chiefly in those cases when
the second and third radicals are the same, or the
middle radical Vau ; see $ 42, 45 ; thus,
i_^J. he dragged along, from >L. he dragged,
he was exasperated, from j£io he was bitter.
1 he did often, or practised, from k^ he did,
or made. \^IJ"\ he was made, or became lazy, from
v*^-' he was lazy. It will be seen from these and
the following examples, that the general effect of the
duplication is to give increased intensity to the signi-
fication of the original word.
II. Instances of two of the radicals being repeated,
are sn^An^J1) he dreamed for a long time, from ^olLw
he dreamed, V\^\o\ he stained, from ^oa, io^icl he
ft
exalted, from ioo> he was high.
III. Some appear to be compounded of two verbs ;
as, .vyo^.*) he thought basely, from \jib. he was base,
tt
and jjL he quarreled.
IV. By the addition of a letter to the beginning
of a word.
7
96 QUADRILITERAL VERBS.
two consecutive letters can be at the same time sub-
ject to defect. It will be sufficient to consider a few
instances of doubly irregular verbs, which may be divided
into the following classes.
1st. Verbs with the first radical a Nun and the
third Olaph; as, jnj he injured, Ethpeel, . . •W).- where
Olaph is changed into Yud. Aphel *^s], where the
final Nun is dropped; so, ]frn he tempted, imper. Aph.
2nd. Verbs having the first and third radicals
Olaph ; as, ]Z] he came, fut. Peal ]Z]j, which possesses
y
the defects both of ^D] and JL. .
3rd. Those with the first radical Yud and the
third Olaph; as, ]ku he swore, A.v>. / have sworn,
i ii
he will swear, }so)k> to swear.
4th. Verbs having the second and third radicals
Olaph. ]]L he forbade, whence 3rd. pers. prset. plu.
ote inf. floSo imper. ^£. MJ] he laboured, Aph.
i
ihee wearied.
]]_, «V t* Jit, and a few others are altogether de-
fective and anomalous.
50. Quadriliteral Verbs.
The Syrians have some verbs composed of more
than three letters; they are not numerous, and as in
Hebrew and Arabic, are chiefly derived from triliteral
QUADRILITEKAL VERBS. 97
roots. They are formed by the addition or repetition
of a letter, and undergo little or no alteration when
the prefixes and affixes are annexed.
I. By the repetition of one or two of the letters
of the triliteral root, and chiefly in those cases when
the second and third radicals are the same, or the
middle radical Vau ; see § 42, 45 ; thus,
jJtfJt he dragged along, from >L. he dragged,
he was exasperated, from 5^k? he was bitter.
L he did often, or practised, from ^^ he did,
or made. l^**?} he was made, or became lazy, from
^rLw he was lazy. It will be seen from these and
the following examples, that the general effect of the
duplication is to give increased intensity to the signi-
fication of the original word.
II. Instances of two of the radicals being repeated,
are v^vX »7] he dreamed for a long time, from sr>^..
he dreamed, *\e*\&\ he stained, from ^oa, iojioj he
exalted, from iooj he was high.
III. Some appear to be compounded of two verbs;
as, .vvn^.1) he thought basely, from \sio. he was base,
and ;_£. he quarreled.
IV. By the addition of a letter to the beginning
of a word.
7
98 QUADR1LITERAL VERBS.
(1) So ; as, ^T>V» he made poor, ^rnvJ] he be-
came poor, from the Arabic ^A**j he was poor.
(2) ȣo; as, *oaijjm he hastened, he burned, from
(3) Z ; as, ^vnV) /je taught, from tv>\ A# learned.
The letter Vau is sometimes inserted in the middle
of a word; as, j.oo! ^# twisted, ^onv/] ^£ w«« joer-
plexed, from the root ,^ ^ bound; :Anrn >i^ expected,
from :^><y>
Sometimes we have v_i; as, ^, > ^ from ^^. io;
i*
as, rnVo J. ^^ persevered, from rn .> ^g was strong.
5 ; as, ^- and «i he revolved.
At the end of a word we find sometimes the letter
,_*; as, - .A . A ^^ #z«efe domestic, . .A . A7") ^^ w«^
treated familiarly, from A . ^ « house, ^_>L*JL he sub-
* . *
?, from A^i under, beneath.
It is unnecessary to give more examples; we will
only observe that in the process of conjugation, these
verbs follow in general the principles laid down for
triliterals.
ADVEKBS. 99
51. PARTICLES.
Under this term may be comprehended words which
are used in explaining, modifying and connecting the
principal parts of a sentence. They embrace, there-
fore, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions and Inter-
jections.
•
Adverbs.
1st. Of time.
f once, together, ^*te£>] when ? V&oL] yesterday,
lli-jlo in the end, at length, ^DJ^ afterwards, ^-ip.ai
-n x
then, )^oi now, li^oo! to-day, :*~»^ already, now,
jso^oaX before, 1^k> immediately, J_»!LO to-morrow,
IsooASo at any time, fl^s,^ not yet, ^
i ~
as long as, how long ? ^cn^ ]k5 A until now,
suddenly.
2nd. Of place.
of o f
]IL»] where? }s here, hither, ]nvr> hence,
41
whither ? which way ? _oi^ ]k?A hitherto, 2.' thither.
Adverbs of various kinds.
]_LL.')7 ^oz(;? .^^ greatly, powerfully, jc
only, ,A\Vv>- fjioXXov, especially, more.
guic&ly, VV.\A /eV^, ^.. vA
7—2
100 PREPOSITIONS AND CONJUNCTIONS,
swiftly, r^ivn formerly, Ak>]s (for Ztiote as I have
IT »>
said) namely, especially, ^] so, ^oj whether? L^so]
truly, oo^l where? which is formed from the adverb
». 0 7 0
, and the personal pronoun 001 , ^LoZjoi from thence,
7 ' 7 f 7
] from whence ? VV.nVn wow, ^^o Ml cam, jVi^. \
7 0 7 " 0
wholly, ^OJ^D effectually, really, ]], cA wo#, IOT }]
A!^K»] lastly, A ! <^> o ^r*/, ZoiljZ, secondly,
~ *
divinely, A_i)Aj>i justly.
Prepositions.
Some prepositions are prefixed to verbs, nouns
&c., and others are separate words. Those most com-
monly used are a «"», ^ to, ZcA ^o, wzV^, ^SD from,
•
T 7 P 7 p o D
or Ai .«^ between, ^^^ without, ]^, ]J5 ««£ft-
5^o «/?er, ADOJ , .^K>. for, 5^, , ^J
\\nnoS against, ^io because of,
or against, ±oL with, ^0^5 before, Zoa w^«r, ;_,.
against, ^job ^^/bre, ZoI»Z or
Conjunctions and Interjections.
