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ELLIOTTS FRUIT BOOK ;
OR, THE
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ORCHARD AND GARDEN
BEING A COMPEND OP THE HISTORY, MODES OP PROPAGATION, CULTURE, AC, 0?
FRl'IT TREES AND SHRUBS, WITH DESCRIPTION'S OP NEARLY ALL THE
VARIETIES OP FRUITS CULTIVATED IN THIS COUNTRY : NOTES
OF THEIR ADAPTATION TO LOCAUTIKS AND SOILS,
AND ALSO A COMPLKTE LIST OF FRUITS
WORTHY OF CULTIVATION.
BY F. R. ELLIOTT.
NEW YORK:
A. 0. MOORE, AGRICULTURAL BOOK PUBLISHER,
(LATE C. M. 8AXT0N & CO.)
No. 140 FULTON STREET.
1858.
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1854, by
C. M. SAXTON,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United Slates, in and for
the Southern District of New York.
E. O. Jenkjws, Beainakd & Bureidge,
printer anU StcrratDprr Ertgrabrrs,
Herald Block,
CLEVELAND.
TO
PROF. JARED P KIRTLAND,
$I]is Witlvim is geHniefc,
BY HIS FRIEND,
THE AUTHOR,
zs.
r v.
B >OK STO 11.15/
?i%J)..0T
PREFACE.
Few objects are more engaging than the culture of fruit. Hope,
with all her pleasing fancies, encircles even planter of a fruit tree ;
while year after year, as it is nurtured and advanced to a bearing
state, Hope yet remains entwined with prospective reality ; until at
last its branches, loaded with ripe, ruddy, delicious fruits, bear out the
goddess in sustaining the efforts of man to gratification of taste and
feeling, as well as profit pecuniar v.
Fortunate is it for the author of a work on fruits in this practical
age, that no excuse is required for presenting himself before the pub-
lic, or crowding upon ground apparently now so fully occupied.
Hazardous as the thought may appear, after so much of matter
upon the subject has been prepared and published, minutely, practi-
cally, and theoretically explanatory, by such writers as Coxe, Lind-
ley, Downing, Thomas, and others. I yet have imagined there was
room for another work ; at least it may induce an extended interest
in the subject ; and in a country so broad of extent — so prolific of
fruits and men — composed of such great diversity of soil and cli-
mate as ours, there may possibly be garnered some little items that
heretofore have escaped the vision of my brother lovers of the sub-
ject.
Pleasantly, therefore, during the past ten years, have I been nur-
turing of trees and noting their products ; gradually have I drawn
in from the stores of my many friends, the votaries of Pomona,
specimens of their skill and trust. These I have carefully examined
and compared, and have meted to them in the. following pages such
award as seemed to me just.
(v)
vi PREFACE.
That I have trodden upon the favorites, and therefore the views
of some of my friends, I shall not pretend to deny ; but that I have
so done in aught but a true feeling of interest to the cause, I beg
they will not for the moment believe.
Such is the vast variety of garden and orchard fruit — such the
diversity of circumstances which affect the growth cf trees, the size
and qualities of the fruit — such the great number of new sorts, and
new modes of treatment discovered, that one book, however care-
fully prepared, cannot embrace all the knowledge of the subject ;
but each lover of Pomona and her gifts must cherish and examine,
each for himself, relying only on the book as a guide comparative ;
and looking on the pages of this present, as the result of an inten-
tion to create a plain, practical work, to classify and describe fruits
in such order, to embody their history, and the best modes of cul-
ture, in such manner, that the amateur or extensive orchardist may
gather at a glance most of the requisite information to success
The mere test of quality, it is well known, does not render a fruit
worthy or unworthy of general cultivation ; therefore, the classifica-
tion of the National Pomological Society was imperfect as a guide
to fruit-growers; but by changing or modifying this to first, second,
and third class, and explaining in many of the texts descriptive of
varieties, the reasons for position given, I trust to have somewhat
improved the matter.
New fruits are daily being brought to light ; the soils of the West
producing them almost spontaneously ; the science of the East creat-
ing them with rapidity and certainty ; pomological meetings and
Horticultural Societies are monthly recording and describing them ;
it is, therefore, generally conceded requisite that some order of classi-
fication be carried out, if we expect any limit or bounds to our
cause.
The classes adopted in the following pages, corresponding with
those of the National Society, have therefore seemed to me well
adapted to the end in view. There are some varieties now placed
in the second class, that will undoubtedly, when more generally
known and distributed, become worthy a place in the first class ;
but those now placed in the third class, I feel confident will never
PREFACE. « VU
advance from their present position, if their friends have reasonable
opportunities of comparing them with first-class varieties ripening
at the same time. That the number of the first class could now
readily be increased, will, I am aware, appear apparent to many po-
mologists ; but, as it already embraces a sufficient number to meet
all wants, I have preferred rather to add hereafter, than to retract.
Believing that in fruits, the seeds, cores, and stones are often as, or
perhaps more, sure guides to indicate a variety than the outward
form, I have made my drawings from specimens of medium size,
(discarding both the largest as well as smallest for such purpose,)*
representing the appearance of the fruit when halved, except in the
cherry, where the pit is shown whole. In my drawings illustrative
of form, I have followed the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
" Of the descriptions of fruit, some explanation may be necessary.
First, is given the standard name in capitals. Below this are placed,
in smaller type, the various synonymes, or local names, by which the
same fruit is known in various countries or parts of the country."
The names of authors previously having described many of the
fruits, I have omitted, as not essential to the value of description
or fruit, nor necessary to the practical purposes for which I intend
the work.
The text descriptive has been, in almost the entire work, made
either anew or revised from those already published, with specimens
of the fruit before me ; and, following the established rules of pri-
ority in description, I have (while retaining so much of the original
that it may at once be recognized) endeavored to reduce and Ame-
ricanize. In a few cases I have preferred continuing an erroneous
name, because of its being now generally known. Where a de-
scription is given written by another, and the fruit not seen by my-
self, I have endeavored to give, if of importance, the initials of the
author, or abbreviation of title of the work from whence such de-
scription was drawn, for which see pages 13, 14.
Of the importance of fruit culture, it is deemed superfluous to
* A friend who has carefully examined these drawings and descriptions, says
I have represented them all, or nearly all. rather below, than of, medium size
Vlll v PREFACE.
more than remark, that the interest evident in the establishment of
journals devoted almost wholly to its cause ; the fact that no news-
paper is now counted of value without being more or less occupied
with matter relating to the orchard ; the universal growing desire of
every one who has ground of his own to plant thereon trees and vines
productive of luscious fruits — all speak volumes illustrative of the
extent- which the subject holds in the minds of our energetic, ambi-
tious, persevering people.
And here I must be permitted to record my tribute to the memory
of A. J. Downing, to whom the pomologists, the fruit-growers, the
nation, owe more than to any one man yet existent ; by and through
whose work on the " Fruits of America," the advocates of nomencla-
ture received the first bold stand, and in a way which has led to extri-
cation of much that was previously in state of confusion ; to whose
graceful, easy, attractive, yet bold manner of writing, is owing
much of the care and attention, culture and embellishment, of and
through tree, plant, and flower, of the homes of Americans.
This work has been commenced and completed more at the sug-
gestion and request of friends than from any feeling of my own
ability ; and, while I have endeavored to avoid error, I yet feel that
numerous corrections will have, in subsequent editions, to be made ;
this, partly, from omission and commission, consequent on one's first
work, and partly from the constant state of advancement in pomo-
logy. And as it is intended to revise and correct it as soon as the
cause demands, I shall consider myself, and the cause, indebted to
those gentlemen who in reviewing it may observe errors, if they
will communicate the same to me.
To the following gentlemen, who have kindly furnished me with
notes, descriptive of their experience, or of varieties or specimens
of fruits, by which I have the better been enabled to prepare this
work, I sincerely tender my acknowledgments :
In Massackusetts, to Messrs. M. P. Wilder and C. M. Hovey,
Boston ; Samuel Walker, Roxbury ; B. V. French, Braintree ;
Robert Manning and J. M. Ives, Salem.
In New York, to Messrs. Chas. Downing, Newburg ; S. B. Parsons,
Flushing ; P. Barry and Geo. Ellwanger, Rochester ; John J.
PREFACE. ix
Thomas, Macedon; David Thomas, Aurora; Benj. Hodge, Buffalo;
Herman Wendell and B. I*. Johnson, Albany.
In Pennsylvania, to Doctor W. D. Brinckle, Philadelphia.
In New Jersey, to Mr. Thomas Hancock, Burlington.
In Ohio, to Geo. Hoadley, Esq., and Professor J. P. Kirtland,
Cleveland ; Messrs. A. H. Ernst, J. A. Warder, and R. Buchanan,
Cincinnati ; M. B. Bateham, Columbus ; Charles Carpenter, Kelly
Island ; D. C. Richmond, Sandusky.
In Michigan, to Daniel Cook, Esq., Jackson.
In Indiana, to Mr. John C. Teas, Raysville.
In Kentucky, to Messrs. H. P. Byram, Louisville ; James Allen,
Nelson Co.
Doctor J. A. Kennicott, The Grove, Northfield ;
Adna Williams, Galesbury.
In Wisconsin, to Mr. F. K. Phoenix, Racine.
In Mississippi, to Doctor M. W. Phillips, Log Hall.
F. R. E.
Pomona Gardens, near Cleveland.
ABBREVIATIONS AND BOOKS QUOTED.
Of these we enumerate here those only that we have used most freely in
<he forming of our pages, either by extract, or as serving for authority to our
decisions.
Allen. A practical Treatise on the Culture and Treatment of the Grape Vine.
By J. Fisk Allen. 1852.
Arboretum Britannicum, or the Trees and Shrubs of Britain, pictorially and
botanically delineated, and scientifically and popularly described, by J.
C. Loudon. London, 1845.
Annales de la Societe d' Horticulture de Paris. Paris. In monthly Nos. 8vo.,
from 1827 to 1845.
Adlum. A Memoir on the cultivation of the Vine in America, and the best
mode of making Wine. By John Adlum. Washington, 1828.
Buchanan. A treatise on the Grape. By R. Buchanan. Cincinnati, 1852.
Bon Jard. Le Bon Jardinier, pour l'Annee 1844. Contenant des principea
generaux de culture, etc. Par A. Poiteau et M. Vilmorin. Paris.
Yearly volume.
Bridgeinan. The Young Gardener's Assistant. By Thomas Bridgeman. Tenth
ed. New York, 1844.
Bawnann's Oat. Catalogue des Vegetaux en tout genre dispanible dans l'Eta-
blissement des Freres, a. Bolwiller, 1842.
Cole. American Fruit Book. By S. W. Cole, 1851.
Ooxe. A View of the Cultivation of Fruit Frees in the United States, and of
the Management of Orchards and Cider. By William Coxe. Philadel-
phia, 1817.
Ihaptal. Chemistry applied to Agriculture. By John Anthony Chaptal.
American ed. Boston, 1835.
Cobbett. The American Gardener. By Wm. Cobbett. London, 1821.
Coleman. Reports on the Agriculture of Massachusetts. By Henry Coleman.
Boston, 1840-41.
Cultivator. The Cultivator, a monthly journal of Agriculture, &c, edited by
Luther Tucker. Albany, continued to the present time.
Downing. Downing's Fruit and Fruit Trees of America. 1845.
Bom. Garu The Domestic Gardener's Manual. By Johi Towers. London,
1839
12 ABBREVIATIONS, ETC.
Duhamel. Traite des Arbres Fruitiers, par M. Duhamel Durnonceau. Paris,
1768, 2 vols.
Dec. Physiologie Yegetale, ou Exposition des Forces et des Fonctiona
vitales des Vegetans. Par A. P. De Candolle. Paris, 1832, 3
vols.
Ernst Mans. Manuscript Notes on Fruits. By A. H. Ernst, Esq., Cincin-
nati.
Forsyth. A Treatise on the Culture and Management of Fruit Trees. By
William Forsyth, 7th ed. London, 1824.
Floy. Lindley's Guide to the Orchard. American ed., with additions by
Michael Floy. New York, 1845.
Fessenden. New American Gardener, containing practical directions for the
culture of Fruits and Vegetables. By Thos. E. Fessenden. Boston, 1828.
Gard. Mag. The Gardener's Magazine, conducted by J. C. Loudon, in monthly
nos., 19 vols, to 1844. London.
Sort. The Horticulturist, a monthly journal of Horticulture, &c. Pub-
lished by Luther Tucker, and edited by A. J. Downing, from 1846 to
1852. and continued to the present time. By Jas. Wick, jr., publisher,
and P. Barrey, ed.
Hoare. A Practical Treatise on the cultivation of the Grape Vine on open
walls. By Clement Hoare. London, 1840.
Hort. Soc. Cat. See Thompson.
Harris. A Report on the insects of Massachusetts injurious to Vegetation.
By Dr. T. W. Harris. Cambridge, 1852.
Eov. Mag. or H. M. The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and Rural Af-
fairs. Conducted by C. M. Hovey. Boston, 8vo. monthly nos., 1834 to
the present time.
Johnstonr Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry and Geology. By Jas. W. F.
Johnston. American ed., New York, 2 vols. 1842.
Jard. Fruit. Le Jardin Fruitier, par Louis Noisette. 2 ed. Paris, 1839, 2
vols.
Knight. Various articles in the London Horticultural Society's Transactions.
By Thomas Andrew Knight, its late President.
Kenrick or Ken. The new American Orchardist. By William Kenrick, Bos-
ton, 1844.
Kollar. A Treatise on Insects injurious to Gardeners, Foresters, and Farmers.
By Vincent Kollar ; notes by Westwood. London, 1840, 12mo.
Loudon. An Encyclopedia of Gardening. Ey J. C. Loudon. London, 1835,
1 thick vol.
. . An Encyclopedia of Plants. By the same. London, 1836, 1 thick vol.
. An Encyclopedia of Agriculture. By the same. London, 1831, 1
thick vol.
ABBREVIATIONS, ETC. 13
Loudon. Hortus Britannicus. A Catalogue of all the plants in Britain, by the
same. London.
. The Suhirban Horticulturist. By the same. London, 1842.
. The Suburban Gardener and Villa Companion. By the same. Lon-
don, 1838, 1842.
. Arboretum et Fruticetum Britauaicum. By the same. London, 1838.
Liebig. Organic Chemistry in hs application to Agriculture and Physiology.
By Justus Liebig. American ed., Cambridge, 1844.
Lind. A Guide to the Orchard and Kitchen Garden, or an account of the
Fruits and Vegetables cultivated in Great Britain. By George Lindley.
London, 1831.
Lindley. An Introduction to Botany. By John Lindley. London, 1832.
. An introduction to the Natural System of Botany. By John Lindley.
London, 1835. 2d ed.
. British Fruits. See Pomological Magazine ; it is the same work.
. The Theory of Horticulture, or an attempt to explain the Operation
of Gardening upon Physiological Principles. By John Lindley. Lon-
don, 1840.
• . The same work, with Notes by A. Gray and A. J. Downing. New
York, 1841.
L. or Linnaeus. Species Plantarum, 5th ed. Berlin, 1810, 5 vols.
Mass. Hort. Society. Transactions of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
1842 to the present time.
Man. The, New England Fruit Book. By R. Manning, 2d ed. enlarged by
John M. Ives, Salem, 1844.
Man. in II. M. Manning's articles in Hovey's Magazine.
Michau.r. The North American Sylva, or Descriptions of the Forest Trees of
the United States, Canada, etc. By A. F. Michaux. Paris, new edition.
Philadelphia, 1852.
MUntosh. The Orchard and Fruit Garden. By Charles M 'In tosh. London,
1819.
N. T. Trans. Transactions of the New York State Agricultural Society,
from 1S42 to present time.
Nois. See Jardin Fruitier.
New England Farmer. A weekly periodical, devoted to Agriculture, Horti-
culture, &c. Boston, continued to the present time.
0. JDuh. See Duhamel.
Pom. Mag. or P. M. The Pomological Magazine, or Figures and Descriptions
of the most important varieties of Fruit cultivated in Great Britain.
London, 1828.
Pom. Man. The Pomological Manual. By William R. Prince. New York,
1831, 2 vols.
14 ABBREVIATIONS, ETC.
Prince, A Treatise rn the Vine. By William R. Prince. New York, 1830.
Prince. A short Treatise on Horticulture. By William Prince. New York,
1828.
Poit. or Poiteau. Pomologie Frangaise. Recueil des plus beaux Fruits,
cultives en France. Par Poiteau. Paris, 1838, and continued in 4to
nos.
Rivers. A Descriptive Catalogue of Pears, cultivated by T. Rivers. Saw-
bridgeworth.
Ron. or Ronalds. Pyrus Malus Brentfordienses ; or. a concise description of
Selected Apples, w'+b <v figure of each sort. By Hugh Ronalds, Lon-
don, 1831.
Revue Horticole. Journa des Jardiniers et Amateurs. Audot, Editeur.
Paris, 1844, et chaque mois.
Vorrey & Gray. A Flora of North America, containing abridged descriptions
of all the known plants growing North of the Gulf of Mexico. By
John Torrey, M. D., and Asa Gray, M. D., New York.
Thomp. A Catalogue of the Fruits Cultivated in the Garden of the Horticul-
tural Society of London. 3d ed., London, 1845. [Prepared with great
care by Robert Thompson, the head of the Fruit Department.]
Thacher. The American Orchardist. By James Thacher, M. D., Boston, 1822.
Wilder, MSS. Manuscript Notes on Fruits. By M. P. Wilder, Esq.
W. D. B. Doct. W. D. Brinckle, in ad interim Reports of Pennsylvania Horti-
cultural Society.
W. R. P. Articles and Descriptions by Wm. R. Prince, in various Horticul-
tural Journals.
Warder Review. Western Horticultural Review. J. A. Warder, editor and
publisher. A Monthly Journal of Horticulture, etc. Cincinnati, 1850,
to the present time.
Wilder in Hort. Articles and Descriptions written by Hon. M. P. Wilder, and
published in Horticulturist.
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS — HISTORY AND ADVANCEMENT OF
FRUITS IN OHIO AND THE WEST — VALUE AS FOOD.
A subject so boundless, in a country of such extent and capacity
of soil and climate as ours for the production of all the finer fruits ;
in a country which, until within a few years, was but a wilderness —
a wild, uncultivated tract, now yielding, with the most common, or
rather with no care, immense quantities of luscious ripe fruits for
transportation to countries where the arts of culture were fully
known and understood before we were, filling our store-houses with
food, our hearts with gladness, adding to our wealth while contribu-
ting to the blessings of others ; (for what meets the eye or gladdens
the heart more pleasantly than the sight of the perfect fruits of the
earth?) — a subject, we say, then so boundless, merits more of
enwreathing plaudit than our limits here may allow, though our
fancy picture it. Nor have we space, although especially applicable
to the practical use of our work, to more than commend the study
and practice, in a scientific view, of man to perfection of that de-
picted in the following stanza :
" The heaven-taught gardener's wondrous skill
Shall wreath the earth with flowers,
While new and luscious fruits shall grow
Throughout her Eden bowers."
As yet the western soils present comparatively little towrard the
inducement of study and practice ; for so freely does every variety
of fruit grow, that man has only to plant in order to reap. Soon,
however, the grower will learn that skill and care only will reward
him with product from his trees — skill, in the thorough understand-
ing of the principles of vegetable physiology ; the care and practice,
necessary in applying the same.
Rapidly as the West has grown from a tract of country only
inhabited by the red man and beasts, to the presenting almost, at
this day, of the " Garden of America ;" her prairies, her limestone-
hills and broad levels ; her sandy alluvial bottoms, located in almost
as many different climates as positions, abound with all of nature's
food, stored for years in the production of tree, fruit, and flower, t<»
15
16 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
such extent that she may yet be said to be in her infancy. And no
one who has not visited and traversed her wide borders — no one
reared and trained on soils where four-sixths is rock — can have, but
by traveling over it, any conception of the wealth stored up in the
soil of the West.
We speak here more of this from believing, that while the East
may yield her supplies liberally, attended by the care and expense
of supplying fresh food annually, the West will ere long far outstrip
all ; as she only needs among her sons more study of the nature of
plant and tree to bear the palm in producing any fruit.
It is for the West then, more especially, that our work is destined.
Although ourself, reared at the East, and all our life familiar with her
fruits, her soils and capabilities, we shall yet endeavor to blend the
one with the other, that our work may be applicable there as here,
even as we cherish at this day our " loved old home," with her
rough, rocky surroundings, incentive only to the greater perfection
and action of mind ; in that, self-dependence is made apparent from
day to day.
Before the West was, i. e., settled by white man, the impression
prevailed, among other errors connected with fruit culture, that " he
who plants pears, plants for his heirs ;" and we well recollect being
told when a boy, on planting out a young pear-tree, that possibly
our children might eat of it, but we, never. Such prophecy, how-
ever, failed in our case, as nearly all others, for we have eaten often
of it. And now, whether we attribute it to the locomotive age, to
the active minds of our eastern brethren, or the spontaneous growth
of the West — aided by her industrious denizens — we hardly wait
for the season to come around ere we eat of the fruit ; our own
experience having been to receive trees and plant them in March,
and eat of the fruit in November following. Let this be attributable
to what it may, such is now the impress, that no one buys a city
lot, intending to keep it over one year, but he plants trees upon it,
expecting and reaping the fruit thereof.
All this is encouraging ; but there is also a dark side in fruit cul-
ture gradually coming on us, to be met only by the general diffusion
of knowledge on this subject ; a knowledge that, as before remarked,
will enable us to compete skilfully with deficiencies or over-luxu-
riance in soil ; to know the insects destructive, and their habits, that
we may secure our products from their ravages ; and a just appreci-
ation of the nature of trees, that we may know how to shape them to
the withstanding of our changeful climate.
As under each appropriate head we give somewhat of the olden
history of fruits, our remarks here will relate mainly to their intro-
duction and advancement to Ohio and the West. Previous to 1796,
there was very little other than the natural fruit of the soil culti-
vated in Ohio ; and not until about 1820 or '22, was there any con-
ADVANCEMENT OF FRUITS, ETC. 17
sidcrable introduction and planting of "grafted fruits" in the north
part of the State. At that time the nursery of William Coxe, Esq.,
Burlington, New Jersey,, seemed the nearest from which to obtain
trees; and therefore from thence came most of the first plantations
of good fruits. Later, the nurseries of Prince, Kenrick, and Buel,
supplied our northern pioneers; and from these, with the liberal
hand which always characterizes a fruit eulturist, a lover of the (Vi-
ator's best gifts, gratis were distributed freely to whoever would.
As early as 1796 or 1797, Israel Putnam introduced and propa-
gated many of the older and best eastern varieties on the borders
of the Ohio river, and there cultivated both trees and fruits, from
whence most of the older orchards of southern Ohio, and probably
Indiana, were procured. Gov. Worthington, at an early day, 1803,
or previous, introduced many fine varieties of fruits into central Ohio.
In 1820, Prof. Kirtland imported, from New Jersey to Trumbull
County, Ohio, some two hundred sorts <>f the besl fruits then
known; and in 1827, or '28 Geo. Hoadley, Esq., sent about one
hundred kinds to Cleveland. Alfred Kelly also introduced many
fine eastern varieties; and, as before mentioned, grafts from all
these were liberally distributed, followed by additional introductions
of new varieties, in succeeding years. Add to these, that nearly every
pioneer brought with him seeds of the best fruits known in the vicinity
of his former residence East, which he planted and grewwith care, and
we have the heads of the principal introduction of varieties np to
about 1832. Since that period, not only have importations of
extended varieties been largely made and planted from eastern nur-
series, but the nurseries of trees grown for sale have so multiplied
in the whole West, that millions of trees are now annually grown
and planted.
For the history that follows, relating to Illinois and Wisconsin, we
are indebted to the zeal, enthusiasm, and courtesy of Doctor J. A.
Kennicott :
" The Grove. Northfield, Cook Co., Illinois.
October, 4, 1853.
"' The first permanent settlements in Illinois were made by the
French about 1682, in and about Kaskaskia and Cahokia ; and it is
said, that ' the first generation of fruit trees, there planted, had done
good service, and gone the way of all the living,' long before the ad-
vent of the present race who people ' Lower Egypt.' The Rev. John
M. Peck (whom I quote from memory) affirms, that he ate most
luscious fruits, some twenty or thirty years ago, the product of the
second generation of these old French trees, even then of almost
forest size.
From many sources I gather the fact, that among these old trees
were, and still are, perhaps, individuals producing very desirable
18 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
fruit ; all, doubtless, of mature growth, though some may have been
brought from Canada, whence the seeds very evidently came, in their
route from the old world.
From this you perceive, that Illinois is one of the oldest fruit-
growing states ; and it is very certain, that our seedling trees gener-
ally yield better fruit than the mass of chance varieties in the East ;
though, good sooth, I have been unable to trace any of our cele-
brated varieties in cultivation, to those glorious old trees, so graph-
ically described by the Rev. Mr. Peck ; and yet, I am by no
means certain, that some of our most valuable local varieties did not
originate in that classic fruit-land of Southern Illinois.
It is very probable, also, that, in Central and Northern Illinois
there may now be native varieties, surpassing in value a large ma-
jority of the sorts named in the books, for local cultivation, at least.
Analogy would lead to such a conclusion ; for, as a general rule here,
of fifty seedling trees, in almost any orchard, at least five will be
found worthy of notice, and worth preserving in their natural state,
though not desirable for propagation.
From personal observation you are already aware, that some fruits
of high repute East, are nearly worthless here ; and that others are
wonderfully improved by the peculiarities of our soil and climate. It
is thought, too, that many old fruits have become so changed as to
be no longer easily recognized ; and, as their history has been lost,
and several local synonyms have been used to designate them, much
difficulty and doubt attend our western nomenclature.
Perhaps these difficulties will soon be removed, and the doubts
cleared up, as in Ohio, by the re-fruiting of our celebrated varieties
East, from scions obtained here, or by further observation on the
fructification here, under the true names.
Many of our varieties, of the first trees transplanted in western Win
ois, and southern Wisconsin, were disseminated by tree pedlars from
the region of the Wabash, in Indiana, and central-eastern Illinois ;
and I am only aware that some of their sorts came from Ohio, and
others from Kentucky, Virginia, Tennessee, and North Carolina, and
a few, doubtless, from the Eastern States ; though what proportion,
or what varieties of those brought us by these tree pedlars. I am un-
able to determine. Very few were sold under eastern names, how
ever, and, now and then, a variety is, doubtless, of native origin.
Among these pedlars' trees, the Red June is decidedly the most
valuable, and the Milam the most abundant.
Here-away, I know the origin of four-fifths of the trees planted out
in the last ten or twelve years, apart from the pedlars' trees, which
continued to arrive up to three or four years ago. The Buffalo nur-
series and your Cleveland dealers have furnished the most. The
nurseries of Chautauque County sent some early* and the Rochester
establishments a great many more recently, and a few ten or twelve
ADVANCEMENT OF FRl'ITS, ETC. 19
years ago. The Flushing nurseries are also represented in our or-
chards, and, quite lately, those of Michigan and Northern Indiana;
and, in fact, there is scarce an eastern establishment which has not
sent trees to the lake region of Illinois and Wisconsin."
Similar to those named, is that of mosl Western States, in the his-
toric introduction and origin of fruits. Chance seedlings, of value
sufficient to retaining of the original tree, are abundant, while those
meriting a first place are rare. The character of "very good" will
apply to probably one-tenth of the fruit, while that of "best" will
hardly apply to one-thousandth.
< >f the value of fruits as food, of their i'ree use and tendency to
health of system ami morality of character, much has been written;
but the following, by Doctor Kennicott, sums up all in few words:
" The free use of ripe fruits not only prevents disease, but their reg-
ulated enjoyment helps to remove that which already exist-. All
ripe fruits are. also, more 01 less nutritious. Professsor Salisbury
has clearly demonstrated that the apple is superior to the potato,
in the principles that go to increase the muscle and the brain of man,
and in fattening properties, it is nearly equal, when cooked, for
swine, or fed raw to other domestic animals."
Ripe grapes have cured Epidemic dysentery. Physicians have,
occasionally, advised the use of "cooling acid fruits ;" and the ear-
liest writers have directed the sugary ones, as " figs," for food in con-
valescence. Families, where fruit is most plentiful and good, and
prized as an article of daily food, are most free from disease of all
kinds, and more especially from fevers and "bowel complaints."
Most fruits aid digestion, some directly, some indirectly, and lessen
the desire for alcoholic or stimulating drinks. The juicy ones act as
"diluents," and all as "diuretics;" the free acids neutralizing, or
rendering soluble the earthy matters in the blood, and carrying them
off rapidly through the natural channels.
CHAPTER II.
ORIGINATING OF VARIETIES — THEIR PROPAGATION, BY
BUDDING, GRAFTING, LAYERS, CUTTINGS, RUNNERS AND
SUCKERS.
"Our garden varieties of fruits are not natural forms. They are
the artificial productions of culture. Seedlings from them have
always a tendency to improve, but they have also another and a
stronger tendency to return to a natural or wild state." Of this, we
have here a strong evidence, in the production of seedling cherries by
Prof. Kirtland, where from several hundred grown from seed
gathered from the same tree, only about one tenth have surpassed,
and two tenths equaled, the parent ; the remainder mostly falling
back toward the original mazzard.
Most of our choicest varieties cultivated, are from seeds of chance
cross-impregnation : few have been the result of artificial skill and
care ; crossbreeding and hybridizing are too often confounded, and
while we are constantly in the production of new varieties from
cross breeding, none are known in fruits from hybridizing. Lindley
says : " If the pistils of one species be fertilized by the pollen of an-
other species, which may take place in the same genus, or if two
distinct varieties of the same species be in like manner intermixed,
the seed which results from the operation will be intermediate be-
tween its parents, partaking of the qualities of both. In the first
case, the progeny is hybrid or male ; in the second, it is simply cross-
bred.^ Although of the same genus, no hybrid has ever yet been
created between the apple and the pear, or the gooseberry and cur-
rant. These cross-breds, when closely resembling the female
parent, are termed sub-varieties.
This practice of producing new varieties by cross fertilization was
advocated by Thomas Andrew Knight, a distinguished horticulturist
of England : while that of Dr. Van Mons of Belgium, was the re-
production of seedlings from seedlings in succession ; selecting each
time those of the seedlings to procure the seed, which proved the
best n the fruit. At the eighth generation, in growing from the
pear, his seedlings produced fruit at four years old, while at the com-
mencement it required twelve to fifteen years. This he regarded
as the correct course to pursue in the amelioration of varieties; and
to this theory, this fruiting at an early stage, according as the parent
is far removed from its original state, may we not attribute much
of the habits of many of our pears 1 The Frederic of Wurtemburg,
(20)
PROPAGATION BY BUDDING, GRAFTING ETC. 21
originating by Prof. Van Mons in this way, it is well known pro-
duces its fruit often in the nursery at two years from the bud; while
the Dix, a seedling from we know not what variety, requires twelve
or fifteen years. This process however, if taken, as by Van Mons,
from the commencement, i.e., a wild ling, would require a life-time;
but our people have all around them seedlings which at an early age
are producing fruit ; if, therefore, seed be taken from the best of
them, and the choicest again selected, it is not probable that more
than ten years would elapse to produce something very superior.
On the other hand, the process of Mr. Knight, of producing by
crossing, gives the grower the choice of selecting and growing to
whatever form, size or character he may desire, and this with an
almost absolute certainty of success. This process being fully
described by Thomas in his Fruit Culturist, we extract therefrom :
" A familiar instance of cross-impregnation in plants occurs in the
Indian corn. The pistillate or seed-bearing flowers covering the
young ear, are remotely situated on the plant from the staminate or
fertilizing flowers on the summits, or tassels. Hence, from this re-
mote position, the pollen or fertilizing dust from the summits may
not certainly fall on the ear; and if different sorts grow near, a mix-
ture will probably result. It is well known to farmers, that if dif-
ferent sorts, as white, yellow, and purple, are planted in the same
field ; or, if common and sweet corn are planted together, each sort
no longer remains distinct, but each ear, the second year, is speckled
with a promiscuous assemblage of white, yellow, and purple, and of
common and sweet corn, of various grades. In fruit trees, the
stamens and pistils are in the same flower, and the chances of acci-
dental mixture from other trees, become very small, unless affected
by insects, which becoming thickly dusted with powder from one
flower, plunge into the recesses of another, and affect a cross-fertiliza-
tion. Where many varieties grow in one garden, in close proximity,
cases of promiscuous intermixture are constantly occurring, which can
be developed only by raising fruit from the seedlings.
In the annexed figure of the pear blossom (fig. 1), the five
central organs a, are the pistils; the
upper extremity of each is the stigma. The
surrounding thread-like organs, b, are the
stamens, surmounted by the anthers. The
anthers are little bags or cases filled with
the pollen or fertilizing dust. When the
flowers open, the anthers burst, and dis-
charge the pollen on the stigma, which
operates on the embryo fruit at its base.
The production of newT varieties is greatly facilitated by cross-im
pregnation, or by fertilizing the pistil of one variety with the pollen
of another. This was performed with great success by Knight.
22 ORIGINATING OF VARIETIES.
Selecting two varieties, while yet early in flower, and before the
anthers had burst and discharged the pollen, he
cut out with a fine pair of scissors all the
stamens, leaving the pistils untouched (fig. 2).
When the stigma became sufficiently mature,
which was indicated by its glutinous surface, he
transferred the pollen of the other sort, on the
point of a camel's-hair pencil. The fruit, thus
yielded, was unchanged ; but its seeds partook
variously of the nature of both parents, and the trees growing from
them bore new and intermediate varieties.
For the success of such experiments, several precautions are req-
uisite. The flower must be deprived of its stamens before it has
fully expanded, or before the anthers have already burst and
scattered their dust ; the pollen must be procured from a bursting
or fully matured anther, when it will be dry and powdery ; the
stigma must be inoculated as soon as it becomes adhesive or glu-
tinous, otherwise it may be fertilized from another source, and then
the intended pollen cannot possibly take effect. For a stigma once
inoculated, cannot be inoculated again. It is safest, where practi-
cable, to force the trees by artificial heat into flowering a few days
earlier than others, so as to be secure from accidental inoculations
of pollen floating in the air ; and to prevent its spread by bees, to
apply a temporary covering of gauze. A want of attention to these
minutiae, has led some experimenters to fancy they had obtained
crosses, when they had only natural seedlings."
Budding. — This mechanical process, in connection with that of
grafting, layers, and cuttings, is performed for the purpose of
increasing the number of trees or plants of any one variety ; and is
performed on stocks of the same or closely allied species. These
are designated under each particular head of Apples, Pears, &c, on
other pages. The process and practice is also one, which, although
well and truly described in all fruit works and most of the leading
journals, is nevertheless too often attended with so much of failure,
that while we here repeat descriptions, we at same time advise
every new beginner to visit the leading nursery-man or successful
amateur grower in his immediate neighborhood, and learn more in
half a day from practical example than could be told him were one
to write a month. In order to be successful, it is requisite that the
stock on which it is intended to operate should be in a thrifty,
healthy state, not too early or late in the season, but the best time
is usually just when the terminal bud is forming. Various modes
of budding are known and described ; but that most successful, most
rapid, and in common use, is the one termed incorrectly, American
shield budding, described by Forsyth in 1802 — which diners from the
PROPAGATION BY BUDDING, GRAFTING, ETC.
23
3. Fig. 6. Fig. 4. Fig
common (shield budding, only in leaving a small piece of wood at base
of the bud inserted, instead of taking all out. An incision is made
lengthwise through the bark of the stock, and a small cut at right
angles at the top, the whole somewhat resembling the letter T., fig. 3.
A bud is then taken from a shoot
of the present year's growth, by
shaving off the bark an inch or
an inch and a half in length, with
a small part of the wood directly
beneath the bud, fig. 4. The ed-
ges of the bark, at the incision
in the stock, are then raised a
little, fig. 5, and the bud pushed
downward under the bark, Hg. G. A
bandage of bass-bark, woolen-yarn, or other substance, is then
wrapped around, commencing at the bottom and passing the bud, re-
turning again and tying just below, covering all but the bud, fig. 7.
The pressure should be just sufficient to keep the inserted portion
closely to the stock, but not such as to bruise or crush the bark. In
about ten clays or two weeks after insertion, the strings will
require to be loosened, and at expiration of three- weeks removed
altogether. The ensuing spring, as soon as the buds begin to swrell
strongly, cut off the stock about six inches above the bud ; and as
the shoot or bud grows, tie it to the piece of stock above its inser-
tion until about midsummer, when it will be time to cut away the
piece of stock above the bud, leaving a sloping cut downward from
the top of insertion of bud. An improper practice with some is to
place the buds in water ; this so saturates them with moisture, that
they have no attractive force left to imbibe the sap of the stock, and
hence often fail to grow. In cutting the shoot containing buds in-
tended to be inserted, the leaf should immediately be cut off to
within half an inch of the bud, otherwise the evaporation will
exhaust and injure its vitality. If buds are wanted to be kept a
number of days, they should be wrapped in damp moss or wet
cloths ; or if desired to send any distance, the whole wrapped in oiled
silk. In this way they will keep without injury ten days or more.
" Annular budding is applicable to trees of hard wood, or thick
or rigid bark, as the walnut and magnolia. A ring
of bark is removed from the stock, and another cor-
Jlm KpW responding rug, containing the bud, slit open on one
side, is made to fit the denuded space. Fig. 8.
" Trees which have been girdled in winter by mice,
may be preserved by a process similar to annular bud-
ding, by cutting away evenly the gnawed portions,
and applying one or more pieces of bark peeled from
f'g- s- the branch of another tree, so as to restore the con-
24. ORIGINATING OF VARIETIES.
nection between the two severed portions. This is done as soon as
the bark will separate; the same end may, however, be accom-
plished early in spring by cutting away portions of the sap-wood
with the bark, and connecting the two parts by several pieces of &
branch, care being taken that they coincide accurately, as in graft-
ing. The whole, in either case, is then covered with wax."
Grafting, like budding, has numerous modes and forms, all
resolving into the same thing — that of transferring one variety onto
another. The modes most regarded, and in most common prac-
tice, we describe.
Whip or tongue grafting. This is most generally practised when
the stock and scion are nearly of ecpial size. The whole gist of it
lays in so forming the graft and stock that the two outer surfaces of
albumen, or wood of last year's growth, match one with the other,
or if the stock is too large that they match on one side. See fig. 9.
The tongue is a notch cut in the stock corresponding with one cut
in the graft, and when put together, to serve as support in steady-
ing the graft until the circulation of sap has united it with the stock.
This is practised to a large extent by nursery-men on pieces of
roots, and is then termed " root-grafting."
Splice Grafting is similar to tongue grafting, except that no slit
is made in either stock or graft. See fig. 10.
Crown Grafting is performed in the same manner, only that it
is done on small stocks standing in the ground, at a point near the
upper rootlet or fibre. See fig. 11.
Saddle Grafting. In saddle grafting, the stock is pared obilquely
on both sides, till it becomes an inverted wedge,
and the scion is slit up the centre, when its sides
are pared down till they fit the sides of the stock.
See fig. 12. This is the best mode to pursue with
the cherry and other stone fruits.
Side Grafting, as seen in the cut, fig. 9, is per-
formed by cutting a notch or slit of about one inch
long in the side of the stock, paring the outer por-
tion, splitting the graft and paring the inner por-
tion, then inserting it so as to give a union of the
barks and woods — leaving meanwhile the top o.
Fig. 9. the stock to carry on the circulation of sap until the
graft becomes united, when it is to be cut away. This is the best for
the magnolia and for the hickory, ash, &c. ; and also when scions
may have been received late in the spring, or the work of grafting
unavoidably delayed.
PROPAGATION BY BUDDING, GRAFTING, ETC.
25
Fig. 13. Fig. 11. fig. 12. Fig. 10.
Cleft Grafting is an easy though clumsy mode, rarely prac-
tised, except on limbs or branches too large for whip grafting. In
this the scion is cut like a wedge, sloping on both sides. The stock
is split with a grafting chisel or large knife,whieh is drawn to one side
and holds open the split while the scion is pressed in, so that the albu-
men or inner barks match, when the chisel or wedge is drawn away.
Wrapping or Tying. After the operation of grafting is per-
formed, bass bark, or bass matting, or soft woolen, or cotton yarn,
is then wrapped around to retain them perfectly in their places.
Where small trees or roots are engrafted, and to be planted in nur-
sery-rows, this is all that is necessary ; but when grafting is performed
on standard trees, it is best to cover the matting with a wax, made in
the following manner :
Grafting Wax. 4 parts rosin, 3 parts beeswax, 3 parts lard.
This should be well incorporated together, while warm, strips of cot-
ton cloth dipped into it, and when cold, cut to the length and width
required for the size of limbs you are to engraft, will facilitate the
labor, and when this is done, the first tying of bass mat or woolen
string, may be dispensed with.
Grafts which have become dry, may be restored if the moisture is
applied so gradually that its absorption may require several weeks.
In one instance shoots cut early in autumn, and subjected to tho-
rough drying, were restored to perfect freshness by the next spring,
by wrapping them well in moss and burying them in a dry spot of
ground ; and being set, they all grew.
Scions for sending to a distance, are usually packed in damp
moss, saw-dust, or fibrous peat. They may be sent by mail, within a
very small compass, with great safety, by enwrapping them with
oil-silk or thin oil-cloth, drawing it closely round them to include
the moisture, by means of small thread.
26
ORIGINATING OF VARIETIES.
Layers. This is practised in low shrubs and vines, as the quince
and grape. It consists in bending down carefully without breaking
a branch, cutting a notch or slit on the under side, and pegging it
securely, so that the centre
will be about four inches
under ground, see fig. 14.
With the grape trailing the
vine on the surface, as shown
in fig. 15, and after buds
have started a few inches,
cover with soil, the vine ;
Fig- l4- each bud will throw out
roots, and if the operation
be performed in spring, they may be taken up and separated in the
fall.
Cuttings.
saw-dust, etc
Propagation by cuttings is the simplest mode of mul
tiplying a variety. It consists simply in the insertion
of a shoot of one year's growth into the soil ; the
moisture of the soil renews the supply of sap. the buds
swell, the leaves expand, and the descending juices ex-
pend themselves in the production of new roots, which
shoot downwards into the soil, fig. 16. Under ordi-
nary circumstances, or in open ground, this mode is
only applicable to such species us readily throw out
roots, as the currant, gooseberry, quince, and grape.
The cutting should be made from eight inches to a
foot long, and have all the lower buds cut out. in order
to prevent its throwing up suckers. Wood of the last
year's growth is used, and the lower end cut square
across at the base of a bud. They should be inserted
perpendicularly, or when long enough, curved, as see,
under the head of grapes ; the earth should be pressed
securely at the bottom, and lightly at the top, and
when possible, a mulch of two inches of tan bark,
thrown over them to preserve moisture.
Runners, are the mode of self-propagation in the strawberry ; as
soon as well rooted they are suited to be removed.
PACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. 27
Suckers, are underground runners — often the result of careless
cultivation in breaking off roots. They should always be destroyed,
but never replanted, not even the Frost Gage plum, proving healthy
when so propagated.
CHAPTER III.
TRANSPLANTING TREES HOW, WHEN ; PACKING, CARE OF WHEN RE-
CEIVED ; PRUNING — TIME WHEN, HOW, THE TOPS, THE ROOTS; LABELS
FOR ; PROTECTION FROM SHEEP, RABBITS, ETC. ; TRAINING ; FORM OF
YOUNG TREES.
Notwithstanding our people are, as a nation, " planters of trees,"
yet how few, comparatively, ever succeed in carrying the existence
of trees planted, beyond the first season; or if a second year, only
with a puny sickly habit, anything but satisfactory. The first thing,
in the removal of trees, should be care not to destroy the roots in
digging. Small trees are less liable to injury from such cause than
large ones, but too often have we seen them wrenched out of the
ground, by the strong arm of man, apparently not to injury of roots,
but really they were cracked through every portion, and all the
pores through which the circulation of sap is had, broken and in-
jured, often as much or more to injury of tree, than if one half the
roots had been cut off. Again, have we seen trees cut out with
spades, leaving only about four to six inches of main root, and a few
small fibres. Such trees require a whole year's nursing, with severe
shortening-in of limbs, to recover anything like their native vigor,
and are not worth, to the planter, over one-half price of trees well
and carefully dug, with roots nearly entire.
Preparing the Soil. If an orchard is to be planted, and on soil
retentive of moisture, or, in other words — level clayey soil — it
should first be thoroughly subsoiled, at least twenty-two inches deep ;
it should then have sufficient number of under drains, that no sur-
plus water would ever remain on it over forty-eight hours. Digging
deep holes should never be practised, but the whole soil should be
made of fine tilth, and if the ground is well drained, or naturally
dry, dig broad spaces, four feet diameter, and one foot deep. If the
ground is not drained and naturally wet — a location and condition
which should never be adopted — let the planting be made by plac-
ing the tree on the level ground, and earthing up around it. Upon
the level prairies this coucjje has been found most successful, and at
times, without even removing the sod beneath the tree.
Many suppose, that a tree grown in nursery on sandy soil, will not
28
TRANSPLANTING TREES.
succeed on clay and the reverse ; this, if they "will only use reason,
and study the nature of obtaining food by the tree, they will see,
at once, has no foundation in fact ; but a tree taken from the rich
ground of a well kept nursery, and placed in a barren, half-starved
soil, amid grass and weeds, has no more chance of continuing in
vigor and health, than an animal raised upon the rich pastures of our
western country would have, transplanted to some of the bleak, bar-
ren hills of New England. Food for the plant is therefore requi-
site, and this should be prepared, in a well and previously cultivated
and enriched soil, and not expected to be supplied in a raw state, by
application of animal manures immediately to the roots ; this should
never be done ; but, Prof. Lindley says, " that a small quantity of
super-phosphate of lime, as it is called, that is to say, a mixture of
oil of vitriol and burnt bones, mixed with dry mould, and thrown
in round the roots of a newly-transplanted tree, will generally aid
in the formation of root fibres, and, consequently, assist very much
in establishing the plant in its new situation ; or, if scattered over
the soil next the roots, the rains will distribute it to the places where
most required."
How to Plant. Having prepared the place and the soil, we next
proceed to plant the tree.
Supposing that the roots,
in removing, have been
carefully preserved, our
tree will present, when
placed in th* hole pre-
pared for it, the appear-
ance represented in our
fig. 17, the upper root
being about four inches
lower than the level of
the surrounding soil. If
the roots are broken,
prune, by a cut from the
under side of each end.
Now, one man should
scatter carefully in the
fine earth, while another
holds the body of the tree with one hand, and with the other care-
fully presses the earth around and beneath every root; taking care
to keep the small roots and fibres, each in its place, lifting them
as the work progresses, so that their ends are horizontal with their
base. Leave the earth, if the planting be done in Spring, level
around the tree, and with the surrounding surface ; if planted in the
Fall, earth up a little mound around the stem-end, and over the
PACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. 29
entire circle of roots, to be drawn away again in the Spring. Avoid
treading or other pressure around the tree, other than that made by
the hand in firmly placing the earth among the roots, in the process.
Time When. With nearly all trees and all locations, Fall is the
best time to transplant ; new granulations have to be made, ere the
roots broken by the process can again supply themselves, or the
plant, with food. This process, if trees are removed in Fall, will
often be found to have, taken place during winter, and ere, the ex-
haustion by the leaves by growth in Spring, of their food laid up ip
bud and bark the year previous, the roots are again furnishing their
support as nature orders. If, however, trees are removed in Spring,
it often happens, especially with cherries, that the supply of food
previously laid up is exhausted, ere new rootlets are formed. Mul-
ching, and other cares, are often, therefore, more requisite, in order
to keep the roots, and prevent too rapid exhaustion in Spring-planted
trees, than those of Fall planting.
Packing. Amateurs, as well as nurserymen, often have occasion
to forward trees to a distance, and it is desirable they be so packed,
as to ensure success when received. In order to this, they should
be made into a bundle with damp moss liberally mingled among
the roots, the larger trees upon the outside of the bundle, and the
small within ; band securely with twisted straw bands, then take
long straw, lay it down about two inches thick, with its butts near
the center of the roots of bundle ; lay another layer, with the butts
four inches below the tops of the last, and so on, until you have the
length of bundle. Now, lay down the bundle, and carefully lay straw
over it, in same manner as underneath, only commencing at top,
so that when cords are around it, all will be covered ; proceed with
one end of cord, first lashed to a strong root, to bind it around,
once in about ten inches, all the way to the top. If intended to
go any considerable distance, with risk of rough handling, a stout
stick should be packed in centre of each bundle, extending about
four inches beyond the tops of the trees. Next, lay down a strong
bass mat, or strong cJ,oth, scatter on it straw, then moss, and placing
the roots of bundle upon it, draw it up carefully over, and secure it
by strong pack-thread. If moss is not obtainable, let the roots be
well puddled, as it is termed, that is, dipped in a thick clayey mud,
but avoid packing leaves, grass, etc., among them.
Care of, when received. Trees are often lost by not knowing how
to care for them when received after long voyages. If dry, or
withered, eft frozen, they should be unpacked and immediately bu-
ried, roots and tops, underneath the earth, and there left for some
days ; or, if late in fall, and buried where the water drains oft* readily,
let the roots be buried deep, while the tops have only a couple of
inches upon them. Trees received dry in spring, may be immedi-
30
TRANSPLANTING TREES.
ately immersed in a running stream of water, and after the buds are
swollen, planted out in some location for the season, where the mid-
day sun will not strike them, and where the earth can be always
kept moist by mulching, etc.
Pruning. That certain principles of the nature and habits of a
tree, must ever be borne in mind in pruning, to ensure success, is
evident ; but that the cutting away of small branches, or twigs, if
correctly made, will materially affect the health and longevity of a
tree, whether made in spring, just before midsummer, in fall or win-
ter, we do not believe. In pruning an old tree, long neglected,
where it is requisite to cut away many large branches, attention to the
circulation of sap, the new formation of wood, &c, &c, should, h»y
all means, be the guide. Experience, as well as theory, teaches,
that the most healthy formation of wood commences in July ; that
all growth previous is imperfect, and, were it not for that and ensu-
ing months, would rapidly decay ; that while wood is not made as
rapidly at that time, and afterward, as previous, it is of a firmer,
closer, and more healthy character. If, therefore, large limbs are to
be removed, let the time from July to September, inclusive, be se-
lected. A subject so liberally treated upon as this has been, from
the earliest authors down, it would seem should be better understood
than appears from the quantity of ill-shapen, malformed trees, to be
seen in almost every orchard. Barry says :
" It is not only necessary to know what and why, but also how
to prune. Theory is only useful as it serves to guide in practice.
The great point to be observed in making incisions on the stems
and branches of trees, is to provide for the speedy and perfect heal-
ing of the wounds or cut surfaces. In removing a portion of a branch
or stem, if we cut between two joints, and thus leave a portion of
wood above the bud
intended to be cut to,
as in fig. 18, this wood
dies, and we have the
trouble of another
pruning to remove it.
If we cut too close to
the bud, and thus re-
move a portion of the
wood with which it is
connected, as in fig.
19, the bud will either
die or disappoint us
Fig. 18, cutting too fur above the bud. Fig. 19, cutting too by producing a very
close. Fig. 20, the cut as it should be. Fig. 21, re- /• -li - n.vriwtVi Tha
moval of a branch, the cross line indicating the proper leeDie glOwin. J.IHJ
place for the cut. proper way is to take
the branch to be operated on in the left hand, place the edge of the
'JO
Figs, to Pruning.
PACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. SI
knife on it, opposite the lower part of the bud to be cut to, and then
make a firm, quick, smooth draw-cut, sloping upwards, so that the
knife will come out on a level with the point of the bud, as in fig.
20. In soft-wooded, pithy trees, like the grape vine, for example,
half an inch of wood ought to be left above the bud. The
cut should also be made, as much as possible, on the lower
side of the branch, to prevent rain from lodging in the centre. The
position of the bud cut to, is also worthy of consideration in pruning,
to produce or modify certain forms. When we wish the new shoot
of a lateral branch to take as much as possible, an upright direction,
we prune to a bud on the inside ; and if we wish it to spread, we
choose one on the outside. In the annual suppression, or cutting back
young trees, to form a stein or side branches, the bud selected to form
the leader is chosen on opposite sides every successive year, in order to
maintain the growth in a straight line. If cut every year to a bud
on the same side, it would, in two or three seasons, show an inclina-
tion to that side injurious to the symmetry of the tree.
The Removal of Large Branches, where they are to be entirely
separated from the tree, is often very clumsily performed. In orchards
it is not at all uncommon to see them chopped off with a common
axe ; and even in gardens there seem to be few persons who either
know how, or take the proper care in this matter. They are either
cut so that a portion of the base of the branch remains, and send3
out vigorous shoots, defeating the objects of the pruning, or they are
cut so close that a portion of the wood of the main branch or stem
is taken with them, and a wound made that years are required to
heal up. Both these extremes ought to be avoided.
The surface of the cut made by the removal of a branch, should
in no case be larger than the base of the branch. Where a branch
is united to another, or to the main stem, we notice, both above and
below the point of union, a small projection or shoulder, as at the
cross line in fig. 21. The knife must enter just below that shoulder,
and, by being drawn upwards in a straight line, the base is so com-
pletely removed that no shoots can be produced there ; and yet the
cut surface on the stem is no larger than the base of the branch.
Wrhen the saw is used, the surface of the cut should be pared smooth
with the knife, to prevent water lodging on it, and facilitate the
healing of the wound."
Pruning at the time of Transplanting. This is performed, not
only to remove bruised and broken roots and branches, but to re-
store the tree to a proper balance. As trees are ordinarily taken
from the ground, the roots are bruised, broken or mutilated, to a
greater or less extent. This obviously destroys the natural balance
or proportion that existed between the roots and stem, and in such
a condition the tree is unable to grow. The demand upon the roots
32 TRANSPLANTING TREES.
must, therefore, be lessened, by reducing the stem and branches in
length or number, or both ; and the more the roots have suffered,
the greater must be the reduction of the stem and branches, to bring
them to a corresponding condition.
" Pruning the Roots. This is practised as well to promote fruit-
fulness as to lessen the dimensions of trees. The roots are the organs
that absorb from the ground the principal food of the tree, and in
proportion to their number, size, and activity, other things being
equal, are the vigor and growth of the stem and branches. Hence,
when a tree is deprived of a certain portion of its roots, its supply of
food from tka soil is lessened, growth is checked, the sap moves
slowly in its channels, is better elaborated in the leaves, and the
young branches and buds begin to assume a fruitful character.
Roots are also pruned to prevent them from penetrating too deeply
into the earth, and induce the formation of lateral roots near the sur-
face, similar to the cutting back- of a stem to produce lateral branches.
The principle is the same.
The work is performed by opening a trench around the tree, just
at the extremities of the roots : the distance from the tree will, there-
fore, depend on its size, and the spreading character of the roots.
The trench should be the width of a common garden spade, and deep
enough to admit of an inspection of all the roots of the tree. If the
lateral roots are to be shortened, this is clone first. The knife should
be placed on the lower side of the root, and the part separated with
a clean draw cut, such as would be performed on a branch. If the
tree has vertical, or tap roots, they are most easily operated on with
a sharp spade, prepared and kept for the purpose. A smart stroke
with such a spade, in as nearly a horizontal direction as possible, will
separate a pretty strong root. The extent to which root pruning
may be performed, depends on the character of the species, the con-
dition of the tree as regards growth, and the object aimed at. Those
practising it for the first time should go to work with great caution.
It will be better to operate too lightly than too severely. As re-
gards the season, it may be performed either at the end of the first
growth, in July or August, or in the autumn or winter, when vege-
tation is quite suspended. We have operated on cherry trees, with
complete success, in August, in a dry time when little growth was
going on. At this season, a copious watering should be given after
the pruning is performed."
Pruning, to form particular shapes, to promote the formation of
blossom buds, to enlarge the fruit, to cure disease, to increase or
lessen bulk, are all treated of at length by Loudon and others ; but
all seems to us summed up in the following, written by M. Dubreuil,
in France, and first published in this country in Barry's " Fruit
Garden." It is more especially applicable to training of trees in
gardens, than ^standards in orchards. He savs :
PACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. 33
u The theory of the pruning of fruit trees rests on the following
six general principles :
" 1. The vigor of a tree, subjected to 2>runing, depends, in a great
measure, on the equal distribution of sap in all its branches.
" In fruit trees abandoned to themselves, the sap is equally dis-
tributed in the differ rat parts without any other aid than nature,
because the tree assumes the form most in harmony with the natural
tendency of the sap.* s
" But in those submitted to pruning, it is different ; the forms im-
posed on them, such as espalier, pyramid, vase, &c, change, more or
less, the normal direction of the sap, and prevent it from taking the
form proper to its species. Thus nearly all the forms given to trees
require the development of ramifications, more or less numerous,
and of greater or less dimensions at the base of the stem. And, as
the sap tends by preference towards the summit of the tree, it hap-
pens that, unless great care be taken, the branches at the base become
feeble, and finally dry up, and the form intended to be obtained, dis-
appears, to be replaced by the natural form, that is, a stem or a
trunk with a branching head. It is then indispensable, if we wish to
preserve the form we impose upon trees, to employ certain means,
by the aid of which the natural direction of the sap can be changed
and directed towards the points where we wish to obtain the most
vigorous growth. To do this, we must arrest vegetation in the parts
to which the sap is carried in too great abundance, and, on the con-
trary, favor the parts that do not receive enough. To accomplish
this, the following means must be successively employed :
" I. Prune the branches of the most vigorous parts very short, and those
of the iveak parts long. We know that the sap is attracted by the leaves.
The removal of a large number of wood-buds from the vigorous parts,
deprives these parts of the leaves which these buds would have pro-
duced ; consequently, the sap is attracted there in less quantities, and
the growth thereby diminished. The feeble parts being pruned long,
present a great number of buds, which produce a large surface of leaves,
and these attract the sap, and acquire a vigorous growth. This principle
holds good in all trees, under whatever form they may be conducted.
" 2. Leave a large quantity of fruit on the strong part, and remove
the whole or greater part from the feeble. We know already that the
fruit has the property of attracting to it the sap from the roots, and
of employing it entirely to its own growth. The necessary result of
this is, what we are about to point out, viz., that all the sap which
arrives in the strong parts, will be absorbed by the fruit, and the
* This is not in all cases true. Peach trees, we know, left to themselves, ex-
hibit a very striking example of the unequal distribution of the sap. The ends
of the branches attract nearly the whole, leaving the lateral shoots and lower
parts to die out. In other species, similar instances might be quoted, and, as a
general thing, the proposition is unsound, except in a comparative sense.
2*
84 TRANSPLANTING TREES.
wood there, in consequence, will make but little growth, while on the
feeble parts, deprived of fruit, the sap will all be appropriated by the
growing parts, and they will increase in size and strength.
" 3. Bend the strong parts and keep the weak erect. The more
erect the branches and stem are, the greater will be the flow of sap
to the growing parts ; hence, the feeble parts being erect, attract
much more sap than the strong parts inclined, and, consequently,
make a more vigorous growth, and soon recover their balance. This
remedy is more especially applied to espalier trees.
" 4. Remove from the vigorous parts the superfluous shoots as
early in the season as 'possible, and from the feeble parts as late as pos-
sible. The fewer the number of young shoots there are on a branch,
the fewer there are of leaves, and, consequently, the less is the sap
attracted there. Hence, in leaving the young shoots on the feeble
parts, their leaves attract the sap there, and induce a vigorous growth.
" 5. Pinch early the soft extremities of the shoots on the vigorous
parts, and as late as possible on the feeble parts, excepting always
any shoots which may be too vigorous for their position. By thus
pinching early the strong parts, the flow of sap to such points is checked,
and naturally turns to the growing parts that have not been pinched ;
this remedy is applicable to trees in all forms.
" 6. Lay in the strong shoots on the trellis early, and leave the fee-
ble parts loose as long as possible. Laying in the strong parts ob-
structs the circulation of the sap in them, and, consequently favors
the weak parts that are loose. This is only applicable to espaliers,
" 7. In espalier trees, giving the feeble parts the benefit of the light,
and confining the strong parts more in the shade, restores a balance,
for light is the agent which enables leaves to perform their functions
and their actions on the roots, and the parts receiving the greater
proportion of it acquire the most vigorous development.
2. ;' The sap acts with greater force and produces more vigorous
growth on a branch or shoot pruned short, than on one pruned long.
This is easily explained. The sap acting on two buds must evidently
produce a greater development of wood on them, than if it were
divided between fifteen or twenty buds.
"It follows from this, that if Ave wish to obtain wood branches,
we prune short, for vigorous shoots produce few fruit buds. On the
contrary, if we wish to obtain fruit branches, we prune long, because
the most slender or feeble shoots are the most disposed to fruit.
" Another application of this principle is to prune short for a year
or two, such trees or parts as have, become enfeebled by overbear-
ing. (This principle deserves especial attention, as its application is
of great importance.)
3. " The saj) tending always to the extremities of the shoots causes
the terminal bud to push with greater vigor than the laterals. Ac-
cording to this principle, when we wish a prolongraent of a stem or
PACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. 35
branch, we should prune to a vigorous wood-hud, and leave no pro-
duction that can interfere with the action of the sap on it.
4. " The more the sap is obstructed in its circulation, the more
likely it will be to produce fruit buds. This principle is founded on
a fact to which we have already had occasion to refer, viz. — that the
sap circulating slowly is subjected to a more complete elaboration
in the tissues of the tree, and becomes bettci adapted to the forma-
tion of fruit buds.
"This principle can be applied to produce the following result :
when we wish to produce fruit buds on a branch, we prevent a free
circulation of the sap by bending the branches, or by making annular
or circular incisions on it; and on the contrary, when we wish to
change a fruit branch into a wood branch, we give it a vertical posi-
tion, or prune it to two or three buds, on which we concentrate
the action of the sap and thus induce their vigorous development.
5. " The leaves serve to prepare the sap absorbed bij the roots for
the nourishment of the tree, and aid the formation of buds on the
shoots. All trees, therefore, deprived of their leaves are liable to
perish. This principle shows how dangerous it is to remove a large
quantity of leaves from trees, under the pretext of aiding the growth
or ripening of fruits, for the leaves are the nourishing organs, and
the trees deprived of them cannot continue to grow, neither can the
fruit ; and the branches so stripped will have feeble, ill-formed
buds, which will, the following year, produce a weak and sickly
growth.
6. " Where the buds of any shoot or branch do not develop before
the age of two years, they can only be forced into activity by a very
close pruning, and in some cases, as the peach, this even will often fail.
This last principle shows the importance of pruning the main branches
of espaliers particularly, so as to ensure the development of the
buds of their successive sections, and to preserve well the side shoots
thus produced, for without this, the interior of the tree will become
naked and unproductive, and a remedy will be very difficult."
" If these principles and practices of pruning be carefully studied
in connection with the habits of growth and bearing of the different
fruit trees, pruning will be comparatively an easy matter. The
mode of obtaining any particular form or character cannot fail to be
perfectly plain and simple ; yet no one need hope to accomplish, in
all things, the precise results aimed at, for even the most skilful
operator is sometimes disappointed ; but those who give constant
attention to their trees, will always discover a failure in time to
apply a remedy."
Training. We give the accompanying fig. 22. taken from
" Loudon's Encyclopaedia of Gardening" merely as illustrative of
the varied modes of training trees in England. Our more favored
36
TRANSPLANTING TREES.
land requiring no such practice to enable trees to produce abundantly ;
the forms are only seen in some small gardens, or when the useful
and ornamental are attempted to be combined, in training a tree to
hide some out-building or unsightly prospect. As the foregoing
principles are sufficient, connected with the illustration, to enable
almost any one to practice, we add only the terms by which each
form is known ; a, the herring-bone fan ; 6, the irregular fan ; c, the
stellate fan ; d, the drooping fan ; e, the wavy fan ; /', the horizontal ;
ff, the horizontal with screw stem ; h, the vertical with screw or
wavy shoots ; i, same with upright shoots.
Labels. For nursery rows, the best are stakes of red cedar or
pine about eighteen inches long, and four wide, having one side
smooth, painted with white paint, or even oiled, and written on with
a soft lead pencil, and driven down one foot into the ground, at the
commencement of each variety.
For standard trees, slips of wood three inches long and half
an inch wride, and either painted and written on as above — or,
having the name burned in with iron type, which is better, then
secured to a" side branch by strong copper wire ; are. those most in
use. Labels are also made of sheet zinc, written upon with a mix-
ture of two parts (by weight) of verdigris, two of sal-ammoniac,
one of lamp-black, and thirty of water. The ingredients are to be
mixed in a mortar with a small portion of water at first, and the
whole added afterwards. Preserve the mixture in a well corked
bottle, shaking it repeatedly at first, and keep the cork downwards
to prevent the escape of ammonia, and it will remain fit for use for
years.
If the pieces of zinc are suspended by copper wire it should be
firmly twisted round the zinc so as not to remain loose, or else the
PACKING, PRUNING, PROTECTION, ETC. 37
constant motion from wind, will soon wear off the wire. The wire
should be nearly as large as a small knitting-needle, to prevent
cracking off by long use. The loop should be large, and pass round
a side-shoot, instead of a main branch to prevent the danger of
cutting in by the growth of the tree ; and should be attached below
a small fork, to prevent its blowing off the end of the branch.
The wire may be wholly dispensed with by the following con-
trivance : cut the zinc into long triangular strips, half an inch wide
and six to ten inches long. Draw the narrow or slender end round
the twig, bring it through a hole punched mid-way between the ends,
and clinch or twist it with the fingers or a small pair of pincers.
These labels may be punched by a tinman at a cheap rate.
Sheet tin may be used instead of zinc, using a sharp awl to write
the name, and being particular to cut through the tin coating.
Oxidation soon renders the letters distinct.
Protection. It often happens that young orchard trees are injured
by sheep and rabbits. A simple method for protection, is to take
three strips of common lath, set them up around the tree, and with
strong wire secure them one to another. If closely placed, they will
also serve to protect in a great measure from mice ; but for protec-
tion from the latter, strong " hardware paper" as it is termed,
secured around the tree by fine wire, and coated with coal tal-
is best.
The form of young trees most desirable to be obtained for planting,
are those so grown as to present a regular tapering form of stem
from the root to the terminal bud. This is only obtained by per-
mitting the side branches to grow, and be regularly shortened in in
the nursery, so that not only the stem but the whole tree presents
the form of a pyramid. One tree so grown, is worth more to the
planter, than ten grown with long slender stems of uniform size six
or seven foot high. A tree rightly (or as first described), grown,
will have double the quantity of roots, and when removed will need
no staking, while the latter will require staking four or five years,
and then never make a fine tree.
CHAPTER IV.
DEGENERACY OF VARIETIES LIMITED AGE, ETC. — INFLUENCE OF
SOILS CLIMATE — STOCKS.
The theory of degeneracy of varieties at certain periods of exist,
ence in the parent-free, once had strong supporters ; but we have-
never been able to reconcile it with any known laws existent in
vegetable life, beyond theory. That all cuttings taken from a seed-
ling plant, no matter how propagated, are but the continuation of a
single plant, having existence in a healthy state only so long as the
original exists in vigor and health, although advocated, and with con-
siderable of reason to support, is a proposition we cannot accede to.
Not only is this adduced as correct, but also that no variety can be
procured of a healthy origin except grown on the principle of Van
Mons, from seed of a wildling. The failure of varieties to produce
fruit on trees of advanced age, and without care, of size equal to its
first appearance when the trees were young, is often cited as evi-
dence of the " running out " of that variety ; those so citing seeming
not to know, that fruit is being produced elsewhere on younger trees,
under good treatment, fully equal or surpassing the original. All
seedlings are not equally vigorous and healthy, whether grown from
a wildling or cultivated variety ; and varieties are undoubtedly
under propagation unhealthy ; but that they are more so on account
of the term of years they have been continued, admits of doubt.
That every tree has its natural limit of life, and this natural limit
shortened or lengthened as the tree is over stimulated or evenly
treated, we do not question ; but that every bud taken from a tree,
propagated in various sections of soil and climate, on seedling stocks,
or otherwise, must decay at or near the time of the original tree, is
a point of belief to which we have not yet arrived. The white
Doyenne Pear, the Pennock Apple, the Golden Pippin, have all
been cited as evidence to sustain the theory, and yet we have grown
all in as perfect state as could be desired by the most critical.
The influence of soils on both tree and fruit is now too well
known among horticulturists, and the exhaustion thereof too often,
unwittingly, accepted to support the theory of exhaustion of vari
eties. We have repeatedly written that, at no very distant day,
will it be requisite for the orchardist to fully understand the nature
of soil requisite for each distinct variety. We do not believe a fruit
originating in soil abundantly supplied with lime will preserve
FRUIT ROOM FOR KEEPING. 39
the same character and quality when grown in one utterly devoid
of that material. Analysis has shown us somewhat of this, while
practical experience is teaching it yearly, in the evidence of rot, &c.,
exhibited in varieties grown on trees long unsupplied with aught
but the natural ingredients of the soil. As under the head of each
variety of fruit we give the analysis belonging thereto, we shall not
extend remarks here on a subject too well understood and accepted
to require argument in its support. The influence of climate on
varieties has, we think, only this effect, viz. : to create more or less
rapid growth of both tree and fruit as we go north or south, causing
in the tree a coarser, more spongy, soft wood, and more subject to
injury from sudden changes of atmosphere, when grown south; and
in the fruit, greater size, more open and coarser texture of flesh, and
corresponding depreciation in flavor, with earlier maturity in apple
and pear ; but in the peach, apricot, and nectarine, additional charac-
ter and sweetness, as the juices are more elaborated.
The influence of Stocks on varieties seems one not easily ex-
plained ; for while all know that to propagate a strong growing
variety upon a slow growing stock has a tendency at once to
reduce its growth of wood and create a producing habit ; and vice
versa, when a slow grower is placed on one of vigorous habit. Yet
the reason why a fruit is better or worse in quality when grown on
varied stocks and subject to like soil, has not been explained. Seed-
ling stocks, as most used by nursery-men, are not all alike vigorous
or hardy ; hence the apparent difference in trees propagated on
them and removed to various locations. Under each general head
of varieties of fruits, we give such information as we have been ena-
bled to gain of the adaptation of certain stocks to the variety, and
refer thereto for further remark.
CHAPTER V.
GATHERING FRUIT TIME WHEN FRUIT-ROOM FOR KEEPING AND
RIPENING.
The gathering of hardy fruits, .such as apples, pears, quinces,
grapes, etc., should be performed in the middle of a dry day, not in
the morning before the dew is evaporated, nor in evening when it is
depositing; neither should they be gathered immediately after a
40 GATHERING FRUIT.
rain. All fruits should be left until the full size is acquired ; but
under our clear sun, most varieties of pears are improved if they
are gathered and permitted to mature their juices in the house. If
on raising the fruit level with the foot-stalk it
separates, it may be accounted ripe ; or, if one be
cut open, and the seeds found well colored brown
or blackish, it is time to pull them. Gathering
with " fruit gatherers " is esteemed most perfect,
but if we could induce all our orchard farmers
to gather by the hand, we should consider we had
accomplished very much. Step-ladders, as seen
in fig. 23, are used to facilitate the operation.
The delicate thin-skinned varieties of winter
apples should be gathered some ten days earlier
than the thick-skinned varieties, if it is intended
lig. 23. to have them keep well.
Of the quality of pears being varied by the process of ripening,
much has been said, and often with good reason and truth.
The following description of a fruit room, is from a foreign jour-
nal and regarded as valuable. Hon. M. P. Wilder, of Boston, has
a house built after this manner, except, that in place of the cavity
between the inner and the outer walls, the space is filled with char-
coal, as a non-conductor, and deemed an improvement, in that it
produces a cooler temperature in Summer.
"Experience has shown that fruit will not keep well on the tree,
after the latter has ceased to grow ; nor will its flavor be so good,
because the stoppage of vegetation implies a corresponding fall of the
temperature ; consequently, the elaboration of the fluid in their tis-
sues cannot be effected. . On the contrary, we commonly see fruit
become shrivelled and dry, if gathered too soon. Hence, the neces-
sity of gathering fruit at two different periods from one and the
same tree. First from the lower half of the tree, where vegetation
ceases first, and eight or ten days later from the upper halt; or ex-
tremities of the tree. For this reason, fruits are sooner fit for gath-
ering from espalier trees than from standards ; and likewise, sooner
from old trees than from young and luxuriant ones. The best guide
for ascertaining whether they are fit for gathering, is their easy part-
ing from the tree. The different kinds of nuts, walnuts, chestnuts,
etc., are better in flavor, and preserve best, if left on the tree until they
drop of themselves. Grapes, destined for either immediate consump-
tion, or to be preserved, must first have attained complete maturity.
The longer grapes are allowed to hang, the more their saccha-
rine properties will be enriched. In localities where grapes ripen in
the open air, they should be kept from those ripened in houses or
on espaliers. In storing fruit, fine dry weather should be chosen,
as then it is charged with less humidity, consequently, in the best
FRUIT ROOM FOR KEEPING.
41
condition for being laid on the shelves of the fruit room. The best
method of gathering fruit s to pluck it off singly with the hand, care
being taken not to cause the least pressure, which would produce a
brown speck, and, ultimately, decomposition. Various contrivances
have been introduced for the purpose of gathering fruit without the
aid of a ladder ; but practically, they require too much time, and
therefore, a common ladder is, perhaps, the most convenient after all.
Long, shallow and wide cross-handled baskets, having a piece of car-
pet at the bottom, are in general us« about Montreuil. In these
baskets the fruit is placed in layers — three layers — separated by
leaves, being the usual contents of each basket, which, as they are
filled, are carried gently to the fruit room on the head. The fruit,
we shall now suppose, having been gathered with due care and at the
proper time, the first condition necessary to preserve it during the
winter, is perfect immunity from frost. The process of ripening
should also be promoted or retarded, according to circumstances, so
as to have only a certain number ready for dessert at one time, thus
keeping up a succession from the time they are gathered till the
succeeding year's fruit come in. For this purpose, the fruit room
should have the temperature uniform and equal ; for frequent change
of temperature absorbs the fluids, and fermentation soon follows.
The temperature should be from 46 to 48 deg. Fahr. A higher
temperature would accelerate the process of ripenui°r too much, and
a lower would retard it. If fruit is placed in a room or cellar where
the temperature is very low — say an ice-house — it will keep a lono-
time, if not destroyed by moisture ; but, before it is wanted for
dessert, it should be exposed for some time in a higher temperature
to attain complete maturity. Light is found unfavorable to the
keeping of fruit, and therefore, it should be excluded. The atmos-
phere should be kept
rather dry than humid,
and the fruit should be
placed separately, so as
not to touch one another.
We would select a
northern aspect, and dry
place, sheltered if pos-
sible, by high evergreen
trees, fer the purpose
of building the fruit
room ; the quantity of
fruit to be preserved
must determine its di-
mension. The annexed
plan is fifteen feet long
bv twelve feet wide, and
Ground rian of a Fruit Room.
42
GATHERING FRUIT.
nine feet high (inside measure). In a room of this size, 8,000 fruit
can be conveniently preserved. It is surrounded by two walls {fig.
24, a and b). A body of air is interposed between the two walls,
at c, and which serves to keep the interior from exterior atmospheric
influence. The walls are one foot and a half thick, and are built
of wood, clay, and straw, which on account of being bad conductors,
are preferable to common masonry. The ground (or floor), both
in the interior, and at c, are made of the same material as the
walls. The entrance door is at the north side. In the exterior wall is a
double door, d, one to open at the outside, and the other in the in-
side. The door e, which is a single one, opens direct into the fruit
room, and in severe weather, it is filled up with straw. Four wooden
shutters, /, two in the interior, and two at the exterior wall, are
placed four feet off the ground, and level, for the purpose of clean-
ing and airing the fruit room, before fruit is put into it. The ceil-
ing is composed of a layer of moss, maintained and covered with
laths ; the outside is thatched, projecting beyond the exterior wall.
In the interior, benches, or shelves, (Jig.
25,) from the bottom up to the ceilings,
are placed afoot above one another. To
facilitate the inspection of the fruit, the
shelves above four feet from the ground
are placed at an angle of 45 deg., o, in
the form of a stage ; the lower ones are
fixed horizontally, b. To ensure the
circulation of air between the shelves,
they are divided in five parts, and a
space of an inch left between each of
Fig. 25. Section showing the arrange- them ; those in front, c, are provided with
ment of the Shelves. aledgeboard. The centre of the fruit room
is reserved for a table ( fig. 24), of about six feet long by three feet
broad, for the purpose of receiving the fruit previously to being ar-
ranged upon the shelves. Such, then, is the mode of constructing a
fruit room, by the aid of which we are enabled to furnish the table
with an equal quantity of dessert fruit every day throughout the
year. When the fruit is brought into the fruit room, they are at
first placed upon the central table, which is provided with a quantity
of dry moss or cotton ; and after having been sorted, all the bruised
ones are removed ; the sound ones are left for three or four days,
to throw off the superabundant moisture ; when this has been effected,
the shelves are covered with a thin layer of perfectly dry moss or
cotton. The fruit are wiped with a piece of flannel, and placed one
by one upon the shelves, not touching one another. Grapes can,
also, be preserved for a length of time in this place, having been
gathered as described above, and taken to the fruit room. Every
branch is examined, and the injured berries cut out carefully with a
FRUIT-ROOM FOR KEEPING.
43
Fig. 26. Method of sus-
pending clusters of
Grapes.
Fig. 27. Movable frame for sus-
pending the Grapes.
pair of scissors, and
fixed the reverse way
to a metalic hook, of
the form of an S, {fig.
26.) Attached thus,
they are less likely to
rot, because the ber-
ries are placed in a
freer position, and do
not touch each other.
They are hooked to
one or two hoops, as
shown at fig. 27, and
suspended with a cord
cord to the ceiling, and made movable with two
pulleys. Having thus all the fruit disposed in the fruit room, the
doors and shutters arc opened during eight or ten days, to deprive
the fruit of the superabundant moisture ; and after this has been
done, a fine dry day is chosen to close the fruit room hermetically.
The doors are no more opened, except for the work necessary to be
done in the interior. Until now, no other mode was known of dry-
ing-up superabundant moisture in fruit rooms during winter, except
by permitting a greater or less current of air to pass through the
apartment. The inconveniences this plan presents are obvious ; the
interior temperature will change according to the exterior; and, bad
as this plan is, if the thermometer stands under freezing point, no
use can be made of it at all ; hence, the fruit must be abandoned to
chance, and disappointment will soon follow. In this case we recom-
mend the use of chlorine of calcium. This substance has the prop-
erty of absorbing about double its own weight of moisture, when it
becomes liquid after being exposed for a certain length of time to a
humid atmosphere, produced by the moisture emitted by the fruit.
It is thus suited to maintain the atmosphere in the best condition.
To use chlorine of calcium, a wooden
box is made (fig. "8, a.) one foot and a
half square by three inches deep, and
placed upon a table 6, which is at the
side, c, an inch lower than on the other.
The chlorine of calcium, after having
absorbed a certain quantity of moisture,
becomes liquefied, and runs into the
earthenware vase, d, placed underneath
for the purpose. Should the chlorine
become dissolved before the total con-
sumption of the fruits, the dose must be
renewed ; in which case, the liquid in the vase, if put in a pan, and
Fig. 28 Box for using the Chlorine
of Calcium.
4A GATHERING FRUIT.
placed above the fire, becomes again chlorine of calcium, and as good
for use as before.
Fruit in Cellars. — "A great deal of winter fruit suffers early decay,
in consequence of a deficiency of ventilation, especially during autumn,
and after the fruit is deposited. Another cause of decay, is the im-
proper location of the shelves or bins, which are placed against or
around the walls. By this inconvenient arrangement, the assorting of
decayed specimens must be done all from one side, and the shelves
must hence be very narrow, or the operator must stretch himself in a
most irksome horizontal position. The circulation of the air is, at
the same time, greatly impeded by the want of space next the walls.
To avoid these evils, the shelves should be in the centre, with a pas-
sage all round. This allows circulation of air ; and the shelves may
be twice the width, with the same conveniences in assorting or
picking. If suspended from the joists above, on stiff bars, rats can-
not reach them. It is said, that the Germans are very successful in
the ventilation of their cellars, by a communication with the princi-
pal chimney, the heated air in which necessarily maintains a cur-
rent, which sweeps out the noxious and stagnant gases from the
vegetable and other contents."
THE ALMOND.
Amygdalus communis — Dec. Rosacea of Botanists.
The almond tree is a native of the north of Africa ; of the moun-
tains of Asia ; and, of Russia. Linnaeus places it in the same genus
with the peach and nectarine, and many botanists regard it as the
parent of both. The fruit of almond, peach, and nectarine, it is
said, have been found growing naturally upon the same branch.
How true this may have been, when so recorded, we do not know,
but we do know, that nature produces no such variations in the
present age. The tree bears a general resemblance to the nectarine,
but is easily distinguished by its more glossy leaves, and the pecul
iar color and hardness of the wood. The flowers resemble those
of the peach, but are larger than most varieties, and produced in
greater profusion. It is a fruit which has been too much neglected,
and especially in our south-western States, where it should be grown
in such quantities, as to entirely exclude importation from Europe.
Propagation. Easily grown from seed, which should be placed in
sand, kept moist during winter, cracked in spring, and sown in drills
three feet wide, and one pit every eight inches in the drill, covered
two inches deep. Varieties are continued by budding on the wild
plum (which is best) the peach and almond. In light soils, the
peach answers a very good purpose, but for strong, rich soils, the
plum is best.
Soil, Hardihood, and Cultivation. The soil should be well
drained ; but in our clear, sunny clime, a warm, sandy soil is not
essential. The long, hard shell variety is hardy, and productive
in the middle, and portions of the northern States ; while South, the
soft shell, or ladies' almond, is grown without difficulty. The
cultivation needed is same as that of the peach.
Uses. The kernel of the sweet almond is esteemed as an article
of food, and used in confectionery, cookery, and perfumery. Bitter
almonds are used in medicine, furnishing somewhat of the prussic
acid of the shops.
46 THE ALMOND.
VARIETIES.
CLASS I. Varieties worthy cultivation.
Long Hard Shell.
Long Hard Shell Almond, | Amandier a gros fruit, | Amandier a gros fruit doux.
Flowers, large, pale rose color, opening before the leaves ; stone,
about as large as the soft shell, but the kernel larger and plumper ;
very hardy ; ripens about last September.
Languedoc.
Great-fruited sweet, | Great Soft Shell, | Large Persian
The trees are hardy, but its fruiting qualities we do not know
It is said to be very large and sweet.
Soft Shell Sweet.
Ladies' Thin Shell,
Sultan a eoque tendre,
Amandier des Dames,
Soft Shell Sweet Almond,
Doux a coque tendre,
Amandier a coque tendre,
Ou Amande Frincesse.
This is the variety common in the shops of the confectioners, wtih
a shell so thin as to be easily crushed between the fingers ; and
the kernel of which is so generally esteemed at the dessert. The
flowers open at same time with the leaves, and are deeply tinged
with red. Fruit, oval, compressed ; nut, oval-pointed, one-sided,
tender shell ; kernel, sweet ; ripens in August, or in July at the
South, where it is only adapted.
CLASS III. Varieties unworthy Cultare.
Common Almond.
Common Sweet, | Amandier a petit Fruit, | Amande Commune.
i variety usually found in nurseries, inferior to the Long Hard Shell.
Sultana Sweet Almond.
Amande Sultane, | Sultan.
A tender-shelled variety, inferior to the Soft Shelled Sweet.
Pistachia Sweet.
Amande Fistache.
Small, pointed, inferior fruit.
Peach Almond.
Pecher, | Amandier Pecher.
A cross between the Peach and Almond. Nearly sweet — often bitter.
Bitter Almond.
Differing from the common Almond in its bitter kernel.
THE APRICOT.
Armeniaca vulgaris — Dec. Eosacce of Botanists.
The common apricot is a fruit tree in occasional, but not general
cultivation. It is of olden date, having been mentioned by Colu-
mella, and, afterward, by Pliny and Dioscorides. The latter describes
it as known in Italy under the name prcccocii ; while the former
mentions, that it was introduced into that -country about the six-
teenth year of the Christian era. Thunberg describes it as abound-
ing in Japan, and attaining the size of a large spreading tree. "The
Chinese," says Grossier, "have many varieties, which they cultivate
both for ornament and use." The barren mountains west of Pekin,
are described by the same author, as being covered with these trees.
And Professor Pallas states it to be " a native of almost the whole
range of the Caucasus." It is, also, stated to be from Armenia and
Arabia, and its name, derived from the Arabic, berkoche, whence the
Tuscan, bacoche or albicocco, and the English, apricock, and, finally,
apricot, about the end of the last century. Coxe, in his work, pub-
lished in 1817, says of the apricot, " This fruit is extremely tender,
in our severe winters in exposed or open situations, unprotected by
a wall." And similar statements have been made by writers, from
time to time, until, on account of this erroneous impression, of late
years, its cultivation has been too much neglected. It is not more
tender as a tree than our sweet cherries ; and, contrary to general
statements, they do not require sheltered southern positions ; for in
climates like ours, such situations are the most objectionable, tend-
ing suddenly to excite or check the circulation of sap, expanding and
breaking the tissue of liber, often destroying the tree in an hour,
during the months of February or March, although not, perhaps,
apparent, until the flow of sap commences returning toward the root,
in June or July following. Northern or eastern exposures are best,
but, in southern or western positions, shielding the bodies and lower
limbs with cotton cloth dipped in whitewash, will often act as a
preventive. The trees should be shortened-in " freely, as with the
peach; and standards should always be grown more in manner of
round-headed dwarfs, than otherwise; for if so grown, injury to the
fruit ft om late spring frosts, can often be prevented, by covering
them with a cloth.
Propagation. The apricot is generally propagated by budding
48 THE APRICOT.
on the plum. The small, yellow wild plum of our Western States
makes one of the best stocks for it. Some use the peach, which
answers very well on light, sandy soils, hut generally gives too
much tendency to wood growth rather than producing fruit. The
seeds grow readily, and pits from isolated trees often produce very
good sorts ; few, however, ever get into notice, from not surpassing
the parent in size, although often proving more hardy and produc-
tive. Budding into the limbs of a standard peach, or plum-tree, has
been thought to add hardihood to the apricot.
Soil and Diseases. Deep, strong, loamy, but not wet soils, are
best adapted to successful fruiting the apricot ; although they are
often grown readily and beautifully on light sand. In the latter
case, however, it req lires mulching or free watering, otherwise the
tree ripens its wood a.'d drops its fruit before fully matured.
The diseases belonging to the apricot as a tree are only the result
of exposure, as stated previously ; but the fruit is a favorite of the
curculio, and frequently destroyed ere half grown. Trees trained
against buildings and near walks are often exempt from attacks of
this insect.
Uses. " A very handsome and delicious dessert fruit, only inferior
to the peach, ripening about midsummer, after cherries and before
plums, at a season when it is peculiarly acceptable. For preserving
in sugar or brandy, for jellies or pastries, it is highly esteemed, and,
where it is abundant, an admirable liquor is made from the fruit ;
it is also dried for winter use." It is also used, when partially grown,
in the preparation of tarts.
VARIETIES.
CLASS I. Worthy General Cultivation.
Breda.
Amande Aveline, I Ananas,
DeHollande, I Persique,
Hasselnussmandel.
This old variety withstands severe frosts in spring, is hardy as a
tree, a good grower, productive although small, and hangs well, even
after ripe. Fruit, small, roundish, often approaching four-sided ;
suture, well marked ; skin, orange, becoming rich brownish orange
in the sun ; flesh, deep orange, parting freely from the stone,
juicy, rich, and high-flavored ; stone, small, rour-dish, compressed ;
kernel, sweet. Season, first of August.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 49
Early Golden.
Dubois' Early Golden , | Dubois' Early Golden Apricot.
Raised by Charles Dubois, Fishkill Landing, N. Y. Tree, thrifty
yet close wood, hardy, productive, and said to bear considerable of
late frosts without injury to the blossom.
Fruit, small, one and a quarter inch diameter, roundish oval,
narrow suture ; akin, smooth, pale orange ; flesh, orange, moder-
ately juicy and sweet, but not high flavor ; separates from the stone ;
kernel, sweet. Season, 10th to 15th .July. Very valuable as a
market variety.
Large Early.
Gros Preeoee, |j De St. Jean Rouge,
De St. Jean, | Gros D'Alexandrie,
Gros Freche.
This proves to be the finest large early apricot known, and an
abundant bearer : foliage, large, leaves, tapering toward the foot-
stalks, with little ear-like appendages in place of glands.
Fruit, medium size, oblong compressed; suture, deep; skin,
downy, pale orange in the shade ; fine bright orange with a few
ruddy spots in the sun ; flesh, pale orange, rich, juicy, separates
freely from the stone ; stone, brown, much flattened, oval, perfora-
ted along the back from base to apex ; kernel, bitter. Season,
10th to 15th July.
MOORPARK.
Anson's,
Dunmore,
Sudlow's Moorpark,
Oldaker's Moorpark,
De Nancy,
Anson's Imperial,
Peche,
Peche Gros,
Temple's,
Dunmore's Breda,
Hunt's Moorpark,
Walton Moorpark,
Peach,
Royal Peach,
Abricot Peche,
Wurtemburg.
This variety has its name from Moorpark, the seat of Sir William
Temple, who began gardening in England about 1672, and previous
to his decease, in 1698, this variety was cultivated. Moderate bearer.
Fruit, large, roundish, about two and a quarter inches diameter
each way, larger on one side of the suture than the other ; skin,
orange in the shade, but deep orange or brownish red in the sun,
marked with numerous carmine specks and dots ; flesh, firm, bright
orange, parting free from the stone, quite juicy, with a rich and lus-
cious flavor ; stone, uneven, peculiarly perforated along the back
3
50 THE APRICOT.
where a pin may be pushed through nearly from one end to the
other ; kernel, bitter. Season, early in August.
We have been unable to detect any difference between the Moor-
park and Peach apricot, and have therefore made the Peach a syno
nym of Moorpark.
CLASS II. Adapted to certain Localities ; or, Gardens of Amateurs.
New and untested.
Burlington.
This variety originated at Burlington, 1ST. J., from a seed of the Peach
Apricot planted by Mrs. Sarah Woolman in 1838. Native soil, poor
gravel. Tree, vigorous, young wood reddish. Fruit, medium size, oblong,
somewhat compressed at sides, with distinct suture ; skin, golden yellow,
with red spots, and a ruddy cheek in sun ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, fine
flavor ; stone, rough, perforated. Season, last of July.
Brown's Early.
Origin Chelsea, Mass. Fruit, large, short oval, yellow, bright red cheek;
flesh, yellow, melting, rich, juicy, luscious flavor. Season, middle to last
July.
Hemskirke.
A foreign variety, ripening at same time as the Peach Apricot. Tree
very short jointed wood. Fruit, above medium, roundish, compressed ;
Bkin, orange, with a brownish red cheek ; flesh, bright clear orange, tender,
juicy, rich flavor ; stone, small ; kernel, partially bitter. Season, last of July.
Kaisha.
From Syria, new, and but recently introduced into this country. The
Journal of the London Horticultural Society, describes it as " roundish,
semi-transparent, skin slightly downy, pale citron color in shade, tinged,
and marked with red in sun. Flesh, tender, juicy, citron color, sugary
and delicious, parting freely from the stone, which is small roundish, with
a sweet kernel."
Large Red.
Under this name we received a tree three years since, but it has not
yet fruited. Mr. Downing, in the Horticulturist, speaks of it a3 large,
round, dark orange red, sweet, and juicy.
Mtjsch.
Muach Musch, | D' Alexandria,
Gtos Musch.
This variety takes its name from the city of Musoh, on the frontiers
ADAPTED TO CERTAIN LOCALITIES. 51
of Turkey in Asia. The Moorpark is often sent ou' for this variety; and
60, receiving it from three different sources, we for a long time supposed
them identical. The true variety is not of quite as strong growth as
Moorpark, wood being very short jointed. Fruit, medium, roundish,
about one and a half inch in diameter; skin, rich yellow, with orange red
spots and marblings on the sunny side ; flesh, yellow, tender, melting,
sweet; kernel, sweet. Season, last of July.
Newiiall's Early.
Origin, Lynn, Mass. Fruit, medium, short, oval, bright orange, deep
red cheek, tender, juicy, rich delicious flavor; clingstone; season, last July,
early in August. (Cole.)
Roman.
Abricot Commun, I Grosse Germine,
G ermine, | Transparent.
A strong grower, hardy tree, suited to cold unfavorable situations ; good
bearer ; poor flavor. Fruit, medium, oblong, compressed, pale yellow,
dotted with a Tew red spots; flesh, dull yellow, soft, dry; stone, oblong;
kernel, bitter ; season, first August.
Royal.
Abricot Koyale.
A French variety, with large leaves, and vigorous habit of growth.
Fruit, above medium, roundish oval, slightly compressed, dull yellow, with
a little red; flesh, pale orange, firm and juicy; last of July.
Shipley's.
Shipley's Large, | Blenheim.
From England, a good grower, and productive. Fruit, large, oval,
orange yellow, juicy, sweet; kernel, bitter; season, last July.
Shaker Para.
A variety not yet, to our knowledge, introduced. We have only seen
it noticed in the journal of the London Hort. Society. Its name, meaning
" bit of sugar," is the only description given.