These are o] or, ^], Zc^], Isif «*, ]]f d\\a but,
^ J31 ^«o#, unless, cA j^ ^ cA j/* wo#, .] if, Jo
* * * « « «
but yet, however, •_,_ 7a/>
CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS. 101
for, j as, because, ,_,? $e but, iojj lest by chance,
fl
^_i_3C7i therefore, o «wc?, p when, . >n therefore, ^L.
o o f 7
truly, JJ!D when, ~->£o, \V . ^^ therefore, ^^ before
ti i -r»
° 7 • °
/^«^, jioA wwm, cal «^o.
t CO.
The Interjections are ]<n behold, o], &} O!
^
_o^ O #^«^ / wj(Ti woe !
SYNTAX.
52. Syntax of Nouns.
THE noun which is put in a state of construction
must precede that which qualifies it or limits its
signification; thus, oiiol ^D^ the womb of his mother,
7o \f* division of my goods. This is the
•» ^ •»
reverse of what takes place in Greek and Latin, where
the second noun is the one whose form is modified
and this modification is termed the genitive case.
A noun is often found in the constructive for the
absolute state, when it is followed by another having
a preposition prefixed ; as, ]2>}^> - « «^rni acceptors of
ft
faces, i. e. hypocrites; where we have . » Ami for
. «*>rfti Matth. xvi. 3. ]• ' i^> AIL.}JQ blessed among
X <M ft «
women, where we have Aiu^ for ]^-^ Luke i. 28.
x x
. J'-e^A denying kindness i. e. ungrateful,
for ^-^3 2 Tim. iii. 2. The preposition is
sometimes separated from the noun ; as, )-p
»
1 Tim. i. 10, where we have - . A^J for
SYNTAX OF SUBSTANTIVES. 103
The definite state in its primary office is undoubt-
edly intended to express a definite sense, i.e. it is used
to direct the attention to a particular object or objects
known either by their universality, preeminence or
described previously by some circumstance ; as, }h±»
A^k> the hour was come, ]A^i-. ]^\ }j] I am the vine.
It occurs in all the cases where the Hebrew article
is used, as may be observed by comparing the He-
brew Bible with its Syriac version. From the same
comparison, it may be also seen that syr. nouns are
put in the def. state in numerous instances where
the Hebrew article in the corresponding words is
omitted.
The def. state is very frequently found, where
in Hebrew the constructive would be employed; in
such cases > is usually prefixed to the following word;
but not always ; as, V»l^)j 1jU» feast of the passover,
J* T.
John xiii. 1. ]a&<> ]?w.n«~>«7 the glory of God,
John xi. 4. see $ 21. This construction may be equi-
valent to b "U£JN in Hebrew, which serves sometimes
as a circumlocution for the constructive state.
The proper names of men do not admit a definite
state. A few appear to have it, because they termi-
nate with the radical Olaph ; as, ]<* -^ Peter ; but
x
such nouns are in the absolute state.
A plural of excellence the Syrians have not;
except a few instances which are found in the ver-
104 SYNTAX OF ADJECTIVES.
sion of the Old Testament, and which may be conse-
quently regarded as Hebraisms. See Ps. v. 1.
The repetition of a noun sometimes denotes diver-
sity, or a multitude; as, -^ x«V— with divers
tongues, Acts x. 46 ; ^] ^oii in various times, John
v. 4 ; . . <^v - - . «~> - - > ^ affected with many evils,
Mark ii. 17. It denotes also a distributive sense; as,
_L,5 £0cA « penny, Matth. xx. 9.
In the Philoxenian version some diminutive nouns are
found. They are denoted by the termination ^pxor .coo*;
as, )jo^ o> little son, ] in. o . a /z^/e waw, ]A . in i . vV>
a small fountain ; ]rnn. ^ . a /z^/e waw, ]ibo^k)] « little
lamb; ]fnno\n a Zi##/e dog. There is no doubt that .Q*
is the same as the Greek termination ov, and that »mo* is
identical with the Latin ending us.
53. Construction of Adjectives.
Adjectives, whether they are used as qualifying
words, or whether they are employed as predicates,
agree generally with their substantives in gender and
number. The exceptions to this rule are the same as
in Hebrew.
When an adjective has the office of the predicate,
the logical copula being expressed or understood, it
is put in the absolute state with the same gender and
number as its substantive and before it; as, ^01 ^£,1
my sin is greater than ...... Gen. iv. 13.
SYNTAX OF NUMERALS. 105
An adjective is usually found after the substantive,
which it qualifies; as, ffigM £ ]_^o5 the unclean spirit.
•R
Some exceptions to this rule exist: when an adjective
is made the important word in the sentence, it takes
precedence of its substantive.
When several substantives come together, and an
adjective or participle added to them, it is placed in
the plural number and masc. gender. See Rom. xvi. 21.
The word ^3 all is placed before its substantive,
and indulges in a pleonastic use of the pronominal
affixes; as, ]- i^ 01X0 all the multitude, Acts xv. 12.
* it
]xns - V ^ ^anXo all the chief priests, lit. all of them
the chief priests, Matth. ii. 4. \^so] m\^\ ^Q and
he took all Asia, Bar. Heb. p. 39.
54. Numerals.
Cardinal numbers sometimes precede the thing num-
bered, and sometimes follow it. The rule appears to
be, to place the emphatic word first in the sentence;
as, ^v^i ^L two men, Acts i. 10. L» ]^>t> ]'i 'J
i v^ •» •» i tt ^^
six water pots of stone, John ii. 6. So also when thou-
sands are to be numbered, the same observation applies
to the numeral which numbers them ; as, . <*^ ] 1 v. /.
x
Jive thousand, Mark vi. 44. and ]^LoL ]^^\ Matth.
xiv. 21.
Cardinal numbers are frequently found to occupy the
place of ordinals. In Luke i. 59. we have ]° iv^ ]^ol
lit. the day which is eight, i. e. the eighth day ; so
106 SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS.
also, . v- ASA£ in three hours, i. e. in the third hour,
Matth. xx. 3 ; • v* A^ six hours, i. e. the sixth hour,
Matth. xv. 33. In many places cardinal numbers are
used for ordinals, and the noun numbered precedes
in the constructive state ; as, ]^ Al_*_S, to the first
year, lit. the year of one, Dan. i. 21. ]]k> L» Ai • A
i\
}^o lit. z'w the year of six hundred and one, i. e. in
the six hundredth and first year, Gen. viii. 13. AJ_»
M^j5]o ]]SD A^ *«'# hundredth and fourth year, Bar.
Heb. p. 100. The noun > i 1 is occasionally expressed
after the numeral; see Gen. vii. 11. A cardinal num-
ber is in a few instances put before its noun in the
constructive state ; as, in Matth. iv. 25. we have 7!rnv
I'ALiySo ten cities, lit. a decad of cities.
i
In designations of weights and measures, the noun
which expresses the weight, &c. is sometimes omitted,
though not so frequently as in Hebrew ; as, .o>m-^ .<^^
a thousand (shekels] of silver, Gen. xx. 16; where the
e o
word jloZ is understood.
55. Syntax of Pronouns.
The logical copula, as has been already stated, is
frequently expressed by one or other of the personal
pronouns, and that with the linea occultans: as, \2\ jj")
/ am, ^LK. ly i Vi\7 ^1*^ we are disciples. But when
existence is meant, the substantive verb is used, and
this without the linea occultans; as, ]ooi ] v 1. 01^ in
him was life, John i. 4.
SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS. 107
A peculiarity of the Syriac language is to be met
with in the redundant use of its pronouns; in such
cases as,
1 . Affixes when they are placed before Dolath of
the genitive ; at least they are of no use when
translated into our language ; as, KQ - .; cnsVi»
lit. the fame of him who is Jesus, i. e. the
fame of Jesus. jl>o5<nj oiZf^ the daughter
x i»
of Herodias.
2. The affix of the verb, when the noun to which
it refers is placed after it; as, omina 5^»o
ft
m - .; and he sent, cut it off (I mean) his head,
t\ i
i. e. and he sent, cut off his head, Matth.
xiv. 10. Sometimes the noun has a particle
prefixed to it; as, ] » VXV m\ol lit. he took
him (I speak as to) the child, i. e. he took the
child, Matth. ii. 14.
3. When the affix is annexed to a preposition, a
similar construction is observed; as, \h±* aih>
in it, the hour, i. e. in the hour. Sometimes
the preposition is redundant as well as the affix ;
as, fovno I ^ ^_,? ^OCTUD but in the days, Matth.
iii. 1. }A . •VQ ^oL oiSnL with him, with Christ,
i. e. with Christ, Rom. vi. 8. » Vrn vn
from these, 1 Tim. i. 6.
4. The pronoun ooi in such instances; as,
^lf 001 goeth to the belly; 001
* •
that by faith.
SYNTAX OF PBONOUNS.
The pronouns he himself and the same, the Syrians
have not, but they are expressed by a little circum-
locution ; as,
1. By a repetition of the personal pronoun with
the particle ^ placed between ; as, p
these same sacrifices, Heb. x. 1.
2. By the juxta-position of the pronouns OCTI OCTI ;
as, 2.601 ]°A«^1 "jibol OCTI 0010 and that same
day was the sabbath, John v. 9.
An affix annexed to the word ^-,5 is frequently
employed as a possessive pronoun, J. 28 ; when the sen-
tence would be rather ambiguously expressed by placing
the affix to the noun or the verb ; as, ]2.rnVp v^
thine is the kingdom, Matth. vi. 13; 01^,50 ]Z]
^ y ft
. .mnV^o J] he came to his own and his own received
him not, John i. 11. These possessive pronouns serve
also to give a particular energy to the word to which
they belong ; thus, . . V.; ]±^\ my time, John vii. 8. ;
this is especially the case when the affix is likewise
added to the noun ; as, . .V .; . . ^VQ my words, John
x ?t
v. 47. ; •/{ •; .^i . ^^ in thy eye, Luke vi. 42. ; ^
X
#, John iv. 34.
A pronoun is in some instances found before the
noun to which it refers, and is placed at a consider-
able interval from it; thus,
SYNTAX OF VERBS. 109
its foundations are in his holy mountain, Ps. Ixxxvii. 1,
i. e. the foundations of the earth. \Li}7 occurs in v. 2.
Such construction exists principally in the version of
the Old Testament, and on that account may perhaps
be regarded merely as a Hebraism.
An interrogative is sometimes preceded by a noun
in the constructive state ; as, _Aj"j7 ,_io Zj-o the daugh-
ter of whom art thou ? Gen. xxiv. 23. ; or which
is equivalent to it, the def. state of the noun is
used, and Dolath prefixed to the interrogative; as,
AiLmj _!£>> Vp.1 <_So from the hand of whom have I
received f ...1 Sam. xii. 13.
An oblique case of the relative Dolath is indicated
by connecting with the Dolath a personal pronoun put
in that case ; as, cnl^ to him, oiX to her,
to whom, oiS ..... j to whom ; ^QJCTL^ to them,
to whom, OLD in him, 010 ...... j in whom, . vn«~> in
•ji * ^ »
them, . irn«^ ...... > in whom.
56. Syntax of Verbs.
Agreement of the Verb with its Subject.
A verb agrees with its subject in gender, number
and person ; as, ")2.] ^o_a_, Jesus came,
Mary anointed, \ . ^^ aX^» the disciples asked.
Nouns which are used only in the plural number, will
receive a verb either in the sing, or plu. ; as, ]ooi ] "- '•
HO SYNTAX OF VERBS.
• . » e •« r 7<i" *• * ^i1^"y
in him was life, John i. 4; | • i .10* |5<JIQJ ^OJL.ZL.1 [oaJoO
i t>
and the life is the light of men, same place. The former
is grammatically termed construct™ ad sensum, and the latter
construct™ ad formam. Several other exceptions are found
to the foregoing general rule, which although not so fre-
quent, are of much the same character as those which exist
in Hebrew.
When several substantives come together, the verb belong-
ing to them is put in the plu. numb. masc. gender.
Occasional uses of the Tenses.
Events of future occurrence, which are considered
as certain to happen, have this certainty represented
by the verb being placed in the praeterite tense ; as,
the people sitting in darkness ]^l "JJOIQJ oi*j shall see
(have seen) great light, Isaiah ix. 1. }L] f) U-»r-^
Ti I
7 o 7 7 t>
]. »A }2.ok> ^o <nX - . i - \\] he cometh not to con-
ft 1» 1* x i*
demnation, but shall pass from death to life, John
v. 24.
There are a few instances in which the praeterite
of the verb ]6ai, followed by a participle or an adjective,
represents the imperative ; as, A-.OOI Jiioi Aj]7 ^ \\
^
^ go thou also (and) do the same, Luke x. 37. This
application of the tense is undoubtedly to give emphasis
to the sentence. For as a praeterite is employed to
express our belief that some future event will certainly
take place, so is it readily seen that on the same prin-
ciple this tense may be regarded as the emphatic form
of the imperative, whenever it is so applied.
SYNTAX OF VERBS. Ill
The tenses, especially the future, either alone or in
connection with one or more particles in many cases
express a potential, subjunctive, or hypothetical sense.
^ 7 o -X iX. y ^
]} ^QJ] <pA_»_K.] o^L if ye had saved them
•K T •» ^ " a i>
/ would not slay you, Jud. viii. 19 ; *
although I should walk, Psal. xxiii. 4 ; -io]j
c«w say? Prov. xx. 9- But the participle with the
praeterite of the substantive verb is perhaps more fre-
quently employed for these purposes; as, ]Lfl olL
<K
_»Ajoai if thou hadst known, John iv. 10.
Use of the Infinitive.
An infinitive connected with a finite verb adds
intensity to it, or denotes what is signified by the verb
to be certain, fixed or continual; as, ] .. m]7 o T ° mO^
I will greatly multiply, Gen. xxii. 17.; ^oZoioZ AlDk? ]1
ye shall not surely die, Gen. iii. 4.; ]ocn ;_•• 5 Ik) hath
"" i
accurately depicted, Gal. iii. 1.