Turkey.
Large Turkey, | De Nancy.
Fruit, medium, round, deep yellow in the shade, mottled with brownish
orange in the sun; flesh, pale yellow, firm, juicy; kernel, sweet; season,
middle August.
The Blotched Leaved Turkey, or Gold Blotched, is a sub-variety, in all
respects resembling the common Turkey, except having most of the leaves
more or less blotched with yellow.
62 THE APRICOT.
CLASS III. Varieties unworthy farther Culture.
Alberge.
Albergier.
Fruit, small, roundish, yellow, flesh, firm, vinous. Middle of August.
Brussels.
Fruit, medium, oval, compressed, pale yellow, with dark brown specks ;
flesh, yellow, firm, brisk flavor. Middle of August. Kernel, bitter.
Black.
Purple, I Noir,
Angoumois, | Violet,
Du Pape.
Fruit, small, resembling a plum, round, reddish violet, or purple; flesh, tender,
juicy, adhering to the stone, astringent ; kernel, sweet August. George
Hoadley, Esq., informs us that this variety has been brought from Germany
under name of " Hamburgh Apricot," probably from Booth's nursery, near
Hamburgh.
Orange.
Early Orange, I Royal George,
Royal Orange, | Persian,
Royal Persian.
Fruit, medium, roundish, orange color, with a ruddy tint in the sun ; flesh,
dark orange, dry, insipid ; kernel, sweet. Middle July.
Red Masculine.
Early Masculine, I Abricot Precoce,
Brown Masculine, | Abricolier Hatif,
Abricotier.
Fruit, small, round, yellow, spotted with dark red on the sunny side ; flesh,
yellow, poor flavor ; kernel, bitter. Season, middle July.
White Masculine.
White Apricot, I Abricotier Blanc,
Abricot Blanc, | Early White Masculine,
White Algiers.
Differing from the above only in its color, and ripening a few days later.
THE APPLE.
Pyrus Malus, L. — Rosacea of Botanists.
Of all fruits natural to temperate climates the apple has ever
had preference. The " crafte of grafrynge, alterynge, and plantynge of
fruits," was written on by a British writer in 1502, but it had then
long received the attention of " wise men of the East," and had
arrived to all the perfection of the present day ; the art of producing
and propagating varieties, probably, being then as well understood
as now, except however, as compared to the population, by a less
number of persons. A native, in its wild state, of this country and
of Europe, it is generally understood, that, from the variety pyrus
malus of Lindley, our cultivated sorts have originated. Twenty-
two varieties are the number first mentioned and named by Roman
writers ; these have increased, until now probably 2000 would not
include the whole number named and partially or wholly de
scribed.
To the labors of Thompson, Downing, Thomas and others, as
well as of local and national Pomological Societies, we owe much
in aid toward winnowing from this immense number, the wheat
from the chaff; and yet such is the extent of our country, and the
habit of all our pioneer settlers to sow seeds of the best apples,
that we are yearly in the production of vast numbers of new seed-
lings, adapted mainly only to their own locality, but occasionally of
such excellence as to warrant their general introduction. It is
owing to this, that, notwithstanding pomological writers are daily
condemning, our list of esteemed varieties is constantly swelling, to
the almost utter confounding of the seeker after a knowledge rela-
tive to " what varieties to plant."
Orcharding in its profits pecuniary, as relating to the apple, has
become well understood, and no one, who has land in any way
suited now hesitates to plant. We have no certain data, but think
we do not overstate when we say, that, besides large quantities im-
ported from Eastern States, there are propagated and planted annually
over 6,000.000 trees in the States of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana,
Illinois, and Wisconsin. The Western country is already pro-
ducing by millions of bushels, and her "orchards," so to speak, are
not yet planted. Such is the value placed on fruit, such the rapid
increase of people in cities, that no one should be at all deterred
64 THE APPLE.
from continued planting ; for, we have not only the wants of in-
creased population of our own land to supply, but that of foreign
countries. Already our fruits are sent to England and other distant
shores, and eagerly sought for and purchased at what would here
be termed high prices. Although the Newtown pippin as sent from
the Pell orchard on the Hudson River, has done much toward
establishing our reputation abroad, we anticipate an advance in good-
favor, when the same variety grown on our Southern Ohio, Kentucky,
Indiana and Illinois soils, shall be shown ; for certainly they are, like
all our Western growths, when compared with those of the East,
far superior in size.
The duration of the apple when worked and grown on a healthy
seedling stock, was regarded by Mr. Knight, of celebrity in horticul-
ture, at 200 years ; yet trees are recorded as being over 1000 years
old, and in annual healthy fruiting condition. So also Mr. Knight
regarded " many varieties" as in his time " already on the decline,"
which Coxe, in his "View of Fruit Trees" published in 1817, says
" grow and appear more healthy than any variety in the orchard."
Trees of over 200 years are known, in this country, to be healthy
and yearly producing their abundance of fine fair fruit.
The puberty or fruit bearing age of the apple tree varies accord
ing to variety, climate, and cultivation. In the rich deep soils, and
under the clear sun of our western states, most varieties come into
bearing at about eight years from the bud ; or about four or five
years from planting out. We speak here only of the cultivated
varieties. Wild seedlings would probably require from twelve to
fifteen years.
Propagation — By seeds. These should be selected if intended for
stocks to work varieties upon, from native seedling trees of strong,
vigorous, healthy growth. The common practice is to visit a cider
mill in the months of October or November and take therefrom in-
discriminately such as first come to hand ; but he who desires to grow
fine healthy trees had much better purchase the apples from such
trees as we describe, and, if he choose, take them to the press himself.
The seed should be entirely separated from the pumice or pulp, al-
though much of it will grow if spread immediately on the land thinly
and plowed in lightly ; but this is a coarse unworkmanlike method.
To free it from the pulp, take a coarse sieve, and after it has lain upon
boards for forty-eight hours, proceed to sift it ; the next process, is
washing in tubs, when most of the pulp which passed through the
sieve will rise to the top of the water and may be taken off. If the
ground is ready it may now be sown, the ground being made rich
in vegetable, or partially mixed with well rotted animal manure,
trenched or plowed twenty inches deep ; sow the seed in drills of
about one foot wide and two feet between each drill; scatter the
BUDDING. 55
seed so that when it grows there will be one plant to every two
inches and cover with about one inch of earth, and one inch of leaf
mould, or tan bark, or sawdust. Fresh raw manure induces insects,
and consequently diseased roots. If the seed is intended for ship-
ment or keeping over until the spring planting, boxes not over six
inches deep should be procured with holes made in the bottom for
drainage, and then the seed packed in shallow layers with sand or
moss, and placed in the open air on the north side of some building
or fence.
By Grafting. All of the modes described in previous pages are
used in propagating the apple. Seedling stocks of diameter at
crown of from one quarter to three-eighths inch are the best ; these
are generally obtained from seedlings of one year's growth in our
rich western soils; they should be dug up, have their side roots
trimmed to within one inch of the main root, and that cut off to about
eight inches; the graft should then be inserted, in the whip or tongue
method, just at the crown or union of top and root. The same
course may be adopted with seedlings in the ground, with excep-
tion of shortening the roots.
Grafting on small pieces of roots, may answer for the growing
of some varieties in the nursery ; but very few, when removed, are
found to have made much but small fibrous roots ; and when planted
in the orchard, require staking for years, and rarely ever make good
trees. The practice has been largely followed, but is now condemned
by most nurserymen, and that of grafting only on the whole of a root,
as first mentioned, advised. Cleft grafting is generally pursued on
trees of large size in the orchard, and may be done in October or
November often with as good success as in spring.
Nurserymen generally practise taking up the seedling trees late in
autumn, and heeling them in, as it is termed, viz., covering them,
when laid down at an angle of 45°, with earth. This is done in the
cellar or root house, from whence they are taken and grafted in
February and March, and repacked in boxes just deep enough to
allow one inch of sand on the bottom ; and the stock grafted just
coming level with the tops, sand is mixed intimately among them,
covering all of root and union of graft. They are then set away in
a cool place, but free from frost, until the day of planting.
By Budding. This course, from the immense demand for trees
and the more ready and extended propagation by means of roots,
has almost been discarded during the past six or eight years. Bud-
ding is now again, however, coming into favor. Stocks for bud-
ding should be thrifty, of about half inch diameter, and the bud,
inserted about four to six inches above the ground, and as much on
the north side of the stock as possible. The time when, is usually
56 THE APPLE.
the month of August, varying from early to late in month, as the
location is South or North, and the season early or late.
By layers and cuttings. This course is only pursued to increase
the quantity of stocks of the Paradise apple on which to dwarf
varieties. Some growers, however, west, have reputation for increas-
ing largely, and making fine saleable trees more rapidly by means
of layers, than otherwise : we have never seen them.
Cutting of Scions. These may be cut at any time from the fall
of the leaf in October, to the swelling of the bud in spring —
always, however, taking care that there is no frost in the wood at the
time of cutting. We consider the best time late in the fall, when
they may be packed in moss, damped, and wrapped in oil silk, laid
in a cool cellar, where they will usually keep well until spring. The
wood of the past season's growth is that required, and best to cut, if
possible, from bearing trees. When the cuttings are not made until
toward spring, a black and diseased appearance at the pith will oft
be seen in those of vigorous growth. This, while it would, perhaps,
be of no moment on the original tree, sometimes is thought to lessen
the vitality and success of the scion.
Selection of Trees from a Nursery. Trees of thrifty, not over
luxuriant habit, five to seven feet high, three years from bud or graft,
with branches from three feet up, well formed into rounded heads,
are worth double the price of trees six years old, ten and twelve
feet high, without a branch within eight feet of the ground. It
should, however, always be recollected by the purehaser, that all
varieties have not the same habit and regular form of growth ; that
while a nursery-man can supply a tree of the Baldwin, straight, and
just to the fancy, he may often find it difficult, nay, impossible, to
do so with the Fall Wine, American Pearmaiu, and many other
varieties at the same age. All this should be remembered by
the purehaser, and in his selection be guided more by the stocky
pyramidal form of the stem, and the position of branches, rather
than height of tree.
Influence of Climate and location. Climate, as we have said on a
previous page, has no farther influence than to enhance maturity and
vigor as we go South ; but location, in its preventing of injury from
frosts or severe cold, is quite another thing, and deserving the
attention of every planter. Too often do we see orchards planted
out in the rich level valley of a farm, when the hills around are
neglected. Too often on small farms is this done also, to the loss
comparatively of the best piece of plow land, when, had the planter
Known that trees planted on his hills would have been more hardy,
and have produced fruit five years to every three when grown in the
TRANSPLANTING AND DISTANCES. 57
valley, he would have, without doubt, made his orchard on his hills.
There are some parts o1' the West, and very much at the East,
where the hills are en.trely unsuited to the plow; yet by planting
with trees, and digging around until of twelve or more years old.
they will make the most profitable of orchards.
On the prairies, a belt of trees around the orchard is considered
of great benefit in protecting from the sweeping winds, sometimes
destructive to fruit and tret Here also the selection of the highest
knolls and oak groves is found best for success in fruit growing.
Injltience of Stock and hardihood. Recently there has been much
speculation respecting the hardihood as well as bearing of budded
or grafted trees, all of which has doubtless arisen from the indis-
criminate use of small pieces of roots. That budding will be found
in the main any better than the grafting process, when performed,
as advised, at the crown, and on the whole of a seedling root, we are
disposed to doubt, although many good orehardists now favor it.
The only point we can see in its favor is the comparative hardihood
of the stock as compared with that of the variety intended to be
grown : this will in some varieties make budding the preferable
mode, as it is now well known that some, indeed most, of the strong
rapid-growing sorts, of northern or eastern origin, are somewhat dis-
posed to "bark burst" near the ground, and to remedy this, budding
will be adopted. But again, all seedlings are not alike hardy — al-
though as a whole, more so than worked varieties ; and undoubtedly
cultivated sorts may be found, which, if worked as grafts on whole
roots, and again re-worked at three feet from the ground, would en-
sure as much hardihood as is in the nature of trees ; vet this will
never be practised to any considerable extent, on account of its ex-
pense in the growing a tree. That the habit of bearing will be in
creased or lessened by budding or grafting, as we advise, is also
another feature at this time in dispute, but we can see nothing to
favor it, except the fact that trees budded do produce better than
roots grafted on the old common indiscriminate practice of using
anything in shape of a piece of root, depending on the richness of
soil to create, from it a tree for sale. For other remarks on influ-
ence of stock, see previous pages.
Transplanting and distances. Trees when taken from the nursery
should have their roots immediately covered in the ground, on ar-
riving at their destination. Often trees are left out over night on
wagons, subject to severe cold and frost, by which they are not al-
ways ruined, but frequently so far injured as to check thv?ir entire
growth one season. We do not like the practice of shortening back
the tops of apple trees where they have been taken up with care ; but
as usually dug it is requisite to success that the top be shortened
2*
58 THE APPLE.
back to oo .respond with the diminished root. One reason for ob-
jecting to che shortening in, is, that it has a tendency to start the top
of the tree too thick, and we prefer with the apple to thin out, rather
than increase the number of branches.
The mode of how to plant has been written on a previous
page.
The distance apart, for an apple orchard, depends very much on
the soil and the variety — rich deep soils requiring a greater dis-
tance than those of shallow depth, and inferior quality. And of
varieties, such as the Harvest, American Pearmain, Lady Ap
pie and other stocky or upright growing sorts, twenty-five feet
apart would be sufficient; while the Baldwin, Gravenstein, Sweet
Bough, &c, oi" t-We of rapid broad growth, would need, on rich soil,
forty feet.
Soil and Manures. Of the soil, it is impossible to designate any
one that will suit all varieties ; we therefore, in our text descriptive
designate the principal character of the soil suited to each. " All
deciduous trees require a considerable proportion of potash for the
elaboration of their juices in the leaves, and are prosperous, or
otherwise, in proportion to plentiful or scanty supply of that sub-
stance in the soil. Liebig has shown that the acids generated in
plants are always in union with alkaline or earthy bases, and cannot
be produced without their presence. * * * Now, the apple tree du-
ring its development, produces a great quantity of acid ; and there-
fore in a corresponding degree, requires alkaline, and probably,
earthy bases alone, as an indispensable condition to the existence of
fruit."
" It cannot be denied that ammonia, and also the humus of decay-
ing dung, must have some influence on the growth of the tree in
such soils, and also in the development of the fruit ; but it is most
certain, at the same time, that these alone would be perfectly ineffi-
cient for the production of the fruit without the co-operation of the
alkaline bases. The size, and perhaps the flavor of the fruit may be
somewhat affected by the organic part of the manure, but its very
existence depends upon the presence in the soil of a sufficient quan-
tity of those inorganic or mineral substances which are indispensable
to the formation of acids."
"The analysis of the apple (fruit) shows in 100 lbs. of ashes, de-
prived of carbonic acid, about 13 lbs. of phosphoric acid, 7 lbs. of
sulphuric acid, 38 lbs. of potash, and 25 lbs. of soda ; these four
bodies forming about 83 per cent, of the whole ash :" while analysis
of the ash of the wood exhibits about 16 per cent, of potash, 19 of
lime, and 17 of phosphate of lime ; and in the ash of the bark,
about 5 per cent, of potash, 50 per cent of lime, and 3 of phosphate
of lime. Another analysis gives 45 per cent, of lime in the ash of
INSECTS AND DISEASES. 69
the wood. From these it is apparent that on most of our western
soils, application of lime and potash will be found requisite to the
production of healthy wood and fruit. Upon much of the heavily
timbered lands of the west, which have been cut and burned, the
ashes from the burned wood has furnished all the lime and potash
requisite to success for a certain length of time ; but, already, there
are orchards in Ohio, where application of lime and potash in the form
of wood ashes or otherwise, is required in order to retain health of
trees, and perfection in fruit. The western prairie soils require these
only ; of all other ingredients they are naturally abundantly sup-
plied, and application of animal manure is not needed.
Cultivation. Cultivation of the soil of a young orchard is as req-
uisite to success as cultivation of a crop of corn ; but while the trees
should be kept free from weeds, suckers, insects, and the like, they
should not be so stimulated by application of animal or liquid ma-
nures as to induce rank growth. All such over-supply of stimulus
induces a degree of tenderness in the constitution, early fruitfulness
ami consequent early decay. We recall to mind as we write, two
orchards planted about thirty-five years since, one of which has
always been highly, even excitingly, cultivated, and is now decay
ing ; while the other has been more regularly and moderately
grown, and is now in a healthy fruiting state. All crops besides
wheat, rye, oats, and clover, may oe grown in an orchard. Pota-
toes, peas, and corn are most advisable.
Pruning. The pruning of the apple, as an orchard tree, if an-
nually attended, is but a light task; it should consist mainly of
cuiting away all branches that have a tendency to cross or overlap
one another — to stop back side limbs that are apparently drawing
too rapidly and creating irregular form, and to cut out rank shoots.
This is the main of orchard pruning, after the heads are once formed,
as they should be at planting, or the first year thereafter, by cutting
to a regular rounded form. Some varieties produce their fruit upon
short spurs on the limbs ; others on the extreme ends of slender
shoots of previous year's growth, and must be pruned with refer-
ence thereto ; others, again, naturally grow upright and thick, these
require thinning out ; while others, are of straggling rampant habit,
requiring only the checking of branches at ends to maintain an even-
ly balanced tree ; these qualities will be found partially noted in our
descriptions of varieties. For the art of pruning, to create particu-
lar forms for the garden, and of dwarf trees, we refer our readers to
a previous chapter
Insects and diseases. Of insects injurious to fruit trees, western
cultivators have, until within a few years, been comparatively ex
60 THE APPLE.
empt ; they are now, however, through the great amount of importa-
tions of trees from the Eastern States, becoming numerous and
troublesome.
The Borer, (Saperda bivittata), is yet little known ; a few instances
only of its appearance West have been noticed. It is an insect that
should b°. watched and checked on its first appearance. It is de-
structive, not only to the apple, but the quince, thorn, mountain ash,
sutler equally. The perfect insect is a brown and white striped
beetle, about half an inch long, which, flying at night, may be de-
stroyed in the month of June by building bonfires in the orchard.
In its larvae state, in which it docs its work of destruction, it is a
fleshy white grub, which enters the tree at the collar, just at the sur-
face of the ground, girdling or perforating the wood to such an ex-
tent as often to cause death before its attack is noticed, except by
the careful observing orchardist ; the small round holes from which
dust is ejected indicate its presence. Some cut out the worm with
a knife, others use a barbed wire, which is either thrust into the hole
and destroys the worm, or on withdrawing brings it out. Downing
advises as a preventive, washing the bodies of trees with the follow-
ing mixture : " one pint of sulphur, one gallon soft soap, and suffi-
cient tobacco water to reduce to the consistence of paint."
The Caterpillar, (Clisiocam pa Americana,) or common orchard
Caterpillar, has been long known as destructive of the foliage of
orchards. This, says Thomas, is hatched in spring as soon as the
leaf buds begin to open. At this time, it is not the tenth of an inch,
long, nor so large as a cambric needle, but it continues to increase
constantly in size for several weeks, until two inches long, and a
quarter of an inch in diameter. It then spins a cocoon, and passes
to the pupa state. In the latter part of summer, it comes out a
yellowish brown miller, lays its eggs, and dies. The eggs are
deposited in cylinders or rings, containing three to five hundred each,
encircling the smaller branches, and usually within a few inches of
the extremity. They remain through winter, protected from the
weather by a vesicular water-proof varnish, and hatch in spring,
as just stated. Each collection of eggs makes a nest of caterpillars.1'
A mode for their destruction, is to cut off the small branches
which hold the eggs, during autumn or winter, and burn them. Those
that escape this mode, may be destroyed in May and June by
attaching a sponge or round brush to a pole, and saturating the first
with spirits of ammonia, turn it around among their nests. For
this work, one hour in the morning early, is worth four at any other
time hi the day.
The Canker Worm. (Anisopteryz pometaria.) This insect we
1XSKCTS AND DISEASES. 61
have never seen West until the present season. It is not confined to
the apple, but, it' anything, it prefers the elm to all others.
"The male is a moth, with pale, ash-colored wings, with a black
dot, a little more than an inch across. The female is wingless, oval,
dark ash-colored above, and gray beneath.
The worm usually rises out of the ground very early in the
spring, as soon as the ground is free from frost, though a few find
their way up in the a.'umn. The females having no wings, climb
slowly up the trunks of the trees, while the winged males hover
about to pair with them. Very soon after this, if we examine the
trees, we shall see the eggs, of which every female lays some sixty
or a hundred, glued over, closely arranged in rows, and placed in the
forks of branches, and among the young twigs. About the twen-
tieth of May, these eggs are hatched, and the canker worms, dusky-
brown, or ash-colored, with a yellow stripe, make their appearance,
and commence preying upon the foliage."
The remedies preventive of their injuries, are, a belt of canvass
saturated, with tar and train oil, and encircling the body of the tree.
Another is a leaden trough, encircling the body, secured by wooden
wedges between it and tree, and filled with oil. Another, is spading
up the ground underneath all trees on which they appear, in the fall,
and dressing liberally with lime. Another, is bands of straw and
cotton batting tied around the tree, and examined daily to kill all
that have become entangled therein.
The Apple Moth, {Carpocapsa pomonana.) is the insect which
disfigures so many of our apples and pears, causing them to fall
prematurely from the tree. The moth has a head and thorax of
brown mingled with grey, fore wings light grey and brown, and a
dark brown oval spot on the hinder margin. In the months of June
and July, they deposit their eggs in the eye or blossom end of the
fruit ; these hatch in a few days, and the worm, a reddish white grub,
eats its way to the core, soon after which the apple falls to the
ground, when the worm leaves and seeks shelter and protection in the
crevices and underneath the rough bark of the tree, where it spins a
white web-like, cocoon, and remains until the next season.
Remedies. Keeping the bodies well scraped, and annually washed
with lye-water early in spring, picking up all the fruit as fast as it
falls, or letting swine run in the orchard to eat it. Old cloths or
tufts of grass, laid in the branches of the trees, attract them, from
whence the cocoons may easily be destroyed.
The Bark Louse, a species of coccus or scale insect, is of a brown
color, about one tenth of an inch in length, of oblong oval form,
attaching itself to the branches, and injuring the tree by sucking the.
62 THE APPLE.
sap. It is destroyed by strong lye-water, by whale oil soap, or a
mixture of lime soft soap and water, of the consistence of common
whitewash, and applied to the bark witl a hard brush, in winter or
early spring.
The Wooly Aphu {Aphis lauigera) makes its appearance in the
form of minute white down, in the crotches and crevices of branches.
It is easily destroyed by washing the tree with ley-water, lime wash,
or whale oil soap. A good wash for all insects is made of, say five
gallons of weak ley, one pound powdered sulphur, and four ounces
soot, or "lamp black," thoroughly mixed.
The blight or blackening and decay of terminal shoots we have
elsewhere written on, and refer thereto. Boring holes in the trees,
and plugging them with sulphur, are about as remedial as whistling
to the moon.
Bust on the surface of the leaf is a disease said to affect some of
the older plantations in Southern Ohio. We have never seen it, but
suspect from accounts, that it is caused from an unhealthy state of
the. tree in exhaustion of elements in the soil, and therefore a result
not a cause of disease.
Of terms used in description of varieties. — Thomas, in his " Fruit
Culturist," has the most perfect explanation of terms in general use
in the description of fruits, form of trees, etc., as yet published. We
therefore adopt most of them, in order to continue uniformity. These
terms, as applied to the growth of tree, in its shoots, has refer-
ence mainly to young trees, and comparatively, as follows: Erect,
as in the Early Strawberry. Diverging, as in the I >omine, or Ril>-
ston Pippin. Spreading, as in Rhode Island Greening. Droop-
ing, when they fall below the horizontal, which many spreading trees
assume, as they grow into the larger branches of older trees. As-
cending, when they curve upwards, as in Gravenstein. Irregular.
as in black Gilliflower. Straggling, similar to preceding, but
more slender and curved, as in Jonathan. Straight, as in Northern
Spy. Stout, as in Red Astrachan.
"The color of the shoots varies greatly in the same variety at dif-
ferent periods of the year, as well as with different degrees of ex-
posure to the sun. and with a change of soil, climate, and season.
When fresh, or very young, all have a greenish color, but gradually
assume various shades of yellow, olive, brown, red, purple, and
nearly black, as the season advances, and as they become bare, and
are exposed to the sun and weather. For this reason, in describing
the color, the terms must be relative, and can only be correctly ap-
plied by a comparison at the time with the color of other sorts.
FORMS OF THE APPLE. 63
During winter, and early in the spring, the shoots of most trees be-
come so much darker than at other times, that it is only practice
and by placing the different sorts side by side, that accuracy may be
obtained. Skilful culturists will readily distinguish, by a glance at the
color of shoots, many of the kinds they cultivate ; but the peculiar
cast is hard to describe in words, in the same way that it is impos-
sible to describe the hand-writing of an individual, so as to be known
from fifty others, although many can, at a glance, know the penman-
ship of hundreds of different persons. A few of the most strongly
marked cases, however, present peculiarities of color which form use-
ful points of distinction. No one for instance, could easily mistake
the yellow shoots of the Bartlett and Dix pears, for the dark brown
or purple of the Tyson and Forelle ; or the light greenish cast of the
Bough and Sine Qua Non apples, for the dark color of the Northern
Spy, or dark brown of the Baldwin ; nor the downy or greyish ap-
pearance of the Ladies Sweeting and Esopus Spitzenburg, for the
clear shining brown of the Gravenstein and Red Astrachan."
The color of the leaves may sometimes assist in description, as
light green in the Yellow Bell-flower and Rambo ; deep green, as in
the Rhode Island Greening ; bluish green, as in Peck's Pleasant.
Forms of the Apple. — In these we follow the general impression
understood of terms by most horticulturists, and represented by
Barry, from whom we extract :
Round or Roundish (fig. 29,) when the outline is round, or
nearly so, the length being about equal to the breadth.
Flat (fig. 30,) when the ends are compressed, and the width
considerably greater than the length.
Conical (fig 31,) in the form of a cone, tapering from the base
to the eye.
Ovate or Egg-shaped (fig. 32.)
Oblong (fig. 33,) when the length is considerably greater than
the width, and the width about equal at both ends, not tapering, as
in the conical.
In addition to these forms and their various modifications, some
varieties are —
64 THE AT'PLF.
Angular, having projecting angles on the sides.
One sided, having one side larger than the other.
Ribbed (34,) when the surface presents a series of ridges and fur-
rows running from eye to stem.
Of size — Small as in Gilpin, medium as in Fameuse, and large as
in Rhode Island Greening.
Of the meaning of many terms, as Calville, Pippin, Greening, &c,
there seems to be no certain definition beyond that of accepted
usage. Calville, generally intended to convey the idea of a fruit of
light specific weight, and somewhat ribbed or furrowed, especially
about the calyx. Pippin generally conveys the idea of a firm brittle
texture of flesh, in the apple ; whiie Greening is understood to imply
a breaking, tender character. Pearmain, to indicate a particular,
roundish, conical form, with an aromatic perfume in the flesh.
Uses. — The uses of the apple are so generally known, that it seems
superfluous here to mention aught of them. Aside from table
use, raw and cooked, making of cider, drying, &c, &c, the apple
deserves more attention as food for animals ; analysis having shown
that it is about equal to the potato in fattening properties.
VARIETIES.
CLASS I. Worthy General Cultivation.
American Pearmain.
American Summer Pearmain. | Watkin's Early.
Early Summer Pearmain.
This variety rarely ripens earlier than September, and we there-
fore discard the word " summer."
In the nursery, the growth of the tree is slow, and, as an orchard
fruit, it will not " pay." It cannot, however, be dispensed with for
supplying home wants, ripening gradually, as it does, during the whole
of September. The trees require thinning out of small branches ;
but, as it fruits mostly on the ends of branches, should never be
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
65
shortened back. It requires a deep, warm soil, well supplied with
lime and potash, when it succeeds admirably in all sections.
Size, medium ; form, roundish oblong, sometimes angular ; the
form varies, and also size, as grown on top or bottom limbs, and in
good or poor soil ; color, red, streaked and dotted with grayish
yellow ; stem, medium, projecting about even with the surface ;
cavity, narrow ; calyx, open, erect, slightly recurved ; basin, deep,
round, smooth ; flesh, tender, subacid, — best ; core, small ; seeds, ovate
pyriform.
Autumn Strawberry.
Late Strawberry.
Strawberry.
American : originated, Western New York. Size, medium, or
rather below ; form, roundish ; color, light and dark red, streaked,
and, in the sun, the dark red prevailing, and with a bloom like a
plum ; stem, slender, medium length ; cavity, open, regular ; ca-
lyx small, nearly closed ; basin, shallow, slightly ribbed ; jllesh,
66
THE APPLE.
Autumn Bough.
yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid; core, medium:
large, full. Season, October.
Autumn Sweet Bough.
American : tree, vigorous, productive ; size, medium or above ;
form, obtuse conical ; color, clear light yellow, with occasionally
a russet blotch, and a few small russet dots ; stem, slender, curved
to one side ; cavity, deep, regular ; calyx, closed with long seg-
ments ; basin, ribbed or furrowed ; flesh, white, crisp, tender, deli-
ciously sweet ; core, small ; seed cavity, hollow ; seed, plump,
full. Season, September.
Baldwin.
Late Baldwin, I Woodpecker,
Pecker, | Steeles Red Winter.
American : originated in Massachusetts. This variety inclines to
bitter or dry rot on soils deficient in lime and potash ; and for the
western soils should be worked where intended to have the head
commence. Tree, vigorous, upright, dark brown shoots, very pro-
ductive. Our drawing was taken from an Eastern grown specimen,
and is not more than one-half the size of this variety when grown in
Illinois.
Size, large ; form, roundish, narrowing a little to the calyx ; color,
yellowish, nearly covered and striped with red, dotted with a few
russet spots, and with radiating streaks of russet about the stem ;
stem, three-fourths inch long, slender; cavity, deep; calyx, closed;
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
basin, rather narrow, plaited; ^sA,-^ellowish white, crisp tender,
sub-acid; core, small, compact; capsules, ovate hollow; seeds, loner
ovate, pyriform. Season, December to March.
Baltimore.
Baltimore Pippin, | Cables Gillirlower.
THE APPLE.
Origin unknown. Tree, thrifty, slender, very productive, on warm
rich soils. Size, medium to large ; form, round ; color, light yellow,
striped, and splashed with red, a little bronzed russet about the stem,
and often a blue tinge marbled toward the, stem resembling a bloom;
stem, short : cavity, open, deep, regular ; calyx, small, halt open ; basu,,
shallow, regular; flesh, white, with a slight tinge of yellow, tender,
crisp, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly; core, medium or small; seed, obo-
vate pyriform. Season, December to March. This is distinct from
the Baltimore, of Lindley, which is of pale lemon color, tmged with
red, and with large open calyx.
Bethlehemite.
"This is a variety somewhat resembling the Newton Spitzenberg,
and we have testimony of one or two who say they know it under
that name. We are not, however, satisfied of their identity, and as
the really good qualities of this fruit are such as to make it desira-
ble in all collections, we have no hesitation in recommending it.
Thus far all specimens we have seen were from trees grown in rich,
loamy soils, and all w'e can learn of its history is that it came from
Bethlehem, in Ohio. Size, medium ; form, roundish, flattened,
tapering slightly to the apex ; color, pale yellow ground, striped and
stained with two shades of bright red, dotted with irregular shaped
brown dots, some russet about the stem : calyx, medium, sometimes
large ; basin, deep, broad, irregular, somewhat furrowed ; stem, short;
cavity, narrow, irregular ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, with a mild
sub-acid juice, and exceedingly pleasant flavor ; core, small, compact ;
seeds, obovate, obtuse pyriform. Season, November to January
but keeps until April. Trees, upright, strong growers.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
Belmont.
Gate, I White Apple,
iiamma Ream, I Kelley White,
Golden l'ippin of some, | Waxen of some.
American. By some stated to have originated in Virginia, by-
others in Pennsylvania, and, on the authority of Prof. Kirtland, Mr.
Downing in his first edition of " Fruits and Fruit Trees," made it
synonymous with the " Waxen" of Coxe. As this is yet uncertain,
we adopt the name by which the fruit is most largely known.
Tree, healthy, vigorous, spreading, wood yellowish, good bearer,
does not succeed on the alluvial soils of the West, but on all high,
warm, or limestone soils does finely, and makes a large tree.
Size, medium to large ; form, irregular, usually roundish, some-
times oblong rounded. South it grows very large, and also West,
on new rich soils in Wisconsin; but grown South its delicacy, fine
grain and flavor are lost. Skin, thin, smooth, glossy, or oily ; color,
rich clear light yellow ; at South with a few dark brown specks, and
North with a clear vermillion red cheek, with carmine spots ; South
slight russet marblings, and much of mould or fungus ; stem, me-
dium length, projecting slightly beyond the surface, always slender ;
calyx, varying from small and close to open and reflexed; basin,
from shallow to rather deep, always furrowed; flesh, yellowish
white, fine grained, very tender, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid; core,
70 THE APPLE.
rather large ; seeds, ovate, pointed, abundant, brownish red. Season,
November to February.
Bellflower.
Vellow Bellflower, | Yellow Belle-fleur, | Lady Washington.
American. Tree, 01 slender, yet healthy growth, with yellowish,
rather upright shoots ; fruit, on ends of limbs, very hardy, but
grafted on pieces of roots does not bear well, otherwise, very pro-
ductive. Size, large; form, oblong, a little irregular, tapering to the
eye ; color, pale yellow, with a blush next the sun ; stem, long, slen-
der, curved ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, plaited, deep ; flesh,
tender, juicy, crisp, sprightly, sub-acid; core, large; capsules, long,
hollow ; seeds, large, ovate, pyriform, angular at broad end. Season,
December to March.
Broadwell.
Broadwell Sweet.
American. Origin, Southern Ohio. Tree, vigorous, spreading,
light yellowish shoots, good bearer. Size, medium to large ; form,
regular, roundish, flattened at base, and tapering slightly toward the
calyx ; skin, thin, smooth ; color, light yellow, cloudy flakes, sunny
side brownish bronze ; stem, short ; cavity, expanded ; calyx, open ;
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
71
segments, short ; basin, narrow ; ficsh, white, fine-grained, sweet,
juicy ; core, close, compact ; seeds, small, plump, light-brown. Sea-
son, November to March.
Bullock's Pippin.
American Golden Russet, | Golden Russet,
Sheepnose, | Little Pearmain,
Fall- Winesap, erroneously.
American. Tree,
ultimately of only
medium size, with a
round regular head,
shoots erect, rather
slender, admirably
suited to rich soils
of Southern Ohio,
Indiana, etc., etc.
Grown south, the
fruit is almost en-
tirely covered with
russet ; north, and
on sandy soils, it is
a warm, rich yel-
low, with only mar-
blings of russet.
72
THE APPLE.
^
Size, small to medium ; form, roundish, ovate, tapering much to-
ward the eye ; color, generally rich golden yellow, overspread with
soft russet, and in sun, a marbling of red ; stem, slender ; cavity,
narrow, regular ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow, sometimes
furrowed ; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, almost buttery, delicate,
sprightly ; core, large for sMze of fruit ; seeds, full, ovate, pyramidal.
Season, December to March.
Canada Pippin.
Canada Reinette,
Canadian Reinette,
Pomme de Caen,
Reinette Grosse du Canada,
De Bretagne,
Jannarea,
German Green,
Yellow Xewiovvn
Reinette du Canada,
Grosse Reinette d'Angleterre,
Reinette du Canada Blanche,
Reinette du Canada a'Cortes,
Portugal,
Walir Reinette,
White Pippin,
Pippin, erroneously.
Foreign. Tree, strong, vigorous, upright, spreading, productive,
very hardy. Size, large ; form, roundish, flattened, irregularly an-
gular, much ribbed, sometimes almost oblong and smooth ; color,
light greenish-yellow, a blush in sun, and small dark green specks,
surrounded with light green suffused beneath the skin ; stem, short ;
cavity, narrow, slightly russeted ; calyx, large ; basin, deep, angu-
ler, with prominent ribs ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, tender, juicy,
sub-acid, sprightly ; core, small, compact ; seeds, dark, almost black.
Season, January to May.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
73
Challenge.
American. Origin, near Sandusky, Ohio. Tree, productive, har-
dy. Size, large ; form, roundish, flattened ; color, rich yellow, with-
many russet dots, and occasionally a russet patch; when fully ex-
posed to sun, the russet spots become Vermillion red ; stem, pro-
jecting even with surrounding surface ; cavity, deep, regular ; calyx,
with long irregular segments; basin, broad, open, medium depth,
always furrowed ; Jlesk, yellowish white, crisp, juicy, sweet, tender;
core, medium ; seeds, large, plump. Season, October and November.
Cloth of Gold.
Drap d'Or,
Vrai Drapd'Or,
Bonne du Mai.
Early Summer Pippin, of tome.
Bay Apple,
This is, by some, said to be identical with " Cooper." We do
not yet so recognize it. Tree, strong grower, wide, broad foliage,
moderate bearer. Size, large ; form, roundish, flattened ; color, dull
yellow or gold color, with distinct brown or russet specks ; stem,
short ; cavity, wide, open ; calyx, small, half closed ; basin, shallow,
plaited ; flesh, yellowish white, mild, sub-acid, not fine grained, ten-
der, juicy, well flavored; core, wnth open hollow capsules; seeds,
short, ovate, dark reddish brown. Season, August to October.
4
74
THE APPLE.
Cornish Aromatic.
Foreign. Requires rich, warm, sandy soil. Size, medium \form,
roundish, regular, sometimes a little conical ; color, yellow ground,
mostly overspread with rich red, dotted with yellow russet spots ;
stem, long, slender ; cavity, regular, open, rather deep ; calyx, small •,
basin, abrupt, furrowed ; flesh, yellow, crisp, juicy, sub-acid, of flavor
closely allied to Esopus Spitzenburg ; core, open, hollow, regular
form ; seeds, large. Season, November to February.
Danvers Winter Sweet.
Epse's Sweet.
American. Tree, vigorous, spreading, shoots yellowish, very pro-
ductive ; valuable winter fruit for baking or stock.
Size, medium ; form, roundish, oblong ; color, dull yellow, with
orange blush, and small russet specks ; stem, slender, inclining to
one side ; calyx, small, woolly ; basin, shallow, rather narrow ; flesh,
yellow, firm, sweet ; core, large, open ; seeds, ovate, pointed, dark
rioh brown. Season, December to April.
Dutch Mignonne.
The Dutch Mignonne — Darling, or Favorite, is from Holland,
and a fruit which has proved valuable wherever grown. Tree, with
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 75
strong upright shoots, and producing abundantly ; very fine in South
Ohio. Size, large ; form, roundish, regular ; color, dull orange,
mostly covered with rich dull red, dotted and mottled with large
yellow russet specks, and a dash of russet about the cavity of stem ;
stem, long, slender, curved ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, open ; ba-
sin, deep, round, regular ; Jlesh, whitish, firm at first, becoming ten-
der when well matured, sub-acid aromatic flavor ; core, small, com-
pact ; seeds, few, defective. Season, November to January.
Dyer.
Pomme Royal,
Golden Spice,
Tompkins,
Beard Burden,
Pomme Water,
Bullripe,
Mygatt's Bergamot,
Bard Apple,
White Spice.
American. Tree, a fair grower, not strong, shoots spreading
irregular, moderately productive. Size, medium ; form, round, or
roundish flattened ; color, clear yellow, with russet marbled more or
less over the surface ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, deep, slightly fur-
rowed ; calyx, with long recurved segments ; basin, medium ; flesh,
yellowish white, spicy, sprightly, tender, sub-acid ; core, medium ;
seeds, small. Season, October and November.
Eakly Joe.
American : origin, claimed Ontario Co., N. Y. It is somewhat
questionable, if it is not an old Connecticut variety. This apple
76
THE APPLE.
has the most of delicate pear flavor of any variety ; and while it i3
all unsuited to orcharding, one tree should always be planted.
While young it is of slow growth, but, as trees get older, it improves,
and makes a tree of round irregular spreading form of medium size.
It is very hardy, but should have rich strong soil ; shoots, dark
colored ; and so foliage.
Size, medium, or rather below ; form, roundish, flattened ; stem,
rather slender ; cavity, open, deep, a little russeted ; color, pale
yellowish green, overspread and striped with deep and pale red ;
calyx, small, nearly closed ; basin, shallow ; Jlesh, yellowish white,
\tender, very delicate ; core, medium, centre open ; seeds, short
ovate, pyriform. Season, last of August.
Early Strawberry.
American Red Juneating. | Red Juneating.
American. Tree, very erect in growth, dark wood, numerous
leaves erect, with long footstalks ; productive, and successful in all
localities, and although not best in quality, yet generally esteemed.
Size, small ;form, roundish, varying to angular and conical ; color,
yellowish white, striped and stained over with bright and dark red ;
stem, varying from long, straight, and slender, to medium, curved ;
calyx, small ; basin, narrow and shallow ; jlesh, yellowish white,
tinged with red, sub-acid, sprightly, tender ; core, medium ; seeds,
small. Season, July.
Esopus Spitzenberg.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 77
American. Origin on the Hudson River. Tree, healthy, slender
shoots ; when in bearing, drooping and spreading, making an open
head ; requires age to produce much or good fruit, and much of
lime and potash, when it is a good bearer.
Size, above medium, large when carefully grown ; form, flattened
at base, oblong, tapering roundly toward the eye, considerably
ribbed and irregular in its surface, and almost alwTays slightly angu-
lar ; color, rich lively red on yellow ground, dotted and marbled
with yellow russet ; stem, varying, sometimes short and stout, at
others long and slender ; cavity, deep, regular, open ; calyx, small,
closed ; basin, almost abrupt, furrowed ; flesh, yellow, crisp, a little
tough, exceedingly high flavored and delicious ; core, regular, ovate,
rounded in form ; seeds, large. Season, January to March.
Fameuse.
Pomme de Neige, | Sanguineus,
Snow.
Foreign, or rather Canadian origin. It is admirably adapted to
all northern sections producing yearly, and always fair smooth fruit.
Tree, of moderate, rather diverging habit ; shoots dark ; and as an
orchard tree, only of second size. Without being a fruit of high
character, it is just so good that, taken with its production of regular
handsome fruit, it cannot be dispensed with. Tree, hardy, and rich
strong or heavy soils suit it best.
Size, medium ; form, roundish, somewhat flattened ; color, green-
ish yellow, mostly overspread with pale and dark rich red ; stem,
slender ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, small ; basin, shallow, narrow ;
ftesh, remarkably white, tender, juicy, with a slight perfume ; core,
close compact ; seeds, light brown, long pointed. Season, October
to January.
Fall Wine.
Wine, of Cole.
American. Its origin unknown, introduced west from the garden
of Judge Buel, Albany, about 1832. Tree, of slender, slow growth ;
drooping, when in bearing state, very healthy ; producing mode-
rately, but annually, large beautiful fruit on the rich Western soils ;
and fruit of medium size on soils of moderate quality. Our figure
exhibits it from the two soils. It is now much grown in Indiana
and Illinois as " Wine," from which it is quite distinct.
Size, medium to large ; form, roundish, flattened ; color, rich red
marbled over clear yellow, and with many spots or specks of
brownish — sometimes it is faintly striped ; stem, slender ; cavity,
deep ; calyx, half closed ; basin, open, shallow ; flesh, yellowish,
crisp, tender, juicy, delicious, sub-acid, vinous. Season, September
to November.
78
THE APPLE.
Although evidently an old eastern fruit, it appears now unknown
there, if we except the short description made of it by Cole, and his
notice of where grown.
Fall Pippin.
Philadelphia Pippin.
This is unquestionably an American seedling, and probably from
the "White Spanish Eeinette," which it closely resembles in all but
its period of ripening. Great confusion exists among growers re-
specting it, as the Holland Pippin is often grown under this name as
well as its parent. It is extensively grown at the West and in the
Eastern states, and universally succeeds well ; but where the soil is
of a clayey nature, on the alluvial bottoms and deep prairies, it does
not answer as well. Tree, of growth vigorous, shoots, dark, di-
verging or spreading, becomes large.
Size, large ; form, roundish, conical, flattened at ends ; color,
greenish yellow, until fully ripe, then rich yellow with a faint blush,
when grown in good soil and exposed to sun ; stem, long, moder
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
79
/
ately stout; cavity, deep, round; calyx, above medium, with seg-
ments in divisions ; basin, deep, wide, and open ; Jlesh, yellowish
white, tender, sub-acid, aromatic ; core, medium, for size of fruit ;
seeds, ovate. Season, October to December.
Fallenwalder.
Fallawater,
Green Mountain Pippin,
Dutch Codlin, erroneously.
Tulpahocken,
Pirn's Beauty of the West,
Pound, erroneously,
Mountain Pippin.
American. Originated in Berks Co., Penn. " It sprung up in
the woods, and was left standing after the other trees were cut down ;
hence the name Fallenwalder, or apple of the cut-down woods."
Not worthy a place in small orchards or gardens ; but on rich lime-
stone soils, when grown for distant market, it is highly valuable,
being of thick skin, fruit always fair and large, and keeping a long
time, even in southern latitudes. Tree, strong, vigorous grower ;
shoots, stout, partially spreading.
Fruit, large; form, round, varying to roundish, flattened and
roundish ovate ; color, pale yellowish green, dull red cheek, dotted
with a few small irregular-shaped russet dots, suffused or surround-
80
THE APPLE.
ed with a shade of light green, presenting at first glance, appearance
as of white specks; stem, short; cavity, open, generally regular;
ca'yx. small, closed ; basin, shallow, open, broad, often slightly fur-
rowed ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse texture, tender, juicy,
mild, sub-acid ; core, medium, somewhat open ; seeds, ovate pointed.
Season, December to May.
Fort Miami.
Scandiana Mala.
American. Originated near Fort Miami, in Ohio. In April,
1846, we made our outline and description from specimens sent us
by A. SpafFord, Esq., Perrysburgh, O., since which we have been
unable to obtain of the fruit. Trees, thrifty, healthy growth ; shoots,
dark color, nearly upright, spreading ; not an early bearer, but the
original tree said to be very productive.
Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish oblong, flattened at both
ends, widest at base, uneven, somewhat ribbed ; color, brownish red.
more or less russeted ; stem, medium size, three-fourth inch long ;
cavity, deep, open, uneven ; calyx, medium size, closed ; basin, me-
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 81
dium depth, furrowed ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, breaking, exceed-
ingly high-spicy, sub-acid flavor. Season, February to May.
Garden Royal.
American. Originated in Mass. Tree, slender, slow grower
while young, hardy, and makes a tree of medium size, annually
productive ; suited to small orchards or gardens where a delicious
fruit is desired fur table use.
Fruit, rather below medium ; form, roundish, inclining to flat,
very regular ; color, a yellowish ground, with dull red stripes, be-
coming brighter in sun ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, narrow ; calyx,
large, open ; basin, shallow ; flesh, yellowish white, fine-grained,
tender, mild, sub-acid. Season, last of August and September.
Golden Sweet.
Orange Sweet, | Trenton Early.
American. Originated in Connecticut. Tree, free grower while
young, making, however, an orchard tree of only medium size,
spreading irregular branches ; succeeds well in all soils ; productive
annually of large crops of fair fruit. This variety was shown two
years, late in season, and in bad state, at the Ohio Pom. Convention,
as "Trenton Early." We this' year received specimens of it through
the kindness of Dr. Warder, when in season.
4*
THE APPLE.
Fruit, medium to large; form, roundish, rather deeper than wide,
color, yellow on green, suffused slightly underneath skin, and with
many small greenish dots that become russety in sun ; stem, medium
to long ; cavity, roimd, shallow, regular ; calyx, closed; basin, round,
moderately deep, slightly furrowed or crimped at base of calyx ;
flesh, yellowish white, very rich, sweet, hardly tender ; core, medium,
round, ovate; seeds, abundant, ovate pointed. As a baking fruit, or
to grow for stock feeding, this is unsurpassed. Season, July and
August.
Golden Ball.
Belle et Bonne, | Connecticut Apple.
The origin of this variety is somewhat in doubt, but it is probably
a native of Connecticut, from whence it has been largely distributed
East. The trees do not bear well while young, but improve as they
advance in years. Tree, hardy, forming a large round head, with
large, glossy, rich green foliage ; exceeding valuable for cooking ;
requires a rich, strong, heavy soil.
Fruit, large ; form, roui iish, narrowing to the eye ; color, rich
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 83
yellow, sometimes a faint blush near the stalk, and with rough dots;
stem, short, stout ; cavity, broad ; calyx, half closed ; basin, shallow ;
flesh, yellowish, tender, sub-acid, nearly acid, perfumed; core, me-
dium ; seeds, large, and plump. Season, October to December.
The Belle Bonne of Lindley is quite another fruit, and should
not be confounded with this.
Green Sweet.
Honey Greening.
Tree, hardy, productive, half spreading, shoots rather slender, fruit
valuable for cooking and for stock ; wants deep, rich, strong soil ;
fruit always fair.
Fruit, medium to large; form, roundish; color, dull greenish
white or yellow, with greenish white, or sometimes pale russet dots;
stem, varying ; cavity, narrow, russeted ; calyx, above medium size
for the fruit, closed; basin, medium, slightly furrowed; flesh, green-
ish white, tender, juicy, and quite sweet ; core, medium, round ;
seeds, ovate. Season, December to March. Grown in Indiana, it is
'arge, has a brownish cheek, and matures in October and November.
Gravenstein.
Ohio Nonpareil, | Grave Slije.
Foreign. A variety indispensable to every collection, succeeding
finely on all soils, annually productive, fruit always fair, fit for cook
84
THE APPLE.
ing in August, and eating in September and October ; shoots strong,
smooth, upright. Tree large, regular, round head, foliage broad.
Fruit, large ; form, roundish, flattened, a little irregular, some-
what ribbed, on surface undulating ; color, at first pale greenish,
yellow ground, becoming rich yellow, beautifully striped, and
splashed with bright red ; exposed to sun, red prevails, and becomes
of a dark hue, beautiful, few faint light green dots ; stem, short ;
caviti/, open, deep ; calyx, with open half reflexed segments ; basin,
rather deep, irregular, ribbed ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, sub-
acid, with a peculiar aromatic taste ; core, large, capsules open,
hollow ; seeds, ovate pyriform, reddish brown.
Harvest.
Early Harvest,
Yellow Harvest,
Prince's Harvest,
Early French Reinette
Early June,
July Pippin,
Large White Juneating,
Yellow Juneating.
American. Universally esteemed, requires a soil well supplied
with lime and potash, otherwise the fruit is unfair. Shoots erect,
straight ; slow growth, not successful root-grafted as an orchard
tree.
Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, rarely a little flattened ; color,
pale light yellow, with a few dots of white ; stem, medium length,
rather slender, often short, and a little stout; cavity, open, deep,
regular; calyx, closed; basin, shallow, slightly furrowed; fle&h,
white, tender, juicy, crisp, sprightly, sub-acid ; core, medium ; seeds,
abundant, light brown, ovate. Season, July.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
85
Herefordshire Pearmain.
Winter Pearmain, erroneously, Parmin Royal.
Royal Pearmain, Old Pearmain,
Royale d'Angleterre.
Foreign. Tree, hardy, requiring rich, strong soil, when the fruit
is of the highest excellence ; shoots slender, diverging, partially droop-
ing.
Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, conical ; color, brownish red,
mottled, and slightly striped, on a dull russety green, or when fully
matured, yellow ground, with stripes and marblings of russet,
from the stem, dotted with greyish specks ; stem, slender ; cavity,
acuminate, russeted ; calyx, open ; basin, medium ; flesh, yellow-
ish, tender, mild, sub-acid, aromatic ; core, medium, laying nearest
the stem end ; seeds, large, ovate, light brown. Season, December
to February.
Sutton.
Hubbardston Nonsuch,
Sutton, | Sutton Beauty.
American. Originated in Mass. A superior fruit, succeeding even
better when grown West, than in its native locality. Tree, vigorous
grower ; shoots, rather slender, very different from the Baldwin,
which has often been disseminated as this variety ; spreading ; very
productive.
86 THE APPLE.
Fruit, large, West very large ; form, roundish ovate, very regular ;
color, yellow ground, mostly overspread, and partially striped with
rich red ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, with short open seg-
ments ; basin, deep, round, rarely ribbed ; flesh, yellowish, mild,
sub-acid, juicy. Season, October to February.
Jersey Sweeting.
American. Succeeds in all localities, and produces abundantly of
fair fruit in all soils, warm, sandy ones giving a closer texture, and
more character to the flesh. Shoots stout, short-jointed, reddish.
Tree, spreading, round head. For dessert, cooking, or stock, valu-
able.
Fruit, medium ; form, roundish ovate, tapering to the eye ;
color, greenish yellow, marked and streaked, often nearly covered
with stripes of pale and dull red ; stem, short ; cavity, "narrow ;
calyx, half closed ; basin, not deep, sometimes slightly furrowed ;
flesh, white, fine-grained, juicy, tender, sweet ; core, rather open, me-
dium, round, ovate ; seeds, full, ovate pointed. Season, September,
and October.
Jonathan.
ck, I w
lip, I w
American. Originated Kingston, N. Y. Shoots, light brown,
Philip Rick, Winesap, erroncov*''y.
King Philip, | Wine, „
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 87
slender, diverging ; when grown and fruiting, tree has a drooping
and pendent habit j very productive ; needs rich, strong soil.
Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, conical, regular ; color, light yel-
low ground, mostly overspread, streaked, or stained with rich light
red, and with few minute white dots ; stem, rather long, slender ;
cavity, open, wide ; calyx, small, nearly closed ; basin, shallow,
slightly furrowed ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, slightly
acid unless fully matured, when it is sub-acid, sprightly ; core, medi-
um ; seeds, full, abundant, dark brown. Season, December to Feb-
ruary.
Lady Apple.
Api, Pomme Rose.
Petit Api, Pomme d'Api Rouge,
Pomme d'Api, Petit Api Rouge,
Gros Api Rouge.
Foreign. Trees very upright, forming almost pyramidal heads,
like that of a pear tree, producing the fruit in clusters ; require to be
ten or more years old, ere bearing much, after which, very produc-
tive. Shoots, very dark color, straight, erect, leaves small ; appears
to succeed in all soils, and the fruit, though small, from its beauty,
always commands a high price.
Fruit, small ; form, flat ; color, brilliant red, on light, clear yellow ;
very glossy ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small ; basin, fur-
rowed ; flesh, white, crisp, tender, juicy ; core, small. Season, Decem-
ber to May.
63
THE APPLE.
Ladies' Sweeting.
American. We have repeatedly fruited and met with this variety
West, where it seems generally to succeed, but neglecting to make,
or having lost our description, we copy that of Mr. Downing, who
first introduced and disseminated the variety : " Wood, not very
strong, grows thriftily, bears abundantly."
" Fruit, large, roundish ovate, narrowing rapidly to the eye ;
skin, very smooth, nearly covered with red in the sun, pale yellow-
ish green in the shade, with broken stripes of pale red. The red is
sprinkled with well-marked yellowish gray dots, and covered when
first gathered, with a thin white bloom. There is, also, generally, a
faint marbling of cloudy white over the red, on the shady side of the
fruit, and rays of the same around the stalk. Calyx quite small, set
in a narrow, shallow plaited basin ; stalk half an inch long, in a shal-
low cavity ; flesh greenish white, exceedingly tender, juicy, crisp,
delicious, sprightly, agreeably-perfumed flavor ; keeps without shriv-
eling or losing its flavor, till May."
Lowell.
Orange, of some,
Tallow Apple,
Tallow Pippin,
Greasy Pippin ,
Queen Anne,
Pound Royal, erroneously.
American. The early habit of productiveness, with the large fair
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 89
fruit, will always command a place in large orchards, where this
variety is known. Trees, thrifty, rather strong growers, spreading,
most valuable on rich heavy soils.
Fruit, large ; form, roundish oblong, slightly conical ; color, green,
becoming rich yellow ; oily surface ; stem, long, slender ; cavity,
narrow ; calyx, small, nearly closed ; basin, deep, furrowed ; Jlesh,
yellowish white, rather coarse, sub-acid, fine aroma ; core, medium
or small ; seeds, ovate. Season, August and early September.
London Sweet.
ireet, I Winter
Heicke'6 Winter Sweet
London Winter Sweet, I Winter Sweet,
e'6 Wir
American. Much cultivated in Southern Ohio ; often abundant
in Cincinnati market. We have been unable to connect it with any
other named variety, though it nearest resembles Broadwell.
Adapted to the rich deep soils of the West; said to be produc-
tive.
Fruit, medium, occasionally large ; form, roundish, flattened ;
color, pale yellow, with rarely an irregular patch of bronzed russet ;
very smooth ; grown South, has the fungus or mould, as we think,
marring its beauty ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, open, medium
depth, round, regular; calyx, small, closed; basin, deep, round,
regular ; Jlesh, yellowish white, juicy, tender, pleasantly sweet ;
core, rather small ; seeds, ovate pointed. Season, November to Jan
uary, but will keep through February.
Melon.
Norton's Melon. | Watermelon.
American. Origin questioned — whether New York or Connecti-
90
THE APPLE.
cut. (See Horticulturist, vol. ii., page 357.) t proves fine so far,
and wherever it has been testedj and we confidently place it in the
class worthy of general cultivation. Tree, vigorous, spreading;
shoots, reddish brown ; requires deep, strong soil.
Fruit, medium to large ; form roundish, flattened, regular ; surface,
glossy, uneven ; color, pale yellowish white, much overspread with
broken streaks and stripes of reddish purple, becoming rich and dark
in the sun ; stem, medium, slender ; cavity, wide, round, open, marked
with greenish russet ; calyx, closed ; basin, deep, finely plaited at bot-
tom ; flesh, white, fine-grained, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly ; core, ra-
ther small ; seeds, broad, nearly black. Season, October to Decem-
ber.
Melting.
Melt in the Mouth,
Melting Mouth.
American. Origin, Pennsylvania ; introduced to Ohio, and ex-
hibited (as grown in the centre of that State) at the Pomological
meetings for three years. Tree, hardy ; shoots, slender, diverging ;
fruit borne mostly on ends of limbs ; requires rich soil, abounding
in lime ; on young trees, fruit quite small ; improves and increases
as they advance in years and size, and under good culture.
Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, slightly flattened ; color, yellow
ground, overspread with warm yellow red, dotted and marbled with
yellow russet ; sttm, short ; cavity, deep, regular ; calyx, with short
erect segments ; basin, shall* w, broad, open ; flesh, yellowish crisp,
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
91
juicy, teu<ier, sub-acid ; core, small, compact ; seeds, long oval point-
ed, abundant. Season, January to April.
Michael Henry Pippin.
White Pearmain,
White Winter Pearmain.
92
THE APPLE.
American. Native of New Jersey. It is in extensive cultivation
throughout the West, and is very successful. Trees very produo
tive.
Fruit, medium to large ; form, angular, roundish, conical ; color,
light yellowish green, with a flush of red, in sun, dotted with irregu-
lar formed specks of russet ; often there is a shade of rich yellow
marbled, or striped, apparently underneath the skin ; stem, usually
short ; cavity, narrow, regular ; calyx, with long segments in divis-
ions ; basin, shallow, narrow, somewhat furrowed ; flesh, white, tender,
juicy, sweet ; much valued for cooking and keeping well, being in use
from October to March ; core, small, compact, surrounded by a broad
coarse vein, giving semblance of a large core ; seeds, ovate pointed,
light brown.
Monmouth Pippin.
Red Cheek, of some, | Red Cheek Pippin.
American. Native of Monmouth County, N. J. It is stated as
very productive, and of healthy, vigorous growth. We are conver-
sant only with the fruit.
Fruit, large ; form, roundish, flattened ; sometimes roundish coni-
cal ; color, pale greenish yellow, with blush-red cheeks, small, raised
rough brown specks, with a shade, of light green suffused around
them underneath the skin ; stem, rather short; cavity, deep, regular ;
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 93
calyx, medium, segments woolly and often nearly closed ; basin, wide,
abrupt, deep, much plaited ; fiesh, yellowish white, rather coarse-
grained ; breaking, tender, moderately juicy, sub-acid, with consider-
able aroma, or perfume; core, small, compact; seeds, oblong ovate,
abundant. Season, December to February, and often till April.
Nfwtown Pippin.
Green Newtown Pippin, Green Winter Pippin,
American Newtown Pippin, Petersburg Pippin.
American. Native of Newtown, Long Island, it requires a rich
limestone clay soil, or a warm sandy rich loam, well dressed with
lime and bone dust, in order to secure healthy wood, and fair, smooth
fruit. On sandy soils, abounding more or Jess with iron, we have
never seen good fruit grown of this variety. It is distinct in fruit
from the Yellow Newtown Pippin, for which see farther pages ; but
is difficult, if not impossible to detect one from the other by the wood.
Growth slender, slow ; as an orchard tree, a fine round head, with
branches diverging, pendant. On the rich limestone soils of Ohio,
and farther west, 1«his and the Yellow Newtown Pippin succeed, and
produce fruit even superior to the world-renowned Pell Orchard.
Fruit, medium ; form, roundish oblong flattened ; color, dull green
when first gathered, becoming, when ripe, a yellowish green ; small
94
THE APPLE.
minute russet dots, with occasional spots or bloiehes of russet, and,
grown on alluvial soils south, patches of dark green mould ; stem,
slender ; cavity, acuminate regular ; calyx, small ; basin, deep, abrupt,
hollowed, and slightly wrinkled ; flesh, greenish white, very fine-
grained, juicy, crisp, sprightly perfumed ; core, compact ; seeds, dark
brown, ovate. Season, February to May.
Newtown Spitzenberg.
Ox-Eye,
Burlington Spitzenberg,
Joe Berry.
Matchless,
Kountz,
American. From Newtown. Long Island. It is extensively and
successfully grown in the West as Ox-Eye, and highly estimated.
Fruit, medium ; form, round, flattened ; color, yellow ground,
mostly striped and splashed with red, which often has appearance as
of a bloom ; russet dots and lines that near the calyx look like the
crests of waves ; stem, long, slender; cavity, narrow, deep, regular ;
calyx, small, segments erect ; basin, open, regular, not deep ; flesh,
yellow, tender, slightly sweet, rich, aromatic ; core, small ; seeds, few,
ovate pointed. Season, December to February.
Northern Spy.
American. Native of East Bloomfield, N. Y. While the quality
of this variety secures it a place among first class fruit, it cannot
be considered a profitable variety until the trees have acquired at
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
95
least twenty years of age, as it is tardy in coming into bearing. It
is of thrifty, vigorous growth, requiring a rich soil, high state of cul-
tivation, and as an orchard tree, severe thinning out of the tops, as
it inclines to make an upright, close head ; young shoots stout, dark,
spotted ; blooms late, often escaping late frosts in spring.
Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish conical, sometimes
ribbed ; skin, thin and tender ; color, light yellow, mostly over-
spread with light red, striped and slashed with streaks of carmine red,
and, when first gathered, covered with a fine bloom ; stem, slender,
projecting about even with surface; cavity, open, wide, deep; calyx,
small, closed ; basin, open, regular, other than the furrows produced by
ribs of the fruit — not deep, but rather abrupt ; flesh, yellowish white,
very tender, crisp, juicy, sprightly ; core, large, capsules open ; seeds,
abundant, many of them triangular ovate pointed. Season, January
to April. South, it will probably become an early winter variety.
Ortley.
Ortley Pippin,
Woolman's Long,
White Bellefleur,
White Bellflower,
Green Bellflower,
Willow Leaf Pippin,
Ohio Favorite,
Detroit,
White Detroit,
Van Dyne,
Jersey Greening,
Hollow Core Pippin,
Greasy Pippin,
Melting Pippin,
Crane's Pippin,
Warren Pippin,
White Pippin, erroneously,
Yellow Pippin,
Golden Pippin, of some,
Woodward's Pippin,
Tom Woodward Pippin,
Inman.
American. Native of New Jersey. First described ky Lindley
96
THE APPLE.
as Ortley, and we therefore follow, as it is as well known by that
as any other one of its names. In strong rich soils, throughout the
entire Western States, it proves one of the hardiest, most pro-
ductive, profitable, as well as best varieties known. In size, it is
also largely increased over specimens grown North, where the form
is more oblong, the texture somewhat closer, and sprightliness a
little, enhanced. Shoots, slender, brownish, yellow, upright, long
jointed.
Fruit, large, when grown on rich soils ; skin, smooth ; form, ob-
long oval, occasionally or often roundish conical ; color, pale yellow-
ish white at the North — South it becomes a richer yellow, with
specks of dark red, and a vermilion tinge surrounding when exposed
to sun ; stem, varying from short and stout to long and slender ;
cavity, deep, narrow ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, furrowed or plaited
from the surrounding angles or ribs that are often apparent in the
fruit ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, crisp, sprightly, mild acid ; core,
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
97
large, open ; seeds, abundant, loose in the capsules. Season, January
to April.
Peck's Pleasant.
Waltz Apple.
,, American. Native of Rhode Island. Shoots rather erect, slightly-
diverging, vigorous, productive. It' on sandy soils, it is of firmer
texture than on clays, and keeps better, but is not so large.
Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish, slightly (sometimes verv
much) flattened, with an indistinct furrow on one side ; color, when
first gathered, green, with a little dark red — when ripe, a beautiful
clear yellow, with bright blush on sunny side, marked with scattered
gray dots, which become small and almost indistinct near the apex ;
stem, varies, mostly short and fleshy ; cavity, broad, open, and almost
always with a slight ridge cr wave on one side, connecting with
stem ; calyx, medium size, usually segments half open ; basin, round,
regular ; flesh, yellowish white, fine grained, firm yet tender, juicy,
mild, aromatic, sub-acid ; core, medium ; seerls, abundant, ovate, dark
reddish brown. Season, December to February ; often keeps to
April.
Phillips' Sweeting.
American — native of Ohio. Growth vigorous, upright, wants
strong heavy soil.
Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish conical, slightly flattened;
5
98
THE APPLE.
color, yellow ground, mostly overspread and mottled with red ; flesh,
yellowish, tender, juicy, crisp. Season, December and January. This
may yet prove identical with "Richmond," described on future page.
Porter.
American — native of Massachusetts. Tree slender, slow growth,
a regular even bearer, requires strong soil in which there is good
supply of lime and phosphates ; succeeds wherever grown — one of
the best at South.
Fruit, medium to large ; form, oblong conical ; color, bright, clear
yellow — when exposed to sun, a fine blush cheek ; stem, slender ,
cavity, shallow ; calyx, medium, closed ; basin, narrow, deep ; flesh,
fine-grained, juicy, firm yet tender, acid. Season, September and
October.
POUGHKEEPSIK RuSSET.
English Russet, | Winter Russet ?
As this variety, described by Downing as the ih English Russet,"
is probably an American seedling, and as there are so many sorts
known under the general term of English Russet, we prefer to adopt
the name of Poughkeepsie Russet, as commemorative of the sec-
tion whence it was first disseminated. Growth, upright. Shoots,
lively brown, profuse bearer, and although only of medium size, its
quality of keeping over year renders it very profitable. There is
also another called " Crow's Nest," sometimes sold under this name,
WOKTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 99
of which the fruit is larger, docs not keep as well, and the tree when
grown makes a dense top.
Fruit, medium ; form, roundish conical, or roundish ovate, regu-
lar ; color, light greenish yellow, mostly overspread with brownish
russet, when well matured, becomes yellowish ; stem, rather short ;
cavity, round ; calyx, small, close ; basin, abrupt, regular, round ;
flesh, yellowish white, fine texture, rather firm, aromatic ; core,
small ; seeds, ovate, reddish brown. Season, all Winter and Spring.
There is cultivated in Central Ohio, a Golden Russet (see our
figure) which resembles this, but is larger, and with an open calyx,
and often beautifully bronzed with russet yellow. We think they
may prove identical, and the soil and location make the apparent
difference.
Pomme Grise.
Griae, | Gray Apple.
A delicious little apple from Canada, that is especially adapted to
Northern sections, and to gardens. It is a good bearer, of slender
growth, forming a tree of small size.
Fruit, below medium ; form, roundish, somewhat flattened ; color,
yellow gray, or russet, with a little red towards the eye ; stem, slen-
der ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small ; basin, round ; flesh, yellow, tender,
sprightly; core, medium; seeds, abundant. Season, December to
February.
Pryor's Red.
Prior's Red, | Pitzer Hill,
Big Hill.
This is evidently a seedling from seed crossed with Westfield
s<u>k .no-further and Roxbury Russet, partaking most largely of the
100
THE APPLE.
Seek-no-further. Its certain origin we have not learned. It is not
regarded as an early bearer, but as very hardj and the fruit keep-
ing well when grown South, and on rich alluvial soils. Srown at
the North, the trees come into bearing at about eight years, and the
fruit has very little russet (unless unusually warm seasons), except
at stem end ; South, in good culture, it attains a size of four inches
diameter, by three inches from stem to eye, and mostly covered
with russet.
Fruit, medium to very large ; form, at North, regular, roundish,
tapering to the eye — South, always, angular, sometimes even broad
at apex, being roundish, angular, flattened ; color, pale yellow,
ground mostly overspread with rich, warm red and russet, marbled
and splashed with bronzed yellow near the stem, dark yellow russet
spots surrounded with a lighter hade ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow ;
calyx, small, segments erect ; basin, abrupt, pretty deep, round and
even, occasionally shallow ; flesh, yellowish, tender, mild, sub-acid,
much resembling Westfield Seek-no-further ; core, medium, marked
at distance with a line encircling ; seeds, varying, generally ovate.
Season, January to April.
Eaule's Janet.
Raul's Gennetting,
Rawl's Janet,
Winter Genneting,
Rock Remain,
Jennette,
Indiana ,'anncttins
Raule's Jannette,
Rawle's Jennette,
Rock Rimmon,
Neverfail,
Yellow Janette,
This variety, according to H. P. Byram, Esq., was first brought to
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 101
the south-western sections, from Amherst Co., Va., near the Blue
Ridge, where it was originated by Caleb Raules, who named it
Janet, hence the name. According to Geo. Hoadley, Esq., Gov.
Worthington had it in his orchard 40 years since, and from thence
it was brought to northern Ohio. The Scriptural name of Rock-
Rimmon, given it in the Sciota valley, was probably on account of
its sure bearing, and long keeping qualities. The tree is tardy in
spring in leaving out, and blossoms some ten days after other varie-
ties ; thus often escaping late Spring frosts. In quality it is only
second rate, and at the North is not desirable, but south of Cincin-
nati is highly so, as it succeeds when many others fail.
Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish, conical, flattened at stem
end ; skin, thick, tough ; color, a ground of light pale yellowish
green, mostly overspread, striped and stained with dull red, and
with a blue or grayish shade laying within as of a bloom ; small
russet dots, that show most when the fruit is high colored ; South
many patches of mould or fungus ; stem., slender, rather long ; cavity,
deep, regular ; calyx, nearly closed, short segments ; basin, open,
regular, not deep, sometimes slightly furrowed near the calyx ; flesh,
yellowish, tender, mild, sub-acid ; core, medium ; seeds, angular
ovate. Season, late spring
102
THE APPLE.
Rambo.
Romanite,
Bread and Cheese Apple.
Seek-no-farther,
Terry's Red Streak.
American. A native of Delaware, it succeeds in all soils and lo-
cations, and has no superior, as a whole, in the general estimation. It
succeeds on sandy soils, but the largest and best fruit is grown on
strong limestone soils, giving evidence of the food suited best
to it.
Fruit, medium ; form, flat, or roundish flattened ; color, yellowish
white, marbled and streaked with yellow and red, and with large
rough spots ; stem, long, slender, often curved ; basin, acuminate ;
calyx, nearly closed ; basin, broad, slightly furrowed ; flesh, green-
ish white, tender, sprightly, mild, sub-acid ; core, large, rather hol-
low ; seeds, abundant, ovate pyriform. Season, October to De-
cember, but often keeps to March.
Red Canada.
Old Nonsuch,
Richfield Nonsuch.
American. Probably a native of Massachusetts. Tree, slender
growth ; shoots diverging ; requires rich strong soil, when it is pro
ductive ; and always fair and uniform size of fruit. One of the most
valuable for orchard or garden.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, conical, flattened at stem end ;
color, rich clear yellow ground, when exposed to the sun, overspread
with bright handsome red, two shades light and dark intermingling,
or striped, many light gray dots presenting at first sight an appear-
ance of a somewhat rough exterior ; skin, thin, tender ; stem, vary-
ing from short and stout, to slender and long, usually as seen in our
figure ; cavity, deep, regular, a touch of light russet ; calyx, small,
closed ; basin, open, moderate depth, slightly furrowed, or uneven ;
fiesh, yellowish white, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid, aro-
matic ; core, small, compact ; seeds, ovate, pyriform. Season,
January to April.
i-
Red Astrachan.
Foreign. Most valuable as a hardy, strong grower, regular moder
ate bearer of fruit always fair. As a dessert fruit — it is rather acid,
unless fully ripe ; but for marketing or booking, it has few equals,
at its time. Shoots stout, dark brown, broad foliage.
Fruit, medium, to large ; form, roundish, tapering toward the apex ;
color, greenish yellow, mostly overspread with rich purplish crimson.
a little russet near the stem, and a white bloom ; stem, varying,
generally short ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, large ; basin, shallow, uneven *.
104
THE APPLE.
flesh, white, crisp, juicy, acid : core, small ; seeds, ovate, dark brownish
black. Season, August.
Rhode Island Greening.
Burlington Greening, | Jersey Greening ? Coxe.
Hampshire Greening.
vm
V
X
y
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
105
This variety has been condemned in many sections because of not
producing as fine fruit on the same trees without care, as when the
trees were young. Testimony has shown that it is a gross feeder,
and needs soil well drained, rich in lime and phosphates ; on usual
soils, where the variety is defective, liberal dressing with wood ashes,
will answer. On sandy soils well manured, the texture is closer
than on clay.
Fruit, large ;form, roundish, flattened, sometimes a little angular
at the base end ; color, green, yellowish green when ripe, with a dull
blush, on sun-grown specimens, near the stem ; stem, medium ;
cavity; open ; calyx, rather small, woolly ; basin, medium depth, slight,
ly furrowed ; flesh, yellowish, fine-grained, tender, slightly aromatic,
lively acid juice ; core small ; seeds ovate, pointed. Season, Decem-
ber to February.
Richmond.
We received this fine variety from D. C. Richmond, Esq., near
R; ndusky, as a native seedling, and are unable to identify it with
r.ny known sort.
Fruit, large ; form, roundish, occasional specimens have one side
a little enlarged ; color, light yellow ground, mostly or quite over-
spread with light and dark red stripes, many dots or specks of light
russet ; stem, varying, mostly short, slender ; cavity, deep, open,
regular, a little brownish at bottom ; calyx, large, segments,
5*
106 THE APPLE.
long ; basin, deep, :>pen, uniformly furrowed ; flesh, white, tender,
juicy, delicate sweet ; core, medium ; seeds, large, full. Season,
October to December.
Rome Beauty.
Roman Beauty, | fii'Iett's Seedling.
/
American. Native of Southern Ohio. In fruit and tree it some-
what resembles Sutton ; requires, to perfect good fruit, a rich,
warm, loamy soil. On poor clay, it is undersized, deficient in
character, and inclined to overbear.
Fruit, large; form, roundish; color, rich light yellow, mostly
overspread and striped with shades of clear bright red ; stem, slen-
der ; cavity ; open, regular ; calyx, nearly closed, segments distinctly
separate ; basin, round, open, moderately deep ; flesh, yellow, crisp,
mild, sub-acid ; core, medium, somewhat hollow ; seeds, long, ovate,
large and full. Season, October to December.
Roxbury Russet.
Boston Russet, | Putnam Russet,
Marietta Russet. | Belpre Russet,
Sylran Russet.
American. Origin uncertain, either Connecticut or Massachusetts.
WORTHY. GENERAL CULTIVATION.
iU»
It was introduced to the Ohio Valley, in 1796 or '97, by Israel Put-
nam, and from thence distributed throughout the southwest. It is a
thick-skinned fruit, generally a good keeper, but hardly above second
rate in quality ; grown on rich prairie soils, it is sometimes liable to
" bark burst " near the ground, but elsewhere perefectly hardy, and
very productive. Spreading growth, with rather downy shoots ;
young trees often crooked.
Fruit, medium, to large ; form, roundish, flattened, and often
angular ; color, dull green, overspread with brownish yellow russet,
occasionally a faint blush on the sunny side; stem, slender; cavity,
medium ; calyx, closed ; basin, round, moderate depth ; flesh, green-
ish white, moderately juicy, mild, sub-acid ; core, compact ; seeds,
ovate, defective. Season, January to June.
Summer Rose.
Wolman's Harvest, | Woolman's Harvest,
Lippincoit.
This variety is not valuable for market purposes, but its juicy,
sprightly sub-acid character makes it very desirable for the dessert.
Tree, a slow grower, diverging — shoots downy ; requires rich, strong
soil, lime and phosphates to perfect the fruit, or keep the tree healthy.
Moderate, regular bearer.
Fruit, medium, or rather small ; form, roundish, sometimes flat-
tened ; color, rich glossy yellow, blotched and streaked with red ;
stem, varying from stout to slender, short; cavity, shallow ; calyx,
partially closed ; basin, round, slightly furrowed ; flesh, white, tender
108
THE APPLE.
crisp, juicy, sprightly ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate. Season, last of
July and August.
Swaar.
American, " produced by the Dutch settler?, on the Hudson ; its
name in low Dutch meaning heavy." On all warm, rich, sandy soils
it is one of the very finest fruits, and a good keeper. On cold clayey
grounds it does not succeed well, as a general thing ; the past year,
however, we have received of it grown on clay loam, limestone sub-
soil, equalling or surpassing any ever grown on sand. On the rich
prairie soils of the west, it is said to succeed, proving a good bearer,
and profitable.
Fruit, medium, to large ; form, roundish, slightly ribbed or un-
equal on its surface and often a little angular ; color, greenish yel-
low at first, becoming a dull rich yellow, dotted with distinct brown
specks, sometimes marbled with gray russet on the side and round
the stem, and often tinged with dull red ; stem, slender ; cavity round,
deep ; calyx, small, half closed , basin, shallow, somewhat plaited ;
Jlesh, yellowish, fine grained, juicy, tender, spicy aromatic perfume ;
core, small, to medium ; seeds, broad, ovate. Season, January to
March.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION".
109
Sweet Bough.
Bough, I Sweet Harvest,
Early Sweet Bough, I Washington,
Large Yellow Bough, | Niack Pippin.
American. First described by Coxe as Bough ; we add, Sweet, as
expressive of its character. Valued as a dessert fruit. Young
shoots, yellowish, somewhat irregular, ascending. Tree, a moderate,
annual bearer, succeeding in all good soils not wet.
Fruit, large, (our figure hardly medium ;) form, roundish, conical,
ovate ; color, greenish, becoming pale yellow when fully ripe ; stem,
varying in length ; cavity, deep ; calyx, open ; basin, narrow, deep ;
flesh, white, tender, crisp, sprightly, sweet ; core, medium, open cap-
sules ; seeds, ovate, light brown. Season, August.
Sweet Pearmain.
This variety, according to Downing and Thomas, is the " English
Sweeting ;" but according to Mr. Manning, the " English Sweeting"
is the " RamsdelPs Sweeting," of Downing, (See Hovey's Mag. vol.
°. page 150. 'i This variety is extensively grown in central Ohio,
lxv/
THE APPLE.
and farther west, suiting well the rich soils ; keeping finely all win-
ter ; highly valued for baking or eating.
Fruit, medium size or often above ; form, roundish, slight-
ly angular ; color, dull red, rough russet dots and bluish
bloom ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, deep wide and open ; calyx,
woolly ; basin, medium ; flesh, yellowish, tender, moderately juicy,
sweet ; core, medium, with outer or consecutive lines ; seeds, ovate,
pyriform, dark brown. Season, December to March.
Talman's Sweeting.
Tallman's Sweeting. | Tolman's Sweeting,
Brown's Golden Sweet.
American. Native of Rhode Island ; its name from a family by
name of Talman. Its value is for baking and stock feeding. Tree,
great bearer, fruit keeping well ; growth rapid, upright, strong, wood
dark.
Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, slightly conical ; color, light yel-
low, with a greenish line from stem to apex ; stem, long, slender ;
cavity, wide, regular; calyx, medium ; basin, moderate depth, fur-
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. HI
rowed ; fiesh, white, firm, very sweet ; core, medium ; seeds, light
brown, ovate pointed. Season, November to April.
Tetofsky.
A Russian variety. Trees, very stout and upright growth ; leaves
large, broad, light green, peculiar ; regular annual bearer ; in quali
112
THE APPLE.
ity about with Red Astrachan, but maturing some ten days or two
weeks earlier ; very valuable for cooking or marketing ; a gross
feeder, requiring good soil ; needs little pruning. Our figure does
not well represent it, being far too small for an average.
Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, slightly conical ; color, light yel-
low ground, striped and splashed with red, and a beautiful white
bloom ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, deep, furrowed ; calyx, rather
large, long segments; basin, abrupt, deep, irregular, furrowed ; flesh,
white, tender, sprightly, juicy, slightly acid, or sharp sub acid, with
a peculiar aromatic taste ; core, small, fleshy ; seeds, plump, light
brown. Season, last of July.
Sweet Romanite.
Sweet Nonsuch, | Orange Sweet, erroneously,
This is a variety introduced to the Ohio Pomological Society by
W. B. Lipsey, of Morrow County, Ohio. We have not been able
to identify it with any variety heretofore described. The flesh being
fine grained and firm — somewhat like the Gilpin or Romanite — prob-
ably induced the name. It is grown in Illinois, under name of
" Sweet Nonsuch," and introduced there under the erroneous name
of " Orange Sweet." Tree, hardy, moderate but regular bearer.
Size, medium ; form, roundish flattened, very regular ; color,
greenish yellow ground, mostly striped and overspread with bright
red and covered with a fine bloom ; stem, short ; cavity, open, regu-
lar, with little russet ; calyx, large, segments in divisions, short, half
erect ; basin, broad, shallow, furrowed ; flesh, greenish yellow, firm.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
IK
crisp, juicy, sweet — superior to Ramsdell's or Danvers' Sweeting ;
core, medium, or rather small, compact — centre slightly hollow ;
seeds, ovate, oblong, pyriform. Season, November to March.
There is another Sweet Romanite grown in the Western States,
which is oblong ; stem, long and slender ; color, light yellow, striped
with red ; flesh, more yellow and dry — an inferior or unworthy
variety.
There is also a Sweet Nonsuch grown which is flat, with slender
stem ; cavity, deep light red on pale yellow ; flesh, white, sweet, dry,
and tough ; inferior.
Vandervere.
Vandervere, of Cincinnati,
Smokehouse?
Gibbon's Smathhouse?
Millcreek,
Vandervere Pippin
Red Vandervere,
Fall Vandervere,
Yellow Vandervere,
Spiced Ox Eye,
Baltimore, of some incorrectly,
Gibbon's Smokehouse ?
Striped Ashmore ?
Millcreek Vandervere,
Imperial Vanaervere,
Pennsylvania Vandervere,
Striped Vandervere,
Staalclubs,
Watson's Vandervere.
American. Native of Delaware. There is much confusion rela-
tive to this apple, and, while it is extensively distributed and grown,
it has numerous synonyms. The variety described as "Smoke-
house," by Dr. W. D. Brinckle, in Horticulturist, vol. 3, p. 334, we
received specimens of, last winter, from Pennsylvania, and could de-
tect no difference from the Vandervere when well grown. It may,
114
THE APPLE.
however, be distinct. The tree is a free grower, productive, and
early bearer. Grown on soils deficient in lime, like many of our
western bottoms, and some of prairie; it has always m^re or less
of dry bitter rot, but, when supplied with lime, the rot disappears,
and the fruit increases in size and improves in quality ; needs good
culture. Grown North, it is smaller in size and much more conical,
and less highly colored than South. Young shoots spotted.
Fruit, from medium to large ; form, round flattened, sometimes
angular ; color, orange yellow, striped and stained with yellow red,
few streaks of deeper red when grown exposed to sun, dotted at in-
tervals of a quarter to half inch with large yellow russet specks ;
when grown North, these specks are more of gray and much smaller,
often russeted about the stem ; stem, projecting about even with
surrounding surface; cavity, deep, open, regular; calyx, with small
segments; basin, open, broad, sometimes slight waves or furrows;
flesh, yellowish white, crisp, tender, sprightly, mild sub-acid ; core,
round, compact ; seeds, large, ovate pyriform. Season, December to
February.
Wagknkr.
American. " Origin, Penn Yan, Yates County, N. Y. ; seed sown
in 1791. Tree, thrifty; young shoots, pale green; old wood, dark
red, requires free trimming in order to produce large sized fruit
abundantly •, annual bearer."
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION".
115
Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, flattened, slightly ribbed at base ;
color, yellow ground, mostly covered with deep glossy red, with
stripes and splashes of light red, and marked with irregular light
russet specks; stem, slender; cavity, wide, deep; calyx, small; ba-
sin, broad and open; Jlesh, yellowish white, tine grained, crisp,
juicy, sprightly, vinous, sub-acid ; core, small, oblong ovate ; seeds,
light brown, ovate pyriform. Season, November to March, but will
keep to May.
Westfield Seek-no-further.
further
Connecticut Seek-in
Red Wmi >i
Seek-no-further.
f some.
An old variety from Connecticut. For all qualities of tree and
fruit has no superior. Very popular in its native State, all South
and West. Grown in rich loamy alluvial soils of the South, it is
much russeted, and about the stem the russet has appearance of rich
bronze ; progressing northward, it gradually loses its russet, until on
light sandy soils in Michigan, it becomes a pale yellow ground, with
stripes and splashes of clear red and minute dots.
Fruit, medium ; form, regular, roundish, conical — broad at base ;
color, light yellow ground, the sunny side striped and splashed with
red, small russet dots shaded around with light russet yellow ; often
considerable russet about both stem and calyx ; stem, long, slender ;
cavity, open, regular ; calyx, usually small, closed, sometimes open.
116
THE APPLE.
with short segments ; basin, regular form, moderate depth ; flesh
yellowish, tender, sub-acid, pearmain flavor ; core, medium ; seeds
ovate. Season, December to February.
Wood's Greening.
Coale's Greening.
American. Native of New-Jersey. First described by Coxe, from
whose nursery it was introduced to the west by Prof. Kirtland,
about 1820. Tree, hardy, slender growth, becoming somewhat
spreading. It is well adapted to strong heavy soils, producing abun-
dantly fruit of uniform medium size, and always fair and of " best "
quality.
Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, conical, flattened ; color, pale
green, becoming yellowish, with a few rough spots ; stem, short ;
cavity, acuminate ; calyx, rather large ; basin, slightly plaited ; flesh,
greenish white, fine grained, juicy, tender, sprightly, sub-acid ; core,
small ; seeds, ovate. Season, January to March.
Wine.
Wine Apple, I Hay's Winter,
Hay's Winter Wine, | Winter Wine,
Hollow Crown Pearmain.
American. Native of Delaware. Extensively disseminated, and
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
117
everywhere successful. Strong heavy clay loams produce the
largest fruit, while best quality are grown on sandy loam. Tree,
thrifty ; shoots rather slender, spreading ; foliage small.
Fruit, medium to large ; form, round flattened, often quite angu-
lar, or largest one side; color, light pale yellow ground, mostly over-
spread and striped with lively red, russet about cavity of stem ;
stem, short ; cavity, acuminate or narrow, deep ; calyx, large ; basin,
broad, open, slightly plaited ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, vinous, sub-
acid ; core, small ; seeds, large. Season, November to February.
Wine Sap.
Wine Sop.
Probably originated in New-Jersey. First described by Coxe.
The tree is hardy, an early and very productive bearer, irregular in
its growth, not forming a handsome head, but producing fair fine
fruit in all soils, from poor sand to limestone clay — largest in the
latter, and finest texture in the former — fine on dry prairies.
Fruit, medium ; form, ovate conical, flattened at base, some-
times roundish conical, occasionally angular and slightly ribbed ;
color, grown North, a bright clear red stained and striped with
darker shades, and with spots of light yellow ; grown South, the
dark red becomes most prominent, while the patches of light yel-
low at base are more often seen ; it is also more irregular or an-
gular in form, and oft with russet about the stem ; stem, varying in
length, slender ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, small, nearly closed ;
118 THE APPLE.
basin, abrupt, furrowed ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, teuder, sub-acid,
sprightly ; core, medium, capsule, hollow ; seeds, short ovate. Season,
October to January, often keeps till March.
Yellow Newtown Pippin.
This variety is extensively grown ; West it becomes large ; keeps
well. Trees, though slender growth, good bearers and apparently
perfectly at home in rich limestone soils. That there are two New-
town Pippins, we do not question; see " Newtown Pippin ;"but we
have the past year supposed there might be three, but whether the
distinction is without a difference we are yet unprepared to decide.
We give here two figures, and descriptions, of which the latter New-
town Pippin of Lewis Sanders, Esq., may possibly prove identical
with Y. N. P.
Fruit, medium, to large ; form roundish, flattened, angular, or
broader than long ; color, clear yellow, with considerable russet
from the stem, many small russet dots, and, where exposed to the
sun, the yellow becomes very rich and dotted with carmine dots ;
stem, short; cavity, deep ; calyx, large open, segments short, stiff,
broad ; basin, broad, irregular only from the slight ribbing of the
fruit ; flesh, yellowish, very firm, crisp, juicy ; core, medium ; seeds,
purplish black, oblong pyriform. Keeps to June.
FOB AMATEUR CULTURE. 119
Newtown Pippin, of Lewis Sanders, Ky.
Fruit, large ; form, angular, roundish conical, prominently ribbed ;
color, dull pale yellow, with whitish yellow, marbled and splashed,
the latter prevailing mostly at stem end ; stem, short; cavity, acu-
minate, somewhat russeted ; calyx, medium, short segments ; basin,
pretty deep, irregular, ribbed ; flesh, yellowish white, firm, crisp,
vinous, juicy, sub-acid, with tinges or lines, and specks throughout,
as if decay had partially taken place ; core, medium, or rather large ;
seeds, dark rich reddish brown, ovate, pyriform.
CLASS II. New and untested. Adapted to certarn Localities, or
Amateur Gardens.
Abbott Seedling.
American. Fruit, medium, roundish, slightly conical, dull green, tinged
with red ; fiesh, tender juicy, wants flavor. Winter. (Hoy. Mag.)
120 THE APPLE.
Adams.
Noll's No. 1.
A Pennsylvania seedling of White Deer township, Union County.
Large; roundish oblate; faintly mottled and striped with red on a
greenish yellow ground ; stem, half an inch long ; cavity, broad acute ;
calyx, rather large, segments closed; basin, wide, moderately deep,
plaited; flesh, greenish white, of fine texture, rather juicy; " very good."
(W. D. B.)
Adam's Pearmain.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, conical, pale greenish yellow, with gray rus-
set; stem, slender; flesh, yellowish, crisp, aromatic. Early winter.
(Lindley.)
Albemarle Pippin.
Fruit, medium or large, round, yellow, with brown specks ; flesh, pale
yellow, sub-acid. Grown in Virginia ; keeps well. (Thomas.)
Alexander.
Emperor Alexander.
Foreign. Fruit, large, conical, flattened at base, red streaked on green-
ish yellow ; stem, small ; cavity, deep ; calyx, large ; basin, deep ; flesh,
coarse crisp ; showy ; poor bearer. October.
Asiimore.
Red Ashmore, | Fall Wine, erroneously.
American. A desirable variety deserving attention. Fruit, above
medium, regular, round, bright clear red; short slender stem ; deep cavity ;
calyx, small, closed; deep, regular basin; core, large; capsules, hollow;
seeds, plump; flesh, white crisp, tender, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly. Octo-
ber and November. The Black Yandervere, a third rate fruit, is some-
times grown as this variety.
Ashland.
American. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened, slightly conical, dull
greenish yellow, striped and splashed with dull red mingled with bluish
gray, and large russet dots ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, sweet, dry ;
hardly " very good ;" stem, short ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, small ;
basin, shallow; core, small; seeds, ovate flattened. November to January.
Aunt's Apple.
Fruit, medium to large, ovate flattened, light yellow, streaked with red,
radiating from stem, which is short, stout ; cavity, open, broad, russeted ;
calyx, closed; basin, finely folded; flesh, yellow, breaking, sub-acid,
musky perfume, juicy ; " very good ;" core, medium. November to
January.
FOE AMATEUR CULTURE. 121
Aromatic Carolina.
From South Carolina. " Tree, spreading, pendent, short fruit wood,
abrupt terminal buds; fruit, large, oblate, conical, pale red, slightly
streaked; heavy bloom; wide basin; open calyx ; flesh, tender, melting,
aromatic. July. Abundant bearer." (Wm. Sumner, in Hort.)
Autumn Seek-no-fukther.
American. Fruit, medium, roundish, pale green, faintly striped with
red in sun; stem, slender; cavity, narrow, deep; calyx, open, erect seg-
ments; basin, round, medium depth; core, medium; flesh, white, juicy,
tender, sprightly, sub-acid ; " very good." October,
Autumnal Swaar.
Autumnal Sweet Swaar, I Sweet Swaar,
Sweet Golden Pippin.
Tree, spreading; shoots, vigorous, diverging; fruit, large, round, flat-
tened, slightly ribbed, rich golden yellow ; stem, long ; basin, open, shallow ;
calyx, half closed; basin, deep; flesh, tender, yellowish, spicy, sweet, not
juicy ; " very good." October.
Autumn Pearmain.
English Summer Pearmain, 1 Royal Pearmain,
Summer Pearmain, | Parmain d'Ete,
Sigler's Red.
Foreign. Tree, slender, slow growth, irregular; fruit, medium, oblong
conical, brownish yellow and green, red blended with yellow in sun.
small brown specks; stalk, short; calyx, in a broad shallow basinj
slightly plaited; flesh, pale yellow, crisp ; nearly "best," September.
Aunt Hannah.
From Massachusetts. Fruit, medium, roundish, light yellow flesh
tender, crisp, sub-acid ; " very good." Winter.
Bailey Spice.
American. From Plattsburg, N. Y. Growth, moderate ; shoots, reddish
brown; fruit, medium, round ovate, tapering to eye, light yellow, faint
blush in sun ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, nar-
row ; flesh, yellowish, greenish tint, sprightly, spicy ; core, large, open ;
seeds, light brown. October. " Very good."
Bailey Sweet.
Patterson Sweet, | Edgerly Sweet.
From Perry, N. Y. Fruit, medium to large, round, ovate flattened,
sometimes ribbed, clear yellowish red, with an occasional russet patch;
stem, slender ; cavity, narrow, deep; calyx, closed ; basin, medium, abrupt,
often plaited ; flesh, yellow, rather dry, sweet ; " very good ;" core, me-
dium ; seeds, ovate pyriform. November to December.
6
122 THE APPLE.
Belzer.
American. Ohio. Fruit, medium, red striped on greenish yellow ;
flesh, white, fine grained, juicy, sub-acid. August. (T. S. Humrickhouse,
in Hov. Mag.)
Benoni.
From Massachusetts. Growth, vigorous, erect, good bearer; fruit
medium, roundish, narrowing towards the eye, deep yellow striped with
crimson, dotted with white specks; stem, short, slender; cavity, narrow;
calyx, large, open; basin, furrowed; flesh, yellow crisp, tender, juicy,
vinous; '"very good;" core, close; seeds, pale brown. August and
September.
Bevan.
Bevan Favorite, | Striped June.
From New Jersey. Valuable as a market fruit, to transport long dis-
tances ; we have thought the Red June, which comes to us at Cleveland
from Kentucky, might be this apple, but have had no opportunity of com-
paring them in season. Fruit, below medium, roundish flattened, slight-
ly conical, distinct broad red stripes on yellow; stem, varying from short
to long; cavity, shallow; calyx, large; basin, plaited; flesh, firm, tough,
sub-acid ; seeds, plump, ovate pyriform. August. We are also of opinion
this may be the Carolina June, of the West.
Bentley's Sweet.
From Virginia. Tree, moderately vigorous, hardy, good bearer, great
keeper; valuable south, in rich soils. Fruit, above medium, oblong, ir-
regular, flattened at ends; red and yellow striped, or blotched; stem,
long, curved ; calyx, large ; basin, open, deep, furrowed ; core, compact ;
seeds, large, ovate, pointed; flesh yellowish, firm, tender, juicy; "very
good." January to Sept.
Better than Good.
Juicy Bite.
From Pennsylvania. May prove identical with some already described.
Tree, slender, irregular; fruit, medium, roundish, tapering to the eye;
yellowish white ; flesh tender, juicy, sub-acid ; " very good." Early Winter
Bean Sweet.
" This fruit I procured of the late Judge Buel. Medium size, ovate,
oblong. Color, nearly white, producing a splendid appearance when ripe
on the tree; crisp and juicy ; ripe in Oct. ; will keep till Feby. or March;
a good baking apple." (B. V. French, Esq., Ms.)
Blue Pearmain.
Tree, hardy, shoots stout, dark color ; buds, large, unsuited to exposed
situations, the fruit being large and heavy is easily blown off. Fruit, very
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 123
large, roundish, slightly conical, striped and blotched with purplish red
over a dull ground ; white bloom ; stem, short ; calyx, small ; basin, deep ;
core, medium ; flesh, yellowish, mild sub-acid ; " very good." Early
Winter.
Black Apple.
Black American, | Jersey Black,
Podge's Black.
American. Tree, slender, moderate growth, drooping, when old ; a good
bearer ; negative quality, often esteemed. Fruit, medium, round slightly
flattened, dark red, almost black, whitish bloom, and many whitish specks ;
stem, medium; cavity, deep ; calyx rather small; basin, shallow ; coro
large; capsules, long, ovate, hollow; seeds, ovate pointed; flesh, yellow-
ish white tinged with red, crisp, juicy. Nov. to Feby.
There is much confusion at the West with this variety, and several fruits
are grown under the same name. One under name of Black, or " Canada
Black," is oblong, with greenish flesh, inferior ; tree, a fine grower.
Another is of medium size ; fruit depressed at ends ; skin rough ; flesh,
aromatic ; ripening in September ; tree upright grower, with rough uneven
bark.
Black Coal.
This is also another of the Black apples grown West. Fruit, above
medium, round, regular smooth, glossy, rich dark red striped, and mostly
overspreading a lighter red ; numerous specks; stem, short; cavity, deep,
slightly russeted ; calyx, closed, woolly or downy; basin, open ; core,
large, hollow; seeds, loose; flesh, white, slightly tinged with red, crisp,
juicy, tender, rather acid. Nov. to Feby.
Bledsoe.
" From Kentucky. Eesembles White Pippin, (Canada Pippin.) Fruit,
large, conical, flattened at base, greenish yellow, light bronze at base,
brownish specks ; skin, smooth; stem, short; cavity, deep ; calyx, small,
closed ; basin, shallow ; core, open ; seeds, large, light brown ; flesh, white,
tender, juicy ; " very good." March and April. Claimed as a seedling ;
new." (A. H. Ernst, Ms.)
Blood.
From central Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish, occasionally angular ;
dull red, marbled and striped with shades of purplish red, occasional
rough gray dots; stem, varying; cavity, funnel shaped ; calyx, half open ;
broad segments ; basin furrowed ; core, small, compact ; seeds, oblong
ovate, dark red ; flesh, yellowish, tinged with red near the surface, break-
ing mild almost sweet; " very good." Dec. to March.
Boalsbukg.
A seedling of Centre County, Pennsylvania. Large, oblong, inclining to
124
THE APPLE.
conical, delicately mottled and striped with red on a yellow grou Jd ; stem,
short, thick ; deep, acuminate, russeted cavity ; basin, deep, moderately
wide; flesh, yellowish, juicy, sprightly, and refreshing; "very good.'"
(W. D. B.).
BoHANON.
A variety probably originally of Virginia, lately brought to notice as
grown by Lewis Sanders, Esq., of Ky. It much resembles Maiden's
Blush. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, narrowing to the eye, with in-
clination to a ribbed surface ; light pale yellow, crimson blush on sunny
side, russet about stem ; stem, slender ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, partly
closed; basin, deep expanded; core, open; seeds, numerous, light brown ;
flesh, yellowish white, tender, slightly aromatic, sub-acid. Sept.
Bourassa.
Foreign. Succeeds finely in Canada and northern sections, — Vermont,
North Michigan, on poor soil, etc. Fruit, medium, ovate conical, slightly
ribbed, occasionally irregular ; color, rich, orange russet on yellow, reddish
brown in sun ; stem, long, slendar ; cavity, small, irregular ; calyx, with
long segments; basin, narrow; core, rather large; seeds, few; flesh,
white, fine grained, sub-acid; " best." October to January.
Brabant Bellflower.
Brabant Be lle-fleur, | Iron Apple.
Foreign. Tree, strong, irregular growth, making, however, a good
head. Valuable for cooking. Fruit, above medium, roundish oblong,
flattened at eids; pale yellow, mostly coverered with red striped and
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. L25
splashed ; calyx, large ; basin, wide ; flesh, firm, crisp, sharp sub-acid.
Nov. to Jany.
Brooke's Pippin.
A native of Virginia. Large, roundish, inclining to conical, obscurely
ribbed ; greenish yellow, with a faint blush ; stern, short, rather stout,
deep, irregular, russeted cavity; basin, small, shallow, waved, sometimes
furrowed ; seed, long, slender acuminate ; flesh, crisp, juicy, of fine tex-
ture, with a pleasant aroma ; best ;" winter ; bearing abundantly every
year in localities where the Newtown Pippin, to which it bears some re-
semblance, does not succeed.
Buck's County-.
Buck's County Pippin.
A Pennsly vania Seedling. Large, roundish oblate, inclining to conical ;
greenish yellow, with sometimes a faint brown cheek ; stem, short, not
stout, inserted in a deep, open cavity ; basin, wide, deep, slightly plaited ;
seed, small, short ; flesh, tender ; texture fine ; flavor excellent ; " very
good. (W. D. B.)
Butter Apple.
American ; probably from Pennsylvania. Fruit, below medium, regu-
lar roundish, red marbling and overspreading yellow, few yellow russet
dots, russet near and in cavity of stem ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, nar-
row, deep ; calyx, half closed ; basin, abrupt ribbed ; core, medium ; seeds,
roundish ovate; flesh, yellowish white, tender, sweet; "very good."
Nov. to Feby.
Buffington's Early.
A moderate bearer; origin unknown. Fruit, below medium, flattened,
little ribbed, yellowish white, with faint blush; cavity, deep; basin,
shallow furrowed ; flesh, tender, delicate sub-acid ; " best." Last of July.
Burr's Winter Sweet.
Native of Hingham, Mass. Tree, good grower, spreading. Early and
abundant bearer. Fruit, large, roundish oblate, flattened at base, full at
crown ; smooth, greenish yellow, striped and splashed with vermilion,
russet at stem ; small gray specks ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, broad,
open ; eye, medium, closed ; segments, short ; basin, open ribbed ; core,
small ; seeds, medium ; flesh yellowish, tender, sweet, slight aromatic
perfume. Dec. to March. (Hov. Mag.)
Bush.
Native of Boalsburg, Pa. Size, medium, oblate, conical ; greenish yel-
low, russet dots near the crcwn ; calyx, small; basin, deep plaited; flesh,
'•' very good." (W. D. B.)
126 THE APPLE.
Carnahan.
Cannahan's Favorite.
Native of Southern Ohio. Tree, vigorous, spreading. Fruit, large,
roundish, tapering to the eye, yellow, with stripes of red, greenish russet
dots ; stem, medium ; cavity, deep, open ; calyx, large, long segments ;
basin, ribbed ; core, compact; seeds, brown ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy ;
" very good." Dec. to Feby.
Cannon Pearmain.
American. Tree, good grower, branches diverging. Fruit, small,
roundish, often angular, yellow with dull red, and large yellow specks ;
stem, long curved ; cavity, shallow, russety ; calyx, small, closed ; basin,
furrowed ; flesh, yellow, crisp, sprightly ; " very good." Dec. to March
Cann.
American. Fruit, medium, nearly conical, dull green, little red in sun,
and near the stem ; flesh, white, sweet ; " very good." Oct. to Dec. Tree,
thrifty, spreading.
Campfield.
Newark Sweeting.
American. Tree, vigorous, nearly upright, spreading. Fruit, medium,
roundish flattened ; greenish yellow, with dull red in sun; flesh, white,
dry sweet ; valued for stock and cider.
Carolina Winter Queen.
American. We have seen but little of this apple, but are impressed
with the idea that it is destined to be a valuable and popular variety
South, far superior to Northern Spy. Fruit, above medium, roundish
conical; greenish yellow streaked and stained with red from the stem, a
little russet at stem, and few small faint dots; calyx, open, segments, re-
flexed; basin, round, medium ; stem, slender ; cavity, deep; core, medium;
seeds, abundant; flesh, yellowish, sprightly, crisp, juicy; "best." Nov.,
Jany.
Cayuga Red Streak.
Twenty Ounce, Twenty Ounce Apple,
Eighteen Ounce, Gov. Seward,
Twenty Ounce Pippin, erroneously.
From Western New York. We adopt the name " Cayuga Red Streak,"
to prevent continued confusion with " Twenty ounce Pippin." Fruit,
large, roundish conical, duil yellowish green striped and marbled with
yellowish red ; stem, short ; calyx, closed ; core, large ; flesh, yellowish
white, coarse, crisp ; sub-acid. Nov., Dec. Esteemed for cooking.
Cat Face.
From Kentucky. Fruit, large, conical, flattened at ends; greenish yel-
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 127
low, streaked with light and dark red ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, deep,
wide ; calyx, prominent ; basin, deep ; core, small ; seeds, light brown ;
flesh, white, tender, brisk, sub-acid. April and May. (A. H. Ernst,
Ms.)
Clyde Beauty.
Marine's Clyde Beauty.
From Clyde, N. Y. Productive. Fruit, large, roundish conical,
slightly ribbed ; pale, greenish yellow,*triped and mottled with light red,
deep crimson in the sun; stem, short, slender; cavity, deep; calyx,
closed ; basin, furrowed ; flesh, white, fine grained, juicy, sub-acid ; " best"
October to December. Deserves more attention.
Cole.
Scarlet Perfume.
Foreign. Tree, slender growth, irregular, diverging or spreading,
hardy, an early bearer of a pleasant sprightly fruit. Fruit, medium,
roundish, little conical, bright red ; stem, long, slender ; calyx, medium,
partly closed; flesh, white, juicy ; '' very good." August.
Cooper.
Beauty Red, Lady Washington,
Seek-no-fuither, of some erroneously.
An Eastern variety, recovered at West, where it was brought in
1796 ; its identity with any variety now known East, is not established ;
hence we must continue under its present name. Growth, upright,
stout; branches at right angles; wood, reddish, "subject to canker;" a
good bearer, maturing its fruit nearly all at the same time. Succeeds best
on rich limestone clay.
Fruit, large, often very large ; roundish flattened, greenish yellow with
stripes and blotches of pale red ; calyx, closed ; basin, deep ; stem, slender,
short ; cavity, deep ; flesh, yellowish, not fine grained, crisp, juicy ;
" very good." September, but often keeps to November.
Cooper's Early White.
Grown in Illinois and Wisconsin, where it is regarded as productive
and profitable. Fruit, medium ; roundish, little flattened ; pale yellow, with
faint blush, greenish tinge at stem ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow, deep ;
calyx, closed ; basin, deep, abrupt, slightly furrowed ; flesh, white, crisp,
sprightly. September and October.
Cocklin's Favorite.
Small, roundish, truncated apple, native of Allen Township, Cumber*
land Co. ; quality, " very good." (W. D. B.)
Chief Good.
Summum Bonum.
From Kentucky, near Louisville. Fruit, medium to large, roundish,
128 THE APPLE.
flattened at base, light yellow, streaked and mottled with red, few splashes
of green; stem, short, slender ; cavity, open; calyx, small, partly closed ;
basin, shallow ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid, aromatic ; core, open ;
seeds, large, light brown. September and October. (A. H. Ernst,
Ms.)
Court-pendu-Plat.
Court-pendu,
Gamon's Apple,
Cour pendu, Rond Gros,
" " Musque,
Coriandra Rose,
Wollaton Pippin,
Capendu
Cour pendu, Extra,
" " Rouge Musque,
Pomme de Berlin,
Russian,
Princisse Noble Zoete.
Foreign. Tree, slender; early and prolific bearer. Fruit, medium,
regular, flat; pale greenish yellow, crimson in sun; stem, short; cavity,
deep ; calyx, large ; basin, wide, shallow ; flesh, yellow, crisp, sprightly
little acid ; " Very good." November to February.
Court of Wick.
Barlow,
Court de Wick,
Fry's Pippin,
Wood's Huntingdon,
Philip's Reinette,
Week's Pippin,
Court of Wick Pippin,
Rival Golden Pippin,
Golden Drop,
Transparent Pippin,
Knighlwick Pippin
Yellow.
Foreign. For those who like a firm, spicy, sprightly fruit, fo* dessert,
this may be esteemed. Tree, very hardy — suited to the North. Fruit,
small, regular, roundish ovate, flattened ; greenish yellow in shade, little
red and dotted with russet specks in sun ; stem, long, slender ; calyx,
with long wide spread segments ; basin, shallow ; core, large ; seeds,
ovate ; flesh yellow, sharp, sub-acid, crisp, juicy. October to February.
Cumberland.
Cumberland Seedling.
From Cumberland County, Pa. Tree, fine grower. Fruit, esteemed
valuable for market ; large, roundish, flattened ; flesh, white, sub-acid ;
"good;" new.
Cumberland Spice.
The Blenheim Pippin has been received at the West as this variety. In
absence of fruit to examine, we copy Thomas's description :
" Rather large, varying from roundish-conical to long-conical, the taper-
ing sides being nearly straight and not rounded ; color, waxen yellow,
with a slight vermilion tinge near the base, and with black specks on
the surface ; stalk, half to three-fourths of an inch long; cavity, wide,
slightly russeted ; calyx, open ; basin, even ; flesh, yellowish-white, break-
ing, rather light ; core, hollow ; flavor, mild sub-acid, with a peculiar and
agreeable spiciness ; of good second-rate quality."
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE.
Cracking.
129
"From Harrison County, Ohio. Tree, strong grower; requires little
pruning." Fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white; flesh, tender, juicy ;
" very good." October to January. (Dr. J. A. Warder's Notes.) New ;
highly esteemed where known.
Cat Pippin.
West's Spitzenbergr,
Haymaker,
Honemaker Pippin,
Hommacher Apfel.
Western Pennsylvania. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, medium to
large, greenish ; flesh, greenish, juicy, sub-acid. December to April.
New.
Darlington.
Darlington Russet.
Native of northern Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish, clear smooth rus-
set ; stem, medium ; cavity, deep ; calyx, half closed ; basin, deep ; flesh,
white ; hardly " very good." January to June.
Delight.
From R. Buchanan, Esq., Southern Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish flat-
tened, slightly angular, yellow russet at stem, irregular russet spots, ver-
milion red cheek in sun ; stem, very short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, large,
short segments ; basin, rounsl, slightly furrowed ; core, compact ; seeds,
6*
130
THE APPLE.
ovate angular; flesh, yellowish, firm, mild sub-acid, almost sweet; "very-
good." New. February to May.
Detroit.
Red Detroit, | Black Detroit,
Crimson Pippin.
Foreign. Introduced to Detroit, Michigan, by early French settlers.
Fruit, medium to large, roundish flattened, dark blackish crimson, dotted
and marbled with fawn specks in sun ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin,
plaited ; core, large, hollow ; flesh, white, often stained with red to the
core, crisp, juicy, sub-acid. October to February. This is sometimes
grown as the Black Apple.
Dillingham.
From D. C. Richmond, Esq., Sandusky, Ohio. Native. Fruit, medium,
round, regular, whitish yellow, dots of red in sun ; cavity, deep russeted ;
calyx, closed ; basin, medium ; core, small ; seeds, plump ; flesh, white,
fine grained, juicy, sweet ; " very good ;" great bearer. October and
November.
Doctor.
Red Doctor, | De Witt.
Native of Pennsylvania. Much grown in southern Ohio and Indiana,
producing abundantly of second-rate fruit. Fruit, medium to large, flat ;
yellow striped and washed with several shades of red and occasional spots
of russet ; calyx, closed ; basin, open ; cavity, deep ; core, small ; seeds,
oblong, pyriform; flesh, tender, juicy. October to January.
Domine.
Origin uncertain Tree strong vigorous grower ; shoots, long, diverg-
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 131
ing ; early good bearer ; profitabl 3 orchard sort West; succeeding finely
m most soils. Fruit, medium to large, flat, greenish yellow, with stripes
and splashes of bright red and large russet specks ; stem, long, slender,
inclining to one side ; cavity, wide ; calyx, small ; basin, broad ; core,
medium ; seeds, abundant, purplish brown ; flesh, white, tender, juicy ;
"very good." November to April.
Dutchess.
Dutchess of Oldcnburgh.
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, with dark, upright shoots, moderate bearer ;
valued for cooking. Fruit, medium to large, roundish flattened, light red
striped and splashed on yellow; stem, short; cavity, acuminate; basin,
deep ; flesh, yellowish white, sharp sub-acid. August and September.
Emperor.
Dickson's Emperor.
From Scotland. New. Fruit, large, irregular, slightly ribbed ; yellow,
with dashes of carmine red, and minute specks of straw color; dull red
cheek in sun; stem, short; calyx, large; basin, deep, irregular; core,
small; flesh, yellowish white, juicy ; "very good." November to January.
Earl? Pennock.
Shakers' Yellow, , August Apple,
Indian Queen ? | New Jersey Red Streak?
Warren l'ennock.
This is probably an old Eastern variety so changed by our Western
soils as not to be recognized. It was distributed West from Harrison or
Belmont Counties, Ohio. Trees, thrifty, hardy, early prolific bearers of
fruit, rather below second rate quality ; fruit, large, roundish, tapering to
the eye; greenish yellow, blotched and streaked with lively red; stem,
long; cavity, deep, irregular; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, sub-acid.
August. Resembles, but is distinct from, Summer Queen.
English Golden Russet.
Golden Russet, of New York.
Foreign. Growth, irregular ; fruit, medium, roundish, russet on yellow ;
stem, slender ; flesh, fine grained, crisp ; nearly " best." December to
March.
English Sweeting.
Ramsdell's Sweeting, I RamsdelPs Red Pumpkin Sweet,
Ramdell's Sweet, Red Pumpkin Sweet,
Avery Sweeting.
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, upright, early prolific bearer ; fruit, medium
to large, oblong, tapering to the eye, green and rough in shade, dark red
dotted with fawn specks, and with a blue bloom in sun; stem, short;
cavity, narrow, angular, often a fleshy knob; calyx, with short stiff seg-
ments; basin, round, regular; core, long ovate; seeds, imperfect; flesb,
yellowish white, sweet ; " very good.' October to February.
132 THE APPLE.
EsTEN.
From Rhode Island. Tree, vigorous, productive ; fruit, large, oblong
ovate, slightly ribbed ; yellow, faint blush in sun, large green dots ; stern
slender; cavity, deep ; basin, shallow ; flesh, white, sub-acid. October.
Ecstis.
Ben.
Native Mass. Fruit, medium to large, roundish, slightly flattened ; red
and yellow striped or splashed ; stem, slender, inclined one side ; cavity,
deep, open ; calyx, closed : basin, open ; core, small ; seeds, ovate angular ;
flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, aromatic, sub-acid. December to January.
Fall Jennetting.
Fall Gennetting.
Probably American. An old variety known to us in Connecticut when
a boy, although Mr. Hovey says, in 1847 — "New and very desirable."
Fruit, large, roundish, flattened, ribbed at base, narrowing to the eye, pale
greenish yellow, blush in sun, russety specks; stem, short; cavity, deep;
calyx, closed ; basin, round; core, small; seeds, angular; flesh, yellowish
white, tender, juicy ; " very good." October and November. (Hov.
Mag.) There is another Gennetting grown in Ohio, maturing from July
to September, which is sour and unworthy.
Foundling.
Funtling.
Native of Mass. " Fruit, large, roundish flattened, narrowing to the
eye, yellowish green, with broken stripes pale red, greenish specks; stem,
short, slender ; cavity, deep; calyx, closed; basin, furrowed; core, me-
dium ; seeds, small ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, sprightly, sub-acid.
August and September." (Hov. Mag.)
Fall Queen.
Horse Apple, | Red Gloria Mundi ?
Oldfield, | Fall Beauty.
Origin unknown. Valued highly South and West for cooking. Fruit,
medium to large, roundish conical, little irregular, greenish yellow to
orange, blush in sun, russet lines about stem ; stem, short; cavity, shal-
low ; basin, narrow ; core, large, hollow ; flesh, yellow, coarse, acid. Last
July.
Fall Harvey.
Native of Mass. Not productive. Fruit, large, roundish flattened,
greenish yellow, with scattered brown dots; stem, slender; cavity, deep;
flesh, white, mild sub-acid, juicy ; " very good." October and November.
Favorite.
From Kentucky. Fruit, small, roundish, tapering to the eye, pale yel-
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 133
low, striped and splashed with red, and small rough dots; stem, short;
cavity, deep; calyx, small; basin, medium, regular; core, medium ; seeds,
long ovate ; flesh, yellow, juicy, mild sub-acid ; not quite " very good."
November to January.
Father Abraham.
From Virginia ; considerably grown in Kentucky. We copy Coxe's
description: "Small, flat, red, little yellow, spots and blotches of darker
red; texture, thin, tender; flesh, white, tinged with red next the sun,
juicy, agreeable. Early winter. Keeps till April."
Ferdinand.
Native South Carolina. Tree, moderately vigorous, upright; fruit,
large, oblate, irregular, pale greenish yellow ; stem, thick ; calyx, open ;
basin, shallow; flesh, yellowish, tender. November to March. New.
(Wm, Sumner in Hort.)
Fleiner.
Foreign. Tree, great bearer, growth upright; fruit, medium, oblong,
lemon yellow, red cheek; flesh, white, tender, sub-acid ; "good." Sep-
tember and October. Productiveness its chief merit.
Franklin Golden Pippin.
xree, upright, vigorous, early annual bearer; fruit, medium, roundish
ovate, conical, pale light greeni-h yellow, interlined with fine whitish net
work, few russet clots ; stem, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small, closed ;
basin, narrow, slightly plaited ; flesh, crisp, juicy ; " very good." October.
French's Sweet.
The seedling trees are still standing in Braintree, Mass. Large, round
ovate, green, inclining to a yellow when fully ripe, great bearer, highly
perfumed ; flesh, firm. Ripe October and November, and will keep till
January or February. Richest baking I know. (B. V. French, Ms.)
Fronclin.
''Native of Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree, rapid grower, great bearer ; fruit,
medium, regular, round ; bright red ; flesh, yellowish, acid, vinous. New.
(Pom. Trans.)
Flushing Spitzenberg.
American. Tree, vigorous, strong brown shoots ; fruit, medium, roundish.
slightly conical, greenish yellow, mostly covered with warm yellowish red,
russet dots, with suffused fawn shade surrounding ; stem, slender ; cavity,
narrow ; calyx, small ; basin, shall nv ; core, rather large ; flesh, white, tinged
134
THE APPLE.
yellow, juicy, crisp, mild, nearly sweet ; " very good."
February.
November to
Fulton.
Native of Canton Co., 111. Original tree, when 19 years old, gave 36 1-2
inches circumference, 3 feet from ground, 25 feet high, and 28 feet across
top, and had produced large crops ten years in succession. Fruit, medium,
roundish flattened, pale clear yellow, bright red cheek, little russet in stem
cavity, small dots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small, short seg-
ments ; basin, rather deep; core, small ; seeds, ovate, pointed ; flesh, white,
tender, juicy, mild sub-acid ; '• very good." November and December.
Gabriel.
Ladies Blush.
The origin of this variety is uncertain. It will most likely yet prove
Identical with some variety heretofore described. Our engraving is under
medium size of the apple. Trees, moderate growth, good bearers ; fruit,
medium or below, roundish conical, yellowish, striped, and splashed with
pale red; stem, slender ; cavity, medium ; calyx, small ; basin, shallow
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE.
135
core, medium ; seeds, long ovate, poiuted ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, sub-acid ;
" best." October and November.
Garretson's Early.
John Garretson's Early.
Native probably of New Jersey. Tree, vigorous growth, early, abun-
dant bearer; fruit, medium, roundish, flattened; pale green, becoming
yellowish, dotted with whitish specks ; stem, short ; cavity, shallow ; calyx,
closed ; basin, ribbed ; core, large ; seeds, plump ; flesh, white, crisp, ten-
der, sub-acid ; " very good." August.
George.
From Muskingum Co., Ohio. Tree, spreading, free bearer ; fruit, me-
dium, roundish flattened, pale yellow, with russety blotches -and specks,
oft quite russety ; calyx, large, open ; basin, shallow ; flesh, whitish, firm,
juicy, mild acid. July.
Gilpin.
Carthouse, | Romanite of the West.
From Virginia. Its keeping and bearing qualities will always render it
more or less popular. Fruit, below medium, roundish, flattened at apex,
deep red and yellow; stem, varying; cavity deep ; calyx, closed; basin,
sometimes furrowed ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate; flesh, yellow, firm, juicy,
will keep a year.
From Wallingford, Conn,
tender, juicy ; " very good."
Giles.
Fruit, medium, conical, dark red ; flesh,
October and November.
136
THE APPLE.
Gray Vandervere.
Windower,
Great Vandervere,
White Vandevrere,
Indian Apple,
Betsey's Fancy,
Vandervere Pippin, of tome.
A great bearer, good keeper, by some preferred to the Vandervere.
Dr. Warder says, this is the variety common in Philadelphia market, and
esteemed highly for cooking. Fruit, medium or slightly above, round
flattened ; skin, rough, uneven, mostly a dull red, with gray bloom, small
specks of russet, a little bronze at the stem ; stem, long ; cavity, open ;
calyx, with short segments ; basin, broad, open ; core, medium ; flesh,
yellowish, breaking, moderately juicy. December to March.
Granny Earle.
Fruit, small, roundish oval, green, striped and splashed with red ; flesh,
white, crisp, tender. November to January. (Hov. Mag.)
Granxiwixkxe.
Tree, slow grower, compact head, first described by Coxe ; esteemed
only for cider. Fruit, medium, roundish, oblong, dark red ; flesh, yellow-
ish, sweet. October and November.
Gully.
From Lancaster co., Pa. Fruit, small to medium, white with blush
cheek ; flesh, whi*e, juicy. New. (Pom. Trans.)
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 137
Green Seek-no-further.
Seek-no-further of Coxe, | Bracy's Seek-no-further.
Growth, vigorous, upright ; fruit, large, roundish conical, greenish yel-
low, with dark specks ; stem, short ; calyx, large ; basin, deep, olightly
ribbed ; flesh, white, little coarse, mild sub-acid. November to January.
Hagloe.
Summer Hagloe.
Tree, medium bearer, dark colored strong shoots, valued for cooking,
often fine for dessert ; fruit, medium, roundish flattened, bright red on
yellow ; flesh, tender. July. Distinct from Hagloe Crab, a small ovate
cider fruit.
Harrison.
Generally grown for cider, but, in absence of better fruit, and kept until
March, it becomes " very good" for dessert. Tree, thrifty, hardy, very
productive ; fruit, medium or small, roundish ovate, yellow, with black
specks, light suffused shade around ; stem, one inch ; cavity, wide ; calyx,
closed ; basin, shallow furrowed ; flesh, yellow, firm, spicy, sub-acid ; core,
large ; seeds, long ovate. November to March. It is from this variety,
mixed with a small proportion of Campfield, that the celebrated Newark
cider is made.
Hartford Sweeting.
Spencer Sweeting, | Champ Sweeting.
Native of Hartford, Conn. Growth, slow, hardy, productive ; fruit,
large, roundish flattened ; red striped on greenish yellow ; stem, slender ;
cavity, shallow ; calyx, large ; basin, shallow ; flesh, whitish, juicy, tender ;
" very good." December to March.
Haskell Sweet.
Sassafras Sweet.
Tree, vigorous, moderately prolific, deserves more general culture ;
fruit, large, nearly flat, greenish, with dull brown cheek in sun; stem and
cavity, medium ; flesh, tinged with orange yellow, tender, sweet ; almost
" best." October.
Hawley.
Douse, | Dow's.
Native of Columbia Co., N. Y. Much resembles Fall Pippin, but larger
and ripens earlier, and is invariably affected with dry rot in all soils,
otherwise it would take first class. Fruit, large, roundish, flattened,
conical, yellowish green to yellow, with few brown dots; stem, slender;
cavity, wide ; calyx, small, partly closed ; basin, medium, slightly plaited ;
flesh, yellowish white tender, juicy, sub-acid. October, sometimes in
September.
138
THE APPLE.
Hector
From Chester county, Pa. Large, oblong, conical, striped and mottled
with red on a yellow ground ; stem, slender ; deep, open russeted cavity ;
basin, narrow, deep, furrowed ; flesh, crisp ; texture, fine ; " very good."
(W. D. B.)
Helen's Favorite..
From Troy, Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish, dark red shades, light
spots; stem, short, slender; cavity, deep; calyx, small; core, compact;
seeds, small ; flesh, white, streaked with red, tender, juicy ; " very good."
January and February. (A. H. Ernst, Ms.)
Herman.
From Cumberland co., Pa. Tree, productive ; fruit, medium, oblong,
red striped on greenish yellow ; flesh, greenish, tender, juicy ; "very good."
December to April. (Pom. Trans.)
Holland Pippin.
Reinette d' Holland,
Summer Pippin,
Pie Apple,
French Pippin, of some.
Tree resembles Fall Pippin, with which it is often confounded, but from
which it is distinct. It is esteemed for cooking, for which it is fitted
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 139
in August, but we think surpassed by Gravenstein. We refer for descrip-
tion to Fall Pippin, with this difference, more regular round, stem shorter,
cavity not as deep, more broad and open, calyx smaller, and basin not as
wide.
Housum'b Red.
From Berks county, Pa. Large, oblong, compressed at the sides, skin
red in stripes, yellow at base; stem, short, thick; cavity, narrow, not
deep, slightly russeted ; basin, moderately deep, plaited ; flesh, fine tex-
ture, tender, with delightful aroma; " very good" at least. October to
February. (W. D. B.)
High Top Sweet.
Summer Sweet, of Ohio, | Sweet June, of Illinois.
From Plymouth, Mass. Tree, upright, productive ; fruit, medium,
roundish, greenish yellow, with greenish white dots; stem, slender;
calyx, closed ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sweet ; " very good."
Last of July.
Hunter.
From Delaware Co., Pa. Fruit, medium, roundish, conical, striped and
splashed bright red on yellow; stem, slender; cavity, narrow; calyx,
small ; basin, deep ; flesh, white tinged with pink, tender, crisp, juicy.
October.
Jabez Sweet.
From M'.ddletown, Conn. Fruit, medium, nearly round, pale green,
dull red in sun, sweet. October to April. (Hov. Mag.)
Jefferson.
Tree, good habit, spreading, much grown and esteemed in some parts
of Kentucky, from whence we once received specimens in April (after
laying in a warehouse during winter), in fine condition. Fruit, medium
to large, roundish conical, dull red on yellow, splashed ; stem, slender ;
cavity, moderate ; calyx, small, partially closed ; basin, open ; core, com-
pact ; seeds, light brown ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid ;
almost " best." October to March.
Jefferis.
From Chester co., Pa. Tree, moderate grower, upright habit, constant,
abundant bearer ; fruit, roundish flattened, pale yellow, striped and stained
with red, becoming dark in sun, dotted with white spots and russet at
stem ; stem, half inch, slender ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, nearly closed,
woolly ; basin, deep, regular ; flesh, white, crisp, tender, juicy ; " best."
September and October. New.
Jersey Pippin,
Fore;gn. Fruit, medium, round, oblong, conical, flattened, pale yellow-
140
THE APPLE.
ish green, faint stripes red ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, deep, open ; calyx,
rather large; basin, shallow ; core, small; seeds, imperfect; flesh, greenish
yellow, juicy, vinous, sub-acid ; " very good." November to February.
New.
Jenkins.
Native of Montgomery Co., Pennsylvania. Fruit, small, roundish ovate ;
red, interspersed with numerous large white dots, on a yellowish ground ;
stem, slender ; cavity, deep, rather wide, sometimes russeted ; calyx,
closed ; basin, deep, open, furrowed ; core, above medium ; seed, grayish
brown, acute-ovate ; flesh, white, tender, fine texture, juicy ; flavor,
agreeably saccharine, exceedingly pleasant and aromatic ; " very good,"
if not " best." The Jenkins is one of those delicious little apples pecul-
iarly fitted for the table at evening entertainments. (W. D. B.)
Jewett's Red.
Jewett's Fine Red, | Kodhead.
Tree, slow, rather slender diverging growth ; fruit unfair while young;
best adapted to strong clay soils North, where it is hardy, and said to
succeed well. Fruit, medium to large, roundish flattened, tapering to the
eye, sometimes angular ; greenish yellow, mostly overspread or striped
with red, numerous white dots ; stem, varying ; cavity, narrow ; calyx,
small, partially closed ; basin, shallow, wrinkled ; core, mediilm ; seeds,
ovate, rounded ; flesh, yellowish white, fine grained, tender, mild aromatic
eub-acid; ''best." November to February.
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE.
141
Kaighn's Spitzenbkrg.
Red Spitzenberg,
Red Peaimain,
Red Winter Pearmain,
Long Pearmain,
Scarlet pfarmain, } erroneously,
Oliio Wine,
Long John,
Red Pippin,
Red Phoenix,
Sheepnose, of some,
Russam.
This variety is showy, annually productive, and that is all of its good
qualities. We present the drawing to aid the unacquainted to detect it,
as the name often aids in its sale. Dr. "Warder, at the late Ohio Pom.
Meeting, stated that it came originally from Kaighn's Point, and the name
Spitzenfcerg', was derived from a mountain " berg." Fruit, large, oblong
rounded ; yellow, mostly overspread with bright clear red ; stem, about
even with surrounding surface; cavity, deep, regular; calyx, small; basin,
slightly furrowed; core, small; seeds, irregular in form- flesh, yellowish,
coarse, dry; "good." November and December. Often grown in
Michigan as Red Belleflower.
Kesw.ck Codlin.
Foreign. Very productive. Tree, hardy ; valued for cooking, and suited
142 THE APPLE.
to "Western soils ; one of best. Fruit, medium or above, roundish ovate
conical ; greenish yellow, with brownish cheek in sun, and light dots, one
or two raised lines from stem to apex ; stem, slender ; cavity, shallow ;
calyx, closed ; basin, furrowed imperceptible ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate ;
flesh, greenish or yellowish white, tender, acid. September and October.
KlNGSLEY.
From Monroe Co., N. Y. Tree, erect, moderate grower, hardy, profuse
early bearer ; fruit, medium, roundish oval ; yellowish, striped and splashed
with pinkish red, white dots, russet near calyx ; stem, slender ; calyx,
small, closed; basin, shallow; core, medium, open; seeds, small, dark
brown ; flesh, fine grained, juicy, sub-acid ; " best." November to July.
(H. Wendell in Pom. Trans.)
King Apple.
There are. two distinct fruits under this name, one grown in WTestern
N. Y., and one in Mason Co., Ky.
The first is as follows: Fruit, large, roundish oblong, somewhat ribbed,
pale yellow ground, mostly covered with two shades of red, striped and
splashed, brown dots, and russet patches on sunny side ; stem, stout,
thick ; cavity, open, regular ; calyx, with long pointed segments ; basin,
abrupt, slight furrows, and projecting ribs surrounding ; flesh, yellowish,
crisp, juicy, sub-acid. November and December.
The second is : Fruit, yellow, clouded, and mostly obscured with dull
red, small specks, and large patches of mould or fungus peculiar to the
Southern grown fruits ; oblong, flattened at base ; calyx, small ; basin
shallow ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, narrow ; core, small ; seeds, me-
dium ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. January to February.
Lancaster.
Lancaster Greening.
From Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree, hardy, vigorous, productive; fruit,
medium, roundish conical, greenish yellow, with brown dots and blotches;
stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small ; -flesh, greenish "vhite, juicy, sub-
acid ; valued for keeping till April.
Lecker.
Laquier, | Lacker.
From Lancaster, Pa. Described by Thomas as Laquier. Medium,
roundish oblate ; skin, striped with crimson on a paler red, with numer-
ous large dots ; stem, short and slender, sometimes stout ; cavity, russeted,
narrow, rather deep; basin, wide, deep, plaited; core, small; seed, dark
cinnamon, short, plump ; flesh, whitish, fine texture, tender, juicy
«' good" at least. December to March. (W. D. B.)
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 143
Lake.
Grown by D. C. Richmond, Sandusky, 0. Tree, abundant bearer,
fruit hangs well ; fruit, below medium, round ovate conical, yellow, mostly
overspread and striped with deep lake red, many dots ; cavity, deep ;
calyx, closed; basin, open; core, medium; seeds, plump; flesh, yellow,
tender, juicy, sub-acid ; " very good." October.
Late Queen.
Brown's Late Queen.
American Native of Ohio. Fruit, large, roundish conical, pale red on
yellow, bluish tinge at stem end, and many large russet dots ; calyx,
closed ; basin, deep, round, slightly furrowed ; stem, medium ; cavity,
deep ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, sub-acid ; " very good." September
and October.
Leland Spice.
Leland Pippin, | Sew York Spice.
From Mass. Fruit, large, roundish, slightly conical, and ribbed ; green-
ish yellow, mottled with crimson stripes, dark crimson in sun ; stem, half
inch ; cavity and basin, ribbed ; flesh, yellowish white, spicy, sub-acid ;
" best," October to December. Deserves more attention than yet
received.
Ledge Sweet.
From Portsmouth, N. H. Tree, productive, regular bearer; fruit, large,
roundish flattened; yellowish green, tinged with blush in sun, reddish rus-
set specks ; stem, short, stout ; cavity, open, deep ; calyx, partially closed ;
basin, shallow; core, open; seeds, light brown; flesh, yellowish white,
fine, juicy, crisp, sweet. January to June. (Hov. Mag.)
Limber Twig.
James River.
A valuable fruit in Southern Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana. Tree,
hardy, productive ; fruit, large, roundish, tapering a little to the eye ; light
yellow, striped and splashed with red in sun, rough russet specks, and
occasional patch of russet; stem, long, slender; cavity, open, funnel
shape, russeted ; calyx, rather small; basin, irregular, round; core. lar?;e,
144
THE APPLE.
hollow ; seeds, plump, pyriform ; flesh, whitish, tender, sub-acid ; " very
good." Keeps to May.
For varieties of this, see Willow Twig, &c.
Lowre Queen.
Loure Queen.
Trees, upright, early bearers, extensively grown in Central Ohio ;
somewhat resembles the Vandervere. Fruit, medium, roundish flattened,
oft, angular ; yellow, striped and splashed with dull red, rough irregular
dots, or specks of dull russet, russet at stem ; stem, slender ; cavity, regu-
lar, deep ; calyx, with long pointed segments ; basin, abrupt, broad, slightly
furrowed ; core, small ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy
" very good." November to February.
Loudon Pippin.
Tree, productive, most grown in Northern Virginia ; fruit, large, round-
ish conical ; greenish yellow ; stem, short ; calyx, large ; flesh, greenish;
white, sub-acid ; valued only for its size, where people know what apples
should be.
Long Stem.
Below medium, roundish oblong, sometimes angular ; skin, red in faint
stripes, with a number of grey russet dots ; stem, long ; cavity, me-
FOR AAIATEUR CULTURE. 145
diurn, acuminate ; basin, small, shallow, plaited ; flesh, greenish white,
tender ; agreeably sub-acid flavor, with Spitzenburg aroma ; quality,
" very good." (W. D. B.)
This is distinct from the " Long Stem" of Cole, which is large, round-
ish, pale yellow, brown in sun ; calyx, large ; basin, broad, shallow ; flesh,
white, juicy, aromatic. September and October. A native of Mass.
LiORING S\VEETING.
Loring Sweet.
Native of Mass. Fruit, medium, oblate ; greenish yellow, tinged with
pale red in sun, brownish specks ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, open ; calyx,
medium, closed ; basin, shallow ; core, small ; seeds, plump ; flesh, yel-
lowish white, crisp, juicy, tender, sweet; "very good" November to
January.
LiTSCOM.
Matthew's Stripe, | Osgood's Favorite*
From Mass. Fruit, large, round, greenish yellow, broken stripes, and
splashes of red ; stem, short; cavity, deep; calyx, small; basin, plaited;
flesh, fine grained, mild sub-acid. September to November.
Margaret.
Early Red Margaret, Red Juneating,
Early June, \ f , .,, , Striped Juneating,
Red June, | "/ a"""*. , Early Red Juneating,
June, of tome in Ohio, Eve Apple, of the Irish,
Margaretha ip el, of Gcrynans.
This should not be confounded with Early Strawberry; oftener grown as
Red Juneating. Tree, a regular moderate bearer, upright downy shoots.
Fruit, medium or below, roundish, oblong conical ; green in shade, dark
crimson red in sun ; stem, short, thick ; cavity, medium ; calyx, half closed ;
basin, shallow ; flesh, white, fine grained, tender ; " very good." July.
Manomet.
Manomet Sweet, | Horseblock.
From Plymouth, Mass. Tree, vigorous, good bearer; fruit, medium,
roundish ; lemon yellow, bright red in sun, dotted with russet specks, and
trace of russet at stem ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, shallow ; calyx,
large,, closed, long segments ; basin, shallow ; core, compact ; seeds, me-
dium ; flesh, yellowish, juicy, tender, sugary sweet ; "very good." Au-
gust and September.
Major.
Native of Pennsylvania, Northumberland Co. Size, large, roundish ;
red, sometimes blended with yellow on the shaded side; stem, variable in
length, of medium thickness ; cavity, rather wide, moderately deep ; basin,
uneven, shallow ; flesh, yellowish, crisp ; flavor, pleasant, agreeably sac-
charine, and resembles, in some measure, that of the Carthouse, to which,
however, it is superior ; quality, " very good." (W. D. B.)
7
146
THE APPLE.
Marston's Red Winter.
From New Hampshire. Tree, vigorous, productive ; fruit, large, round-
ish oval ; yellow in shade, red in sun, russet at stem ; stem, short, slender ;
cavity, deep ; calyx, partly open ; basin, abrupt ; core, compact ; seeds
dark brown ; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy ; " very good." Jan. to
April.
Melvin Sweet.
From Concord, Mass. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish green ;
striped with pale red; flesh, juicy, sweet. November to February.
(Hov. Mag.)
Marks.
From Berks Co., Pennsylvania. Size, medium, roundish, tapering
slightly to the crown, somewhat angular ; yellowish white, with few
russet dots, nearly covered with a faint orange blush ; stem, half inch
long ; cavity, narrow, deep, acuminate ; calyx, small, closed ; basin,
narrow, rather deep, slightly russeted ; seed, yellowish gray ; flesh, whi-
tish, tender, fine texture ; flavor, delicately perfumed ; quality, " very
good," if not " best." (W. D. B.)
Male Carle.
Mela Carla, | Pomme de Charles,
Mela de Carlo, || Pomme Finale,
Charles Apple.
(
\
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 147
Foreign. In our Southern and Southwestern sections, where the soil
is rich and summers long, this is one of the very finest apples, and should
always have a place. North it does not answer. Fruit, medium o-lobu-
lar, slightly tapering to the eye ; pale waxeny lemon yellow, with 'distinct
brilliant crimson cheek in sun, irregular russet dots, and oft marred by
patches of mold or fungus when grown on the alluvial bottoms ; stem
slender ; cavity, narrow, deep, regular ; calyx, small ; basin, deep ; core^
small ; seeds, round, ovate pointed ; flesh, white, tender, delicate rose per-
fume ; " best." October to January
Mouse.
Moose.
From Ulster Co., N. Y. Fruit, large, roundish conical ; pale greenish
yellow, brownish blush in sun, russet dots ; stem, slender ; calyx, closed ;
flesh, white, sprightly, faintly perfumed ; not more than " very good."
December to March.
Monarch.
A fruit considerably grown West ; will yet probably prove identical
with some variety already described. Fru^t, medium, roundish conical ;
rich dark red over a lighter shade, with many specks ; stem, long, slender ;
cavity, deep, open ; calyx, small ; basin, narrow, furrowed ; core, me-
dium ; seeds, ovate pointed ; flesh, white, slightly tinged with red, tender,
perfumed; "good." October.
Monk's Favorite.
From Randolph Co., Indiana. Tree, very thrifty, rapid growth, annual
bearer ; fruit, large, roundish flattened, slightly angular ; yellow, mottled,
striped and splashed with dark red, gray russet dots ; stem, short; cavity,
open, regular ; calyx, small ; basin, broad, obscure furrows ; flesh, yellow-
ish white, sub-acid, tender ; "very good." December to June.
McLellan.
Martin.
From Woodstock, Conn. Trees, moderate growth, annual productive
bearers ; fruit, medium, round ; bright straw color, striped and marbled
with lively red ; stem, short, slender ; cavity, round ; calyx, nearly closed ;
basin, medium, slightly plaited ; core, medium ; seeds, small ; flesh, white,
fine grained, tender, mild sub-acid; nearly "best." December to March.
Mother.
From Massachusetts. Tree, hardy, moderate grc wth, annual bearer ;
fruit, large, roundish ovate ; yellow, mostly overspread, marbled and
striped with shades of dark red, few russet dots ; stem, slender ; calyx,
small, nearly closed; basin, plaited; flesh, yellowish, tender, spicy, sub-
acid ; " very good." October to January.
Minister.
From Massachusetts. Tree, productive ; fruit, large, oblong conical,
ribbed ; red striped on greenish yellow ; stem, slender ; calyx, small, closed ;
148
THE APPLE.
basin, furrowed; flesh, yellowish white, coarse, spongy ; "good;'' showy.
October to December.
Musk Spice.
Fruit, small, roundish flattened ; yellowish, bright clear red cheek ; stem,
long ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, closed ; segments, reflexed ; basin, furrowed ;
flesh, yellowish white, juicy, tender, sub-acid ; " very good." October.
Munson Sweeting.
From Massachusetts. Tree, strong, upright grower, dark colored, short
jointed shoots, good bearer ; fruit, medium or above, roundish flattened ;
pale yellow, blush in sun ; flesh, yellowish white, tender, rather dry,
sweet ; " very good." October to December.
Mifflin King.
From Mifflin Co., Pa. Fruit, small, oblong ; red on yellow ; flesh, tender,
juicy, sub-acid; "best." October to December. (Pom. Trans.)
Myer's Nonpareil.
From Massillon, 0. Tree, straight, stout growth, forming a compact
head ; an annual bearer of fruit tiniform in size ; fruit, large, roundish
flattened ; red and yellow marbled and splashed ; stem, medium ; cavity,
regular ; calyx, partially open ; basin, not deep : flesh, yellowish white,
tender, juicy, sub -acid ; "best." October to December. New.
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 149
Newark Pippin.
French Pippin, | Yellow Pippin.
Tree, crooked, irregular growth ; fruit, large, roundish, oblong ; greenish
to clear yellow, small black dots ; cavity and basin, deep ; flesh, yellow,
tender, sub-acid ; " very good." November to P'ebruary.
Neversink.
From Berks Co., Pennsylvania. Fruit, large, roundish ; exterior of an
exceedingly beautiful waxen orange yellow color, with a few russet dots,
and a delicately striped and richly mottled carmine cheek ; stem, short
and rather stout; cavity, narrow, acuminate, shallow ; calyx, large; basin,
deep, rather wide, furrowed ; seeds, grayish yellow, acute ovate ; flesh,
yellowish, somewhat tough, owing probably to the fruit being much
shriveled ; flavor, approaching that of the Pine Apple ; " quality, " very
good." (W. D. B.)
Northern Sweet.
Northern Golden Sweet.
From Vermont. Tree, moderate grower, hardy, early abundant bearer ;
fruit, medium, roundish flattened, occasionally ribbed and angular ; rich
yellow, often carmine red cheek; calyx, nearly closed; basin, slightly
furrowed; stem, rather stout, swollen at base; cavity, shallow; flesh,
white, tender, sweet ; nearly " best." November.
Orange.
Fall Orange.
From Connecticut. Tree, with dark colored stout shoots ; early and
productive bearer ; fruit, large, roundish ovate ; greenish to yellow ; stem,
short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, slightly plaited ; core, small ;
flesh, greenish white, perfumed, tender, sub-acid ■ best when fresh from
tree. October to December.
Orndorf.
From Putnam, Ohio. Fruit, medium, roundish, slightly angular ; lemon
yellow, rich red blush in sun, and few stripes and blotches of red; stem,
slender; cavity and basin, deep; calyx, open; core, small; seeds, ovate;
flesh, yellowish, juicy, crisp, tender, sub-acid ; nearly " best." October
and November.
Orne's Early.
Foreign. Fruit, large, somewhat ribbed ; pale yellow, sprinkled with
thin russet, dull red cheek towards the sun; flesh, white, tender, juicy.
September. (Thomas.)
Old Town Crab.
Spice Apple, of Va.
Growth, strong, compact ; fruit, small ; greenish yellow, brown specks ;
flesh, crisp, fragrant, juicy, sweet. December to April. (Thomas.)
150
THE APPLE.
Osborn's Sweet.
Osborn's Fall Sweet.
Fruit, large/ roundish lemon yellow, with specks; flesh, yellow, crisp,
tender, sweet. October.
Overman's Sweet.
From Fulton Co., I1L Fruit, medium, conical ; pale yellow, striped with
red ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, closed ; basin, obscure ; flesh, white,
firm, crisp, juicy, sweet; " very good ;" baking. October and November.
Osceola.
From Indiana. Fruit, above medium, flat ; yellow, striped with red,
dotted with dark spots ; stem, long ; cavity, deep ; flesh, yellowish, juicy,
sub-acid. Keeps till May. Hov. Mag.)
Paradise Winter Sweet.
Honey Sweet, of some.
From Columbia Co., Pa. Tree, productive ; fruit, large, roundish flat-
tened ; dull green, with a pale brownish blush ; stem, short ; cavity,
rather deep ; calyx, medium ; basin, not deep ; core, medium ; seeds,
ovate pyriform ; flesh, white, fine grained, juicy, sweet; " very good.'
November to March.
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE.
151
Paragon.
Fruit, above medium, round ovate, flattened at ends ; pale yellow, faint
blush ; stem, long, slender ; cavity, deep ; calyx, half open ; basin, deep,
slightly ribbed ; core, medium ; capsules, open ; seeds, ovate pointed ;
flesh, yellow, crisp, brisk, juicy, sub-acid ; nearly " best." November to
February.
Peach Pond Sweet.
From Dutchess Co., N. Y. Tree, moderate growth, spreading ; annual
moderate bearer ; fruit, medium, roundish ; pale red, marbled and striped
on yellow ; stem, slender ; cavity, open, slightly russeted ; calyx, with
segments in divisions ; basin, deep; core, small; seeds, ovate pyriform;
flesh, yellowish, tender, sweet; very good." October.
People's Choice.
A small red apple, with peculiar markings; quality, "very good;"
native of Chester County, Pa. (W. D. B.)
Pfeiffer.
From Berks County, Pennsylvania. Size, below medium, roundish ;
sparsely streaked with red on a yellowish green ground, (on the shaded
parts, the streaks being more numerous,) and on a fawn colored ground,
on the side exposed to the sun ; stem, slender ; narrow cavity ; calyx,
rather large; basin, wide, moderately deep, plaited. July. (W. D. B i
152
THE APPLE.
PlCKMAN.
Pickman Pippin.
From Massachusetts. Fruit, medium, roundish ; yellow, with scattered
shades of russet and small russet specks ; stem, short ; cavity, acuminate ;
calyx, large, half closed ; core, medium, center somewhat hollow ; seeds,
light brown ; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, sharp acid ; valued for cooking.
January to April.
Pine Apple Russet.
Hardingham's Kusset.
Foreign. Fruit above medium ; roundish ovate, greenish yellow, over-
spread with thin russet ; stem, long; calyx, small ; basin, shallow, plaited ;
flesh, yellowish white, juicy, crisp, spicy, sub-acid. October to November.
Pumpkin Sweet.
Lyman's Pumpkin Sweet, | Yankee Apple.
An old Connecticut fruit, only valued for baking. In wet soils or heavy
clay, liable to be water-cored. We suspect the Found Sweeting to be the
same; bears regularly, and evenly distributed. Fruit, large, roundish,
ribbed at base; yellowish green, whitish dots and streaks; stem, short;
cavity, deep greenish, russeted ; calyx, small ; basin, irregular ; flesh
white, tender, sweet; " good." September to November.
Pumpkin Russet.
Sweet Russet, | York Russet,
Flint Russet.
Fruit, large ; roundish ; yellowish, green , thinly russeted ; stem, long ;
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 153
cavity wide, shallow ; basin, small ; flesh, dry, sweet; "good." Septem-
ber to December.
Primate.
Rough and Ready.
A variety lately come into favorable notice in Central New York, that
may yet prove an old sort improved by soil and location. Fruit, medium,
roundish, tapering to the eye ; pale yellow ; occasionally, blush red
cheek; calyx, closed; basin deep; stem varying ; cavity rather narrow;
core, with open seed capsules ; seeds, pyriform; flesh, yellowish white ,
very tender, delicate, juicy-mild sub-acid; "best." September and
October.
Progress.
From Connecticut. Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large ; yellow,
specked with greenish russet, blush in sun ; conical ; flesh, tender ; keeps
till Spring. (Hov. Mag.)
Quince.
Cole*s Quince.
From New York. Originally described by Coxe. Great bearer; should
be better known. Fruit, medium ; roundish ovate, with ridges ; pale
yellow, occasional faint blush, little russet from the stem, distinct line
or ridge from stem to calyx ; stem, short ; cavity, open ; calyx, with long
segments ; basin, shallow, much ribbed ; core, small, surrounded by broad
concentric lines ; seeds, short, ovate, dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white,
tender, juicy, a:omatic perfume, sub-acid; "very good." December to
March.
7*
154
THE APPLE.
Ragan.
A
From Fulton County, 111. New. Fruit, large, roundish ; pale yellow,
overspread, striped and marbled with light red, an occasional russet
patch ; stem, long, rather stout, curved ; cavity, deep ; calyx, small,
nearly closed ; basin, open, deep, slightly plaited ; core, small ; seeds,
abundant; flesh, white crisp, little coarse, sharp sub-acid. Promises
valuable as an early winter market variety.
Randel's Best.
Fruit, medium, globular slightly flatteued ; greenish yellow, mostly
striped and overspread with dark red ; stem, short ; calyx, small ; basin,
shallow ; core, compact ; seeds, brown ; flesh, white, tender, smooth-
grained, sweet. November to February. (A. H. Ernst, Ms.)
Raritan Sweet.
From New Jersey. Tree, productive, valued for baking and stock.
Fruit, medium, roundish ovate ; dull yellow tinged with red in sun, irregu-
larly scattered brownish red spots; stem, short; cavity, deep, little
russeted ; calyx, with bold stiff segments ; basin, deep, irregular, slightly
wrinkled; core, medium; seeds, ovate, pointed; flesh, white, tender,
6W^et. October, November.
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 155
Red Quakrknden.
Devonshire Quarren<lcn, • | Sack Apple.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, flattened ; clear deep red, with
specks of russet green ; stem, short ; cavity, deep, russeted at base ;
calyx, large, half closed ; basin, shallow, slightly ribbed ; flesh, white, ten-
der, sut -acid ; "very good." Aug.
Red Sweet.
Grown by D. C. Richmond, Sandusky, 0. Tree, good bearer ; fruit uni-
formly fair, regular, heavy specific weight, valuable for dessert or cooking.
Fruit, medium, round, flattened ; yellow, overspread and striped with lively
red ; stem, short ; basin, deep ; calyx, with stiff closed segments ; core
and seeds, small; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, juicy, tender, sweet. Nov.
to Feb.
Republican Pippin.
From Lycoming Co., Pa. Considerably distributed South and West.
A poor bearer, on deep, rich limestone soils. Tree, strong grower, spread-
ing habit. Fruit, large, roundish flattened ; greenish yellow, mottled and
striped with red, few large gray dots ; stem, slender ; cavity, narrow ;
calyx, small, nearly closed ; core, small ; seeds, brown ; flesh, yellowish
white, tender, sub-acid. Sept. to Oct.
Ribston Pippin.
Glory of York, | Travers,
Formosa Pippin.
Foreign. Valued in Northern sections, not esteemed South or Central.
Fruit, medium, roundish ; greenish yellow, russet near the stem, dull red in
sun ; stem, slender ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, open ; core, small ; seeds,
flattened ovate ; flesh, yellow, firm, crisp, aromatic, sub-acid. Nov. to
Feb.
Roman Stem.
French Pippin, cfscme.
From Nevy Jersey. Shoots slender, diverging ; succeeds finely on the
dry prairies, and on all rich limestone soils ; productive. Fruit, medium,
roundish oblong ; whitish yellow, with brownish or red russet, and patch-
es of blackish russet, unless well grown ; stem, with a fleshy knob one
side ; cavity, russeted ; calyx, small, closed ; basin narrow ; core, open,
long ovate; seeds, ovate pointed; flesh, tender, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly ;
" very good." Nov. to Feb.
Ross Nonpareil.
Foreign. Tree, productive. Fruit, below medium, roundish ; dull red,
blotched and striped, over which is a marbling of thin mellow russet;
stem, slender ; calyx, medium ; flesh, greenish white, juicy, sub-acid, aro-
matic; "very good," nearly "best." Oct, to Nov.
156
THE APPLE.
Selma.
From Clark Co., 0. Fruit, medium to large, roundish, flattened ; yel-
low, with pale russet patches, especially around stem, dull, faint red in
sun ; stem, long ; cavity, narrow, deep ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, deep,
abrupt ; core, medium ; capsules, small ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, yellowish
white, breaking, mild sub-acid; " very good." Nov. to Dec.
Seever.
Seevers' Red Strea!;.
From Coshocton Co., O. Fruit, medium, globular ; lemon yellow,
striped with bright clear red ; stem, short, slender ; calyx, with long seg-
ments ; basin, deep, open ; core, small ; seeds, roundish ovate ; flesh,
yellowish, juicy, sub-acid ; " best," Oct. to Nov.
ScHOOXMAKER.
Schoolmoeker.
Probably Foreign. Grown in Detroit in 1804. Fruit, large, roundish
flattened, sometimes angular ; greenish yellow, bronzed blush in sun ; skin,
little rough; stem, short, stout; cavity, deep; calyx, small, closed ; basin,
open ; core, small, compact; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, brisk, sub-acid;
" very good." Jan. to March.
Scollop Gilliflower
This is entirely distinct from Eed Gilliflower, with which it has been con-
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 157
founded. It requires rich, strong soil ; is largely grown, and much
esteemed in Central Southern Ohio. Fruit, medium to large, roundish con-
ical, flattened at base, tapering toward the eye, sometimes angular, always
much ribbed or scolloped; light yellow, striped and splashed with shades
of light and dark red; stem, short, slender; cavity, deep, russeted, ir-
regular; calyx, with long segments; basin, abrupt, deep, ribbed; core,
large, hollow ; seeds, ovate, rounded ; flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, tender,
juicy, slight tinge of sweet. Nov. to Feb.
Siberian Crab.
The Pyrus baccata of botanists. There are a number of varieties, as,
Red, Large Eed, Yellow, Purple, Striped, Transparent, Oblong, Double
White, Fragrant, Cherry, Showy, Astrachan, Currant, all used only for
preserving, or grown for ornament.
Sim: qua-non.
From Long Island. Slow, poor grower, and an indifferent bearer. Fruit,
medium, roundish; greenish yellow; stem, slender; calyx, closed; flesh,
greenish white, tender, juicy, mild, sub-acid. Aug.
Scarlet Pearmain.
Bell'* Scarlet Tearmain, | Oxford Peach.
Foreign. A good bearer, valued on poor, light soils. Fruit, medium,
conical ; red on yellow ; stem, slender ; calyx, open ; flesh, white, crisp,
juicy, sub-acid ; " good." Sep. to Oct.
Smith's Cider.
Extensively grown West. Fruit, medium, roundish, flattened ; bright red
and yellow, mostly red; stem, varying; cavity, regular; calyx, half closed,
long segments ; flesh, yellowish white, sub-acid; " very good ;" varies much
in soils. Nov. to Dec.
Sops of Wine.
Sops in Wine, | Sapson,
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, early bearer, esteemed for its peculiar pink
flesh, as a curiosity for dessert. Fruit, medium or small, roundish; light
red, nearly covered with bright purplish red, in streaks yellowish in
shade with yellow specks, whitish bloom ; stem, short, slender ; calyx ;
with broad segments; basin, shallow, slightly furrowed; core and seeds,
medium ; flesh, yellowish, stained with pink, juicy, mild sub-acid ; " very
good." Aug. to Sep.
Sponge.
Fruit, large, round, flattened at base ; yellowish green, with blotches
and stripes of red ; stem, short ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, closed ; basin,
open; core, large, open; flesh, white tender, juicy, sub-acid; very good."
October.
158 THE APPLE.
Spring Pippin.
Springport ?ippin.
Tiee, unproductive, upright, thrifty Fruit, above medium, roundish ;
yellowish green, with few scattered minute dots; calyx, closed; stem,
short ; flesh, crisp, sprightly, sub-acid. Dec. to May.
Stanard.
Stanard's Seedling.
From Erie Co., N. Y. Tree, productive. Fruit, large, roundish ; yellow,
overspread with red ; stem, short ; cavity, open ; calyx, closed; basin, rib-
bed ; core, small ; seeds, ovate pointed ; flesh, yellowish, coarse, juicy,
acid; not quite "very good." .Nov. to Feb.
St. Lawrence.
From Canada. Fruit, large, roundish, flattened ; pale yellow, striped
and splashed with red and deep crimson ; stem, short ; cavity, open, deep ;
calyx, closed ; basin, slightly furrowed ; core, large ; seeds, small ; flesh,
white, fine grained, tender, juicy, sharp sub-acid ; " very good." Sept.
to Oct.
Stroat.
The Dutch name for Street, where the original tree is said to have
grown. Fruit, above medium, roundish conical; yellowish green ; stem,
short ; cavity, shallow ; basin, small ; flesh, yellow, tender, brisk sub-acid.
Sep. to Nov.
Striped Pearmain.
Large Striped Pearmain, | Snorter.
Grown in Ky., from whence we have received fruit. We copy descrip-
tion from Mr. Ernst's manuscript. Fruit, medium to large, globular,
slightly flattened ; yellow striped and blended with two shades of red ;
calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow ; stem, short, slender ; core, open ;
seeds, large; flesh, yellow, tender, juicy, sub-acid. Dec. to Feb.
Summer Sweet Paradise.
From Columbia Co., Pa. Tree, abundant, early bearer, spreading
shoots. Fruit, large, roundish, oblong, flattened at ends ; pale green, yellow
in sun, dark russet marblings and gray dots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep,
oft russeted ; calyx, with coarse segments partially closed ; basin, deep ;
core, small; seeds, ovate pointed; flesh, yellowish white, crisp, juicy,
sweet; "very good." Sep.
Summer Queen.
Lancaster Queen.
Extensively grown, profitable in some sections of Ohio; in Michigan
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 159
the reverse. Fruit, medium to large, roundish conical, tapering to the
eye; yellow, striped and splashed with purplish red ; stem, medium; cav-
ity, narrow; calyx, large, open; basin, furrowed ; flesh, white, sometimes
a pink tinge, juicy, sub-acid ; " very good." Aug. to Sep.
Summer Bellflower.
Summer Belle-fleur.
From Dutchess County, New York. Tree, strong, upright growth,
spreading head, early regular bearer. Fruit, above medium, roundish ob-
long, slightly conical, two or three obscure ribs ; clear yellow, few green-
ish dots, faint orange blush ; stem, long, stout at base; cavity, shallow;
calyx, closed, small reflexed segments; basin, five sided; core, medium,
hollow; small seeds; flesh, white, fine grained, tender, sub-acid ; "best."
New. August, September. (Hort.) There is a Summer Bellflower
grown in Ohio, which we have only once seen, which is an inferior fruit,
distinct from above.
Sugar Sweet.
This apple I received from Hingham. Size, medium; ovate; dull yel-
lowish, inclining to a russet ; abundant bearer ; ripe, September, October ;
a very rich baking apple ; flesh, breaking and juicy. (B. V. French.)
Sweet Bellflower.
Butter, of some
There are two apples cultivated in Southern Ohio under this name.
We append Mr. Ernst's descriptions. Fruit, large, globular, flattened at
base, slightly ribbed ; lemon yellow, slight blush in sun, numerous light
and dark specks; calyx, closed; basin, ribbed; stem, long, slender;
cavity, deep ; core, open ; seeds, small ; flesh, whitish yellow, breaking,
juicy, slightly sub-acid. October, November.
Sweet Bellflower of Wyandoit County. — Fi;it, large, globular,
slightly conical ; light yellow, dark cloudy flakes and reddish
specks ; stem, short ; calyx, large, partly closed ; basin, shal-
low; core, small, compact; seeds, small; flesh, white, tender, sweet.
November, December. There is also a Sweet Gilliflower, which closely
resembles this, and may prove identical.
Sweet Pippin.
Moore's Sweeting-, | Red Pweet Pippin, of Indiana,
Pound Sweet, of some West.
Fruit, medium to large, round, flattened ; yellow striped and mostly
covered with red, white bloom ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed ;
basin, broad ; core, small ; flesh, firm, rather dry, sweet, good baking.
December tc February. There is also a Sweet Pippin grown in South
Ohio, which is globular, pale green, tender, juicy, open texture, sweet.
Early Winter.
160 THE APPLE.
Sweet Winesai*.
Prom Clark County, Ohio. Fruit, large, roundish flattened, rough skin,
greenish yellow with blotches of dark green ; calyx, medium ; basin,
open ; stem, short ; core and seeds, small ; flesh, yellowish white tender,
mild sub-acid, almost sweet. November, December.
Spice Russet.
Sweet Russet, of some erroneously.
Fruit, below medium, roundish flattened; light yellow russet, numerous
small fine dots; exposed to sun, carmine and yellow bronzed ; stem, slen-
der ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, closed ; basin, shallow ; core, large, some-
what hollow ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, white, slightly tinged with yellow, fine
grained, juicy, slightly sweet, aromatic ; " very good." December to
March.
Tewksbury Blush.
Tewksbury Winter Blush, | Fink's Seedling.
From New Jersey. Tree, rapid, rather upright growth, very pro-
ductive, always fair, great keeper. Fruit, small, round ovate flattened ;
yellowish green, with minute russet dots and occasionally a red cheek ;
stem, slender ; calyx, small; basin, shallow; core, medium; seeds, light
brown ; flesh, yellowish white, juicy, firm, tender, sub-acid. January to
August.
Townsend.
From Pennsylvania. Tree, moderate spreading growth, abundant early
bearer. Fruit, medium, roundish ; pale yellow, overspread and streaked
with red in sun, marblings of russet at stem, grayish white dots rough,
blue bloom; stem, slender; cavity, deep ; calyx, closed, segments narrow
in divisions ; basin, abrupt, medium ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate ;
flesh, yellowish white, breaking, rather dry, sub-acid ; " very good."
September.
Trumbull Sweeting.
Fenton Sweeting.
From Trumbull County, Ohio. Fruit, above medium, roundish flat-
tened ; pale yellow, slight blush and red spots ; stem, short ; cavity, deep ;
calyx, large ; basin, deep ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sweet ; " very
good." September to November.
Virginia Greening.
Fruit, large, roundish oval, flattened at e-nds, slightly angular; dull green-
ish yellow, brownish in sun, scattered brown specks with whitish green
circb suffused around them ; stem, medium ; cavity, acuminate ; calyx,
large, short segments ; core, small ; seeds, long ovate ; flesh, yellowish
white, mild sub-acid ; not quite "very good." December to March. Es-
teemed at the South as a keeper.
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 161
Waddel's Hall.
Another Southern rarity. Fruit, medium, oblong; dull greenish yel-
low striped with red ; flesh, whitish, sub-acid ; great keeper.
Walworth.
Vermont, | Large Golden Pippin.
From New Jersey. Fruit, large, roundish conical ; clear yellow, bright
red in sun, dotted with greenish russet specks; stem, short, slender;
calyx, small, closed ; basin, furrowed; core, large,' open; seeds, plump;
flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. October. (Hov. Mag.)
We suspect this an old variety under a new name.
Walpole.
From Massachusetts. Fruit, large, roundish tapering to the eye ; yellow
with bright red stripes, deepest in sun and yellowish specks; stem, short;
cavity, open; calyx, closed; basin, slightly ridged; core, large, open;
seeds, large ; flesh, yellowish tinged with pink, tender, juicy, brisk sub-
acid. August and September. (Hov. Mag.) The following description of
the Sparhawk is from B. V. French, Esq. "We suspect the two identical.
The Sparhawk originated in Walpole, N. II., and is known in the family
of Mr. Sparhawk, on whose farm it was found as the " Gall " Apple. It
was introduced to our Society by A. De Copen, of Dorchester, and the
Society gave it the name of Sparhawk. It is a large Apple ; oblate ; skin
smooth and glossy ; color, yellowish ground, striped with red ; abundant
bearer ; the size, color, and gloss, serve to give it a desirable appearance ;
flesh, firm, with a sprightly acid ; highly desirable for cooking, and is
ripe September, October, but will keep longer ; it will class well with the
20 oz. Pippin.
Wells' Sweeting.
From Newburgh, N. Y. Tree, strong, upright growth. Fruit, medium,
roundish ; dull light green, brownish red cheek ; stem, slender ; calyx,
small; basin, shallow; flesh, white, tender, juicy sweet; "very good."
Nov. to Jan.
Wells.
Hogan, | Striped R. I. Greening,
English Winter Red Streak, of some, | Well Apple.
An old variety, probably originally from Maryland. It is much grown
in Central and Southern Ohio, as Wells ; hence we give the name. It is
only good on strong clay soil. Fruit, large, roundish, narrowing to the
eye ; yellowish green, streaked and blotched with red ; calyx, closed ;
basin, shallow; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid ; "very
good." Nov. to March. The trees grow vigorously, spreading tops, slen-
der branches, bear abundantly every year. There is also a t: Cook's Well
Apple," grown in Indiana, that originated in Ohio. It is a great and
regular bearer, small size, largest at blossom end ; stem, slender ; flesh,
" good ;" keeps well.
162 THE APPLE.
Western Spy.
From Soutflern Ohio. Tree, vigorous, slender, spreading. Fruit,
large, roundish flattened ; pale yellow, with red, becoming bril-
liant on sunny side, small white specks ; stem, short ; cavity, narrow ;
calyx, large ; basin, deep ; flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, sharp sub-acid ;
" very good." Dec. to March.
White Sweeting.
Wetherill's White Sweeting.
From New Jersey. Tree, vigorous ; productive on light soils. Fruit,
large, roundish oblong ; pale yellow ; stem, short ; flesh, white, sweet,
valued for baking and for stock. Sep.
Whitewater Sweet.
From Southern Ohio. Fruit, medium, round ; bright yellow, with dark
spots ; stem, short ; calyx, slightly sunk ; flesh, yellowish, firm, juicy,
?weet; keeps till May. (Hov. Mag.)
White Seek-no-further.
Pomme Royal, of some, ! Pound Royal,
Flushing Seek-no-further.
From Long Island. Tree, healthy, not strong grower ; abundant, not
regular bearer. Fruit, medium to large, roundish oblong, conical, uneven
or waived surface ; yellowish green, rarely a faint brownish blush, small
brownish dots, light shade of green suffused around underneath skin ;
stem, slender ; cavity, irregular, acuminate ; basin, broad, abrupt, furrow-
ed ; core, open; flesh, fine grained, very juicy, tender, sub-acid; "best."
Nov. to Feb.
White Juneating.
Juneating, I Owens' Golden Beauty,
Caroline, | Early May,
Carolina, of some.
Foreign. Its early maturity, its chief merit. Tree, fair, upright
growth, moderately productive. Fruit, small ; pale green, marbled slightly
with a darker shade, small russet dots ; stem, medium ; cavity, shallow ;
calyx, closed ; broad basin ; seeds, dark brown ; flesh, white, tender, juicy,
sub-acid. Last of June, early July.
White Spanish Reinette.
Reinette Blanche d'Espagne, j P'Espagne,
De Ratteau, | Concombre Aneien.
Foreign. Probably the parent of Fall Pippin. Fruit, large, roundish
oblong, sometimes ribbed; calyx, large, open ; basin, deep, irregular; stem,
half inch long ; cavity, even ; color, yellowish green ; flesh, yellowish
white, crisp, sharp sub-acid ; valued for cooking. Nov. to Feb.
FOR AMATE'' '* CULTURE.
163
Wii' ; Rambo.
Considerably grown and esteemed in Central Southern Ohio. Fruit,
%rge, roundish, flattened at ends ; skin, rough, yellow, russet dots and
ipots, which, in sun, are of a reddish tinge ; stem, stout ; cavity, broad,
3>pen ; calyx, large, segments, in divisions; basin, large, open, deep; core,
small; seeds, round ovate, plump; flesh, yellowish, rather coarse, break-
ing, mild sub-n^id ; " very good." Nov. to Feb.
Winter Harvey.
Fruit, large, conical, slightly ribbed ; pale yellow ; stem, short; flesh,
yellowish, firm, tender, juicy. Dec. to April. (Hov. Mag.)
Williams.
William's Favorite, J Williams' Red,
Williams' Favorite Red, | Williams' Early Red,
Williams' Early.
From Mass. Tree, medium growth ; shoots, reddish brown. Fruit,
medium to large, oblong ; fine clear red, very dark in sun ; calyx, closed ;
basin, narrow; stem, slender; flesh, yellowish white, tender; "very
s«>od." A nor.
164
THE APPLE.
Willow.
Willow Twig ? | Willow Leaf t
Under these names we have examined specimens, and although there is
a slight difference, we are inclined to think it only from varied location
and soil. The variety came from New Jersey. It is esteemed for or-
charding on rich bottom lands or prairies, being a good bearer, great keeper,
and valuable for Southern exportation. Fruit, above medium to large,
roundish ; dull yellow, striped, splashed or mottled with light and dark
red; calyx and basin, medium; stem, generally short, slender; cavity,
roundish acuminate ; core, rather small ; seeds, oblong pyriform ; flesh,
yellowish, rather dry, breaking, mild sub-acid; not quite "very good."
Dec. to May.
William Penn.
A native of Columbia, Pennsylvania. Rather large, roundish oblate,
slightly conical ; color, grayish, delicately mottled, and striped with red
on a greenish yellow ground, with numerous white specks, in the centre
of which, is a minute russet dot; stem, short, not very stout, sometimes
fleshy, inserted in an open, rather deep, russeted cavity ; basin, sometimes
wide and shallow, usually narrow, rather deep and furrowed ; flesh,
greenish yellow, juicy, with a delicious Spitzenberg aroma ; quality, " very
good," if not "best;" represented as being an abundant bearer. (W
D. B.)
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE.
165
WlNSLOW.
From "Virginia. Fruit, large, globular, flattened at base, rounded
towards calyx ; dark and light red, somewhat streaked, little russet near
calyx, light brown specks, and dark flakes ; calyx, open, segments, short;
basin, expanded; stem, short, slender; cavity, narrow, rather deep;
core, small, compact ; seeds, plump, dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white,
tender, juicy, sub-acid. Fall and early winter. (A. H. Ernst's, Ms.)
Wing Sweeting.
Fruit, small, round, flattened ; light and dark red indistinctly striped on
light yellow; calyx, small, closed; basin, broad, deep; stem, long; cavity,
narrow ; core, small ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, reddish yellow, dry, sweet,
productive. Winter.
Winter Pearmain.
This is distinct from, and far inferior to the Herefordshire Pearmain.
Fruit, medium, oblong ovate ; dull red on greenish yellow ; stem, slender;
cavity, narrow ; basin, small ; flesh, greenish yellow, not juicy, tender,
sub-acid ; not quite '' very good." December to March.
Yost.
Rather large, roundish, oblate, beautifully striped and delicately mottled
166 THE APPLE.
with crimson on a yellow ground ; stem, short ; wide deep cavity ; flesh,
yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant flavor ; " very good" quality. (W. D. B.)
Yacht.
Medium, roundish ; striped with red of various hues on yellowish
ground ; stem, half an inch long ; cavity, open, obtuse ; basin, very
shallow, plaited ; flesh, fine texture, tender, pleasant flavor ; " very good."
(W. D. B.)
York Imperial.
Johnson's Fine Winter.
From York County, Pennsylvania. Size, rather below medium ; trun-
cated-oval, angular ; the unexposed side is mottled and striped, so as to
present a grayish red aspect on a greenish yellow ground, and, on the
sunny side, the color is a dull crimson ; stem, short and moderately stout ;
cavity, wide, and rather deep ; calyx, small, closed, and set in a deep,
wide, plaited basin; flesh, greenish white, tender, crisp, juicy; flavor,
pleasant and agreeably saccharine ; quality, at least "good, to many tastes
'' very good." (W. D. B.)
CLASS III. — Unworthy of Cultivation.
Alfriston.
Foreign ; large, oblong, pale green, orange in sun, flesh crisp, acid ; October,
December.
American Pippin.
Grindstone, | Green Everlasting.
Medium, roundish flattened, dull green, patches of dull red, flesh white, firm,
acid ; January to June.
Augustine.
American ; large, conical, red striped on yellow, flesh sweet, dry ; August
Aurora.
Dunlap's Aurora.
American ; large, red striped on yellow, roundish ovate, flesh yellowish, sub-
acid ; early winter.
AorUMN ROMANITE.
American ; medium, round, red, flesh yellow ; September
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 167
Barr.
Bars.
American ; medium, roundish, oblong, red striped on greenish yellow, flesh
greenish white, poor.
Barnhilt.
American ; small, conical, yellow striped with red, flesh white, tough, dry ;
October, November.
Beauty of America.
Large, roundish, flattened, yellow with blush cheek, flesh yellowish, tender,
poor bearer ; November to January.
Beauty of the West.
Large, round, red striped on greenish yellow, flesh coarse, sweet ; October,
November.
Beauty of Kent.
Foreign ; large, roundish, greenish yellow, striped with purpled red, flesh
tender, inferior ; October, November.
Bedfordshire Foundling.
Foreign ; large, roundish, green, flesh yellowish, acid ; November, December.
Blenheim Pippin.
Blenheim Orange, | Woodstock Pippin.
Foreign ; large, roundish, yellow and dull red, flesh yellowish, sweet, dry ;
October, November.
Black Annette.
American ; small, roundish, dark red ; November.
Black Lady Apple.
Api Noir.
Foreign ; small, roundish, blackish red, flesh white, stained : November to
March.
Black Gilliflower.
Large, oblong conical, dull reddish purple, flesh greenish white, dry, sub-
acid, poor ; November to March.
BORSDORFFER.
Borsdorff, | King Geoige the Third,
Queen's.
Foreign ; medium, roundish oval, pale yellow, with red cheek, flesh yellowish
white crisp, sub-acid : November, December.
168 THE APPLE.
BoROVITSKY.
Foreign ; medium, roundish, pale green, striped red, flesh white, sub-acid ;
August, September.
Buff.
Granny Buff.
American ; large, roundish flattened, yellow, overspread with red, flesh yel-
lowish, spongy ; November, M arch.
Bullet.
Bartlett, | Priestly, of some.
American ; medium, oblong, bright red on yellow, flesh light yellow, inferior?
January to June.
Chandler.
Winter Chandler.
American ; large, roundish, imperfect, dull red on yellow, flesh greenish
white, sub-acid ; November, February.
Caroline.
Foreign ; medium, round, yellow, streaked with red, flesh firm, acid ; Novem-
ber, February.
Cathead.
Cathead Greening, | Round Catshead.
Large, roundish, yellowish green, flesh white, coarse, sharp acid ; October,
November. There is another one of this name equally worthless, same shape,
but striped yellow and red.
Catline.
Gregson, | Winter Grixon.
Medium, roundish, greenish yellow, red in sun, flesh pale yellow, nearly
Bweet, for cider ; October, December.
Cash Sweet.
American ; medium, round conical, light red, flesh white, coarse, sweet, dry ;
October, November.
Cheeseborough Russet.
Howard Russet, York Russet, of some,
Kingsbury Russet, | Forever Pippin, of some West.
Amerioan ; large, conical, thin russet on greenish yellow, flesh greenish white,
ooarse, dry, sub-acid ; October, November.
Cos, or Caas.
American ; large, roundish, greenish yellow, red streaks, flesh white, tender,
sub-acid, December to March.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 169
Cornish Giluflower.
Cornish July flower, | Pomme Regelans,
Eg g Top. of some.
Foreign ; medium, oblong ovate, pale yellowish green, brown cheek, flesh
yellowish, acid ; November to February.
Connecticut Simmer Sweet.
American ; medium, roundish, yellow and red striped, flesh yellowish, sweet,
tough ; August.
Cranberry Pippin.
American; above medium, roundish, clear yellow, red cheek, flesh white,
juicy, sub-acid ; November, December.
" Donnelan's Seedling.
American ; medium, roundish, greenish yellow, dull red stripes, flesh yellow-
ish, dry, sub-acid ; September.
Downton Pippin.
Downton Golden Pippin, Knight's Golden Pippin,
Elton Pippin.
Foreign ; small, roundish, yellow, flesh yellowish, sharp acid ; October,
November.
Dumelow's Seedling. ■
IHimelow's Crab, | Wellington Apple.
Foreign ; medium, round, yellow with blush red, brown spots, flesh yellow,
acid ; November to March.
Dumpling.
Crooked Limb Pippin, | French Pippin, of Indiana,
Watson's Dumpling.
Large, roundish, oblong, light yellow, blush in sun, flesh white, indifferent ;
October, December.
Dutch Codlin.
Chalmer's Large.
Foreign ; large, roundish, oblong, pale yellow, orange in sun, flesh white, sub-
acid ; October, December.
Egg Top.
Eve, Round Top,
Sheep Nose, of some, \ Wine, of some West.
Foreign ; medium, oblong ovate, pale yellow, striped with red, flesh yellow-
ish white, tender, inferior ; November to February.
Easter Pippin.
Young's Long Keeper, I Ironstone Pippin.
Claremont Pippin, | French Crab.
Foreign ; medium, roundish, deep green, brownish blush, flesh greenish, in-
ferior ; November to June.
170 THE APPLE.
Fall Cheese.
Gloucester Cheese, | Summer Cheese.
American ; medium to large, roundish, greenish yellow, flush of red in son,
flesh crisp, often mealy ; September to November.
Fama Gusta.
Foreign ; large, conical, pale green, flesh white, acid ; October.
Ferris.
American ; medium, roundish, red, sub-acid, new, but surpassed by many
others ; November to February.
Fennouillet Rouge.
Biack Tom, | Bardin.
Foreign ; small, roundish, dark red, flesh firm ; November to January.
Fennouillet Gris.
Tomme d'Anis, | Caraway Russet.
Foreign ; small, roundish, russet on yellow, flesh firm, acid.
Flower of Kent.
Foreign ; large, roundish, flattened, dull yellow and red, flesh greenish yel-
low, coarse, sub-acid ; October, January.
Gault's Bellflower.
American ; large, roundish, pale yellow, flesh white, coarse ; October, De-
cember.
Gloucester White.
American ; medium, roundish, oblong, bright yellow, black patches, flesh
breaking, dry ; October, November.
Goble Russett.
Sweet Seek-no-further.
Medium to large, oblong, flattened, yellow russet, marbled with red, flesh
whitish yellow, dry, sweet ; October, December.
Golden.
American ; medium, roundish, ribbed, light yellow, flesh yellowish, acid ;
July.
Golden Reinette.
Aurore, Kirke*s Golden Reinette,
yellow German Reinette, | Wyker Pippin, &c, &c.
Foreign ; small, roundish, greenish yellow, a little red, flesh yellow, crisp,
mild sub-acid ; October. January.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 171
Golden Harvey.
Brandy Apple.
Foreign ; small, roundish, russet on yellow, reddish cheek, sub-acid ; Novem-
ber to March,
Golden Pearmain.
Ruckman's Pearmain, | Dutch Pearmain,
Red Russet.
Medium, roundish, flattened, red russet, flesh yellowish, dry, sub-acid ; Nov-
ember, December.
Goodyear.
Goodyear's Seedling.
American ; new, medium, roundish, red, flesh juicy, only valuable as a
keeper.
Governor.
American ; large, yellowish, tinged with red, juicy, acid, cooking ; October,
January.
Golden Pippin.
English Golden Pippin, | Old Golden Pippin, &c, kc,
en other names.
Foreign ; small, round; yellow, with irregular russet marblings ; stem, long,
slender; basin, shallow ; flesh, yellow, fine grained, sub-acid, sprightly ; De-
cember to March. There is an " English Golden Pippin" grown at the west,
which is large, oval, basin deep, entirely distinct from above.
Grand Sachem.
Large, roundish, ribbed, dull red, flesh white, dry ; September.
Giant:
American ; large, roundish, dull red striped, flesh, greenish white, tender;
'• good."
Hannah.
American ; medium, conical, pale yellow and dull red, flesh white, dry ; Oc-
tober, November.
Hawthornden.
White Hawthornden.
Foreign ; above medium, roundish flattened, pale ellow, blush in sun, flesh
white, acid ; October, November.
Hepper.
American ; small, roundish, yellow, flesh dry.
172 THE APPLE.
Hoary Morning.
Dainty Apple, | Downy,
Sam Rawling's.
Foreign ; large, roundish, red striped on yellow, flesh pinkish ; October, De-
cember.
Heterich.
American ; medium, round, yellow, flesh whitish, acid ; November, January.
HoLLANDBURGH.
Hollandbury.
Medium, roundish, flattened, red on yellow, flesh white, sour ; December,
February.
Irish Peach Apple.
Early Croflon.
Foreign ; medium, roundish, conical, yellowish, streaked with red, flesh whit-
ish, watery ; September, October.
Kane.
Cane, | Cain.
American ; medium, roundish, striped crimson, flesh yellowish, beautiful to
look at ; Autumn.
Kerry Pippin.
Edmonton's Aromatic.
Foreign ; medium, roundish, oval, yellow, streaked with red, flesh firm,
crisp ; September, October.
Keim.
New ; American ; small, roundish, conical, yellowish white, flesh white,
" good."
Kentish Fill Basket.
Potter's Large Grey Seedling:, | Lady de Grey's.
Foreign ; large, roundish, ribbed, yellowish, brownish blush, flesh tender ;
October, January.
Kenrick's Autumn.
American ; large, roundish, yellowish, green, striped red, flesh white, acid ;
September.
Kilham Hill..
American ; large, roundish, ribbed, pale yellow and red, flesh dry ; September.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 173
King of the Pippins.
Hampshire Fellow.
Often grown west as Gravenstein. Medium, roundish, oblong, yellow and
red splashed, flesh white, slightly sweet, not agreeable ; October, November.
Stake's Lord Nelson.
Foreign ; large, roundish, red on pale yellow, flesh firm, juicy, acid ; Octo-
ber, December.
Ladies' Blush.
American ; medium, yellow, with red blush, flesh dry.
Lady Finger.
Sheep Nose.
Medium, oblong, pale yellow, faint blush, flesh firm, watery ; November, De-
cember.
Lane Sweet.
Small, roundish, flattened, yellow with red, flesh yellowish, dry ; November.
Lemon Pippin.
Kirke's Lemon Pippin.
Foreign ; medium, oval, pale greenish yellow, flesh firm, sub-acid ; October,
January.
Long Island Russet.
Medium, roundish oblong, dull yellowish russet, flesh greenish, dry ; Decem-
ber, March.
Loan's English Pearmain.
Small, roundish conical, dull red and russet, flesh firm, almost worthy cul-
ture ; September, October.
Longville's Kernel.
Sam's Crab.
Foreign ; below medium, oval, flattened, brownish red on yellow, flesh firm,
sub-acid ; August, September.
Long John.
American ; large, conical, greenish yellow, flesh yellowish white, dry, great
keeper.
Lucombe's Seedling.
Foreign ; large, roundish conical, yellow spotted with red in sun, flesh whit-
ish, firm, cooking ; October, December.
Luce's Early Joe.
American ; small, round, bright red on yellow, flesh crisp, inferior; September.
174 THE APPLE.
Mank's Codlin.
Irish Pitcher, | Frith Pitcher.
Foreign ; medium, roundish, oblong, pale yellow, red cheek in sun, cooking
only ; August.
Margil.
White Margil.
Foreign ; small, roundia:, dull yellow, streaked with red, flesh white, tender ;
early Winter.
Marble Sweeting.
Virginia Sweet, | Mclntire's Sweeting.
American ; medium to large, roundish ovate, marbled, dull red and yellow,
flesh sweet, dry ; November, February.
May Seek-no-further.
May Apple.
Outwardly like Fryer's Red; flesh dry, coarse, only valued as a keeper, skill
thick.
Mauck.
Large, greenish yellow, blush in sun, conical, flesh " good."
Menagere.
Menagerie.
Foreign ; large, flat, pale yellow ; September to January.
Monstrous Pippin.
Gloria Mundi, New York Gloria Mundi,
American Mammoth, [ Ox Apple,
Baltimore Pippin.
Very large, greenish yellow, roundish, flesh white, acid ; October, December
Mother Davies.
Medium, round, oblong, greenish yellow, little red, flesh crisp, " good ;'' Oc-
tober, November.
Molasses.
Butter.
American ; small, roundish, red, dry, sweet ; October.
Milam.
Harrigan, | Winter Pearmain, of some.
American ; small to medium, roundish, greenish yellow, striped, dull red,
flash greenish, insipid ; December March.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 175
Murphy.
Murphy's Red, | Jack Murphy.
American ; large, roundish, oblong, pale and dark red streaked, flesh
greenish white, " good ;" November, February.
Newark King.
Hinclcm in.
American ; medium, conical, red on greenish yellow, flesh tender, little
more than good ; November to February.
Norfolk Beaufln.
Read's Baker, | Catshead Beaufin.
Foreign ; large, flat, dull red on greenish, flesh sub-acid, good drying ;
November to May.
Nonsuch.
English Nonsuch.
Foreign ; medium, flat, greenish yellow, with dull brick red, flesh white ;
October, November.