When an infinitive is governed by some verb sig-
nifying will, power or command, it has generally ^ pre-
fixed; as, v\v>\ |L5o] i > >.o«,vo jjjLi'jo and how
know the way ? John xiv. 5. ; OTJ^ 001
•»
^ *^W^ him to feed swine, Luke xv. 15. ;
"jooi falo and he wished to slay him, Matth.
- i> -j
xiv. 5.
SYNTAX OF VERBS.
Use of the Imperative.
The imperative is not only employed to express a
command, but also an exhortation, admonition or a per-
mission; as, John xi. 15., ^ol\ OH\CTI &/ wsg-o thither;
see also Mark i. 38.
The imper. of the verb }1] is frequently found in
%
connection with a finite verb in the fut. tense ; thus,
]i^° o v^. m "jl I^CTIO #w^ WOM; come we will make
X
a covenant, i. e. «wc? now come let us make a covenant,
Gen. xxxi. 44 ; ^>{Jj ol cawe we will go, John xi. 7.
We have also the imper. in such constructions as
the following ; 1 will give you the best of the land of
Egypt, ]L^ criiiOQ_» <AaD]o and eat ye the fat of
the land, Gen. xlv. 18. ; Q_!_K»O O^CLL ]?CTI this do and
live, i. e. this do and ye shall live, Gen. xlviii. 18.
Participles.
The participle is timeless; i. e. it has no time
of its own; but partakes of every time with which
it may be connected. Thus, pres. most frequently.
The fut. ; as, 001 ] •» -^ - - ->iv> _\ .AV^ 001. ]jcn ^-&!o
X T» t\ * X Tl
Therefore that which shall be born of thee is holy,
Luke i. 35. "j^ ^.S "j^J ^2.Aj"f, thy wife shall bear
to thee a son, Gen. xvii. 19. The Praet. ; as, Behold
their Lord, A.vnn ...... \-D> fallen and dead, Judges
x *
iii. 25. Participles, when they are taken as such, and
SYNTAX OF VERBS. 113
not for the present tense, have placed before them for
the most part, the particle p or the prefix 5 ; as,
]Ad> A > «~> ^DyaAio p wandering from house to house,
1 Tim. v. 13.
The active participles are in some instances found
in the constructive for the absolute state. In such cases
they are followed by a noun ; as, l^oTi —.^ulj descend-
0770
ing into the ditch, Prov. i. 12. ]^5Z . . V)v entering' in
at the gate, Gen. xxiii. 10. »oA-i5 - .n\\ "j^ he
saw Levi sitting, Mark ii. 14.
Regimen of Verbs.
A transitive verb exercises an influence over a noun
or pronoun which follows it, either immediately or
mediately and which limits its signification. The
noun or pronoun may be without or with a preposi-
tion ; as, ,Av I)-; * en "j^vnV/ he made many disciples,
John iv. 1. |_»ok3 ^o^o^ ]lk), What has Moses
commanded you? Mark x. 3. la_,?ti li-o)? that I
may call the righteous, Mark ii. 17.
Verbs which are doubly transitive; such as tran-
sitive verbs in those conjugations which are causative,
exercise this influence over two such nouns or pro-
nouns; as, KO^J ]_»ocA rn - «^^s. he commanded him
•j •»
to be clothed with a garment of fine linen, Gen. xli. 42.
]v»vV 1'AiJ.. }ooi -<^^> he taught the people know-
ledge, Eccles. xii. 9.
8
114 SYNTAX OF VERBS.
Verbs used for Adverbs.
It is not uncommon to see a verb put before
another verb to which it performs the office of an
adverb ; as, Wr>> ^^clj who has taken much,
2 Cor. viii. 15. cnis^? i-i^t-cof hath greatly exalted
him, Phil. ii. 9- ^ U>1 ^^ / will again feed
thy flock, Gen. xxx. 31. ]fc£o -£>\^ ^amoT Again he
spake a parable, Luke xix. 11. They entreated
.ooiiai ^k)Aj *£imo2.Aj ft? that it should not be spoken
•K -R
to them any more, Hebr. xii. 19- cnXaj^-* ^-£^1
he changed the letter craftily, Bar. Heb. p. 100.
Miscellaneous Observations.
The ordinary method of expressing a reciprocal or
reflexive sense is by a transitive verb with the noun
]1 <**i united to the affixes. But it is also in some
instances done by means of the passive conjugations;
as, . . *<*}] he turned himself, Matth. ix. 22. See also
x »
John viii. 6, 7, 59.
Neuter verbs have sometimes a passive signification ;
as, ]L& to wander for to be deceived, irXavaaOat, Luke
xxi. 8. yiL, he burnt for ivas burnt, Matth. xiii. 30.
x
^Aj he fell for he was cast down, John iii. 24.
»n\rn he ascended for was extracted, tvas torn up, as
•91
trees which are torn up by their roots.
l
SYNTAX OF PREPOSITIONS. 115
Compound words in Greek are translated into Syriac,
by simple words, either alone or in conjunction with
another word or particle ; as, v > ^. ' foreknowing, Acts
xxvi. 5. ; Zjiol AlOpD / predicted, Mark xiii. 23. ; ^oi5
i\ i\ •* i*
cniOj-a he ran before him, or did outrun him, John
•»
xx. 4. ; so with many others.
57. Syntax of Prepositions.
Prepositions are employed in connection with verbs ;
thus, »o is found with verbs signifying to confess or
deny, also many verbs of sense are construed with
*o; as, . . o _i5<U5 who shall confess me, . . «^ jdsinjj
XX I *
M?/W A-^0// deny me, cnZoloo ]v»^l ]^ let me not see
•* ?\ *h
A«* death.
The preposition ^ is used with verbs of enter-
ing or ascending; as, ]l5Z? v^> ^^i 5? ^ whoever
does not enter by the door, John x. 1, 2.
1 with verbs of covering or commanding; as,
covered, Matth. xvii. 5. _r>^ ^e commanded,
2 Chron. xxxvi. 23.
AJ^ with verbs of separating or distinguishing;
as, GW separated ]An • ^ \ "j^oioj A . «~> between the
light and the darkness, Gen. i. 4.
yL*3 with verbs of coming; as, ]1] ^^ c«»ze,
•R
Mark i. 7. ; of going, as, ^>j] ^^ departed, John vi. 2.
•*
, 1 Cor. xiv. 1.
8—2
116 SYNTAX OF PARTICLES.
The prepositions V\^oA\ against, ^1 against,
with, and many others are frequently used with verbs;
as, ]1 . ^ V\Aoo\ ^n^nn n7 ]j> resist not evil, see also
x
Matth. xxvi. 62. ; Acts iv. 14. ; Rom. vii. 23. ; Acts
xxv. 5. ; Hebr. vi. 6., &c.