Old English Codlin.
English Codlm.
Large, oblong, conical, lemon yellow, flesh white, tender, cooking ; July
to November.
Old Royal Russet.
Leather Coat Russet.
Foreign ; medium, roundish, gray russet on green, flesh greenish white,
sharp sub-acid ; November, February.
• Old Nonpareil.
Non Pareille.
Foreign ; medium, flat, yellowish reddish brown, flesh firm, crisp, poor
bearer ; December. January.
Oslin.
Arbroath Pippin.
Foreign ; small, roundish, pale yellowish, flesh firm, crisp, acid ; August
Parson's Early.
American ; medium or above, roundish, pale yellow, fiesh yellowish white,
sharp, sub-acid ; August. September.
176 THE APPLE.
Pennock.
Pom'me Rcje, of some West, I Large Romanite,
Big Romanite, Red Pennock,
PennocK's Red Winter, | Prolific Beauty,
Xeisley's Winter.
American ; large, roundish, conical, angular, dull red, little yellow, flesh
coarse, dry rot ; November to March
Polly Bright.
Resembles Maiden's Blush, sharp acid ; September, October.
Pound.
Large, roundish, oblong, yellowish green, coarse, poor ; October, January.
POMME DE KOSE.
Large, roundish, flattened, red on yellow, small dots, flesh white, coarse, acid;
December, February.
Priestley.
Priestley's American, | Red Cathead.
Large, roundish, oblong, dull red, streaks of yellowish green, flesh greenish
white, inferior ; December to March.
Quaker Pippin.
American ; medium, greenish yellow, very acid ; October.
Red and Green Sweet.
Prince's Red and Green Sweet, | Large Red Sweeting,
Red Bough.
American ; very large, oblong conical, green and red striped, flesh sweet
poor ; August, September.
Red Ingestrie.
Foreign ; small, oblong ovate, yellow marbled with red, flesh firm, sprightly ;
September, October.
Red Gilliflower.
Red Seek-no-further, Ilarkness' New Favorite.
American ; medium, oblong conical, fine red, flesh white, mild sub-acid ;
November to January.
Red Calville.
Red Winter Calville, I Calville Rouge,
Calville Rouge d'Hiver, | Spice, of some West.
Foreign ; above medium, roundish oblong, pale red, dark red in sun, flesh
tender, poor ; November, February.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 177
Red Bellflower.
Red Belle Fleur, I Belle Fleur,
Belle Fleur Rouge, | Striped Belle Fleur, of some.
Foreign ; large, oblong conical, greenish yellow, covered and striped with
red, flesh white dry ; November, January.
Red Streak.
Herefordshire Red Streak, | Scudamoas Crab.
Foreign ; medium, roundish, red, yellow streaks, flesh yellow, dry, cider only;
October, December.
K\ mer.
Foreign ; above medium, roundish, flattened, clear red, glossy, flesh white,
Bharp, acid ; October, December.
Roseau d'Autumne.
Roseau, int:>,'r<- 'ly, of some.
Foreign ; medium, roundish ovate, Hut at base, yellow, blush red cheek, flesh
yellowish, crisp, acid ; November to January.
Roai . .
Foreign ; large, dark red, irregular in size and form, unprofitable.
Rule's Summer Sweeting.
American ; medium, oblong, yellow, poor ; August.
River.
American ; medium, oblate-ribbed, red striped on yellowish green, flesh green-
ish white, coarse ; July, August.
Scarlet Nonpareil.
New Scarlet Nonpareil.
Foreign ; medium, roundish, deep red on yellowish green, flesh firm, acid ;
November to February.
Shippen's Russet.
Large, roundish, flattened, russet on greenish yellow, flesh white, spongy,
acid ; January to March.
Shipley Green.
American ; medium, oblong, rusty red, acid ; all Winter ; cooking only.
Skunk.
Polecat.
American ; large, flat, dull dark red on yellow, flesh yellowish, dry ; Decenv
ber, January.
8*
178 THE APPLE.
Spring Grove Codlin.
Foreign ; medium, oblong ronnded, greenish yellow, flesh greenish, sub-acid,
cooking ; August, November.
Springer's Seedling.
American ; small, oblong oval, dull yellowish green, stripes of red, flesh
firm, negative ; January to May.
Spice Sweeting.
Poor bearei large, roundish, yellowish, flesh firm, sweet ; August, September.
Striped Mohawk.
Above medium, round, red striped on yellow, flesh dry, poor ; late Autumn.
Sugar Loaf Pippin.
Sugar Loaf Greening.
Foreign ; large, oblong conical, dull greenish yellow, brownish in sun, flesh
" good ;'' August, September.
Summer Golden Pippin.
Foreign ; small, roundish oblong, yellow, flesh whitish, firm, sweet ; August,
September.
Summer Rambour.
Summer Rambo, |j Rambour Franc,
Rambour d'Ete.
Foreign ; above medium, greenish yellow, streaked with red. roundish, flat-
tened, apt to be mealy ; August.
Summer Russet.
American ; small, roundish conical, yellow, partly russeted, sweet, dry ;
September.
Sweet and Sour.
Medium, roundish, flattened, greenish, only valued as curiosity. From a dis-
eased propagation.
Surprise.
Foreign ; small, round, whitish yellow, flesh stained with red ; November,
December.
Sweet Baldwin.
American ; medium, roundish, deep red striped on yellow, flesh sweet, dry ;
September, October. There are, we think, two apples grown under this name,
as Thomas describes one as" nearly first rate," and ripening " early winter."
Tart Bough.
Resembles Early Harvest but trees more rapid in growth, and ripens ten
flays later, more acid.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 179
Transparent dk Zurich.
Small or medium, beauty its only merit, waxen white, clear, translucent ;
September.
Thems Red Streak.
American ; medium, round, pale green, red stripes, flesh sour, Winter. (Hov-
Mag.)
Twenty Ounce Pippin.
Large, roundish, conical, green, poor, very distinct from Twenty Ounce, or
Cayuga Red Streak.
Victuals and Drink.
Big Sweet, | Pompey.
American ; large, oblong, rough, dull yellow, russet blush, sweet, dry ; Octo-
ber, January.
Victorious Reinette.
Reiaette Triornphante.
Foreign ; large, roundish oblong, pale yellow, rough dots, flesh firm, sub-acid ;
December. January.
White .Doctor.
Small, pyrimidal, greenish white, sweet, dry ; September, October.
White Calville.
White Winter Calville, I American White Winter Calville,
Calville Blanche d'Hiver, | Niger.
Foreign ; above medium, roundish flattened, whitish or greenish yellow, flesh
white, negative ; November, February.
White Astrachan.
Transparent cle Moscovie, | Glace de Zelande.
Foreign ; medium, roundish conical, white faint streak of red, flesh white,
dry. poor ; August
Winter Cheese.
American ; medium, greenish, with stripes of dull brownish red in sun,
mealy, poor ; December, January.
Willis Sweet ]
Large, roundish, oblong conical, yellow, marbled with dull red, flesh white,
eweet, cooking ; October, November.
Wormsley Pippin.
Knight's Codlin.
Foreign ; medium, roundish, greenish yellow, acid ; October, November.
180 THE APPLE.
Winter Queen.
Winter Queening.
American ; medium, conical, crimson aud pale red, flesh yellowish, sub-acid ;
December.
Yellow Ingestrie.
Foreign ; small, clear yellow, cri:<p, spicy, not valued ; October.
Yorkshire Greening.
Foreign ; large, roundish flattened, dull dark green, striped with dull red,
flesh greenish white, acid ; Winter.
Zane.
Zane Greening.
American ; large, roundish, dull greenish yellow, poor ; February to June.
Zjeber.
American ; small, roundish yellow, striped red ctsek, flesh dry ; " good."
THE BLACKBERRY. 181
THE BLACKBERRY
Rubus Villosus.
A well known bramble, indigenous to this country. The fruit is
so easily procured in its wild state, as not to have received due at-
tention from cultivators.
Ripening, as it dues, just us Raspberries are gone, when there is
a dearth of the smaller fruits, it is surprising that exertions have not
been made to grow improved varieties from seed. Plants selected
from the wild state, placed in the garden, and well cultivated, have
produced fruit of double the usual size and improved in flavor.
Seedlings may be grown in the same way as Raspberries, and the
plant requires similar soil and culture.
There are, in its wild state, many varieties, but all answering the
same botanical description. They are known under the common
names of High Blackberry, Bush Blackberry, Low or Trailing Black-
berry, &c. ; the stems being tall and more or less branching. The
fruit ripens from 20th July to 10th August, and is highly esteemed
for making syrup, which is regarded valuable as a preventive as
well as curative of diarrhoea, dysentery, &C As a dessert fruit, and
for Cooking, when well grown and ripened, it is esteemed, and often
advised by Physicians, on account of its healthful character.
There is a variety known as the White Blackberry, differing not
in habit, but with shoots and fruit of a greenish white.
182 THE CHERRY.
THE CHERRY.
Cerasus Svlvestris, and C. vulgaris, Arb. Brit. Rosacea of Botanists.
The Cherry, in its wild state, is a native of most parts of the
United States, and also of Britain ; but the cultivated variety is re-
corded as having been brought from Cerasus (whence the name),
a city of Pontus, in Asia Minor, and planted in the gardens of Italy
by the Roman General, Lucullus, after he had vanquished Mithri-
dates, in the year 69, B. C.
In 1824, Rev. Dr. Robert Walsh made communication to the
London Horticultural Society, stating the Cherry to be now grow-
ing in the land of its origin, whence it was brought near 2,000 years
ago.
He describes two varieties. " The first of these varieties is a
Cherry of enormous size, which grows along the northern coast of
Asia Minor, from whence the original Cherry was brought to Eng-
land. It is cultivated in gardens, always as a standard, and by a
graft. The second variety is an amber colored transparent Cherry,
of a delicious flavor. It grows in the woods, in the interior of Asia
Minor, particularly on the banks of the Sakari, the ancient Sanga-
rius. The trees attain gigantic size — the trunk of one measured in
circumference five feet ; height, to where the first branch issued,
forty feet; summit of highest branch, ninety feet — and this im-
mense tree loaded with fruit."
From Italy it was introduced into England as early as the forty-
second year B. C, although some authorities date its introduction
as late as fifty-five years after the Christian Era — that is, in the early.
part of the reign of Nero. The former date appears to be con-
firmed by Pliny, who says: " Italy was so well stocked that, in less
than twenty-six years after, other lands had Cherries, even as far as
Britain, beyond the Ocean." The poet, Lydgate, who wrote in or
about 1415, says that Cherries were then exposed for sale in the
streets of London, much as they are at the present day ; and in a
curious poem, entitled Lickpenny, is found the following allusion to
them :
" Hot pescodes one began to cry,
Straberys rype and Cherreys in the ryse."
From England and Holland both seeds and trees were introduced
into this country early after its first settlement.
PROPAGATION. 183
" Pliny mentions eight kinds of Cherries as being cultivated in
Italy when he wrote his Natural History, which was about 71,
A. 1).;" and from this date up to the present time, the varieties have
been gradually increasing until we have now described, in various
works, upwards of one hundred and fifty.
The disposition of Americans to combine the useful with the or-
namental, has induced the planting (where the Cherry succeeds) of
many as ornamental or shade trees ; while examples of reward pe-
cuniary, from sale of fruit on trees so planted, has probably been
additional inducement. The symmetrical form and rapid growth of
the Cherry lit it well for a street tree throughout the country, and
we wish we could induce the following of example of our Connect-
icut forefathers in 1760, and recently renewed by Prof. J. P. Kirt-
land, of Cleveland, Ohio, who has planted the Cherry as a street
tree upon the entire front of his grounds. Mr. Loudon, in his Ar-
boretum, gives an account of long avenues of the Cherry in Ger-
many ; and more recent travelers have written repeatedly of and
described them in such manner, that it is not a little strange our
people, as a body, have not as yet seen and acted upon the plan to
the advantage of their pecuniary as well as social interests. Says
Mr. Loudon: "These avenues in Germany are planted by the de-
sire of the respective Governments, not only for shading the travel-
er, but in order that the poor pedestrian may obtain refreshment
on his journey. All persons are allowed to partake of the Cherries,
on condition of not injuring the trees ; but the main crop, when
ripe, is gathered by the respective proprietors of the land on which
it grows."
In our view, this practice, if extensive in this country, would ren-
der less of one crime in the summing up of her annals — i. e., the
robbing of orchards ; and possibly, a law like that enacted in the
terrritory of Erfurth in 1795, would be beneficial. It provided that,
in case of the robber not being discovered, the district in which the
offence was committed should be obliged to make compensation for
the damage sustained. This made every individual interested in
preventing depredations on his neighbor's property.
Propagation. — The Cherry is propagated from seed — by bud-
ding— by grafting — and occasionally, by pieces of roots.
By Seed. —The seed of the black mazard is that generally used,
and considered best for propagat'ng the Heart and Duke varieties
upon, while the Mahaleb is used only for the purpose of creating a
dwarf habit. Seeds of the Gramon or Yellow Spanish will occa-
sionally reproduce trees bearing fruit similar to the parent ; while
seeds of many of the cultivated kinds will not vegetate, there being
no germ or seed bud within the- stor « The seed should not be per-
184 THE CHERRY.
mitted to get dry, but immediately when gathered, rubbed and
washed clean of pulp, and mixed half and half with sand, placed in
boxes of, say, four inches deep, having holes in the bottom for drain-
age, and then set in the open air, on the north side of a building,
clear of direct sunlight. The ground should be well drained, and,
if possible, fresh turf, and spaded or plowed in the fall one foot
deep. As soon as the frost is out in the spring, rake down the
ground level, mark out drills six inches wide and one inch deep, sow
seed so that it will be about three inches apart, cover with the soil
one inch, and add one inch of sand or leaf mould.
By Budding. — This is done as described on page 22 ; but in the
Cherry, and especially when the buds are a little unripe, it is best in
cutting the bud from the scion to take liberally of the wood, thereby
preventing its drying as soon as otherwise. The season for budding
the Cherry is, when the tree on which you are going to operate is
forming its terminal bud, and varies in seasons, as also in the age of
the trees ; trees of four or five years old, in sections south of Cin-
cinnati, being, ready by middle of June, while plants transplanted
the past spring will not be ready until early in July. North of this
section line, the season will vary from two to four weeks later. Oc-
casionally it will answer to bud in September, as it sometimes hap-
pens that a second growth is made about that time.
By Grafting. — This should be performed in all sections south of
Cincinnati early in February, and for those north, from the last week
in February to middle of March. Saddle grafting is best where
both stock and scion are equal in size ; whip or tongue grafting is
best where the stock is not over half to three-fourths inch diameter ;
and cleft grafting, where large stocks are to be changed. This last is
dangerous, inasmuch as it gives too great a check to the tree ; it is
better to graft the small limbs and branches. Side grafting is the
mode most advisable for young beginners, and also where the work
has been put off a little too late.
By Roots. — The root of the mazard Cherry, cut into pieces of
about four to six inches long, and having the upper end set about
one inch under ground early in spring, will often throw up strong
shoots, and where a person is unable to get seedlings, this is the next
best mode of obtaining stocks, as they are no more liable to sucker
than if from seed.
Transplanting. — \\ hen, from the seed bed to the nursery row, it
should be done in the fall on dry soils, and early in spring on soils
not perfectly dry in winter. They should be set in rows four feet
apart, and one foot apart in the row. and the plants should have one
half of last year's growth cut off, and all long, straggling, as well as
SOIL AND SITUATION. 185
the tap root, cut Dack to six inches. These, if the season is good,
will be suitable for budding the same summer. Orchard trees, and
also dwarfs for gardens, should have one half of the previous year's
growth cut off, and the roots trimmed smoothly at ends with a sharp
knife. The distance apart for standard trees in orchard, should be
about twenty-live feet, while dwarfs may be planted at distances ol
eight feet each way.
Standard Trees. — Are best for orcharding, and should, in no situa-
tion, have their heads formed more than four feet from ground, and
throughout the West and South, not more than two feet.
Dwarf Trees. — Are produced by propagating the Sweet or Duke
varieties on the Mahaleb, or Morello roots. They should in all cases
be worked just at the crown of the root, as it is there a union is
best formed ; and also, by means of pruning, (see page 30,) they
should be made to form heads branching immediately from the
ground.
Soil and Situation.. — The soil best suited to most Cherries is
that of a rich light loam on a gravelly sub-soil, but they will grow
and produce fruit freely in all soil not wet. The roots of the maz-
ard or sweet Cherries are very impatient of water, and will only
endure a few seasons in strong soils void of drainage, or where
water stands most of the winter. To this want of drainage in great
measure, is attributable the destruction of the Cherry in most of the
prairie soils throughout Southern and Western States ; and not until
we manage to drain freely our rich alluvial deposits, can we succeed
perfectly with the Sweet Cherries. The roots of the Duke's, Morel-
lo's, and Mahaleb, are less open and spongy in texture, and, there-
fore, less impatient of water. They, however, do not flourish vigor-
ously for any length of time, unless drainage is effected. To this
point in the culture of the Cherry, we beg especially to call atten-
tion of our Western and Southern readers, assuring them that, what-
ever of theory may have been advanced referable to climate, they
will find drainage, or the want thereof rather, to be* the primary
cause of destruction. Situated at a point where the Cherry proba-
bly does as well as at any place in the United States, we have had
occasion to notice the result of trees situated in what appeared suit-
able soil, but where, on examining, after having lost several trees, we
found water to have stood a long time about the roots.
Naturally, most of the soil of Western and Southern States, is
rich in vegetable matter, giving vigorous, even rampant growth to
the Cherry tree ; which, added to the fact, that most trees have their
roots standing in stagnant cold water, induces tendency to disease
from the first. If, then, when about to plant Cherry trees, perfect
drainage is made, so that no water will stand for twenty-four hours
186 THE CHERRY.
together about the roots, an application, on prairie soils, of sulphur,
and finely broken or ground bones be made, the ground work to
success will be jierformed.
Situations sloping south will affect the producing of early bloom,
rendering less chance of fruit from effect of late vernal frosts, and,
also, render the tree more liable to second growth in the fall, and
thus, unfit it for the severe changes of temperature throughout winter.
Northern exposures are recommended, but, an eastern one we regard
best. The forenoon sun may excite circulation, but not as rapidly
as the mid-day, or from one to three o'clock, p. m. ; while there is,
also, more or less of moisture in a morning atmosphere, and none
in the afternoon; the tree, also, has a chance to have its circulation
gradually checked ere the cold of night, which it has not when
planted on ground sloping south, west, or north. When planting on
either of the last exposures, or on level land, let your tree slope to
the south-west, as the sun has less effect upon it in that position.
Cultivation. In nursery rows, the earth, in spring, should be first
turned away from the trees ; in about ten days, it should again be
stirred and left nearly level, and so kept throughout the growing
season. In October, it should be turned up toward the trees. The
plants budded last season, should be cut back to within six inches
of the bud, as soon as the same commences to swell strongly. The
buds, after having grown six to eight inches, should be tied up to the
stocks, and, in June, the stock should be cut with a slope downward,
close to the bud. The second year, they should be headed back to
four feet, when some will throw out branches two feet from the
ground ; others, where headed back. The third year, they should
be transplanted. Throughout the West, on the rich prairie soils, it
has been found impolitic to hoe, or otherwise use any mode of cul-
ture toward keeping the ground clean, after August ; it induces sec-
ond growth, immature ripening of wood, and consequent injury in
winter. Orchard and garden trees should be lightly spaded around
in July, and a quantity of mulch, or stones, laid over the roots.
Pruning and Training. The Heart Cherry, as a standard, needs
little pruning, except to cut away limbs liable to cross one another.
This is best clone in July, when the cut, if made smooth, and close
to the body or large limb, will at once heal. If disposed to grow
too rapidly, dig around a tree, of, say, four inches diameter, a circu-
lar trench, three feet distant from the body of the tree, and two feet
deep, cutting off with a sharp spade, every root and fibre outside
that space. And, for every inch diameter, up to a tree twelve
inches through, add four inches distance of trench from tree. Often,
the top of the tree will also require pruning, so as to give it a round
head, as of an acorn, based on the circle of the trench.
INSECTS AND DISEASES. USES. 187
The Dukes and Morellos need somewhat more pruning than the
Ileart varieties, but all are impatient of the knife; yet,if to be done,
let it be in July, or when the terminal buds are forming.
Dwarfs are trained to please the fancy of growers, and mostly by
the " pinching-in " process. And as they grow with extreme vigor
on the Mahaleb, for three or four years, they require, not only to
have their tops pruned, but also, to be root-pruned annually.
If possible to be avoided, large branches should never be cut
from a sweet cherry tree. We have examined the results of many
cases, when large branches were lopped in spring, for the purpose
of changing the tree to a different variety, by grafting ; the result
has almost invariaby been death after two summers. When
necessary to be done, the wound should be covered with grafting
composition, or gum-shellac, to exclude the air, and the body wrap-
ped in straw or matting. Encasing the body during the winter and
spring months, with straw, cloth, or moss, will often prevent injury ;
for the cause of bursting of bark is in winter, not summer months,
although it does not always exhibit itself until July or August.
The atmospheric blight, injuring young shoots, acts, at once, in sum-
mer.
Insects and Diseases. The aphis, slug, caterpillar, and curculio,
are more or less destructive to the cherry, but as they are described
in other chapters we must refer the reader thereto. The diseases,
according to writers, are, in the West, numerous ; but, as they all
centre in the bursting of bark and exudation of gum, we shall only
note on that. Under the head of Soil, we have given what we term
the primary cause of this disease, and, if added to what we have said
under heads of Cultivation and Pruning, we believe will have effect
to check, in great measure, the evil. That it will render the tree
entirely free of the disease, we are not prepared to say; but, if to it
be added selections of buds from healthy trees, and growth in nur-
sery on ground well drained, and not over stimulated by barn-yard
manures, we believe a change for the better will be the result.
Uses. The wood of the wild or Virginia Cherry is used by cabi-
net makers, being susceptible of a fine polish. The fruit of the
Sweet Cherries is universally esteemed for the dessert, and that of the
tender-fleshed, like Belle de Choisy, is regarded as wholesome.
The Sour Cherries, either dried or fresh from the tree, are much
esteemed for culinary use, while the Mazard and wild Virginian
Cherries are used in flavoring liquors. " The celebrated German,
Kirschwasser, is made by distilling the liquor of the common black
Mazard ; (in which the stones are ground and broken and ferment-
ed with the pulp;) and the delicious Ratijiia cordial of Grenoble, is
also made from this fruit. Mareschino, the most celebrated liquor
of Italy, is distilled from a small Mazard, with which, in ferment-
188 THE CHERRY.
ing, honey and the leaves and kernels of the fruit are mixed. The
gum of the cherry is nearly identical with gum-arabic, and there
are some marvelous stories told of its nutritive properties."
Gather ing the Fruit. The flavor and character of the cherry is
best obtained when gathered early in the morning ; but, if intended
for distant market, they should always be gathered with the stem
attached, and when dry.
Classification. In order the more readily to distinguish varieties
of the cherry, authors have entered into classification ; but as those
heretofore made, have seemed rather to perpetuate error than induce
correctness, we have ventured upon a partially new order. Lind-
ley, in his Guide to the Orchard, makes two divisions ; one embrac-
ing varieties, the fruit of which is round, acid or sub-acid ; the other,
sweet, and heart-shaped. Downing, in his Fruits and Fruit Trees,
makes four divisions or classes, viz : Heart-shaped, Bigarreaus,
Dukes, and Morellos; and, in a measure, all other writers have
adopted these classifications. The two last terms of Mr. Downing,
— Dukes and Morellos, — we shall continue, as they are not inappli-
cable, and the trees are distinct in growth. But the word Bigarreau,
being derived from Bigarreil, originally meaning, and intended to
convey the idea of a parti-colored, or yellow and red fruit, and not
meaning, (as it is generally used and understood by pomologists)
firm- fleshed, we can see no just cause for continuing in use. Again ;
there are varieties which, although round in form, are yet sweet, and
partially tender-fleshed, and however erroneous, would have (if the
old classification were pursued) to come under the head of Heart-
shaped. There are, also, varieties where the characters, both of tree
and fruit, of those determined by the two distinctions — Heart and
Bigarreau — are so closely commingled, as to often perplex the ama-
teur, and thus increase rather than lessen his troubles. We shall,
therefore, designate in our text descriptive of each variety, the classes
heretefore known as Hearts and Bigarreaus, being rapid growing,
lofty and spreading trees, as Sweet, of which the old Black Heart
may be taken as the type. The Dukes are mainly distinguished by
the trees having narrower leaves than those of the Sweet Cherry,
being upright in growth while young, but forming a low, spreading
head, with wood less strong, and somewhat darker colored than the
Sweet Cherries. Fruit, generally round, of one color, and when fully
ripe, rich sub-acid.
The Morellos are less upright in growth thnn the Dukes.
Branches, small, slender, drooping ; foliage, narrow, dark green; fruit,
acid.
Engravings. These have been made from medium sized speci-
mens, taken direct from the tree, and placed in the engraver's
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
189
hands. They represent the cherry cut in half, and are intended to
show the form of fruit in that way, and, also, exhibit the lines of tis-
sue in the flesh, which are different in varieties, but uniform in
numerous specimens of the same variety.
CLASS I. — Worth)/ General Cultivation.
Belle de Choisy.
Ambree de Choisy,
Cerise Poucctle,
Cerise a Noyau Tendre,
Ambree a Gros Fruit,
Cerise de la Palembre,
Schone Von Choisy.
Raised in 1760, at Choisy, a village near
Paris, France. The tree is of a Duke habit —
thus far proving hardy in nearly all locations. It
bears regularly every year, but only moderate
quantity. Its delicacy and exquisite peculiar
flavor, render it one of the most desirable for the
table, but unsuited to market purpose.
Fruit, round, or slightly depressed ; skin,
thin translucent, showing the netted texture of
flesh beneath ; of pale amber in the shade, mot-
tled with red and yellow where more exposed ;
and grown fully in the sun, becoming a bright
cornelian red ; Jlesh, amber yellow, slightly
tinged with pink radiating lines or tissues, in ir-
regular long curves, very tender, delicate, juicy,
sub-acid, nearly sweet, peculiar and agreeable
flavor ; pit, small, round, a little pointed at apex;
stalk, often short, but varying. Season, last of
June.
Black Tartarian.
Bishop's Large,
Frazer's Black Heart,
Ronald's Heart,
Circassian,
Superb Circassian,
Black Russian,
Ronald's Black Heart,
Frazer's Black Tartarian,
Tartarian,
Black Circassian,
Ronald's Large Black Heart,
Double Heart!
190
THE CHERRY.
This variety is supposed to have originated
in Spain, whence it was transmitted to Russia,
and thence introduced into England, about
1794 or 1796, whence it found its way to this
country, and in 1810 was cultivated in Mid-
dletown, Ct., as Bishop's Large, and in 1813
as Ronald's Black Heart. Thu tree is of pe-
culiar upright growth, unlike any other variety,
or most resembling the Black Mazard. Its
vigorous habit, erect form, large foliage,
and large sweet fruit, have rendered it perhaps
the most popular variety in cultivation. The
tree requires somewhat more pruning to thin
it out than other varieties ; otherwise, as the
trees grow old, they become too thick, and the
fruit attains only medium size.
Fruit, large, heart shape, often obtuse, ir-
regular uneven surface, glossy, purplish black,
slight suture half round ; flesh, liver color,
juicy, sweet, half tender, separating freely from
pit, mild, pleasant, not high flavor ; pit, below
medium size ; stalk, sunk in a regular cavity.
Season, last of June.
Black Hawk.
Raised by Prof. J. P. Kirtland, near Cleve"
land, in 1842. Commenced fruiting in 1846.
The tree is of healthy ,vigorous,spreading habit,
with much of the general character of Yellow
Spanish ; flowers, above medium ; soil of
origin, a gravelly loam. As a table fruit,
its high flavor will always commend it ;
while, as a market fruit, its size and pro-
ductive habit of tree place it among the very
best.
Fruit, large, heart shape, often obtuse,
sides compressed, surface uneven ; color,
dark purplish black, glossy ; flesh, dark
purple, half tender, almost firm, radiating
lines irregular, without form, juicy, rich
sweet, fine flavor ; pit, medium size, un-
even surface ; stalk, varying, inserted in a
broad cavity. Season, from 20th June to
1st July.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
191
Brant.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland, on a gravelly-
loam. The tree is vigorous, with large foli-
age, and spreading, or rather round regular
form ; flowers, large, and open irregularly, so
that often a portion may be injured by late
frosts, and others escape.
Fruit, large, rounded, angular, heart shape,
sides slightly compressed ; color, reddish
black ; jlesh, dark purplish red, radiating lines
whitish, partially indistinct, half tender, juicy,
sweet and rich ; pit, nearly smooth, slight de-
pressions, round oval ; stem, medium, set in a
cavity slightly angular. Season, early — say
middle of June.
Belle Magnifique.
Belle et Magnifique.
First introduced into this country from France by Gen. Dear-
born. The tree is of Duke habit, hardy, healthy, and vigorous. It
is a moderate bearer, the fruit, if permitted, hanging on the tree
until August, although much of it suitable for cooking last of Jun«.
As a fruit for culinary purposes, it is very
desirable.
Fruit, when trees are well cultivated, of
the largest size, ovate rounded, often pointed,
heart shape ; color, clear rich red on pale
vol low; when fully exposed to the sun, mostly
red ; flesh, yellowish, tender, sub-acid when
fully ripe, sprightly, separates freely from the
pit ; stem, planted in a deep yet open cavity
or basin, and varying from 1 1-4 to 1 3-4
inch in length. Season, middle June to Aug.
Cleveland.
Cleveland BigarrPau.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842, on
a gravelly loam soil. The tree is thrifty,
with stout shoots, and of a rounded spread-
ing habit ; large leaves ; flowers, above
medium, profusely abundant, and, thus far,
it has proved healthy wherever grown.
ft
192
THE CHEERY.
Fruit, large, round heart shape, flattened at apex, generally a
regular uniform surface, occasional seasons it has a projection on one
side, near the stem ; color, bright clear red on amber yellow ground,
and occasionally blotched with carmine red ; Jlesh, pale yellowish
white, almost firm, deepest in color next the pit, radiating lines in-
distinct, juicy, rich fine flavor ; pit, medium size; stt?n, rather stout,
medium length. Season, about one week before Elton, or say 23d
to 25th June. Very productive.
Coe's Transparent.
Raised by Curtiss Coe, Middletown, Ct. Tree, upright, some-
what spreading, vigorous, healthy habit.
Fruit, medium size, occasionally large, regular rounded form,
often slightly angular at junction of stem ; color, pale light amber
yellow, with a bright clear red, indistinctly mottled on two-thirds
the surface ; Jlesh, with irregular radiating lines, yellowish, tender,
juicy, rich sweet and excellent ; pit, above medium ; stem, rather
short, in a moderate depression. Season, middle to 25th June.
Doctor.
The Doctor.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842. The tree
is of healthy habit, not extremely vigorous, up-
right, rounded in form, bearing even to excess
of fruit, so much so that unless well cultivated
the fruit becomes smiill. Original soil, gravelly
loam.
Fruit, medium, roundish heart shape, with a
suture extending all round ; color, light yellow
and red, the latter most prevailing ; Jlesh, white,
tinged with pale yellow, juicy, tender, sweet,
with a delicious flavor ; pit, small ; stem, rather
slender, in a round regular basin. It ripens
early in June, but will hang until July.
Downer's Late.
Downer, | Downer's Late Red.
Raised by Samuel Downer, Dorchester, Mass., 1808. The
tree is vigorous, half spreading in habit, healthy, hardy, and abundant
bearer.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
193
Fruit, medium size, round heart-shape,
slightly compressed on one side ; color, a bright,
lively red, mottled with amber in the shade ;
flesh, amber color, stained slightly with red next
the pit, radiating lines slight ; tender, sweet, and
delicious when fully ripe. It is often gathered
before fully ripe, when it is a little bitter ; pit,
above medium size, oblong rounded ; stem,
medium, inserted in a narrow, slight depression.
Season, from fourth to twelfth July. This va-
riety suffers less than most varieties, from warm
wet weather.
Delicate.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842, upon a
gravelly loam. The tree is of thrifty, healthy
habit, spreading so as to form a round head. It
is productive, and as a dessert cherry, its del-
icate, translucent character, rich, juicy, sweet,
high flavor, will always render it a favor-
ite.
Fruit, medium to large ; form, regular,
roundish, flattened, with a slight suture one
side ; color, rich amber yellow, overspread
and mottled with light carmine red, while the
flesh is so translucent, that held to the light,
the tissue is distinctly traced, and red appears
as though mingled throughout, when, on exit-
ing it, the flesh is a whitish-yellow, with dis-
tinct radiating lines, — tender, juicy, sweet, de-
licious, high flavor ; pit, small, roundish
oval, with a broad ridge ; stem, medium, set
in a deep, round depression. Season, about
first July.
Early Prolific.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842. The original tree fruited
three years, during which, we carefully noted the fruit. It then was
lost by being removed ; meantime, buds had been sent to Mr. Chas.
Downing, and it is from the character shown under his hands, that we
are induced to place it in this class. Its large size, rich flavor and
early habit of maturity, class it among the most desirable, for pri-
t7
194
THE CHERRY.
vate oi marketing collections. Tree, healthy, vigorous, upright,
slightly spreading.
Fruit, medium to large, round, obtuse heart-shape, bright car-
mine red, mottled on light amber yellow ; and, on one side, a distinct
line, edged with yellow; stem, varying both in size and length;
flesh, half tender, almost firm, juicy, rich, sweet, and delicious flavor ;
very productive. Season, early in June.
Elton.
Bigarreau Couleur de chair,
Flesh Colored Bigarreau,
Gros Bigarreau Couleur du chair,
Gros Bigarreau Blanc,
Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Blanc,
Large Heart-Shaped Bigarreau, erroneously,
Bigarreau de Rocmont,
Cceur de Pigeon,
Bigarreau Belle de Rocmont,
Guigne gros Blanche, of some,
Bigarreau Common, ,,
Belle Andigeoise,
Raised in England, in 1806. Its superior
qualities have made it a great traveler, and
although often introduced to notice, under a
new name, it is always worthy place.
The trees grow vigorously, with a spread-
ing, rather drooping habit ; leaves, with pur-
plish footstalks. First introduced to this
country in 1823.
Fruit, large, long, heart-shape, pointed ;
color, beautiful light yellow ground, mottled
and streaked with bright glossy red ; flesh,
yellowish, radiating lines not bold, half ten-
der, when fully ripe, nearly tender, juicy,
sweet, with an exceedingly rich, high flavor;
pit, above medium, oval, rounded, with a
sharp point ; stem, long and slender, set in
rather a deep basin ; very productive. Sea-
son, last of June.
Early Richmond.
Kentish,
Pie Cherry,
Virginian May,
Kentish Red,
Common Red,
Montmorency a longue queue
Sussex,
Commune,
Muscat d
i Prague.
An old European sort, but extensively grown in this country,
under the name we have adopted. It is probably, the true Kentish ;
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
195
but, under that name, it becomes so often con-
founded with the common Sour Pie Cherry of
our country, that we have preferred to continue
it here, under the name it is best known in this
country. The tree belongs to the Morello class ;
grows about twenty feet high, with a roundish
spreading head ; very productive, ripening its
fruit in May, but, in dry seasons, holding it until
July. It is indispensable to every garden ; and
for market, coming as it does so early, is very
profitable. It is remarkable for the corolla re-
maining on the stalk, and for the tenacity with
which the stone adheres thereto.
Fruit, of medium size, borne in pairs, round,
bright red, becoming darker as it hangs on the
tree a long time; flesh, of a reddish cast. juie\ .
very tender, sprightly, rich, acid flavor ; stem, ^m
usually short, say, one and a quarter inch, set in
deep, round basin. Season, twenty-sixth May to first
Purple Guigne.
Early Purple Guigne, German May Duke,
Early Purple Griolte.
The origin of this valuable variety we have
been unable to decide. Eastern cultivators
received it from England, where it was figured
and described by Mr. Thompson, in the London
Hort. Society's transactions. Western Cultiva-
tors received it through a party of emigrants
from Germany, under name of German May
Duke, by which it is much grown in Ohio. The
trees are poor growers in the nursery, of a strag-
gling, loose, irregular, somewhat pendent habit,
but of healthy, hardy character, only moderat-
ly productive while young, but as they grow
older, become more prolific. Its earliness and
delicious character, must always render it popu-
lar where known.
Fruit, medium to large, roundish, heart-
shaped, with an indenture at the point or apex ;
color, when fully ripe, dark purplish black ; flesh,
dark purplish red, juicy, rich, sweet, and excellent ;
p'£, medium ; size, roundish oval; stem, long,
slender, inserted in a shallow, narrow basin.
Season, last of May and first of June.
uly
196
THE CHERRY.
Governor Wood.
Eaised by Prof. Kirtland, 1842, and named
in honor of Reuben Wood, late Governor of
Ohio.
The tree is a vigorous, healthy grower,
forming a rounded, regular head ; very pro-
ductive while young ; flowers large.
Fruit, of the largest size, roundish, heart-
shape ; color, rich, light yellow, mottled or
marbled with a beautiful carmine flush ; grown
fully exposed to the sun, it becomes a clear,
rich red ; suture half round, followed on oppo-
site side, by a dark line ; flesh, light, pale
yellow, with radiating lines, transverse, acu-
minate, half tender, juicy, sweet, and fine,
rich, high flavor ; pit, roundish ovate, con-
siderably ribbed ; stem, varying in length and
size. Season, middle of June.
In even small collections, this variety
should always have a place.
HlLDESHEIM.
Hildesheim Bigarreau,
Tardif de Hildesheim,
Bigarreau Tardif de Hildesheim,
Bigarreau Marbre de Hildesheim,
Bigarreau Blanc Tardif de Hildesheim,
Bigarreau Noir Tardif.
From Germany. Tree, upright, strong grower, unproductive
while young.
Fruit, medium, heart-shaped, yellow, mottled, marbled and
splashed with red; stem, long, slender; basin, shallow, broad; sut-
ure broad, half round, with hollow depression at apex ; flesh, pale
yellow, firm, sweet ; pit, medium, surface marbled with red. Sea-
son, last of July to twentieth August. The true variety is rarely
sold, but when obtained, is truly valuable, as coming just before
peaches, and when there are few fruits in market.
HORTENSE.
Reine Hortense,
Lemercier of E. and B.,
Monstreuse de Bavay,
Belle de Bavay,
De 16 a la livre.
Belle de Petit Brie.
Introduced to this country from France, in 1842. The tree is of
Duke habit, vigorous, healthy grower, forming a dense, upright,
round head, and promises to be very hardy, and extremely desirable
in rich, moist soils, where the Sweet Cherries do not succeed as
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
197
well. It is moderately prolific, the fruit quite large, and ripen-
ing as it does, quite late in the season, combined with the habit of
hanging long after ripe, and its rich, spright-
ly, sub-acid juice, must render it extremely
popular, when it becomes fully known.
Fruit, quite large, round, elongated, sides
compressed, smooth, glossy, regular surface;
suture, shallow, half round, followed by a
marked line, terminating at base, in a knob-
by projection ; color, bright lively red, mar-
bled and mottled on amber ; grown in the
sun, it is mostly red ; flesh, pinkish yellow,
with radiating lines, distinct, but irregular
in form, tender, and when fully ripe, sepa-
rating freely from the stone, often even ex-
hibiting a hollow, vacant space, between pit
and flesh, high, sprightly, slightly acid
flavor ; pit, rather large, oblong, rounded ;
stalk, two inches long, generally slender.
Season, twelfth to twentieth July.
Joc-o-sot.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland, in 1842, and
named after a noble Sioux chief, who died at
Cleveland, in 1844. Tree thrifty, half spread-
ing, or round-headed, and productive.
Fruit, large, very regular, uniform, heart-
shape, slightly obtuse, and with a deep inden-
tation at apex ; sides, compressed ; suture,
broad, half round, followed with a dark line,
and often a knob-like projection ; surface, un-
even ; color, rich, glossy, dark liver-color, al-
most black ; flesh, with indistinct radiating
lines, dark liver-color, tender, juicy, with a
rich, sweet flavor ; pit, below medium size,
regular, smooth ; stem, long, and of medium
size. Season, near the last of June.
198
THE CHEERY.
Kirtland's Mary.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland,in 1842, described
and named by ourself, in compliment to
the daughter of Prof. K. The tree is a strong,
healthy grower, upright, rounded in form,
shoots strong, not rampant ; flowers, large and
open, very prolific. The fruit is one of the
most beautiful of all cherries, quite firm-flesh-
ed, but withal possessing delicacy and high
flavor, that renders it one of the most desira-
ble varieties, either for dessert or market pur-
poses.
Fruit, large, roundish, heart-shape, very
regular ; color, light and dark rich red, deeply
marbled and mottled on a yellow, ground,
grown fully in the sun, is mostly a rich, dark
glossy red ; flesh, with distinct irregular radiat-
ing lines, light yellow, quite firm, rich, juicy,
sweet, and very high flavored ; pit, medium,
regular, rounded, with distinct prominent lines
or ridges, flesh adheres slightly to it ; stem,
moderately stout, varying in length. Season,
last of June and first of July.
Kirtland's Mammoth.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland from a pit of the
Yellow Spanish, grown on a tree remote from
other varieties, its name is given from the ex-
treme large size of the fruit, being one-eighth
greater than any other variety. The tree is of
strong, vigorous growth, with very large leaves
and large flowers. It is, however, only moder-
ately productive. Soil of origin, gravelly loam.
Fruit, of the very largest size, often three
and a half inches in circumference, obtuse, heart
shape ; color, light clear yellow, partially over-
spread, and marbled with rich red ; flesh, with
distinct radiating lines, broad, ovate, reversed,
almost tender, juicy, sweet, and with a very
fine high flavor ; pit, roundish oval, regular,
surface indented ; stem, generally short, moder
ately stout. Season, last of June.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
199
Late Bioarreau.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842, on a
gravelly soil. Tree, vigorous, shoots stout,
not rampant, forms a round regular head ;
flowers, open, abundant, very productive.
Fruit, large, obtuse heart shape, occasion-
ally a little angular and with a deep broad in-
denture at the apex ; color, a rich yellow
ground, with a bright red cheek, frequently
the rod covers nearly the whole surface —
occasionally it is blotched or mottled ; suture,
shallow, half round, marked with a line on op-
posite side ; fieslt, with distinct radiating lines,
yellowish, nearly firm, juicy, sweet, and of
agreeable flavor; pit, small, round, regular;
stalk, one-and-a-half inch long, inserted in a
broad open depression. Season, 4th to 12th
July.
Large Heart Shaped.
Bigarmau Gaubalis,
Black Bigarreau of Savoy,
Bigarreau gros Couret,
Bigarreau de Lyon,
Guigne Noire luisante,
Great Bigarreau ?
Monstreuse de Mezel,
New Large Black Bigarreau,
Bigarreau gros Monstreux,
Ciros Couret,
Large Heart Shaped Bigarreau,
Ward's Bigarreau.
This variety, originally from France, we have received from
diiFerent sources, and fruited the past two
years under most of the synonymes given.
We are also under the impression that the
" Great Bigarreau," noticed by Mr. Downing
in the Horticulturist for 1851, will yet prove
identical ; but we cannot yet speak confidently.
The tree is a strong, vigorous grower, with
large foliage. Its productive habit, fine flesh,
and large size of fruit, render it very desirable
as a market variety ; while its want of deli-
caey and flavor unfit it for grounds of those
who grow only for private use.
Fruit, very large, roundish, heart shape,
occasionally obtuse, dark shining red, becom-
ing, when fully ripe, dark purplish black ; sur-
face, very uneven ; flesh, reddish purple, coarse
tissue, with a distinct, dark line one side next
the pit, not very juicy and lacking in high fla-
vor ; pit, large, oval ; stem, varying, inserted
in a shallow depression. Season, 4th to 10th July.
200
TIM2 CHERRY.
Logan.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842 ; soil a
gravelly loam. Tree, hardy, healthy grower,
somewhat spreading, moderately productive ;
flowers, large, opening late, little liable to in-
jury from frost.
Fruit, medium or above, obtuse, sometimes
regular, heart shape, with a shallow indenture
at apex ; color, purplish black, when ripe ;
Jlesh, liver color, radiating lines almost white,
nearly firm, juicy, sweet, and rich flavor ; pit,
above medium, oval ; stem, varying in length
in a deep cavity. Season, middle to last of
June.
Osceola.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842; soil
gravelly. Tree, round, spreading regular form,
hardy, healthy grower ; flowers, medium, open-
ing rather late and in succession ; a good, not
excessive bearer.
Fruit, medium to large, regular, heart shape,
with a deep, broad suture, half round ; color,
dark purplish red, inclining to black ; Jlesh,
liver color, fine tissue, so much so that the
radiating lines are almost obliterated, juicy,
rich and sweet ; pit, medium or small, ovate,
rounded ; sit m, moderately stout in a deep,
regular cavity. Season, last of June and early
July. One of the best for all collections.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
201
PONTIAC.
Eaised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842 ; soil
gravelly. Tree, upright, rounded form,
slightly spreading, vigorous, healthy habit ;
flowers, above medium size, opening in suc-
cession ; regularly productive.
Fruit, large, obtuse heart shape, sides
compressed; color, dark purplish red, ap-
proaching to black when fully ripe ; flesh,
purplish red, radiating lines irregular, half
tender, juicy, sweet and agreeable ; pit,
medium, smooth, parts freely from the
flesh ; stem, varying from long to short, in-
serted in a broad, open cavity. Season,
last of June.
PoWHATTAN.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842; soil gravelly. Tree, vigorous,
healthy, round headed, productive.
Fruit, medium, size, uniform, roundish, flattened or compressed
on sides, surface irregular; color, liver like, highly polished ; suture,
half round ; flesh, rich purplish red, marbled, radiating lines obscure,
half tender, juicy, sweet, pleasant, but not high flavor ; pit, small,
round, elongated ; stem, medium. Season, late ; 8th to 15th July.
For profitable market purposes this is one of the very best ; the
fruit ripening late, and all being uniform and regular in size.
Rockport.
Rockport Bigarreau.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842; gravelly loam. Tree, strong,
vigorous grower, forming a very upright habit, more resembling the
Black Tartarian than any other variety we know. It is one of the
first, of Prof. Kirtland's seedlings, that was described, and feeling
interested in its success, in various parts of the States we distributed
202
THE CHERRY.
it pretty liberally in shape of buds and grafts.
It has now been fruited extensively, and we
feel confident, while recommending this, that
other varieties of the same origin will be
equally successful. The tree wants good cul-
ture, and its period of maturity is materially
altered both by soil and culture, while its char-
acter appears unchanged. Valuable, either
for private or market gardens.
Fruit, large, round, obtuse heart shape,
surface generally slightly uneven, and always
with a knobby or swollen projection on one
side ; color, clear brilliant deep red, shaded
and mottled on a pale amber yellow, with
occasional carmine spots ; flesh, yellowish white,
radiating lines irregular, a yellow tinge around
the pit, firm, juicy, sweet, with a rich, delicious
flavor ; ])it. oval, regular and without ridges ;
stem, usually of medium length — one, to one-
and-a-half inches. Season, 20th to last of June.
Red Jacket.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842. The
original tree has always stood in ground uncul-
tivated ; yet its fruit, from lateness of ripening,
size and quality, renders it most desirable, and
especially for market culture, as it is very pro
ductive. The tree forms a head similar to the
Black Hazard, not quite as erect.
Fruit, large, regular, long obtuse heart
shape ; cdor, fine, clear, light red, when grown
in the sun, but of an amber color, overspread
with pale red, and often a yellow russet patch,
when grown in the shade ; flesh, with radiating
lines distinct, half tender, juicy, of good, not
high flavor ; gathered before ripe, it is a little
bitter ; pit, medium ; stem, rather long and
slender, set in an open, moderately deep basin.
Season, middle of July.
Shannon.
This is a Morello raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1829; first de-
scribed in 1849. Named in respect to Wilson Shannon, once gov-
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 203
ernor of Ohio. The tree is very hardy, having been tested in many
locations.
Fruit, slightly above medium size, globular, flattened at junction
with stem, dark purplish red, when ripe ; flesh, tender, reddish pur-
ple, juicy, acid ; pit, small ; stem, long, slender, inserted in an open
'•uity. Season, middle of July.
Tecumseh.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842, on a soil of gravelly loam.
The tree is moderately vigorous, spreading, hardy, producing its
blossoms late in the season.
Fruit, medium to large, obtuse heart shape, compressed, with a
broad, shallow suture ; color, when fully ripe, a reddish purple, or
dark liver color, mottled somewhat with red ; fiesh, reddish purple,
irregular, distinct radiating lines, half tender, very juicy, sweet, but
not high flavor ; pit, medium size, smooth, round, slightly elongated ;
stem, varying, set in an open, rather deep cavity. Season, middle to
20th July. Very valuable for a late market variety.
CLASS II. — New and Untested — suited to Certain Localities, or Exten.'
sive Grounds of Amateur Fomologists.
Arch Duke.
Griotte de Portugal, I.ate Arch Duke,
Portugal Duke, Late Duke.
An English variety, first described by Lindley, since figured and de-
scribed in Hovey's Magazine, from which we extract. The May Duke,
or Late Duke, have almost always been sold as this variety. It is a more
vigorous grower, and distinguished in its fruit by being more heart shape.
Fruit, large, heart shape, compressed ; dark shining red ; fiesh, light red,
slightly adhering to the stone, tender, sub-acid ; stem, long, slender. Sea-
son, early in July.
American Heart.
Probably a native of this country ; its origin is, however, uncertain.
Tree, vigorous, spreading. Fruit, medium, heart shaped, four sides com-
pressed ; pale yellow and red ; flesh, yellowish, watery toward the pit,
juicy, sweet, second flavor ; pit, medium ; stem, long, moderately slender
Season, early in June.
Adam's Crown.
English ; little known in this country. Fruit, medium, round, heart
204 THE CHERRY
shape ; pale red ; flesh, tender, juicy and agreeable. Season, middle of
June.
Anne.
We have had this variety growing for two years, but have not fruited
it. Chas. Dowfng, Esq., writes us that it originated at Lexington, Ky.,
ripens early, is very productive, and of excellent flavor. The tree is of
the Sweet Cherry class.
Burr's Seedling.
Originated in Western New York. Tree, vigorous, spreading, produc-
tive. Fruit, medium to large, heart shape ; clear bright red on pale yel-
low ; half tender, juicy, sweet; stem, slender. Season, middle to last of
June.
D'Esperin.
Bigarreau D'Esperin.
New, from Belgium. Hovey says, the tree has a compact, spreading
habit, of moderate growth, a good bearer. Fruit, large, roundish heart
shape, depressed at ends, flattened on sides ; suture, all round ; color,
clear, soft amber in the shade, mottled with pale red in the sun ; flesh,
pale amber, tender, juicy, excellent ; pit, medium, oval ; stem, long, slen-
der. Season, early in July.
Belle of Orleans.
Belle de Orleans.
New, from France. Tree, vigorous grower, good bearer, promises to
be valuable. Fruit, medium, roundish ; light yellowish white, with clear
pale red covering about one half the surface ; flesh, te«der, juicy, and de-
licious. Season, early in June.
Buttner's Yellow.
Buttner's Wach's-Knorpel Kirsche, | Buttner's Gelbe Knorpel Kirsche.
From Germany. Tree, vigorous, spreading ; only as a novelty is it de-
sirable. Fruit, medium, regular heart shape, flattened at stem end ; pale
lemon yellow, with russet marblings ; flesh, whitish yellow, firm, even
tough, without flavor, adheres to the pit ; stem, medium length and size,
in an open, round, regular cavity. Season, middle to last July.
Black Eagle.
English, raised by the daughter of Mr. Knight. Tree, healthy, strong
grower, unproductive at the West. Fruit, above medium, borne in threes,
obtuse heart shape; deep purple, almost black ; flesh, reddish purple, half
tender, with a rich, sweet, high flavor. Season, early in July.
Buttner's Black Heart.
Buttner's Herz Kirsche, | Schwarze Neue Herz Kirsche.
From Germany. As a late variety, Arm fleshed, for market this pro-
mises well. Fruit, large, heart shape purplish black when fully ripe ;
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 205
flesh, reddish violet, firm, juicy, pood, not high flavor SL-ason, middle to
last of July. Tree, productive, a vigorous grower.
Downing's Red Cheek.
Raised by Chas. Downing, Newburgh, N. Y. Tree, vigorous, halt
spreading. Fruit, medium to large, obtuse heart shape ; yellowish white,
with a rich dark crimson, covering more than one half the fruit; flesh,
yellowish, half tender, delicately sweet; pit, medium; stem, set in an
even hollow of moderate depth. Season, middle to last June.
Champagne.
Raised by Chas. Downing, Newburgh, N. Y. This variety is highly
commended by the late A. J. Downing, but we have been unable to fruit
it sufficiently to place it among those of general cultivation. For large
orchards, we think it desirable as a bearer, but not of size to com-
mand price in market. Tree, vigorous, healthy, productive. Fruit, me-
dium, roundish heart shape, slightly angular ; color, shades of lively red;
flesh, amber color, juicy, sprightly, rich flavor ; stem, moderate length, in
a shallow cavity. Season, middle of June, but hangs well into July.
Cumberland.
Triomplie, of Cumberland, Rrenncman's May,
Monstrous May, Steret's May,
Cumberland Seedling.
This is claimed to be a seedling of Cumberland Co., Pa. Having fruited
it from two sources, one proving identical with Yellow Spanish, and the
other identical with Tradescant's Black, we have some doubts as to its being
a seedling or new variety. In the ad-interim report of the Pennsylvania
Hort. Society, it is thus described : Large, obtuse heart-shaped, some-
times roundish, compressed at the sides ; deep crimson, almost purple
when fully ripe ; suture, indistinct ; stem, rather long, slender, inserted
in a broad, open cavity ; apex, slightly depressed ; stone, roundish
oval, compressed; flesh, rather solid, red, slightly adherent to the stone;
flavor, fine ; quality, " best ;" period of maturity about the middle of June.
China Bigarreau.
Chinese Heart.
Raised by William Prince, Flushing. Tree, hardy, healthy, spreading.
Fruit, medium, roundish heart shape ; bright amber yellow, becoming
mostly red when fully ripe ; flesh, half tender, juicy and rich, but, unless per-
fectly ripe, slightly bitter ; stem, long and slender ; very productive.
Carnation.
Wax Cherry,
Crown,
Cerise de Portugal,
Griotte de Villennes.
Cerise Nouvelle d'Angleterre,
Grosse Cerise Rouge Pale,
Griottier Rouge Pale,
A variety of the Morello, that from its hardiness has been pretty largely
disseminated through our Western and Southwestern States. Fruit,
above medium ; yellowish white, becoming, when fully ripe, a lively red
206
THE CHERRY.
slightly marbled; flesh, tender, juicy, and, when fully ripe, less acid than
most of this class; stem, stout. Season, middle to last of July, but will
hang a long time. Tree, a good grower, with strong wood, and a profuse
bearer.
Carmine Stripe.
Eaised by Prof. Kirtland. Tree, vigorous, healthy, spreading ; very
productive. Fruit, above medium, heart shape, compressed on sides,
often an uneven surface, with suture half round, followed by a line of car-
mine ; color, amber yellow, shaded and mottled with bright lively car-
mine ; flesh, tender, juicy, sweet, sprightly and agreeable; pit, small ; stem,
varies. Season, last of June.
Caroline.
Eaised by Prof. Kirtland. Tree, much resembles
Belle de Choisy ; in growth healthy, hardy, vigor-
ous, and productive ; it promises to become valuable
as a dessert Cherry.
Fruit, above medium, round oblong; one side
compressed slightly ; color, pale amber, mottled
with clear light red, and when fully exposed to the
sun becomes rich red ; flesh, slightly tinged with
pale red or pink, translucent, very tender, juicy,
sweet, and delicate ; pit, medium, oblong oval.
Season last of June.
CONESTOGA.
This variety originated in Conestoga Township,
Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Fruit, very large,
obtuse heart-shaped, slightly indented at the apex;
dark purple; stem, from an inch and three-quarters
to two and a quarter long, slender, inserted in an
open cavity ; flesh, purplish, firm ; flavor, sugary,
and very pleasant , quality " best." (W. D. B.)
Christiana.
Raised by B. B. Kirtland, Greenbush. N. Y., and resembling, in charac-
ter of tree and fruit, the May Duke. Not having fruited it, we only note
from the Horticulturist, where the fruit is said to be borne in clusters, of a
bright lively red color, and sprightly sub-acid flavor.
Donna Maria.
A Morello cherry, forming a small tree, but very prolific. Fruit, of
medium size; dark red; tender, juicy, rich acid; valuable for cooking.
Season, middle July.
TOR AMATEUR CULTURE.
207
Duchess or Pallua.
A variety introduced from France by Hon. M. P. Wilder, of Boston,
and fruited first time in this country, this year, 1853.
Fruit, medium size, heart-shaped ; purplish black ; juicy* half tender,
sweet ; stone, small, oblong ovate. Season, 15th to 20th June. Promises to
be a productive valuable variety. (Hov. Mag.)
DOWNTON.
English : raised by T. A. Knight. Tree, healthy, regular round head ;
moderately productive.
Fruit, medium, globular flattened ; bright red on yellow ; flesh, yel-
lowish, half tender, juicy, sweet, but not rich flavor; pit, medium; stem,
set in a deep cavity. Season, early in July or late of June.
Elizabeth.
Raised by Caleb Atwater, of Portage County, 0., in 1823. Original
soil, clay. Tree, vigorous, upright, pyramidal rounded ; very prolific.
Fruit, medium to large, heart-shape, flattened on sides ; color, rich
dark red, when fully ripe ; flesh, yellowish, slightly tinged with red, half
tender, juicy, pleasantly sweet; pit, ovate rounded; stem, medium ; set
in a regular basin. Season, middle to last of June.
Favorite.
EJliott's Favorite.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842 ; gravelly soil.
Tree, vigorous, half spreading, productive.
Fruit, medium, round regular, slightly compressed ;
color, pale amber yellow, with a bright carmine red
cheek, mottled and marbled ; flesh, pale amber, trans-
lucent, delicate, juicy and sweet ; pit, small ; stem,
medium, inserted in an even basin. Season, last of
June. This variety requires high cultivation, other-
wise the fruit is small, and the flavor only good.
English Amber.
Tl is is undoubtedly an old variety, but we have as yet been unable to
identify it with any described variety. The tree is of vigorous strong
growth, forming a rounded pyramidal head, and very productive.
208 THE CHERRY.
Fruit, medium size, roundish heart-shape, very regular, borne in threes ;
color, delicate amber, beautifully mottled wi'-Li pale red ; flesh, whitish
yellow, half tender, delicate, juicy, and very sweet ; pit, medium ; stem,
long. Season, middle to last of June.
Florence.
Knevett's Late Bigarreau.
From Florence, in Italy. The tree is of stocky strong growth, spread-
ing, unproductive while young, becoming more productive as it grows
old. Fruit, large, roundish heart- shape, flattened at base ; pale amber,
mottled or mostly covered with bright red ; flesh, amber color, firm, rich,
sweet, fine flavor ; pit, small, roundish oval ; stem, inserted in a broad ba-
sin. Season, middle July.
GuiGXE NoiR LuiSANTE,
Black Spanish,
Or bright black red, is a cherry of the Duke or near Morello class.
Tree, erect in habit, healthy, hardy, forming a pretty round head, regular
moderate bearer. In 1823, it was cultivated in New Jersey, as Black
Spanish, and under that name brought to Ohio. Fruit, of medium size,
heart-shape, globular ; glossy blackish red ; flesh, reddish purple, tender,
juicy, rich acid ; pit, round ; stem, medium. Season, middle to last
July.
Graffion.
Bigarreau, Italian Heart,
Yellow Spanish, Bigarreau Gros ?
Fellow's Seedling, West's White Heart,
White Bigarreau ? Figarreau Tardii",
Amber or Imperial, Groote Princess,
Turkey Bigarreau 1 Hollandische Grosse,
Bigarreau Royal, Prinzcssin Kirsche,
Corise Ambree.
The Graffion, or Yellow Spanish as it is generally known throughout
the states, is truly one of the richest and best cherries, but its tendency
to decay just as it is on the point of ripening, makes it unprofitable. The
tree is of strong spreading, healthy habit, and productive.
Fruit, large, regular obtuse heart-shape ; whitish yellow, mottled and
mostly overspread in the sun, with bright red ; flesh, yellowish, firm,
juicy, rich, sweet, delicious ; pit, small, round ovate ; stem, stout, in an
open basin. Season, early July.
Holland.
Bigarreau d'Hollande, Armstrong's Bigarreau,
Spotted Bigarreau, Turkey Bigarreau ?
Holland Bigarreau.
Mr. Downing, in his work on Fruits, says this variety was first import-
ed to this country from France. In the Jardin Fruitier it is stated tc
have been originally received from Holland. Mr. Thompson of the Lon*
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE.
209
don Horticultural Society makes it synonymous with Graffion. "We have
received trees from difl'erent sources, and as they all in fruiting prove to be
the Napoleon, we are unable to decide, and therefore copy Mr. Downing's
description. Fruit, large, heart sbape, rather pointed ; white or pale yellow
in shade, mottled or spotted on the sunny side with bright carmine red ;
stem, rather slender, set in a deep hollow ; fruit, borne in thick clusters ; flesh
firm,' but not so much so as that of Graffion, more juicy, sweet and excel-
lent. Season. 20th June.
HOADLEY.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842, named by our-
self, in compliment to one of our best pomologists,
Geo. Hoadley, Esq.. of Cleveland. Tree, of healthy,
vigorous habit, forming a round, spreading head.
Fruit, above medium, regular round heart shape ;
light clear carmine red, mottled and striped on pale
yellow, with some tinges or blotches of russet
bronzed yellow ; flesh, yellowish, tender, almost
translucent, juicy, rich, sweet and delicious ; pit,
medium, roundish oval ; stem, medium, set in a
shallow basin. Season, 20th to last June. This
promises to become one of the most valuable as a
<£ dessert cherry, not quite as sweet as Coe's Trans-
1 parent, but more delicate and sprightly, with a pit
of less size.
■ «
HOVEY.
Raised by C. M. Hovey, Esq., Boston. Tree, vigorous, forming a pyram-
idal head. Fruit, large, obtuse heart shape, depressed point at apex ;
rich amber color, mottled or nearly covered with brilliant red ; stem,
short ; flesh, pale amber, rather firm, but tender, slightly adhering to
stone ; stone, small, oval. 15th to last July. (Hov. Mag.)
Imperial.
Imperial Morello.
A variety of Morello, forming a small, low-headed tree ; very produc-
tive. Fruit, rather above medium size, roundish heart shape, elongated,
sides compressed ; dark purplish red when fully ripe ; flesh, tender, juicy,
rich acid; if gathered unripe, quite bitter; pit, small, long, pointed. Sea-
son, very late, last of July to middle of August.
LO
THE CHERRY.
Large Morellc
Kirtland's Large Morello.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland, promises valuable, but as yet not all tested.
Fruit, above medium, roundish ; dark red, juicy, rich acid, good flavor ;
pit, small. Season, early July.
Knight's Early Black.
English. Tree, moderate grower, requiring good culture and sheltered
situation to obtain good fruit. As it makes only a tree of second class in
size, it is well suited to small gardens ; moderately productive. Fruit,
medium or rather above, obtuse heart shape, broad, open suture half
round, with a knobby projection opposite ; purplish red, becoming nearly
black ; flesh, parts freely from pit, tender, juicy, rich, sweet ; pit, medi-
um ; stem, inserted in a deep, open basin. Season, last of June.
Kennicott.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland, and named by ourself,
after the most enthusiastic horticulturist in the
West, J. A. Kennicott, M.D., of Northfield, 111.
Tree, vigorous, hardy, spreading, very productive.
Fruit, large, oval heart shape, compressed ; suture,
shallow, half round ; color, amber yellow, mottled
and much overspread with rich bright clear glossy
red ; flesh, yellowish white, firm, juicy, rich and
sweet ; pit, below medium size, smooth and regu-
lar ; stem, short in cavity, with bold surrounding
projections. Season, 8th to 16 July. As a market
fruit, the time of ripening, size and beauty of this
variety will make it popular when known.
Keokuk.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland. Tree, strong, vigorous grower, forming a
ktrge tree. Fruit, large, heart shape ; dark purplish black ; flesh, halt
tender, purple, rather coarse, deficient in flavor ; its chief value, a market
Variety ; pit, medium ; stem, stout. Season, early in July.
Merveille de September.
Tardive de Mons.
The Marvel of September is a new French cherry, marvelous only
because it ripens the last of August or early in September. Tree, vigor-
ous. Fruit, small, dark red, firm, dry, sweet.
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 211
Makv.
Raised by B. B. Kirtland, Greenbush, N. Y., and noted in the Horti-
culturist as similar to Christiana.
Manning's Mottled.
Mottled Bigarreau.
Raised by Mr. Manning, Salem, Mass. Tree, vigorous, spreading, very
productive. Fruit, large, roundish heart shape ; suture, half round, dis-
tinct line opposite ; amber color, mottled and overspread with red ; flesh,
yellowish white, half tender, juicy, sweet, deficient in flavor ; pit, large,
oval, lays in a hollow separated on all sides but one from the flesh;
stem, in a broad hollow. Season, last of June.
Madison.
Madison Bigarreau.
Raised by Mr. Manning. Tree, healthy, moderate grower, tolerably
productive. Fruit, medium ; color, red, marbled on light yellow ; flesh,
half tender, juicy, sprightly very agreeable ; pit, small, oval ; stem, slender.
Season, last June.
May Duke.
Early Puke,
Large May Duke,
Morris Puke,
Morris' Early Puke,
Benham's Fine Early Puke,
Thompson's Puke,
Portugal Puke,
Buchanan's Early Duke,
Millett's Late Heart Duke,
Royal Hative,
Cerise Guigne.
Coularde,
De Holland,
P'Espagne.
From France. Tree, hardy, upright growth. It produces freely, but
ripens so irregularly that we have entirely discarded it: from young trees
one can rarely gather a pint of ripe fruit at any one time. The Holman's
Duke, Jeffrey's Duke, Late Duke of most gardens, Royal Duke, and Le-
mercier, a new vaiety from France, are all so similar to May Duke that
one description will suit all. They are only sub-varieties, and the Late
Duke probably obtained by propagating from late ripening branches
of May Duke. Fruit, roundish obtuse heart shape ; red at first, becoming,
when fully ripe, a dark purplish red ; flesh, reddish, tender, juicy, sub-acid.
Season, last of May to last of June.
LlNDLEY.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland from seeds given him by Mr. M. Lindley, of
Euclid, 0. Tree, vigorous, moderately prolific. Fruit, large, heart shape,
surface uneven ; dark purplish red ; flesh, almost firm, tinged with red,
juicy, but deficient in richness of flavor. Season, first of July.
Leather Stocking.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842 ; gravelly soil. Tree, vigorous, hardy,
moderately productive. Fruit, medium to large, heart shape, often ob-
212 THE CHERRY".
tuse ; color, faint dull red, becoming, when fully ripe, rich reddish black ,
flesh, very firm, tinged with red, sweet, good flavor ; pit, medium ; stem,
in an open, but deep basin. Season, middle to last of July. As a variety
to transport long distances to market this will prove valuable.
Napoleon.
Napoleon Bigarreen, Lauermann's Kirsche,
Bigarreau Lauermann, Clarke's Bigarreau.
From Holland. Tree, erect, vigorous grower ; productive. The best
sweet cherry for cooking purposes, and, on account of its showy appear-
ance, always sells well in market. It is, however, liable to decay on the
tree before fully ripe. Fruit, large, heart shape, inclining to oblong ;
bright delicate yellow, with shades of rich red marbled and spotted over
nearly two-thirds surface ; flesh, pale yellow, very firm, moderately juicy,
and, unless perfectly ripe, a little bitter ; pit, medium, oblong ; stem, stout,
set in a narrow basin. Season, last of June.
Ohio Beauty.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland in 1842, and described by us in 1847 ; shortly
after which, the original tree was destroyed, and since that we have not
seen the fruit. We had, however, previously sent out buds and grafts
and have often heard of its success. Fruit, large, obtuse heart shape ;
dark red on pale red ground, somewhat marbled ; flesh, white, tender,
delicate, juicy, with a fine flavor ; pit, small, oval ; stalk, long, set in a
deep, open basin. Season, middle of June.
Proudfoot.
Proudfoot's Seedling.
Raised by D. Proudfoot, Cleveland, 0. Soil, sandy. Tree, vigorous,
round, spreading head ; moderatively productive. This promises to be-
come valuable on account of large size and lateness in ripening, often, even
on warm, sandy soil, (and sheltered in a city garden.) holding its fruit un-
til the 20th July. Fruit, large, heart shape, flattened at base ; color,
when fully ripe dark purplish red; flesh, yellowish, firm. juicy, sweet;
pit, large ; stem, set in a shallow, open cavity. Season, 15th to last July.
President.
Raised by Prof. Kirtland, 1842. Tree, vigorous, spreading. Fruit,
large; dark red slightly mottled ; suture, all round, deep, distinct; flesh,
yellowish white, half tender, juicy, sweet; pit, medium; stem, short,
slender. Season, middle to last of June.
Richardson.
Large, heart shaped, rather short, and tapering to the point; dark red,
inclining to black; stem, short, slender; flesh, deep red, half tender, juicy
saccharine, rich, luscious flavor. Last of June and first of July. It keeps
well on or off the tree. Good grower and bearer, rather upright, hardy
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 213
in tree and fruit. Original tree, as far as known, in the garden of J. R.
Richardson, Esq., Boston. (Cole.)
Roberts' Red Heart.
Eaised by David Roberts, Salem, Mass. Tree, moderate, healthy
grower ; productive. Fruit, medium, roundish heart shape ; pale amber
ground, nearly overspread and mottled with red ; suture, distinct ; flesh,
white, juicy, sweet, tender, and well flavored ; pit, medium ; stem, long,
slender. Season, last of June.
Elkhorn.
Tradescant's Black Heart, Bigarreau Gros Noir,
Large Black Bigarreau, Guigne Noir Tardive,
Bigarreau Noir Tardive, Grosse Schwarze Knoorpel.
This is probably an old variety from Europe, but as it was first made
known in this country and distributed undername of Elkhorn, we have
preferred following that to copying from the London Hort. Society. Trees,
very vigorous, with broad leaf and bark of peculiar gray color, producing
fine large fruit while young, but as they grow older, unless very highly
cultivated, the fruit diminishes to near the size of the old Black Heart.
Its period of late ripening has heretofore kept it favorably before horti-
culturists, but we now think it must give way to later and better varie-
ties. Fruit, large, heart shape, uneven surface ; purplish black ; flesh,
firm, purple, moderately juicy ; pit, large ; stem, short. Season, middle
July.
Vail's August Duke.
Raised by Henry Tail, Troy, N. Y. We have not fruited it, but copy
from the Horticulturist. Tree, hardy, healthy, moderate grower. Fruit,
above medium, borne in pairs, obtuse heart shape ; rich bright red in the
shade, a lively cornelian in the sun ; flesh, tender, sub-acid ; pit, oval ;
stem, thick, when it joins the fruit, set in a deep narrow ravity. Season;
middle to last of August.
Wendell's Mottled.
Wendell's Mottled Bigarreau.
Raised by Herman Wendell, M.D., Albany, N. *. Tree, upright
thrifty growth, early and prolific bearer. This variety has proved highly
valuable during the few years it has been before the public ; as yet it has
not fruited at the West, Fruit, large, obtuse heart shape ; dark purplish
red ; flesh, firm, juicy, well flavored ; pit, small ; stem, set in a round,
regular basin. Season, first to middle of July.
Waterloo.
We have never been able to obtain this variety to meet the descrip-
tion given by Downing in his Fruits and Fruit Trees. At the last Pomo-
logical Congress. Hon. M. P. Wilder stated it to be synonymous with
Moustreuse de Mezel. This we conclude must be error, either in the
214 THE CHERRY.
variety grown by Mr. Wilder, or in description given by Mr. Downing.
We copy the latter's description; "Fruit, large; obtuse heart shape;
dark purplish, becoming black at maturity ; stalk, long and slender; flesh,
purplish red, juicy, tender, when fully ripe, with a rich, sweet flavor. Be-
gining of July."
Werder's Early Black.
Werdersche Fruhe Schwarze Herzkirsche.
This varioty is, as yet, comparatively new in this country. It is
somewhat doubtful whether it will ever deserve more than a trial.
Fruit, medium ; roundish heart shape ; surface, slightly uneven ; dark
purplish red, becoming nearly black; flesh, purplish, tender, juicy, rich,
sweet ; pit, small ; stem, medium. Season, middle of June.
CLASS III— Unworthy farther Culture.
American Amber.
Bloodgood's Amber, | Bloodgood's Honey,
Bloodgood's New Honey.
American ; fruit medium,.roundish heart shape, amber and bright red, flesh
tender, juicy, variable ; pit large, stem long slender. Season, last June.
Amber Gean.
Gean Amber.
Fruit small, oval heart shape, pale yellow and red, flesh white, juicy, sweet,
often bitter or mazardy, etem long, slender. Season, early July.
Belle de Sceaux.
Chatenay.
A Morello from France ; fruit round, deep red, flesh yellowish, juicy, acid.
Season, June.
Brown's Seedling.
American; fruit medium, yellow and red, sweet, half tender, wanting in
flavor.
Bauman's May.
Bigarreau de Mai, J Wildei's Bigaireau cle Mai.
From France ; fruit small, dark red, oval heart shape, flest purplish, tender,
sweet. Season, last of May or early iu June.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 216
Black Heart.
Early Black, Ansell'l Fine Black,
Black Russian, Spanish Black Heart,
Guigne Grogtte Noii, | Guinier a fruitNoir.
An old variety hardy and productive, but at this day surpassed by many ;
fruit above medium, heart shaped, dark, nearly black color, flesh almost ten-
der, juicy, sweet. Season, last of June.
Black Mazard.
Mazard, Common English,
Wild English Cherry, Black Honey,
Bristol Cherry.
This is the wild species of Europe from which many of our sweet cherries have
sprung. It is now found in nearly every village or cultivated region of the
States, and is valuable mainly for its seed for growing stocks on which to bud.
There are numerous vari< ties, as all are grown from seed ; some are red, some
black, and some nearly white, all more or less bitter. Fruit small, oval heart
shape, flesh tender, juicy. Season, middle to last July.
Black Bigarreau.
Bigarreau Noir.
Fruit middle size, heart shape, nearly black, flesh firm, sweet, dry. Season,
July.
Bleeding Heart.
Gascoigne's Heart, Red Heart,
Herefordshire Heart, | Guigne Rouge Hativc.
Fruit medium, long pointed, heart shape, dark red mottled, flesh half tender,
sweetish. Last of June.
Buttner's October.
Buttner's October Morello, I Pu Xord Nouvelle,
Du Nord , De Prusse.
A Morello, of medium size, dark red, roundish, of no value except as hang-
ing long on the tree.
BOREATTON.
Small, roundish heart shape, nearly black, flesh half tender, sweet, poor
flavor. Middle July.
Cerise de Xavier.
A Morello, medium, dark red, round, acid.
Corone.
Couronne. Coroun,
Herefordshire Black, Black Orleans,
Large Wild Black.
Fruit small, roundish heart shape, dull black, flesh tender, mazardy. Middle
July.
216 THE CHERRY.
Coe's Late Carnation.
Fruit medium, roundish, red, acid, only for cooking.
Cluster.
Cerise a Boquet, | Chevreuse ,
Boquet Amarelle.
Fruit small, borne in clusters, round, lively red, acid. Last of June.
Chinese Double Flowering.
Yung To, Cerasus Serrulata,
Serrulated leaved Cherry.
A tree of dwarf habit, valuable only as ornamental.
Corwin,
A Morello, medium size, roundish, red, flesh tender, acid, pit large. Season,
July.
Clarke's Superb.
Clarke's Bigarreau ?
Fruit medium, roundish heart shape, bright red with a dark maroon colored
stripe half round, flesh whitish, half tender, mingling of sweet and bitter.
Season, early July.
De Spa.
A Morello, medium size, dark red, acid.
Dwarf Double Flowering.
Double Flowering Kentish, Cerisier a fleurs doubles.
A variety of the Kentish or sour cherry with semi-double flowers ; a pretty
ornamental shrub tree.
Davenport.
Davenport's Early, | Davenport's Early Black.
Tree tender, fruit medium, heart shape, dark purplish black, flesh tender,
juicy, sweet. Season, last cf June.
White Heart.
Early White Heart, Arden's Early White Heart,
Arden's heart, Dredge's Early White Heart,
White Transparent, | Amber Heart.
Bowyer's Early Heat, | Herefordshire While,
River's Early Amber, | Sweedish,
Sweettish Red Heart.
An old variety and generally known throughout the States. It is a variable
and uncertain bearer, and does not ripen sufficiently early to compete with
many new vareties. Fruit medium, or a little below, heart shape, whitish yel-
low, often nearly covered with pale red. flesh half tender, juicy, sweet. Season,
middle June. The Early Red and Yellow of Manning is very similar.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 217
Early May.
Orise Indulle, May Cherry,
Small May, Precoce.
A Morello, with small fruit, round, slightly flattened, lively light red, flesh
tender, juicy, acid.
Flemish.
Montmorency, Kentish,
Cerise a Courte Queue, | Montmorency a Gros Fruit,
Gros Gobet.
Fruit large, round, flattened at both ends, bright lively red, flesh yellowish
white, juicy, sub-acid, stem stout, short, fruit borne in pairs. Last of July.
Gridley.
Apple Cherry, | Maccarty.
American ; fruit small, roundish, color almost black, flesh firm, purplish,
moderately juicy. Season, early July.
Honey.
Sparhawk, Cream,
Large Honey, I Yellow Honey,
Late Honey, I Meresier a fruit blanc,
Sparahawk s Honey.
Little better than a mazard ; small, roundish oval, yellow and red, flesh ten-
der, sweet. Middle July. Pit large. Sumner's Honey of Cole is very similar
and probably identical with this.
\
Hyde's Red Heart.
Hyde's Seedling.
Fruit medium, heart shape, red on yellow, flesh whitish, sweet mazardy.
Early July.
Hyde's Late Black.
Fruit medium, roundish obtuse heart shape, purplish black, flesh half tender,
juicy, sweet. Early July.
Kentish.
Late Kentish, Common Red,
Pie Cherry, Common Sour Cherry,
Kentish Red.
This is probably a seedling of this country, which is found every where that
man has cleared the forest. Throughout the West, it appears as though it had
been among the household goods brought by first settlers, and that wherever
planted it has grown, and by suckers, increased '• seventy fold." It is hardy
and fruits abundantly, and many think it indispensable, but not after having
grown and fruited the Early Richmond. Fruit medium size, round, lively red.
tender, juicy, acid. Middle to last July.
10
218 THE CHERRY.
Knight's Late Black.
Medium to large, roundish heart shape, flesh half tender, sweet, dry. Season,
middle July.
Lady Southampton's Yellow.
Lady Southampton's Duke, ! Lady Southampton's Golden Drop,
Yellow or Golden, Spanish or Yellow.
Fruit small, heart shape, yellow, flesh firm, dry. Middle July.
Large Double Flowering.
A beautiful ornamental tree, with large showy double white flowers, like little
roses, without fruit and therefore placed here, as unworthy cultivation on
account of fruit. As an ornamental tree, it is beautiful when in flower
Lundie Gean.
Fruit medium, roundish elongated, dark purplish black, flesh tender, juicy
sub-acid harsh. July.
Louis Phillip.
Morello from France ; fruit medium, roundish, dark red, flesh red, juicy,
tender, acid. Middle July.
Manning's Late Black.
Manning's Late Black Heart.
Fruit medium size, heart shape, dark purplish black, flesh purple, half tender,
sweet, pit large. Season, early July.
Manning's Early Black.
Fruit medium, heart shape, purplish black, flesh tender, sweet, good. Middle
June.
Morello.
English Morello, Large Morello,
Dutch Morello, I Late Morello,
Ronald's Large Morello.
The true English Morello is rare in this country, nor do we see any reason
for introducing it, as seedlings may be raised from the common Morello equaling,
if not often surpassing, the one so favorably described by most writers In
growth, it varies from o:ir common Morello only in the branches being more
6trong and upright, while the fruit is one third larger. Fruit medium or
above, round, dark red or purplish black, flesh purplish red. tender, juicy, sub-
acid. Season, middle to last July.
Ox Heart.
Lion's Heart, j Bullock's Heart,
Very Large Heart.
Fruit above medium to large, obtuse heart shape, dark red, nearly black,
flesh red, half tender, sweet. Season, early July.
UNWORTHY OF JULTIVATION. 219
OSTHEIM.
Oslheiincr WeichaeL
A Morello, fruit below medium, round, dark red, tender, acid. Middle July.
Prince's Duke.
Like carnation, but poor bearer.
Plumstone Morello.
Fruit large, roundish, deep red. fleeh tender, juicy, agreeable acid. Last of
July. Its very large pit renders it unworthy, as compared with Shannon.
Pink Heart.
A small mazard, of pinkish red, oval, stem short July.
Red Bigarreau.
Large Red Bigarre&U, | firos Bigarreau Rouge,
i eao ;l Grew Fruil Rouge.
Fruit very large, oblong heart shape, irregular, color yellow or red, becoming
dark red in sun, flesh yellowish stained with red, firm, sweet. EaiV July.
Poor bearer.
Remington
Remington White Heart, | Remington Heart.
Fruit small, heart shape, yellow, flesh dry, bitter, sweet Middle of August.
Rumsev's Late Morello.
This variety matures its fruit late, but we have been unable to find qualities
in it worthy of extensive or even moderate growing ; the pit is too large, and
the tree a miserable grower. Fruit medium, roundish heart shape, lively red,
juicy, acid. August.
Tobacco Leaved.
Four to the Pound.
Fruit small, round, red, firm dry flesh, large pit.
Transparent Guigne.
Transparent Gean, | Transparent.
Fruit small, oval heart shape, yellowish white sha 1 d with red, flesh trans-
lucent, tender, melting sweet, a little bitter. Early July.
Sweet Montmorency.
AUen's Sweet Montmorency.
Fruit medium or small, round, amber and ':ght red, mottled, flesh yellowish,
tender, sweet. Middle lo last July.
220 THE CHERRY.
Virginian Wild Cherry.
This native cherry is valuable as a beautiful shade tree, and its fruit for fla-
voring liquor?, but is not worthy a place in garden or orchard. It is too well
known to need description, being the Cerasus Serotina of Torrey and Grey,
while the Choke Cherry, as it is commonly known, is the Cerasus Virginiana.
Virginia May Duke.
A variety of mazard.
White Tartarian.
Fraser's White Tartarian, | Fraser's White Transparent,
Amber a petit fruit.
Fruit small, obtuse heart shape, reddish cream color, flesh whitish yellow,
half tender, sweet.
White Bigarreau.
White Ox Heart, Large White Bigarreau,
Ox Heart. Harrison Heart,
Turkey Bigarreau.
Fruit large, heart shaped, yellowish with red in the sun, flesh almost firm,
sweet, delicious, poor bearer. Last of June.
Weeping, or all Saints.
Ever Flowering Cherry, | Cerise Tardive,
Cerisier Pleurant, Cerise de St. Martin.
Fruit of no value ; as an ornamental tree, its peculiar weeping habit makes
it very desirable.
Warren's Transparent.
Small, roundish heart shape, pale yellow and red, tender, sweet. Middle
July. (Cole.>
Wilkinson.
Fruit medium size, nearly black, half tender, juicy, sweet. Middle July.
Wellington.
Fruit medium size, obtuse heart shape, black, almost firm fleshed, dry, sweet.
Early July.
THE CURRANT
Ribes rubrum, Lin. Grossularice of Botanists.
The Currant of our gardens is from the north of Britain. The
native varieties of our country are valueless. Of easy growth, pro-
ducing abundance of fruit, even in the most neglected positions, it has
found its way into every garden, and is the Hrst fruit shrub planted
by all new settlers. Had attention, commensurate with its merits,
ever been given to reproduction of varieties from seed, we have no
doubt the size might ere this have been increased, equaling that of
the Kentish Cherry.
The Cherry Currant, a variety of comparative new introduction,
by cultivation in rich soil, comes nearest in size to what might be ex-
pected, and what we hope in few years to see realized. To the
Dutch horticulturists belongs the credit of first reproducing from
seed, and improving the currant ; and not until the latter period of
the life time of Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq., did English horticul-
turists give it any attention. Mr. Knight originated several new
kinds, varying, however, so slightly from the old Dutch Red as to
be hardly worth retaining as distinct varieties.
Propagation. — Where intention is to produce new and improved
varieties, seed should be selected from plants permitted to produce
but little fruit, in order to perfect and increase the vigor of seed.
"When ripe, the fruit should be crushed sufficient to wash the seeds
clean, when they may be wrapped in paper and laid aside until early
in following spring, when they should be sown in light, rich soil, and
covered about half an inch deep ; or, they may be at once sown in
a cold frame or border with northern exposure, and, on approach of
winter, have two inches deep of tan bark or leaf mould scattered
among the plants.
The continuance of varieties by means of cuttings is performed in
similar manner, and at same time as directed under head of Goose-
berries.
Transplanting. — This is best done in October, or early in spring;
but may be done at almost any season except July or August, as
the currant is so tenacious of life that failures to grow rarely occur.
The distance apart of plants should be not less than four feet each
way.
Soil and Situation. — The currant will grow in almost any soil,
producing fruit abundantly, but it is only when grown in rich, deep
soil, under high culture, that varieties exhibit their peculiar charac-
(221)
222 THE CURRANT.
ters. We have grown the Cherry Currant in a poor, gravelly soil,
and on a rich loam, and could hardly recognize the fruit as the same :
the first, being only of medium size and indifferent character ; while
in the second, they were large, as described, and possessing the
sharp acid characteristic of the variety. The situation should be
free from shade of trees, but if shaded by hedge or fence, so as to
give the morning and evening and not the noonday sun, the fruit
will ripen and hang on much later, serving, by means of a few plants
so placed in each garden, to continue the currant season from July
to September.
Culture. — The soil should be well enriched with rotted barn-yard
manure every fall ; this should be spaded or forked in lightly, and,
during the fruit season, the ground should be kept clean of weeds.
Pruning. — This should be pursued much as is described under
head of Gooseberries, except that the suckers, or a portion of
them, should be permitted to grow ; while wood of three years old
should be regularly cut out. Where new shoots springing from the
root are not permitted to grow, but plants kept as miniature trees,
it will be necessary to furnish plants every four or five years ; and
as the best and largest fruit is borne upon wood of the preceding
year's growth, it is always best to retain as much of that as possible,
compatible with form and habit of the plant ; which should present,
when fairly grown, or at three years from setting, a bush of pyram-
idal shape, three to five feet high, and about two to three in di-
ameter.
The Currant, as well as Gooseberry, may both be trained as Espa-
liers, or otherwise, to suit the fancy or particular situations ; produc-
ing freely of fruit in all positions, and of good quality when well
supplied with food.
Insects. — The Currant Borer {jEgeria tvpuliformis) is the only de-
structive insect which attacks the currant, and this is seldom met
with in the West, or in gardens where the three years' old wood is
regularly cut away, thereby giving vigor to the remainder of the
plant. This insect is produced from a blu*e black moth, appearing
about the middle of June, and depositing its eggs near the lower
buds ; these hatch, and the young borer enters the stem to the pith,
which it devours. The best remedy is to cut off and burn all
branches affected.
The Abraxas (?) Riberaria is said to destroy the foliage of the Cur-
rant and Gooseberry, and prevent the perfection of fruit. We have
not seen the insect at the West. It is fully described in the N. Y.
State Ag. Transactions for 1847, pages 461 to 469, by Asa Fitch, M.D.
Uses. — Familiar to e Tery one are the uses of the currant ; green
it is made into pies, and bottled for similar use in winter, by gather1
AVORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 223
ing when of full size, or just before they commence turning red;
have them dry, put them in glass bottles, cork and seal tight, and
pack in sand in a cool cellar.
Currant jelly, made when the fruit is fully ripe, is considered by
many persons an indispensable accompaniment to many dishes.
Cm rain, shrub and currant wine arc also made from the ripe fruit,
numerous reoeipes for which are in all the Horticultural journals.
The fruit of the black currant made into a jelly is regarded by
many invaluable as a remedy for sure throat, quinsy, &zc.
Varieties. — Of the varieties there are but few truly worthy of
cultivation. The Ribes rubrum or common red currant, is distinct
in leaf and habit from the Ribes nigrum, or Black Currant. The
Ribes aureum has ever been considered only as ornamental, and cul-
tivated only for that purpose. Nor do we think the variety with
prefix " large fruited" any more deserving attention of fruit-growers.
The Ribes sanguineum, with its clusters of crimson flowers, is a
pretty ornamental shrub, deserving place only in large grounds.
The Ribes jloridum, or American Black, may perhaps have qualities
and habits rendering it desirable as a parent from which to produce
new varieties.
CLASS I. — Worthy General Culture.
Black Naples.
The largest fruited and most productive of the Black Currant.
Hardy in all sections of the States; but in the Southern said not
to be productive.
Gondouin.
Gondouin Red.
From France. Strong growth, large, matures late, should be fur-
ther tested, but not largely planted.
Knight's Sweet Red.
Varying from Red Dutch only in the fruit, being less deeply col-
ored and slightly less acid ; resembling more the White Dutch.
224 THE CURRANT.
Red Dutch.
Long Bunched Red Dutch, I Large Red Dutch,
New lied Dutch, | Red Grape,
Morgan's Red.
Distinct from the variety usually grown in most old gardens, in
the fruit being somewhat larger, clusters longer, and acid less sharp.
Victoria.
May's Victoria, I Goliath,
Raby Castle, Houghton Castle.
Bunches very long, fruit red. somewhat larger than Red Dutch,
and slightly more acid, ripens later and hangs a long time. Plants
vigorous, of a spreading habit. Its very large long bunches make
it the most desirable of all currants for market culture.
White Dutch.
Xew White Dutch, Reeve's White,
White Crystal, Morgan's White,
White Leghorn, Large White.
Differing from the Red Dutch in being of a yellowish white, and
less acid, therefore preferred for table use.
White Pearl.
A new variety we have not seen. Hovey says it is announced as
having bunches four inches long, quarter inch in diameter, color of
pearl ; raised near Brussels.
White Grape,
River's White Grape.
Slightly larger in fruit than the Wtutp. Dutch, with branches
more spreading. The two are not sufficientA\, distinct to be desirable
in small gardens.
Palxau.
Fertile Currant of Palnau.
This was described in the Horticulturist, 1852; .*s >» new variety
from Tours, in France, and of great excellence, fiVw^ing s^rly, and
producing abundance of fruit less acid thar. others <?f r.h« >vds. It
requires yet to be tested in this country.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 225
CLASS II. — Unworthy farther Culture.
American Black.
Unproductive.
Black English
Common Black.
Bunches short, pcor flavor, unproductive.
Black Grape.
Ogdcn's Black Grape.
Better than the preceding, but not equal to Black Naples.
Common Red — Common White.
Well known old sorts.
Champagne.
Pale red, very acid.
Cherry.
Italy ; comparatively new. very acid, poor hearer, and only of medium size,
except with very high culture.
Missouri.
Missouri Fragrai t, | Jefferson.
Valuable only as ornamental ; fruit large, bluish black, flavor requiring a
peculiar taste to admire it.
Missouri Large Fruited.
Missouri Eatable.
Similar to the foregoing.
Knight's Early Red.
Claimed to ripen ten days earlier than others, but does not sustain it.
Knight's Large Red.
Hardly to be distinguished from Red Dutch.
Striped Fruited.
Valuable only as a curiosity, in the fruit being striped slightly with white
and red.
10*
TTIE GOOSEBERRY.
Ribes Grossularia. — Grossulacece of Botanists.
The Gooseberry is found wild in most of the northern and middle
portions of our country, but, with few exceptions, its fruit is prickly
and unworthy. On some of the islands of our upper Lakes, where
the climate is moist and cool, there are varieties that produce abun-
dantly of fruit, small in size, but of good flavor, smooth and free
of prickles. Our garden varieties generally cultivated, have all
been introduced from England, reproduction of new kinds from seed
having been rarely attempted in this country, owing to the low price
at which the best kinds can be purchased in England, and the almost
certainty of success of importations made in the autumn.
The moist, cool climate of Lancashire, England, joined to the en-
thusiasm for culture of this fruit by a class of people employed
there as weavers, and possessing only very small yards or gardens,
has been the origin of most of our approved varieties. Gooseberry
Shows were held in England as early as 1743 ; and it has long been
customary to issue annually a Gooseberry Book, in which all new
varieties are noticed and all previous varieties named, with accounts
of size, &c. This list has now swollen to over twelve hundred kinds;
yet a selection embracing those truly best and most profitable, and
with distinctive marks, would not exceed forty kinds.
Throughout our Southern and inland States, except in sections
bordering on large bodies of water, it requires great care to succeed
well with this fruit. The deep, rich soil of our Western praries
suits the plant in its growth, but the heat and dry atmosphere, in sec-
tions distant from bodies of water, induce mildew to the destruc-
tion of perfect fruit. Easily grown from seed, it is worth the atten-
tion of some one to make experiments by raising from seed of our
best varieties, sown in the rich soils of the West ; the result of
which, it might safely be expected, would be plants, vigorous, and
comparatively free from disease as our natives.
Propagation.— Seed should be sown in rich loam, covered half an
inch deep, and shaded from all but morning sun. This course is
only advisable where production of new varieties is the object. The
most general mode of propagating is by cuttings. These should be
made of the new wood of present year, say in August, or early in
September, or as scon as the season's growth is completed and* the
wood ripened. The cutting should be about ten inches long, with
(22C)
TRANSPLANTING. SOIL AND SITUATION. 227
all buds on the lower six inches cut out, and the lower end cut
square and even, immediately underneath the bud. Plant perpen-
dicularly in a soil two feel deep, composed of loam and sand, and
exposed onbj to the morning sun ; set the cuttings six inches deep,
(ill up two inches and tread very firm and compact, the remaining
four inches fill in loosely. G raiting on the stalk of the Yellow Flow-
ering, or Missouri Currant, has been practiced and is said to prevent
mildew.
Transplanting. — This is best done in early October, at which time
the bushes transplanted (ifil has not previously been done) should
be pruned back to within three bu is of this year's growth. The
distance of plants, one from another, should not be less than three
feet, each way. Immediately after transplanting, cover the whole
ground with three inches deep of tan bark, saw-dust, sea-weed, or
new mown grass. Fresh plantations should be made every five or
six years, as young plants bear better and larger fruit than old ones
Soil and Situation. — The soil should be two feet deep, well en-
riched, and of a loamy, claye\ texture ; where your ground is sandy,
haul on clay or turf loam. The situation should be open, airy, and
away from under shade of trees ; but, where it can be done, shaded
from the mid-day sun by a fence or hedge.
Culture. — Where mulching is practised, the ground dug up once
early in spring, and liberally supplied with well rotted manure and
soot from chimneys or stove pipes, will be all required, save the
pulling of the lew weeds which struggle through the mulch in course
of summer.
Pruning. — This, in training the Gooseberry like the Dwarf Pear,
consists much in the "pinching in " process, i. e., by means of thumb
and finger stopping back, in months of May and June, such branches
as become straggling, irregular, or getting too much vigor for suc-
cess of balance of plant ; leaving the fruit on strong branches, and
pulling most of that on weak ones. Late in August, or early Sep-
tember, the time best suited for cuttings, the plant may have such
shoots cut out as have been neglected to be stopped in, or rubbed
off, and are tending to make the top so thick as to obstruct free cir-
culation of air. All suckers should be destroyed. Some cultivators
prune in February ; we prefer the fall. The following simple pro-
cess of training or ripening is sometimes pursued, and with good
success : — In a row, the first bush has the branches of the year's
growth cut back one-third ; the second bush has every branch cut
back to two, close to the stem : the third, trimmed same as first ;
fourth, same as second, and so on alternately. The next year this
228 THE GOOSEBERRY.
course is reversed, and No. one takes place of No. two. This sup
plies fresh wood, and some think the increased vigor given to the
plant in only fruiting every other year has a tendency to prevent
mildew.
Mildew. — This is regarded as a parasitical plant or fungus, at-
taching itself to the fruit and covering its surface as with an appear-
ance of scurf. It is induced by heat, want of moisture in the atmos-
phere and free circulation of air, and perhaps unhealthy state of the
plant. The remedies are, mulching the ground three or four inches
deep, with tan bark, sawdust, salt hay, or sea-weed, serving to keep
the roots cool and moist, and adding vigor to the plant. The salt
is, by some, regarded as effective in itself; we think it acts only in
creating moisture. Sprinkling the bushes freely early in spring, and
after the fruit is set, twice a week, with strong soap suds or such as
come from the weekly wash of families, is also a preventive.
Uses. — In its green state, the Gooseberry is esteemed for pies,
tarts, &c, and is often bottled for winter use. This is done by fill-
ing the bottles nearly full of berries, then turning in clear soft
water, then placing the bottles a few moments in boiling water, cork-
ing and sealing, and burying them in a cool cellar with necks downward.
Half ripened, the fruit is capable of yielding a juice, which after,
fermentation and a little necessary compounding, forms a liquor re-
sembling champagne.
The ripe fruit is agreeable to the palate, and, coming immediately
after cherries when there is little variety, finds ready sale in market.
Varieties. — As before remarked, the varieties of the Gooseberry
are far too numerous for any practical uses, very many of them va-
rying only in some slight shape of the fruit or shade of leaf. We
have therefore selected the following, as kinds which have been well
tested in this country.
Bright Venus. (Taylor's.)
Branches erect ; fruit whitish green, middle size, obovate, hairy,
flavor best, hangs a long time.
Bunker Hill. (Capper's.)
Branches spreading ; fruit yellow, large, roundish, smooth, flavor
very good.
Champagne.
Branches erect ; fruit red, small, roundisn oblong, hairy, very
good,* extremely productive.
THE GOOSEBERRY. 229
Cr?V"n Bob. (Melling's.)
Branches spreading ; fruit red, very large, oblong, hairy, flavor
best.
Early Sulphur.
Branches erect ; fruit yellow, medium size, roundish, hairy, flavor
best ; ripens very early.
Duckwing. (Buerdsill's.)
Branches erect ; fruit yellow, large, obovate, smooth, flavor very
good ; ripens late.
Green Walnut.
Branches spreading ; fruit green, medium size, obovate, smootn,
flavor best.
Green Gage. (Pitmaston's.)
Branches erect; fruit green, small, obovate, smooth, flavor best,
hangs late.
Houghton's Seedling.
Branches erect, spreading, slender ; fruit pale red, oval, medium
size, flavor good, productive. This is claimed an American seedling,
and thus far has proved entirely free of mildew.
Heart of Oak. (Massey's.)
Branches drooping ; fruit green, very large, oblong, smooth, fla-
vor best.
Ironmonger.
Branches spreading ; fruit red, small, roundish, hairy, flavor very
good, productive.
Jolly Angler. (Collier's)
Branches erect ; fruit green, large, oblong, flavor best.
Keen's Seedling
Branches drooping ; fruit red, medium, oblong, hairy, flavor best •
early and productive.
Laurel. (Parkinson's.)
Branches erect ; fruit green, large, obovate, flavor best.
230 THE GOOSEBERRY.
Pale Red.
Branches erect, slender ; fruit pale red, medium, oval, flavor very
good, very productive. We received this variety from England, in
1847, and have fruited it yearly since. It so closely resembles
Houghton's Seedling that we have somewhat doubted the latter being
distinct. We have grown it in good and in poor soil, with and with-
out cultivation, and have never had it mildew ; while for productive-
ness we have not its equal, a single branch often producing two
hundred fruit.
Roaring Lion.
Branches drooping : fruit red, large, oblong, smooth, flavor best;
hangs late.
Red Warrington.
Branches drooping : fruit red, large, roundish oblong, hairy, flavor
best.
Sheba Queen. (Crompton's.)
Branches erect ; fruit white, large, obovate, downy, flavor best.
Whitesmith. ( Woodward's. )
Branches erect ; fruit white, large, roundish oblong, downy, flavor
best.
White Honey.
Branches ersc fruit v hite, medium, roundish oblong, smooth,
flavor best.
THE AMERICAN GRAPE.
Vitis 1'ibrusca, L. — Vitacea of Botanists.
Throughout nearly every portion of the United States the Grape,
in its wild state is found growing. Of these, classes are divided, the
vitis labrusca, being our common Fox Grape, and from which we
are yet to suppose the Diana, Catawba, and Isabella, are accidental
seedlings; while the Frost Grapes vitis cordifolia, may perchance
have been the parent of the Elsinburgh, Clinton, &c. Hardy, and
almost equaling in delicacy many of the varieties of foreign Grape,
they have become the companions of our advanced civilization, until
almost every American can sit under his own vine and eat the fruit
thereof. They have made our country already known as a wine-
producing country, after repeated trials and failures with foreign va-
rieties, and are destined to add millions to our wealth, and temper-
ance to the character of our people. Records of immense vines are
made, as growing on the rich soil of our valleys bordering on
streams of waters, yet, when age is taken into consideration, we deem
them all surpassed by a vine of Catawba Grape which we saw last
year growing on Kelley's Island, in Lake Erie. It had been planted
out but two years, yet had reached at least three hundred feet in
length, with a girth, near the ground, of main stem, five inches, and
had produced that year over 200 lbs. of fruit.
The secret of this extraordinary growth rests in the soil abound-
ing in lime, while the wash-water, soap-suds, &c., &c., of the house,
had its escape near the roots.
We may also remark, that, upon this island, we have seen grapes,
more perfectly grown and ripened, than in visiting any of the vine-
yards of the Ohio; and wine possessing all the boquet and aroma
so much esteemed by connoisseurs.
Vineyards. — The vineyards of the Rhine and of the territory of
France have world-wide celebrity. The quantity produced by the
latter country having been stated as high as 900,000,000 gallons an-
nually, for which nearly 5,000,000 acres of ground were required.
" The Romans cultivated the vine at an early period of their his-
tory, and used wine in their libations at their sacrifices. Romulus,
however discouraged its use, which prevented the introduction of it
as a beverage . until his edict was abolished. The general culture
was then encouraged, and increased to such excess, that it became
232 THE GRAPE.
necessary to restrict the use of wine by severe laws. At one
time women were prohibited from using wine in any case whatever,
under the penalty of death, and men until they had attained the
age of thirty years. Cato mentions that the custom among rela-
tions of kissing women when they met, was to ascertain by their
breath if they had been drinking wine.
" Pliny gives an account of a renowned Roman who so improved
his farm, near the city of Rome, that in one year the product of
his vines sold for four hundred thousand sesterces.
" The vine was highly esteemed by the heathen nations, and the
invention of wine was ascribed by the Egyptians to Osiris, by the
Latins to Saturn ; and the Greeks elevated Bacchus to the rank of
a deity, for having brought the vine from Arabia Felix.
" It is said by Pliny, that Bacchus was the first who ever wore
a crown, and as the god of vintage, his crown is formed of the
vine and its twining branches, bedecked with clusters of fruit. The
manufacture of wine was known to the people in the early part of
the Christian era, as we are informed that our Saviour, at a wed-
ding, changed the water into wine.
"At several periods of the history of the world, the cultivation of
the vine was prohibited by severe laws, but since the twelfth century
a new impulse has been given, which extended through all portions
of Europe ; and we now find the banks of the Rhine, the moun-
tains of Hungary and Switzerland, and the plains of France and
Italy cultivated with more than two hundred varieties of the grape.
Those most highly esteemed in France for the manufacture of wine,
are the Burgundy grapes, three varieties of which produce the
champagne wine. The German and Swiss grapes are principally
celebrated as wine grapes, and four or five varieties are highly
esteemed for their prolific bearing and regular crops.
" The Madeira grapes are all celebrated for wine. The table
grapes of France are principally the Chasselas, the Frontignac and
other Muscat grapes." Noah planted a vineyard and made wine;
and among the bessings of the promised land are mentioned " wheat,
barley, and vine."
Although we have record of wine being made from a native
grape in Florida as early as 1564, no vineyards of note are spoken
of in the United States until those established at Vevay and New
Harmony, Ind., Lexington, Ky., &c, about 1812, the originals of
which are are now mostly destroyed.
Jefferson recorded his opinion, that " no nation is drunken where
wine is cheap ; and none sober where the dearness of wine substi-
tutes ardent spirits as the common beverage." A wish to sustain
and exemplify this assertion, if not to exhibit the profitableness of
the pursuit, would seem to have held sway in the minds of denizens
of the " Rhine of America," i.e., the borders of the Ohio rivei;
THE GRAPE. 233
above and below Cincinnati, where now, \t is probable, over ten
thousand acres are occupied with vines mostly of the Catawba
grape, the produce of which is made mostly into, what is there
termed, "dry wine," much resembling the better class wines of the
Rhine. That the culture of the vine and manufacture of wines within
the section named is only now in its infancy, no one will pretend to
dispute ; and ten years, we doubt not, will increase ten-fold the pres-
ent amount.
Medical men have looked upon this establishment of vineyards
in our own country with favor, in a point of view as relating to
health. Prof. Kirtland, in 1842, says: " During an extensive prac-
tice in the medical profession, for more than twenty-five years, I
have frequently found it important to employ wine and other difiu-
sive stimulants as medicines ; and while I am disposed to go as far
as any one in excluding strong drinks from the daily use of people
in health, I must express my satisfaction at finding we can produce,
in our own country, a pure, healthy wine, well adapted to medicinal
purposes, and far superior to the poisonous foreign compounds, that
often find their way to the bedsides of the sick, under the names of
" Lisbon," " Madeira," &c, &c.
Most of the earlier planted vineyards in this country were of for-
eign vines, which, not succeeding, native varieties were adopted ; and
at this time only two, the Catawba and Schuylkill, are advised to be
planted to any considerable extent.
Notwithstanding the borders of the Ohio River have thus far tak-
en the lead in production of wine and extent of vineyards, there is
no good reason to suppose that the boundary where success may be
had. On the contrary, abundant sites may be found throughout the
entire State of Ohio and West, where, by application of manures
suited to the wants of the vine, and found deficient in the soil, equal
success would be had as on the Ohio River — Seneca County and
Kelley Island ripening the Catawba equally as wrell, if not superior.
The whole extent of Western Prairies, rich in all the constituents
of the Grape vine,(if we except Potash, and, possibly, in sections, the
phosphates) are yet destined to be tenanted with immense vineyards,
and at no greater outlay of expense, for constituents toward success-
ful culture, than the vineyards of the " Rhine of America," which
have thus far been made dependent on the natural inherents of the
soil, and have already shown failure, i. e., decay by rot, where food,
in the form of potash and bone dust, has not been supplied.
North of latitude 42,° however, it may be doubted whether saccha-
rine sufficient can be obtained from the most valuable wine grapes yet
known, to make wines in competition with those grown farther South ;
but as this subject is one so extensive that, if thoroughly written on,
would more than occupy the number of pages intended for this entire
book, we must forbear, and only devote our spac^ to such instructions
231 THE GRAPE.
as will enable the inexperienced to make the first start correctly, pre-
mising tha4:. once interested and engaged in the subject, disposition
will be found, freely to avail himself of all works yet issued devoted
to the subject.
Propagation. By Seed. — This course is only pursued where intend-
ed to originate a new variety. At this time, large offers of premium
are circulated in the journals of the day for the production of a
hardy grape, surpassing the Catawba as a wine grape. Fertilizing
some variety of the vitis vinefera with pollen of vitis labrusca, or vice
versa, will be the course to pursue with any expectation of success ;
the seed so fertilized, gathered carefully and sown in rich vegetable
mould. Cultivation of our wild grapes only increases the size with-
out ameliorating their character.
By Cuttings. — These are taken from the strongest vines of the
last year's growth, cut to a length, embracing three or four buds, ac-
cording as the joints are long or short of the variety ; where possi-
ble, a little piece of the old wood left on the lower end is preferred.
These being made in the fall, when pruning the vines, are laid away
in bundles in a cool cellar until spring ; when, as soon as the ground
is ready, they should be soaked or swollen in a tub of„water for four
or five days, or until the buds become fully swollen. They are
then planted in rows, if in the nursery, by bending into nearly the
form of a half circle, as represented by fig., which shows the cutting
as it appears in about one month from plant-
ing. By this, it is seen that the upper bud is
covered nearly an inch : in clayey soils, or
those retentive of moisture, the upper bud
should be just even with the soil. The rows,
in nursery, should be three feet apart, and the
plants one foot distant each in the row. This
is the best and most successful mode of growing the grape vine.
The. earth should be pressed firmly at the base of the cutting, and
left light and loose at top.
By Grafting. — The best season to perform this operation is when
the leaves are about half grown. Earlier, the sap is very abundant,
and at same time watery, and grafts do not succeed well. Whip
grafting, as it is termed, is best ; or, if stock and graft are near of
size, saddle grafting. The graft should have been cut early in the
season, before any flow of sap or swelling of buds, and have been
kept in a cool yet moist place. The point on the stock at which it
is best done, is at or near the ground, and, after insertion, earth up a
small mound around it, to protect from change of temperature, sun,
&c. If the operation be performed farther up on the stalk, wrapping
TRANSPLANTING. 235
the place of union with grafting clay will be requisite. Care must
be taken that the inner bark of both graft and stuck join each other
perfectly, otherwise success will be uncertain. The practice is only
advised where a new variety is desired to be tested, as new vines
are almost alway better than the patching up of old, neglected
plants, which have never been '-cared fur" either in branch or root.
Transplanting and distances. — In taking up the vines at one year's
growth from the cutting, (which is best,) care should be taken to
mutilate as little as possible, and also to keep the roots from expo-
sure to the sun, or drying air or winds. Cut back the growth of the
past year to two buds. Have the ground mellow, rich, dug deep;
the hule broad; spread the roots carefully and as naturally as they
grew ; after having pruned each end and bruised or broken root with
a sharp knife, fill in the earth carefully and finely until only thetwobuds
are visible, then avoid treading on it. The distance apart, if making a
vineyard plantation, depends on the variety. That for the Catawba
or Isabella should be four by six feet; the Schuylkill and Herbe-
mont, five by seven feet ; the Missouri ami Clinton, three and a half
by three feet. These two latter should be pruned low, while the
former varieties may rise seven to eight feet.
Cost per acre of Vineyard. — The estimated cost of trenching, fur-
nishing cuttings, stakes, and planting an acre of vineyard, is not far
from two hundred dollars; and at the expiration of three years it
may be estimated to yield annually about 200 gallons of wine, at a
cost, however, for dressing vines, pruning, gathering, &c, of about
seventy-five dollars ; leaving, therefore, about one hundred dollars a
year (supposing the wine to sell at one dollar a gallon) as the net
profit per acre. The quantity here estimated will, no doubt, be
thought low by many, but while it will often exceed this quantity,
seasons do occur when even less is the result ; arid we therefore
stand on the safe side if we found our vineyard on this basis of ex-
pectation.
Position and Soil. — R. Buchanan, Esq., who has written a capital
treatise on the " Culture of the Grape," as well as practically trained
the vine, has the following on this point :
"A hill side with southern aspect is preferred, although an east-
ern or a western exposure is nearly as good. Some have recom-
mended the north, on account of safety from late spring frosts, but
it will scarcely afford sun enough to ripen the grapes in cold, wet
seasons (if the declivity is steep), and may perhaps be more subject
to ' the rot.' Any undulating surface, if dry, is preferable to a
level one.
" The Soil best suited for a vineyard, is a dry calcareous loam—
236 THE GRAPE.
with a porous sub-soil — not retentive of moisture ; if mixed with
some gravel or small stones, so much the better. Some prefer a
sandy soil with a gravelly substratum ; as in this the grapes are less
subject to rot; the juice, however, is not so rich, — lacking in saccha-
rine matter, — and in dry seasons the vines will suffer from the
drought, shedding their leaves prematurely, and preventing the
grapes from ripening well. In warm, sandy soils, the fruit-buds on
the vines, if swelled prematurely in autumn, are sometimes killed
by the frosts of a severe winter.
"Any soil underlaid by a stiff, wet clay, is to be avoided, as also
wet or spongy lands. No trees should be allowed to grow within
one hundred feet of the vineyard."
Preparing the Ground. — " In autumn, or early winter, dig or
trench the ground all over, two to two and a half feet deep, with the
spade ; this is far better than plowing ; turn the top soil under.
" Wet spots in the vineyard may be drained by small stone cul-
verts, or by what is termed a French drain, a ditch, with some loose
stones thrown into it edgewise, covered with flat ones, and filled up
with the earth again. Surface draining may be obtained by concave
sodded avenues of ten feet wide, and intersecting each other at 100
or 120 feet, thus throwing the vineyard into squares of that size.
This will do for gentle declivities ; Lut steep ones must be terraced
or benched with sod or stone. These benches should be as broad as
they can be made conveniently, and with a slight inclination to the
hill, that they may be drained by stone or wooden gutters, running
into the main trunks, to carry off the water without washing away
the soil. This is important, and requires good judgment and skill.
Cultivation of the ground. — The first two years the grounds should
be kept clean of weeds, by use of the German hoe, a two pronged
instrument. A light plow is sometimes used in the spring, but the
best vine dressers object to it. The third year, and afterwards, the
earth should be kept clean until July, after which time it should not
be stirred; this especially through the Western prairie country.
Pruning and Training. — Tact and judgment are necessary to
perform this portion of vineyard work, and none but general in-
structions can be given. Buchanan says : " In the spring, cut the
young vine down to a single eye, or bud, at first ; if two are left for
greater safety, take off one, afterward ; drive a stake six or seven
feet long firmly to each plant. Locust or cedar is preferred, but
oak or black walnut, charred at the end, driven into the earth, or
coated with coal tar, will, it is said, last nearly as long. Keep the
young vine tied neatly to the stake with rye or^vheat straw ; pick
off all suckers, and let but one stalk or cane grow.
" The second spring after planting, cut down to two or three eyes.
PRUNING AND TR UNING.
237
or joints, and the third year to four or five ; pinching oflf laterals
tying up, and hoeing the vines as recommended above. Replant
where failures have occured. The third year the vines will produce
a few grapes. Train two canes to the stake this year, and take off
laterals." We advise the cutting down or pruning to be done as
soon as the fall of the leaf in autumn, but any time when the frost
is not in the wood will answer. " Pruning the fourth year requires
good judgment, as the standard stem or stalk has to be established."
" Select the best shoot or cane of last year, and cut it down to six
or eight joints, and fasten it to the adjoining stake in a horizontal
position, or bend it over in the form of a hook or bow, and tie it to
its own stake. The ties should be of willow. This is the bearing
wood. The other cane, cut down to a spur of two or three eyes, to
make bearing wood for the next season.
" ' Give the shoot the first tie on the stake nine inches from the
ground, and the second, nine inches above it ; then bow it over to
the neighboring stake in a horizontal position, and give it the third
tie to the stake, at that top of the vine.'
"In the succeeding, and all subsequent years, cut away the old bear-
ing wood, and form the new bow, or arch, from the best branch of
the new wood of the last year, leaving a spur as before, to produce
bearing wood for the coming year, thus keeping the old stalk of the
vine down to within eighteen to twenty-four inches from the ground.
The vine is then always within reach, and control."
Fig. 4. Fig. 3. Fig. 2. Fig. 1.
To show fall and summer pruning, the above figures are inserted.
The vine second year before pruning.
" third " " "
Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
fourth
fourth
pruned,
summer training.
238 THE GRAPE.
Summer pruning, or pinching in, should be cautiously and care-
fully done. Every leaf acts as a lung to the plant, and, unless one
has experience, the safest plan is to avoid any summer pruning ex-
cept just pinching the extreme ends of shoots after the fruit has
acquired the size of large shot, and taking away of all suckers. Dr.
S. Mosher writes as follows upon this part of pruning :
" Soon after the grapes are set and about the size of common shot,
my rule is to pinch off the ends of the bearing branches — leaving
four good leaves for the first bunch of grapes, and two additional
leaves for every other bunch on the same branch — so that if there
are three bunches there will be eight leaves to supply their wants.
I have tried leaving these bearing branches to grow their full length
without pinching them off, but I rind they encumber the ground too
much, without any perceptible improvement of the fruit. After
these bearing shoots have been pinched off, especially if done too
early, the buds in the axils of their leaves will push out. These I
pinch off also when quite young, sometimes permitting one or two
leaves to remain on them. The leaves on these laterals do not seem
to subserve the wants of the fruit, like the original leaves on the
bearing wood, which should be carefully preserved. At the fifth
spring pruning, the vines will have the two good canes, as in the pre-
vious spring, with the addition of the old hoop or circle that bore
fruit. This I cut off as close down as possible to the uppermost
cane, and the other two canes are managed exactly in the same
manner as in the preceding year. I never allow the old stock to
rise more than six to ten inches above the ground ; the lower they are
kept the more healthy they will remain and be much more easily
managed. Pruning the vine for wine requires a bold hand and
much firmness of purpose, otherwise the old stock will get too high
and become encumbered with too many shoots. It must be borne
constantly in mind that one single bearing shoot or cane, having
from six to ten eyes, will throw out as many bearing branches.
From these ten bearing branches it will be easy to select from ten
to fifteen bunches. These bunches, in any ordinary favorable season,
may be made to yield one quart of good grapes, which will make,
at least, a pint of wine. One acre of ground planted three feet by
five will contain 2904 vines. If each vine, then, yields one pint of
wine only, there will be 2904 pints, or 368 gallons, from each acre.
This is more than the average yield per acre — and for the reason
only that we are too greedy ; by overloading the vines, we fail
to obtain a reasonable quantity, as well as a good quality of
wine."
Dr. Lindley, good authority in England, has the following, rela
ITS CULTIVATION.
239
tive to autumn stopping or pruning, which is equally applicable here :
"When, however, the branches have grown for many weeks, and
are in the autumn begining to slacken in their power of lengthening,
theory says it is then right to stop the shoots by pinching off their
ends, because after that season newly formed leaves have little time
to do more than organize themselves, whieh must take place at the
expense of matter forming in the other leaves. Autumn-stopipiug
of the vine shoots is therefore advantageous ; for the leaves which
remain after that operation will then direct all their energy to the
perfection of the grapes."
Trellises made by setting posts well braced at either end of the
row, and running coarse wire through standards intermediate from
post to post, we have seen much practiced elsewhere than at Cincin-
nati, and with great success. The vines are trained horizontally as
represented in the accompanying iigure.
And when heat and full exposure to the sun's rays are desired,
we think it preferable to the mode previously described.
For private gardens where ground is scarce, the vine should be
well supplied at its roots with liquids hereafter named, and permitted
to run or ramble upon lofty trellises. Spur pruning, which consists
in training the old or main stem, and yearly cutting back the late-
rals to two or three good buds, must here be pursued ; care should
be taken, however, not to cut back and preserve the same side
branches or spurs from year to year, lest by so doing they soon be-
come enfeebled, and the fruit ripens imperfectly ; but new side shoots
should be yearly selected of the strongest growth and cut back to
the two or three bearing buds, while that of last year'? bearing is cut
away.
Manures. — The analysis made by Prof. Emmons, of the common
wild grape vine is as follows
240
THE GRAPE.
Potash,
Soda, ....
Chlorine,
Sulphuric acid, .
Phosphate of lime,
Phosphate of peroxide of iron
Carbonic acid,
Lime, ....
Magnesia,
Silex,
Soluable silica,
Coal and organic matter,
Wood.
20.84
2.06
0.02
0.23
15.40
1.20
34.83
17.33
4.40
2.80
0.00
2 20
100.21
100.SG
From this any one moderately conversant with the components of
soils can readily see what is required for his vines. Burying the
refuse cuttings and leaves, sprinkling on gypsum, (plaster of Paris.)
and supplying freely the soap-suds, and wash-water of a family,
with animal (or barn-yard) manures, and wood ashes, are most
advisable, aside from the specific application of potash and bone dust.
Insects mid diseases. — The aphis and slug, described fully in " Har
lis' Treatise," appear in the months of May and June. They are
easily destroyed by syringing with tobacco-water. The grape vine
flea-beetle, (Haltica Chalybea) a small, glossy, greenish-blue beetle
about three-twentieths of an inch long, sometimes preys upon the
buds, causing them to appear as if bored. This insect was first (we
believe) described by David Thomas, in Silliman's Journal of Sci-
ence, and is also noticed in Harris' Treatise. The eggs are depos
ited early and soon change to a greenish, smooth worm, which preys
upon the tender leaf and young bunches. It is destroyed in this
state by syringing with tobacco-water or sifting lime over the vines
when wet with dew. The rose-bug (melolontha) occasionally attacks
the vines in great numbers, eating off the upper surface of the leaf
and causing the vinous fibres left to i"»ok like a sieve. They are
best destroyed by spreading a cloth underneath and shaking thn
vines in the cool of evening or near sun-set. They will fall and may
then be burned. A few dollars expended in this way, we have
known to have saved the entire crop for the year, as well as prevent
their presence to any extent another season. The curculio some-
times attacks the grape, but thus far we have never heard of any
serious injury to the crop.
Mildew is rarely met with, when specific nutrition has been ap-
plied. It is easily checked by free sprinkling of powdered sulphur
over the vines and earth when wet with dew. It is a fungus attack-
USES — WINE-HOUSE.
241
ing the plant when not in perfect health. The rot, so much depreca-
ted by Vignerons, at Cincinnati, we regard as attributable to same
cause as mildew, viz : a want of consistent food fur the perfection of
the fruit. Some, we notice, consider it attributable to too late and
clean cultivation; and as late cultivation only tends to late growth, and
formation of new leaves to exhaustion of what is required for per-
fection of those already formed, the theory is good, so far as it
goes; and possibly in soils greatly deficient in the constituents to
perfect the grape, it may in a measure be the cause ; but in soils
well supplied with the required food, late cultivation would only
cause the bursting of new buds and continuance of growth.
Uses. — Universal!} esteemed when well ripened, as a dessert fruit,
the grape is also highly valued by many physicians, as in its free use
tending to health and the prevention of rheumatic affections of the
human system. For culinary use, and for making of preserves, they
are sought for, both in a green and ripened state. Carefully gath-
ered when ripe, laid in heaps for a few days on the floor of a cool,
dry room, then spread out for one or two days, and packed in shal-
low boxes with layers of cotton batting at bottom and interme-
diate between layers of fruit, as well as between bunches, they may
be placed in a cool room and kept fresh throughout most of the
winter. Last, though not least, made into wine, a sketch of the de-
tails of which, with cuts illustrative of plan of a wine house and
press, we extract from the ''Western Horticultural Review :"
A. — Door opening to the vineyard by which the grapes are
brought into the wine house.
B. — Back door of wine house.
C — Front door of wine house.
11
242
THE GRAPE.
B. — Opening through which the stems are thrown from the ma-
chine.
E. — Tables for picking over and assorting the fruit previous to
being stemmed.
F. — Stemming and crushing apparatus.
G. — Large press, capacity of one hundred bushels.
H. — Small press, capacity of forty bushels.
L. — Door opening into the basement.
Signs of Ripeness of Grapes. — The stem of the grape should be
of a brown color. The cuticle of the berry must be clear and
transparent. The berries should separate easily from the stems.
The seed must be of brown color. The juice must be sweet and
sticky.
Do not cut the grapes early in the morning with the dew on, nor
during rainy weather, nor shortly after rain.
Gathering. — The grapes, when fully ripe, are gathered in baskets
containing about one bushel, as well as in a sort of " pannier " of
wood, made very light and strong, and which is supported by straps,
or thongs of willow, on the back of the gatherer.
Picking. — This consists in removing by hand, all green, shriveled
or decayed grapes, which are thrown into tubs or barrels and
pressed separately, to make a common wine or vinegar. The finest
grapes are carried thence to the stemming apparatus where they un-
dergo another operation.
Stemming. — Consists in separating the berries from the stein ; it
is done in F. (of the ground plan) by means of the apparatus of
which a cut is appended.
The grapes are thrown on
the wire sieve M., which is
open enough to allow the
berries to pass, but retains
the stems ; a little plank P.,
is held in an inclined position,
to which a backward and fir-
ward movement is given,
so as to force the berries
through the sieve, and re-
move out of the way all the
stems as they are stript
Masking. — After passing
through the stemming pro-
cess, the grapes fall into a
wooden mill, consisting of two rollers ridged obliquely, to one oi
VARIETIES.
243
which is attached a set of screws, by which their distance from each
other maybe graduated to the proper degree ; it being desirable
that every grape should be crushed, but that the seed should not be
broken.
The rollers are turned by hand ; the foregoing cut exhibits in lv.
R. a section of these rollers, and that which follows shows two men,
one stemming, the other mashing the grapes. From the rollers, the
grape (being entirely separa-
ted from the stem, and thor-
oughly mashed) passes into
the press, when the first oper-
ation of separating the juice is
performed. The wine passes
from the bed of the press by
means of a conductor, into the
basement, from whence it is
conveyed into casks containing
260 gallons each; these, though
by no means so large a size as
used by some wine manufactur-
ers, are of very convenient ca-
pacity for ordinary crops. The
first fermentation takes place
immediately, and at the end of six or eight weeks the wine becomes
perfectly clear, or, what is technically termed, " line ;" a second fer-
mentation takes place in the spring, about the period of the bloom-
ing of the grape. The wine should not be bottled until it is at least
one year old, though it is frequently bottled for immediate use, just
previous to the second fermentation ; this may be done with safety,
if the bottles can be kept in a very cool place.
VARIETIES.
Over one hundred varieties of our native Grapes have been noticed
by Prince, in his " Treatise on Grapes ;" but as few are worthy cul-
tivation, therefore of no practical benefit, we have confined our de-
scriptions to those most known and meritorious.
Ada.
For the following account and description of this new grape, we are in-
debted to the originator, Dr. Valk, of Flushing, L. 1., who produced it
in 1845, from a cross of the Isabella and B. Hamburgh : " First fruit-
ed in 1850. The vine is of strong and vigorous growth, frequently mak-
ing shoots of 12 and 18 feet in a season. The shoots become partially
brown as the wood ripens, and wholly so when it is quite ripe. The
joints are about six inches from eye to eye, and the leaf large and
244 THE GRAPE.
handsome. The vine fruits freely. The burches are usually large,
very compact, the berries crowding against each other. On some
bunches they will occasionally hang loose. In color, they are very
dark ; when ripe, almost black, and of large size ; the flavor, sweet
and vinous, very juicy ; the skin, thin and slightly acid and astringent.
The bunches will average a pound weight at maturity. The vine
requires and deserves careful cultivation in a rich and proper soil, to
do it justice ; it is perfectly hardy. A southern aspect suits it best,
and a net tacked over it in winter, not to protect it from the frost, but
from the sun."
Bland.
Bland's Virginia, Powell,
Bland's Madeira, Bland's Pale Bed.
Found on the eastern shore of Virginia by Col. Bland. It is not of
value north of Philadelphia, on account of not often ripening, and is
by many discarded from its habit of only bearing moderately. In
1820, it was well grown and ripened in New Haven, Conn., on sandy
soil ; and in 1828, sent to Northern Ohio by Geo. Hoadley, Esq.
As a table grape, in latitude where it will ripen, it is of the best.
Foliage, alight shade of green, smooth; propagated by layers ;
bunches, long, loose ; berries, round, on long stalks or pedicels; skin,
pale red, thin ; flesh, slightly pulpy, slightly astringent, but of pleas-
ant, delicate flavor. Late in ripening, and valuable for packing
away for winter use.
Catawba.
Red Muncy, | Catawba Tokay,
Lebanon Seedling, Singleton,
Arkansas.
Through Dr. S. Mosher, of Cincinnati, Dr. Solomon Beach is said
to have found this variety, in the summer of 1821, growing wild in
Buncombe Co., North Carolina, on the border of the Catawba river.
We have found this to ripen equally as well, and as far north as the
Isabella, when correctly pruned and grown in dry or well drained
soil. It is esteemed both for dessert and wine use. In growth and
foliage, it resembles Isabella, except that the wood is darker color,
shorter jointed, and more round, and, at base of every leaf, there is
a white downy spot.
Bunches, medium size, shouldered ; berries, nearly round, large,
pale red, becoming deeper when fully ripened in good soil, and cov-
ered with a lilac bloom ; flesh, slightly pulpy, sweet, juicy, with a
rich aromatic, musky flavor.
Too often gathered when only just turned in color, and then sour
and unpalatable ; hence the impression of many that they are not
equal to Isabella.
THE AMERICAN GRAPE. 245
4
Pond's Seedling, To-Kalon, Clermont, White Catawba, and Zane,
are sub-varieties of the Catawba, but not equalling it. The " Mam-
moth Catawba " is also a sub, which, under high culture, surpasses
the original only in size.
Clinton.
Worthington.
This variety is claimed t<s have its origin in Western New York,
but we have seen vines taker, from the woods in Northern Ohio that
so closely resemble, in both leaf, wood, and fruit, that grown under
this name, as to make us doubt its coming from the origin stated.
It is not a strong grower, although perfectly hardy, and suited to
border planting three feet apart, and stake training not exceeding
four feet high, in gardens. Its greatest recommendation is that it
ripens some ten days or two weeks earlier than Isabella, and, there-
fore, suited to higher or more northern latitudes.
Foliage, small ; wood, short jointed; bunches, medium or small,
not shouldered, compact ; berries, nearly round, small, black, thin
blue bloom, pulpy, juicy, with a harsh flavor ; productive.
Diana.
" This," says Mr. Downing, " is a seedling from the Catawba,
grown by Mrs. Diana Crehore, near Boston, Mass." It is smaller
size than its parent, but has the character of maturing its fruit two
weeks earlier. It is yet comparatively new, and, although stated to
have surpassed its parent, when grown at Mobile; at Cincinnati it
has not equaled the Catawba.
Bunches, below medium size, compact ; berries, round, delicate
pale red ; flesh, juicy, sweet, little pulp, rich, and slightly resem-
bling Catawba in flavor.
Elsinburgh.
Elsinboro, | Elsinborough ,
Smart's Elingburgh.
The spelling of this name is matter of some difference in opinion
among horticulturists, but the manner we adopt, being that of all
previous writers, we choose to continue it. The variety is said to
have come from a village in Salem Co., N. J. It is a nice little
grape, suited for the dessert, and for growing on trellises in gardens.
A moderate, regular bearer, ripening a little before or with Isabella.
Wood, slender, long jointed ; leaves, five lobed ; bunches, medium,
loose, shouldered ; berries, small, round, thin skin, black, covered
with blue bloom ; flesh, without pulp, melting, sweet ; " best."
246 THE GRAPE.
Herbemont.
Herbemont's Madeira
The origin of this is yet in doubt ; some claiming it same as Le-
noir, and a native ; others claiming it as a French variety. Its hardy
character and resemblance in foliage to the River grapes, however,
seem rather to favor its being a seedling of our States. In fruit, it
does not differ from the Lenoir, but in wood, N. Longworth says, it
is quite distinct.
Only moderately vigorous; wood, dark color; terminal leaves,
1 od or brownish ; bunches, large, compact, shouldered ; berries, small,
round ; skin, thin, purple, slight bloom ; flesh, tender, without pulp,
sweet, excellent, juicy, vinous, valued for dessert, and yields a wine
like Spanish Manzanella.
Isabella.
This variety has, thus far, been stated to have originated in South
Carolina, to have been taken thence to a garden in Brooklyn, N. Y.,
and there given to William Prince, who propagated, distributed, and
named it after Mrs. Isabella Gibbs, who then, 1816, owned the gar-
den. On the authority of Lewis F. Allen, it was grown several
years previous at Norwich, Connecticut, as the " Vernet Grape," and
claimed to have been brought from one of the French West India
Islands. Other authority places it as a common variety of Spain,
and imported by a Mr. Laspeyre, who cultivated and sold it as
" Laspeyre Grape " in 1810. Geo. Hoadley, Esq., states that in 1824
it was growing in Elizabethtown, N. J., where it was said to have
been brought 30 years previous, from South Carolina or Georgia.
We incline to belief of its being a native ; its hardihood, habit,
and character, all tending that way ; but, come from whence it may,
its vigorous habit and productiveness will ever render it a favorite.
As a wine grape, it is not esteemed. Bunches, large, rather loose,
shouldered ; berries, oval, large, dark purple, when fully ripe nearly
black, covered with a blue bloom ; flesh, tender, with some pulp,
which lessens as it ripens, juicy, sweety rich, with slight musky aro-
ma.
Hyde's Eliza, Troy Grape, Pennsylvania, Marion, Sherman, Chil-
licothe Seedling, and Lee's, are all sub- varieties ; not equal to the
original.
Lenoir.
Sumpterf | Clarence?
This differs from the Herbemont only in being of " more vigorous
growth, wood, light colored, with a light blue cast ; terminal leaves,
green." So says N. Longworth. All we have ever been able to
obtain have the character of Herbemont.
THE AMERICAN GRAPE. 247
Imitation Hamburg.
A native variety we have not seen. Its fruit is said to be " large,
dark purple, or as large, skin, as thin, pulp, as soft and juicy, but
of inferior aroma and flavor to the Black Hamburg." Origin un-
known.
Missouri.
Missouri Seedling,
Said to be a native of Missouri : it is of slow growth, short jointed,
and, like the Clinton, suited to border culture in gardens. From it
a wine is made resembling Madeira.
Leaves, deeply cut, tri-lobed; bunches, below medium, loose; ber-
ries, small, round ; skin, thin, almosl black, very little bloom ; flesh,
tender, little pulp, sweet, and pleasant; "very good."
Norton's Virginia.
Norton's Seedling.
A native, unworthy culture. Bunches, long, little shouldered,
compact ; berries, small round, dark purple, pulpy, harsh.
Onio.
Longwortli'e Ohio, | Segar Box.
The original of the vines now known under this name were some
cuttings left in a segaF box at the residence of N. Longworth, Esq,
Cincinnati, during his absence from home. Its true origin is yet in
doubt. North of Cincinnati it does not succeed, and wherever plant-
ed should have long range on a trellis. Only valued for table use.
Bunches, large, loose, shouldered ; berries, small, round, nearly
black, blue bloom ; flesh, without pulp, sweet. Only suited to the
amateur.
Schuylkill.
Schuylkill Muscadel, | Muscadine,
Alex;vn<lrr, j Cape Grape.
Sprinsr Mill Constantia, Clifton's Constantia,
Madeira, of York, Pa., | Tasker's Grape,
Winne.
From the banks of the Schuylkill, Pa. Its value is. only as wine
grape, and for that, not equal to Catawba. We have found it exten-
sive] v distributed North and West as the Isabella. As the leaves
are much more downy, it is easily detected in foliage, and the
bunches being not shouldered, while the Isabella is always shouldered.
Berries, often large, roundish, oval, thick skin, quite black ; flesh,
firm pulp, juicy, musky, often harsh.
248 THE GRAPE.
SCUPPERNONG.
Fox Grape, of the South, American Muscadine, of the South,
Bull or Bullet, " Roanoke, "
A distinct southern species, vitis vulpina, too tender for the north,
highly esteemed throughout the entire southern States, where it is
much grown as a wine grape in vineyards, and is found wild from
Virginia to Florida.
Species, dioecious ; leaves, small, roundish, coarsely serrated, glos-
sy on both sides ; young shoots slender, old wood smooth. The
White and Black varieties differ only in the color of fruit, the White
being light green, and the Black, dark red. with tendrils of vine cor-
responding with color of fruit.
Bunches, small, loose ; berries, round, large ; skin, thick ; Jlesh,
pulpy, juicy, sweet, with a strong musky scent.
Minor's Seedling, Shurtleff's Seedling, and some others are culti-
vated in localities, but their good qualities seem destined to remain
in circumscribed limits, not having yet been seen, when cultivated
away from their first friends
From the ad-interim reports of the Pennsylvania Hort. Society we
copy the following accounts of two new seedlings :
From William Canby, Wilmington, Delaware : — A Seedling
Grape. Bunch, four and a half inches long, by two and three-quar-
ters broad, so compact as frequently to destroy the rotundity of the
berry ; berry, from seven-sixteenths to nine-sixteenths of an inch in
diameter ; roundish, inclining to oval ; skin, of a violet color, thickly
covered with bloom, and semi-diaphanous ; seed, small, dark cinna-
mon ; flesh, tender, very juicy, not pulpy ; flavor, sweet and pleasant ;
quality " best'1'' for a grape that will grow in open culture. Leaf,
trilobed, but not deeply, interruptedly serrulate, auriculate.
From Gerhard Schmitz : — A Seedling Grape. Large ; oval ; pur-
ple ; bunches, loose, large ; resembles the Isabella in appearance and
flavor ; quite equal to it in quality, and perhaps a little earlier.
THE FOREIGN GRAPE.
Vitis vinifera, L. Vitacea of Botanists.
Frorr. the earliest record of foreign lands, the vine has ever been
held in high esteem ; its fruit valued for the dessert as well as for the
making of wine, and itself held as symbolic of happiness and plenty.
"The pages of Scripture abound with allusions to the fertility of the
vine, as emblematical of prosperity." To trace its introduction and en-
tire history up to this date would occupy more room than the limits of
our present work will admit : we shall therefore content ourself by
saying that the original type of the vitis vinifera came from Persia ;
that it was probably cultivated in Britain not many years after the
commencement of the Christian era; that the varieties native of
Britain and America, are quite distinct : that those native of Britain
are not edible, while those of our own land embrace a number of
edible species. The success of the Foreign varieties, so far as tried
north of 34° of latitude, has not been satisfactory, tew or no varie-
ties withstanding the extremes of our climate, without protection.
Between 1760 and 1770, Lord Sterling imported large numbers of
foreign grapes into New Jersey, with a view to wine. The experi-
ment failed, as have those of Longworth, and others since.
Of the longevity of the vine, records are made giving it existence
from six hundred years down, with immense length of vine, and
stems six feet around, or sufficient to afford the cutting out of planks
fifteen inches broad.
P ropafjation. — The same practices as noted under head of American
Grapes are applicable here, but that most generally pursued in prop
agating esteemed varieties of the foreign
grape is by eyes, as represented in adjoining
figure. This is done by selecting a strong
bud and cutting it off from the remainder of
the branch, at about two inches above and
below, and planting it in a pot covered
about half an inch deep with light loamy
soil, then plunging the pot in a hotbed. By
this means every bud on a shoot can be
formed into a plant.
Outdoor Culture. — In sheltered locations, warm yards, in cities,
(049)
250 , THE GRAPE.
&c, such varieties as the Black Prince, Traminer and Royal Muscadine,
may be grown in the open air by bending down the vines in the
month of November, and covering them with tan-bark, or other
mulch, and raising them again to their position in April. Free sup-
ply of wood ashes and soap-suds will be found requisite to hasten
their growth and maturity of fruit, as well as prevent mildew.*
Cold Houses. — By this term is meant an enclosed structure of
wood or brick, with a sloping roof covered with glass. These struc-
tures as made at the east, and by a few wealthy men at the west, and
represented in the Horticultural journals of the day, are too expen-
sive to make the growing of the better foreign grapes general at the
west. But expensive structures are not necessary ; many a man at
the west has a south side of a building unoccupied ; this may serve
as the back of his cold-house, by setting up pieces of four inch scant-
ling against the building, nailing boards to it and filling in between
with tan-bark, saw-dust, or fine charcoal, he has the back ; now, four
inch square posts rising four feet from the ground, at a distance of say
fourteen feet from the back, boarded on each side, and filled in
same as the back, make the front wall ; leaving, however, two spaces
six feet from either end, of about two feet square, for hanging
shutters. Now the back wall being ten feet high, the ends are to be
made in same way as the front, giving, of course, the slope from
back to front, and leaving out at one end space for a door-way, and
at the highest point of sides near the back at each end, a space for
swinging shutters of say two feet square ; these opened will give ven-
tilation, in connection wi'uh those in the front wall. This done, a
joiner will be required to fit on a plate of two inch plank all around,
and fit in rafters and sash ; the sash should be the entire length of
width of house ; styles four inch wide by one and a half thick, bars
one inch wide beveled to half inch on the under side, the upper
style or head piece six inches wide, the lower one fourteen inches ;
the rafters should be placed so that sash cannot be over forty-two
inches wide, or sufficient for five lights wide of six inch glass. When
the location of such house is not in a very cold climate, or where the
thermometer rarely falls below zero, cotton cloth dipped in boiled
oil and varnished will answer a very good purpose • but, perhaps in
the end not be as cheap, as its durability will only be about two
years. Those who wish for more expensive houses, we advice to pur
* Geo *Hoadley, Esq., says, that in 1820 to 1830 there was growing in the garden
where he then resided, in New Haven, Conn., many white grapes, received from
David Deforest, as White Sweet-Water, which never mildewed. This garden
was sixty or seventy rods from the harbor, (or salt water.) The prevalent
winds were from the harbor, in summer, and in storms the shrubbery not unfre-
qiently covered with spray.
VINE BORDERS, — PLANTING AND TRAINING. 251
chase "Allen's Treatise on the Grape," or if possible, visit the grape
house of Wm. Resor, Esq., of Cincinnati.
Vine Borders. — Upon the formation of* vino borders for cold, as
well as forcing houses, more has been written and published than one
person could, read at rate of ten hours a day. in one entire month.
Some advise the formation of the border all outside, while others
prefer inside. Our advice is. let the border embrace a width three
feet inside the front wall and six feel outside, making a border nine
feet wide; if sandy ground, no care will be required to form a
drainage; but if on clayey, retentive soil, dig out all the earth three
feet deep, form a drain in center at bottom, leading away from the
house, prepare fresh virgin earth or turf from old pastures or woods,
and mix well rotted barn-yard manure in about equal quantities, or
perhaps a little most of the soil, add to this one tenth in quantity
each of gypsum, (plaster of Paris,) and ground bones, and one sixth
of wood ashes ; let it be well mixed before putting in the border.
Parings of horses' hoofs, and cinders from a blacksmith's shop, street
scrapings, leather paring, old rags, bones, etc., are all used and all
good, but the above named materials, with liberal watering with
soap-suds and occasional sprinkling of sulphur (which will be necessary
at times to check mildew) will for a time give good growth of vine
and fruit.
Planting and Training. — The vines, being obtained from a nur-
sery, generally come in crocks or pots ; the earth should be well
wet, and then by inserting the finger at the hole at the small end or
bottom of the crock, the whole ball of roots entire is pushed out ;
now plant just outside the front Avail, and so that you can run the
stem immediately under, leaving the roots only outside ; let each
plant stand half way between each rafter, and as they grow
train to a wire fastened at top each of front and back wall so as to
be six inches below the glass. Spur pruning is regarded best for
cold houses, 'and is plainly described as follows: "In pruning in the
fall, after the first year's growth, each alternate eye is disbudded on
each side of the cane, leaving those wanted for breaking next season
about fifteen inches apart. The next season, when pruning for spurs,
the side shoots are cut back to three eyes, or even four, according as
the lower buds may be plump and well rounded. In breaking, each
bud puts forth a shoot ; the most promising one nearest the top, and
the one at the base, is allowed to remain, and the other is rubbed
out. The top one is allowed to bear, and the fruit on the bottom
one is pinched out. The fruit bearing spur is stopped three or four
joints above the fruit, and the other one next to the base is also
stopped, wher it has grown seven or eight leaves. They are now
trained as shown in the following figure.
252 THE GRAPE.
"A. is the bearing shoot, and B. the one not to be fruited
till next year ; at next pruning, (or what is still better,
two or three weeks previous,) A. is cut clean out to the
base of B., and, when the leaves fall, B. is cut back to
I three eyes as A. was last season, and so on from year to
year." Every fall at approach of cold weather take down
|j tt the vines, lay them on the border inside and cover with
tan-bark four inches deep ; cover the border outside same
depth with barn-yard manure.
Routine of Culture. — The following brief instructions, from A.J.
Downing, contain all that is essential for a cold house : " In a vinery
without heat this is comparatively simple. As soon as the vines com-
mence swelling their buds in the spring, they should be carefully
washed with mild soap-suds, to free them from insects, soften the
wood, and assist the buds to Swell regularly. At least three or four
times a week, they should be well syringed with water, which, when
the weather is cool, should always be done in the morning. And
every day the vine border should be duly supplied with water.
During the time when the vines are in blossom, and while the fruit
is setting, all sprinkling or syringing over the leaves must be sus-
pended, and the house should be kept a little more closed and warm,
than usual, and should any indications of mildew appear on any of
the branches, it may at once be checked by dusting them with flour
of sulphur. Air must be given liberally every clay when the tem-
perature rises in the house, beginning by sliding down the top sashes
a little in the morning, more at mid-day, and then gradually closing
them in the same manner. To guard against the sudden changes of
temperature out of doors, and at the same time to keep up as moist
and warm a state of atmosphere within the vinery as is consistent
with pretty free admission of the air during sunshine, is the great
object of culture in a vinery of this kind.
Insects. — The aphis or " vine-fretter," is destroyed by fumigating,
i. c, burning tobacco in the house, and syringing the vines freely af-
terward. If red spiders are troublesome, syringe the vines at even-
ing, and dust the leaves with flour of sulphur.
VARIETIES.
Feeling that a multiplicity of varieties would only mislead and
confuse the practical man, and our own experience with foreign grapes
not having been sufficient to enable us fully to decide on which to
recommend, we adopt and describe few besides those voted worthy
of general cultivation by the Americai Pomological Society.
THE FOREIGN GRAPE. 253
Black Hamburgh.
Warne 's Black Hamburgh,
Bed Hamburgh,
Dutch Hamburgh,
Hampton Court Vine,
Valentine's,
Purple Hamburgh,
Brown Hamburgh,
Salisbury Violet,
Gibraltar,
Fraiikendale.
Th'.s variety is one of the most esteemed for the vinery. In
sheltered locations, out of doors, in cities south as far as Cincinnati,
it does well with protection in winter. A good bearer.* Bunches,
large, shouldered on both sides ; berries, very large, roundish inclin-
ing to oval, brownish purple, becoming purplish black when fully
ripe ; of sugary rich flavor.
Wilmot's New Black Hamburgh is similar, fruit larger, bloom
very thick, flesh firm, nearly or quite equal to the common Ham-
burgh.
Allen's seedling Black Hamburgh, is of less value, bunches not as
large, berries, blaek, oval. Victoria, heretofore regarded as a syn-
onym of the old Hamburgh, is now regarded as a slightly improv-
ed sub-variety.
Black Prince.
Alicant,
Black Valentia
Boston.
Poeock's Damascus,
Steward's Black Prince,
Black Spanish,
Black Portugal,
Sir A. Pytche's Black,
i ambridge Botanic Garden,
Black Lisbon.
This often succeeds well, with winter protection out doors, while
in the house it is esteemed on account of hanging long after fully
ripe. A profuse bearer. Bunches, long, often shouldered ; berries,
large, thinly set, oval ; skin, rather thick, black, covered with blue
bloom; flavor sweet, excellent; "very good."
Black St. Peter's differs from this In having a thin skin.
Black Frontignan.
Muscat Noir,
Muscat Noir Ordinaire,
Black Frontignac,
Bourdal ,s des Hautes Pyrenee's
Sir Win. Rowley's Black,
Purple Frontignan,
Purple Constantia,
Muscat Moir de Jura.
This is the variety from which the muscadine wine is made. A
good bearer. Bunches, long ; berries, medium size, round, black ;
skin, thin ; flavor, musky rich.
Black Cluster.
Black Morillon,
True Burgundy,
Small Black Cluster,
Early Black,
Pineau,
Black Burgundy,
Black Orleans.
This variety is hardy and succeeds outdoors. It is valued in
* A vine of this variety at Hampton Court Palace, planted in 1769, is
stated to produce annually over one ton weight of fruit.
254 THE GRAPE.
France for wine, but will never take high ranm in this country. It
has been pretty extensively disseminated throughout the west, which
is our main reason for noting it. It has over forty synonyms, but
those given are all which we have ever heard applied to it in this
country. Bunches, small, compact ; berries, medium size, roundish
oval, black, juicy, sweet ; " good ;" distinguished from Miller's Bur-
gundy, by absence of down on the leaf.
Early Black July.
July Grape, Madeleine,
Madeleine Noir, Raisin Preeoce,
Morillon Hatif, De St. Jean,
Burgunder, | August Traube,
Jacob's Straube.
The habit of ripening its fruit by the middle of August, or earlier,
is its chief merit. Foliage, small, light green ; bunches, small, com-
pact ; berries, small, round, black, with a blue bloom, a little acid and
of indifferent flavor ; " good."
Grizzly Frontignan.
Grizzly Frontignac, Red Constantia,
Muscat Rouge, Muscat Gris.
&c, &c, in all thirteen Synonyms.
Adapted only to the house, where it ripens early, and being of
" best" quality is highly esteemed. Bunches, rather long, narrrow,
slight shoulders ; berries, round, medium size, grayish red, thick
bloom, juicy, rich, musky, high flavor.
Royal Muscadine.
Chasselas de Fontainebleau,
Golden Chasselas,
Chassf las Dore ,
D'Arbois,
Amiens,
Chasselas,
White Chasselas,
Chasselas Blanc,
Raisin d'Champagne,
Amher Muscadine,
Early White Teneriffe.
This is highly esteemed ; is distinguished from White Sweet Wa-
ter (often sold as this variety) by its larger berries and stronger
growth. Grown out of doors, it requires not only winter protec-
tion, but also to be well supplied with wood ashes, as otherwise it
cracks and mildews.
Allen says, the Royal Muscadine and Chasselas of Fontainebleau
are distinct, but only in size of bunch. The Early White Musca-
dine, he also says, only varies from this in ripening a few days ear-
lier.
Bunches large, long, shouldered; berries above medium, round,
greenish-white, becoming amber color when fully ripe, tender, rich
delicious flavor. Ripens middle to last of September.
THE FOREIGN GRAPE. 255
Muscat of Alexandria.
White Muscat of Alexandria,
Jerusalem Muscat,
Malaga,
White Muscat of Lunel,
LunM,
Frontniae of Alexandria,
Mtaecal d 'Alexandria,
White Muscat,
Tottenham Park Muscat.
Passe-longue Musque,
Passe Musque
Adapted only to house culture and even then benefitted by arti-
ficial heat.
This is probably the " Malaga" grape brought to this country in
jars and sold by confectioners.
Bunches very large, loose, irregular ; berries large, oval, pale am-
ber, thick skin, firm flesh, crisp, musky, rich perfumed flavor, often
seedless. A strong grower.
The Cannon Hall Muscat, is esteemed a sub-variety not equaling
its parent.
Traminer.
Red Traminer,
Delaware,
Fromentin Rouge,
Rolher Traminer,
Rotlier Klevner,
Tokayer,
Kleinbranner,
Rothclauser,
Rantbliga
Rothe Rein
Heath,
Gris Rouge,
Fri'iuentean,
Decimanner,
Rothedel,
Rothfranken,
St. Clauser,
Marzimmer,
Ran Folak,
This variety was exhibited at the Ohio State Pomological Con-
vention in 1852, as the Heath or Delaware Grape, having been
grown in Delaware, O., under these names. It was stated to have
proved perfectly hardy in the open air, being free from mildew or
rot, a productive bearer, and never failing to perfectly ripen both
fruit and wood. Allen says of it "a much esteemed wine grape on
the river Maine." It is described in the London Horticultural So-
ciety's Catalogue. It deserves a place in every garden.
Bunches, medium size, compact ; berries, roundish oval, middle
size, uniform, pale reddish, tender, juicy, sweet, without pulp, rich
and pleasant flavor. Ripens ten days before Isabella.
White Frontignan.
White Frontniae, White Constantia,
Nepeans Constantia, Muscat Blanc,
Raisin de Frontignan, Muscat Blanc de Jura,
Moschata Bianca, Moscado Bianco,
Moscatel Commun, Muscateller.
An old productive variety suited only to the house. Bunches,
middle size, rather long, rarely shouldered ; berries, middle size,
round, rather closely set ; skin, thin dull white or greenish yellow,
thin white bloom ; flesh, delicate, sugary, rich musky flavor.
NECTARINES.
The Nectarine is claimed to be only a sport in nature from the
Peach, to which occasionally plants grown from seed return ; record
is also made of the Nectarine tree producing both Peaches and Nec-
tarines on the same tree. Of this we confess some little unwilling-
ness of belief ; certain, however, it is that the trees so closehj" resem-
ble the Peach, as not to be detected except when in fruit.
Grown under glass, or South, where the heat is greater than at the
North, the Nectarine is a really fine fruit ; but here, it is inferior to
the Peach, possessing a flavor, partaking of the peculiar flavor and
taste of the pit. When we say the trees are undistinguishable from
the peach, we speak the general view ; closely examined, the wood
may be found slightly more smooth, and possibly a trifle firmer or
closer grained. The trees are usually propagated by budding, in
same manner and time as the peach, and their after culture is the
same.
The fruit of the Nectarine being smooth skinned, is equally liable
to attack from Curculio as the Plum, and the same remedies are
adopted for prevention ; we, therefore, refer the reader to the article
under head of Insects injurious to the Plum. The same marks dis-
tinguishing varieties in the leaf are found in the Nectarine as in the
Peach, and used accordingly.
CLASS I. — Worthy General Cultivation.
Boston.
Lewis, Perkins' Seedling.
American. Claimed to have originated from a peach stone. It
is probably one of the very best Nectarines and well adapted to all
sections of our country.
Flowers, small; glands, globose; fruit, large, sometimes eight
inches round, roundish oval ; skin, light yellow, with deep red cheek,
shaded off by a mottling of red ; flesh, yellow to the stone, sweet,
with a pleasant, peculiar flavor ; stone, small, pointed. Season, first
September. Freefone.
(256)
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 257
DOWNTON.
Foreign. Floivcrs, small; glands, reniform; fruit, large, roundish
oval ; skin, pale green, with violet red cheek ; flesh, pale green, melting,
rich, high flavor. Season, last of August. Freestone.
Early Violet.
Violet Hative,
Petite Violet Hative,
Early Brugnon,
Brugnon red at Stone,
Hampton Court,
Large Scarlet,
New Scarlet,
Aromatic,
Brugnon Hatif,
Violet Musk,
Violet red at Stone,
Lord Solsey's Elruge.
Foreign. Tree, very hardy, ofter. confounded with Elruge, from
which it is distinguished by its deep red flesh and dark colored stone.
Flowers, small ; glands,r(m\t\>r\ii; fruit, large, roundish, narrowed
at apex ; suture, shallow; skin, yellowish green in shade, dark pur
plish red, mottled with pale brown dots, in sun ; flesh, whitish, red at
stone, melting, juicy, rich and high flavored ; stone, roundish, reddish
brown Season, last of August. Freestone.
Elruge.
Common Elruge, Temple,
Claremont, Oatland's
Anderson's Spring Grove.
Foreign. An old variety that has always maintained a first char-
acter wherever correctly grown.
Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish oval ;
suture, distinct only at apex ; skin, pale greenish shade, violet or
blood red, dotted with brown specks in sun ; flesh, greenish, slightly
stained with pale red at stone, juicy, rich, high flavor ; stone, oval,
rough. Season, early Sep. Freestone.
CLASS II. — New and untested, suited to Amateur Pomologists or
certain locations.
Barker.
Foreign. "Flowers small, glands reniform. Fruit large obovate, dark
red next sun, pale yellowish green where shaded ; flesh fine, yellowish
white, rayed with bright red at the stone ; stone large, kernel bitter.
August. Freestone." New, not yet fruited in this country.
Duke of Tellier's.
Buc du Tellier's, I Bu de Tello,
Bu Tilliers, Buke de Tilley,
Bu Tilly's.
Foreign. Flowers small, glands reniform. Fruit above medium, roundish
258 NECTARINES.
oblong, pale green, purplish red check ; flesh greenish white, red at stone,
second rate flavor. Last August. Freestone.
Early Newington.
Early Back Newington, New Early Newington,
Luconibe's Black, Lucombe's Seedling,
Early Black.
Foreign. Flowers large, glandless. Fruit large, roundish ovate, point
at apex, pale green, with shades of red marbled in sun ; flesh greenish
white, red at stone. Early September. Clingstone.
French Yellow.
Foreign. Fruit medium, greenish yellow, dull red in sun ; flesh yellow,
juicy, rich. September. Clingstone. (W. E. P.)
Hunt's Tawny.
Hunt's Large Tawny, | Hunt's Early Tawny
Foreign. Flowers small, glandless. Fruit below medium, roundish
ovate, point at apex, pale orange, red cheek, russety specks; flesh
orange, juicy. Middle August. Freestone.
Hardwicke.
Hardwicke Seedling, | Hardwicke's Seedling.
Foreign. Flowers small, glands reniform. Fruit large, roundish oval,
pale green, violet red cheek ; flesh pale green, little marked with red at
stone, juicy. Last August. Freestone.
Large Early Violet.
Violette Grosse.
Foreign. Similar to Early Violet, a trifle larger, and less high flavored.
Neate's White.
New White, Flanders,
Cowdray White, Emerton's New White,
Large White.
Foreign. Flowers large, glands reniform. Fruit above medium, round,
white reddish cheek in the sun ; flesh white, juicy. Early September.
Freestone.
Orange.
Pitmaston's 0ran<je, | William's Orange,
William's Seedling.
Foreign. Flowers large, glands globose. Fruit large roundish ovate,
acute point at apex, orange yellow with dark brownish red cheek ; flesh
yellow, red at stone, juicy, sweet. Last August. Freestone.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 259
Red Roman.
old Roman, Brugnon Violet Musquee,
Roman, | Brugnon Musquee.
Foreign. An old variety which proves best adapted to our northern
sections. Flowers large, glandsreniform. Fruit above medium, roundish^
greenish yellow, with dull red cheek, ami russety specks; flesh firm, green-
ish yellow, deep red at stone, juicy, vinous. Early September. Cling-
stone.
Stanwicke.
As yet we do not know of this variety having fruited in this country,
but from its high praise in England, where it originated, and the fact of
our clear, sunny clime adding to the richness and sugary character of
both Peach and Nectarine, as compared with Kngland, we are led to sup-
pose this will prove the very best Nectarine extant.
It was grown from a stone brought from Syria, and is described in the
journal of the London Horticultural Society as above medium size, round-
ish oval, slightly heart shape at base ; pa'e greenish white, shaded into
deep, rich violet in sun ; ftesh, white tender, juicy, rich, sugary, and with-
out the slightest trace of prussic acid flavor; stone, middle size, ovate, a
prominent sharp edge, rugged, and of chocolate color ; kernel, sweet.
CLASS III. — Unworthy farther Culture.
Broomfield.
American. Glands,reniform ; fruit, large, roundish ; dull yellow, red cheek ;
flesh, yellow, pleasant ; second rate. Middle September. Clingstone.
Fairchild's.
Fairchild's Early.
Foreign. Glands,reniform ; fruit, small, round; yellowish green, red cheek ;
flesh, yellow, dry, poor. Early August. Freestone.
Golden.
Orange, | Fine Gold Fleshed.
Foreign. Glands.reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish ovate ; light yellow,
red in sun ; flesh, orange yellow, firm, sweet ; second rate. Early September.
Clingstone.
Murrey.
Murry, | Black Muny.
Foreign. Glands,reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish ovate ; pale green, red
260 NECTARINES.
cheek ; flesh, greenish white, sweet, good flavor ; poor bearer. Last Aug-
ust. Freestone.
Newington.
Scarlet Newington,
Scarlet,
olil Newington,
Smith's Newington,
French Xewington,
Sion Hiil,
Rough Roman,
Anderson's Round.
Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, large, roundish ; greenish yellow, red in sun ;
flesh, firm, juicy, deep red at stone. Middle September. Clingstone.
Princes Golden.
American. Glands, reniform ; about one-fourth larger and a week later ;
otherwise, of second quality, and resembling the "Golden."
Peterborough.
Late Green, Vermash,
Geir,a or Genoese.
Foreign. Under the last synonym it has, of late, been disseminated as new.
Glands,reniform ; fruit, small, roundish ; green, with dull red in sun ; flesh,
greenish white, juicy. Early October. Freestone.
Sweet Yellow.
Jaune Lisse, | Late Yellow.
Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, small ; yellow, with dull red sheek in
aim ; flesh, yellow, dry. October. Freestone.
THE PEACH.
Persica vulgaris, Dee. Rosacea of Botanists.
Found wild on the Himalayan mountains, and not mentioned by
Jewish history, it is doubtful whether the Peach is, as generally un-
derstood, a native of Persia and also of China. It was, however, in-
troduced into Italy by the Romans, and, as early as 1550, was culti-
vated in Britain. About the year 1680 it was introduced into this
country, and, with the exception of portions of the northern New
England States and northern New York, it is now cultivated in every
settled portion of our States. History clothes the peach with hav-
ing once possessed deleterious qualities, and Pliny mentions that it
was supposed the King of Persia had sent them into Egypt to poison
the inhabitants, with whom he was then at war. This, however,
with traditions, making the fruit of a Peach tree, when eaten, to con-
fer immortality, knowledge and the like, are now regarded as mys-
ticisms of a past age, of which, nought but the tradition is left. In
portions of China, Spain, Italy, and the South of France, as well as
our own country, the Peach is grown without aid of glass, or artifi-
cial, or condensed heat, by means of walls, etc. ; we have therefore
looked to receive some variety from thence that would surpass our
American Seedlings, but, as yet, none have been introduced.
The wood of the Peach, being of a more open, coarse fibre than
that of most fruits, we find it more susceptible to sudden and severe
changes of temperature, and therefore less hardy, and of shorter du-
ration. That this character is materially affected by soil, seems not
to admit of a doubt ; writers generally conceding that while in
unfavorable soils the Peach decays in four to ten years, in favor-
able soils it continues healthy and vigorous for forty or fifty years,
and, with the addition of being annually, correctly and freely pruned,
may be made to produce regularly for near one hundred years.
Of this we speak more at length under the head of Soil.
Propagation. — By Seed. The seed of the Peach, if carefully
planted in the autumn, will often vegetate in the ensuing spring,
and, in good soil, make a growth the first year of three to four
feet ; but in order to succeed surely, it is best to gather the stones
from late fruiting varieties, of hardy, healthy trees ; spread them
about four inches thick on some light, sandy knoll and cover with
about four inches earth. In spring, when the frost is fully out of the
ground, leaving it fit for working, these stones will be found to have
262 THE PEACH.
mostly cracked and the germ just started ; they should then be care-
fully planted in rows, four feet apart, and one seed every foot in the
row, covered about two inches deep. The stones that are not
cracked by the frost should be taken and carefully cracked, by plac-
ing on a wooden block and striking the side edge with a hammer ; this
will not injure the germ, as is often done when they are cracked by strik-
ing the ends. Separated from the stone, the kernels should be
planted same as above, but in rows by themselves, as all are not sure
to grow, and, even if they did, would not as soon as those already
started, and therefore the rows in culture would often have trees un-
fitted for budding at same time ; or frequently those coming from
the last named kinds would be entirely too small for budding the
first year.
It is well to know that most of the yellow fleshed Peaches have a
tendency to produce varieties similar to the parent ; hence the in-
numerable new sorts that now swell the nursery-men's catalogues,
and that are yearly being introduced to the public as " highly superi-
or.'''' If an orchard is desired to be produced of seedlings, by select-
ing seeds of the Yellow Rareripe, Crawford's Early, Bergen's Yel-
low, Lemon Cling, and Crawford's Late, it is very probable a col-
lection would be obtained preserving in great measure the charac-
ters, qualities, and times of ripening of these varieties. So, also,
may the periods of ripening of each kind be, to a certain extent,
hastened or retarded, by selecting pits of the first or last that ripen
on each particular tree.
The grower should, however, recollect that while there is a strong
tendency in these varieties to reproduce themselves, their capability
so to do is often destroyed by the intermixture, while in flower of
some other variety which is perhaps adjoining them only a few feet ;
hence, in order to feel any degree of certainty toward the raising of
kinds valuable, or resembling the parent, it is necessary that the
tree from which the pits are taken should stand perfectly isolated,
or certainly distant two hundred rods from any other Peach tree.
Those who have not the dry sandy knoll whereon to place the pits,
to prepare them for the ensuing spring, may place them in a moist
cellar until nearly the close of winter ; then take them out, soak
them in water two or three days, spread them on the ground and
cover two or three inches of saw-dust or leaf mould over them ; thus
exposing them to action of frost until the season for planting.
By Budding. — The seed sown as above will, early in the month
of September, be found to have grown, in good soil, from three to
four feet, when they should be budded as near the ground as possi-
ble ; and in October one-half of the entire top should be cut back —
not the limbs pruned off, leaving bare stems — but the growth of
every limb should be shortened or cut back one half; this is to pre-
BY GRAFTING— TRANSPLANTING. 263
vent injury from high winds or heavy snows, which frequently break
the tree, just at the insertion of the bud.
Some bud upon the plum stock, for the purpose of dwarfing the
tree; and when so done the month of August is best. The exact
time cannot be stated, as seasons vary even in the same section of
country, but the watchful eye will soon learn to detect the period
when the young stock is about to form its terminal bud, and then is
generall) the best time. If the bud is inserted too early in the sea-
son, on the Peach stock, it is liable to overgrow and "gum."
Budding the Teaih may also be performed in the month of June,
on trees of two or more years old. It is done in same manner as
that in common budding, except in selecting the buds, you select a
young shoot, of about one to two inches grown, and, cutting it back
to one or two leaves, you insert and tie as in the common mode.
By Grafting. — This is rarely performed at the North, but may be
made tolerably successful if performed \ ery early on trees standing in
warm, light soil. A strong, sharp knife or spade should first be used
around, cutting off all the mots of the tree, at about one foot from
the body of a tree four feet high— the tree headed back about one
half, and the lower limbs cut into about twro buds each — the graft
inserted in the manner termed tongue or whip-grafting, tied with
soft bark, and covered with a ball of grafting-clay. When the graft
has made one foot growth, the ligature, should be loosed, and the
lowrer limbs cut in smoothly to the body. Some cultivators in the
southern States graft into the crown of the root, and when the stocks
are small it is a good way ; but the cleft grafting mode is then best.
Transplanting. — In transplanting from the nursery to the orehnrd,
the limbs, or branches, should be shortened back to the form of a
pyramidal, rounded head, having the lower limbs within twTo feet of
the ground, and not exceeding one foot long. The side roots should
only have their ends smoothed with a sharp knife, all broken or
bruised roots cut away, and the tap root cut off to within one foot
of the crown.
Distances apart. — On light, sandy soils, tw'elve feet apart each
way is sufficient for the peach ; but on good strong soil, the trees re-
quire from eighteen to twenty-five feet, in order, wdien full grown, to
enable them to mature their fruit with full exposure to the sun.
Soil and Situation. — The soil whereon to make plantations of the
peach is a matter of great import, as thereby hang the main chances
of success or failure. The following analysis, made by B. Kirtland,
Esq., of Poland, Ohio, from three esteemed varieties, viz., Yellow
Rareripe, Morris Red Rareripe, and Morrisania, will be found ex-
tremely useful to every planter, as it is easy to get an analysis made
of soils, and from the two the planter will know at once which par
264 THE PEACH.
ticular manure is required to perfect his fruit, and give vigor to his
trees. Equal quantities of limbs and twigs from the three kinds
above named, were taken, and after having been thoroughly dried
(whereby they lost about 44 per cent, of water), carefully burned
with a moderate heat, yielding as follows :
Charcoal and Sand, .
Silica,
Perphosphate of Iron,
Potash, .
Soda,
Sulphate of Lime, .
Lime,
Phosphate of Lime,
Magnesia,
Peroxide of Manganese,
Chloride of Sodium,
Carbonic Acid,
3.180
1.480
2.174
12.545
2.000
2.258
23.951
21.699
7.052
.800
.699
33.350
111.188
Loss in Analysis, ..... 3.812
115.000
These analyses show the wood of the Peach tree as next to the
Pear in amount of Phosphates, and also the erroneous impression so
generally current, that the Peach requires a light, sandy soil. The
most vigorous, healthy trees we have ever seen are growing on the
borders of the Ohio River, on what is termed limestone soil, and
where perfect drainage is naturally formed by the hills. On the
prairies the trees grow rapidly, but to us have the appearance of a
forced, green-house plant, and unable to endure aught but genial air,
while feeding thus upon one or two of the elements of growth, and
at the same time devoid of others requisite to the perfection of
healthy wood. Lime and bone dust, we judge, will be found espe-
cially beneficial in perfecting truly healthy trees, capable of endur-
ing the great changes of climate on our western prairies. If to this
application be added the practice of shortening in during the month
of September, and perfect drainage of water from the roots, we be-
lieve the tree will be found to endure more successfully the extreme
changes of climate.
The duration of the Peach tree we consider greatly dependent
upon the soil being properly drained, and containing the proper pro-
portions of food toward forming perfect wood. The doctrine of ex-
cretions of vegetables, is one which we are yet inclined to support,
naving been unable to succeed, even with renewed preparation of the
SEASON TO TRANSPLANT — CULTIVATION. 265
soil, in growing two successive crops of the same kind of tree upon
the same plot.
A rank, luxuriant tree, with shoots spongy, sappy, plethoric, un-
ripened, and incapable of being matured, with the roots in an un-
ci rained, cold, or wet soil, is too often regarded as thrifty, when in
truth it is but the expression of a false stimulant, as in the human
frame, exciting only to destroy.
The situation of a peach-orehard should, if possible, be upon high
grounds, as less subject to extreme and severe changes of tempera-
ture, and as tending to more perfect maturity of wood in fall of year,
and later period of blooming in spring. If the trees are low-branched
and well shortened in, supplied with requisite inorganic elements in
the soil, the lay of the land to the east, south, or north will only
affeel the time of ripening the fruit : that to the south maturing about
one week earlier than that toward the north. Elevated situations,
surrounded by, or bordering on, bodies of water, will often furnish
fruits when adjacent valleys fail; and this is especially true where
the bodies of water do not entirely freeze over during winter: the
southern shores of several of our lakes rarely failing to produce
]» aches when the entire crop is destroyed five or ten miles back in
(he interior. Even slight knolls often protect the crop, an instance
of which we had in our own grounds, where trees were distant only
thirty feet ; in one night all of the buds upon the lower limbs, or
more than half way up, being destroyed on the tree standing on what
would be termed the level, while on the tree on the knoll not one
was injured.
The destruction of buds by extreme cold in the winter is of rare
occurrence, except the tree has been excited by a season of warm
weather, or has been grown in the manner called " thrifty," pre-
viously noted. Where trees are steadily and healthily grown, they
are capable of wishstanding 20° to 25° below zero without injury,
unless immediately followed by clear, warm sun, or the tree being
in an immature, unhealthy state.
Season to Transplant. — Throughout the northern and western
States it is best to transplant the Peach in the spring. South or
Southwest, fall or midwinter may be best — but from remarks of
many writers, we incline to the belief, that early in March or the
last of February is best, as they occasionally have some severe
changes in January, very trying to newly planted trees. The ground
should alway be prepared in the fall.
Cultivation. — The ground about peach trees should always be
kept clean ; if planted on light, sandy so:l, running through an or-
chard with a cultivator so as not to break the roots ; if upon rich
prairie or limestone soils, the ground may be plowed and cropped
without injury ; but on the sandy, light soil no crop except the white
12
THE PEACH.
turnip should ever be grown, and that pays best to be turned under
by a very shallow plowing of. say, two inches deep. On rich, deep
prairie soils, it is best not to stir the ground after midsummer.
Pruning. — The fruit being borne only <m wood of
the preceding year, one of the great objects in pruning,
is to keep all parts of the tree furnished with a regular
and constant succession of annual bearing shoots. P.
Barry, in his " Fruit Garden," has the following, so cor
rectly descriptive of the mode, that we adopt it, together
with a cut illustrative of buds, on which C. D. E. ai e
fruit buds, F. G. H. leaf buds, /. double buds, C. triple
buds ; the two side buds being fruit buds, and the centre
one a leaf bud. By referring to the branch, it will be
seen that it is furnished a\ ith a certain number of wood
buds and fruit buds. At the base, there are always one
or more wood buds.
Now, if that shoot were not pruned, all the fruit buds
on it would produce fruit, — one, two, or three of the
wood buds at the top would make new shoots ; these
J would necessarily be very weak, in consequence of the
number of fruit below them. At the end of the season
there would be a long, vacant space, entirely destitute of a
young shoot or a living bud. This is the way that the inte-
rior and lower parts of trees become so soon degarnished.
But when that shoot is shortened, we will say one half,
iD the sap is retained in its lower parts, one half of the
fruit buds are removed, and the consequence is, that
large and fine fruits are obtained from those remaining:
voung vigorous shoots are. produced from the lower
buds to bear next year, and
take the place of those which
have already borne. In this
way regular uniform crops of
large and fine fruit are ob-
tained, and a constant succes-
sion of young shoots is kept up.
To form the head of a stand-
ard Peach Tree. — We will
suppose it the intention to
form a standard tree, with a
trunk tWO feet in height, and a Form of a low standard peach
e . . tree, with a stem two teet high,
round, Open, and symmetrical and a round, open head.
head, like figure. We take
yearling tree and cut it back to within two feet and a half of the
DISEASES AM) INSECTS INJURIOUS. 207
ground in the spring. Below this cut a certain number of shoots
will be produced, from which three will be selected to form the main
branches or frame-work of the head. All the others are rubbed off
when two or three inches long or sooner. At the end of the season
we have a tree with three branches.
The second year these three branches are cut back full one half
their length, and from each we take a shoot to continue the branch,
and one to form a secondary branch. The other shoots produced
below ti'ose are pinched or checked to prevent them from interfering
with the growth of the leading branches. In the fall of the year we
have a tree with six leading branches, and some bearing shoots be-
low on the older wood.
The third year each of these six branches is shortened one half, in
order to obtain more secondary branches, and some fruit branches
on the lower parts. All young shoots on the old wood, whether
fruit branches or not, should be cut back one half, or as far as may
be necessary, to cause the wood buds at their base to push, and
make shoots to bear next year.
The formation of the head goes on as described for two or three
years more, when it is complete ; for peach trees, properly prune. 1,
do not assume such wide spreading forms as they do naturally. The
main branches and secondary branches should be at equal distances
throughout, and far enough apart to give the bearing wood on their
sides the full benefit of the sun and air.
An equality of vigor should also be preserved amongst them by
summer pinching. It is not uncommon to see a very vigorous shoot
start up in a peach tree, and appropriate so much of the sap as to
injure a whole branch ; these should be checked the moment their
character is observed, unless they may be wanted to fill a vacancy.
Every part of the branches should be furnished with bearing shoots,
and these should, every spring, be shortened in one half or more, to
produce others at their base, whilst those that have borne are cut out."
With the advice above, as well as of most writers, to shorten
back or prune the Peach in the Spring, we do not fully agree ; be-
lieving, rather, that if the operation be performed in September, it
will enable the tree to more fully perfect the remaining buds, and
fit it to endure changes of temperature during winter.
Diseases and Insects injurious. The Curl of the Leaf. The first
developed leaves, in the spring, often become diseased with a spongy
and malignant growth, exhibiting reddish blotches or swellings on the
upper side, that, after two or three weeks, causes them to fall off. "This
occurs at a period when the vigorous circulation of the sap requires a
corresponding action in those important organs. A second growth is
soon forced out, which ultimately restores the tree to its wonted force
and vigor. It is, however, evident, that though the recuperative
268 THE PEACH.
powers of nature may, for once, twice, cr even thrice, restore a
growth of leaves, the shock must at length impair the vitality, and
induce an unhealthy condition." This curl of the leaf is produced
by the punctures of a small plant-louse, the " Aphis persica" fully
described by Dr. Harris in his work on Insects.
A mixture of tobacco water and strong soapsuds applied with a
syringe, early, or as soon as the ltaves are one third grown, will be
found a good remed}^. Barry regards the curl of the leaf induced
by sudden change of weather — a number of warm days that cause
the expansion of the young leaves, followed by a cold, rainy clay ;
the more severe and protracted the cold, the more severe and fatal
the curl.
The Yellows. What is regarded as the Yellows is little known
throughout the West ; neither have we ever observed it, to any ex-
tent, in the New England States, except where trees were procured
from, or grown on poor, sandy soils, enfeebled and imperfect from
their first start. That it may be perpetuated by innoculation, or
sowing seeds from trees diseased, we have no doubt ; it therefore
behooves every tree grower to be careful from whence he procures
his pits for stocks. Prof. Kirtland says : " It is questionable whether
any distinct disease occurs, to which this name is applicable. Per-
haps it is only a collection of symptoms arising from causes acting
either individually or collectively. Facts seem to favor this view,
though the insight of popular opinion is in favor of its being a spe-
cific and contagious disease." Depreciations of the JEgeria exitiosa,
Aphis persiea, exhaustion of elements in the soil, and want of correct
pruning appear to be the primary causes, and, in reference thereto,
Prof Kirtland further remarks : " In estimating the power and ex-
tent of these causes, it should be recollected that an injurious im-
pression, acting constantly upon successive generations of either
animal or vegetable species, may ultimately establish a hereditary
entailment that may be propagated in the form of predisposition
to disease, or disease itself. The converse is equally true in pro-
ducing health or physical development.
These several causes have been exerting their influence on the
Peach tree for a long term of years, impairing the stamina and
health of its fruit germs. These impressions have been propagated
and re-propagated, in conjunction with the action of the primary
causes of impairment, till at length we have only a sickly progeny."
The remedy is to cut down and destroy all diseased trees ; the
preventive is judicious cultivation.
Mildeio. This is the name applied to a minute fungus which at-
tacks the ends of the young branches of some particular varieties,
termed serrated or glandless. It checks growth, and renders the
THE PEACH WORM.
269
tree unsightly. Application, by means of a syringe, of one ounce of
nitre to one gallon of water, in proportion, will destroy it, and, at
the same time, add to vigor and health of the tree. Dusting of sul
phur is by some advised.
The Peach worm or Borer, JEgeria exitiosa, was known as early
as before the commencement of the present century, and has been
repeatedly described. There are two sexes, and so remarkably
different that some natu-
ralists have almost hesita-
ted in arranging them.
"The insect, in its perfeel
state, is a slender, dark
blue, four - winged moth,
somewhat like a wasp. It
commences depositing its
eggs in the soft and tender
bark at the base of the trunk, usually about the last of June, but at
different times, from June to October. The egg hatches, and be-
comes a small white borer
or grub, (fig. a), which
eventually grows to three
fourths of an inch long, pen-
etrates and devours the bark
and sap - wood, and, after
passing the winter in the
tree, it enfolds itself in a cocoon, {fig. b . under or upon the bark,
and emerges again in a perfect or winged form in June, and com-
mences depositing its eggs for another generation."
Multiform have been the prescribed remedies for protection
against this insect, but none have been found infallible ; and the
careful cultivator will find the use of a sharp knife, once in June,
and again in September, applied to cutting out the worm, whose lo-
cation is easily discovered by exudation, near the crown of the roots,
of gummy matter — a far better preventive, and also really cheaper,
than heaping up of ashes, cinders, etc., etc.
Gathering. — If for immediate use the peach should not be gath-
ered until fully ripe, but if intended for market it is necessary often
to gather while yet firm.
Characters and Classification. — The general outward characters of
many kinds are so nearly similar that it is necessary to resort to
other means than exhibited in the fruit in order to identify varieties.
This, even with all the means at command, is often very difficult,
owing to the numerous seedlings constantly being' produced. The
distinct1 on of freestones and clinsgtones (melters and pavies of the
270
THE PEACH.
English) is the most natural and wel1 understood ; next, the distinc-
tion by means of what are termed glands on the leaves, as also the
indentations or irregular edge of the leaf termed creneate, serrated,
and coarsely serrated ; and last the distinction by means of the flow-
ers, as large or small. This last is open only to examination a short
period, and therefore is not used except by the careful amateur po-
mologist, or correct nurseryman.
The accompanying figures are illustrative :
Figure 1, the ser
rated without glands;
figure 2,coarsely ser-
rated, and with glo-
bose glands ; figure
3, creneate and with
reniform or kidney
shaped glands. "The
form of the glands,"
observes Lindley,
" as well as their po-
sition, is perfectly
distinct ; they are
fully developed in
the month of May, and continue to the last permanent in their char
acter, and are not affected by cultivation. The globose glands are
situated, one, two, or more, on the foot stalks, and one, two, or
more, on the tips or points of the serratures of the leaves. The reniform
glands grow also on the footstalks of the leaves, but those on the leaves
are placed within the serratures, connecting, as it were, the upper
and lower teeth of the serratures together ; their leaves, wdien taken
from a branch of vigorous growth, have more glands than the leaves
of the globose varieties. It will, however, sometimes happen, that
glands are not discernable on some of the leaves, especially on those
produced from weak branches ; in this case, other branches must be
sought for which do produce them." Lindley, as wTell as most wri-
ters since, have rendered these classes, with sub-classes or divisions,
founded mainly on the structure of the leaves, but we have prefer-
red, in this fruit as well as others, to embody the distinction in the
text descriptive of a variety, and confine ourself to the practical
every day wanted division of " best," " very good," and " good."
The word "Melocoton" only meaning ':peach," we have dropped, and
only use it in connection with the synonyms.
Uses. — The various uses made of the peach are so well known as
not to require a word, yet the profit to be obtained from drying or
preserving fresh, the fruit, when distant from market, induces us to
PRESERVING THE FRESH FRUIT. 271
extract the following descriptions. Downing says, " in Western
New York, and indeed in most parts of the country where peaches
are largely cultivated, the fruit is dried, and in this state sent to mar-
ket in very large quantities. The drying is performed, on a small
scale, in spent ovens; on a large scale, in a small drying house
heated by a stove, and fitted up with ventilated drawers. These
drawers, the bottoms of which are formed of laths, or narrow strips
sufficiently open to allow the air to circulate through them, are filled
with peaches in halves. They are cut in two without being peeled,
the stone taken out, and the two halves placed in a single layer with
the skin downward. In a short time the heat of the drying house
will complete the drying, and the drawers are then ready for a sec-
ond filling. Farther south they are spread upon boards or frames,
and dried in the sun merely ; but usually, with the previous prepa-
ration, of dipping the peaches (in baskets,) for a few minutes in
boiling water before halving them."
Preserving the fresh fruit. — Thomas describes the process as fol-
lows : " Prepare the canisters in the best manner, of good tin —
about seven or eight inches in length, and four to four and a half in
diameter. Whatever be the size, they should be uniform, that they
may be heated alike. The fruit selected should be just ripe and no
more, free from specks or bruises. When the canisters are filled,
the tops are to be carefully soldered on, leaving a hole in them
about the size of a small pin for the escape of the air. They are
then to be set in a vessel of water, to be kept boiling moderately,
until the temperature of the fruit is raised to that of the water.
The way in which this is ascertained, is to put a drop of water on
the pin hole, which will continue to bubble as long as the air escapes
from the canister. When the internal temperature is equal to that
of the water, no more air will escape. The water is then to be
wiped off, and a drop of solder immediately put in its place. The
boiling water should be raised as near to the tops of the canisters as
possible, so as not to cover them. If the operation has been pro-
perly conducted, the ends of the canisters will, shortly after the cool-
ing has taken place, be depressed, in consequence of the external
pressure of the atmosphere. The degree of heat to which the fruit
is subjected does not cook it in the least. It is proper that the can-
isters should be set in a cool place. The vessel in which the water
is to be kept boiling, must, of coarse have a level bottom ; and every
one who is disposed to try the experiment can devise one for him
self.1'
272 THE PEACH.
VARIETIES.
The varieties of the peach have within a few years been largely
increased, but as the fruit is, when matured, quickly perishable, we
have endeavored to select out only those that are really valuable,
and that will furnish a perfect succession from earliest to latest.
Many varieties are undoubtedly good in their immediate locality,
and often perhaps equal the best, yet there seems no necessity for
increasing the numbers unless some evident superiority is found
either in fruit or tree.
The periods of ripening, which we have attached to each variety,
mark its character on the southern shore of Lake Erie, in northern
Ohio. At Cincinnati it will often be found two weeks earlier, while
at Boston or Buffalo it will be eight or ten days later.
CLASS I. — Worthy General Cultivation.
Bergen.
Bergen's Yellow.
American. It much resembles Yellow Rareripe, but ripens about
ten days later ; a moderate regular bearer. Flowers, small ; glands,
reniform ; fruit, large, globular ; depressed, broad suture, distinct,
rather more than half round ; skin, deep orange, with a broad red
cheek ; flesh, yellow, melting, and of luscious flavor. Season, early
September. Freestone.
Brevoort.
Brevoort's Morris. | Brevoort's Seedling Meller
American. A moderate but regular bearer. Floivers, small ;
glands, reniform ; fruit, medium to large, round ; rather broad dis-
tinct, suture, deep at apex ; skin, dingy, white, with a bright red
cheek ; flesh, firm, slightly red at stone, sweet and high flavored.
Season, early September. Freestone.
Crawford's Early.
Crawford's Early llelocoton, Early Crawford.
American. As a market fruit, one of the most deservingly
popular of the yellow fleshed varieties ; productive. Flowers-
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION 273
small; glands, globose; fruit, largo, oblong, oval, sometimes
roundish, point at apex prominent ; suture, shallow ; skin, yellow,
with red cheek; flesh, yellow, juicy, and when ripened in warm
sunny weather, rich and sweet, at other times slightly sub-acid.
Season, last of August to 10th of September. Freestone.
Crawford's Late.
Crawford's Late Meloeotcm, | Crawford's Superb Melocoton.
Crawford's Superb Malacatune.
American. One of the most valuable yellow fleshed late varie-
ties, deserving place in all collections; productive. Flowers, small ;
glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish; suture, shallow; skin, yel-
low, with dark red cheek ; flesh, yellow, red at the stone, juicy,
vinous, and like the foregoing, depends on warm sunny weather to
make it sweet. Season, last of September and first of October.
Freestone.
Cooledge's Favorite.
Cooledge's Early Red Rareripe.
American. Tree very hardy and productive. Floivers, small ;
glands, globose; fruit, medium to large, roundish, largest on one
side ; suture, at apex only ; skin, white, with a bright red cheek
often mottled ; flesh, melting, juicy, rich, sweet delicious flavor.
Season, 20th to last of August. Freestone.
Columbia.
American. Tree, moderate grower, hardy, young wood a pur
plish cast, moderate regular bearer. Flowers, small ; glands, reni-
form ; fruit, large, roundish, with a shallow suture half round ; skin,
singularly marked and striped with dark red ; flesh, yellow, often
exhibiting a red streak next the skin, rich, juicy, and excellent flavor.