58. Syntax of Particles.
The repetition of adverbs like that of nouns expresses
intensity; as, - « » ^ - - . ^ very badly; or diversity,
1 x
as, ]n\A ]A\ ^#r£ «wc? there ; or continuation ; as,
V\ . \ «~. \\ . \A»^ by little and little.
X X
Adverbs sometimes qualify nouns by being placed
before them in the constructive state ; as, ] .gv> VV . \r>
a little water, )Ii5^DQ_I ^_iAr> a few days.
The particle ]J placed before adjectives assigns a
7 i>
privative signification to them ; as, so . ^>. ]J foolish.,
t> *, P r
IZo-iJiD )J immortal.
Interjections, which denote threats, for the most
part cause ^ to be prefixed to the next word ; as, ^ ^,0
woe to us!
far be it is construed with ^ of the person,
and j prefixed to the verb ; as, rcnjj ov^ »mlj far
be it from him that he should do, Job xxx. 10.
59- Enallage of Persons and Number.
The enallage of persons does not occur so frequently
in Syriac as in Hebrew, and especially as in the Hebrew
ENALLAGE. ELLIPSIS. 117
Psalms ; but some instances are met with in the Syriac
Scriptures; as, o}' "jj^o^ .<-><*vn y^L A_i_lL ^JOT ^io
oi^iL Jjj l^-Jr^ wherefore thou art inexcusable, O
man, whojudgeth his neighbour; where we have m. «-^ »
•*
for --:^>" Rom. ii. 1. i.e. the 3rd person for the 2nd.
Also the 1st for the 3rd in Mark xii. 37. ^_i-2cn 001
^jjio ov\ IJJD J-.OJ therefore David himself calls him
•K •* I
my Lord, where we have ^-£0 for cn^k) his Lord.
Enallage of number we have in Hab. ii. 15.
60. Ellipsis.
This figure occurs the most frequently in the omis-
sion of the substantive verb; as, .g>mn7. oiSo*o and
his name was Joseph; <nZoD> • V •]' those who (are)
like him, Bar. Heb. 328. 12. There are other words
which it is sometimes necessary to supply in order to
complete the sense; as a subs, in Eccles. vi. 3. ^oJ J
]]k> I^Ht ifa man shall beget a hundred, namely sons.
A . Vi . ]l_^ once have I sworn, where _oi is under-
stood, Ps. Ixxxix. 35. "jAjiar^KiJO ]Aij Jj] ^2] ]J /
eat not that which is acquired by fraud and fvrce,
Isaiah i. 22.
APPENDIX.
IT is stated in §.10, that a simple point is some-
times used for various purposes. The practice of the
Syriac writers appears to have heen to employ a
point, which hy its position ahove or helow the let-
ter to which it is annexed, would determine the true
signification of a word that would otherwise, in the
ahsence of the vowels, remain ambiguous. It is pro-
bable that the signification of this point defined in
some degree the kind of vowel intended to be sup-
plied, and thus served as a guide in the pronunciation.
The following instances of its application, taken princi-
pally from the Grammars of Amira, Hoffman and
De Dien, will illustrate the nature and utility of this
sign.
J 1^1 ljj| who?
\rA ],-.} hand.
(\l-\ { 2. | coming.
:
IM |Z.| he came.
*
U1 U1 a sign.
{1 1 *" 7
I • » O ( • i o wretched.
]• » O ]• i O evil.
I 1 1 on ( i n*") weeping, part. fern.
^ U^,O {A HO mourning.
APPENDIX.
001 on
* he.
001 001
she.
, masc.
• 1r"
/, fern.
Ae became white.
white.
Oil oil to her.
Oil Oil to him.
,-So ^JaD who?
from.
work,
servant.
working.
(JQA unjust.
JJQA iniquity.
]]ck t«/aw<.
year,
.sleep.
120 APPENDIX.
It appears from the foregoing examples that this
point performed the office of vowels ; that when it
was placed above the letter, it denoted for the most
part one of the vowels v, p, and when beneath the
letter, it denoted x, •", or *.
This point was further used to distinguish the
persons and tenses of verbs. When it was put be-
neath the letter, it denoted
1. All the persons of the praeterite, the first of
the sing. numb, being excepted. The third person
sing. fern, has this point frequently on the left-hand
side of the last letter Z.
2. The imperative and infinitive whenever any
point is found.
3. All persons of the future, the first of each
number being excepted.
When it is placed above a letter in verbs it
denotes
1. The first person of the prseterite.
2. The active participle; as in Peal conjugation
^\&D ^4o, Pael ^4nSo ^H^; unless one of the
letters ] o w* requires it to be placed below; as,
i>CL»_niO Or
• I
3. The first person of both numbers of the future.
The following paradigm of the Peal conjugation
of ^40 will exemplify what has been now stated.
APPENDIX. 121
Prceterite.
Fern. Masc.
3rd pers. sing.
2nd
lst
3r Pers- pu-
1st .........
Imperative.
sing.
plu.
Future.
Fern. Masc.
3rd pers. sing.
2nd .........
1st .........
3rd ..... plu.
2nd .........
Participles.
act.
pass.
122 APPENDIX.
This point in some places is found with one letter,
and in other places with another letter of the same
word. The distinction is produced only by its situation
above or below the word.
The Names of the Months.
We give here the names of the Lunar Months,
which occur very frequently in the Scriptures.
October,
| __»;_• Z November,
•X t>
December,
January,
February,
• 7\'
3>f March,
April,
j] May,
•X
vO;_.V-»-» June,
August,
September.
APPENDIX. 123
The Estrangelo Characters.
The Estrangelo characters are the most ancient.
They are found in the oldest Syriac MSS., are prin-
cipally ornamental, and often used for Titles of Books.
The following Table exhibits their forms:
«o a
«flD
END OP THE APPENDIX.
124
ST. JOHN'S GOSPEL,
CHAPTER II.
P f
Zooi :
uo . . OO1
O 2 .ZoOl r-lQ— ^iQ_«_i5 OliDjO ] I • \ iij
- ^ ^ N^T
(OOl i£Q_»^C 3 . I— Cu_*_Q— i.
Uo m . \
..
V
T
- . ^Vft - >V
5 .^
6 .<s
;Jx VV). m?
7 .]AiZ ol
.^OCTll. iio] 8 A\k\
001 ^01^ po 9 .OaAjlo fovr><r> . > .A
« i i
" ^ » o p y y y * p P.. y
IOOT vi,j |Jo : ];^>»-> OOCTIJ ^QJOI ] . v>
0001
10
3l? t^o OA^io |£4 I^QjL *ool . . ;\n .