Season, middle to last of September. Freestone.
Early York.
Serrate Early York, | True Early York.
Much confusion has arisen with growers respecting this peach
owing to the same name having been applied to seedlings in New
Jersey. Tree, hardy, productive, and, from the period of ripening,
one of the very best. Flowers, large; leaves, serrated without
glands; fruit, medium, roundish, oval; suture, slight; skin, with
pale red clotted on greenish-white in the shade, and becoming dark
red where exposed to the sun ; flesh, greenish-white, tender, melting,
full of rich sprightly juice. Season, middle of August. Freestone.
12*
274 THE PEACH.
Early Newtngton.
Early Xewington F-eestone, | Xewington,
Smith's Newington.
Foreign. This variety ripens directly after the forenamed. Tree
hardy, moderately productive ; flowers, small ; glands, reniform •
fruit, large, roundish, one-half always largest ; suture, distinct ; skin%
yeliowi&h white, dotted and streaked with red, the cheek a rich red ,
flesh, white, red at the stone, to which many particles adhere ; (if
not fully ripe, it has the habit of a cling;) juicy, rich, vinous flavor.
Season, 20th to last of August.
George the Fourth.
American. Tree, vigorous, hardy, regular, good bearer ; flow-
ers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, above medium ; suture, broad
and deep, making one half larger than the other ; skin, yellowish
white dotted with bright red, on one side a rich dark red cheek ;
flesh, pale red at the stone, melting, juicy, rich, luscious flavor.
Season, last of August. Freestone.
Grosse Mignonne.
Royal Kensington,
Grimwood's Royal George,
" New Royal George,
Large French Mignonne,
French Mignonne,
Swiss Mignonne,
Purple Avant,
Early Purple Avant,
Early May,
Early Vineyard,
Vineuse,
Neil's Early Purple,
Johnson's Early Purple,
Superb Royal,
Royal Sovereign,
Ronald's Seedling Galande,
Pourpree Halive,
Belle Beaute,
Pourpree de Normandie,
Vineuse de Fromentin,
Mignonne,
Early Purple.
Foreign. The Grosse Mignonne or Large Favorite was a favorite
peach in France in time of Louis XIV., and is everywhere esteemed,
although in this country it is seldom that the true variety is cultiva-
ted. The true variety has large flowers, while that often grown has
small flowers.
Flowers, large ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, apex de-
pressed, with a deep, hollow suture ; skin, dull greenish yellow,
mottled with red, and with a purplish red cheek ; flesh, yellowish
white, marked with red at the stone, juicy, melting, rich, high, vin-
ous flavor ; stone, small, very rough. Season, about 20th August to
1st September. Freestone.
Heath.
Heath Clin<r?lone, Fine Heath,
White Heath, Red Heath.
American. This variety is extremely valuable in the middle, and
southern and westerr States. In th? northern States it does not
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 275
always ripen well, but the fruit may be gathered, wrapped in paper
same as oranges, and laid in a cool room and kept until Christmas.
It often reproduces itself from the stone, and Bayne's New Heath
partakes of no new qualities over many other of its seedlings. The
trees are very hardy, often producing on our western soils when
ali others fail.
Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oblong, narrowing
to both ends, with a swollen point at apex ; suture, one side, distinct;
skin, downy, cream colored white, a tinge of red in the sun ; flesh,
greenish white, adhering closely to the stone, juicy, rich, luscious
flavor. Season, October. Clingstone.
Hyslop.
Hyslop's Clingstone.
American. This variety should take the place of Heath in all
northern localities, and, indeed, deserves a place in every garden,
however small. From not finding it noticed in any work since Ken-
rick's issue, we had supposed it probably a synonym, but have been
una I ile so to detect it. Trees are hardy, vigorous and productive ;
flowers, small; (/lands, reniform ; fruit, large, oblong, roundish;
skin, white, with a deep rich, red cheek ; flesh, very juicy, melting,
rich and luscious. Season, early in October. Clingstone.
Jaques.
Jaquisli, | Jaques Rareripe,
Jaques Rareripe.
American. A very desirable market variety ; good flavor ; and
very certain bearer.
Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish ; distinct
suture ; skin, downy, dull yellow, with red cheek ; flesh, yellow, red
at the stone, juicy, rich, slightly sub-acid. Season, middle of Sep-
tember. Freestone.
Morris Red.
Morris Red Rareripe, Red Rareripe.
Large Red Rareripe.
American. Has been confounded with George the Fourth, and
alsowithGrosseMignon, from both of which it is distinct. The Large
Early York of N. Jersey most nearly resembles it, but is quite dif-
ferent. It is universally esteemed. Trees, vigorous and productive ;
flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish ; slightly
depressed at apex; suture, well marked ; skin, greenish white, with
a lively red cheek ; flesh, greenish white, red at the stone, melting,
jiicy, rich, sweet flavor. Season, last of August. Freestone.
276 THE PEACH.
Morris White.
Morris White Rareripe,
White Rareripe,
Luscious White Rareripe,
Lady Ann Steward,
White Malacaton,
Cole's White Malacalon,
Freestone Heath,
Morris White Freestone,
Philadelphia Freestone.
American. This Variety is most suited to the southern and south-
western States, where it is a most delicious fruit ; but grown at the
north, it is one of the most valuable for preserving in brandy, and
always commands a high price therefor. Tree, vigorous, moderate
bearer ; flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oval ; suture,
moderate, swollen point small ; skin, downy, greenish white, be-
coming a creamy white when fully ripe, rarely a purplish tinged
cheek ; flesh, white to the stone, moderately firm, sweet and rich.
Season, middle of September. Freestone.
Malta.
Peche Malte, Italian,
Malte de Normandie, Belle de Paris.
Foreign. The true Malta is less known than a spurious sort hav-
ing globose glands, which is most generally grown. The true Malta
is a delicious fruit for the private garden, but not desirable for mar-
keting ; flowers, large ; leaves, serrated, without glands ; fruit, above
medium, roundish, flattened, with a broad, shallow suture on one
side ; skin, pale, dull green, marked on the sunny side with broken
spots and blotches of dull purple ; flesh, greenish, with a little dark
red at the stone, very juicy and melting, rich, vinous, delicious flavor.
Season, last of August. Freestone.
Late Admirable.
Royale,
Narbonne,
La Royale,
Teton de Venus,
Peche Royale,
French Bourdine
Bourdine,
Judd's Melting,
Boudin ,
Motteux's,
Pourpree
Tardive.
Foreign. An old variety, the trees of which have proved suc-
cessful wherever grown. Moderate, regular bearer. Flowers, small ;
qlmids, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, inclining to oval ; suture,
bold, apparently making two halves of the fruit — a swollen point at
apex ; skin, yellowish green, with a cheek of two shades of red,
mingled, or marbled ; flesh, greenish white, juicy, melting, delicate,
delicious flavor. Season, about 20th September. Freestone. We
have often seen the foregoing named fruit, the Malta, under tr'
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION". 277
Lemon Clingstone.
Kennedy's Carolina, Largest Lemon,
Kennedy's Lemon Clingstone, Pine Apple Clingstone,
Long Yellow Pine Apple, Yellow Pine Apple.
American. The flavor of this variety, except grown in warm
climate and good soil, would not place it among the first class ; but
the uniform hardihood and productiveness of the tree, together with
the fine appearance of the fruit, making it very desirable for market-
ing purposes, has induced us to retain it. Floiocrs, small ; glands,
reniform ; fruit, large, oblong, with a projecting point at apex like
unto a lemon ; skin, fine yellow, with a dark brownish red cheek,
becoming sometimes, in certain locations South, almost a crimson
red ; flesh, firm, yellow, tinged with red at stone, juicy, sprightly,
vinous, sub-acid flavor. Season, middle to last of September.
Clingstone. The "Yellow Wanton Cling" is only a sub- variety,
ripening a few days later.
New York Rareripe.
Livingston's New York Rareripe, ' Honest Jolin,
Large Early York, Haine'e Early Red,
Early York of New Jersey.
American. The synonyms which we attach to this variety, we
are aware, are questioned by some good pomologists, but after
having grown and examined the trees under the several names, we
confess ourselves unable to distinguish any material difference, cer-
tainly not sufficient to make distinct descriptions requisite. Trees,
vigorous, healthy, moderate but good bearers ; flowers, small ;
glands, globose ; fruit, above medium, roundish ; skin, whitish, with
marblings and dots of red, with a clear, rich, red cheek, where ex-
posed to the sun ; flesh, almost white, fine-grained, very juicy, rich,
mild, excellent flavor. Season, last of August. Freestone.
Nivette.
White Rareripe, Veloute Tardive,
Nivette Veloute, Dorsetshire.
Foreign. An old variety, which succeeds most admirably
throughout all Northern sections, and, where known, equally well
South. Trees, upright, healthy growth, regular bearers ; flowers,
small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, inclining to oval ;
suture, shallow, point or apex slightly depressed ; skin, yellowish
green, and, when exposed to sun, a bright, lively, red cheek ; flesh,
greenish white, tinged with reddish pink at the stone, juicy, melting,
with a rich, delicious flavor. Season, early in September. Free-
stone.
273 THE PEACH.
Oldmixon.
Oldmixon Clinj , | Oldrmaon Clingstone.
American. Of the clingstone peaches we think this and Hyslop's
the best, and deserving place in every collection. Flowers, small ;
glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish oval ; suture, well marked,
and one side of fruit slightly larger than the other, without mamvlon,
or swollen point; skin, yellowish white, with red more or less
dotted, and becoming bright red cheek where exposed fully to sun ;
flesh, pale white, juicy, rich, high and excellent flavor. Season, early
in September. Clingstone.
Oldmixon Freestone.
Oldmixon Clearstone.
American. Said to have been produced from seed of the Old-
mixon, which we think somewhat doubtful. It is, however, a variety
meriting place every where, as it always produces a crop, appearing
to withstand late spring frosts better than many others, and for
market, its ripening just at a period when most other varieties are
out, makes it extremely desirable. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ;
fruit, large, roundish, slightly oval, one side swollen ; suture, appa-
rent only at apex ; skin, a mingling of yellowish white and pale
green, more or less marbled with dull red, and having a deep red
cheek in the sun; flesh, white, tinged with red at stone, rich, sweet,
vinous, excellent flavor. Season, 5th to 15th September.
President.
American. Trees, healthy, productive, similar to the Rareripes ;
a valuable market fruit ; flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit,
large or above medium, roundish oval ; suture, shallow ; skin, downy,
pale yellowish green, with a red cheek ; flesh, white, red at the
stone, juicy, sweet, rich, high flavor ; stone, rough, and unless fully
ripe, the flesh adheres slightly to it. Season, middle of September.
Freestone.
Prince's Red Rareripe.
Late Red Rareripe .
American. Trees, vigorous, productive, and fruit of a grayish
appearance, distinguishing it from all other varieties ; flowers, small ;
glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish oval, with a depressed suture
and sunken point at apex ; skin, downy, pale grayish yellow, mottled
and marbled with red, and with a red cheek mottled with fawn-co-
lored specks ', flesh, white, deep red at stone, juicy, melting, rich,
luscious flavor. Season, early in September. Freestone.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 279
ROSEBANK.
American. Originated with James Dougall, Esq., C. W. Trees,
healthy, moderate, but regular bearers ; Leaf, serrated without glands ;
fruit, above medium, round, compressed at the apex; suture, deep,
extending somewhat more than half way round ; skin, whitish yellow
with a red cheek, where fully exposed to the sun, the red becomes
almost purple; flesh, thick, whitish yellow, very little red about the
stone, juicy, rich, excellent flavor. Season, middle of September.
Freestone.
Tillotson.
Early Tillotson.
American. This variety requires a strong soil, otherwise it is
liable to mildew. The trees are hardy, but not good bearers while
young, nor are they rapid growers. Its period of maturity must,
howTever, give it place for market purposes as being the earliest
good fruit yet known. For small gardens where only three or four
days are little consequence, it is not advisable to plant it. Flowers,
small ; leaves, glandless, serrated ; fruit, medium, roundish ; skin,
nearly white, dotted with red and becoming dark red in the sun ;
flesh, whitish, red at the stone, to which the flesh partially adheres,
juicy, rich, high flavor. Season, variable, we having fruited it as
early as 29th July and again not until 10th of August, but always,
however, a few days before Early York ; and we only note this here
in order to show that no certain dates will answer from year to
year in any fruit.
Van Zandt's Superb.
Waxen Rareripe.
American. A variety not suited to market purposes, but highly
desirable in small gardens for dessert use. Flowers, small ; glands,
globose, obscure ; fruit, medium, roundish, one side enlarged ; su-
ture, distinct but not deep ; skin, white, beautifully sprinkled and
marbled with clear red, cheek red, dotted with carmine ; flesh, whit-
ish, tinged with red at the stone, juicy, sweet, very fine flavor. Sea-
son, early in September.
Walter's Earlt.
American. A popular orchard variety, adapted to light soils.
Trees, healthy and productive ; flowers, small ; glands, globose ,
fruit, above medium, globular, flattened ; skin, white, with a rich
red cheek ; flesh, whitish, tinged with red at the stone, ^fiicy, swreet,
fine flavor. Season, last of August. Freestone.
White Imperial.
American. A valuable variety for the northern parts of our
280 THE PEACH.
country, being hardy and vigorous, and a regular, moderate bearer,
South, the trees grow too rapid, while the fruit is insipid. It seems
to do equally well in sandy or loamy soil, but in the former will
probably sooner require some specific stimulant. Flowers, small ;
glands, globose ; fruit, large or above medium, roundish, broad, de-
pressed at apex ; suture, not deep, but well marked, and the fruit
often one side enlarged ; skin, yellowish white, tinged or marbled
with light purplish red towards the sun ; flesh, nearly white, melting,
juicy, sweei, delicate, delicious flavor. Season, last of August. Free-
stone.
Ward's Freestone.
Ward's Late Tree, | Ward's Free
American. We have examined this variety for several years,
and were we to have but one late-ripening variety, should unhesi-
tatingly select this. The Weld's Freestone spoken of by Mr. Man-
ning, in the second volume of the Horticulturist, we strongly sus-
pect to be this variety. It is a variety highly successful among
orchardists in Delaware, and so far as we have seen, equally valua-
ble at the North. Trees, vigorous, healthy, not too rapid growth
flowers, small ; glands, ; fruit, above medium, roundish
skin, yellowish white, with a red cheek where exposed to the sun
flesh, nearly white, rarely tinged with red at the stone, juicy, vinous,
and, for a late peach, sweet and delicious flavor ; for late preserving
it is invaluable. Season, early October. Freestone.
Yellow Rareripe.
Yellow Red Rareripe, Marie Antoinette,
Large Yellow Rareripe, French Rareripe.
American. As a market or garden variety, this has no equal
among yellow-fleshed fruits. Cultivators should, however, be care-
ful of the correctness of their trees, as an old sort, far inferior, and
often known under name of Yellow Malacatune, is frequently
grown for this variety. Floivers, small ; glands, globose; fruit,
large, roundish ; suture, shallow, extending rather more than half
round, a small point at apex ; skin, deep orange yellow, dotted
somewhat with red, the cheek rich red, shaded off in streaks ; flesh,
deep yellow, red at the stone, juicy, melting, rich, vinous, nearly first-
rate flavor. Season, 20th to last August. Freestone.
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 281
CLASS II. — New and untested; adapted to certain locations, or
gardens of Amateurs.
Alberoe.
Yellow Alberge,
Alberge Jaune,
Purple Alberge,
Red Alberge,
Golden Mignonne,
French Rareripe,
Peche Jaune,
Gold-Fleshed]
Yellow Rareripe of some
Hardy Galande,
Golden Rareripe.
Foreign. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish yel-
low, purplish cheek ; flesh, yellow, red at stone. Middle Aug. Freestone.
Allen.
American. Small, roundish; white, red cheek ; juicy. Freestone. Mid-
dle Sept. (Cole.)
Atwater.
American. Closely resembles President, and may prove identical.
Bellegarde.
Early Royal George,
Red Magdalen,
French Royal George,
Smooth-leaved Royal George,
Violette Hative,
Violette Hative Grosse,
Brentford Mignonne,
Ronald's Mignonne,
Large Violet,
arly Galande.
Foreign. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, round, with a
point ; suture shallow, yellowish green ; red cheek ; flesh, little red at
stone ; juicy. Freestone. Early September.
Barnard.
Early Barnard, | Yellow Barnard.
American. Much resembles Alberge.
Bachelder.
American. Large ; round, white, with deep blush ; flesh, white, juicy.
Freestone. Middle September. (Cole.)
Briggs.
American. Large, roundish ; whitish, red cheek ; flesh, white, red at
stone ; sweet. Freestone. Early September. (Cole.)
Blood Clingstone.
Claret Clingstone, | Blood Cling.
American. Valuable only for pickling and preserving ; flowers, small ;
glands, reniform ; fruit, often measuring twelve inches round ; suture, dis-
282 THE PEACH.
tinct, skin, downy, dark, clouded, purplish red ; flesh, deep red through-
out ; firm, juicy. Last September
The old French Blood Clingstone is a smaller fruit than the above, and
also has large flowers. The Blood Freestone is a variety of above, medi-
um size, glandless leaves, and less valuable.
Bullard's Clingstone.
American. Large, round ; white, with red cheek ; juicy, fine. Sep-
tember. (Kenrick.)
Bullard's Seedling
American. Large, round, pale yellow and red. Middle of September.
Freestone. (Kenrick.)
Cable's Late.
Cable's Late Melocoton.
American. A seedling of the old Red Cheek, and resembles Crawford's
Late, only ripening some six days earlier. Freestone.
Cole's Early Red.
American. Productive ; flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, medium,
roundish, pale yellow, mostly covered with red, often dry. Last August.
Freestone.
Chinese Peach.
Flat Peach of China, Java Peach.
Peen To
Foreign. Glands, reniform ; flowers, large ; fruit, small, flattened, long,
yellowish green, and pale red ; skin, thin ; flesh, pale yellow, red at stone,
to which it adheres, juicy, delicate, vinous flavor ; fitted only for the ama-
teur's garden. September ; July, at the South.
Clinton.
American. Only suited for marketing ; flowers, large ; glands, globose ;
fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white with red cheek, juicy. Last of
August. Freestone.
Cambridge Belle.
Hovey's Cambridge Belle.
American. Large, roundish, white with a blush, red cheek, juicy,
good. Early September. Freestone. (Hovey.)
Clarke.
American. Large, roundish, yellow, red blush ; flesh, yellow, red at
stone, juicy, sugary, fir.e. Early September. (Cole.)
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 283
Down Easter.
Hall's Down Easter.
American. Large, roundish, deep suture, yellow, broad red cbeek;
good, hardy, productive. 20th-Septernber. (Cole.)
Double Montagne
Double Mountain, | Montagne
Montauban.
Foreign. Almost worthy a place in first class ; flowers, large ; leaves,
glandless ; fruit, medium, roundish, pale greenish white, with two shades
of red when exposed to the sun ; flesh, white, delicate, juicy, fine. Last
of August. Freestone.
Elmira.
American. This variety originated in Miss, by M. W. Phillips, Esq.
We have not seen it, nor a description, but it is spoken of as a Clingstone,
ripening a few days earlier than Early Tillotson, and being very desirable
in that section.
Eliza.
American. Originated at Philadelphia ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large,
round, terminating in a nipple ; skin, yellow, with mottled red cheek ;
flesh, yellow, red at stone. Last of September. Freestone. (W. D. B.,
in Pomologist.)
Eastburn.
Eastburn's Choice.
American. Large, roundish, pale yellow, with red on the sunnyside ;
flesh, yellowish, red near the stem, juicy, sprightly. Last of September.
Freestone.
Fulkerson.
Fulkerson's Early.
American. Leaves, glandless ; specimens of the Fulkerson Peach were
sent us 20th of August, 1851, by its originator, R. P. Fulkerson, Ashland,
0., from which we made our description. Mr. Fulkerson states it hardy
and productive when Yellow Rareripe, Tillotson and other varieties fail ;
fruit, medium ; obtuse, rounded, sides irregular, unequal ; suture, half-
round ; skin, whitish, rich, red cheek ; flesh, whitish yellow, tinged with
red at the pit, juicy, rich, sweet and high flavored ; stone small, angular,
flattened. Freestone. 20th August.
Green Catherine.
Doctor Cooper.
Probably Foreign. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large,
round, pale green, with red cheek ; flesh, bright red at stone, tender,
juicy; very fine South, inferior at the North. First to middle Septem-
ber. Freestone.
284 w THE PEACH.
Green Rareripe.
American. Flowers, small ; glands, globose. We have not seen it
Manning says : medium size, productive, fine flavor. Middle September
Freestone.
Galande.
Hardy Galande.
Foreign. Received from France by Messrs. Parsons & Co., Flushing. L. I.,
who describe it thus : Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, below medi-
um ; suture, deep ; skin, downy, dark blood color on one side, on opposite,
red and yellow marbled ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, rich, apricot
flavor. Last August. Freestone.
Hastings.
American. Flowers, small; glands, globose; fruit, above medium,
round, slightly flattened; yellowish white, with a purplish red cheek;
juicy, delicious. Early September. Freestone. (Manning.)
Hartshorn.
American. Large, roundish oval, yellow, deep blush ; flesh, coarse ;
keeps long. Middle September. Clingstone. (Cole.)
Hale.
Hale's Melocoton.
American. Above medium, oblong, flat at base ; suture, slight ; yel-
low ; flesh, yellow, rich, sweet. Early September. Freestone. (Cole.)
Hatch.
American. Very large, roundish pointed ; suture, shallow ; deep yel-
low, blush in sun ; flesh, yellow, melting, sweet. Early September.
Freestone. (Cole.)
Henry Clay.
American. Newly introduced by A. B. Lawrence, Woodville, Miss.,
by whom it is thus described : Glands, reniform ; fruit, very large, deep
purple in sun, shading to bright pink and creamy white ; flesh, grayish
white, tender, peculiar flavor, partaking of strawberry and pineapple;
small stone, parting freely from the flesh. First August. September at
the North.
Kenrick's Heath.
Heath Freestone, | Heath Free.
American. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oblong,
swollen point at apex ; suture, slight; greenish white, purplish red cheek ;
flesh, greenish white, red at stone, coarse, juicy, sub-acid. September,
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 285
Jose Sweet.
American. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish,
broad; suture, deep; greenish white, dull red cheek, juicy, delicious fla-
vor. Last September. Freestone.
Jones' Early.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish white,
with pale red in sun ; flesh, yellowish white, red at stone, juicy. Middle
August. Freestone. (Hovey.)
Jones' Large Early.
American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish flattened ; suture,
deep ; greenish white with crimson cheek ; flesh, white, melting, pink at
stone. Middle August. Freestone. (Hovey.)
Incomparable.
Pavie Admirable, | Late Admirable Cling.
Foreign. Valuable only for market Trees, healthy, productive ;
flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish, swelling a little
on one side, yellowish white, with red cheek ; flesh yellowish white, red
at stone, juicy. Late September. Clingstone.
Monstrous Clingstone.
Pavie de Pompone,
Monstrous Pompone,
Monstrous Pavie,
Pavie de Pompoune Grosse,
Pavie Monstrueux,
Pavie Rouge de Pompone,
Pavie Camu,
Gros Melocoton,
Gros Persique Rouge.
, Foreign. A variety which succeeds finely in rich, deep soils, often of
very fine flavor, but apt to be deficient. Its very large size makes it sell
readily. Flowers, large ; glands, reniform ; fruit, very large, roundish
oval, swollen point at apex, obtuse ; suture, marked half round ; skin,
yellowish white, with red mostly overspreading it ; flesh, firm, yellowish
white, deep red at stone, juicy. Last October. Clingstone.
Madeira.
Hill's Madeira, Madeira Freestone.
American. A variety now little known, and, we think, never much
out of southern Ohio. Fruit, large, roundish ; suture, well marked, not
deep ; yellow, with rich red cheek ; flesh, yellowish, rather firm, rich,
and, in warm seasons, sugary and delicious. Early September. Free-
stone.
Merriam.
American. Glands, globose ; large, oval, light yellow, red cheek ; flesh,
yellow, red at stone, juicy, sweet. Last September. Freestone. (Cole.)
Mrs. Poinsett.
American. Origin in South Carolina. Glands, glcbose; fruit, large,
286 THE PEACH.
globular; suture, distinct, regular; skin, brownish yellow, veined with
red; flesh, yellowish, juicy, partially clingstone. First September.
Moore's Favorite.
American. Glands, globose; fruit, large, roundish, white, bright blush ;
flesh, white, juicy, vinous. Early September. Freestone. (Cole.)
Malden.
Early Maiden.
American. Flowers, small ; leaves, glandless. A variety originated
by Jas. Dougall, Esq., of C. W., and, as yet, not fully tested. Fruit, me-
dium, roundish compressed, one side enlarged; suture, distinct; skin,
white, with reddish blush cheek ; flesh, white, juicy, sprightly. Last
August. Freestone.
Lincoln
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish ; broad suture ;
downy, yellow, with purplish red ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy,
Bweet. Early September. Freestone. (Cole.)
Noblesse.
Vanguard, | Mellishe's Favorite
Lord Montague's Noblesse.
Foreign. The " Double Montague" is said by some to be identical
with this old variety. We have fruited them two years, but the Double
Montague under unfavorable circumstances, so that we are, as yet, un-
willing to place them as identical, although their identity is not improba-
ble. Flowers, large ; leaves, glandless ; fruit, above medium, roundish,
oblong, pale greenish white, with two shades of red where exposed to
sun ; flesh, greenish white, melting, juicy. Last of August. Freestone.
Newman.
American. Large, round, greenish white, with a blush; flesh, white,
juicy, sweet. Middle September. Freestone. (Cole.)
Orchard Queen.
Reine des Vergers.
Foreign. New — comes with high praise ; should be tested. Tree,
vigorous; new shoots, reddish; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oval, de-
pressed at apex ; skin, yellow, purplish red in sun ; flesh, yellowish white,
red at stone, melting, vinous. September. Freestone.
Orange Clingstone.
American. Flowers, small, serrated, glandless ; fruit, large, round ;
suture, well marked; deep orange, occasionally a dark red cheek; flesh,
yellow, firm, juicy, vinous. Middle September. Clingstone.
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 287
Owen.
Owen's Lemon, | Owen's Lemon Rareripe.
American. G.ands, globose; fruit, large, roundish; suture, distinct;
yellow, purplish red in sun ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, sweet.
Middle September. Freestone.
Paragon.
Prince's Paragon.
American. Flowers, large ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish oval;
yellowish green, with red cheek ; suture, shallow, terminating in a point
at apex ; flesh, white, red at stone, juicy, sweet, rich. Middle September.
Freestone.
Poinsett.
American ; originated in South Carolina. Glandless ; fruit, large,
roundish oval ; ruddy yellow ; flesh, firm, juicy. September. Clingstone.
Poole's Yellow.
Poole's Large Yellow, | Poole's Late Yellow Freestone.
American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish ; suture, halt round ;
deep yellow, dark red cheek ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, rich, juicy. Last
of September. Freestone.
Snow.
American ; only suited to sunny exposures, and rich, deep, warm
soils. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, round ; suture,
slight ; skin, thin ; clear white ; flesh, white, juicy. Early September.
Freestone. The blossoms of this variety are white, and the wood is a
light green.
Shanghai.
From north of China. Flowers, large ; leaves, creneated; glands, reni-
form ; fruit, large, roundish ; pale yellow in shade, crimson red in sun ;
flesh, pale yellow, deep red at the stone, to which it partially adheres.
(Jour. L. H. Society.)
Sites' Old Zack.
A variety esteemed at Columbus, Ohio, where it originated. Fruit,
above medium ; yellow, with dull red cheek ; flesh, yellow, juicy, separat-
ing freely from the stone. 1st to 15th September.
Skinner's Superb.
A freestone yellow peach, originated at the South, where it ripens early
in August, and is regarded as " very good."
288 THE PEACH.
Saint George.
Smock, | Smock Free.
American ; valuable market sort. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oval,
compressed sides ; orange yellow, red in sun ; flesh, bright yellow, red at
stone, juicy, rich. Last September. Freestone.
Smith's Favorite.
American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish ; deep suture ; yel-
low, red in sun ; flesh, yellow, juicy, sweet. Middle September. Free-
stone.
Red Cheek.
Red Cheek Melocoton, Malagatune,
Hogg's Melocoton, Malacatune,
Yellow Melocoton, Lady Gallatin,
Yellow Malagatune.
American. Flowers, small; glands, globose. The parent of most of
the recently introduced yellow peaches. Fruit, large, roundish oval;
swollen point at apex ; yellow, deep red cheek ; flesh, yellow, red at
stone, juicy, a little sub-acid. Early September. Freestone.
Red Rareripe.
Large Red Rareripe, Douglass,
Early Red Rareripe, Burgess' Beauty.
American. Flowers, small ; leaves, glandless ; fruit, large, round ; su-
ture broad ; skin, white, mottled with red, becoming quite red in sun ;
flesh, whitish, red at stone, melting, juicy, sweet. Last August. Free-
stone. Sometimes mildews. From this variety it is probable most of our
rareripes have been produced.
Rodman's Red.
American. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oblong ;
mostly red in sun ; flesh, whitish, firm, juicy. Last of September. Cling-
stone.
Reeves' Favorite.
American. Distinct from " Favorite " of Coxe. Flowers, small ; glands,
globose ; fruit, large, roundish ; yellow, with red in sun ; flesh, yellow,
juicy, sometimes a little acid. Early September. Freestone.
Tippecanoe.
American. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish ;
yellow, red in sun ; flash, yellow, juicy, sprightly. Middle to last Sep-
tember. Clingstone.
There is also a Freestone variety under this name, which originated in
Ohio. It is, however, rarely growu, and we know of no description, nor
have we seen the fruit.
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 289
Tuft's Early.
American. Glands, globose ; large, roundish ; yellowish white, red
cheek ; flesh, white, red at stone, juicy, sweet. Last of August. Free-
stone.
Tarbell.
American. Large, roundish, flattened at base ; suture, nearly round ;
yellow, mostly covered with red ; flesh, yellow, red at stone, juicy, sweet.
Middle September. Freestone. (Cole.)
Tuft's Rareripe.
American. Glands, globose ; medium, roundish; red and yellow ; flesh,
yellow, sweet. Middle September. Freestone. (Cole.)
Weld's Freestone.
American. Flowers, small; glands, reniform; fruit, large, roundish
oval ; greenish white, with some red. First to middle October. (Man-
ning.) We are inclined to regard this as probably identical with Ward's
Freestone.
Washington.
Washington Rareripe, | Washington Red Freestone.
American. Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, broad, de-
pressed ; suture, broad, deep, nearly round ; skin, yellowish white, with
crimson cheek; flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sweet, rich. Mid-
dle September. Freestone, but often adheres slightly.
White Clingstone.
Large White Clingstone, New York White Clingstone,
Williamson's New York, Selby's Cling.
American. The quality of the variety would place it in the first class, but
in selecting of two, we think the Oldmixon preferable ; and as they ripen
at same time, we have placed this variety as only suited to large orchards.
Flowers, small ; glands, globose ; fruit, large, round ; small swollen
point at apex; suture, shallow; skin, yellowish white, little covered or
dotted with red where exposed to sun ; flesh, whitish, tender, melting,
juicy, sweet, high flavor. Early September.
Washington Clingstone.
American. Requires a warm climate and good soil. Valuable Southf
not at the North. Flowers, small ; glands, reniform ; fruit, medium,
roundish ; yellowish greeH, with gray specks and a tinge of red in sun ;
juicy, tender, and rich, sweet flavor. Last September.
Walburton.
Walburton Admirable.
Foreign. Leaves, glandless, serrated ; fruit, above medium, roundish
oblong; greenish white, with red cheek; flesh, greenish white, melting,
and separating freely from the stone. Late September.
13
290 THE PEACH.
CLASS III. — Unworthy farther culture.
Acton Scott.
Foreign. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, yellowish white, red cheek, flat,
pale white, often bitter. August.
Astor.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, above medium, yellowish white, red
cheek, deficient in flavor. Last of August
Anne.
Early Anne, | Green Nutmeg.
Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, small, greenish white, poor flavor. Early
August.
Admirable.
Early Admirable, | L' Admirable,
Belle de Vitry.
Foreign. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, yellowish white, red check ;
flesh, red at stone. August.
Almond.
Foreign. Glandless ; fruit small, light yellow, red cheek ; fle6h, red at
stone. September.
Belle de Vitry.
Admirable Tardive, | Bellis.
Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, medium, yellowish white, red cheek ; flesh, firm,
red at stone. Last September.
Belle de Beaucaire.
Beauty of Beaucaire.
Foreign. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, greenish yellow, red cheek, juicy
August. Freestone.
Beauty of Salisbury.
Foreign. Trees mildew ; fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white, red cheek,
juicy. September. Freestone.
Baltimore Beauty.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish white, red
cheek. August. Freestone.
Barrington.
Buckingham Mignonne, | Colonel Ausleys.
Foreign. Glands, globose : fruit, large, roundish, whitish yellow and red ,
flesh, tinged red at stone. September. Freestone.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 291
Bennett's Rareripe.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, whitish yellow and red, deficient
in flavor. August.
Belle Chevretjse.
Foreign. Glands, reniforra ; fruit, medium oval, greenish white, with red
cheek ; flesh, white, red at stone. September. Freestone.
Belzar's Earlt Rareripe.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium round, red in sun ; flesh, streaked
with red. August.
Chilian.
American. Glands ; fruit, medium, yellowish white, red cheek, defi-
cient in flavor. September. Freestone.
Canart.
American. Fruit medium, canary color ; flesh, yellow, not colored at stone,
to which it adheres closely. September.
Cable's Medium Melocoton.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, yellow and red ; flesh, yellow ;
eub-acid. September.
Cable's Early.
Cable's Early Melocoton.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, yellow and red ; flesh, yellow, sub-
acid. September?
Congress.
Congress Cling.
American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, whitish, with red, juicy ; poor
bearer. September.
Chancellor.
Chanceliere, Noisette,
Late Chancellor, | Stewart's Late Galande,
Edgar's Late Melting.
Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oval, yellowish white, crimson
cheek ; flesh, red next stone. September. Freestone.
Caret's Mammoth Cling.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, little above medium, oval ; flesh, white.
September.
Charlotte.
Old Royal Charlotte, I New Royal Charlotte,
Grimwood's Royal Charlotte, Kew's Early Purple.
Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, above medium, ovate, greenish white, red cheek ;
flesh, white, red at stone. September.
292 THE PEACH.
Catharine.
Catherine Cling.
Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, roundish, oval, one side enlarged,
yellowish green, red in sun ; flesh, firm, yellowish white, red at stone. Sep-
tember.
Druid Hill.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, greenish white, red in
the sun ; flesh, greenish white, juicy, far inferior to Ward's Freestone. Sep-
tember. Freestone.
Emperor of Russia.
Cut Leaved , New Cut Leaved,
Serrated, | Unique.
American. Mildews badly ; glandless ; fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish
white, red cheek ; flesh, firm, yellowish white. August. Freestone.
Early Robinson Crusoe.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, round, whitish, with red in sun.
September.
Favorite.
Favorite Red.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, above medium, oval, white, with much
red in sun ; flesh, firm, red at stone. September.
Fox's Seedling.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, round, white, with red cheek. Septem-
ber. Freestone.
Gest's Superb.
Gest'i large Freestone.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white and
red ; flesh, firm, sub-acid. September.
Golden Ball.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, roundish, orange yellow, with red
cheek ; flesh, yellow, pink at stone, juicy, but not equal to Bergen's Yellow,
with which it ripens. Early September.
Ispahan.
Pecher d'Ispahan.
Foreign. Glandless; fruit, small, round, whitish green; flesh, greenish
white, a little sub-acid. September.
Hoffner.
Hoffner's Seedling.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium or above, roundish, whitish,
with red in sun ; flesh, yellowish white. August. Freestone.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 293
La Grange.
American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, oblong, greenish white, little red
iu sun ; flesh, greenish white, juicy, not equal to many others at same time
ripening. September. Freestone.
Late Yellow Aluerge.
October Yellow, I Algiers Yellow,
Algiers Winter.
Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish oval yellow when
ripe ; flesh, firm, yellow, dry October.
La Fayette Clingstone.
American. Fruit, large, oval, yellow, red cheek ; flesh, yellow, poor. September.
La Fayette.
American. Fruit, above medium, round, whitish, crimson in the sun ; flesh,
stained with red. September.
Nonpareil.
Scott's Nonpareil.
American. Glands, globose. Fruit, large roundish, oblong, yellow, with red
cheek, too much like Crawford's Late, to be continued. Freestone. September.
Old Newington.
Newington Cling, I Newington,
Large Newington.
Foreign ; glandless ; fruit, large, roundish, yellowish white with red cheek ;
flesh, pale yellowish white, red at stone ; juicy. September.
Phfleiger.
American ; fruit, large, yellow, juicy, good flavor, poor bearer. Freestone.
September.
Melting.
Large Melting.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, whitish with red cheek, flesh, white,
red at stone ; poor bearer. September. Freestone.
Magistrate.
Majestrate.
American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, large, greenish white, red cheek, flesh,
juicy, not high flavor. September. Freestone.
MorriSANIA.
Morrisania Pound, | Hoffman's Pound,
Morrison's Pound.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, round, greenish white, dull red
cheek ; flesh, yellowish white ; poor bearer September.
294 THE PEACH.
Madeleine of Courson.
Madeleine de Courson,
Red Magdalen,
True Red Magdalen,
French Magdalen,
Madeleine Rouge,
Rouge Paysanne.
Foreign. Glandless ; fruit medium, roundish, yellowish white, red cheek ;
flesh, white, red at stone. Last August.
Monstrous Freestone.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, round, pale yellow and red ; flesh,
yellowish white ; poor bearer. September.
Strawberry.
Rose.
American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, below medium, surface mostly red ; flesh,
whitish ; too small. August. Freestone.
Red Nutmeg.
Brown Nutmeg, Avant Rouge,
Early Red Nutmeg, Red Avant.
Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, small, round, pale yellow, red cheek ;
flesh, yellowish, red at stone. Early August.
Royal George.
Early Royal George,
New Royal George,
Millet's Mignonne,
Lockyer's Mignonne,
Griffin's Mignonne,
Superb,
Red Magdaline.
Foreign. Mildews badly ; glandless ; fruit, medium, roundish, pale white,
red dots and marbled red in sun ; flesh, whitish red at stone. Last of August.
Rosanna.
Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, yellow and purplish red ; flesh,
yellow, red at stone. September. Freestone.
Swalsh.
Double Swalsli, | Swalze.
Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, ovate, yellow, red cheek ; flesh,
white, red at stone ; poor bearer. September. Freestone.
Sweet Water.
Early Sweet Water, Large American Nutmeg.
There are two varieties under this name ; one with globose glands, and one
glandless ; neither as valuable as Tillotson.
Scott's Early Red.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, much dashed with red ;
flesh whitish, juicy. August. Freestone.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 295
Smith's Newington.
Early Newington, | Smith's Early Newington.
Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, medium, oval, pale yellow, streaked with pur-
plish red in sun ; flesh, firm, pale yellow, red at stoue. August. Clingstone.
Smock Clingstone.
American. Large oblong, yellow and red ; flesh, yellow, juicy, sub-acid.
September.
Spring Grove.
Foreign. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, greenish yellow, red
cheek ; flesh, greenish yellow. September. Freestone.
SuLIIAMSTEAD.
Foreign. Glandless, mildews ; fruit, large, roundish, pale yellow, red in sun ;
flesh, yellowish white, sweet. September.
Slocum's Early.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, large, yellow and red ; flesh, yellow.
August.
SlEBOLT.
American. Glands ; fruit, above medium, greenish yellow with red cheek ;
flesh, yellowish white. Freestone. September.
Tice.
Tice's Red and Yellow.
American. Fruit, large, yellow, red in sun ; flesh, yellow, juicy ; poor bearer.
September. Freestone.
Vandermark.
American. Fruit, large, roundish ; flesh, acid. September. A clingstone.
White Nutmeg.
Early White Nutmeg, | Avant Blanche,
While Avant.
Foreign. Glandless ; fruit, small, oval, greenish white ; flesh white, to the
stone. Early August.
White Blossom.
White Blossomed Incomparable, Willow Peach,
American. Glands, reniform ; fruit, above medium, oval, white ; flesh, white to
etone. September. Freestone.
296
THE PEACH.
Weeping.
Reid's Weeping.
American. Glands, reniform ; only ornamental as a tree, and does not de-
serve to be classed in fruits.
Yates' Early.
American. Much resembles Early York, but far inferior.
Yellow Admirable.
Orange,
Abricolue,
Apricot Peach,
Admirable Jaime.
Foreign. Glands, reniform ; fruit, medium, roundish oval, yellow, little red
in sun ; flesh, yellow, slightly red at stone, dry. Freestone. September.
Zoar Beauty.
American. Glands, globose ; fruit, medium, roundish, mostly red where ex-
posed to sun flesb, tinged with red. Freestone. September.
THE PEAR.
Pyrus co>/u.» uti is, L. Rosacea of botanists.
Native of Europe aim Asia, the pear has long been cultivated,
but not until within the past thru' centuries has there been any con-
siderable number of sorts esteemed valuable as dessert fruits, ex-
cept they were cooked. Of Van Mons, Knight, and others, and
their exertions in originating and improving fruit, have we before
written; and to their skill and care do we: owe many of our Lust
imported varieties; while, in this country, we are not the less indebt-
ed to such men as IT. A. S. Dearborn, David Thomas, M. P. Wilder,
J. P. Kirtland, \Y. I). Brinckle, and many others, for the importation,
origin, and dissemination of the best varieties throughout the States.
Our pioneer settlers all | lanted i eds of the pear, as well as of
the apple ; and while in nearly all the middle portions of the Stales
there are immense trees, healthy and vigorous as the native forests,
few of these chance seedlings prove in fruit more than about one
remove from the wild state. To this fact, and the erroneous impres-
sion that " he who plants pears, plants for his heirs," we attribute
the neglect of fruit-growers, l\n- years, to plant any considerable
number of pear trees. Gradually, however, as facilities of traveling
have increased, giving opportunity of comparing impressions with
practice and results, and information become freely disseminated
throughout- agricultural and horticultural journals, have pear plan-
tations increased, until at this time there are. probably, yearly plant-
ed in the States not less than one million of trees.
In almost every State, there appear certain localities where the
pear succeeds most perfectly, continuing to increase in size, vigor,
and productiveness, from year to year. The following may be
selected from many: Danvers in Mass., Hartford and East New
Haven County, in Conn.. Vincennes in la., Detroit in Mich., and
north-western or central New York. And indeed we may find it
difficult to name a section where, with the appropriate care in cul-
ture here pointed out, the pear may not be grown healthy and pro-
ductive.
Propagation. By seed. The propagation of the pear by seed is
the same as that of the apple, if we except the fact that, as the roots
of the pear the first year are generally confined to the one " tap-
root," as it is termed, and a few fibres, it is necessary that the soil
be at least twe feet deep. Old pasture ground or meadow trenched
with the spade is the best for the crowing of pear seedlings.
13* (297)
298 THE PEAR.
The propagating by grafting, budding, etc., is also the same in the
pear as in the apple, and usually performed at same season. The
remarks we make relative to root grafting on pieces of roots are
also ecpially applicable to the pear as the apple. Some practise the
grafting on pieces of root, and plant deep to induce the rooting of
the pear from the graft ; this is easily done, but we see no advantage ;
and our experience with trees, roots so formed, has not been favora-
ble ; we have found the roots thrown from the pear small and in-
sufficient to sustain the tree, while those of the old root, on taking
up, were diseased, apparently from some want of action in the cir-
culation of sap-vessels.
Hardihood. The comparative hardihood of American over for-
eign varieties has been much lauded, but as yet we do not think sus-
tained by experiment. Propagation on healthy or unhealthy stocks
we think has had more to do with it than aught else. Until within
a few years past, most of the pears worked on pear stocks in this
country were on suckers, and this we imagine the foundation of
most said respecting the comparative hardihood of native over for-
eign varieties.
Stocks and Adaptation of Trees grown thereon. Healthy seedling
pear stocks, usually two years < >1<1 and about 5 to | an inch diameter at
crown, are regarded best for grafting on, while the same left to grow
until August, are usually suitable size for budding. The quince,
apple, thorn, and mountain ash, are all more or less used for grow-
ing what are termed dwarf trees. Of these the quince is best, thorn
next, and apple the least desirable. Of the quince, seedlings are
not desirable to use for this purpose, as they do not run even in
growth; but cuttings grown from what is generally known as the
Angiers variety should be procured. The thorn and mountain ash
are used often with advantage on dry gravelly or sandy soils, where
the quince roots do not appear as well suited.
While a very large number of varieties will take and grow for a
year or two finely, there are comparatively few that succeed for a
series of years in continued vigor and productiveness, when grown
on any stock but that of the pear ; and while the cultivation is now
very extensive on the quince root, we cannot but fear that in eight-
tenths it will prove unprofitable to the grower; and in the remain-
ing two-tenths, require equally as much care in supplying nutrition
and pruning, as a system of root priming when grown on pear ro
There are, however, some sorts that the fruit seems improved by
being worked on quince. asDuch sssed'Angouletne, Easter Beurre, &c,
and this is a strong item in favor of the quince stock ; and therefore,
while advising its use, we must not forget always to mention that
without carefu' and high culture the grower will meet disappointment
STOCKS AND ADAPTATION OF TREES THEREON. 299
A.boufc one hundred ye>rs may betaken as the natural duration of
the pear on pear roots,wben grown in soil supplied with the elements
neoessarj to sustain it; and about thirty or forty years i he natural
duration when worked on the quince root, and regularly pruned and
cultivate 1. Instances arc of cour.sc recorded and known, where
trees exist for longei periods, while hundreds decay and are gone in
one half (he time. The demand for pear trees on the quince has
been so great for some years past, that too often little regard has
been paid to the stock; and we have now in our grounds rows of
bearing trees on quince roots, all ofone kind, received from France,
from which, although receiving the same care and attention, there
may be selected those that ere tiiaiiy years must of necessity decay,
the stock and tree are not adapted one to the other. -Again, as be-
fore remarked, there arc varieties that, while they grow apparently
well for a few years, decay on fruiting the second year. The suc-
cess of the pear on quince roots trained en-pyramid in the old coun-
try has been confined to but few varieties, and these kept under a
steady yet high state of cultivation. Orcharding with the pear on
the quince, in the manner of most orcharding in this country, will
never repay the first cost of the trees; but if trees are selected of
varieties known to have been long successful, and a system of cul-
ture pursued which shall meet the requirements of the fibrous roots
of the quince, then may the grower look for profit and pleasure in
the result ; but equally gratifying and profitable would be the result,
if we except a few varieties of foreign origin, when grown on the
pear, and annually root-pruned; added to which, if one half the trees
were taken out after twenty years, the balance would form a fine
nanent orchard to he managed as our apple orchards. In small
gardens, where the quince stock is advised by nearly all writers, (and
correctly so, if the right varieties are selected,) success will not be had
without an appreciation by the grower of the extent of roots formed
by the quince, and the system of culture required to supply the
food of the plant, as well as knowledge in how to prune, and also
some little knowledge of the amount of fruit the young tree is ca-
pable of ripening and continue in health; the tendency being rather
to over-production and exhaustion.
Transplanting, Selction of Trees, and Distances apart. — The roots
of the pear have few laterals except grown on shallow rich soil,
and in transplanting, it is therefore requisite to secure as much
of the large root as possible. If in taking up they are mostly de-
stroyed, the branches will have to be shortened in and cut out. On
the quince root, when well grown, there will need little attention,
except to head back to a regular shape, and prune smooth the ends
of each root, as often directed in this work; and in setting, taking
300 THE PEAR.
care that the eartl is even with the junction of the pear on the
quince.
Trees on pear roots for the orchard or garden arc best at about
three years old, and five to seven feet high, well grown and shaped
as noted in the apple. Dwarf trees or those on quince roots, are
best at one year from the bud ; fur, as a general thing, the nursery-
man has neither the time, nor will the price paid for trees as com-
pared with that of labor in this country, warrant him in a system
of careful and correct pruning in nursery row ; neither can a tree
be so evenly shaped as when transplanted to more open and exposed
positions.
The distance apart of pear or pear roots for large orchardin
should be from twenty-five to thirty feet, while that of dwarfs
gardens should be ten to fifteen feet. Dwarfs are now much plants
ed intermediate in large permanent orchards, but as a whole, the
practice is not to be advised, unless the grower intends to cultivate
such orchard with care and attention, superior to the ordinary
method of plowing, planting potatoes, &c.
Soil and Manures. — The pear roots thrive best in a soil where
the sub-soil is at once dry and moist ; that is, where it is open and
porous sufficient to admit of free drainage, and yet where the roots,
extending deeply and freely in it, reach moisture in season of ex-
treme drought. Cold clay is a bad sub-soil, and where it exists in
the ground of a prospective orchard, it should be deeply and
thoroughly sub-soiled and well drained. The pear on quince roots
succeed best in rich, deep, moist, loamy ground, even enduring con-
siderable water better than dry sand. The following is the analysis
of the ash of the pear as made by Dr. Emmons : —
Sap wood. B;irk.
Potash, 22.25 G.20
Soda, 1.84
Chlorine, ' 0.31 1.70
Sulphuric Acid, 0.50 1.80
Phosphate of Lime, 27.'22 6.50
Phosphate of Peroxide of Iron, . . 0.31
Carbonic Acid, 27.69 37.29
Lime, 12.64 30.36
Magnesia, 3.00 ■ 9.40
Silex, 0.30 0.40
Coal, 0.17 0.65
Organic Matter, 4.02 4.20
100.25 98.30
From this it will be seen what most is wanted in the soil to pro-
duce healthy foliage and wood in the pear As a general thing,
PRUNING.
301
soils usually are or become deficient in lime and the phosphates, and
the cheapest remedy is Liberal dressing of wood ashes and bone
dust; or in sections where bone dusl is not easily attainable, dig
in around the tree whole bones from the daily use of a family, or
procured from a slaughter-house. Potash dissolved in water and
applied to Vegetable mould from the woods, and this dug in around
the tree, is also a cheap and ready way of supplying food requisite.
Iron filings, etc., from smith-shops is also good, and hence the im-
pression of some, that through it the blight was cured or prevented.
The fact being only that a certain element requisite to health was
exhausted in the soil.
Pruning. — In connection with what we have recorded under this
head on a previous page, we add the following, as directly applicable
to the pear. It is from the experience of Thomas Rivers, Esq.,
England, one of the most successful pyramidal pear tree growers in
the world :
" If root-pruned pyramidal trees are planted, it will much assist
them if about half the blossom buds are thinned out with sharp-
pointed scissors, or a penknife, just before they open; otherwise
these root-pruned trees on
the quince stock are so full
of them, that the tree re-
ceives a check if they are
all allowed to expand. About
ten or fifteen fruit may be
permitted to ripen the first
season ; the following season
two or three dozen will be
as many as the tree ought
to be allowed to bring to
perfection, increasing the
number as the tree increases
in vigor, always remember-
ing that a few full-sized and
well-ripened pears are to be
preferred to a greater num-
ber, inferior in size and
quality.
Summer pinching in the
youth of the tree is the only
remedy, if it is not well fur-
nished below ; and a severe
remedy it is, for all the
young shoots on the upper
tiers, including the leader,
must be pinched closely in
May and June till the lower
S02
THE PEAR.
ones have made young shoots of a sufficient length to give uniform
ity to the tree. This requires much attention and trouble; it is
belter to be careful not to plant any tree for a pyramid that is not
well furnished with buds and branches to its base. A tree of this
description may soon be made to assume the shape of the foregoing
figure, which is a perfect pyramidal pear tree, such as it ought to be
in Jul}-, before its leading side shoots and perpendicular leaders are
shortened, which is best done towards the end of August : this short-
ening must be made at the marks , and all the side shoots short-
ened in the same manner ; and also the leading shoot. Hooked
pruning scissors will be found the best implement to prune with.
The spurs are the bases of the shoot1* that have been pinched
ji June.
Planting and after
manageme?it.~As before
mentioned, the autum-
nal and early winter
months are to be prefer-
red for planting ; care
should betaken in select-
ing trees that are fur-
nished with buds and
branches from bottom
to top; but if a young
gardener intends to
plant, and wishes to
train up his trees so
that they will become
quite perfect in shape, he
should select plants one
year old from the bud or
graft ; these will, of
course, have good buds
dowyn to the junction of
the graft with the stock.
The first spring, a tree
of this description should
be headed down so as to
leave the shoot about 18
inches long ; if the soil is
rich, from five to six and
seven shoots will be pro-
duced ; one of these
must 1 >e made the leader,
and if not inclined to be
quite perpendicular, this rr jsl be fasten* d to a slake. As soon in sum.
PRUNING AND AFTER MANAGEMENT. 303
• mcr as the leading shoot is ten indies long, its end must be pinched
off, and if it pushes forth two or more shoots, pinch all off but one
to about two inches, leaving the topmost fora leader ; the side shoots
will in most cases assume a regular shape ; if not, they may be this
first season tied to slight stakes to make them grow in the proper
direction. This is the best done by bringing down and fastening
the end of each shoot, to a slight stake, so that an open pyramid
may be formed ; for if it is too close and cypressdike, enough air is
not admitted to the fruit ; they may remain unpruned till the end
of August, when each shoot must be shortened to within eight buds
of the stem ;* this will leave the tree like the preceding figure, and
no pruning in winter will be required.
The second season the trees will make vigorous growth ; the side
shoots which were topped last August will each pul forth three, four,
or more shoots; as soon as these are four inches long they must be
pinched off to within three inches, all hut the leading shoot of each side
branch ; this must be left on, to exhaust the tree of its superabundant
sap. till the end of August. The perpendicular leader must be top-
ped once or twice; in short, as soon as it has grown ten inches, pinch
oil' its top, and if it breaks into two or three shoots, pinch them all
hut the leader, as directed for the first season; in a few years, most
symmetrical trees may he formed.
When they have attained the height of six or eight feet, and still
continue to grow vigorously, it will be necessary to commence root-
pruning to bring them into a fruitful state.
I have thus far given directions for those, who are inclined to rear
their own pyramids. Much time and attention are reennred ; but
tlu' interest attached to well-trained pyramids will amply repay the
young cultivator.
1 will now endeavor to give directions for the management of trees
adapted for the gardener of mature age, who feels somewhat impa-
tient if his trees do not begin at once to be fruitful. A most valu-
able auxiliary to precocious fruitfulness in pears is the quince stock;
grafted on it may be safely recommended for all soils of mod-
erate depth and fertility, and even for light and sandy soils I am
induced to advise it, only in those circumstances the trees must have
more care and higher cultivation. In soils of that nature I should
recommend the surface of the soil round the tree to be covered
during June, July, and August, with short grass, moss, or manure,
and to give them once a week, in dry weather, a drenching with
guano water, (about two pounds to six gallons,) which must be well
stirred before it is used ; each tree should have twelve gallons poured
gradually into the soil : by this method the finest fruit may be pro-
* There arc generally three or four abortive buds at the base di each shoot ;
these must not bo reckoned
304
TITE PEAR.
duced ; and as it is very probable that, ere many years elapse, we
shall have exhibitions of pears, this will be the mode to procure fine
specimens to show for prizes.
Monsieur Cappe's method of pruning in the Garden of Plants,
(Jardin des Plantes.) France, where all are on their own or pear
roots, is thus described by the late A. J. Downing in the Horticul-
turist. These pyramidal pear trees, it is well known, are regarded
as the most perfect of specimens.
" M. Cappe confines his pruning to three seasons of the year. In
the mon'h of March, or before the buds start, he shortens back with
the knife all the leading shoots, fig. 1, a, a, — that is, the terminal
shoots at the end of each side branch. Of course, this forces out not
only a new leading shoot at the end of the branch, but side shoots,
b, b, at various places on the lower part of the
shoot. These side shoots are left to grow till the
end of May. They have then pushed out to about
four or five inches in length. The ends of all
these side shoots are then pinched off, leaving
only about an inch and a half at the bottom of
the shout.
" Fig. 2 shows one of the branches, with the
lioots, as they are at the end of June. The
i otted lines, b. 6, show the point to which these
shoots should be pinched off.
" The terminal or leading shoot, c, is left entire,
in order to draw up the sap, which would other-
side shoots into new growth. Notwithstanding
his precaution, in luxuriant seasons the side shoots will frequently
push out new shoots again, just below
where they were pinched. This being
the case, about the last of August M.
Cappe shortens back these new side
shoots to about an inch and a half. But
this time he. does not pinch them off.
He breaks them, and leaves the broken
end for several days attached and hang-
ing down, so that the flow of sap is nut
so suddenly checked as when the branch
is pinched or cut off, and the danger of
new shoots being forced out a third time
is thereby effectually guarded against.
"The object of tins stopping the side
branches, is to accumulate the sap. or, more properly, the organizable
matter in these shortened branches, by which means the remaining
buds become fruit-buds instead of wooddjuds. They also become
spurs, distributed over the whole tree, which bear regularly yeai
Fig. 1.
wise force all the
INSECTS AND DISEASES. 305
after year, sending out new side shoots, which are pinched back in
the same manner every summer.
il In order to keep the tree finely proportioned, the eye of the
pruner must be a nice one, that he may, with a glance, regulate
the pruning of the terminal branches or leaders, which, as we
have just said, are shortened back in March — for then is the time
to adjust any extravagances of growth which the tree may have run
into, on either side : and in the summer pinching the balance of
growth is adjusted by pinching the side shoots that start out nearest
the ends of the branches, quite short, say an inch and a half, while
those that start near the bottom of the branch, (or the centre of the
tree,) where they have less nourishment, are left from four to five
niches long.
" Understanding this mode of pruning, nothing is easier than to
form pyramidal pear trees of the most perfect symmetry, and beauty
of form. But in order to have the branches rcgu'arly produced
from the ground to the summit, you must plant a tree .vhich is only
a couple of feet high, so that you can form the first tier of branches
quite near the ground, by cutting back the leader at the very outset;
for if the tree is once allowed to form a clean body or stem, of
course it is impossible afterwards to give it the requisite shape and
fulness of branches at the bottom."
All this our readers will understand relates more especially to
the art of pruning, as adapted to high or garden culture. Standard
trees in the orchard require only the same or similar pruning to that
pursued in the apple; very few trees, in fact, requiring aught but a
thinning out of branches, or rather a preventing, while young, of the
branches becoming too thick.
Insects and Diseases. — The Scolytus pyri is an insect described by
Harris. This is by some counted as the cause of a species of blight.
Its presence has, however, been rarely met with, and doubts arise
among many cultivators whether it is as prevalent, and the cause of
as much destruction, as reported.
The Bupestris divaracata, and perhaps some allied species, is
found in the larvae state under the bark, on the bodies of both the
pear and apple ; and what is often taken for sun-blight, is the effect
of this insect. The bark appears blackened on the body of the tree,
on the south or southwest side. Cutting it away carefully and de-
str< >ying the larvae in months of July to September, and washing
the body first with ley-water, or strong soap-suds, and covering it
with a coating of gum shellac, dissolved in alcohol, is the remedy.
The slug Sclandria cerasi appears on the leaf of both cherry
anl pear in June, July and August. It is about half an inch long
of a dull, greenish br.~wn, slimy, shining, offensive appearance.
It is easily destroyed, if taken in time, by scattering ashes or even
306 THE PEAR.
dirt over the leaves early in morning, or while the dew is on, fol-
lowing up the application some four or five days. The frozen-sap
blight, etc., often so destructive to trees in the West, we have re-
marked on in previous pages, and refer thereto.
Selection of varieties known to be 'permanently successful on the
quince. — As we have before remarked, while there are a great many
varieties that at first take and grow well on the quince stock, there
arc but few comparatively that are permanently successful. It there-
fore becomes the planter to select with care, and plant with a view
to permanence, only those that are known to succeed. Of the error
of planting indiscriminately, we have had practical experience, as in
planting the grounds of our present residence we looked to the test-
ing of varieties, and therefore ordered and planted one tree only of
a sort. On a double border so planted, containing over 200 sorts,
we have already, in three years, discarded one half, and feel confi-
dent that not more than one half of the remainder will answer to
continue permanently. As yet few or none of our American native
pears can be depended on when grown on the quince, and as all in-
troduced are of the quality described when grown on pear roots,
we advise most planters so to procure them.
Of those known to succeed permanently when grown on quince,
the following may be selected :
Summer Dean, Doyenne oVEte,
English Jargonelle,
Madelaine,
Long Green of Autumn,
Beurre Diel,
Glout Morceau,
White Dean, White Doyenne,
Gray Dean, Gris Doyenne,
Striped Long Green of Autumn,
Weary Soldier, Soldat Laboureur,
Summer Franc Real,
Bartlett,
Beurre d'Amalis,
Louise Bonne of Jersey,
Vicar of Wakefield,
Angouleme, Duchess of ditto,
Easter Beurre,
Duchess of Orleans,
Beurre of Anjou,
Buussouck, Doyenne Boussouck,
Van Mons' Leon Le Clerc, Passe Colmar.
Gathering of the Fr-uit, and Uses. — " Gather pears of the summer
sorts rather before they are ripe, as, when thoroughly so, they eat
mealy if kept above a day or two ; even when gathered as they
ought to be, in a week or less they begin to go at the core. They
should not, however, be gathered when they require much force to
pull them off. Autumn pears must also not be full ripe at the time
of gathering, though they will keep longer than the summer.
Winter pears, on the contrary, should hang as long on the trees as
they may, so as to escape frost, which would make them flat in
flavor, and not keep well. Generally they may hang to the middle
of October on full standards, a week longer on dwarfs, but yet not
VARIETIES AND NOMENCLATURE. 807
after they are ripe. The art of gathering is, to give them a lift, so
as to press away the stalk, and if ripe, they readily part from the
tree. Let them be quite dry when pulled, and in Handling, avoid
pinching the fruit, or in any way bruising it ; as gathered, lay them
quietly in shallow baskets."
This process of gathering at the proper time, in connection with
their alter maturing, in a fruit-room or house of equable temperature,
has often very much to do in deciding the quality of a pear. Many
varieties are entirely worthless as dessert pears, unless so ripened,
when, with this care, they are really the most delicious.
The old criterion of a good pear, viz. : one with a sugary aromatic
juice, soft sub-liquid pulp or melting, as in the White Doyenne, or
tine crisp and " breaking," as in the Bergamottes ; firm, juicy, yet
austere for cooking, as in the Pound, is equally good at this day as
when first written.
The common uses of the pear are for dessert, baking, stewing,
drying, preserving, marmalades, and for perry. For the latter use,
large orchards of the more common hardy sorts have heretofore
been planted, and the result found more profitable than the same
amount of ground appropriated to the apple for cider.
Varieties and Nomenclature. — The number of varieties now known
is something over 1200, but of these it is more than probable over
1000 may be discarded, and then leave more than have qualities to
sustain their continued culture when compared with the best. Through-
out the West, the pear culture is only in its infancy, and we there-
fore place far less in our first class than probably may seem worthy
that position by our Eastern pear amateurs ; but we would rather
our Western growers should plant varieties worthy their attention,
than, as a whole, devote time to testing. We shall not pretend in
this work to even note all varieties, but shall only speak of those
most known in our own language, while we could wish (and pro-
bably may do so, as far as possible, at a future time) to transfer
all names into the English language ; we have at this time thought
best in most cases to retain the foreign name, but in the first class
giving the English meaning directly underneath, and in same size
type. In other cases where the English rendering seemed appro-
priate, we have adopted it as the standard name, giving the heretofore
standard name as the first synonym.
Forms and Size comparative. — Our forms illustrative of the terms
used in description, are from the Transactions of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society. These are founded on the fundamental
figure of a circle, and on this is drawn the form of the fruit ; and
where the circle forms not a part of the fruit form, it is shown by
dots. It should always be recollected, that in the pear, piriform is
with the small end at the stem ; while i?. the apple it is at the
calyx.
308
THE PEAR.
Globular.
Ovate.
Globular ; obtUBe pyriforrn.
C obular ; acute pyriforrn
FORMS AND SIZE COMPARATIVE.
309
Obovate ; acute pyriform.
Ovate pyriform.
Oblong pyriform.
Obovate obtuse pyriform.
310
THE PEAE.
^SjMk^_y.
Oblong obovate pyriform.
Oblong ovate pyriform.
Of size comparative, we take the Seckel as small ; the White Do
yenne or Virgalieu as medium ; the Bartlett as large.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
311
CLASS I. — Worthy General Cultivation.
Bartlett.
William's Bon Chrelien; | William's,
Poire Guilliaume.
An English variety originated about 1770. Now extensively
grown, and too well known to really need description. The trees
are vigorous, and early productive of fair handsome fruit, either on
pear or quince root.
Fruit, large, ovate, obtuse pyriform ; surface somewhat uneven ;
color, clear light yellow, tinged with blush in sun when ripe, russet
around the stem, and minute russet dots over the whole ; stem, short,
thick ; calyx, medium, partly open ; basin, shallow, furrowed ; core,
medium ; seeds, broad ovate ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy,
vinous. Season, middle August to middle September.
312
THE PEAR.
Belle Lucrative — Beautiful and Profitable
Fondante d'Automne, | Seigneur d'Esperia.
A Flemish variety ; tree of moderate growth ; productive bearer,
young shoots long, yellowish gray.
Fruit, medium, obovate pyriform ; color, pale yellowish green,
slightly russeted ; stem, stout, often fleshy ; calyx, short, open ; basin,
medium ; core, medium ; seeds, ovate ; flesh, melting, juicy, aromatic,
sweet. Season, last September.
Beurre Laxgelier — Langelier's Butter.
A foreign pear, newly introduced : has fruited but few times in this
country, but may safely be placed as best.
Fruit, large, obovate pyriform, contracted toward, and terminating
obtusely at, stem ; color, light green, becoming, at maturity, pale
yellow, with a dull red cheek in sun, and numerous gray russet dots ;
stem, one inch, or more, long, angularly inserted without depression ;
calyx, medium; basin, shallow, plaited ; core, medium; seeds, long
ovate pyriform ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, hue-grained,
sub-acid, slight perfume. Season, November to January.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
313
Beurre Diel — Diel's Butter.
Diel,
Diel's Butterbime,
Dorothee Royal,
Grosse Dorothee,
Beurre Royal,
Des Trois Tours,
De Melon,
Melon de Kops,
Beurre Magrufique.
Beurre Incomparable.
Foreign. Grows
and fruits well on
pear or quince,
but is best on
quince ; tree, vig-
orous, the foliage
large; wood, olive
brown with gray-
ish specks ; very
productive.
Fruit large, (our
engraving is too
small for an av-
erage,) obovate,
obtuse pyriform,
surface rather
uneven ; color,
dull green, bright
yellow when
mature, russet
specks, and scat-
tered russet and
greenish brown
patches; stem,
stout, and slightly
curved; cavity,
narrow ; calyx, medium, open, long segments ; basin, abrupt ; core,
large ; seeds, dark brown ; flesh, yellowish wdrite, rather coarse, espe-
cially near the core ; juiey, melting, perfumed. Season, October to
last November.
Brandtwine.
American, from the banks of the Brandywine river. Tree,
thrifty, rapid grower, long upright shoots, regular and abundant
bearer ; fruit, medium, varying in form, generally obovate pyri-
form, running into the stem, which is fleshy and rather obliquely set ;
color, dull yellowish green, marked with russet dots and streaks,
and much russeted about eye ; calyx, open, segments few ; basin
smooth, moderate depth ; core, small, compact ; seeds, few, dark
brown ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, vinous. Season, last of August,
first of September.
14
814
THE PEAR.
Beurre d'Aremberg.
Due d'Aremberg,
Colmar Deschamps,
L'Orphelines,
Soldat Laboureur of some,
Deschamps,
D'Aremberg Par fait,
Beurre des OrphelineS
Orpheline d'Engbein .
A foreign variety which has been often confounded with Glout
Morceau and Soldat Laboureur, from both of which it is distinct.
The wood is strong, long-jointed, yellowish brown, dotted with pale
gray specks ; leaves, narrow, deeply serrated ; trees, very hardy,
bear young on the pear root, annually aud abundantly ; the fruit
hangs well, and may be gathered and ripened at will from Decem-
ber to February. A warm, rich soil suits it best.
Fruit, above medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, tapering toward
the stem, where it often terminates in a fleshy junction ; color, dull
pale green, at maturity light yellow, clouded with green, with traces
and patches of light cinnamon russet ; stem, short, stout, uneven, set
obliquely, without depression ; calyx, small, closed, segments short ;
basin, rather deep ; core, medium ; seeds, light brown, acutely pointed ;
flesh, white, juicy, melting, vinous. Season, December to February.
WORTHY GENERAJj. CULTIVATION.
BUERRE BOSC.
Calebasse Bosc, | Marianne Nouvelle,
Eosc's Flaaehenbirne.
315
A foreign variety raised in 1807 by Van Mons. It is an early,
annual, and productive bearer on the pear roots and should have a
place in the smallest collection. Tree, vigorous, with long brownish
olive shoots straggling or diverging. The fruit varies some in size
and form, as see our checked outline in engraving, but it is always
fair and smooth.
Fruit, large, obovate, acute pyriform ; color, dark yellow, nearly
316 THE PEAK.
covered, dotted and marbled with cinnamon russet, slight brownish
red in sun ; stem, usually long, slender ; calyx, medium, segments
partially erect; basin, round, shallow, sometimes a little uneven;
core, small ; seeds, blackish; Jlesh, white, melting, juicy, sweet, per-
fumed. Season, October, or last of September.
Buerre d'Anjott. — Butter of Anjou.
Ne Plus Meuris.
Foreign. An old pear in Loudon's select list of 1834, recently
introduced under a new name, and grown on quince. It is found of
the highest excellence. It succeeds equally well on pear or quince,
but largest on quince. Fruit, large, oblong, obovate pyriform, ob-
tuse at stem ; color, pale yellow, dull blush, and numerous small
specks of faint russet ; calyx, open, segments thick, reflexed ; basin,
round, not deep, russeted ; stem, short, curved, and obliquely inserted
in a shallow cavity ; core, small ; seeds, long, pointed ; Jlesh, yellowish
white, melting, juicy, vinous, sprightly, delicious to the core. Sea-
son, October and November.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTLVATION.
317
Beurre Easter.
Beurre Gris d'Hiver Nouveau,
Doyenne d'Hiver,
Doyenne du Printemps,
Bergamotle de la Pentecote,
Beurre de la Pentecote,
Beurre d'Hiver de Bruxelles,
Beurre Roupe,
Pater
Du Patre,
Beurre de I'aques,
Philippe du Tuques,
Bezi Chaumontelle tres gTOS,
Chaumontel tres gros,
Canning,
Seigneur d'Hiver,
oster.
Foreign. Requires rich, warm soil, and some care in ripening,
when it is one of the very finest of pears. It is best on quince.
Fruit, large, globular, obtuse pyriform ; color, yellowish green
with russet spots, and occasional specimens grown in sun have a
brownish russet cheek ; stem, medium to short ; cavity, rather deep;
calyx, generally small ; basin, narrow rather deep; core, medium;
818
THE PEAR.
seeds, long, ovate, acute pyriform ; flesh, white, buttery, juicy, sweet.
Season, January to May.
BtJFFUM.
American. Native of
Rhode Island. It is
very successful wherever
grown, admirably adapt-
ed to standard orchard-
ing, an upright, strong
grower, reddish brown
shoots, always product-
ive of fair, even-sized
fruit ; not, however, of
more than second-rate
quality.
Fruit, medium, ob-
long, obovate; color,
brownish green, becom-
ing yellow, bright red,
suffused in sun ; brown
dots and a little russet ;
stem., half to inch long,
slight depression ; calyx,
with short recurved seg-
ments ; basin, round ;
core, rather small ; seeds, dark brown ; flesh, white, buttery, sweet.
Season, September.
Black Worcester.
Black Pear of Worcester, Parkinson's Warden,
Iron Pear.
A valuable and profitable variety for marketing and cooking pur-
poses ; shoots dark olive, diverging ; tree, hardy, vigorous.
Fruit, large, obovate, oblong ; color, dull green, with numerous
marblings and specks of dark iron russet ; stem, stout, in a slight de-
pression ; calyx, rather small ; flesh, firm, coarse, austere. Season,
November to February.
Boussouck.
Doyenne Boussouck,
Doyenne Boussouck Nouvelle,
Providence,
Plymouth.
Foreign. A variety, we believe, first introduced to this country
in 1841, by Win. Kenrick; tree, vigorous ; wood, reddish brown,
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
319
sprinkled with large round grayish specks; a good and regular bearer;
fine on quince.
Fruit, large, globular, obtuse, obovate pyriform ; color, yellow,
with tracings of russet, and large russet specks ; stem, short, stout,
fleshy at base ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, medium, open ; core, medium ;
seeds, small, almost black, abortive ; flesh, yellowish white, rather
coarse, melting, juicy, vinous, sweet perfume. Season, October.
Columbia.
Columbian Virgalieu, | Columbian Virgaloune.
Native of Westches-
ter county, N. Y. With-
out being of more than
second quality, its har-
dihood of tree, product-
ive habit, and fruit uni-
formly smooth and fair,
make it a valuable as
well as profitable varie-
ty. Tree, thrifty ; young
shoots, yellowish brown.
Fruit, large or above
medium, oblong, obo-
vate pyriform ; color, at
first pale green, becom-
ing, when ripe, fine gold-
en yellow, dotted with
small gray dots ; stem,
medium size, slightly
curved ; calyx, rather
small, partially open, or
half closed ; basin, shal-
low ; core, medium ;
seeds, oblong pyriform ;
flesh, white, moderately
juicy, sweet. Season,
December to January.
Coit.
Beurre Coit.
A new variety, raised by Col. Coit, of Euclid, O. We first ate
of it in 1846, when we made our notes in its favor. Since that we
320
THE PEAR.
have seen it several
times, and as we write
this, September 25,1853,
have the fruit before us.
It is worthy a place in
all collections. The tree
is hardy, vigorous, up-
right, spreading in form,
dark brown shoots, and
early good bearer on the
pear root. Our draw-
ing was made from a
specimen pulled in Au-
gust, and is below an
average size.
Fruit, above medium,
obtuse pyriform, slight-
ly angular; color, rich
brown russet, mostly
overspreading a yellow
ground, with a brownish
red cheek in sun ; stem,
rather short; cavity, shal-
low, with unequal pro-
jections ; calyx, with seg-
ments nearly erect, sur-
rounded by depressed
crescent-shaped furrows in a shallow basin ; core, small ; seeds, black-
ish ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, buttery, juicy, sweet, vinous.
Season, last September and October.
Dearborn's Seedling.
Wheeler's New St. Michael.
Raised by Gen. H. A. S. Dearborn, about 1819, at Roxbury,
Mass. Tree, vigorous, erect, yet spreading ; requires little pruning;
productive on the pear root.
Fruit, rather small, roundish, inclining to obovate, narrowing a
little to the stem ; color, pale yellow, little russet at base of stem,
and surface dotted with small russet dots ; calyx, with short thick
segments ; stem, long, slender, curved ; core, medium ; seeds, dark
brown, long, pointed ; flesh, yellowish white, fine-grained, melting,
juicy, sweet, delicately perfumed. Season, August.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
321
Dean's Summer.
Doyunii' d Summer Doyenne,
Summer virgalieu.
Foreign. Trees, moderately vigorous, dull brownish red wood,
early and abundant bearers, unsuccessful on quince.
Fruit, rather small, roundish, obtuse pyrilbrni ; color, yellowish
green, nearly yellow when fully mature, side exposed to sun with a
bright marbled red cheek ; stern, rather long, fleshy at base, inserted
without depression ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow ; core, me-
dium ; seeds, small, dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse,
buttery, juicy, sugary, sprightly. Season, last of July.
Doyenne Gris d'Hiver Nouveau — New Winter Gray
Doyenne.
Doyenne d'Alencon.
Foreign. Re-
cently imported :
proves valuable
on the quince.
Fruit, medium
or above, obovate,
obtuse pyriform,
slightly angular,
or one side long-
e s t ; color, pale
dull yellow, with
many small brown
russet specks;
stem, short, stout ;
calyx, medium ;
basin, irregular,
abrupt ; core, me-
dium ; seeds, dark
brown, long,pc int-
ed ; flesh, whitish,
r at h er coarse-
grained, melting,
juicy, vinous, a
little astringent
unless well ripen-
ed. Season, Jan-
uary ;o May.
14*
322
THE PEAR.
Doyenne Gray.
Gri, f Butter Pear,
Gray Doyenne,
Doyenne Rouge,
Doyenne Roux,
Doyenne d'Automne,
Gray Dean's,
Doyenne Gris,
Red Doyenne ,
St. Michel Dore,
Doyenne Galeux.
This has been confounded with " Boussouck" and with " Surpasse
Virgalieu," but is distinct. It is a good bearer on pear or quince,
a hardy tree, with upright grayish brown shoots.
Fruit, medium, roundish, obovate or obtuse pyriform ; skin, cov-
ered with smooth cinnamon russet ; stem, curved ; cavity, rather
deep; calyx, small, closed; basin, shallow ; flesh, white, fine-grained,
buttery, melting. Season, October.
Doyenne White.
White Dean,
Virgalieu,
Butter Pear,
St. Michael,
Virgaloo,
Bergaloo,
Yellow Butter,
White Beurre,
White Autumn Beurre,
Dean's,
Warwick Bergamotte,
Snow Pear,
Pine Pear,
St. Michael,
Doyenne,
Doyenne Blanc,
Beurre Blanc,
And twelve others of French and Dutch
An old variety, every where esteemed when well grown ; trees,
hardy, productive either on pear or quince.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
323
Fruit, medium, obovate pyriform; color, clear pale yellow, regu-
larly sprinkled w ith small dots, often a fine red cheek ; stem, medium
brownish ; cavity, small, round ; calyx, small, closed ; basin, shallow
slightly plaited ; flesh, white, fine-grained, melting, juicy, buttery,
delicious. Season, September to November.
The Doyenne Panachee is a sub-variety, differing from this in its
more pyriform shape, and its color being yellow, green, and red,
striped. It is juicy, not high flavor. Season, October.
Dix.
American. Origin, Boston, Mass. Tree, hardy, vigorous young
shoots, pale yellow, upright, slender, unproductive while young
well suited to extensive orcharding. Fruit, large, oblong pyriform
skin, little rough, yellow, with russet dots, and around the stem
stem, set obliquely, raised one side, short, stout, thickest at each end
calyx, small ; basin, shallow ; core, marked with a dark gritty circle,
extending toward the stem; flesh, yellowish white, melting, a little
harsh, juicy, sweet. Season, October and November.
Fulton.
American. Native of
Maine ; tree very hardy,
y e a r 1 y and abundant
bearer, well suited for
standard orcharding at
the West ; young shoots
slender, reddish brown.
Fruit, small, obovate ;
color, at first gray rus-
set, becoming dark cin-
namon russet ; calyx,
open, segments nearly
erect ; basin, round, reg-
ular ; stem, one to two
inches long ; cavity, nar-
row ; core, encircled by
a coarse line, but of it-
self small, compact ;
seeds, blackish ; flesh,
half buttery, moderately
juicy, sprightly. Season,
October, November.
324
THE PEAR.
Flemish Beauty.
Belle de Flanders,
Bouche Nouvelle,
Bosch,
Bosc Sire,
Imperatrice de France,
Beaurre ripeuce.
Foreign. This variety is deserving of far more general cultivation
than it has yet received.' It succeeds most admirably on the quince,
and on the rich soils of Illinois we have seen it far surpass even the
most highly nursed specimens of Boston amateur gardens. The tree
is vigorous, with upright dark brown shoots.
Fruit, large, oblong, obtuse obovate ; color, pale yellow, mostly
covered with marblings and patches of light russet, and in sun rich
reddish brown ; stem, one to one and a half inch long ; cavity, narrow,
deep ; calyx, short, open ; basin, round, small ; core, medium, with
oblong capsules ; seeds, oblong pyriform ; flesh, yellowish white, not
very fine-grained, juicy, melting, sugary. Season, last of September.
Does not keep long.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
325
Glout Morceau.
Goulu Morceau,
Gloux Morceau,
Beurre d'Hardenpont,
Hardenpont d'Hiver,
Colmar d'Hiver,
Beurre d'Hiver Nouvelle,
Linden d'Automne,
Roi de Wurtenilierfj,
And five more of German.
Beurre d'Aremberg, of the French.
This variety is regarded as among the most delicious of Flemish
pears. The rendering of its name to sugared or honeyed pear is only
expressive of its quality, and equally so of many more ; and as this
cannot claim the title par excellence, we see not but it must retain
its original, and those who grow it must speak the name as best they
may.
It is an unproductive variety while young, either on pear or
quince ; trees on the latter stock even requiring ten years to bring
326
THE PEAR.
them well into bearing ; once at maturity, it is an abundant bearer.
It is a beautiful grower, making a perfect pyramidal head with little
pruning. It is also easily distinguished by its dark olive-green or
blue-green wood and its wavy leaves.
Fruit, large, obovate, obtuse pyriform, often angular, and surface
rough ; color, pale greenish yellow, russeted around the stem, and
traces of russet and greenish gray russet specks over the whole sur-
face ; stem, one to one and a half inch long, often without cavity,
but flesh raised one side ; calyx, medium, segments half reflexed ;
basin, rather deep, often furrowed or uneven, like the general surface
of the fruit, which is frequently apparently scolloped ; core, large ;
seeds, large, ovate, pointed ; flesh, white, fine-grained, buttery, juicy,
sugary, perfumed. Season, December to February.
Golden Beurre of Bilboa.
Hooper's Bilboa.
Foreign. From
Spam ; tree, hardy,
requires rich, strong,
heavy soil, when it is
an abundant bearer
of fair, regular, me-
dium-sized fruit of
second-rate quality.
Fruit, medium, ob-
ovate ; color, rich
yellow, with russet
around the stem, and
many russet dots
and patches over
the entire surface ;
stem, slender ; cavity,
slight ; calyx, small,
mostly open, short
stiff segments ; basin,
shallow ; flesh, fine-
grained, melting, jui-
cy, sometimes a little
acid and harsh. Season, September.
Heathcot.
Gore's Heathcot
Native of Waltham, Mass. This variety has not received as
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 327
much attention as it has deserved ; tree, hardy, a moderate grower,
branches slender, when grown makes a compact head unless well
thinned out, young shoots reddish brown.
Fruit, medium or above, obovate, rounded ; skin, rough ; color,
greenish yellow, yellow increasing at maturity, some russet around
stem and eye; stem, medium ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, partly closed;
basin, narrow ; core, above medium ; seeds, dark brown, pointed ;
Jlf.sh, white, buttery, juicy, vinous and sprightly. Season, October.
Honey.
This is a delicious little pear, received some years since by Prof.
Kirkland, and which we have been unable to recognize with any
description published, if we except a slight note in Prince's Pom.
Man. The tree is moderately vigorous ; wood, yellowish brown,
an early and productive bearer of fruit, uniform in size and regular
shape. Our drawing is too small.
328
THE PEAR.
f: -lit, below medium,
roundish, tapering slightly
to the stem ; color, rich
golden russet yellow, with
faint blush, many small red
russet dots, and occasional
patches of brown russet;
stem, rather stout, uneven,
without depression ; calyx,
with open half-reflexed seg-
ments; basin, shallow, little
russeted ; core, medium ;
seeds, ovate, blackish ; flesh,
yellowish white, juicy, but-
tery, a little coarse-grained,
sweet, perfumed. Season,
a few days before Bartlett.
Jalousie de Fontenay Vendee.
Foreign. We have nev-
er fruited a pear that has
given us more satisfaction.
On the quince it is a fine
grower, and inclined to
over-bear. It must not be
confounded with the " Ja-
lousie," a third-rate varie-
ty. Young shoots upright,
brownish yellow.
Fruit, medium or above,
ovate pyriform ; color, dull
yellow, with brownish red
cheek, and patches and dots
of russet, often the russet co-
vering one half the surface ;
stem, varying, often ob-
liquely set on, with a fleshy
ridge at side ; calyx, with
segments long, half open ;
basin, shallow ; core, medi-
um or small ; seeds, long,
ovate ; flesh, white, buttery,
melting, juicy, sweet, aro-
matic. Season, last Sep-
tember, early October.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
329
Knight's Seedling.
Knight's R. I. Seedling.
KlRTLAND.
Seedling Seckel,
Kirlland's Seedling,
Kirtland's Beurre
Grown from
seed of the Seckel
pear by H. T.
Kirtland, of Ma-
honing Co., Ohio.
Tree, 'vigorous,
hard)', early and
productive Dearer
o n pear roots ;
shoots, yellowish
brown, upright,
stout.
Fruit, medium,
often above, obo-
vate, obtuse pyri-
Native of Cranston, R.
I. Tree, vigorous, har-
dy, and early productive;
wood, smooth, yellowish.
Fruit, medium, obo-
vate, tapering a little to
the stem ; color, yellow-
ish green, with a brown
red cheek in sun, brown-
ish specks, and dull rus-
set around the calyx ;
stem, medium or rather
long, curved ; calyx, me-
dium, segments broad,
partially reflexed ; core
mid seeds, medium ; flesh,
white, not fine-grained,
melting, juicy, sugary.
Season, September.
S30
THE PEAR.
form; color, rich yellow, overspread -with cinnamon russet; stem,
usually stout, medium length, curved ; calyx, short, reflexed, per-
sistent; basin, shallow; core, small; seeds, short, ovate, blackish;
fiesh, white, melting, juicy, sweet, aromatic. Season, September.
Louise Bokne of Jersey*
Louise Eonne de Jersey,
Louise Bonne d'Avranches,
Beurre or Bonne Louise d' Araudoie,
Wiiliain the Fourth.
The " Good Louise of Jer.
sey," from the Isle of Jer-
sey, proves one of the best
pears grown on the quince
stock in this country. Tree,
h a r d y , very productive,
shoots vigorous, upright.
Fruit, large, (our drawings
were made ere the fruit had
swollen its full size, and are
not more than half size,)
oblong pyriform ; skin, glos-
sy, smooth, green in shade,
brownish red in sun, dotted
with gray dots ; stem, about
one inch long, moderately
stout, a little curved, fleshy
enlargement at base ; calyx,
open, segments large, reflex-
ed ; basin, shallow ; core,
small ; seeds, long, ovate,
pointed ; flesh, white, juicy,
melting, delicious. Season,
October.
Lawrexce.
Native of Flushing, L. I. An abundant bearer on pear roots, ex-
ceedingly desirable for Western orcharding. Tree, hardy, moderate
growth, wood light yellowish brown, rather thorny. S. B. Parsons
says, " Succeeds very finely on quince."
Fruit, above medium, long obovate, obtuse at stem ; color, dull
pale yellow, marbled with dull green, small dark specks, and russet
at each end ; calyx, large, closed ; lasin, open, furrowed ; stem,
medium length, stout, swollen at junction with tree ; cavity, round,
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
331
deep ; core, medium ; seeds, small, dark brown ; flesh, yeiowish white,
juicy, gritty at core, slightly sugary. Season, November to Febru-
ary.
Long Green.
Verte Longue,
Mouth Water,
New Autumn^
Muscat Kleure,
Mouille Bouche.
This is an old foreign variety, always excellent, and an abundant
bearer.
Fruit, medium, oblong, ovate pyriform ; color, green with dark
green specks; stem, medium length, slender; calyx, with long
reflexed segments ; basin, very shallow ; core, above medium ; seeds,
dark brown ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, delicious. Season,
October.
The Striped Long Green, Verte Longue Panachee, resembles the
above, but is smaller, and of no great value, aside from its prettily
striped appearance.
Madeleine.
Citron des Carmes, | Magdalen.
Foreign. Tree very vigorous,
strong grower, a little liable to
frozen sap blight on the rich West-
ern soils, until it has acquired the
age of ten or more years ; very
productive on pear or quince root.
Fruit, below medium, (our
drawing one third too small,) obo-
vate, oblong pyriform ; stern, long,
slender, at base one side of fruit a
little enlarged ; color, pale yellow
ish green, a little brownish blush,
and russet specks on those exposed
most to sun ; calyx, with long per-
sistent, irregularly placed segments;
basin, obscure, slightly plaited ;
core, small ; seeds, ovate ; flesh,
white, juicy, melting, sweet, slight-
ly perfumed. Season, 15th to last
July.
The Striped Madeleine Citron des
Carmes Panachee, diners from the
former in being striped with light
yellow, flesh more sweet and less
332
THE PEAR.
juicy. It is not as vigorous in growth, the wood shorter jointed,
striped red and yellow, and said to be less liable to blight.
MoYAMENSING.
Smith's Moyamensing.
Native of Penn-
sylvania. Tree vig-
orous, wood yellow-
ish brown, with light
dots, regular and
abundant bearer.
Fruit, medium,
roundish, obovate ;
color, lemon yellow
with occasion al
blotches and lines of
yellowish russet;
stem, short, stout,
often fleshy; calyx,
large; basin, fur-
rowed, broad and
rather deep ; core,
medium; seeds,
ovate ; flesh, white,
buttery, melting,
juicy, " best," Season, August.
NOUVEAU POITEAU.
New Pear.
Foreign. Tree upright, vigorous, an early bearer, and thus far
successful on both pear and quince stock.
Fruit, above medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, contracted or one-
sided at neck ; color, pale green with many dark green dots, and a
few russet stripes or blotches ; stern, about one inch long, medium
size, set on, and not into, the fruit ; calyx, medium, with broad seg-
ments half reflexed; basin, irregularly contracted; core, medium,
capsules long, ovate ; seeds, obovate pyriform ; flesh, white, fine-
grained, juicy, melting, rich aroma. Season. November.
Onondaga.
Swan's Orange, | Onondaga Seedling.
Probably a native of Farmington, Ct. It takes its name from
having been first brought to notice by cultivators in Onondaga Co..
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
333
N. Y. Thus far it succeeds equally well on the quince or pear root,
and as a profitable market variety deserves extensive culture. Tree
vigorous, with strong, upright, olive-colored shoots.
Fruit, large, ovate, obovate ; color, pale greenish yellow, becoming
golden yellow at maturity, many gray russet dots, and occasionally
a dull blush in sur. ; stem, one to one and a half inch long, inserted
without depression, but with lip of fruit folded unevenly around it ;
calyx, rather small, closed ; basin, shallow, abrupt, and marked with
patches of cinnamon russet ; core, compact ; seeds, small ; flesh, white,
juicy, buttery. Season, October and November.
334
THE PEAR.
Payency.
Paquency , I Poire de Perigord,
Poire de Payency, ( Payenchi,
Payenchi de Perigord.
Foreign. Tree of vig-
orous growth, earl j- bear-
er, and especially profita-
ble on the quince.
Fruit, medium, pyri-
form, extending into the
stem, which is stout, un-
even, dark brown ; color,
at first dull pale green,
becoming brownish yel-
low at maturity, many
russet dots and patches
round stem and calyx,
few in centre, occasionally
a tinge of dull red in
sun ; calyx, open, seg-
ments half erect ; basin,
very shallow ; core, small ;
seeds, oblong, pointed,
dark brown ; flesh, white,
rather coarse, melting,
juicy, sugary, vinous.
Season, October.
Pound.
Winter Bell,
Bretagne le Cour,
TJvedale's St. Germain,
TJvedale's Warden,
Germain Baker,
Lent St. Germain,
Pickering Pear,
Du Tonneau,
Belle de Jersey,
Piper,
Union,
Chambers' Laige,
Belle Angevine.
Foreign. Tree strong vigorous grower, very productive, very
valuable for cooking, and a profitable orchard sort.
Fruit, very large, oblong pyriform, yellowish green with dull
brown and brown russet patches ; stem, long, stout, curved ; cavity,
deep, oblique, angular ; calyx, large ; flesh, white, firm, astringent.
Season, December to March.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
885
Prince's St. Germain.
New St. Germain,
Brown St. Germain.
Raised from the
seed of the old St.
Germain, nearly fifty
years since, at the
Prince Nurseries,
Flushing, L. I. Tree,
hardy, thrifty, very
productive ; the fruit
keeps well, and re-
quires no more care
to ripen than apples ,
shoots, reddish brown.
Fruit, medium, ob-
long, obovate pyri-
form ; color, green and
pale yellow marbled,
and covered nearly
with brownish russet
specks ; stem, long,
slender, (our drawing
shows only a portion
of it;) cavity, slight,
narrow ; calyx, with
broad segments with-
out divisions ; basin,
regular, even, not deep ; core, small ; seeds, oblong, ovate ; flesh,
white, juicy, melting, sweet, vinous. Season, December to March.
Rostiezer.
Foreign. Tree, strong upright grower, large foliage, dark olive-
colored wood ; an early, free, abundant bearer.
Fruit, below medium, obovate pyriform ; color, dull green, reddish
brown cheek in sun, whitish specks, and traces of thin russet ; stem,
long, slender, without depression ; calyx, medium, open ; basin, very
shallow ; core, small; seeds, ovate, pointed ;• flesh, juicy, melting, sweet,
perfumed. Season, last of August.
Seckel.