ST. JOHN'S GOSPEL, CHAP. ii. 125
171 m 1 rn 11
oo_» vx?o]o : ]1 - V ..?
i> •* •» v^
•X -X 7 7 . V " • I *
• 7 Ti
7 7 07 7 " I .. y
vv . \o OO01 Vn/r> . . ><nn| . Vn\/n v_»OlQ_K» JO UlLo (c
.7 .*<• -X 1 * *• l:-l '
^Q._.^C'O • L-i ^00~lj ^ t^> • ^^ (OOl s^-Lj j— CO J.o *
|5O^L _-i— 3—C-l^ -O 1m \ os>*^j>|O 14 t ViQ
CLIO 15 ._i^AJj llaysViNo .]jQ-«7o
•» »
,_»{O -P c
77
. Vrn o\on» .jioi pal ^ i m] V>? ^Qjcrvlo 16
Ti Tk 17
.
."J2.3Q-.U ^s ^^o]? oi^inN auo.ns^ ]Jo .
^^, •« 1< * 1> 1>
7 P7 7 7»l77-»
- > i Vn] ^AjjD? OU-L^J : *CuAu> . .mn_ .^n\7 o^5Z]o 17
71*7
is
19 .
i> i •• 7 P P 7 no 7 ^
;>o i nV> ]j] -tlDo.. "jA^A^o :|j<n jliuai o5oAco
20
126 ST. JOHN'S GOSPEL, CHAP. n.
r i .. y o !• y y c f P 7
AJ] So. o^n .Vnn . ]A^AX AjJQ . JjCTl |1^ iO1
i i
7 f» 7 P 7 7 P 7 P -?» -X
22 .aii-fr-aj UiL.cn ^LL ]ocn ^] ^_,j oai 21 .
yyy -x
"A . v> A . o
riiX n i V^ IOTP .]OOT j
p 7
"jocn ^aioAj] 23
i GOT 24 -
,
OCTIJ \L^lD . m • <TM ^OCTvL "JOOI ^kljOllD lp V\n • >
• « " 1>
y p<> P p-xpyp
JOTJCDJ w^j] ]o<n -^ • ^<y> Jo 25 .. « i\o\ oai ,
locn v ^. oai .o^j^ ^ ^L CTL!
ANALYSIS.
1. ]vv» > \n And on the day, compounded of the
conjunction Vau and, X on or upon, equivalent to
^1 and ]iDaI the definite form of the masc. noun
^ool, §. 19.
"jASZj of three, i. e. third, cardinal numbers with
5 prefixed, are sometimes used for ordinals, $. 54; j
is here the sign of the genitive.
2.001 was, third pers. sing. fern, of the subs, verb
]6<n praet. tense.
")7oA«vn feast, a fern, noun def. state derived from
the verb "jA^, see §. 15.
]i ftAo in Cana, composed of o in, and ]L^o
a proper name.
"jAi ^vn a city, a fern, noun def. state, the line
~ i
under the Nun is the linea occultans, $. 8. It is
derived from o he judged.
f 7 7o
]1 . \ ,Q of Galilee, j and ]1 . V .. a proper name.
cnlolo and his mother, o a conjunction, "jio") fern.
fl "*
noun def. state, and the suffix 01 , which is pleonastic,
f. 55.
128 ANALYSIS.
W there, an adverb.
Z£oi was, subs, verb, 3rd pers. sing, fern., with the
tinea occultans, because it is the logical copula, J. 8.
2. *2)}o find also, o a conj. ^"f a conjunction.
ooi lie, a personal pronoun used with the following
word as reciprocal, \. 55. p. 108.
un- . JOSMS « Saviour, from jw Hiphil jpafirr
he saved.
. .mrTV<vn\7n #w</ Az* disciples, . . Vn\7y « disciple,
- f i
a masc. noun. Def. form is ] \vn\77 from the verb
i
;Vn\ he learned. The sign •• indicates the plu. numb.
»_»cno7 is the affix third pers. sing, to a plu. noun.
^^Z] was invited, a verb, third pers. sing. masc.
Ethpeel conj. from ]^D.
o-iS to it, which is redundant, referring to the fol-
lowing word, J. 55.
3. "Jon jjiujo the pluperfect tense Peal conj. of
the verb jjn^, <J. 38. The line under the 01 of ]6oi
shows that it assists in forming a tense, §. 8.
1JV>»T> wine, def. state masc., Arab. /*4^ it fer-
mented.
o and she says, part. act. of the verb &] fern.
»
gen. Peal conj.; the vowel Zekofo which belongs to
the Olaph is remitted to the preceding letter, j>. 40.
ANALYSIS. 129
to kirn, redundant in this place.
' his mother, see ver. 1 .
L^ A > ^\ there is not for them, i. e. they have not,
e
compounded of J] not, and A^l is.
4. jioj £rtzV/j, act. part. Peal conj. masc. gen. of
the verb -io.
. .\ ]<D tt^al to me and to thee ? i.e. what
have I to do with thee? ]sb an interrog. pronoun, $. 26.
- - V and - - ^V affixes of the first pers. sing, and second
pers. sing. fern, annexed to ^ .
]ZAyf woman, fern, noun, def. form. Heb. nttfK
from W$ a man, the W is changed in the Syr. word
into L, see <). 4.
» ?
, an adverb, V\ . n_ v yet, compounded of ,A and
or
221 has come, third pers. sing. fern. Peal conj. of the
verb jZl ; this is a doubly defective verb, $. 49.
wjAi^» my hour, fern, noun, abs. state 1^ const.
7
state Ai^ , which with ^ the affix of the first pers.
7
sing, becomes »_>AiJ», §. 30.
5. oiSol ]jlo] , see ver. 3.
9
ANALYSIS.
]« I^-vn'l to the servants. }* IQ^Ivn is a masc.
noun, def. state, and is derived from the partic. Pael
conj. of the verb - -<^»« he served; the - over ^o is
the sign Ribui, and denotes the plu. numb.
iioj> iOyk) whatsoever he saith. 5 ^0,10 any thing
which; or whatsoever.
to you, pron. affix second pers. plu. numb.
annexed to ^.
do, second pers. plu. masc. imper. of the
verb Av ; the regular vowel under the sec. rad. is
Etsotso, the Revotso in this word is an anomaly,
§. 36.
6. Jiocn A_.1 there were. A.,) is pleonastic, and is
X X
thus frequently used. Jlooi third pers. plu. fern, praet.
of the verb "jooi .
,_,) but, Gr. 3e a conj.
there, adverb.
water pots, def. form plu. numb, of the noun
, Heb. ]».
j of stone, this is one of the ways of expressing
an adjective by means of a noun, §. 22.
L» six, a card. numb. fern. gen.
ANALYSIS. 131
Oi" cm which were placed, > rel. pron. vn " m
pass. part. fern. gen. plu. numb, of the verb ^orb he
placed; see paradigm of ioo.0 .
>^\ for the purification. l^ujDjZ.7 fern, noun
def. state, from the verb IDJ to be pure. ]^JOOT_.?
x.
of the Jews, 5 a sign of the gen.
.^wj? containing, or which contain, 5 rel. pron. . l^}'
act. part. Peal conj. of the verb rL] fern. gen. plu.
numb. ; •• is the sign Ribui.
,__,j2. ^jjZ two each, that is, each water pot contains
two. - v^ firkins, masc. noun plu. numb. def.
form is
o) or, the dot over o was probably put to distin-
7
guish this part, from o] the interjection. ]AX2. three,
a card. numb.
7. oVvn Jill, imper. second pers. plu. numb. Peal
7
conj. of the verb jlso he filled.
" i] them, governed by the verb Q^D, see §. 56.
»T> 7
]r"^r» water, plu. noun def. form masc. gen. It is
used only in this form.
]jLA] in the water pots; ^ has the signification
of in. See Schaaf's Lexicon.
9—2
ANALYSIS.
until, composed of the particles ,_L and
to the top, an adverb with ^ prefixed. Root
Heb. rby lie ascended.
8. OLO^I draw ye, imper. second pers. plu. numb.
of the verb \iSi . It occurs only in this place in the
New Test.
V\ >nVn now, an adv. compounded of jso and V\ . n .
T •» I
otL]o and bring, the second pers. plu. numb, imper.
of ]°L] ; this verb is doubly irregular, or defective, §. 49.
« ..V to the governor of the feast, - - .* a
^ i
masc. noun ; it is frequently used with another noun,
as in the present instance, ]n<^»m from .^Anm to recline,
masc. noun def. state.
a^lo and they brought, third pers. plu. numb.
Peal conj. praet. tense. See above.
i
9. fio and when, composed of o and, p as.
^OL^ he tasted, third pers. prset. sing. Peal conj.;
this verb has the vowel Revotso, for reasons, see §. 36.
001 a pers. pron., and is redundant in this place.
^CLJOI they, referring to }.;•<<>.
ANALYSIS. 133
"jooi *fl was knowing, i. e. knew, the imperf. tense
Peal conj. of the verb vi^_, , the tinea occultans under
01 denotes ]ooi to assist in forming the imperf. tense.
^16 from, a preposition.
]7 whence, an adverb. It is used with and
without an interrogation.
)-jD he called, third pers. sing. numb, prcet. Peal
conj. See ver. 2.
l^ to the bridegroom, masc. noun def. state,
Heb. tnn.
'
10. . - i V*5 every man. - - i] ^ the latter word
is frequently joined to another, in which case the Olaph
disappears; as, - - i. A son of man, or man; the def.
state of . « i" is
rst, the same as irpioTov, an adverb.
, an adj. masc. gen. def. state; abs. state
s sQq or
D hringeth, the act. part. Aph. conj. sing.
numb. masc. gen. of the verb \L] he came; this verb
-n
deviates from the class whose first rad. is Olaph in
changing this letter into Yud.
134 ANALYSIS.
5 ]ib when, after that, ]io followed by the rel. 5
has frequently an adverbial signification.
OjO?!7 they had drunk sufficiently, Aph. conj. third
pers. plu. numb, prast. of the verb ")o5 ; the vowel of
the Olaph is remitted to the Dolath, §. 40.
then, an adverb.
? JjLV that which, rel. pron., $. 26.
i^^p worse, an adj. masc. gen.; the def. form is
vjor_,2.}^j thou hast kept it, Peal conj. second pers.
sing. numb, of the verb ;J£j; the suffix _cnl is re-
dundant, referring to the following word, J. 55.
i*criX ]k?A until now, adverb.
11. ^01 IXTI this is; "jjcn demons, pron. fern. gen.
^01 a pers. pron. in the place of the substan. verb, {. 25.
}L] sign, or miracle, a noun fern. gen. def. state,
Heb. niN.
, an ordinal number fern, gender.
ij which he did-, ^ Peal conj. third pers. sing.
praet.
^jolo and he made known, or manifested, Aph.
conj. third pers. sing, praet. tense of vx^ ; the Yud is
ANALYSIS. 135
changed into Vau, §. 40.; the vowel * is remitted to
the conj. o .
> his glory. \ji^o^ masc. noun def. state ;
the abs. state is ....no • , ^. 19 ; the root is
praised, Pael conj.
oikuoio «w</ they believed, Aph. conj. third pers.
phi. numb, praet. of the verb J^D] . It is irregular in
the Aph. conj. being formed as the Heb. Hiphel. It
is generally construed with ^ or ^> .
aid in him, ^ a prep, en affix third pers. sing.
* % *
masc.
12. 5^£> after, a preposition.
]jai ^«X a dem. pron. fern. gen. sing. numb.
\e descended, Peal conj. third pers. sing, praet. ;
the vowel Revotso is found in the place of Pethocho,
being an intrans. verb, jj. 36.
s^>n K. i.c*^ to Capernaum, a proper name.
^aioJjlo «wc? Ai# brethren, noun masc. gen. plu.
numb. ; the sing, is ]^1?, plu. abs. state. ^ " •• tf: def.
state
0001 they were, third pers. plu. numb, of the sub-
stan. verb "Jon.
ANALYSIS.
V\ . \n few, adverb connected \vith the following
i
noun, . 58.
]ZiDQ_.7 days, noun plu. numb. def. state fern, ter-
mination, in the sing, we have i>oal, def. ]ibo_*.
13. ȣL.;-OO and near, an adj. masc. gen. def.
X
state |Aj(_o from the verb *o^.
i •»
Ibcn was, substan. verb.
ll^-a passover, masc. noun. def. state. Amira says
that this word in Greek Wo^a, found in all the Gos-
pels signifies joy, and derives it therefore from o^l^)
vj
he rejoiced. Pref. to his Gram, where he gives a list
of Syriasms in the New Testament.
he ascended. Revotso under the second rad.,
j. 36."
14. O^L»]O and he found, Peal conjugation with
7
Olaph prosthetic, §. 36, constructed with ^>.
v 1 1 nj> that were selling, or selling, act. part. Peal.
}'ioLr oxen, masc. noun def. state, sing. }5o2.7; Heb.
»
i»» V is put for Z, J. 4, Greek TOV/DOV, Lat. taurus.
and sheep. One point of the sign Ribui in
this and the preceding word coalesces with the point
of the letter Rish, f. 7.
ANALYSIS. 137
doves; according to Schaaf from n^*
]igivvVrXr> and the money changers; the ^> is con-
i\
structed with o^A»1 , the root is *zil± , whence jlaJoL
money.
. QA'» sitting"; the Dolath denotes the participle
to b$ taken as such, $. 56.
15. llitrS whip, Greek
cord, inasc. noun def. state, Heb. 7in, Eng-
lish cable.
n and all of them compounded of o, X,
and ^001.
.o<^f he caused to depart, i. e. he drove, Aph. conj.
^»
third pers. sing, praet. of the verb »oAj. The Nun
is dropped for the reason given in §. 41.
p 7
]ls_,ai temple, masc. noun def. state.
,_»]o and he poured out. The vowel * is remitted
to Vau, J. 40.
^OCTU^JOL ^Aeir money, i. e. the money of the
changers.