Seckle,
Sickle,
Sycle,
New York Red Cheek,
Red-cheeked Seckel,
The original tree of this variety, according to Dr. Brinckle, stands
in Passyunk township, on the Delaware river, about three and a
°S6
THE PEAR.
half miles from Philadelphia. No one variety has become so gen-
erally known in this country as the Seckel, and in our Southern and
Middle States, no one variety deserves so extended culture. North,
it should, when possible, be planted in warm, rich, sandy loam, and
sheltered situations. The tree is
of slow growth ; wood, short-joint-
ed, stout, forming a round head,
and of only medium size on the
pear stock, and well suited to gar-
den planting.
Fruit, small, (our drawing too
small for a fair average.) rounded,
obtuse pyriform ; color, brownish
green at first, becoming yellowish
brown, with a lively red russet
cheek ; stem, short, slightly curved,
set in a very slight depression ;
calyx, small, open ; basin, shallow;
core, small ; seeds, broad, ovate ;
flesh, yellowish white, juicy, but-
tery, spicy, aromatic, sweet. Sea-
son, September and October.
St. Ghislain.
St. Galen.
Foreign. Tree, upright,
vigorous growth ; young
shoots, light brown ; re-
quires warm rich soil,
otherwise a little insipid.
Fruit, below medium ;
generally pyriform, but
varying ; color, pale yellow
or yellowish green, with,
dots of green underneath,
and marblings of russet on
surface ; stem, generally
curved ; calyx, open ; basin,
shallow ; core, small ; seeds,
obovate, pointed ; flesh,
white, buttery, juicy, and
sprightly. Season, Septem-
ber.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
SOLDAT d'EsPERIN EsPERIN SOLDIER.
Soldat Laboureur d'Esperin
337
This variety is usually grown in this country under the name of Sol-
dat Laboureur. It is entirely distinct from the " Soldat Laboureur "
of the French, which is regarded as our Beurre d'Aremberg. It was
grown by Major Esperin, of Malines ; is of strong, vigorous, upright
growth, yellowish brown wood, succeeding finely on the quince,
producing abundantly, and its fruit well disseminated over the tree,
always large and fair, but of only second-rate quality.
Fruit, large, generally oblong obovate pyriform, sometimes obo-
vate pyriform ; color, greenish yellow, becoming yellow, with many
patches, stripes and dots of russet ; stem, short, stout, curved, in a
slight round depression, or rather a raised lip one side ; calyx, open,
sometimes round, regular, and without divisions, others have stout
persistent segments in divisions ; core, compact, with outer concentric
15
338 THE PEAR.
lines ; seeds, obovate ; Jiesk, rather coarse, juicy, melting, perfumed,
" very good." Season, December to February.
St. Andre.
Poire St Andre
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, healthy grower, early bearer.
Fruit, above medium, globular, acute pyriform, sometimes obo-
vate pyriform ; color, yellowish green, with dark green specks, rarely
a brownish red cheek in sun ; stem, medium, swollen or fleshy where
it joins the fruit ; calyx, medium, open, segments varying ; basin,
very shallow, sometimes slightly furrowed ; core, small, compact ;
seeds, oblong, pointed, light brown; flesh, greenish white, fine-grained,
buttery, juicy, sprightly, vinous, perfumed. Season, September.
Stevens' Genesee.
Guernsey, | Stephens' Genesee.
Native of Rochester, N. Y. It is one of the most desirable of
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 339
pears for all collections, either on pear or quince ; a fine grower,
with diverging, dark gray shoots ; productive.
Fruit, large, roundish obovate ; color, greenish yellow, becoming
yellow ; stem, rather stout ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, with short, stiff',
connected segments, half reflexed ; basin, medium, regular ; core,
medium ; seeds, ovate pyriform, blackish ; flesh, white, half buttery,
juicy, sweet, aromatic. Season, September. Even windfalls of this
variety are extremely fine.
Summer Pineapple
Ananas d'Ete, Ananas of some,
Poire Ananas.
Foreign. A superior variety that deserves extensive planting.
Tree, vigorous, dark brown wood, early, regular bearer, fruit always
large and excellent.
Fruit, large, oblong, obovate pyriform, angular ; color, dull yel-
lowish green, with much rough brown russet marbling ; stem, largest
at base, or where it joins the fruit, and with a lip one side ; calyx,
open, short divisions ; basin, shallow, open ; core, compact, capsules
small ; seeds, long ovate ; flesh, whitish, fine-grained, buttery, melt
340
THE PEAR.
insr, sweet, perfumed. Scam n.
This variety varies much in fori u
from same tree.
August and early September.
Our figures are from specimens
SrjRPASSE VlRGALIEtT.
Surpasse Virgalouse.
Origin uncertain, probably an American seedling, first dissemi-
nated by the late Andrew Parmentier, Brooklyn, N. Y. It is a regu-
lar abundant bearer on pear or quince, a vigorous, healthy tree, with
yellowish brown wood, upright growth.
Fruit, medium, varying in form ; (see our drawings, the specimens
from which they were made all being pulled by ourself from the
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
341
same branch;) color, yellowish, with brownish red in sun, minute
dots, and often sprinklings of russet ; calyx, generally small, erect,
.--'"\
open ; basin, slight ; stem, varying ; core, medium ; seeds, broad
ovate ; flesh, white, fine-grained, buttery, juicy, aromatic. Season,
October.
Tyson.
This fine variety was found in a hedge near Jenkintown, Pa.,
about 1792-4. The tree is of vigorous, upright growth, with reddish
brown wood, a moderate, regular bearer.
Fruit, rather below medium, roundish pyriform, irregular ; color,
dull yellow, shaded with red in sun, little russeted, and with nume-
rous black specks ; stem, rather long, moderately stout, curved, and
obliquely attached to the fruit by a fleshy junction, swollen on one
side ; calyx, open, with short segments ; basin, round, shallow ; core
and seeds, small ; flesh, white, fine-grained, melting, juicy, sugary,
aromatic. Season, August.
342
THE PEAR.
Thompson's.
Foreign. Tree
of vigorous, d i -
verging habit;
young wood, yel-
lowish olive, with
grayish specks;
bears on the pear
about the sixth
year.
Fruit, large, ob-
ovate, obtuse py-
riform, surface un-
even; color, lemon
yellow, with
brownish red
cheek in sun, some
russet dots and
marblings, and rus-
set at the stem ;
stem, short, usually
planted or set on
angularly, with a
fleshy rim one side ;
calyx, with connec-
ted half-closed segments ; basin, round, narrow, abrupt ; core, medi-
um ; capsules and seeds, formed like the fruit ; flesh, white, buttery,
melting, sugary, slightly aromatic. Season, October and November.
Urbaxiste.
St. Mafc, | Louise of Orleans,
Beurre Picquery.
Foreign. Moderately vigorous, healthy, hardy, well-suited to rich
soils West ; young shoots, upright, short-jointed, grayish yellow, not
an early bearer, but when in bearing produces regularly and abun-
dant.
Fruit, medium, obovate pyriform ; color, pale yellow, with gray
dots, and a few russet streaks ; stem, about an inch long, rather
stout ; cavity, shallow ; calyx, small, generally closed ; basin, nar-
row, abrupt ; core, medium or small ; seeds, obovate pointed ; flesh,
white, yellowish at core, buttery, melting, vinous. Season, October
and November.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
843
Van Mons' Leon Le Clerc.
Poire de Boulogne, | Louise Bonne de Boulogne, •
Celestin.
Foreign. Distinct from " Leon Le Clerc of Van Mons." A
valuable variety on the quince, bearing early and abundantly, and
of the largest size fruit. In growth the tree is moderately vigorous,
nearly upright, yellowish olive wood, with round grayish spots.
Fruit, very large, oblong, obovate pyriform ; color, pale yellow,
golden at maturity, with brown in sun, russet specks and patches,
344
THE PEAR.
some dark green dots, and russet at base of stem ; stem, medium
length and size, curved ; calyx, large, open, broad, reflexed seg-
ments ; basin, medium ; core, medium, long ovate capsules ;
seeds, long ovate, sometimes imperfect ; flesh, yellowish white, fine,
buttery, melting, juicy, sugary, vinous. Season, October and No-
vember.
Vicar of Winkfield.
Vicar of Wakefield,
Le Cure,
Jionsieur Le Cure,
Dumas,
Belle Epine Dumas,
Clion,
Epine Dumas,
Due de Bordeaux
Foreign. First found growing wild in a wood by M. Clion, a
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
345
French curate ; hence the names, Clion, Le Cure, &e. ; afterwards it
was grown in a garden at Winkfield, Berkshire, by Rev. Dr. Rham,
and received the name of Vicar of Winkfield, concentrating the two
associations in the one name, and which, being of our own language,
is to be preferred. It is a most profitable variety, grown on the
quince stock, and although only second quality, it is always, fair and
large. Tree, a vigorous grower, with large, roundish, glossy leaves ;
shoots, diverging, dark olive color.
Fruit, large, oblong, obovate pyriform ; color, dull pale green at
first, becoming pale yellow, with sometimes a brownish cheek,
marked wTith brown dots over the whole surface ; calyx, with open
reflexed segments ; stem, an inch or more long, rather slender, ob-
liquely inserted without depression ; core, small ; seeds, oblong ovate ;
flesh, greenish white, juicy, sprightly, " very good." Season, No-
vember to January.
Washington.
American. Native of
Delaware. Tree of healthy,
moderate growth, with slen-
der, diverging, reddish
brown shoots ; an annual
bearer.
Fruit, medium, roundish
ovate, or ovate pyriform ;
color, lemon yellow, tinged
in sun with red and reddish
russet, and near the stem,
patches of clear russet ;
stem, an inch long, inserted
in a narrow cavity, some-
times almost obsolete, and
then there is a fleshy lip
one side of stem ; calyx,
small, long pointed seg-
ments ; basin, round, regu-
lar ; core, rather small, ly-
ing near the apex ; seeds,
obovate pyriform, black-
ish; flesh, white, juicy,
sweet. Season, September.
Van Asschk.
Van Assene. | Vanasse,
Van Asshe.
This is a new pear, nGt yet fruited at the West, but we have eaten
15*
m
THE PEAR.
of it East, and have no hesitation in placing as among those worthy
general culture. We copy our description from Mr. Barry, in the
Horticulturist of February, 1853 : " Tree a vigorous, erect grower,
dark shoots, an abundant and early bearer, succeeding well on the
quince. Fruit, large, obovate obtuse, largest near the eye, flattened
at both ends, occasionally slightly ribbed ; calyx, small ; basin, smooth,
wide, rather shallow ; stem, one and a half inch long, rather slen
der, slightly sunk ; shin, smooth and fair, light yellow in the shade,
sprinkled with dark dots, light red on the sunny side, sprinkled with
carmine dots ; Jlesh, white, buttery, melting. Season, September
and early October.
Winter Nelis.
Nellis d'Hiver,
Bonne de Mahnes,
Beurre de Slalines,
La Bonne Malinoise,
Milanaise Cuvelier,
Etourneau.
Foreign. As a standard winter pear, if we were to select but the
one, it would be this variety. The tree is vigorous, though with
blender diverging shoots ; very hardy ; an early prolific bearer on
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 847
pear or quince. It requires rich, strong soil to produce good-sized
fruit, and is well suited to extensive planting on our Western lands.
Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, narrowing towards the stalk ;
color, yellowish green, much covered and dotted with gray russet ;
stem, rather long, a little curved ; cavity, narrow ; calyx, open, with
short segments ; basin, shallow ; core, medium ; capsules, ovate ;
seeds, oblong pyriform, curved ; flesh, yellowish white, buttery, melt-
ing, sugary, aromatic Season, November to middle January.
Zoar Beauty.
Zoar Seedling.
American, ^ative of Ohio.
Tree, vigorous grower ; dark
brown shoots ; early and
abundant bearer.
Fruit, a little below me-
dium, varying in form, usu-
ally as seen in our engrav-
ing ; color, light yellow, with
greenish spots ; red in the
sun, with deep red spots;
stem, generally long, slender,
curved, plaited, with slight
depression one side ; calyx,
large, for size of fruit ; basin,
shallow; core, medium ; seeds,
obovate, or broad ovate ;
flesh, yellowish white, a little
coarse, juicy, sweet. Season,
early August.
348
THE PEAR.
CLASS II. — New and untested, suited to certain localities or gardens of
Amateurs.
Alpha.
Foreign. Very productive. Fruit, medium, oblong obovate, pale yel-
lowish green, with reddish dots, brown blush ; flesh, white, fine-grained,
buttery, " very good." October.
Abbott.
From Providence, R. I. Fruit, medium, oblong obovate, dark green,
reddish brown cheek; calyx, small; flesh, melting, sugary, sprightly,
Middle to last September.
Andrew's.
American. An early bearer, a little disposed to decay at core, otherwise
highly desirable. Fruit, large, (our drawing too small for an average,)
roundish, ovate pyriform, yellowish green, dull red cheek, scattered dots
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 349
and russet patches; calyx, open; segments, long, half reflexed ; basin,
small; stem, one to one and a quarter inch, curved, often set without de-
pression; flesh, greenish white, juicy, vinous, nearly "best." September.
Adele de St. Denis.
Foreign. New. Fruit, above medium, obovate, irregular, yellow, covered
with russet ; calyx, open, broad segments ; flesh, melting, juicy. October.
Altiiorpe Crassane.
Foreign. Quality variable ; fruit, medium, roundish obovate, rough,
pale green, with dark green suffused dots, and spots of russet, tinge of
brown ; flesh, white, buttery, juicyr rather coarse, " very good." Octo-
ber and November.
Autumn Paradise.
Paradise d'Automne.
Foreign. This is esteemed by many eastern writers as superior even to
the Beurre Bosc, which it much resembles. Tree, of very vigorous
growth, shoots at first upright, afterwards straggling and pendulous ;
wood, reddish brown, with large whitish gray specks, very productive.
Fruit, large, obovate, acute pyriform, irregular and uneven surface ; color,
dull yellow, covered with bright russet, deepening on the sunny side ,
calyx, rather large, open ; segments, reflexed ; basin, furrowed ; stem,
about one and a half inch long, rather slender, obliquely attached to the
fruit by a fleshy, and oftentimes wrinkled base ; core, small; seeds, long-
pointed ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, buttery, melting, juicy,
delicious. September and October.
Bankerbine.
Foreign. The specimens from which we describe were from Messrs.
Ellwanger & Barry. Fruit, medium, obovate, greenish yellow, with
small russet dots; stem, stout; calyx, open, broad segments; core,
large ; flesh, breaking, coarse. October.
Belle Excellent.
Foreign. Resembles Louise Bonne of Jersey ; oblong pyriform, yel-
low, red blush, with raised specks on surface. October.
Belle de Noel.
Belle apres Noel.
Foreign. Fruit, rather below medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, pale
greenish yellow, with few russet spots, dark red cheek, with carmine dots ;
calyx, medium ; segments, half reflexed ; basin, shallow, slightly furrowed ;
core, large ; flesh, whitish, melting, juicy, "very good." December.
Belle de Bruxelles.
Belle of Brussels, | Belle d'Aout.
Foreign. Variable. Fruit, large, obovate pyriform, deep yellow, green-
ish dots, tinge of red in sun ; flesh, white, sweet. August.
850 THE PEAR.
Belle Julie.
Foreign. Tree, upright grower ; fruit, medium, long ovate, yellowisn
green, cinnamon russet, bronzed red in sun ; stem, short, stout ; calyx,
medium, reflexed ; flesh, greenish white, juicy, " very good." October
and November. (Hov. Mag.)
Belle Canaise.
Eliza d'Heyst.
Foreign. Fruit, below medium, globular, obovate, pale greenish yel-
low, with dirty green or brown specks ; stem, slender ; calyx, open ; flesh,
white, coarse-grained, juicy, "good." February to March.
Belle de Thouars.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, pyriform, angular, rich brown russet ; short
stem ; cavity, little plaited ; calyx, half open ; shallow basin ; core, small ;
seeds, ovate ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, " very good." October and
November.
Beurre Brown.
Beurre Gris,
Beurre Rouge,
Beurre,
Golden Beurre,
Gray Beurre,
Beurre Vert,
Badham's,
Beurre d'Or,
Beurre Doree,
Beurre d'Amboise,
Beurre d'Ambleuse,
Beurre du Roi,
Poire d'Amboise,
Isambert,
Isambert le Bon.
An old variety ; does finely in warm rich soil, but a peculiar vinous
taste, not admired by every person. Fruit, medium, oblong obovate, yel-
lowish green, with thin russet, reddish brown in sun ; flesh, greenish
white, melting, juicy, vinous, sub-acid. September.
Beurre Suisse.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate oblong, striped green, red, and yel-
low ; only desirable as a curiosity. October.
Beurre Beaulieu.
Foreign. Fruit, above medium, obovate pyriform, yellow, with russet
spots and blotches ; short stout stem ; calyx, open ; basin, shallow ; flesh,
white, juicy. October.
Beurre de Rhine.
Foreign. Fruit, large, pyriform, irregular ; stem, stout ; calyx, open ;
basin, shallow, light yellow, rough spots; flesh, white, rather coarse,
" good." October and November. Grows well on quince.
Beurre Crapaud.
Foreign. Vigorous and productive on pear or quince, fine for extreme
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 351
northern sections, proving hardy. Fruit, medium, roundish obtvate, deep
yellow, red in sun, small russet dots ; stem, stout, curved ; calyx, partially
closed ; core, large ; flesh, yellowish, melting, sugary, juicy, " very good."
October.
Beurre Charron.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, greenish yellow; stem, long; calyx,
small, closed; basin, deep; flesh, juicy, melting, buttery, " best." Octo-
ber. (T. S. H. &Co)
Beurre de Beaumont.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, yellowish green, brownish
red in sun, covered with dark green or russety specks; stem, short;
calyx, closed ; flesh, white, buttery, juicy, sweet, " very good." Last
September.
Beurre Preble.
American. Fruit, large, oblong obovate, greenish yellow, with russet
and green spots ; flesh, white, buttery, " very good." October and No-
vember.
Beurre Mollett's Guernsey.
Mollett's Guernsey Chaumontelle.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, ovate pyriform, yellowish green, with dark
brown, russet in sun ; calyx, large ; stem, stout ; flesh, yellowish, melt-
ing, vinous, "very good." December.
Beurre de Ranz.
Beurre Ranee, Beurre de Flanders,
Beurre Epine, Hardenpont duPrinlenips,
Beurre Noirchain.
Foreign. Very variable, rarely " very good." Tree, a straggling, pen-
dulous habit. Fruit, large, oblong, obtuse pyrrform, dark green, bronzed
in sun, russet at crown, russet dots over surface ; stem, long; calyx, open ;
core, small ; flesh, greenish white, coarse, juicy. December to April.
Beurre Kossuth.
Foreign. New. Fruit, large, turbinate rounded, surface uneven ;
stem curved, inserted upon a little projection; calyx, in divisions,
dull yellowish green, traced and dotted with gray bronze, yellowish at
crown, greenish at stem; flesh, fine, buttery, sugary, juice acidulated.
(Ho v. Mag.)
Beurre Git-ford.
Beurre Gifford.
Foreign. Tree, moderate grower, long slender shoots, dark reddish,
good bearer on quince or pear. Fruit, medium, pyriform, yellowish green
to pale yellow, red in sun, pale russet specks ; stem, long, slender, curved-
352 THE PEAR.
calyx, open ; core, small ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, vinous, " very good."
Last of August. (Hov. Mag.)
Beurre Moire.
Beurre Moire.
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, upright grower, early, productive bearer, often
blossoms the second time in a season, and sets fruit, which of course does
not mature ; new, promises well. Fruit, large, obovate, oblong pyriform,
pale green, with dots of darker green, and occasionally a russet patch ;
stem, one inch, stout, slight lip on one side of depression; calyx, small;
short stiff segments; core, small; seeds,' imperfect ; skin, thick, harsh;
flesh, white, juicy, vinous, half melting, sprightly, " very good." Novem-
ber and December.
Beurre d'Amalis.
Beurre d'Amanlis, | Beurre d'Amaulis.
Foreign. A free, vigorous grower on pear or quince ; said to bear well ;
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 353
our experience has been the reverse. Fruit, large, ovate obovate, dull
yellowish green, with reddish brown cheek, brown dots, russet patches;
stem, long, obliquely set ; calyx, open ; basin, shallow ; flesh, yellowish, a
little coarse, often austere, " very good." Early September.
There is also a striped Beurre" d'Amalis, differing not materially, except
in being striped red, yellow, and green.
Beurre Nantais.
Foreign. Fruit, large, oblong pyriform, pale yellow, russet dots ; flesh,
melting, juicy. September. (Hov. Mag.)
Beurre Superfine.
Foreign. Fruit, large, pale green, traces and patches of russet, dull
brownish cheek; flesh, juicy, melting, slight aro na, " very good." Mid-
dle to last October. (Wilder, in Hort.)
Beurre Van Marum.
Foreign. A very early and productive bearer on pear ; the fruit always
fair. Fruit, large, oblong pyriform, dull greenish yellow; stem, long;
calyx, large; flesh, white, hardly "good;" its bearing its recommendation.
October.
Beurre Baohelier.
Foreign. Fruit, very large, oblong, obovate pyriform, greenish yellow >
stem, stout ; cavity, deep ; flesh, firm, sugary. December. (Hov. Mag.)
Beurre Millet.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, obtuse pyriform ; pale yellow, with
large pale russet specks ; stem, short, stout ; calyx, small, open ; core,
small ; flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, vinous. November to Jan-
uary. (Hov. Mag.)
Beurre Brettouneau.
Beurre Bretouneau.
Foreign. Does not succeed on the quince ; very fine on pear ; very
hardy, thorny wood. Fruit, large, obovate, obtuse pyriform, yellow, dot-
ted with russet ; flesh, melting, juicy, sugary. February to April. (Riv-
ers, in Hort.)
Beurre de Waterloo.
Foreign. Fruit, large, obovate, obtuse pyriform, dull green, rough skin,
covered with coarse russet traces and points ; calyx, open ; basin, fur-
rowed ; flesh, melting, juicy, sprightly, saccharine. Middle October.
(Wilder, in Hort.)
Beurre Audosson.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate, acute pyriform, yellowish green at
maturity, dull red cheek in sun, and numerous russet dots ; stem, short,
354 THE PEAR.
stout; calyx, large, open; flesh, melting, tender, juicy, "very good."
October. (Wilder, in Hort.)
Beurre Sprin.
Foreign. Fruit, large, ovate pyriform, yellow, with patches, tracings
and dots of russet ; stem, short, swollen at base, obliquely inserted, slight
lip; calyx, small, with segments united; core, medium; seeds, large;
flesh, yellowish white, a little coarse, melting, juicy, " very good." Octo-
ber. We should not be surprised if this proved Marie Louise.
Beurre Sterkman.
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, large strong shoots ; succeeds on quince or
pear. Fruit, medium, obtuse pyriform, dull greenish ground, nearly cov-
ered with russet ; stem, short, stout ; calyx, open ; flesh, white, melting,
juicy, sub-acid. October.
Beurre Clairgeau.
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, light yellow wood. Fruit, large, oblong, obo-
vate pyriform ; color, mostly russet, reddish in sun ; stem, short, stout ;
calyx, small, open ; flesh, yellowish, rather coarse, juicy, vinous, " very
good." October, November. This will probably prove one of the most
valuable, as a large-sized, first quality pear, and desirable as an orchard
variety, on the pear root. It is yet quite new.
Beau Present d'Artois.
Foreign. Fruit, large, oblong, obovate pyriform, gray and green spot-
ted ; stem, large, short ; calyx, short, broad ; flesh, white, with green lines,
tender, juicy, sugary. September. (Hov. Mag.)
Bergamotte d'Esperin.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, dull green, with dots and patches of
russet ; calyx, closed ; basin, furrowed ; flesh, buttery, melting, juicy,
sweet, "very good," very productive in clusters. December to February.
Bergamotte Gaudry.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish, yellowish green, with russet dots ;
flesh, white, tender, juicy, " good." November.
Bergamotte Cadette.
Beurre Beauchamps, | Beauchamps,
Poire de Cadet.
Foreign. Fruit, hardly medium, roundish obovate, pale green, rarely
little red in sun ; stem, long, stout ; calyx, small, closed ; flesh, buttery,
juicy, sweet ; requires care in ripening. October to December.
Bezi Sansparetl.
Foreign. Fruit, small, globular, obtuse pyriform, dull greenish yellow
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 355
much russet, and in sun, a little crimson ; stem, long ; cavity, deep ; calyx,
open; segments, long; core, medium; seeds, purplish black; flesh, yel-
lowish white, melting, juicy, aromatic, " very good," if not " best." Feb-
ruary to March.
Bezi de Naples.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, ovate obovate, light yellowish green, with
blotches and stripes of darker hue, occasional russet patches and dots ;
stem, stout; calyx, small; basin, furrowed; flesh, fine, buttery, juicy,
sweet, " very good." Last September.
Bezi de Montigny.
Trouvc de Montigny, | Doyenne Musque.
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, brownish olive wood. Fruit, medium, obo-
vate, yellowish green, with russet specks and dots ; stem, long, curved,
rather stout; calyx, small, open, reflexed ; core, large; flesh, white, fine,
melting, juicy, sugary. October.
Bezi de la Motte.
Bern Armudi, | Beurre Blanc de Jersey.
Foreign. A vigorous, hardy sort, well suited to orcharding. Fruit,
medium, obovate rounded, yellowish green, with many small russet dots ;
stem, short, rather stout, slightly curved ; calyx, small, open, reflexed
segments ; core, medium ; seeds, plump, ovate ; flesh, yellowish white,
rather coarse, sugary, juicy, melting, "very good." October.
Bezi d'Esperin.
Foreign. Fruit, large, turbinate, melting, " very good ;" good bearer.
December to January. (Eivers, in Hort.)
Baronne de Mello.
Foreign. Grows fine and bears abundantly on quince. Fruit, medium,
obovate, acute pyriform, yellowish russet; stem, short, stout, fleshy at
base ; flesh, greenish white, melting, juicy, sub-acid, " very good." Mid-
dle October. (Wilder, in Hort.)
Benoist Nouveatj.
Foreign. The specimen from which we describe was received from
Messrs. Ellwanger & Barry. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, greenish
yellow, brown cheek, dull russet marblings, and indistinct brown specks;
stem, stout; cavity, deep, narrow ; calyx, open; core, small ; seeds, long,
ovate, pointed ; flesh, breaking, juicy, rather astringent, requires careful
ripening. February to April.
The ''Benoist" of Eivers is large, and ripe in August; and a "Beurre
Benoist " said to ripen in October ; we have not seen them.
356 THE PEAR.
Bloodgood.
American. From Flushing, L. I. It has not, as grown West, merited
its eastern reputation. The tree is a moderate grower, with reddish
brown, short-jointed wood ; a regular bearer. We think it requires a
rich, deep, warm soil to produce good-flavored fruit. Fruit medium, or
below, ovate obovate,.yellow, with russet marblings and dots ; calyx,
open; stem, fleshy at base; core, small ; flesh, yellowish white, melting,
" very good." Early August.
BoRDENAVE.
Smith's Bordenave.
The original name lost, and this given to it by Alfred Smith, Esq., of
Hartford, Connecticut, who imported it from France. Fruit medium,
acute pyriform, dull greenish russet ; flesh juicy, buttery, sprightly, " very
good." September.
Bonne des Zees.
Bon d'Ezee, | Bonne des Haies.
Foreign. Tree of short stocky habit ; wood yellowish; fruit large, ob-
tuse pyriform, light yellow and pale red, and somewhat russeted ; stem
rather short, uneven, calyx partly closed, short segments ; core large ;
flesh yellowish white, melting, juicy, sugary, "very good." September.
Bon Chretien Fondante.
Foreign. Tree vigorous, hardy, productive on quince or pear ; fruit
medium, roundish, oblong, oval, yellowish green, brownish red in sun, and
much russet ; stem medium, curved ; calyx small, partly closed ; basin fur-
rowed ; core large ; flesh white, coarse, melting, juicy, a little gritty, "very
good." September, October.
Brandes St. Germain.
Foreign. Considering its season, R. Manning, Esq., considers this a
very desirable variety ; tree moderate grower, succeeding finely on quince,
very productive ; fruit medium, oblong oval, brownish yellow, with smooth
russet ; stem short, stout, calyx small ; flesh juicy, vinous, " very good."
November, December.
Brougham.
Foreign. Fruit below medium, obovate, yellowish russet ; stem short,
calyx open ; flesh yellowish white, a little gritty, buttery, sugary, " very
good." November.
Bringewood.
Foreign. Fruit medium, pyriform, yellowish brown and russet ; stem
long and slender ; calyx open, prominent; flesh yellowish Avhite, gritty at
core, the rest buttery. " very good." November. (Hov. Mag.)
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 357
Brielmont.
Foreign. Fruit medium, obovate oblong, angular, yellow, with greenish
and russet specks ; calyx prominent ; basin open ; flesh white, melting,
" good." October.
Beadnell.
Beadnell's Seedling.
Foreign. Tree vigorous, abundant bearer ; shoots long, bright chestnut
color, white dots ; fruit middle-sized, turbinate, stalk short ; eye a little
open ; skin pale yellowish green on the shaded side, red next the sun,
much speckled with whitish gray dots ; flesh melting, exceedingly juicy.
Last September.
Caen du France.
Foreign. Fruit medium, roundish obovate, mostly yellowish russet and
reddish dots ; stem rather long ; calyx open ; flesh fine, juicy, sweet,
" very good." December, January.
Capiaumont.
Beurre Capiaumont, | Beurre Coloma.
Foreign. This is a profitable orchard and market variety, on pear or
quince. A free grower ; branches grayish yellow ; fruit medium, globular,
acute pyriform, yellow, with cinnamon red cheek, and russet dots and
streaks; stem curved; calyx large; flesh buttery, sweet, a little astrin-
gent, " very good." September, October.
Calhoun.
American. Native of New Haven, Conn. ; fruit medium, roundish,
yellow, with much of russet traced and dotted ; stem short; calyx small;
core medium ; flesh yellowish white, melting, juicy, " very good." October,
November.
Capsheaf.
American. Native of Ehode Island. Tree hardy, wood yellowish;
fruit medium, roundish obovate, yellow, mostly covered with cinnamon
russet ; stem short ; calyx closed ; core large ; flesh yellowish white, fine,
melting, juicy, sweet, " very good." October.
Catinka.
Foreign. New. Fruit large, oblong pyriform, yellowish ; flesh fine,
juicy, " very good," and will probably prove " best." We have only
Been it once. November.
Canandaigua.
Catharine.
American. From Central New York ; fruit large, resembling Bartlett ;
358 THE PEAR.
flesh white, fine, juicy, "very good." September. A new variety ; tree
vigorous, upright grower, thus far doing well on quince or pear, productive
Calebasse d'Ete.
Summer Calebasse.
Foreign. Tree vigorous ; foliage light green ; fruit above medium, ob-
long pyriform, irregular, dull green, little brown in sun, russet at stem
and eye ; stem long ; calyx small ; core small ; seeds long ; flesh white,
fine, buttery, juicy, sugary, perfumed. Last August. (Hov. Mag.)
Chaptal.
Beurre Chaptal.
Foreign. Fruit medium or above, roundish, ovate obovate, greenish
yellow; stem curved; cavity slight; calyx large, open; basin shallow,
core medium; seeds oblong; flesh white, breaking, juicy, '' very good."
December, January.
Chancellor.
Green's Germantown, | Early St. Germain.
Probably a native of Pennsylvania. Tree healthy, abundant bearer,
young wood slender, yellowish brown ; fruit large, oblong obovate pyri-
form, green, with minute brown specks and some russet blotches, rarely
a faint brown cheek ; stem one inch long, rather thick, cavity small, irregu-
lar ; calyx small, basin contracted ; core medium ; seeds long, yellowish
brown; flesh melting, "very good." Last September. (Brinckle, in Hort.)
Charles Van Mons.
Foreign. Fruit below medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, yellowish
green, brownish red cheek, and russet dots ; stem slender, curved, de-
pression one side ; calyx large, open ; segments broad, completely re-
flexed ; basin shallow ; core medium ; seeds obovate pyriform ; flesh
whitish, melting, juicy, vinous, " very good," if not " best." January.
Charles Van Hoogten.
Foreign. Fruit above medium, obovate acute pyriform. dull pal»
yellow; stem stout, enlarged at base; calyx open; segments short"
flesh yellowish white, melting, juicy, " very good." Early October
(Wilder, in Hort.)
Christmas.
Noel.
American. New, from Cincinnati, Ohio. Fruit medium, ovate rounded ;
skin rough, bronzed, russety ; stem stout, slight depression ; calyx small ;
basin shallow; flesh a little gritty, juicy, sweet, "verygcod." Decem-
ber, January. (Warder's notes.)
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE.
Chaumontel.
359
Bezi de Chaumontelle,
Beurre d'Hiver,
Winter Reurre,
Oxford Chaumontel.
Foreign. Requires rich warm soil. Fruit large, oblong obovate ; skin
rough, yellowish, brownish red in sun, russet dots; stem one inch, curved ;
calyx medium; basin deep; core small; seeds flattened; flesh buttery,
melting, " very good." November, January.
CONSEILLER RAMUEZ.
Foreign. Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, dull green, clouded
and traced with russet; flesh melting, tender, "good." October.
(Wilder, in Hort.)
COLMAR NEILL.
Foreign. Fruit large, obovate, pale yellow; flesh white, buttery,
melting, " good." October.
Countess of Ltjnay.
Comtesse de Lunay.
Foreign. Tree vig-
orous ; very productive
on quince ; has been
much disseminated as
" Doyenne d ' Ete. "
Fruit medium, ( our
drawing too small, )
roundish obovate; skin
smooth, pale yellow,
often thinly sprinkled
with red in sun, some
russet specks, and rus-
set at base of stem ;
stem long, largest where
it joins the tree; cavity
slight, often a little lip
one side of stem ; calyx
large, open, with long
reflexed segments ; core
medium ; seeds brown ;
flesh white, rather
coarse, melting, juicy,
" very good. " Oc-
tober.
360 THE PEAR.
CoMPTE DE LAMY.
Beurre Curte, | Dingier,
Marie Louise the Second.
Foreign. Not equal to the foregoing ; tree upright ; fruit medium,
roundish obovate, yellow, brownish red cheek, small russet dots ; stem
long, calyx small; flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, "good." Early
October.
Collins.
Watertown
American. From Watertown, Massachusetts ; supposed a seedling of
white Doyenne ; a regular, abundant bearer. Fruit large or above medium,
roundish obovate, yellowish green, mottled with dull red in sun, some
russet ; stem short, curved ; calyx large, open ; core large ; flesh white,
vinous, juicy, sweet, melting, "best." September.
Colmar Epine.
Foreign. Fruit large, roundish obtuse, oblong, dull green with cloud-
ings of darker hue ; flesh white, melting, vinous, juicy, " very good."
September.
Coter.
Foreign. Tree healthy, young wood, short-jointed, light yellow ;
fruit medium, regular obovate, pale green ; flesh fine-grained, tender,
melting, juicy, " very good." November.
Citron.
American. Native of New Haven, Conn. Fruit medium, roundish
obovate, dull green, sprinkled with small russety dots : flesh a little
coarse, greenish white, melting, juicy, " very good." Last August.
Cross.
Winter Cross.
American. From Massachusetts. Tree hardy, slender, grayish yellow
tvood ; fruit, medium, roundish obovate. deep yellow, with russet dots
And patches ; stem stout ; calyx small ; flesh white, melting, juicy, " very
jjood.'' November, January.
Cushing.
American. Native of Hingham, Mass. Tree hardy, of slender diverg-
ing growth ; fruit medium, ovate obovate, light greenish yellow, small
gray dots, dull red cheek ; calyx small ; stem one inch long ; flesh white,
fine-grained, melting, sweet, " very good." September.
Dali, \s.
American. From New Haven, Conn. Fruit medium, roundish
obovate, dull yellow, mostly covered with red russet; stem medium,
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE.
361
calyx large, open ; core rather small ; flesh yellowish white, melting,
juicy, vinous, " very good." November.
De Louvain.
Toire de Louvain.
Foreign. Fruit large, obovate acute pyriform, dull greenish yellow,
rough russet dots and patches ; stem long, medium size, curved ; calyx
large; basin shallow ; core medium ; seeds blackish ; flesh greenish white,
crisp, juicy, astringent, valuable only for baking. January, March.
Des Nonnes.
Des Nones.
Foreign. New : fruit medium, turbinate, clear light yellow, many
small brown dots ; stem long, slender ; calyx small, closed ; basin shallow ;
flesh whitish, melting, juicy, sweet, perfumed, " very good," perhaps
" best." September. (Hort.)
Delices d'Hardenpont.
Delices d'Ardenpont. | Delice d'Hardenpont of Angers.
Foreign. Tree, har-
dy, moderate grower ;
shoots, upright, yellow-
ish brown, good bearer,
deserves more attention.
Fruit, medium, roundish,
pale yellow, with many
gray dots and russet in
sun ; stem, varying ; ca-
lyx, small, closed ; basin,
round, slightly uneven ;
core, medium ; seeds,
broad, ovate ; flesh, whit-
ish, buttery, melting, jui-
cy, almost " best." Oc-
tober.
Delices d'Hardenpont du Nord and Belgium.
Fondante Pariselle du Cornice Horticule, | Beurre Curtet of A. Leroy.
Foreign. Fruit, large, pyriform, yellow, gray spotted ; calyx, small ;
flesh, coarse, melting, sugary, " good." October. (Hov. Mag.)
16
362 THE PEAR.
Delices de Mons.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, pyriform, uneven surface ; stem, half inch
long ; calyx, small ; skin, yellowish green in shade, russet in sun, dotted
and spotted with gray ; flesh, yellowish, melting, juicy, perfumed, " very
good." September, October. (Ho v. Mag.)
Delices Charles Va.n Mons. •
Foreign. Fruit, large, medium pyriform ; skin, fine, lemon yellow, thinly
washed with russet, quite like the Golden Beurre, which it also resembles
in size and shape ; stalk, an inch and a quarter long, inserted without
depression ; calyx, small, open, and placed in a narrow and shallow basin ;
flesh, melting, vinous, juicy, and refreshing. Tested by us for the first
time, 20th September, 1853. Description by Thorp, Smith & Co., of
Syracuse.
Diller.
Probably a native of Pennsylvania ; new. Tree, moderately vigorous ;
wood, short-jointed, reddish brown, a regular and abundant bearer. Fruit,
medium, ovate obovate, angular, golden yellow, sprinkled, and in sun,
mostly covered with light cinnamon russet ; calyx, open ; basin, shallow ;
core, small ; seeds, long, black, pointed : flesh, yellowish white, buttery,
sugary, " very good," or "best." September. We saw this fruit at the
Am. Pom. Society meeting, 1852, and have no doubt it will eventually
take first class position. It must not be confounded with the Dillen, a
foreign variety.
Dillen.
Dillon, | Doyenne Dillen.
Foreign. This has been heretofore considered a synonym of Beurre
Diel ; it, however, proves distinct. Tree, not vigorous, branches erect,
diverging, grayish rough wood. Fruit large, obovate, obtuse pyriform,
greenish yellow, russet at stem ; stem, short ; calyx, small ; flesh, fine,
melting, tender, juicy, vinous. October, November. (Hov. Mag.)
De Sorlus.
Foreign. New. Tree, vigorous; branches, straight, erect, compact;
wood, yellowish, grayish, white dots, free bearer. Fruit large, turbinate ;
stem, one side, short, curved ; calyx, small, closed ; color, yellowish green,
gray russet, marbled most at stem ; flesh, white, melting, juicy. Octo-
ber, December. (Hov. Mag.)
Doyenne Rose.
Foreign. Fruit, above medium, oblong, ovate pyriform, yellow, blush
red cheek, patches and dots of russet ; stem, stout, set without depres-
sion ; calyx, with short, stiff segments ; core, small ; flesh, white, coarse,
juicy, "good." October.
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 363
Doyenne Robin.
Foreign. Fruit, rather large, bergamot-shaped, greenish, covered with
russet dots and splashes ; stern, usually very long and thick, deep, narrow-
cavity ; calyx, small, narrow, moderately deep basin ; seed, large, black ;
flesh, melting, somewhat granular; flavor, pleasant; quality, "very
good." September.
Doyenne Sieulle.
Beurre Sieulle, | Sieulle
Foreign. A variety requiring high culture ; does best on quince, under
garden culture. Fruit, above medium, roundish oblong, dull yellowish
green, with fine red cheek in sun, scattered russet specks ; stem, stout ;
calyx, open; core, large; flesh, white, melting, sugary, vinous, juicy,
" very good," sometimes "best." October, November.
Doyenne Santellete.
Sentilet.
Foreign. An old variety, little known. Tree, vigorous ; wood, stout,
yellowish. Fruit, above medium, roundish pyrifbrm, dull yellowish
green, traces, streaks and dots of russet, red in sun ; stem, long, slender ;
calyx, small, open ; flesh, yellowish white, vinous, melting, juicy, " very
good." October.
Doyenne Goubalt.
Chapen.
Foreign. Promises a valuable variety for orcharding, on pear roots.
Fruit, medium to large, obovate, acute pyriform ; surface, uneven, dull
pale yellow, with a few traces of russet ; stem, short, thick flesh next the
fruit ; calyx, small ; basin, deep ; core, small ; flesh, melting, juicy, sweet,
"very good." November to December.
Doyenne du Comice.
Doyenne du Comice of Angers.
Foreign. . Tree, vigorous, productive. Fruit, large, obtuse pyriform,
greenish yellow, russet specks, red around stem ; stem, short ; calyx,
open ; basin, deep ; core, large : flesh, yellowish white, m siting, juicy,
sugary, " very good." October, November.
Doyenne de Fais.
Foreign. Fruit, large, roundish ; skin, smooth, yellow, often with a fine
red cheek; stalk, stout, about one inch long, inserted in a deep cavity:
calyx, spreading, placed in a deep, narrow basin; flesh, white, fim (-grained,
very buttery, melting, juicy, rich, high-flavored and delicious. Tree, ro-
bust, and a great bearer. October. For the above description, we are
indebted to Messrs. Thorp, Smith & Co., of Syracuse.
864
THE PEAR.
j)uCHESS OF AngOULEME.
Duchesse d'Angouleme.
Foreign. A valuable variety for market, on the quince, and on the
quince only. High culture of this variety produces very large and " very
good" fruit, otherwise it is indifferent in size or character, ©ur drawing
is from a small specimen. Fruit, large, oblong, obovate pyriform, dull
greenish yellow, traced and dotted with russet; stem, rather long, stout ;
calyx, mediu. i, partly open ; basin, deep, uneven ; core, below medium ;
seeds, oblong pyriform ; flesh, white, buttery, juicy, " very good."
October.
The Striped Duchess d'Angouleme differs only in the fruit being striped,
yellow and green.
Duchesse of Orleans.
St. Nicholn*.
Beurre St. Nicholas.
Foreign. Troe moderately vigorous, upright, olive-colored wood, leaves
dark blue green, narrow. Thus far productive and healthy on quince;
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE.
365
one little tree, two years planted, this season yielded forty-three beauti-
ful specimens. Fruit, large, oblong, ovate pyriform, greenish, becoming
greenish yellow, with stripes and patches of dull thin russet, sometimes
red cheek in sun ; stem, variable, fleshy at base ; calyx, small, open ; short
segments; flesh, melting, juicy, "very good." October.
DUNMORE.
Foreign. A good grower and early bearer on pear roots, requires rich,
high culture ; shoots slender, erect, brownish slate color. Fruit, large
to very large, (our drawing made from an unripe specimen.) oblong obo-
vate, greenish, dotted and speckled with brownish red russet, patches of
rough russet near calyx ; when not fully ripe, dark green specks under-
366 THE PEAR.
neath the skin ; stem, rather long ; fleshy at base ; calyx, open ; segments,
much reflexed ; core, rather large ; flesh, yellowish white, buttery, melt-
ing, <l very good." September and October.
Duchesse of Mars.
Duchesse de Mars, | Captif de St. Helena.
Foreign. Fruit, below medium, oblong obovate, yellow, mostly covered
with russet, ruddy in sun ; stern, set without depression ; calyx, small,
closed; core and seeds small; flesh, melting, juicy, perfumed, "very
good," if not " best." October and November. This succeeds well, and
this fruit is best grown on quince.
Duchesse of Berei.
Duchesse de Bern, | Duchess of Berry.
Foreign. This name has sometimes been applied to the Duchess of
Angouleme, which is entirely distinct. Tree, moderately vigorous, spread-
ing, shoots reddish brown. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, clear pale
yellow, dotted with small russet specks; stem, short; calyx, small; seeds,
large ; flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, melting, juicy, sugary. Sep-
tember and October.
Dundas.
Foreign. Rather liable to drop before mature. Fruit, medium, obovate
ovate, yellow, greenish black dots, deep red cheek in sun ; stem, stout ;
calyx, small; flesh, yellowish, melting, perfumed, "very good." October
and November.
Early Sugar.
Amire Joannet,
Joannette,
St. John's Pear,
St. Jean.
Archduc d'Ete,
Sugar Pear,
Harvest Pear,
Foreign. Only valued for ripening very early. Fruit, small, pyriform,
light green to yellowish, faint blush; flesh, white, sugary, "good" if
eaten just in perfection, otherwise mealy. July.
Elizabeth. (Edwards'.)
American. From New-Haven, Ct. Fruit, medium, roundish, obtuse
pyriform, angular, lemon yellow, russet specks and patches ; stem, short ;
calyx, large, open ; core, large ; flesh, white, rather coarse, melting, juicy,
vinous, " very good," often '' best." October.
Elizabeth. (Manning's.)
Elizabeth Van Mons, | Van Mons No. 164.
Foreign. Received under number, and named by the late Mr. Man-
ning; young wood, reddish brown. Fruit, small, obovate rounded, lemon
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE.
367
yellow, red in sun, slight traces of russet ; calyx, small, open ; core, large ;
flesh, yellowish white, melting, sugary, juicy, "very good." Last August.
Early Butter of Cincinnati.
This is a variety which our Cincin-
nati pomologists seem unable to recog-
nize with any known description. We
have been unable to examine the fruit
in perfection, but some small specimens
received, from which our drawing was
made, induced a guess at Dearborn Seed-
ling. The original tree at Cincinnati is
said to have been probably brought from
New -Jersey. It is of upright growth,
short-jointed, yellowish brown wood,
forming a handsome symmetrical head.
Fruit small, oblong ovate, narrowing
most to the stem, light greenish yellow,
with dark green specks, rarely a bronzed
red in sun ; calyx, prominent ; seg-
ments, bold, reflexed ; core, compact ;
seeds, few, defective ; flesh, white, juicy,
buttery, "very good." Last July.
EcHASSERY.
Echasserie,
Bezi d' Echassie,
Bezi de Chasserie,
Jagdbirne.
Foreign. Poor grower. Fruit, medium, roundish oval, pale green, yel-
lowish, dotted with gray when ripe ; calyx, open ; flesh, melting, buttery,
sweet, "good." November and December.
Eyewood.
Foreign. Tree vigorous, branches very strong, stout, yellowish brown
with large white specks. Fruit, below medium, obovate, pale greenish
yellow, russet traces and specks ; stem, long, slender ; calyx, small, open ;
core, large ; flesh, white, rather coarse, melting, juicy, sub-acid, " very
good." October.
Figue of Naples.
Figue de Naples,
Fig Pear of Naples,
Comtesse de Frenol,
De Vigne Pelone.
Foreign. Grown by some under name of Beurre Bronze. Tree vig-
orous, productive, shoots upright, brown. Fruit, medium, oblong obo-
vate, pale greenish yellow, dull red in sun, russety ; calyx, small ; stem,
stout, fleshy knob at base ; flesh, juicy, pleasant, breaking, "good." Oct
368 THE PEAR.
FlGTJE.
Figue Vert.
Foreign. This is distinct from the preceding, and by some counted su-
perior ; tree vigorous, hardy, productive on either pear or quince ; fruit
medium, oblong pyriform, green, much overspread with yellow aud red
russet; stem stout, fleshily set upon the neck; calyx open, without divi-
sions ; core rather large ; flesh white, juicy, melting, slightly perfumed,
" very good." November.
FONDANTE DE ChaRNEUSE.
Foreign. New. Fruit large, obtuse pyriform, irregular, dull yellowish
green, dotted and clouded with russet ; stem stout ; calyx open ; flesh
melting, juicy, saccharine, sometimes astringent, " very poor* " Early
October. (Wilder, in Hort.)
FONDANTE DE MALINES.
Fondanle de Malines (Esperin).
Foreign. New. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit medium, roundish
obovate, pale yellow, traced and much covered with red russet and brown-
ish red, occasional spot of vermillion in sun ; stem long ; calyx small ;
core large; flesh white, buttery, melting, sweet, " very good." October.
Fondante Van Mons.
Foreign. Tree good grower and productive ; fruit medium, roundish
obovate, greenish yellow, marbled with red and some russet specks ; stem
stout, curved; calyx large, open ; core large ; flesh yellowish white, coarse,
melting, buttery, sweet, -'very good." October.
Forelle.
Trout Pear, | Poire Truite,
Forellenbirne.
Foreign. Deserves more attention than it has yet received ; tree vig-
orous, productive on quince or pear ; wood violet red, young shoot3
downy ; fruit medium, oblong obovate, dull yellow in shade, vermillion in
sun, grayish dots margined with crimson ; stein slender ; calyx partly open ;
core medium ; flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, melting, juicy, vinous,
"very good" or "best." October, November.
Frederick of Wurtemberg.
Frederick de Wurtemburg.
Foreign. Well known and extensively grown in this country ; tree
very early and productive bearer, young wood strong, yellowish brown ;
fruit decays rapidly at core, often worthless ere the grower thinks it ripe;
fruit large, angular pyriform, uneven surface, dull yellow, crimson check ;
stem stout, usually set on or thickening into the fruit ; calyx open : basin
shallow ; flesh white, juicy, melting, " good." September.
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 369
Fkkdrika Bremer.
Virgalieu, crroneouly, of some.
American. Prom Oneida county, New York, recently introduced by
J. C. Hastings, Esq. It is said to be an early and productive bearer,
which we are disposed to believe, as a graft, two years set this year,
produced fine specimens. Fruit above medium, roundish obovate, obtuse
pyriform, greenish, becoming pale yellow, with slight russet dots ; stem
one to one and a half inch long, rarely a cavity ; calyx open, short, erect
segments; basin rather deep, slight furrows ; core medium ; seeds black-
ish ; flesh white, a little coarse, melting, juicy, nearly " best," October,
November.
Gansel's Bergamot.
Broca's Bergamot, Bonne Rouge,
Ives' Bergamot, Guile's Beurre,
Staunton, | Biamant.
Foreign. An old variety, with few superiors when well grown It re-
quires a warm, rich soil ; on cold clay it is almost tasteless ; tree vigorous,
spreading, succeeds well on quince, productive ; fruit large, roundish obo-
vate, yellowish brown russet, red in sun, russet dots and patches ; stem
short ; cavity deep ; calyx open ; basin deep ; core large ; flesh yellowish
white, coarse, melting, juicy, " very good," or " best." October.
Gansel's late Bergamot.
Foreign. A new variety recently introduced, very much resembling
the preceding, except its period of maturity being extended into De-
cember. It is also said to have less color in sun, and the flesh entirely
free from granulations. Tree vigorous and productive on the pear root.
Gideon Paridante.
Foreign. Fruited with us this year for first time. Fruit medium,
obovate pyriform, yellowish green, with brown red cheek in sun, and
marbled red russet over surface ; stem one and a half inch long, angularly
planted with a lip one side ; calyx open, narrow segments ; basin shallow ;
core medium; flesh white, melting, sugary, "very good," nearly "best."
Last September and October.
Grand Soleil.
Foreign. Tree vigorous, erect, well-formed, productive ; fruit medium,
roundish, orange yellow, with a russety red blush, few russet specks ;
stem medium, swollen at base ; calyx small, closed ; core large ; seeds
obovate; flesh yellowish white, little coarse, buttery, melting, sugary,
aromatic, " very good," nearly " best." November.
Green Mountain Boy.
American. Fruit medium or above, roundish obovate, sometimes an-
gular pyriform ; stem varying ; calyx open, reflexed segments ; golden
yellow or russety yellow, with numerous russety brown specks ; core
16*
370 THE PEAR.
rather large ; seeds long, flattened ; flesh yellowish, melting, juicy, sweet,
" very good." October.
Hacon's Incomparable.
Downham Seedling.
Foreign. A hardy, productive variety; spreading, rather drooping
branches ; deserves more attention than yet received ; young shoots
slender, olive color, diverging ; fruit rather large, roundish, obtuse
pyriform, dull yellowish green and pale brown, with many russet streaks
and dots ; stem rather long, straight ; calyx with small divisions ; basin
shallow ; flesh white, buttery, melting, sugary, juicy, nearly if not quite
" best." October, November.
Hagerman.
American. From Flushing, L. I. Fruit small, roundish, yellow, over-
spread with thin golden russet, red cheek in sun ; stem short, stout ;
calyx open, segments reflexed ; basin shallow ; core small ; seeds broad
ovate; flesh juicy, sprightly, pleasant, " very good." September.
Hanover.
From Hanover Furnace, New Jersey. In size it is usually rather
small, round obovate, green, with dull green russet markings, and a
brown cheek; stem one inch, shallow cavity, usually angular ; calyx open,
plaited, sometimes furrowed, irregular basin ; seeds large, plump, acumi-
nate ; flesh greenish yellow, melting, juicy, pleasant, " good." (W. D. B.)
Hanners.
Hamus.
Origin uncertain : has generally been considered a synonym of Cushing,
but proves distinct ; Mr. C. M. Hovey first pointed out the error. Shoots
upright, brownish yellow ; fruit medium, oblong, rounded at crown,
obtuse at stem, yellowish green to pale yellow, with large pale russet
patches and dots ; stem stout, swollen at base ; calyx small, open ; core
large ; flesh white, melting, juicy, vinous, " very good." September.
Harvard.
Boston Epargne, | Cambridge Sugar Pear.
American. Native of Cambridge, Mass. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright,
productive. Fruit medium, oblong pyriform, russety olive yellow, reddish
cheek ; stem rather stout, not sunk ; calyx small ; basin narrow ; seeds
long, obovate; flesh white, juicy, "very good," liable to decay at core.
September.
Henrietta.
Edwards' Henrietta
American. Native of New Haven, Conn. Tree vigorous, hardy, pro-
ductive Fruit medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, dull yellow crimson
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 371
spots in sun, russet at base of atem ; calyx closed ; basin furrowed ; core
large; flesh white, rather coarse, melting, juicy, "good." Last August.
Haddington.
Smith's Haddington.
American. From seed of Pound pear, grown by J. B. Smith, Esq., at
Haddington, Pa. Tree vigorous, productive ; fruit above medium, oblong,
obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, brownish cheek, and russet dots and
patches ; stem medium, cavity shallow ; calyx medium ; segments short,
erect ; core medium ; seeds long, ovate ; flesh yellowish, juicy, aromatic,
" very good." January to April.
Henkel.
Foreign. Tree fine grower, young shoots grayish brown ; an early,
very productive bearer on pear roots, valuable for orcharding. Fruit
large, obovate, somewhat obtuse pyriform, dull yellow, patches of russet
and green specks ; stem long, curved ; calyx open ; segments short ; ba-
sin uneven ; core medium ; flesh yellowish white, rather coarse, juicy
vinous, " very good." Early September.
372 THE PEAR.
Henry the Fourth.
Henri Quatre, | Jaequin.
Foreign. Tree hardy, good bearer, young shoots diverging, yellowish
brown. Fruit small, roundish pyriform, greenish yellow, with small gray
dots; stem long, slender, swollen at base; calyx small; flesh whitish,
rather coarse, juicy, " good. Early September.
Hericart.
Foreign. Fruit large, obtuse pyriform, light pale greenish yellow,
russet dots and patches; stem long, slender; calyx small; segments re-
flexed ; core small ; seeds long ; flesh rather coarse, breaking, juicy, very
sweet, ': very good." Early September. Some specimens we have had
of this proved almost best ; we think it improves with age of trees.
HoSEN— Sc HENCK.
Schenck's Pear, I Schenck's August Watermelon,
Smokehouse.
American. From Pennsylvania. Xew. Fruit large, obovate, yellow,
melting, not high flavor. Last of August.
Howell.
American. Native of New Haven, Conn., recently introduced to no-
tice. Fruit, large, obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, small russet dots, faint
red blush in sun ; stem, often curved, without depression ; calyx, open ;
basin, irregular ; flesh, melting, juicy, slightly acidulous, delicate aroma.
October. (Wilder, in Hort.)
Hull.
American. Native of Somerset, Mass. Tree, vigorous, upright ; wood,
reddish brown. Fruit, medium, obovate, yellowish green, dull red. and
russet; stem, long; calyx, half open ; core, large; flesh, white, rathet
coarse, gritty at core, juicy, "good." October.
Inconnue Van Mons.
Foreign. Best on quince. Fruit, medium, oblong pyriform, dull, pale
gteen, traces and dots of russet; stem, long, slender; calyx, open ; basin,
deep ; flesh, melting, buttery, " very good." December to February.
(Wilder, in Hort.)
Jamjnette.
Josephine, Sabine,
Colmar Jaminette, J'Austrasie,
Beurre d'Austrasie.
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, .not an early bearer. Fruit, above medium
obovate, obtuse pyriform, green, with russety brown dots and patches ;
stem, stout ; calyx, open ; flesh, white, rather gritty at core, juicy, sweet,
" good." November, December.
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 373
Jargonelle.
Epargnc,
Grosse Cuisse Madame*,
Beau Present,
Poire de Tables des Princes,
Sainl Sampson,
Saint Lambert,
Sweet Summer,
Real Jargonelle,
Jargonelle of the English.
Foreign. An old variety, abundant bearer, now surpassed, for all ex-
cept large collections, by more recently originated sorts. Fruit, large,
long, ovate pyriform, greenish yellow, little brown in sun ; stem, long ;
calyx, open, prominent; flesh, yellowish, coarse, juicy, "good," often
" very good." August.
Jean de Witte.
Nos. 1482, 1082, and 1602 of Van Mons.
Foreign. Tree, moderate growth, short-jointed wood, upright. Fruit,
medium or above, obovate, narrowing to the stem, pale yellow, little rus-
set ; flesh, melting, juicy, vinous, slightly sub-acid, " very good." No-
vember to January.
Jersey Gratioli.
Foreign. Tree, moderately vigorous, abundant bearer, succeeds on
quince ; wood, stout, short-jointed. Fruit, large, roundish, oblong obo-
vate, slightly angular, greenish yellow, blush in sun, russet specks, and
also at base of stem and crown ; stem, stout, obliquely inserted ; calyx,
open, saort segments; core, medium ; flesh, yellowish white, little coarse,
melti ..g, juicy, vinous. September, October. (Hov. Mag.)
Johonnot.
Franklin.
American. Native of Salem, Mass. Tree moderate, healthy grower,
upright, spreading ; wood dark reddish brown, suited to orcharding in our
western, rich soils, productive. Fruit below medium, roundish obovate,
angular, greenish yellow, dull russet ; stem stout, fleshy at base ; calyx
large, open ; core large ; seeds small ; flesh white, rather coarse, melting,
juicy, vinous, almost "best." September.
Josephine de Malines.
Foreign. Not an early bearer or a good grower, best on pear. Fruit
medium, roundish obovate, yellow blush in sun, traces and specks of rus-
set ; calyx open ; core large ; flesh yellowish white, melting, fine, juicy,
vinous, " very good." December, January.
Julienne.
Origin uncertain. Tree thrifty, upright, light yellowish brown shoots,
productive, and in warm, rich, sandy soils, often very fine ; in cold clay it
is inferior, best on quince. Fruit below medium, roundish, oblong obo-
vate, clear bright yellow, with a little of fine russet marblings and patches ;
stem rather stout ; calyx small, closed ; core compact ; seeds blackish ;
flesh white, rather coarse, half buttery, sweet, "very good.'* August.
374 THE PEAR.
KlNGSESSING.
Leech's Kingsessing.
American. Native of Kingsessing township, near Philadelphia. Tree
upright, vigorous, somewhat thorny, young shoots yellowish green or
brownish olive, gray dots. This, when better known, will, we think, take
position in first class. It is, however, not a very early bearer, and on quince,
requires double working. Fruit large, or above medium, obovate, some-
times obtuse pyriform, sea-green, with patches of dark green ; stem stout,
fleshy at base ; calyx small ; basin shallow ; flesh buttery, delicate, " best."
Last August.
Knight's Monarch.
Foreign. A variety requiring very high culture ; wood light olive
color. Fruit large, obovate oblong, yellowish brown, tinged with red,
dotted with gray; stem short; calyx open; flesh yellowish white, melt-
ing, juicy. January.
King Edward's.
Jackman's Melting.
Foreign. Tree thrifty, shoots upright, dark brown. Fruit large, pyri-
form, yellow, with patches of dull russet, red cheek in sun ; stem short ;
calyx small ; flesh yellowish, buttery, melting, variable, " good." October.
Las Canas.
Foreign. Tree upright, vigorous, early, good bearer. Fruit medium,
or below, pyriform, pale yellow, partly covered with thin russet ; seeds
black ; flesh juicy, sweet, nearly " best." October.
La Juive.
Foreign. Tree vigorous, branches upright. Fruit above medium, pyr-
iform, yellow, with gray specks; stem short; flesh yellowish, buttery,
juicy. October. (Hov. Mag.)
Lamoriciere.
General Lamoriciere.
Foreign. Fruit medium, pyriform, gray, with green dots ; stem stout ;
calyx large, closed; flesh greenish white, melting, buttery, juicy. Last
September. (Hov. Mag.)
Laherard.
Foreign. Fruit above medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, lemon yellow,
brownish red cheek in sun ; calyx closed ; stem stout; flesh white, melt-
ing, juicy, pleasant, sub-acid, "very good." October. Succeeds on quince.
(Wilder, in Hort.)
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE.
Lewis.
37-
Native of Roxbury, Mass. It is a hardy tree, vigorous, spreading,
rather drooping as it grows old, always bears, and fruit always regular
and even in size. If well ripened, it is a fine, delicious fruit, otherwise
not more than second quality. It is profitable as a standard orchard va-
riety, but requires rich deep soil, or its immense crops exhaust too rap-
idly, causing the fruit to be quite small and insipid. Fruit, below medium,
roundish obovate, obtuse at stem ; color, dark, becoming pale green with
many russet specks ; stem, long, slender, shallow depression ; calyx,
large ; segments, broad in divisions ; basin, almost obscure ; core, above
medium for size of fruit; seeds, large, ovate; flesh, yellowish white,
rather coarse, melting, juicy. Season, November to February.
Lee's Seedling.
American. Native of Salem, Mass. Fruit, medium, roundish oval
greenish russet, brown in sun ; stem, short ; calyx, open ; core, large
flesh, white, coarse, juicy, " good." September.
376
THE PEAR.
Locke.
Locke's New Beurre.
American. From West Cambridge, Mass. Fruit, medium, roundish
obovate, yellowish green, spotted with shades of darker green and russet ;
stem, medium ; calyx, small, half closed ; flesh, greenish white, juicy,
vinous, "good.'' November and December.
Lodge.
American. From vicinity of Philadelphia. Eequires rich, wan>
sandy soil, when it is one of the best ; on cold clay it is hardly " very
good." Fruit, medium, or above, sometimes large, varying in form, (see
our engraving;) when fully mature, yellowish, with rich golden russet,
and patches of dull russet; calyx, with short, half reflexed segments;
core, medium ; seeds, blackish ; flesh, whitish, a little gritty at core, juicy,
melting, "very good." September and October.
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 377
LraoN.
Foreign. This promises to take a first- class rank. Tree, moderately
vigorous, shoots long, slender, reddish brown. Fruit, above medium, ob-
ovate roundish, yellow, with faint red cheek; stem, rather short; basin,
shallow ; flesh, white, melting, juicy, nearly " best." August.
Marie Louise.
Forme de Marie Louise, Princess de Parme,
Marie Chretienne, Braddick's Field Marshal,
Maria.
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, rather straggling, or diverging and drooping,
with olive gray colored shoots ; requires rich, warm, sandy soil, otherwise
it is only a " good" pear. It is hardy and productive. Fruit, large, ob-
long pyriform, dull green, becoming pale yellow, with marblings, dots,
and patches of russet, and russet at crown and base of stem ; stem, me-
dium, obliquely set in a slight cavity, or with a raised lip on one side ;
calyx, open, irregularly formed ; segments, connected ; core, small; seeds,
broad, ovate ; flesh, white, buttery, melting, juicy, vinous, " very good."
Last of September and October.
March Bergamotte.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, obovate, greenish yellow; flesh, buttery,
gritty at core, " good." March.
Martin Sec.
Roussellet d'Hiver.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, or below, obovate, angular, yellow, with
small specks, dull brownish red one side; stem, long, slender; calyx, in
an abrupt furrowed basin ; flesh, yellowish, half melting, juicy, " good."
December.
Merriam.
American. From Roxbury, Mass. Tree, thrifty, productive, supposed
a seedling from Gray Doyenne. Fruit, large, roundish, dull yellow, much
covered with smooth pale russet; stem, short; calyx, small, closed;
flesh, yellowish white, coarse, juicy, sugary; core, large; seeds, dark
brown. Last of September. (Hov. Mag.)
Marechal de la Cour.
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, branches long, thornj- at ends, early bearer.
Fruit, large, oblong pyriform, or ovate, yellowish green, vermillion in sun;
stem, crooked, inserted with a lip one side ; calyx, large, open ; flesh,
white, fine, melting, juicy, vinous. October. (Hov. Mag.)
McLaughlin.
Origin unknown ; probably an American seedling. Tree, moderate,
healthy grower, productive. Fruit, above medium, oblong, obtuse pyri-
378 THE PEAR.
form, pale yellow, with brownish red in sun ; stem, short, swollen at
junction with tree ; calyx, open ; core, medium ; flesh, yellowish white,
a little coarse, juicy, " very good." November and December^
Millot de Nancy.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, with patches
and traces of russet; flesh, melting, juicy, sugary, "good." January.
(Wilder, in Hort.)
Moccas.
Foreign. Tree, very vigorous, rapid growth, and productive.
Fruit, medium, obovate roundish, greenish yellow, brown cheek in sun,
and a few russet dots ; stem, long, curved ; calyx, partly open ; flesh,
yellowish, melting, juicy, "very good." December.
Muscadine.
American. From near Newburgh, N. Y. We have had trees six
years, but they have not fruited. We condense from Mr. Downing's de-
scription : Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, pale yellowish green, with
brown dots ; stem, an inch long ; calyx, with reflexed segments ; basin,
shallow ; flesh, white, buttery, melting, musky. Last August, first Sep-
tember. Shoots, stout, dark gray brown.
Napoleon.
Medaille, | Roi de Rome.
Foreign. Tree, vigorous, upright grower, olive-colored shoots, fruit
largest and finest on quince, very productive. Fruit, large, obtuse to ob-
ovate, and rounded pyriform, greenish yellow, smooth; stem, varying,
usually stout; calyx, medium, open; flesh, white, tender, juicy, "good."
October. Valuable as a market sort on quince. Rivers says the Napo-
leon d'Hiver is not sufficiently distinct to be retained.
Orange Bergamotte.
Orange Pear.
Foreign. An old variety, great bearer, valuable only for cooking.
Fruit, above medium, pyriform, yellow, russet in sun; flesh, yellowish,
sprightly, astringent. September and October.
Oakxey Park.
Oakley Park Bergamot.
Foreign. Fruit, medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, with rus-
set; calyx, partly open; stem, slender; flesh, buttery, melting, "good."
October.
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE.
379
OUDINOT.
Beurre Oudinot.
Foreign. Fruit large, pyriform, yellowish green, with brownish cheek ;
stem curved ; calyx medium ; basin shallow ; flesh fine, juicy, " very
good." September.
Osborn.
American. From Economy, la., introduced first to notice by A. H.
Ernst, Esq., of Cincinnati. Fruit small, ovate pyriform, greenish yellow ;
stem about one inch long, set with two or more fleshy ridges at base ;
flesh white, tender, juicy, sweet, a little astringent, " good." Early
August.
Osband's Summer.
Osband's Favorite, | Summer Virgalieu of same.
American. Native of Wayne Co., N. Y. Fruit below medium, ovate,
obovate pyriform, clear yellow, small green dots, and rarely a slight red
cheek in sun ; skin rather thick ; stem medium, inserted in a shallow, un-
even cavity ; calyx with open, long straggling segments ; flesh yellowish
white, rather coarse-grained, juicy, " good." Early September.
Ott.
American. Native 01
Montgomery Co., Pa.
This is by many Eastern
pomologists classed as
"best:" specimens we
have had from Prof.
Kirtland have not mer-
ited more than to be
classed " very good."
Fruit small, roundish,
greenish yellow, with
little russet, and rarely
faint red cheek in sun;
stem medium, a little
curved ; calyx rather
large, open, reflexed ;
core below medium ;
seeds blackish ; flesh
yellowish, melting,
juicy, slightly aromatic.
August.
380 THE PEAR
Oswego.
Oswego Beurre, | Reed's Seedling.
American. Native of Oswego, N. Y. Tree vigorous, hardy, succeeds
well thus far, and an early bearer on quince or pear roots; fruit medium,
ovate obovate or obovate rounded, dull yellowish green, with marblings
and patches of russet ; stem short, stout, cavity rather deep ; calyx
medium, closed ; core small; flesh melting, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly, '; very
good." October.
Paul Thielen.
Foreign. Fruit medium, roundish obovate, yellow, with dull red cheek ;
stem long, obliquely set; calyx open, segments short, upright; flesh
rather coarse, juicy, " good." October.
Passe Colmar.
Passe Colmar Epineaux,
Colmar Gris,
Passe Colmar Gris,
Beurre Colmar Gris, dit Pr^cel,
Precel,
Fondante de Panisel.
Fondante de lions,
Beurre d'Argenson,
Regintin,
Chapman's,
Colmar Hardenpont,
Present de llalines,
Marotte Sucree Jaune,
Souverain,
Colmar Souverain,
Gambier,
Cellite,
Colmar Preule,
Colmar Doree,
Colmar Van Mons,
'Hiver.
Foreign. Tree vigorous, with long, straggling, half-drooping shoots of a
lively brownish yellow ; with high culture, severe thinning, and great care,
it is a first-class sort ; with common ordinary care, it is worthless. Fruit
medium to large, oblong obovate, obtuse pyriform. yellowish green, dull
yellow when fully mature, with some russet ; stem a little more than
medium length, set with slight depression; calyx partly open, basin
shallow; flesh yellowish white, buttery, sweet, aromatic. November,
January.
Petre.
American. Originated in the old Bartram Botanic Garden, near Phila-
delphia, Pa. Tree moderate grower, with slender yellowish brown shoots,
abundant bearer; fruit medium to large, oblong, obovate pyriform, pale
yellow, with russet patches ; stem rather stout, largest at base, cavity
abrupt ; calyx medium ; basin narrow ; flesh whitish, fine, melting,
buttery, perfumed, juicy, nearly "best." October. The "Bezi de la
Motte" has been disseminated for this variety, somewhat, through the
West.
Pengethley.
Foreign. Tree vigorous ; fruit medium, obovate, yellowish brown,
russeted ; stem medium ; calyx small, partly open ; flesh yellowish,
juicy, " good." February, March.
Pennsylvania.
American. From Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, hardy, and moderately
productive ; fruit large, obovate pyriform, surface irregular, yellowish
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 381
green, brownish russet, marbled ; stem stout, calyx small, half closed ;
core small ; flesh yellowish, rather coarse, breaking, juicy, " good."
October.
Pendleton.
Pendleton's Early York Pear.
American. From Connecticut. Young wood, dark olive ; fruit rather
large, obovate, obtuse pyriform. pale greenish yellow, russet specks ; stem
curved; calyx open; flesh white, tender, sweet, "good." Last July.
(Hov. Mag.)
Plombgastel.
Pusnas, Plougastel,
Plumbgartel, | Jergils?
Foreign. Tree vigorous, upright, succeeds on quince ; fruit above
medium to large, ovate pyriform, greenish yellow, red in sun, dull russet
specks ; stem stout ; calyx large, open, segments reflexed ; core large ;
flesh white, half melting, juicy, " good," or perhaps " very good." Sep-
tember, October.
Poire d-'Albret.
Foreign. Tree vigorous, dark wood, good bearer ; fruit medium,
pyramidal, angular, dark russet, bronzed in sun ; stem stout, curved, swollen
at base ; calyx partly open ; core small ; flesh greenish white, coarse,
melting, juicy. October. (Hov. Mag.)
Pratt.
American. Native of Rhode Island. Tree vigorous, upright growth,
productive on pear ; fruit above medium, obovate pyriform, greenish
yellow, with gray and russet dots and specks ; stem slender ; calyx open ;
flesh white, fine-grained, melting, juicy, sugary, " best." September.
Poire d'Abondance.
D'Abondance.
Foreign. Fruit above medium, oblong pyriform, pale yellow, with rus-
t dots, red in sun ; flesh melting, juicy, " very good." October.
Pulsifer.
American. Native of Illinois. Tree upright, vigorous ; shoots dark
jlive, early and productive bearer. Fruit below medium, pyriform ob-
tuse, dull yellow, with traces of russet ; stem short ; calyx small, open ;
flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet, " very good." Early August.
Princess Royal.
Groom's Princess Royal.
Foreign. Tree hardy, vigorous, not an early bearer. Fruit medium,
obovate, dull pale green, dotted with russet ; stem set in shallow cavity ;
•
382 THE PEAR.
calyx open ; segments short ; core large ; flesh yellowish, rather coai se,
melting, juicy, "good." January, February.
Queen of the Low Countries.
Reine des Pays Bas.
Foreign. We have often examined this sort, but have been unable as
yet to fruit it in six years that we have had the variety. We condense
our description from Downing : Fruit large, obovate, acute pyriform, dull
yellow, dotted and russeted, dark red in. sun ; stem one and a half inch
long, curved ; calyx small ; basin deep ; flesh white, buttery, melting,
juicy, vinous, sub-acid. Early October.
Rallay.
We received specimens (from which we take our description) of this
pear from Messrs. Ellwanger & Barry. It is we believe, an old variety,
but we had never before seen it. Fruit small to medium, globular, acute
pyriform, skin rough, dull yellow, dull reddish cheek, over the whole spots
of russet; stem slender, obliquely set without depression; calyx with
crumpled segments ; core large ; flesh yellowish white, breaking, juicy,
gritty at core, " good." November, December.
Rapalje.
Rapalje Seedling.
American. Described by Dr. A. H. Stevens of New York, in the Hor-
ticulturist, from which we extract, having never seen the fruit. Fruit
medium, brownish yellow or russet, oblong pyriform ; stem long ; calyx
in a slight hollow ; flesh buttery, like White Doyenne. Early September.
Ropes.
American. Its name from that of the gentleman in whose garden it
originated, at Salem, Mass. Fruit small, oblong obovate, brownish rus-
set, tinged with red in sun ; stem short, rather stout ; calyx small, open ;
core small; flesh yellowish, rather coarse, melting, "good." October."
Ross.
Foreign. Tree vigorous. Fruit medium, obovate, yellowish green and
russet; stem short; calyx open; flesh yellowish, rather gritty, sweet,
juicy, " good." January.
RoNDELET.
Foreign. Tree upright, thrifty, good bearer, suited to orcharding.
Fruit small, obovate, yellow, dotted with russet, red in sun ; stem slender;
calyx erect, long segments ; core medium ; flesh yellowish white, buttery,
juicy, sugary, aromatic, nearly " best." October.
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 883
Rousselet Double Esperin.
Foreign. Fruit above medium, obovate acute pyriform, irjll greenish
yellow, covered with cinnamon russet; stem long, stout, fleshy at base;
calyx open ; basin deep, furrowed ; flesh white, melting, sprightly, " very
good." October. (Wilder, in Hort.)
Rosabirne.
Foreign. Fruit medium, obovate, acute pyriform, angular, surface un-
even, russet on dull greenish yellow ; stem fleshy at base ; flesh white,
melting, juicy, brisk, sub-acid, " very good," may be "best." October.
(Wilder, in Hort.)
Sheldon. ,
American. Native of Western Central New York. Tree vigorous, erect,
hardy, good bearer on pear, young shoots short-jointed, light yellowish.
Fruit medium or above, roundish, a little angular, sometimes obovate,
pale greenish russet, light red or bronzed in sun, little specked with dark
russet ; stem short, rather stout, slightly curved ; calyx medium, open,
broad short segments ; core rather large ; seeds dark brown ; flesh a little
coarse, and gritty at core, otherwise melting, juicy, sugary, sprightly,
aromatic, nearly " best." October.
Skinless.
Sanspeau, | Poire Sans Peau,
Fleur de Guignes.
Foreign. An old variety, that on rich, deep, strong, clayey soils is
productive and "very good." Fruit small, oblong pyriform, pale greenish
yellow, light red specks in sun ; stem long, slender ; calyx closed ; flesh
white, juicy. Early August.
SlGNORET.
Sagaret.
Foreign. Fruit medium or below, roundish obovate, greenish yellow,
russet specks; calyx open; flesh coarse, breaking, hardly " good." No-
vember.
Serrurier.
Serrurier d'Automne.
Foreign. Fruit medium, oblong obovate, yellow, with russet specka
and blotches ; stem in a deep cavity ; basin shallow ; flesh melting, juicy,
" good." October.
St. Mesmin.
Foreign. Fruit large, oblong ovate, yellowish green ; stem without
depression ; calyx half open ; flesh juicy, " good," perhaps may be " very
good." October.
384 THE PEAR.
Shurtleff.
Shurtleff's Seedling.
American. Native of Boston. Tree vigorous, good bearer. Fruit
medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, russeted at stem, dotted with
russet specks, dark red cheek iu snn ; stem rather long, swollen at base ;
calyx large, open ; core large ; flesh white, coarse, melting, juicy, gritty
at core. September. (Hov. Mag.)
SoUVERAINE D'EtE.
Foreign. Fruit medium, roundish obovate, lemon yellow, traced and
dotted with russet, bright red cheek in sun ; calyx open ; stem short
flesh melting, tender, juicy, "very good." August. '
Sterling.
American. Native of Western New- York. Tree thrifty, upright
growth, early bearer. Fruit large, roundish obovate, pale yellow, shaded
with red in sun, russet at base of stem ; stem long ; calyx open ; core
large; flesh white, coarse, half melting, juicy, "very good." Early Sep-
tember.
St. Michael Archange.
Foreign. Fruit medium, oblong, ovate pyriform, yellowish gray and
green spotted ; flesh greenish white, melting, buttery, " very good."
Last September. (Hov. Mag.)
St. Jean Baptiste.
Foreign. Tree moderate grower, stout, short-jointed shoots. Fruit
large, oblong, obovate pyriform, pale greenish yellow, with dark specks ;
stem short, curved, swollen at base ; flesh white, melting, buttery, vinous.
October. (Hov. Mag.)
Styer.
Origin unknown. Fruit medium, roundish, green, becoming yellow,
with russet dots and tracings; stem varying; cavity shallow; calyx
imperfect, basin narrow, abrupt, deep ; core medium ; flesh yellowish white,
a little gritty at core, buttery, juicy, perfumed, "best." September.
Summer Fra.nc Real.
Franc Real d'Ete, | Gros Micet d'Ete,
Fondante.
Foreign. Tree thrifty, hardy, good bearer, rarely more than " good" on
pear roots, sometimes nearly " best" on quince. Fruit medium, obovate,
obtuse pyriform, dull green, becoming yellowish green, with brownish
green dots ; stem short, thick ; calyx medium, long segments, furrowed
basin, large core; flesh white, not fine-grained: buttery, juicy, sweet.
September.
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 886
SuZKTTE DE BaVAY.
Suzette de Bavay (Esperen) .
Foreign. Tree vigorous, shoots light greenish brown. Fruit medium,
obovate pyriform, dull yellow and russet; flesh melting, juicy, "very
good." February and March.
Summer Portugal.
Passans du Portugal.
Foreign. Tree upright growth, shoots reddish brown. Fruit below
medium, roundish obovate, pale yellow, brownish red in sun ; stem one
inch; calyx erect; flesh white, juicy, breaking, "very good." Last of
August.
Tea.
American. Native of New-Haven Co., Ct. Fruit below medium,
roundish oval, clear rich yellow, blush in sun ; calyx with short open seg-
ments, even with surface ; core small ; flesh whitish, melting, juicy, " very
good," nearly " best." Last September.
Theodore.
Theodore Van Mons.
Foreign. Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, yellow, with russet spots ;
stem long, little or no depression ; calyx large, open ; broad segments ;
flesh whitish, melting, " very good" on quince. November.
Triomphe de Jodoigne.
Foreign. Tree very strong, vigorous grower, not an early bearer.
Fruit large to very large, obovate, obtuse pyriform, greenish, with traces
and faint spots of russet ; flesh melting, juicy, sub- acid, "good." No-
vember.
Upper Crust.
American. Native of South Carolina. Tree healthy, moderate grower,
branches slender, forming a pyriform head. Fruit size and shape of Dear-
born Seedling, green, with distinct irregular russet blotches; flesh buttery,
melting, " very good," if not " best." July. (Wm. Sumner, in Hort.)
VlCOMPTE DE SPOELBERCH.
Despoilberg, Bezi de Spoelberch,
Vicompte de Spoelberg.
Foreign. Tree moderately vigorous, branches upright, yellowish brown,
with whitish gray specks. Fruit large, obovate, obtuse pyriform, pale
yellow, when mature, little red in sun, and russet patches and specks;
stem long, stout, fleshy at base ; calyx medium ; segments short, erect ;
core medium; flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, melting, juicy, sugary,
"best." December. New, comparatively ; deserves trial.
17
386 THE PEAR.
Vesouziere.
Foreign. Tree vigorous, succeeds on quince. Fruit medium, roundish
obovate, lemon yellow, dotted with red in sun ; stem long ; cavity open ;
calyx medium, open; basin shallow; core large; flesh yellowish white,
rather coarse, juicy, sweet, 'good." November
Walker.
Fruit large, oblong pyriform, lemon yellow, marbled with light sea-
green ; stem curved, fleshy at base ; calyx open ; long segments ; basin
shallow; flesh coarse, crisp, juicy, "good." September.
Westcott.
American. Native of Cranston, R. I. Fruit medium, roundish obo-
vate, pale green to light orange yellow, dots and blotches of russet; stem
slender, fleshy at base ; calyx large, open ; basin plaited ; flesh white,
juicy, melting, sugary, " good." September.
Wilbur.
American. Native of Somerset, Mass. Tree a moderate grower, with
reddish brown shoots, productive and hardy. Fruit medium, oval obo-
vate, dull yellowish green, much russet ; stem medium ; calyx open ;
core large; flesh whitish, rather coarse, a little variable, juicy, " good."
September.
WlNSHIP.
Wmship's Seedling.
American. Native of Brighton, Mass. Tree vigorous, wood yellowish,
early and productive bearer. Fruit medium, ovate pyriform, pale yellow,
traces of russet, blush in sun ; stem long, slender, curved ; calyx closed ;
core large ; flesh white, melting, juicy, sugary, " good." August.
Williams Early.
American. Native of Roxbury, Mass. Tree moderate grower, reddish
brown wood. Fruit below medium, ovate obovate, light yellow, red
cheek, little russet at base of stem, and a few greenish specks ; stem me-
dium, a little fleshy at base ; calyx l&rge, open ; core large ; flesh yellow-
ish white, coarse, juicy, sweet, <L very good." September.
Williamson.
American. From the south side of Long Island. Fruit medium, obo-
vate rounded, obtuse at stem, yellow, with russet dots and specks, and
russet at stem and crown ; stem short, stout, narrow, irregular cavity ;
calyx none : basin deep, narrow, russeted ; seeds small, flattened ; flesh
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 387
yellowish white, fine-grained, juicy, sugary, vinous, "very good," if not
" best." October.
WlLHELMIXE.
Wilhelmiiiii.
Foreign. Fruit medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, gray
specks, faint red in sun; stem rather long ; calyx large, open; flesh yel-
lowish white, buttery, sugary, juicy, " good." February.
Wharton's Early.
Origin unknown. This variety we found growing in the grounds of Prof.
Kirtland, who received grafts from the south centre of Ohio, under this name.
We at first thought it Catinka, but it ripens too soon. Tree a vigorous,
strong grower, wood yellowish brown, large foliage. Fruit above me-
388 THE PEAR.
dium, oblong, obovate pyriform, yellowish green, with minute russet dots,
suffused at base with sea-green, occasionally a russet trace ; stem long,
slender ; cavity slight ; calyx open ; segments short, rounded ; core me-
dium ; seeds ovate ; flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet, nearly " best.''
Middle to last August.
WlEDOW.
Wredow.
Foreign. Fruit medium, oblong obovate, acute pyriform, greenish yel-
low ; stem medium, obliquely planted with lip one side; calyx small;
flesh white, juicy, vinous, perfumed, " very good." October.
Wilkinson.
American. From Cumberland, R. f. Tree thrifty, hardy, productive,
" good" in its own locality, elsewhere poor. Fruit medium, oval obovate,
yellow, with brown dots and specks; stem rather long and stout; calyx
small, open ; flesh white, juicy, sweet. October to December.
Zepherine Gregoire.
Foreign. Fruit globular, acute pyriform ; stem fleshy ; color dull green,
thin covering of russet, brownish red cheek; flesh very melting, tender,
juicy, " very good." November. (Wilder, in Hort.)
CLASS III. Unworthy farther cultivation.
Admiral.
Amiral, | Colmar Charnay.
Foreign. Large, roundish pyriform, greenish yellow ; flesh coarse, juicy
October.
Adams. ■
American. Small, roundish obovate, yellow russet ; flesh coarse. October
Angleterre.
English Beurre, | Beurre d'Angleterre.
Foreign. Medium, pyriform, green and russet ; flesh white. September.
Ambrosia.
Early Beurre.
Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, rusaeted. August.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION.
Angleterre Noisette.
Foreign. Large, roundish, dark green. September.
Ambrette.
f
389
Tilton, r Ambrette d'Hiver,
Arabre Gris, Belle Gabriel,
Trompe Valet.
Foreign. Small, roundish, long stem, green, russeted. November, January.
This is classed by some as identical with Echassery : we think them different.
Amande Double.
Amanda's Double.
Foreign. Medium, pyriform, yellow and red. September.
Aston Town.
Foreign. Small, roundish, greenish yellow. October.
Autumn Colmar.
Foreign. Medium, oblong pyriform, pale green. October.
Autumn Bergamot.
English Bergamot, | York Bergamot,
English Autumn Bergamot.
Foreign. Small, roundish, green, gray specks. September. The Fr<mch
Autumn Bergamotte is pyriform, light yellowish green, equally valueless
Belmont.
Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, yellowish green. October.
Belle et Bonne.
Gracieuse.
Foreign. Large, roundish, greenish yellow. September.
Bergamot, Easter.
Bergamot de Paques, Winter Bergamot,
Bergamot d'Hiver, Paddington,
Bergamot de Bug i, Royal Tairling,
Bergamot de Toulouse, Terling,
Robert's Keeping.
Foreign. Medium or above, roundish obovate, greenish yellow. February,
May.
Bergamot d'Hollande.
Holland Bergamot,
Beurre d'Alencon,
Bergamot d'Alencon,
Bergamotte de Fougere,
Amoselle,
Lord Cheeney's.
Foreign. Large, roundish, yellowish green, with brown russet. For ever.
390 THE PEAR.
Bergamot Parthenay.
Foreign- Small, roundish, greenish yellow. December, January.
Bergamot Boussiere.
Foreign. Small, turbinate, yellowish green. December, January.
Beurre Bronzee.
Foreign. Large, roundish, greenish, dull russet. November, December.
Beurre Duval.
Foreign. Medium, obtuse pyriform, yellowish green. October, November.
Beurre Seuttn.
Foreign Above medium, pyriform, yellow, red cheek. December.
Beurre Knox.
Foreign. Large, oblong obovate, pale green, little russet. September.
Beurre Colmar.
Beurre Colmar d'Automne.
Foreign. Medium, oval obovate, pale greenish yellow. October.
Beurre Van Mons.
Foreign. Medium, pyriform, yellowish, with russet. October.
Beurre Romain.
Gros Romain.
Foreign. Medium, obovate, yellowish green. October.
Beurre de Bollwiller.
Foreign. Medium, turbinate, yellowish red in sun. Winter.
Beurre Kenrick.
No. 1599 of Van Mons.
Foreign. Medium, pyriform, greenish yellow. September.
Beurre Haggerston.
No. 8 of Van Mons.
Foreign. Medium, oblong obtuse, yellow. Middle August.
Bezi Vaet.
Foreign. Medium, obovate, greenish yellow, brown cheek. November.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 391
Bezi d'Heri.
Bezi Royal.
Foreign. Medium, roundish, greenish yellow. October
Bezi Blanc.
Foreign. Large, oblong pyriform, yellowish. August
Bon Chretien, Spanish.
Bon Chretien d'Espagne, | Spina.
Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellow, red cheek. December.
Bon Chretien, Flemish.
Bon Chretien Tare.
Foreign. Medium, obovate, pale green, brown cheek. November, March.
Bishop's Thumb.
Beurre Adam.
Foreign. Large, oblong, irregular pyriform, yellowish green and russet,
October.
Burgomaster.
Burgermeister.
Foreign. Medium, long pyriform, yellowish green. December.
Boucquia.
Beurre Boucquia.
Foreign. Large, angular, oval pyriform, pale yellow, red cheek. October.
BuRLINGHAME.
Burlingame.
American. Medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow. September.
Burnett.
American Large, obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, russet. October.
Bleecker's Meadow.
Large Seckel, | Feaster.
American, Medium, roundish, yellowish. October, November.
Broome Park.
Foreign. Medium, roundish, brown. December.
892 THE PEAR.
Cabot.
American. Medium, oval, roundish, russet yellow, red in sun. September.
Calebasse.
Calebasse Double Extra, | Calebasse d'Hollande.
Foreign. Medium, oblong, dull yellow, russet. September.
Calebasse Grosse. *
Monstrous Calabash.
Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellowish, dull green. October.
Calebasse Delvinge.
Foreign. Above medium, obovate pyriform, pale yellow. October, November.
Capucin.
Foreign. Large, oval obtuse, greenish yellow. October.
Catillac.
Cadillac, | Grand Monarque,
Groote Mogul,
Foreign. Large, turbinate, yellow and brown. November to March.
Chapman.
American. Above medium, ovate pyriform, yellow. October.
Charles of Austria.
Charles d'Autriche.
Foreign. Large, roundish, greenish yellow, russeted. October.
Citron of Bohemia.
Great Citron of Bohemia.
Foreign. Large, oblong, yellow, red cheek. October,
Clinton.
No. 1238, Van Mons.
Foreign. Large, obovate, light yellow. November
Clara.
Claire.
Foreign. Medium, oval pyriform, yellow, with red. October.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 398
Chelmsford.
Stone.
American. Large, piriform, yellow, red cheek. September.
COMPRETTE.
Foreign. Medium obtuse pyriform, yellowish green. October, November
Copea.
American. Large, obovate, acute pyriform, yellow. September, October.
Commodore.
Van Mons, No. 1218.
Foreign. Medium, obovate, yellow, with red. October, November.
Comstock.
Comstock Wilding.
American- Medium, obovate, yellow, crimson cheek* November, January.
COLMAR.
Colmar Dore, D'Auch,
Incomparable, De Maun*.
Foreign. Large, obtuse pyriform, yellowish December.
Colmar d'Aremberg.
Foreign. Large, obovate pyriform, yellow, with russet. October, November.
Crasanne.
Bergamol Crasanne, | Cresane,
Beurre Plat.
Foreign. Large, roundish, greenish yellow, thin russet. October.
Crawford.
Foreign. Medium, obovate, yellow, tinged with brown. August.
Croft Castle.
Foreign. Medium, oval obovate, greenish yellow. October.
Cuvelier.
Foreign. Medium, obovate pyriform, yellow. October, November.
Cumberland.
American. Large, obovate, orange yellow, red cheek. September, October
17*
394 THE PEAR.
D'Amour.
Ah I Hon Dieu, | Mon Dieu.
Foreign. Small, obovate, pale yellow and red. October, November.
Dearborn.
Foreign. Large, pyriform, russeted. November, December.
De deux foix Lane.
Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, dull yellow Last August.
Doyenne d'Hiver.
Coffin's Virgalieu.
Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, yellow, faint blush. November.
Downton.
Foreign. Medium, pyriform, yellowish brown. December, January.
Dorr.
American. Large, obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, red cheek. August.
Dumortier.
Foreign. Small, obovate, yellow russet. October.
DtJQTJESNE d'EtE.
Foreign. Medium, obtuse pyriform, greenish. September.
Early Bergamot.
Foreign. Medium, roundish, flattened, yellowish green. August
ExCELLENTISSIMA.
Foreign. Medium, roundish pyriform, yellow and dull red. Winter.
Early Denzelonia.
American. Fruit small, roundish, yellow russet. August.
Early Catherine.
Roussellet Hatif, Poire de Chypre,
Early Roussellet, Perdrue,
Cyprus Pear, Kattern,
Green Catherine.
Foreign. Small, pyriform, yellow, red cheek. July.
Emerald.
Foreign. Medium, oboTate, green and brown. Decembei
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 395
Enfant Prodige.