<oouJoAio «wc? #A«r tables. "jjoAa masc. def. state
by metathesis TjoaTre^a.
overturned.
138 ANALYSIS.
16. . i '"iVn; setting, act. part. masc. plu. Pael
conj. of the verb ^L\ .
no« take, second pers. plu. imper. Peal conj.
of the verb V\A« .
>So hence, i. e. ,_Lo from, ]s here.
]]o «#«/ w#&£ not it; B. prohibition is
generally expressed by the fut. tense. The suffix 01
is pleonastic, §. 55.
rnA. o\ the house of him ; "(A\ o is a masc. noun
-»>
derived from Zos or ArS /^ remained, or tarried the
night. The suffix 01 is pleonastic before Dolath of
the genitive, $. 55.
. ^ *
merchandise, a fern, noun, from ;_..] .
17. ojisZIo «#df they remembered, the Ethpeel
conj. third pers. plu. praet. of the verb ^>j. Heb. ~DT
the \ being changed into ?, §. 4.
which is written ; »i^jAD pass. part. Peal
3C I
conj. Root o^o Ae wrote.
o/" it; ]i i ^ masc. noun def.
T»
state, from ^ /o /^ envious-, the affix is pleonastic,
being before > of the gen., f 55.
ANALYSIS. 139
. . i *\rf hath eaten me, the vowel *» belonging to
Olaph is taken away when the object, affix is annexed,
and v belonging to ,JD is remitted to the Olaph, $. 48.
18. niv ^<?y answered, from )JJL third pers. plu.
prat.; Heb. ruy.
showest, act. part. Pael conj., root *^o_^.
,Jl to MS. It is composed of X and r? first pers.
plu. affix.
19- oJoAco destroy, imper. Peal conj. second pers.
plu. of the verb jXco .
Jj| i>o_k_a!o }j] I will raise up; ^CL^C^D is the
act. part. Aphel conj. of the verb iooo; the second
pron. is put in the place of the substantive verb ; the
part, in this instance denotes future time, §. 56.
.. 7
20. * * * AJIO . v^;]l after forty and six years ;
V*> in this place has the signification of after, see Acts
xxiv. 17.
- - 1 ^?] was built, Ethpeel conj. third pers. sing.
X T»
niasc. gen. praet. of the verb ]Lo.
21. "|ocn i&>}° was speaking, or spake; ]oai has
the linea occultans, because with the act. part, jiof it
forms the imper. tense of AD") , $. 8.
oi;_,,L_2>5 of Iris body ; 1 the mark of the gen. pre-
ceded by a noun in the def. state ; "|La masc. noun ;
140 ANALYSIS.
Chaldee *riJ3; V***& corporeal, the adj. and
carnally, the adv.
22. ]A'.'vn AJUO house of the dead, for sepulchre,
pass. part. plu. numb. def. of A >^n .
]XTI? that this, to the demons, pron. is understood
the noun
]6<7i i&] he had spoken ; ]bcn in this place assists
in forming the pluperfect tense of the verb jio) , $. 38.
01 C-> .mo. see ver. 11.
AD"]) which he had .mid, this verb denotes the plu-
•n
perfect tense in this place.
23. ]ooi .»*cnor/u] was, the subst. verb being joined
to L*] with its affixes, the imperf. tense is formed, $. 34.
"JAA feast, masc. noun def. state, root Arab.
i*
lie visited, second conj. JO^c he feasted.
1] ? yt tr> wflwy, adj. plu. numb, def., from the verb
] ' m 7/e multiplied.
o]>jj ^ew /^^y /i«J wg»; ? has here the signifi-
cation of when. See Schaaf 's Lexicon under this letter.
24. viojul ^_*> ocn But Jexus himself, sec $. 55.
ANALYSIS. 141
m « <?M ^ooi\ ]ooi ^vn.rn<sn ]J trusted ?iot himself
to them; "jocn is joined to the part., and makes the
imperf. tense of the verb ^D] Aph. conj. ]- <^\ gives
the verb a reciprocal sense, f. 56, p. 114.
^k> because. Etsotso has not here its usual accom-
•R
panying letter Vau, $. 2.
]ooi v» h€ knew, imperf. tense of the verb vx^_, .
X
25. ")cxn -ri . im ^ needecl, imperf. tense, Peal
conj. of the verb -<^i m .
JOLOU should testify. Optative and subjunc. expres-
sions are frequently expressed by the future tense,
$. 56; the vowel Pethocho is put under 01 because in
the prset. this letter has Revotso.
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psalter; or, ^jsalms of Dairiti,
in Metre, with APPROPRIATE TUNES. Edited by
JOHN HULLAH.
This Work is preparing for publication on the same plan as the Editor's Part
Music. It will appear in separate Parts, for the different Voices, as well as in Score ;
besides which, there will be a Folio Edition, with a compressed Accompaniment for
the Organ or Piano-Forte.
Of the separate Voice Parts and the Score, Cheap Editions will be issued, in
order that a UNIFORM VERSION of the Psalter, with Music, may be brought within the
reach of even the humblest classes of society.
jHUStC, edited by JOHN HULLAH.
HULLAH'S PART MUSIC is Published Monthly, in SCORE and
in SEPARATE VOICE PARTS ; each Monthly Number con-
taining an equal portion of Sacred and Secular Music.
CLASS B., MUSIC in SCORE for the VOICES of WOMEN and
CHILDREN. Price 8d.
CLASS C., MUSIC IN SCORE for the VOICES of MEN. Price 8d.
A new Number of each of the Classes B. and C., is published every second
Month, alternately with CLASS A.
CLASS A., SACRED MUSIC for FOUR VOICES. The Score, bound
and lettered, price Os. The Separate Voice Parts, (Soprano, Alto, Tenor, and
Bass,) 3*. each, bound and lettered.
CLASS A., SECULAR MUSIC for FOUR VOICES. The Score, price
9j»., bound and lettered. The Separate Voice Parts, (Soprano, Alto, Tenor, and
Bass,) 3*. each, bound and lettered.
CLASS A. may also be had as published in Numbers, containing each an equal
portion of both Sacred and Secular Music. Price, of the SCORE, 2s. 6d. per Number
and of the SEPARATE VOICE PARTS, tW. each. In every case, the Separate Voice Parts
the Score of the same Number or Volume, exactly correspond. Nos. I to VII
are already published, and a new Number appears oil the 1st day of every second
Month, alternately with Classes B. and C.
HULLAH'S PART MUSIC, (though equally well adapted for the use of Fami-
lies, Schools, and Amateur Societies,) is published with a particular view to the
numerous UPPER SCHOOLS, now forming in every part of the Kingdom, from
among the Pupils instructed in Singing on the Method of Wilhem, as adapted to
English use by Mr. Hullah, under the Sanction of the Committee of Privy Council on
Education,
JOHN W. PARKER, PUBLISHER, WEST STRAND.
University of California
SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY
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