Foreign. Medium, obovate, acute pyriform, dull yellow. October.
Fine Gold of Summer.
Fin Or d'Eli-.
Foreign. Medium, roundish, yellow, red cheek. August
Famenga.
Foreign. Medium, obovate, greenish yellow. September.
Fortunee.
Episcopal, La Fortunee de Paris,
La Fortunee de Parmentier, Beurre Fortunee.
Foreign. Small, roundish, grayish yellow. December, February.
Foster's St. Michael.
Foreign, Medium, roundish obovate, dull yellow. September, October
Fondante du Bois.
Foreign. Medium, obovate, greenish yellow. December, February.
Forme de Dklices.
Foreign. Medium, obovate, yellowish, with russet. October.
French Jargonelle.
Bellissime d'Ete,
Supreme,
Bellissime Supreme,
Bellissime Jargonelle,
Vermillion d'Ete,
Bed Muscadel,
Sabine dEte,
Summer Beauty,
English Red Cheek,
Bed Cheek.
Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, yellow, with red cheek. July, August.
Franc Real D'Hiver.
Franc Eeal, | Fin Or d'Hiver.
Foreign. Medium, roundish, yellow, brownish cheek. December, February,
Gendesheim.
Foreign. Large, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow. October, November.
Gilo gil.
Gile-o-gile, J Garde d'Ecosse,
Poire a Gobert, ( Jilogil.
Foreign Large, roundish, reddish russet. November, February.
896 THE PEAR.
Green Pear of Yair.
Green Yair.
Foreign. Medium, obovate, green. September.
Green Chisel.
Sugar.
Foreign. Small, roundish, green, with brown cheek. August.
Grise Bonne.
Small, pyriform, green. Middle August.
Green Sugar.
Prince's Green Sugar.
American. Medium, roundish obovate, yellowish green. August, Septem-
ber.
Hampden's Bergamot.
Bergamot d'Angleterre, I Ellanrioch.
Fingal's, Summer Bergamot,
Bergamot d'Ete.
Foreign. Large, roundish obovate, yellow. September. There is also a
Summer Bergamot, small, round, yellowish green ; and a large Summer Ber-
gamot, all equally worthless.
Harrison's Fall.
Rushmore Bon Chretien.
Large, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow. October.
Hessel.
Hazel.
Foreign. Small, obovate, yellowish green. September.
Huguenot.
American. Medium, roundish, pale yellow, spots of red. October.
Jalousie.
Foreign. Large, obovate pyriform, russet, reddish in sun. September.
Leon Le Clerc.
Leon Le Clerc de Laval.
Foreign. Large, obovate, yellow, few russet spots. December, February.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 397
Little Muscat.
Little Musk, Petit Muscat,
Primitive, Muscat Petit.
Foreign. Small, turbinate, yellow, dull red cheek. July.
Louise Bonne.
Louise Bonne Real, | St. Germain Blano.
Foreign. Large, pyriform, pale green. December.
Marulis.
Marcellis.
Foreign. Small, roundish, greenish yellow. September.
Madotte.
Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellow. October.
Messire Jean.
Monsieur Jean ,
Messire Jean Gris,
Messire Jean Blanc,
Messire Jean Dore,
Mr. John,
John.
Foreign. Medium, turbinate, yellow, brown russet. November, December.
Marie Louise Nova.
Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellow, with red cheek. September.
Michaux.
Compte de Michaux.
Foreign. Medium, roundish, yellowish green. September, October.
Moor Fowl Egg.
Little Swan's Egg, | Knevett's New Swan's Egg.
Foreign. Below medium, roundish, dull green. October.
Muscat Robert.
Poire a la Reine,
D'Ambre,
St. Jean Musquee Gros,
Musk Robine,
Early Queen,
Queen's Pear.
Foreign. Small, roundish pyriform, greenish yellow. July.
Muskingum.
American. Large, roundish obovate, greenish yellow. August, September.
Naumkeag.
American Medium, roundish, yellow russet. October.
THE PEAR.
Neil.
Colmar Nell, Poire Neil,
Beurre Neil, Colmar Bosc.
Foreign. Large, obovate pyriform, pale yellow. September.
Oliver's Russet.
American. SmaL, obovate, roundish, yellow, red russet. October.
Owen.
American, Medium, roundish oval, dark green. November. (Cole.)
Pailleau.
Foreign. Medium, pyriform, greenish yellow. September.
Pitt's Prolific
Pitt's Marie Louise, | Pitt's Surpasse Marie.
Foreign Medium, oblong pyriform, yellow and brownish red. September.
Pope's Quaker.
American Medium, oblong pyriform, yellowish russet. October.
Pope's Scarlet Major.
American. Large, obovate, yellow, red cheek. August.
Princess of Orange.
Princesse d'Orange, Princesse Conquete.
Foreign. Medium roundish, reddish russet. October, November.
Queen Caroline.
Reine Caroline.
Foreign. Medium, oblong pyriform, greenish yellow. November.
Queen of Pears.
Peine des Poires.
Foreign. Large, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow. September, October.
QuiLLETETTE.
Foreign. Below medium, roundish, greenish, dull russet. November.
ROUSSELET DE MeESTER.
Ferdinand de Meester.
Foreign. Medium, roundish, yellow, pale red in sun. October. There is
another of this name, large, pyriform greenish yellow, but ripening at same
time, and unworthy.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 399
RouSSELET OF RHEIMS.
Rousselet, Spice or Musk Pear,
Petit Rousselet, Late Catherine.
Foreign. Small, ovate pyriform, yellowish green, brown red. September.
RoUS-SELET.
Large Rousselet | Gros Roussele
Foreign. Medium, obtuse pyriform, greenish, russety. August.
Raymond.
American. Medium, obovate, yellow, red in sun. October.
Stvkian.
Foreign. Large, pyriform, yellow, red cheek. October.
Sugar Top.
July Pear, | Prince's Sugar Top,
Harvest.
Small, roundish ovate, yellow. July.
Summer Bon Chretien.
Bon Chretien d'Ete, Richard's Beurre,
Summer Good Christian, Musk Summer Bon Chretien.
Foreign. Large, uneven pyriform, yellow, faint blush. August, September
Summer Rose.
Epine Rose, Caillot Rosat d'Ete,
Poire de Rose, Epine d'Ete Couleur Rose,
Caillot Rosat, Thorny Rose.
Foreign. Below medium, round obovate, yellow, red russet. August,
SuCREE DE HoTERSWERDA.
Sugar of Hoyersworda.
Foreign. Medium, oblong obovate, yellowish green. August.
Summer Thorn.
Epine d'Ete, | Fondante Musquee,
Satin Vest.
Foreign. Medium, pyriform, greenish yellow. September.
Summer St. Germain.
Short's St. Germain, | St. Germain de Martin,
St. Germain d'Ete.
Foreign. Medium, obovate, pale green. August, September.
400 THE PEAE.
Sullivan.
Foreign. Medium, oblong pyriform, greenish yellow'. September.
Swan's Egg.
New Swan's Egg.
Fruit below medium, oval obovate, pale green, dull brown. October.
Swiss Bergamot.
Bergamot Suisse.
Foreign. Medium, roundish, striped pale green, yellow, and red. October.
Sylvange.
Bergamot Sylvange. Green Sylvange.
Foreign. Medium, roundish obovate, dull pale green. October.
Tarqtjin.
Foreign. Medium, oblong pyriform, dull yellow. December, February.
Van Buren.
American. Large, obovate, yellow, red in sun. October.
Vallee Franche.
De Vallee, | De Keingheim.
Foreign. Medium, obtuse pyriform, pale yellowish green. August.
VlRGOULEUSE.
Poire Glace, | Chambrette,
Bujaleuf.
Foreign. Large, oval obovate, yellowish green, gray dots. November,
January.
William. (Edward's.)
American. Medium, obtuse pyriform, yellow, dotted with red. September.
Windsor.
Summer Bell, | Konge.
Foreign. Large, pyriform, dull yellowish green. August, September.
Whitfield.
Medium, obovate, yellowish brown. October.
UNWOKTHY OF CULTIVATION. 401
WURZUR.
Wurzur d'Autumn.
Foreign Medium, pyriform, yellowish, russeted. November.
Winter Orange.
Orange d'Hiver.
Foreign. Medium, roundish, yellowish green. November, January.
Yat.
Yut'.e.
Foreign. Small, pyriform, brownish russet. September.
Zoar Flat.
American. Small, obovate, green. September, October.
THE PLUM.
Prunus domestica, L. Rosacea of Botanists.
The Plum is found in a wild state throughout the middle sections
of this country, but the original parent of the cultivated varieties is
supposed to have come from Asia Minor. The fact of production
in our States of many varieties esteemed among the best, attests
the adaptedness of both soil and climate.
Propagation — By seed. — The gathering, preserving, and planting
of the plum is the same as we have described under head of peaches,
to which, therefore, we refer the reader. Of the best varieties for
producing stocks on which to bud, any free-growing sorts may be
taken ; avoiding, except wanted for forming dwarf trees, those of
slow habit, and in all cases avoiding the damsons. The wild red or
yellow (P. Americana) is much used by many nurserymen, but
it should always be worked just at or rather below the collar.
Seedlings from it often answer to work the same season, and we
have seen them used with advantage as stocks for the peach. The
Chickasaw (P. chicasa) is used at the South, where it is a native.
New varieties have thus far been produced from chance seedlings ;
no person, to our knowledge, in this country, having exerted them-
selves to the production of varieties with any special view to the
preserving of separate or combined characters.
By Budding. — The plum is generally and best propagated in its
varieties by budding. This should be performed in the month of
July. Strong stocks of free-growing sorts should be especially select-
ed for inserting buds of such varieties as Green Gage, Purple Favor-
ite, &c, &c.
By Grafting. — Where budding can be done, we should prefer
never to graft. But it not unfrequently happens among nursery-
men, that owing to some causes buds fail, and this, too, when the
stocks if left until another budding season would become too large.
They may therefore be grafted with success and profit, by cutting
them off just at the collar, and grafting early in the month of March,
drawing the earth up around the graft, and leaving only one bud
out. Tan, bark, saw-dust, or other mulch should be placed on the
ground, and free-growing sorts, as Imperial Gage, Lombard, &c,
should only be used. Grafting on pieces of roots is sometimes
(402)
CULTURE. 403
practised, and as successfully, if free-growing kinds only are used, as
in the apple ; it is also done in same way : we cannot recommend it.
Transplanting and Distance Apart. — The plum tree is per-
fectly hardy, and we prefer in all cases to transplant in the fall, say
October. The shoots of the year should be cut back to form a
round regular head, and all small or slender-grown shoots cut out;
The roots, with exception of tap-root, should only have the ends
trimmed smooth, the tap-POOl should lie cut out. The distance apart
of the plum depends verj much on the variety ; such sorts as
Green Gage, Cloth of Gold, &c, requiring only to be about fifteen
feet apart, while the Imperial Gage, \Y ashington, &c., would be
better at twenty feet.
Soil and Situation. — The soil generally recommended for suc-
cessful growth and fruiting of the plum is denominated heavy clay;
this, by some, is construed to mean a soil so devoid of sand as to
bake and crack open after periods of heavy rain ; we have been un-
able to perceive any special difference in the success of growers in
varied soils, relative to the growth, hardihood, or bearing habit of
trees. That certain elements are requisite in the soil, wherever a
tree is planted, to supply suitable food for the growth and perfecting
of both fruit and wood, we do not doubt ; but as yet, we are to learn
that a cultivator who plants on clay soil will be any more success-
ful either in health of trees or procuring a crop of perfect fruit, than
he who plants on what is termed usually a light or sandy soil, and
supplies that soil, if deficient, with the elements requisite for the plant
to support health. Analysis of the plum tree and fruit has not, to
our knowledge, as yet been made. The trees appear to grow, both
in nursery and orchard, equally well on sandy as on clay soil : the
insect curculio, and the leaf-blight or defoliation of the trees in July
and August, black warts, &c, &c, are equally injurious in one as the
other location. Native wild trees are found growing in all soils,
and in our rambles we have met with trees equally healthy and pro-
ductive, equally attacked in fruit by curculio, and rot or decay, in
leaf-blight and black knots, in all soils, from strong clay, through all
intermediates, to sandy soils. We therefore say, plant the plum in
any good soil which is well drained. The situation suited to the
plum is that where the soil is well drained, and where the mosf
convenient.
Pruning. — The plum grown as a standard tree, with head formed
four to six feet high, requires little pruning, except to shorten back
each summer or spring such shoots as are becoming too vigorous
and likely to destroy the regular form of the tree, or to cut out
weakly-growing and unripened shoots. A round-headed tree, with
404 THE PLUM.
branches formed at two feet from the ground, we consider best. In
order to have this, trees one year old from the bud are best to begin
with ; the stem cut off so as to let two buds start at about two feet
from ground, then shortened back one half the next year. After
which, if the tree is of the slow or slender-growing varieties, it will
need no farther pruning than the above-named standard. If it is of
the strong, rampant-growing kind, it will require both root-pruning,
(i. e., passing round the root of the tree in a circle distant from the
body two feet for a tree of ten feet high, and with a long, sharp
spade, cut off all the roots,) and at same time shorten back the
year's growth one half. This is best done in August. This mode is
especially calculated for the Western prairies and the warm South-
ern States.
Cultivation. — Like all other fruit trees, the plum does best when
the ground is often dug or hoed around. Many growers are also of
impression that frequent stirring the soil prevents attacks of cur-
culio. Trees planted where swine have run among them are gene-
rally healthy and fruitful ; but whether it is owing to the stirring
of ground by their rooting, or food supplied the plants in their excre-
ment, is yet a question undecided.
Manures. — The plum requires abundant food in the soil, and this
is generally best supplied by animal manure ; and where abundant
supply of animal manure has been given, salt will be found highly
beneficial : the proportion should be controlled somewhat by the
quantity of animal matter contained in the soil ; but a dressing of
half an inch deep over the whole ground, if applied in the spring,
may be regarded as a medium. The benefit to the tree of this
application will be in its tendency to an equable state of moisture in
the soil. Ashes, hi soils devoid of lime and the phosphates, will be
found beneficial : two bushels to a tree twel ve feet high, and in
bearing state, will be a guide ; larger trees requiring more, and
smaller ones less. Brewers' grains are also valuable as a manure,
when they can be obtained at prices corresponding with the value of
animal manures.
Diseases. — The Black Warts, Knots, or Black Gum, is a disease
affecting many plum trees at the North. In the Southern States it
is not yet much known. Its cause is variously attributed — by some
to insects, (membracis bubalis. See Harris's Treatise on Insects ;)
by some to inherent cause from its parent; by some to tem-
perature and atmospheric change on the health and vigor of the
tree ; and by others to a diseased state of sap. After noting
that it first appears in a neighborhood on trees grown from
suckers, or propagated on sucker or unhealthy stocks, we are inclined
to a support of the last-named cause. Trees in a iudicious, rather
CULTURE. 405
high state of cultivation, and grown or worked on good, healthy-
seedlings, are rarely subject to it. And a tree diseased by inocu-
lation may be recovered by appliance of abundant food at the roots,
cutting away the apparent knots, and washing the wounds either
with salt or copperas-water. The latter is best. And if, also, the
whole tree be watered with a solution of one ounce of copperas to
two gallons of water, the knots will disappear.
Defoliation of both seedling stocks and bearing trees, in the
months of July and August, we believe is caused by want of some
specific ingredient in the soil. We have cured it by dressing with
ashes, and by watering with copperas-water as above named. When
animal manures and salt have been used, we have never seen the
foliage drop.
Rot or Decay of Fruit is often a very serious drawback to the
sanguine expectations of the fruit-grower. We have supposed it to
arise from atmospheric influence, and to pervade the fruit in like
manner as fever and ague does the human frame, but have been
compelled to relinquish this theory. Latterly we are inclined to
the belief that it has its origin in too great exhaustion of the sup-
plies of the tree, by reason of excess of quantity ; as trees that have
come under our notice on which only a moderate quantity of fruit
was permitted to mature have apparently been free, while those
overloaded, and only moderately, or not additionally, supplied with
food, have decayed.
Our friend, Professor Kirtland, with some friends of science,
have, however, lately pronounced it a species of fungus.
Insects injurious. — The Egeria. which is noted under head of
peaches, sometimes, but rarely, attacks the plum. We refer to that
head for its remedy. The Cureulio, or Plum Weevil, {Rhynchcenus
Nenuphar,) is an insect so destructive as in some sections to have
caused orchardists to cut down their plum trees and replant with
different fruit. Again, there are sections where the insect, although
known, appears not to increase, or injure fruit, materially to affect
the crop. It was unknown in the Western States until within a few
years past, but now pervades all sections, even to destruction often-
times of the wild plum. It has been thoroughly described in " Har-
ris's Treatise on Insects ;" and so much is written yearly relative
thereto, that one entire book of four hundred pages would not con-
tain it. Our accompanying figure represents the insect in its natural
size, i. e., about one quarter of an inch long, of a grayish ^***±*
brown color, the wing-covers forming two little humps, t0v^
giving a rounded appearance to it, resembling a ripe hemp-
seed. The head has a long rostrum, beak, or snout, projecting,
with which it punctures the fruit, as represented by the crescent-
shaped mark on the fruit in our engraving. Early in the month of
406 THE PLUM.
June the cuioulio commences his task of propagation, and his mark
will then be found near the apex of the fruit, at this time not much
larger than a pea ; as the fruit increases in size, the marks newly made
will be found gradually approaching the stem, until in
July, near the close of his labors, they will be found
very near the stem. These last marks in July are
not often found, as they are produced only from a few
insects which have escaped late from the larva state,
or, as some say, have, owing to shallow imbedding in
the earth and great heat, been transformed from eggs
deposited the same season.
The eggs, one of which is deposited in each crescent mark, soon
hatches into a small white larva, which enters the body of the fruit
and feeds upon it, causing, usually, its premature fall to the ground.
The period at which the young fruit falls, after being punctured,
varies with its age at the time of the injury. The earlier portions
drop in about two weeks ; but if the stone is hard when the egg is
laid, the fruit remains till near the usual period of ripening, some-
times presenting a fair and smooth exterior, but spoiled by the worm
within.
The insect, soon after the fall of the fruit, makes its way into the
earth, where it is supposed to remain till the following spring, when
it is transformed into the perfect insect or beetle, to lay its eggs and
perpetuate its race.
The curculio travels by flying, but only during quite warm wea-
ther, or at the heat of the day, at which time a person lying flat
upon his back under a tree, and perfectly still, can observe their
movements. If the least motion or noise is made, they remain
inactive. The insects mostly confine themselves to certain trees, or
to the same orchard. But the fact that newly bearing and isolated
orchards are soon attacked, clearly shows that in occasional instances
they must travel considerable distances. Indeed, they have been
known to be wafted on the wind for a half mile or more, the wind-
ward side of orchards being most infested, immediately after strong
winds from a thickly planted plum neighborhood. In the cool of
the morning they are nearly torpid, and can scarcely fly, and crawl
but slowly ; hence, at this time of the day they are most easily de-
stroyed.
The plum alone is, however, not the only fruit subject to attack
from this insect,, but the peach, apricot, nectarine, and cherry, all
suffer ; and, when a scarcity of fruit, then the tender branches of the
oak, wild plum, and other trees, receive the egg, and dropping the
same, after a period, to the ground, its regular transformations are
continued, and the succeeding season the natural instinct of the
insect leads it to the fruit again.
The preventives to injury from the natural instinct and course ai
CULTURE. 407
the curculio are recorded in number more than we care to recount.
Suffice it that, as yet, no certain agent or preventive has been found ;
trees, to our knowledge, this year producing abundant crops, when
no specific disinfecting agent has been applied, while trees forty rods
distant have, all their fruit destroyed. Salt, sulphur, lime-water, etc.,
etc., as variously recommended, is not a certain specific ; and he who
uses is just as liable to lose his crop of fruit as he who uses not.
Hanging iron hoops in the trees, etc., etc., is a little like the old
Salem practice of nailing horse-shoes over the door; and the one as
valuable as the other. The natural instinct of the insect teaching
it to seek such place of deposit for its egg as will insure suece--ful
production, avoids all trees where the soil is daily stirred under-
neath, or where causes are that the fruit shall drop ere required by
the larva? of the insect; hence the value of plantations made where
swine are to run, or the planting of single trees where daily passing
subjects them to chance loss of fruit. So also that of paving, and of
trees standing on sites where water becomes the recipient of falling
fruit. Heavy soils are just as much subject to destruction of plum
from curculio as light soils. Soils termed wet are less subject ; but
here the tree does not flourish as well. In large orchards, where there
is much fruit to save, a man constantly employed with a pole of about
ten feet long, having a small cup or basin fastened at one end, pass-
ing from tree to tree and scattering dirt freely, will well repay the
cost, in the amount of fruit saved ; while, for small gardens, the
plan first introduced, more than twenty years since, by one of the
most estimable horticulturists of the States, David Thomas, of New-
York, is the best. It is,in first preparing a short pole, having at one
end a cushion made of several thicknesses of cloth or India-rubber;
place this cushion against the body of the tree early in the morning,
(having first spread a sheet or large cloth on the ground, the dia-
meter of the branches ;) then strike the end with a heavy mallet :
the jar causes the insect to drop on the cloth, when, it may easily be
gathered and destroyed.
Uses. — The best varieties are by many esteemed delicious for the
dessert. Others, and even the unripe fruit, are used in pies, tarts,
conserves and sweetmeats. Our own taste compels us to place the
plum in the lowest scale of cultivated fruits, and mainly from the
fact that, unless perfectly ripe and fresh from the tree, if eaten in a
raw state, they tend to flatulence and disease. Dried or cooked,
they are regarded valuable, and are an article of considerable com-
merce as imported to this country under name of French prunes or
dried plums. By a selection of the richest varieties, there is no
doubt that prunes superior to those of foreign preparation might be
easily obtained. The following description of an oven purpo-vly
built for prunes, and doubtless, with some modifications, well adapted
408
THE PL CM.
to the drying of other fruits, is given in Liegel's Treatise, (German,)
as quoted in the Horticulturist. The amount of heat obtained by a
small quantity of fuel, commends it to the particular attention of
those engaged in drying fruit :
" Pruues," says Liegel, " have become an important article of com-
merce. In order to have them fair and glossy, they must be sud-
denly cooled, when withdrawn from the oven.
" The country -people in this part of Germany prepare their
prunes by putting them into their bread-ovens. I have put up, for
my own use, a very conveniently arranged drying apparatus, which,
after the experience of many years, I am induced to recommend ;
and for the construction of
which I give the annexed draw-
ing and explanatory description :
" The vault or exterior of the
oven, four alid a half feet long,
is surrounded by a brick wall
one foot thick, so that the whole
stove, abed, (see figs. 1 and
2.) is exactly six feet every
way ; the front wall, re, being
only half a foot in thickness.
At the top, the vault is arched
over with six inches of brick-
work at the crown of the arch.
The flues, i i, are about four-
teen inches square. The hur-
dles or trays, m m, for containing the prunes, rest upon bhelves fixed
upon two bearers. It would be better if they rested upon rollers,
so as to admit of their being
pushed in and drawn out with
greater ease. These lines of
trays are place at a distance of
six inches from the furnace, so
as to keep the fruit from too
great a heat ; they may be made
entirely of wood, but it will be
better if the bottoms are of
open-work, like shelves. Their
weight is such that they may
be easily managed by a woman ;
but in preparing prunes on a
large scale, let them be made
of greater length and breadth,
so as to just come within the
Thg. a. strength of a more robust person,
Fig.l.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 409
" The wooden frame, h h, is that on which the two doors are hung.
The door, g, which covers the arch, (and which is represented in the
cut as open and fastened up,) shuts up the front of the upper part
of the oven. In the middle of this upper door or flap is a round
vent-hole, for the escape of the moist vapor, k is an iron damper
or slide, to be placed in the flue at I I, in order to regulate the heat.
"A thousand fully ripe quetsches (prune plums) make about
ten pounds of dried prunes.
" Plums of different kinds may be dried, either whole or deprived of
their skins and stones. In the latter case, they are styled prurieUcs."
Characters and Classfication. — The characters of the plums
are represented by the texture of the flesh as combined with its
juiciness and flavor ; and what are termed gages (a word really of
no meaning as applied to the fruit) represent fruits of round form,
very delicate, and of a rich, sugary, jnicy, high flavor. The prunes
are known as those fruits that are dry in the texture of their flesh.
The character of size is one of which Washington may be taken as
large, Green Gage as medium, and Mirabelle as small ; while the wood
being smooth or downy, needs no explanation, and the depressed line
on one side, called a suture, is the same as in cherries or peaches,
and often serves as a guide in detecting varieties. The classification
by most writers of divisions of green, white, or yellow, and of blue,
or red, or purple, we adopt only in our text descriptive of each
distinct variety ; preferring as a practical matter, here as elsewhere
in our work, to follow that of, in short, best, very good, and good.
Varieties. — These are far too numerous for any practical use ;
and while we may have possibly reduced too much, we yet feel that
the uses and wants of community will be best supplied in this fruit
by a few really valuable, and for the particular purposes pointed out
in our text descriptive.
CLASS I. — Worthy General Cultivation.
Bleecker's Gage.
German Gage.
Raised at Albany, N. Y., about forty years since, by Mrs. Bleecker.
The tree is of healthy, hardy habit, and a regular, sure bearer.
Branches, downy ; leaves, dark green ; fruit, medium size, roundish
oval, very regular; suture, slight; skin, yellow, with numerous im-
bedded white specks, and a thin white bloom ; flesh, yellow, rich,
18
410 THE PLUM.
sweet and luscious flavor, separating freely from the stone, which is
pointed ; stalk, an inch or more long, downy, inserted in a slight
cavity. Season, last of August here ; in Georgia, first of July. Dis-
tinguished from Prince's Yellow Gage by its larger stalk and later
maturity.
Coe's Golden Drop.
Bury Seedling, New Golden Drop,
Coe's Imperial, Fair's Golden Drop,
Golden Gage.
This is an English variety. Tree only moderately productive ;
and although we should always plant, yet it does not always mature
perfectly north of 40° latitude. Branches, smooth ; fruit, large,
oval ; suture, well marked, one side enlarged ; skin, light yellow,
much dotted or mottled with red on side exposed to sun ; flesh, ad-
hering to the stone, yellowish, firm, rather coarse-grained, but rich and
sweet ; stalk, three-fourths to an inch long, rather stiff. Season,
last of September. The Yellow Egg is often grown under this
name at the West.
Denniston's Superb.
A variety originated in the famous garden of Mr. Denniston,
Albany, N. Y. Its great productiveness, together with its period of
ripening, more than its quality, makes it desirable. Branches, downy ;
fruit, medium, cr rather above, roundish, slightly flattened ; suture,
distinct ; skin, pale yellowish, overspread with a thin bloom, and
mottled or clouded with purple ; flesh, thick, not juicy, but with rich
vinous flavor; stone, small, roundish, from which the flesh parts
freely ; stalk, three-fourths inch long, set in a cavity of moderate
depth. Season, 15th to 20th August.
Early Orleans.
)rleans, Grimv
ns, Hamp
New Orleans, Monsieur Hatif,
Wilmot's Early Orleans, Grimwood's Early Orleans,
New Early Orleans, Hampton Court,
An English variety, which on account of its quality and early
maturity must always make it popular as an orchard fruit. Branches,
downy ; fruit, medium, round oval ; suture, shallow ; skin, dark red-
dish purple ; flesh, yellowish green, of rich, brisk flavor, and separat-
ing freely from the stone ; stem, usually about half inch long, but
varying. Season, first August.
Green Gage.
Ida Green Gage,
Waterloo,
King of Plums,
Wilmot's late Green Gage,
Schuyler Gage,
Rensselaer Gage,
Isleworth Green Ga;
■Wilmot's Green Gage,
• New Green Gage,
Brugnon Gage,
Bruyn Gage,
Bradford Gage,
Reine Claude,
Grosse Reine Claude,
Grosse Reine.
" During the last century, an English family ry the name of Gage
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 4 11
obtained a number of fruit trees from the monks of Charteuse, near
Paris. Among them was a tree of this plum, which, having lost its
name, was called by the gardener the Green Gage." There are very
few trees in bearing of the true variety at the West, the Imperial
Gage having been often sold as Green Gage. The true variety is
readily known by its short-jointed, slow-growing, spreading, and
dwarfish habit. It also requires a rich, warm soil to insure fruit in
perfection in locations north of 42 deg. Branches, smooth; buds,
with large shoulders ; fruit, medium, round ; suture, slight ; skin,
yellowish green, marbled and dotted -on the sunny side with red;
flesh separates freely from the stone, pale green, exceedingly melt-
ing, rich, sprightly, high flavor; stalk, slender, slightly inserted.
Season, midddle to last August.
Imperial Gage.
Prince's Imperial Gage, White Gage,
Flushing Gage, Jenkinson's Imperial,
Superior Green Gage.
This is an American variety, originating at the old nursery of Wni.
Prince, Flushing, N. Y. In heavy, strong soils it is sometimes
deficient in flavor, probably from a deficiency of some particular
element in the soil, as it produces abundantly, grows vigorously, and
trees apparently healthy. In light, loamy, or even dry, poor soils,
it is a hardy, productive variety, and the flavor often almost equal-
ling a true Green Gage. As a market variety, it is far superior to
Green Gage, and hardly surpassed by any other plum. Branches,
slightly downy, dark-colored, upright, vigorous ; fruit, above medi-
um, oval; suture, .distinct; skin, at first pale green, with a white
bloom, becoming yellowish green, marbled with dark green stripes •
flesh, greenish, juicy, rich, sprightly flavor ; stone, oval, with flesh
occasionally adhering. In good seasons and soils it separates freely
from the stone ; stalk, long, hairy, stout, inserted in an even cavity.
Season, first September ; at the South, July first.
Jefferson.
An American variety, originated by Judge Buel, at Albany,
N. Y., probably from a seed of Coe's Golden Drop, which in growth,
wood, etc., it closely resembles. It has been pretty extensively
tested, both in this country and in Europe, and fuily sustains the
high character given it by the late A. J. Downing. The Bingham or
Clingstone plum has occasionally been disseminated for this variety.
In rich, high flavor, it does -not equal the Green Gase, but its large
size, great beauty, productiveness, freedom from decay, and habit of
hanging long on the tree after ripe, render it valuable for all collec
tions. Branches, nearly smooth; fruit, large, oval, slightly nar
412 THE PLUM.
rowed one side toward the stalk ; skin, at first greenish yellow,
becoming golden yellow when fully ripe, and with a rich reddened
cheek in the sun, bloom thin, white ; suture, slight ; flesh, separating
nearly free from the long pointed stone ; yellow, almost orange yel-
low ; juicy, with rich flavor ; stalk, an inch long, inserted without
depression. Season, last of August ; at the South, last of July.
Lombard.
Bleecker's Scarlet. Beekman's Scarlet.
An American variety, which, as a tree, is thrifty, healthy, hardy,
and productive ; while the fruit appears less attractive than most
others to the curculio. It is therefore very desirable. Branches,
smooth, bright purple, very thrifty, leaves much crumpled ; fruit,
medium, roundish oval, slightly flattened at ends; suture, slight;
skin, violet red, dusted thinly with bloom; flesh, yellow, juicy, not
rich, but pleasant flavor ; stalk, slender, three-fourths inch long, set
in a broad, open cavity ; adheres to the stone. Season, middle to
last of August.
Lawrence's Favorite.
Lawrence Gage.
An American plum, raised from seed of the Green Gage by Mr. L.
U. Lawrence, Hudson, N. Y. It forms a tree of upright, thrifty
growth, and bears young and abundantly of fruit much resembling
outwardly the Green Gage, except being larger. Branches, downy,
short-jointed; fruit, large, roundish; skin, dull yellowish green,
clouded with streaks of a darker shade beneath, and in sun, around
the stem a mottling or dotting of brownish red, bloom light blu-
ish green ; flesh, greenish, juicy, rich, excellent, only surpassed by
Green Gage. When fully ripe, separates freely from the stone ;
stalk, half inch long, slender, inserted in a narrow cavity. Season,
middle August.
McLaughlin.
An American variety, raised by James McLaughlin, Bangor,
Maine. The tree is very thrifty, making stout vigorous shoots of
four to six feet in a season; but forming a lound, regular head.
Originating so far north, it will unquestionably prove a most valua-
ble variety for northern culture. The fruit, in character of quality,
resembles the variety just previously described. Branches, smooth ;
leaves, broad, glossy ; fruit, above medium, roundish, flattened at
ends ; suture, obscure ; skin, thin, tender, russet yellow, sprinkled
with a red tinge, which deepens to a purplish hue around the stalk ;
flesh, adhering to the stone, dull yellow, firm, juicy, excellent; stone,
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION. 418
roundish ; stalk, three fourths inch long, inserted without depression.
Season, middle to last of August.
Madison.
An accidental seedling in the Denniston Garden, Albany, N. Y. ;
and, according to Dr. Herman Wendell, a hybrid from Bleecker's
Gage and Blue Gage. Its flavor, late period of maturity, and hardi-
hood, commend it to a first place. Branches, slender, smooth;
leaves, light green, slightly downy ; fruit, medium, roundish oval ;
suture, slight ; skin, light orange, with a cast of greenish yellow, in
sun mottled and spotted with lake carmine, bloom thin, delicate ;
flesh, yellow, firm, juicy, rich and sweet, agreeable flavor, separates
freely from the stone, which is small, oval, pointed ; stalk, three-
fourths inch long, inserted in a regular, not deep basin. Season,
first to fifteenth October.
Ottoman.
Imperial Ottoman
A foreign variety, but from whence is uncertain. We have fruited
it several years, and as an earl) variety have not met its superior.
The trees are hardy, regular, not rampant growers, and regular,
abundant bearers. Branches, slightly downy ; fruit, medium, round-
ish oval, regularly formed ; skin, greenish yellow, marbled with
darker shades in stripes underneath ; if permitted to hang it becomes
mostly pale yellow, bloom thin ; suture, only half way down on
one side; flesh, yellowish, juicy, rich, sweet, delicious, and when
fully ripe parts freely from the stone ; stem, downy, three-fourths
inch long, inserted in a cavity of moderate depth. Season, last July.
Purple Favorite.
This variety the late A. J. Downing states to have been planted
and grown by his father. Although of dwarfish, slender habit, the
trees aie very hardy, and bear when young. For large market or-
chards it is not as valuable as some other varieties, but in private
gardens it should always have a place. Branches, smooth, short-
jointed ; fruit, medium, or rather above, roundish obovate ; skin,
brownish purple, dotted with golden specks, bloom light blue ; flesh,
pale greenish, juicy, sweet and excellent, and separating freely from
the stone, which is small ; stalk, three-fourths inch long, depression
slight. Season, last of August.
Purple Gage.
Reine Claude Violette, | Violet Queen Claude,
Die Violette Koning Claudie.
A foreign variety, moderate bearer, bu'. high flavor. Branches,
414 THE PLUM.
smooth, short-jointed ; fruit, medium, roundish, a little flattened ;
suture, shallow ; skin, violet, dotted with pale yellow, bloom light
blue ; flesh, greenish yellow, firm, sugary, high flavor ; stone, oval,
compressed, from which the flesh separates freely ; stalk, an inch
long, set in a narrow basin. Season, about 10th September, but
will hang a fortnight, shrivelling slightly.
Prince's Yellow Gage.
American Yellow Gage, | White Gage,
Harvest Gage.
A variety produced in 1783 by the elder Mr. Prince, of Flush-
ing, N. Y. The trees are abundant bearers, and the fruit carries
well to market and always sells readily, wherefore one reason for
placing it in this class. As a table fruit it is often too dry, and does
not deserve to be planted in small gardens where market sales are
not contemplated. Branches, smooth, short-jointed ; leaves, glossy ;
fruit, slightly above medium size, oval, broadest near the stalk ;
suture, a mere line ; skin, golden yellow, little clouded, bloom white,
abundant ; flesh, yellow, sugary, rich, sometimes rather dry, parts
freely from the stone ; stalk, an inch long, set in a round cavity.
Season, early in August ; at the South, middle of June. It is stated,
also, at the South to ripen gradually, to be juicy, and of the best.
Red Gage.
An American plum, raised from seed of the Green Gage, by the
elder Wm. Prince, in 1790. The tree is of hardy, yet vigorous
habit, wood dark reddish color, and producing abundantly a fruit
rather small, yet of the best flavor. Branches, Smooth ; leaves, crim-
pled ; fruit, hardly medium size, oval, rounded ; skin, brownish red,
bloom slight ; flesh, parting freely from the stone, greenish amber,
juicy, sweet, delicious ; stalk, slender ; cavity, narrow. Season,
middle August.
Saint Martin's.
St. Martin's Quetsche.
A German fruit : the word quetsche, or prune, not applying to this
fruit, we prefer to drop it. It is a juicy, not a dry prune plum. The
trees are good bearers, and the time of ripening makes it profitable
for market or preserving. Branches, smooth ; fruit, medium, or
rather above, ovate, broadest at base ; skin, bright yellow, dotted a
little with brownish red in the sun, bloom white ; flesh, yellowish,
juicy, rich, excellent. Season, 1st October, but will hang two weeks.
Schenectady.
Schenectady Catherine
An American plum, originated at Schenectady, N. Y., and first in
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 415
troduoed to notice and described by Dr. Herman Wendell. Tree,
thrifty, hardy, and prolific. Branches, smooth, rather slender ; fruit,
above medium, roundish oval, broadest and slightly depressed at
stem end ; suture, shallow ; skin, rich, deep purple, slightly netted
on the sunny side ; flesh, greenish yellow, fine-grained, melting,
juicy, rich, sweet, delicious flavor; stone, small, thick, ovate, parts
readily from the flesh ; stalk, three-fourtfos inch long, rather slender,
inserted in a deep, narrow cavity. Season, last August.
Washington.
Bolmar. Franklin,
Bolmar's Washington, 8 Mammoth,
New Washington, In ing's Bolmar.
The original tree of this variety grew on what, in 1818, was known
as Delancey's Farm, and now constitutes'a portion of New-York city,
known as the Bowery. It was introduced to notice, grown and dis-
tributed by Michael Floy, Esq., American Editor of Lindley's Guide
to the Orchard. Without possessing high flavor, the uniform hardi-
hood of the tree, with its productive habit, large size of fruit, and
often freedom from attack of curculio, renders it a most popular
variety, and for market deservedly so at the North. In Georgia,
and other sections South, it is said to be entirely flavorless and dry,
so that while we cannot avoid placing it in the first list, it is requi-
site to give this qualification. Branches, downy ; fruit, large, round
ish oval ; suture, obscure, except near the stalk ; skin, dull yellow,
with faint marblings of green, and on the sunny side some little red,
often dotted ; flesh, yellow, firm, sweet, and separating freely from
a pointed stone; stalk, nearly three-fourths inch long, downy,
planted in a wide, shallow basin. Season, last of August.
Class II. — New and untested ; suited to certain localities, or grounds
of extensive Amateur Pomologists.
Autumn Gage.
Roe's Autumn Gage.
American. Productive, branches smooth. Fruit medium, oval, broad-
est at base, pale yellow, whitish bloom, flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet,
separates freely from a stone long, compressed, and pointed at both ends ;
stalk three-fourths inch long. September 15.
Albany Beauty.
Deniston's Albany Beauty.
American. Branches slightly downy. Fruit below medi tm, roundish
41 G THE PLUM.
oval ; skin whitish green, with purple dots, bloom thin ; flesh yellow,
rich, sweet, not juicy, separates freely from a small pointed stone ; stalk
slender, one inch long. Last August.
Blue Imperatrice.
Imperatrice, Imperatrice Tiolette,
Veritable Imperatrice, Violette.
Foreign. A fine variety, almost worthy the first class. The true Blue
Imperatrice must not be confounded with Semiana or Blue Imperatrice
of some eastern growers. (See Semiana.) Branches smooth, long, slender.
Fruit medium, obovate, tapering to the stalk, deep purple, bloom blue,
thick ; flesh greenish yellow, rich, sugary, hangs long on the tree, adheres
to the stone. Last September.
BlNGHAM.
American. Productive, branches downy. Fruit, above medium, oval,
deep rich yellow, dotted with red in the sun ; flesh yellow, juicy, rich,
delicious, adheres to the stone; stalk three-fourths inch long, slightly sunk.
Last August.
Blue Plum.
Branches smooth ; leaves rather small ; tree productive. Fruit me-
dium, roundish, scarcely oval ; suture obscure, dark blue, light blue bloom ;
flesh yellowish green, juicy, sweet, adheres to the stone ; stalk three-
eighths inch long, inserted in a shallow cavity. Season middle July, in
Georgia ; middle August, here. Propagated by suckers. Description by
W. N. White, Athens, Ga.
Buel's Favorite.
American. Branches smooth. Fruit large, ovate ; suture half round,
pale green, little red next the stalk ; flesh greenish yellow, firm, juicy,
adhering to a long pointed stone ; stalk three-fourths inch long. Last
August.
Cherry.
Early Scarlet, D'Amerique Rouge,
Myrobolan, Primus Myrobolana,
Virginian Cherry, Prunus Cerasifera,
Der Virginia, I Miser Plum,
Golden C.erry.
A variety of which many sub-varieties have been and are constantly
being produced from seed. Its chief merit is in the tree being ornamental,
and the fruit maturing early. Being very pretty for the dessert, commands
ready sale. It requires root-pruning every two years, in order to make
it productive. Branches smooth. Fruit small, round, yellow and red,
shaded and mottled ; flesh greenish, juicy, pleasant, adhering closely to an
oval stone ; stalk short, cavity narrow. Middle of July. The Chickasaw
Plum {Prunus chicasi) is very similar to this.
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 417
Cloth of Gold.
Drap d'Or, Mirabelle Grosse,
Mirabelle Double, Yellow Perdrigon.
Foreign. Productive, branches slightly downy. Fruit below medium,
round ; suture indistinct ; skin bright yellow, crimson specks in sun ;
flesh yellow, sugary, rich, adheres slightly to the stone. Early August.
Columbia.
Columbian Gage.
American. Valuable market sort, productive, succeeds well South ;
branches downy. Fruit large, globular, one side enlarged ; skin brown-
ish purple, with fawn-colored specks, blue bloom ; flesh orange, rather
coarse, dry but sugary, separates freely from stone, which is small, com-
pressed; stalk an inch long; cavity small, narrow. Last August.
Cooper.
Cooper's Red, | Cooper's Large Red,
Cooper's Large American.
American. Described by Coxe, in 1817, as grown from a stone of
Orleans. Some writers state it to be identical with " Smith's Orleans ;"
but we do not so consider it. Fruit large, deep purple, with a bloom ;
suture shallow and broad ; stem three-quarters inch long; flesh coarse,
yellow, "good.'' Last August.
Cruger's Scarlet.
Cruger's, | Cruger's Seedling,
Cruger's Scarlet Gage.
American. Productive, and comparatively free from attacks of cur-
culio. Branches downy. Fruit little above medium, roundish oval ;
skin lilac red, with thin bluish bloom and yellow dots, in dark shade one
side, pale fawn color ; flesh orange, rather dry, ri«h, separates free from
stone; stalk half inch long ; basin shallow. Last August.
De Montfort.
Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit above medium, roundish, light pur-
ple, spotted with brownish yellow, and with blue bloom ; flesh light yel-
low, rich ; when fully ripe, parts freely from stone ; stalk half inch long.
Middle August.
Denistox's Red.
American. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, roundish oval; suture
half round; skin light red, with fawn- colored dots, bloom thin ; flesh am-
ber color, separates freely from a small, oval, compressed stone ; stalk long,
slender. Last August.
Downton Imperatrice.
Foreign. Branches smooth, valued for preserving. Fruit medium/
18*
418 THE PLUM.
oval, narrowing to the stalk, pale yellow; flesh yellow, melting; unless
fnlly ripe, acid, then sweet, adheres to the stone ; stalk three-fourths inch
long. Last of September. Sometimes grown as Yellow Egg.
Domine Dull.
German Prune, | Dutch Prune,
Dutch Quetzen.
American. From seed of the Dutch Prune ; productive and valuable
for drying ; branches smooth. Fruit medium size, long oval ; skin dark
purple, nearly black, with blue bloom ; flesh yellow, juicy at first, if
allowed to hang on the tree becomes dry, rich and sweet, adheres to
stone ; stalk an inch long. September.
Duane's Purple.
Duane's Purple French, English Pond's Seedling.
Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit large, oblong oval, one side enlarged,
reddish purple in sun. pale red in shade, dotted with yellow specks, lilac
bloom ; flesh amber color, juicy, slightly acid, adhering to the stone ;
stalk three-fourths inch long, slender, narrow cavity. Early August.
Early Royal.
Royal Hative, | Mirian.
Foreign. Slow grower, and tender tree far North ; branches downy.
Fruit medium, roundish, light purple, dotted little with dull yellow ; flesh
amber color, rich, parts from stone; stalk half inch long, stout ; stone
small. Last July.
Emerald Drop.
American. Productive ; branches smooth. Fruit medium, long oval,
one side enlarged, yellowish green ; flesh greenish yellow, juicy, adheres
to the stone ; stalk three-fourths inch long. Last August.
Early Purple.
Foreign. Fruit small, roundish, brownish purple, with a scanty light-
colored bloom ; flesh greenish yellow, highly perfumed, sweet, juicy, parts
freely from stone. Early June at South, July here. (W. N. White, in
Horticulturist.)
Elfrey.
Elfrey's Prune.
American. Very productive, always valuable for drying, often very
fine for the dessert, succeeds admirably at the South ; branches smooth.
Fruit rather below medium size, oval, blue ; flesh greenish, sweet, parts
freely from stone. Middle August ; South, first July.
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 419
Early Favorite.
Rivers' Early No. 1.
Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, roundish oval, purple ;
flesh melting, rich, sweet. Early August.
Early Prolific.
Rivers' Early No. 2.
Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit little above medium, roundish oval,
purple ; flesh yellowish, rich, sweet, excellent flavor. Early August
Frost Gage.
American. Does not answer well in soils of only moderate richness,
requires rich, moist, clayey soil. On the borders of the Hudson river,
where it originated, it is one of the most valuable late-ripening market
varieties. Branches smooth, slender, upright habit. Fruit below medium,
roundish oval ; suture half round, deep purple, bloom thin ; flesh greenish
yellow, juicy, sweet, adhering to stone ; stalk three-fourths inch long.
First October.
Galbraith.
An early plum, sai,d to have originated with the late Mr. Galbraith, near
BoalsburgkPa. ; and is represented as being a straggling grower, but the
best early plum cultivated in that vicinity. An inch and a half long by
one and five-sixteenths broad, oval, purple ; stem five-eighths of an inch
by one-fourteenth ; flesh tender, juicy, adherent to the stone, flavor lus-
cious, quality " very good" if not "best." (W. D. B.)
Htjling's Superb.
This variety we have little doubt will eventually command a place in
the first class : at present it has been little grown; Duane's Purple being
almost invariably the variety distributed under this name. Leaves broad,
large ; branches stout, downy, with a swollen knob behind each bud.
Fruit very large, roundish oval, shallow suture ; skin dull greenish yellow,
covered with pale bloom ; flesh greenish yellow, little coarse grain, rich,
brisk, sprightly flavor, adheres partially to the stone ; stalk an inch long,
swollen at its junctiop with the tree, and set in a round, small cavity.
Middle August.
Howisi.l's Early.
American. Branches slender, gray, downy. Fruit below medium,
oval angular ; suture indistinct, light brown, greenish yellow in the
shade, thin blue bloom ; flesh amber color, juicy, sweet, separates freely
from a small oval stone ; stalk three-fourths inch long, slender. Last
July.
How's Amber.
American. Branches slightly downy. Fruit medium, roundish ; skin
420 THE PLUM.
amber color, dotted and mottled with rose ; flesh yellow, a little coarse,
adhering to the stone, rich, fine flavor. Season last August. (Hov. Mag.)
Howard's Favorite.
American. Fruit large, roundish obovate, slight neck ; stem one inch;
color orange yellow, shaded with red, and reddish spots ; flesh yellow,
juicy, sub-acid, "good." September. New. N
Hudson Gage.
American. Somewhat like Imperial Gage, but earlier. Branches
downy. Fruit medium, oval, enlarged one side ; suture obscure ; skin
yellow, clouded as if underneath with stripes of green; bloom white;
flesh greenish, juicy, sprightly, and mostly parts from the stone, which is
small ; stalk half inch long. Early August.
Imperial of Milan.
Imperiale de Milan.
Foreign. Fruit large, oval, deep purple, juicy, sugary. October. (T
Rivers, in Hort.)
Isabella.
Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit above medium, oval, dull red, mot-
tled ; flesh yellow, rich, juicy, parting freely from the stone .when fully
ripe ; stalk three- fourths inch long. Last August.
ICKWORTH IilPERATRICE.
Knight's Xo. 6.
Foreign. North this does not ripen well ; in the Middle and Southern
States it promises yet to become a first-class plum, on account mainly of its
period of ripening. Branches smooth. Fruit above medium, obovate,
purple, with irregular tracings of fawn yellow ; flesh greenish yellow,
sweet, juicy, and mostly adhering to a small stone; stalk half inch long,
thick. Early October. If gathered by hand, wrapped in paper, and laid
in a dry place, will keep a month.
Italian Damask.
Damas d'ltalie.
Foreign. Productive, succeeds finely South. Branches smooth. Fruit
medium, roundish, flattened at base ; suture half round ; skin violet, be-
coming brown ; flesh yellowish green, firm, sweet, separating from a thick
oval stone ; stalk half inch long, slender ; cavity small. Last August
Bears well in all soils.
Kirke's.
Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, round, dark purple, thick
blue bloom ; flesh greenish yellow, firm, rich, separating freely from a
broad flat stone ; stalk three-fourths inch long. Last August.
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 421
Long Scarlet.
Scarlet Gage.
American. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oblong obovate, one side
enlarged, tapers toward the stalk, bright red in sun, pale yellowish red in
shade ; bloom lilac ; flesh yellow, rich, juicy, acid, adheres to the stone ; stalk
three-fourths inch long in a narrow cavity. Last of August. A good
market sort, valued for making jelly.
MlRABELLE.
Mirabelle Petite, | Mirabelle Jaime.
Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit small, obovate ; suture distinct ;
skin yellow, spotted with red ; bloom white ; flesh orange, sweet, sprightly,
separates from stone ; stalk half inch long. Early August.
~M AMELONNE.
Foreign. Fruit medium, jjnind, with a knob-like protuberance where
joined to the stalk, occasional specimens with unequal surface ; skin green-
ish, spotted with red ; flesh yellow, juicy, rich, and parts freely from the
stone. Early August.
Marten's Seedling.
A variety said by C. Reagles, of Schenectady, N. Y., to have originated
there, and to be a yellow plum of the finest quality. We have not seen it.
Mediterranean.
This is also said by Mr. Reagles to be a seedling of Central New York,
very large, early and superior.
Morocco.
Early Morocco, Early Black Morocco,
Black Morocco, Early Damask,
Black Damask.
Foreign. Moderate bearer. Branches downy. Fruit medium, round-
ish, shallow suture ; skin dark purple ; bloom thin ; flesh greenish yel-
low, slightly adhering to the stone, juicy, rich and sweet ; stalk half inch
long. Early August.
Manning's Prune.
Manning"s Long Blue Prune, Large Long Blue,
Manning's Long Blue.
American. A sub- variety of the German prune, and superior thereto.
Branches smooth. Fruit large, long oval, a little one-sided ; skin dark
purple, thick blue bloom; flesh greenish yellow, firm, rather juicy, sweet,
pleasant, separates readily from a long pointed stone ; stalk long, slender.
September.
Mulberry.
American Branches stout, smooth. Fruit large, ovaL narrowing to
422 THE PLUM.
the stalk, pale yellow, with dots of red in sun ; flesh greenish yellow,
coarse-grained, adheres to an oblong pointed stone ; stalk an inch long,
slender. First September.
Nota Bene.
Corse's Nota Bene, | Dictator?
Canadian. Branches smooth. Fruit large, round, pale lilac or brownish,
dull green on the shaded side, bloom light blue ; flesh greenish, rather
firm, juicy, sweet, separating freely from the stone ; stalk half an inch
long, in a round basin. First September.
October Green Gage.
Reine Claude Tardive, Reine Claude d'Octobre.
Foreign. Branches slightly downy. Fruit small, round, yellowish
green, marbled and dotted slightly with red in the sun ; flesh yellowish,
juicy, melting, rich, separating freely from the stone ; stalk slender. First
to 15th October.
Orange.
Orange Gage.
American. Branches smooth. Fruit very large, oval, flattened at both
ends, bronze yellow, clouded with purplish red near the stalk ; flesh yel-
low, coarse-grained, adhering slightly to the stone ; stalk three fourths
inch long, in a narrow round cavity. Last of August.
Peach Plum.
Prune Peche.
Foreign. Long cultivated at Schenectady, N. Y., as the French plum, it
having been received from France*, and lost its name on the voyage : was
only recognized of late as the old Prune Peche of French authors. It is
tender at the North, and an indifferent bearer. Branches smooth. Fruit
very large, shaped much like a peach, one side enlarged, wider than deep,
light brownish red, with small yellow dots ; flesh pale yellow, coarse-
grained, slightly sub-acid, separates freely from the stone, which is round
and much furrowed ; stalk short. Last July, first August.
Prince of Wales.
Chapman's Prince of Wales.
Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, oval, bright purplish pink,
bloom abundant ; flesh pale yellow, sweet, separates from stone. Last
August.
Prune of Agen.
Agen Date, D'Agen,
Ptune d'Agen, Prune d'Ast,
St. Itaurin.
Foreign. Valuable only for drying. Branches smooth. Fruit medium.
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 423
obovate fattened, purple, with a blue bloom ; flesh greenish yellow, sweet;
stalk short. October.
Peter's Yellow Gage.
American. Resembles Cloth of Gold. Tree rather longer jointed, and
fruit separates freely from the stone. August.
Queen Claude of Bavay.
Reine Claude de Bavay.
Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, roundish oval, greenish
yellow, spotted with red ; flesh firm, juicy, sweet, rich, adhering slightly
to the stone; stem short. Last September. This variety has been, as
we think, over-praised.
Red Saint Martin.
Saint Martin Rouge, Prunier de St. Martin,
Saint Martin, Coe's Fine Late Red,
Coe's Late Red.
Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium size, roundish; suture half
round, well marked ; skin light purplish red, thin blue bloom ; flesh yel-
lowish, juicy, vinous, separating freely from the stone ; stalk three-fourths
inch long, stout. October. In Northern locations it does not always
mature its fruit.
Red Diaper.
Diapree Rouge, Roche Corbon,
Mimms, Imperial Diadem.
Foreign. Slow grower, branches nearly smooth. Fruit above medium
obovate, brownish red and purple, light blue bloom ; flesh pale green
juicy, melting, very good ; stalk slender, slightly hairy, parts free from
stone. Last August.
ROYALE.
La Royale.
Foreign. Branches very downy. Fruit medium or slightly above,
roundish, reddish purple, with light brown specks, thick pale bloom ; flesh
dull yellow, rather firm, juicy, vinous, parts freely from a small roundish
stone ; stalk three-fourths inch, cavity narrow. Last August, and hangs
to middle September.
Royal of Tours.
Royale de Tours, | Royal Tours.
Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit large, roundish ; suture deep, giving
appearance of one side enlarged, lively red in shade, violet in sun, minute
golden dots, blue bloom ; stalk stout, cavity narrow ; flesh greenish, firm',
with abundant juice, adheres closely to large, oval, flattened stone. Early
August.
424 THE PLUM.
Sharp's Emperor.
Denyer's Victoria, | Queen Victoria.
Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit large, roundish oval, lively red in
sun, paler in shade ; flesh yellow, separates from stone, pleasant flavor.
Middle September.
Thomas.
American. Hovey, in Mag. of Hort., says this is a seedling of Mr.
Thomas, Boston, Mass. We take from his description. Branches stout,
slightly downy. Fruit large, oblong, flattened at apex, shallow suture,
dark amber color, mottled and shaded with red, sprinkled with white dots
and whitish bloom ; flesh deep yellow, sweet, separating from a large
roundish ovate stone ; stalk half inch, stout, deeply inserted. September.
Smith's Orleans.
La Delicieuse.
American. Originated by a Mr. Smith, on Long Island, and first de-
scribed by Prince. As a market plum this is a fine variety, but for des-
sert it is deficient in richness and flavor on moist strong soils. Branches
stout, nearly smooth. Fruit large, oval oblong, largest at base ; suture
half round ; skin deep purplish red, with small golden specks and deep
blue bloom ; flesh yellow, tender, juicy, adhering closely to a large ovate
stone ; stalk short, inserted in a deep round cavity. Last August,
Yellow Egg.
Yellow Magnum Bonum,
White Magnum Bonum,
White Egg,
Egg Plum,
White Mogul,
Askew's Golden Egg,
Col. Young's Seedling,
White Imperial,
White Holland,
Wentworth,
Dame Ambert,
" " Jaune,
" " Blanche,
Grosse Luisante.
Foreign. Numerous seedlings are produced from this variety, differing
little from the parent. " Long's Yellow " is one considerably distributed
West. It is a variety only esteemed for cooking purposes. Branches
smooth. Fruit large, oval, narrowing at ends , suture distinct ; skin
yellow, white dots, and thin white bloom ; flesh yellow, adhering mostly
to the stone ; stalk long, surrounded at insertion by fleshy ring. Middle
to last August.
CLASS III.— Unworthy Farther Culture.
Apricot.
Apricot Plum of Tours, Abricotee,
• Abricotee de Tours, Yellow Apricot,
Red Apricot.
Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, with ted ;
flesh yellow, bitter. Freestone. August.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 425
American Wheat.
American. Branches smooth. Fruit small, round, blue ; flesh greenish.
Clingstone. August.
Admiral.
Corse's Admiral.
Canadian. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oval, light purple ; flesh green-
ish yellow. Clingstone. September.
Brevoort's Purple.
New York l'urplo, I Brevoort's Purple Bolmar,
Brevoort's Purple Washington.
American. Branches smooth. Fruit large, oval, reddish purple ; flesh yel-
lowish. Clingstone. September.
Blue Gage.
Azure Hative, | Black Perdrigon,
Little Blue Gage.
Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit small, round, blue ; flesh greenish. Free-
stone. August.
Byfield.
American. Branches smooth. Fruit small, round, light yellow ; flesh yel-
low. Clingstone. August.
Blue Perdrigon.
Violet Perdrigon, Brignole Violette,
Perdrigon Violelte, Battle Monument.
Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oval, reddish purple ; flesh
greenish yellow. Clingstone. August.
Beach Plum.
Native of the sea-coast. Fruit small, reddish, astringent.
Croft's Early.
A small reddish blue fruit, with yellow flesh, dry and devoid of flavor.
August.
Copper.
French Copper.
Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, oval, bluish copper; flesh
greenish. Freestone. September.
Cheston.
Cheston Matchless, | Matchless,
Violet Diaper.
Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit small, oval, purple flesh yellow. Free-
stone. August.
426 THE PLUM".
Diamond.
Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit large, oval, purplish black ; flesh yellow,
dry. Freestone. September.
Dana s Yellow Gage.
American. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oval, pale yellow ; fle?h yel-
lowish. Clingstone. Septembei .
Damson.
Common Damson, | Purple Damson,
Early Damson.
A variety common in all gardens, increased by seeds and suckers ; many
sub-varieties, under names of Winter Damson, Prune Damson, Sweet Damson,
&c. Branches downy. Fruit small, oval, purplish blue ; flesh greenish, par-
tially free. September to November.
Early Yellow.
Jaune Hative. Jaune de Catalogue,
Catalonian, Prune de St. Barnabee,
White Primordian, D'Avoine,
Amber Primordian, Picket's July.
Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit small, oval, pale yellow ; flesh yellow.
Freestone. July.
Early Tours.
Preeoce de Tours, Violet Hative,
Early Violet, Noire Hative,
Violet de Tours.
Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oval, deep purple ; flesh green-
ish yellow, fibrous. Clingstone. Early August ; poor bearer.
Field Marshal.
Corse's Field Marshal.
Canadian. Fruit medium, oval ; flesh greenish yellow. Clingstone. August.
FOTHERINGHAM.
Sheen, Grove House Purple.
Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, obovate, reddish purple ; flesh
greenish yellow. Freestone. August.
Guthrie's Apricot.
Guthrie's Apricot Plum.
Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oval, j ellow, with crimson dots ;
flesh yellow. Clingstone. August.
General Hand.
American. Branches nearly smooth. Fruit large, roundish oval, yellow
marbled ; f esh pale yellow. Freestone. September.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 427
German Prune.
Quetsche, | Lcipzic,
Comtnon Quetsche, Sweet Prune,
True German Prune, Damask,
Turkish Queue he, Quetsche Grosse,
Prune d'Allemagne.
A variety with numerous sub-varieties, the best of which is '"Manning's
Prune," previously described. Branches smooth. Fruit long oval, purple ;
flesh greenish. Freestone. September.
Ghiston's Earlv.
American. Branches smooth. Fruit large, oval, yellow ; flesh yellow. Free-
stone. August.
Goliath.
Caledonian, Steer's Emperor,
Saint Cloud, | Wilmot's Late Orleans.
Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit Uirge. roundish oblong, purplish red ;
flesh yellow. Clingstone. August.
Gwalsh.
American. Branches smooth. Fruit large, obovate, dark purple ; flesh yel-
low, acid. Clingstone. August.
Gifford's La Fayette.
American. Fruit medium, long oval, purplish blue ; flesh yellowish. Sep-
tember.
Horse Plum.
Large Early Damson, Sweet Damson.
American. Seedlings make good stocks for budding. Branches downy.
Fruit medium, oval, reddish purple ; flesh greenish yellow. Freestone. August.
Holland.
Blue Holland, | Holland Prune.
Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, round, reddish purple ; flesh
yellowish. Freestone. September.
JuDSON.
American. Fruit small, roundish oval, reddish pink, mottled ; flesh yel-
lowish ; stone large, free. August.
Large Green Drying.
Knight's Large Green Drying.
Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit large, round, greenish yellow ; flesh
yellowish. Clingstone, insipid. September.
428 * THE PLUM.
Lucombe's Nonsuch.
Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish green \
flesh greenish. Clingstone. August.
Little Queen Claude.
Yellow Gage (of the English,) I Small Green Gage,
Petite Reine Claude, Gonne's Green Gage,
Reine Claude Blanche, White Gage.
Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit small, round, yellowish green, with red
spots ; flesh pale yellow. Freestone. August.
Muscle.
Foreign. Onlj grown for stocks. Fruit oblong, dark red, large stone.
Nectarine.
Caledonian? Howell's Large.
Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit large, roundish, purple ; flesh greenish
yellow, partially clingstone. August.
Orleans.
Monsieur, Old Orleans,
Monsieur Ordinaire, Red Damask,
Italian Damask of some.
Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, round, reddish purple ; flesh
yellowish. Freestone. August.
Penobscot.
American. Fruit large, oval, greenish yellow, little red in sun ; flesh yellow.
Clingstone. September.
Pond's Seedling.
Pond's Purple.
American. Branches downy. Fruit medium, roundish, purple ; flesh yel-
lowish. Freestone. August.
Peoly's Early Blue.
American. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oblong, dark blue ; flesh yel-
low, partly free. August.
Queen Mother.
Red Queen Mother, | Pigeon's Heart,
Damas Violet.
Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit small, round, purplish red in sun, amber
in shade ; flesh yellow. Freestone. September.
Red Egg.
Red Magnum Bonum, Red Imperial of some,
Askew's Purple Egg, Purple Magnum Bonum,
Purple Egg, Florence.
Branches smooth. Long and extensively grown. It is far surpassed by many
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 429
others ripening at same time. Fruit large, oval, deep red, with gray dots ;
flesh greenish, coarse. Freestone. September.
Red Imperial.
Imperial Rouge, | Early Forcing.
Foreign. Branches slightly downy. Fruit large, oval, reddish violet ; flesh
greenish yellow. Freestone. September.
Red Perdrigon.
Perdrigon Rouge.
Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, roundish oval, deep red, lilac
bloom ; flesh yellow. Freestone. August.
St. John's.
Prune dc St. Jean.
Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, purplish blue ; flesh greenish
yellow. August.
Semiana of Boston.
This has been thought to be the Imperatrice Violette of old Duham°l. We
are not prepared to say, and as it is condemned by all growers, do not think it
worth looking after. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, oval, dark L-iu* , flesh
harsh, acid. Clingstone. September.
Suisse.
Simiana, Swiss Plum,
Prune Suisse, Monsieur Tardif,
Prune d'Altesse.
Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit above medium, round, violet red ; flesh
greenish yellow, acid. Clingstone. September.
Siamese.
American. Branches smooth, Fruit grows in pairs, which is its only merit,
pale yellow ; flesh yellow. Clingstone. September.
Stabeler's Seedling.
American. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oval, greenish yellow, with
white specks ; flesh yellowish. Clingstone. August.
St. Catherine.
Foreign. Branches smooth, valued in France for drying, surpassed here by
varieties of later origin. Fruit medium, obovate, pale yellow, little red in
sun; flesh yellow. Clingstone. September.
Virgin.
Virginale.
Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, roundish, purple ; flesh yellow.
Freestone. September.
480 THE PLUM.
Wilde's.
American. Fruit large, oval oblong, greenish yellow ; flesh yellowish green-
Clingstone. July.
White Damson.
Late Yellow Damson, Shailer's White Damson,
White Prune Damson, White Damascene.
Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit small, oval, pale yellow, few red spots ;
flesh yellow. Clingstone. September.
White Imperatrice.
White Empress, | Imperatrice Blanche.
Foreign. Branches smooth. Fruit medium, obovate, bright yellow, few red
spots ; flesh yellow. Freestone. September.
White Perdrigon.
Perdrigon Blanc, | Maitre Claude,
Brignole.
Foreign. Branches downy. Fruit medium, oval, greenish yellow, red
qpots in sun ; flesh pale yellow. Clingstone. August.
THE QUINCE.
Cydonia vulgaris, Dec. Rosacece of Botanists.
The Quince is a tree of crooked, tortuous, rambling branches, and
in the usual neglected state in which it is cultivated, seldom reaches
a height of over fifteen feet. In rich, deep soils, however, it will
acquire a height of twenty-five to thirty feet. While young and
in the nursery, it is of rather rapid growth ; but after the trees
commence fruiting, the growth is leas rapid, and is more spreading
than upright. The botanical name, Cydonia, is said to be from
first attracting notice in the city of Cydon, Candia. The largest
tree on record is growing in the neighborhood of Geneva, New-
York, and is, according to the " Horticulturist," thirty feet high,
with a trunk girthing six feet, and branches extending over a circle
seventy-five feet in circumference. In the Journal of the London
Horticultural Society, a variety is spoken of as existing in Persia,
of which the fruit acquires the weight of fifty to sixty ounces, and
ripened, loses all its austerity, so that it is eaten at the dessert like
a soft, ripe pear. No such variety has, however, yet found its way
to our shores, and it is somewhat doubtful if it exists. The large,
pale pink blossoms of the quince make it rather ornamental ; and
appearing, as they do, after other fruit trees have done blooming, it
is almost certain to escape late frosts, and annually produce fruit.
We have often wondered at the taste that cultivates carefully a bush
of privet or snowberry, while the quince is neglected in some se-
cluded, shaded corner.
Propagation. — By Seed. — The seed should be saved by cutting
out the cores and seeds, and laying them in a heap for a few days,
or until they become soft, when rubbing in water and passing the
pulpy part through a sieve leaves the seeds clear. They should
then be mixed with damp sand in shallow boxes, and placed in a
cool cellar or outhouse until spring — care being taken that they do
not get dry, nor yet wet enough to decay. In spring, sow thinly, in
drills, good, rich, deep soil, and cover about two inches deep.
By Cuttings. — These are usually taken off* in spring early, from
wood of last year's growth, and are about one foot long each. The
buds should all be cut out, except the two upper ones, and the
cutting set erect ten inches deep, in rich, moist, sandy soil. If
ground is available where moisture can be insured in summer,
without overplus in winter, the month of September is best for
(431)
432 THE QUINCE.
making and putting in the cuttings. Small beds may be made,
well shaded from noonday sun, and watered during the summer
season.
By Layers. — These are usually made in spring, by bending down
and pegging, as described in a previous part of this work. They
usually form roots the first season, and will answer the following
spring to be cut from the parent plant and transplanted into nursery-
rows.
By Roots. — Small pieces of the roots, from four to six inches
long each, taken off in spring, and planted with the upper end
about two inches under ground, will throw up fine shoots during the
season. For propagating the Cydonia Japonica, or Japan Quince,
this is decidedly the best way.
By Budding and Grafting. — The Portugal and Orange Quince,
being the most valuable, are often propagated by budding and
grafting ; and when quince stocks for the purpose are not on hand,
the common white thorn answers a very good purpose — often doing
even better than the quince, in poor soils, or in the hands of those
who neglect cultivation.
Soil. — The soil, for successful growth, should be rich, deep — say
two feet — and regularly cultivated, or, in other words, free of grass
or weeds. Barn-yard manure, with salt in abundance, mixed, and
allowed to lie six months before being applied and spaded-in around
the trees, will often render trees deemed unproductive, and of poor
quality, productive, and of the best. New plantations, if to be
made in old worn-out soils, should first have a liberal dressing ot
virgin-earth or leaf-mould from woods. Free use of liquid manures,
applied during winter and spring, have to our knowledge kept a
plantation of the quince in fine health and bearing for upwards of
thirty years. Bog-earth, or salt marsh-mud, is frequently used in
the States bordering on the ocean or salt water.
Situation. — A shaded situation, and moist, has been almost uni-
versally advised ; neither of which is at all essential. Shade, on
the contrary, is objectionable ; while, in soils well supplied with
manures and salt, moisture sufficient will always be found.
Transplanting, Pruning, and Distance apart. — The Quince is
hardy, and the fall is best for transplanting ; but, when not conve-
nient, its roots strike so readily that no one should be deterred, even
if left until late in spring. Newly-planted trees should be pruned
back very closely, or say two-thirds of the last year's growth cut
INSECTS — USES. 433
away, and all branches for a distance of eighteen inches from the
crown cut away, thus leaving the tree with a stem or body of
eighteen inches — just sufficient to enable one to dig and cultivate
around it underneath the branches. The distance apart for trees
destined for an orchard should be about twelve feet each way.
The object of pruning orchard trees should be, to keep the head
open and regular — cutting away all crossing limbs and suckers.
" The bearing branches, or spurs of the quince, are small twiggy
shoots, produced on wood at least two years old. These bear two,
three, or more fruit-buds. These produce shoots two or three
inches long, on the point of which the fruit is borne singly. These
spurs have always wood-buds, as well as fruit-buds, and therefore
should be shortened back the spring after they have borne, in order
to produce new spurs at the same point."
Insects, etc. — "The borer sometimes proves a formidable enemy.
It is the larva of an insect which attacks the wood of the trunk, near
the surface of the ground, and works inwards, usually upwTards, but
sometimes downwards, to a distance of several inches into the wood,
during the summer season.
"As the borer frequently destroys the tree, various means of pre-
vention have been resorted to. The remedies described for the
apple-borer are found useful. When the insect has once obtained
possession, the best method appears to be direct attack. Scrape
the soil from the trunk, and cut with a knife lengthwise, and not
across the bark and wood, till the insects are found. Repeat the
operation once a week for several times, as a part escape the first
examination. Then cover the wrounded parts with a mixture of
warm tar and ochre or brickdust. It is a great saving of labor to
arrest early their progress ; hence, trees should be examined fre-
quently. They may sometimes be extracted by a flexible barbed
wire, when cutting out would too much mutilate the tree."
In spring or early summer months the ends of the branches often
turn black and die. By some, this is declared to be caused by an
insect, (scolytus,) and the remedy said to lie in the cutting off and
burning the branches. We do not so regard it, but believe it rather
caused by atmospheric change ; as a bright, clear, hot sun imme-
diately opening at about midday, after a warm, softening rain, will
often exhibit the result of blacking ends of young, tender shoots, in a
very few hours.
Uses. — The quince is never eaten in a raw state, but has, from
the days of Columella, been highly esteemed for making of marma-
lade, preserving, stewing, to give additional flavor to tarts of apple
and of pastry, etc. In medicine, the expressed juice, repeatedly
taken in small quantities, is regarded as cooling, astringent, and
19
484
THE QUINCE.
stomachic. Dried quinces are said to be excellent. Gathered care-
fully by hand, the quince may be wrapped in paper, and, placed in
a cool room, kept until near midwinter.
Varieties. — Of these there are but three really worthy of descrip
tion, and, of these, two only worthy cultivation to any extent. The
Chinese Quince (Cydonia Sinensis) is cultivated only as ornamental.
Its fruit is egg-shaped, dull green, with hard, dry flesh ; its flowers
rosy red, very pretty. The Japan Quince ( Cydonia Japonica) is
also only cultivated as an ornamental shrub. There are three vari-
eties, bearing flowers bluish white, scarlet or crimson ; and of the
latter, with flowers nearly double. The fruit is dark green, hard,
with a pleasant odor ; not eatable.
Orange Quince.
Apple Quince.
Apple-shaped Quince,
Aneers Quince,
Cydonia v. Malformis.
This is the variety most generally grown, and most esteemed.
When fully ripe, its rich golden yellow resembles more the color of
THE QUINCE.
435
an orange than its shape corresponds to the general form of apples;
therefore we prefer the name orange to apple-shaped. It is not rare
to find it grown from seed, and the seedlings sold as the Orange
Quince, when, in truth, as many of the seedlings are likely to pro-
duce the pear-shaped or even far inferior fruit, as seedlings from a
good pear or good apple, when the parent was grown by itself. It
is often gathered before ripe, which is not until from the middle to
last of October. If gathered too early, they do not cook tender.
Leaf, ovate pointed ; fruit, large, ovate, obtuse pyriform, varying to
obovate conical; stern, usually in a slight depression. When well-
grown and cared for, the skin is smooth, of a rich golden yellow.
Without care, it becomes small, knotty, and woolly. Core, large,
and placed nearest the blossom or calyx end ; seeds, reddish brown.
Portugal Quince.
Cydonia Lusi tunica..
This variety is readily distinguished in the tree, by its leaf being
round, or as wide as long, and very downy underneath. The true
436 THE QUINCE.
variety is yet scarce in the West. It has the reputation of being a
shy bearer, but trees in our grounds have produced equally as abun-
dant as the Orange Quince. Fruit, medium to large, regular oblong
pyriform, smooth, of a paler yellow than the Orange variety ; core,
medium, and placed near the centre ; seeds, light brown ; flesh, mild,
less astringent than other varieties ; cooks tender, and turns a fine
purple or deep crimson, hence highly esteemed. It ripens about
ten days earlier than the Orange Quince ; requires very rich, deep
soil.
Pear Quince.
Pear-shaped Quince, PyrifbTm Quince,
Oblong Quince, Cydonia Sub. v. Pyriform.
This takes its name from the fruit being shaped much like maty
varieties of the pear. It is of medium size, roundish oblong or pyr-
iform, tapering to the stalk. Skin, dull yellow ; flesh, firm, tough,
dry, but of high flavor. When stewed or cooked, it is less tender,
and the flesh less lively in color than the Orange Quince. Leava,
oblong ovate. Season, last of October.
New Upright.
Paris de Fontenay.
A variety first introduced to notice by Messrs. Ellwanger and
Barry, of Rochester, N. Y. It grows upright, strikes readily from
cuttings, but after the first year's growth seems to lose vigor and
afterwards <frows very tardily. It has not yet fruited.
THE RASPBERRY.
Rubus IdcBus. Rosacea? of Botanists.
A low deciduous shrub, found wild in the woods, both of this
country and Europe. The roots being permanent and the stems
biennial, they throw up a number of shoots, which produce fruit the
second year and die. Our present cultivated varieties have been pro-
duced by high cultivation of seedlings from a variety no better than
is to be found common in the fence corners of our slovenly farmers.
Propagation and Transplanting. — New varieties are produced
from seed ; the seedlings having a tendency to depart materially
from the character of the parent, as in the instance of the " Orange,"
produced from seed of a crimson berry.
Seedlings are easily grown by planting the berry when fully ripe,
about one inch deep, in light loamy soil, where it is a little shaded.
They will fruit the second or third year. Varieties are usually in-
creased by transplanting the suckers or offsets. They can be pro-
pagated by cuttings, which is done much in the manner of managing
cuttings of the rose ; the care and attention requisite, making it
only desirable in case of rare or new kinds. A few varieties, as the
American Black and English Red, sometimes propagate by their
branches bending over until the ends touch and become covered in
the ground.
In transplanting, the root should be protected from drying winds
or hot suns, and the cane should be cut back one-fourth its previous
season's growth.
The rows should be north and south, and three to four feet apart,
according to the vigor of the sort, and the plants placed one every
two feet. Some plant three in a hill, the hills four feet apart. We
think they become matted too soon in this way.
Soil. — All cultivators agree, that while the raspberry may be
made to grow on gravelly loam, slaty soil, or stiff cold clay, it can
be relied on for a crop only when planted in a rich deep loam, where
there is moisture, but such drainage that wTater will not stand. For
those whose gardens are upon soils naturally unfavorable, deep
trenching, placing coarse barn-yard manure at the bottom of the
trench, and covering the surface with two inches of leaf-mould from the
woods, will often render the plants productive, especially in wet seasons.
Situation. The situation should :>e open, fully exposed to light
and air ; to this end the advice to for.n rows north and south.
Culture and Training. — In large plantations the weeds are kept
down mostly wi ;h the plough and cultivator, hoeing where the culfci-
438
THE RASPBERRY.
Fig. 9.
vator does not reach. Where the variety is hardy, a single prun-
ing in the spring is all that is necessary. This should be done early
in March or April, according to the season or section of the country
where located ; and consists in cutting away the canes of last year's
bearing, leaving four to six of the strongest of last year's growth for
the coming crop ; these to be cut back one-fourth, cutting away all
shoots of slender growth, and also all suckers unless wanted for
future planting. Varieties requiring winter protection should have
the old fruiting canes cut away in September. Where increase of
plants is wanted, they should not be dug or hoed around early in
spring.
An English gardener in our immediate neighborhood has prac-
tised the following modes of training ever since our residence in the
north of Ohio :
Figure 9 represents the canes prepared for fruiting, in April.
The uprights are posts
made of cedar or locust,
four inches square at the
bottom, and two inches
at top. The horizontal
lines may be of tarred
rope or annealed iron
wire, coated with coal
tar. To the horizontal wires the canes are tied by strips of bass
bark, such as is used in budding.
In figure 10, the
arched portion tied to
the stake in the centre,
represents the canes of
last year's growth pre-
pared for fruiting the
coming season.
Figure 11 represents
the upright canes being those of the season's
growth, while the arched
y % ones are those which
Mwyt have produced fruit and
- must be cut away.
Insects. — The rasp-
berry is generally free
from destructive insects.
Dr. Munson, of New
Haven, Conn., in a paper
to the American Pomo-
logical Society, speaks
Fig
in the fall
Fig. n.
PROFITS — AUTUMN FRUITING. 439
as follows of one. We have not seen it West. " It is a fungus of a
bright orange color, and infests the under side of the foliage of the
common red raspberry, Rubus Idceus, in Connecticut ; and the ex-
haustion occasioned by this fungus causes the plant to put up a
multitude of spindling stalks, and renders it wholly unproductive.
This affection disseminates itself, and I know of no remedy."
Protection. — Many of the best varieties, like Red Antwerp, re-
quire protection in winter, north of Philadelphia, in order to insure
a full crop. This is best and easiest done by two men passing along
the rows, one bending down the canes to the ground, while the other
with a shovel throws two inches of earth upon them.
Gathering Fruit. — This should be done in the cool of the morn-
ing, when they are higher flavored than at midday.
Uses. — "The raspberry is held in genera! estimation, not only as
one of the most refreshing and agreeable sub-acid fruits for the
dessert, but it is employed by almost every family in making pre-
serves, jams, ices, sauces, tarts, and jellies ; and on a larger scale by
confectioners, for making syrups; by distillers, for making rasp-
berry brandy, vinegar, etc. Raspberry wine, made in the same
way as that of currant, is considered the most fragrant and delicious
of all home-made wines." [Douminr/.') Its fruit, immediately suc-
ceeding the strawberry, and not liable to undergo acetous fermenta-
tion in the stomach, is regarded and prescribed by many physicians
as a promoter of health.
Profits. — Seldom failing to produce a crop when grown on suit-
able soil — requiring comparatively little labor to prune and keep
the plant in order ; always meeting ready sale at fair prices — it is
surprising that more attention has not been given the culture of the
raspberry by orchardists and farmers. The " Red Antwerp," which
is mostly grown for the New- York market by cultivators on the
Hudson river, is stated to have produced 3,300 baskets of one pint
each, from three-fourths of an acre; and $1,500 has been realized in
a single season from sale of product of three acres. A plantation
of raspberries will be in perfection the third year, and continue pro-
fitable five or six years, when it is best to form a new one on a
fresh piece of ground.
Autumn Fruiting. — Any variety may be caused to mature its
fruit in the autumn, by cutting away all shoots in spring, and stop-
ping in the young shoots about midsummer. It is, however, an
unprofitable course, as the plant is unfitted for another season's
fruitinc except in the same way, and the yield is onlv about one-half
440
THE RASPBERRY.
Classification and Varieties. — We have made but two classes
of the raspberry, from the great difficulty of selecting those only for
a first class which would bear the mark of worthy general culture.
Heretofore, the Red and Yellow Antwerps have always been re-
garded as finest for the dessert ; but sinct the introduction of the
Fastolf and the Orange, they have by very many been regarded as
surpassed in delicacy.
CLASS I. — Worthy General Culture, or farther Trial by Amateurs.
American Black.
Thimbleberry, | Common Black Cup,
Black Raspberry.
This is to be found common around old stumps and in fence-
corners in the country. Cultivated in deep, loamy soil, in the
garden, it increases in size nearly one-fourth ; and ripening very late,
will always be profitable for market. For making jam, flavoring
puddings, etc., it is preferred to the more delicate kinds. Shoots,
long, rambling, recurved ; berries, dark purple, nearly black, round,
flattened.
Cope.
A seedling of Dr. Brinckle's, yet little disseminated,
light green ; fruit, large, conical, crimson, spines red.
Colonel Wilder.
Foliage,
Another seedling of Dr. Brinc-
kle's, which proves perfectly hardy
even to the ends of the shoots. It
is firm, and promises to be one of
the most valuable light-colored
berries fur market culture. Shoots,
strong, light-colored, very hardy ;
fruit, above medium, roundish
conical, light cream color, firm,
with a sprightly, fine flavor. Pro-
ductive, and ripening its fruit in
succession, from early until quite
late in the season. Raised from
seed of the Fastolf, and named in
honor of one of the best pomolo-
gists in America-
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
441
Gushing.
This fine raspberry was raised from seed of the Double-bearing,
by Dr. Brinckle, of Philadelphia, in 1844. It has not as yet been
sufficiently tested to judge of its value for extensive culture, but
should receive attention of amateurs. Shoot*, strong, vigorous:
prickles, brown; leaf, plaited, regular form; fruit, large, roundish
conical, crimson, and of fine flavor. Matures early. Said to occa-
sionally produce a second crop in autumn ; and as this is from shoots
grown the same year, it will probably become twice-bearing in all
sections south of Philadelphia.
Emily.
A seedling from the Colonel Wilder; little disseminated; vigor-
ous growth, with white spines. Fruit, large, round, occasionally
shouldered, light yellow.
Fastolf.
An English variety,
introduced with high
praise, which it has
fully sustained in this
country. It is proba-
bly a chance seedling
of the Red Antwerp,
which it much resem-
bles. Its name is from
an old pile called Fast-
olf Castle, near Yar-
mouth, Eng. Through-
out most of North and
Western States it will
need protection in win-
ter, as its canes are
not quite hardy. For
small gardens, ~we pre-
fer it to Red Antwerp ;
but fur market culture,
the latter is best, on
account of being more
firm. Shoots, strong,
are much inclined to
branch, light yellowish
brown ; fruit, large,
roundish, cbtuse conical, bright purplish red, soft, rich, high-flavored.
productive; ripening its fruit in Ion"- continued succession.
19*
442
THE RASPBERRY.
French.
Vice-President French.
This is a seedling of Fastolf crossed with Yellow Antwerp, origin-
ated with Dr. Brinckle, and is yet little known. Fruit, large, round,
crimson, matures Hte; spines, red.
Franconia.
Introduced to this country from France, under this name; but not
to be found in any foreign catalogue to which we have had access.
Its canes are nearly hardy ; maturing good crops, without protec-
tion, four years out of five. Shoots, strong, branching, yellowish
brown, with scattered, rather stout bristles ; leaves, rather narrow ;
fruit, large, obtuse conical, dark, rich red, rich, rather acid flavor;
more firm than Fastolf, and not as much so as Red Antwerp. A
few days later than the latter in ripening.
Fulton.
FroVn seed of French. Fruit, large, round, crimson; productive,
and a vigorous grower ; spines, red. One of Dr. Brinckle's origin.
General Patterson.
Seedling of the Colonel Wilder ; vigorous grower.
fruit, large,. round, crimson.
Spines, red ;
Knevett's Giant.
Imported from England
by Col. Wilder, in 1843.
Thirf raspberry has proved
more hardy than any other
foreign variety, requiring
no protection, and produc-
ing uniformly large crops
of fruit. Its texture being
firm, it will be found pro-
fitable*to grow for market.
Canes, strong, upright, dis-
posed to branch ; fruit,
large, obtuse, conical or
roundish, deep red, and of
excellent flavor.
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
443
Monthly.
Large-fruited Monthly, | Rivers' Large-fruited Monthly.
This variety has been lately introduced, with claims to excellence
and productive habit. We have fruited it hut one year, and cannot,
therefore, speak knowingly, but incline to the impression that, like
others of its character, it depends more on the system of culture to
produce the fruit in succession, than the actual habit of the plant.
Shoots, long, slender, purplish in the sun. thickly covered with
dark purple spines ; frail, hardh above medium, red, fine flavor.
Barry says, "to insure a good autumn crop, the canes should be
pruned in spring to within a loot of the ground."
M:;s. W ilder.
Seedling of Col. Wilder, which it so nearly resembles as not to
require distinct description.
Orange.
This variety was grown by Dr. Brinckle from seed in 1844. On
account of being more hardy, it will probably supersede the Yellow
Antwerp, while its late period of ripening, being some ten days after
that variety, will render it highly valuable for marketing. Shoots,
vigorous, with white spines ; leaf, irregular ; fruit, large, ovate, beau-
tiful bright orange color, and of excellent flavor, productive. By
many this is regarded as the best of all the varieties originated by
Dr. Brinckle.
Red Antwerp.
New Red Antwerp, Burley,
True Red Antwerp, Late-bearing Antwerp,
Knevett's Antwerp, Howland's Red Antwerp,
Framboisier aGros Fruit.
Although universally desired, it
is rare that the true Red Antwerp
raspberry is found west of the State
of New York. It is a Dutch sort,
originally from Antwerp city. An
examination of the Red Antwerp
as imported from several sources,
all of which prove incorrect, leads
us to doubt whether it is better
known in the old couutry than here.
The common Red Antwerp is easily
detected in its fruit being smaller
and round, while that of the true is
large, regularly long conical, dull
red, with a rich sweet flavor.
444 THE RASPBERRY.
Canes, moderately strong, yellowish green, becoming pale brown
early in autumn, covered hr-.low with dark brown spines, but the
upper portions, especially of the bearing wood, nearly smooth. Ripens
from 1st to 10th July. The canes need protection in winter through-
out northern sections, in order to secure a full crop.
Yellow Antwerp.
While Antwerp, Double bearing Yellow.
This variety is only suited to small gardens, and even there we
presume will soon give place to the Col. Wilder and Orange. It
sometimes throws up a succession of shoots, maturing fruit for a long
time, whence its synonym of Double-bearing. Shoots, strong, light
yellow, with greenish spines ; fruit, large, conical, pale yellow, sweet,
and excellent. Requires protection in winter. In our Southern
States the Antwerp varieties are said to fail.
Walker.
Seedling grown by Dr. Brinckle, which promises to be valuable as
a market variety. It is yet little known out of Philadelphia. Fruit,
large, round, deep crimson, solid, adheres firmly to the stem, keeps
long in perfection on the plant, and bears carriage well ; spines, red.
CLASS III. — Unti-orthy farther Culture.
American Red.
Common Red, | English Red of some.
Well known. Shoots upright, light brown. Fruit medium, roundish, light
red, sub-acid. Early.
American White.
White Thimbleberry.
Varying from above only in color.
Barnet.
Cornwall's Prolific, Cornwall's Red,
Cornwall's Seedling, Large Red,
Lord Exmouth's.
English. Shoots long, yellowish green, branching. Fruit large, soft, round-
ish conical, purplish red, agreeable.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION 445
Brentford Cane.
English. Shoots strong, branching. Fruit medium, oval conical, dull red.
Inferior.
Cretan Red.
From the Mediterranean. Shoots upright, hardy. Fruit medium, round,
deep red, acid. Late.
Cox's Honey.
English. Fruit medium, yellowish white, borne in clusters along the stems.
Double-bearing.
Perpetual Bearing, Late Cane,
Siberian, Red Double Bearing.
Variety of the Antwerp. Large, dull red, hardy. Ripens late.
Nottingham Scarlet.
English. Fruit medium, obtuse conical, red.
Ohio Ever-bearing.
Ohio Raspberry.
Native of Ohio, and differing from the American Black only in producing
two inferior crops in a year.
Victoria.
English. Medium, roundish conical, red.
Woodward's Red Globe.
English. Large red, roundish conical.
Wilmot's Early Red.
English. Small, roundish, red. Early.
THE STRAWBERRY.
Fragaria, (0/ species,) L. Rosacece of Botanists.
During the past ten years, or since the advent of Hovey's Seed-
ling to the varieties of the strawberry, there has arisen a furor for
the production of new varieties, until nearly every village in the
United States has its " rare and unsurpased seedling," cultivated and
extolled with praise and poetry equalling that of olden bard ; while
savans wise on strawberry culture, and the structure of plants
botanically, have occupied page after page of our Horticultural
Journals, much to the amusement, if not instruction, of practical
men.
A native of the temperate latitudes of both hemispheres, the
varieties of the strawberry are universally esteemed among the
most delicious as well as most wholesome of the smaller fruits.
And although it is regarded as properly a habitant of cold climates,
it is successfully cultivated in the most southern latitude of this
country.
As a fruit embracing delicious and healthful qualities, with full
and satisfactory pecuniary returns, it has found a place in every
garden, farm, and plantation, from the size of a bed four feet square.
to the field of five times that many acres ; yet withal, there is not
sufficient quantity grown to meet the demand. Olden records have
been made of cures effected in the human frame from use of straw-
berries. We consider the fact, that during strawberry season there
is less of sickness in cities well supplied with that fruit, a most
agreeable testimonial to its healthful and invaluable qualities at
the present day. The distinctive name Fragaria is highly expressive
of the fragrant scent emitted by the fruit.
Raising from Seed. — When the fruit is perfectly ripe, it should
be gathered and cut into small pieces, or with great care each seed
separated. Select ground of light sandy soil, where only the. morn-
ing sun will shine ; or, better, perhaps, have ready a cold frame with
the lights sloping to the north. Sow the seed at distances of about
one inch, and cover lightly by sifting fine sand, or, what is preferable,
vegetable mould from the woods. This done in June, the. plants
will need care until about October, at which time, if not grown in a
CULTURE. 447
frame, they should have tan-hark or decayed leaves strewed among
theia to the depth of two inches. Early in April following, trans-
plant into deeply trenched ground, well manured with vegetable
ci impost.
Propagation from Runners and Divisions. — All varieties of the
strawberry, except the Wood and Alpine, propagate rapidly by
means of runners. These, when a new variety is procured, should
he carefully watched, and as fast as they make joints, should be
pegged down, and have fine soil or sharp sand scattered over them
to induce them more readily to make routs. In this way from fifty
to one hundred new plants can be obtained from a single oue in a
season.
To secure a bed of those most prolific in old grounds, select while
in fruit, and set stakes by side of those from which you wish to
renew ; after fruiting, destroy all around, thus giving them light
and room to form abundance of new plants. The Wood and
Alpine varieties are propagated easily from seed with but little
variation. They are also propagated by dividing the roots or cluster
of roots early in the spring.
Fertile and Barren Plants. — It is an old saying that " every
person enjoys some hobby on which to ride." Mr. N. Longworth,
of Cincinnati, has received the credit of starting the hobby of (in
common phrase) male and female strawberry blossoms; and so
vigorously has the hobby been ridden, that, with locomotive power
and speed, it has found its way into every journal in the country,
whether horticultural or otherwise ; and so generally is the dis-
tinction of staminate (male) and pistillate (female) flowers under-
stood, that we do not deem it necessary here to re-describe.
" The European Wood and Alpine strawberries always maintain
a natural character of the blossom, no matter how cultivated, and
therefore every blossom gives a perfect fruit."
Fig- 1- Fig. 2. Fig. 3.
Xatural Stat* Sterile Stamina te Blossom . Sterile Pistillate Blossom .
The " Scarlets " and " Pines," as they are classed, when grown
from seed in highly cultivated grounds, have a tendency to become
imperfect in either stamens or pistils, as the case may be. and hence
448 THE STRAWBERRY.
arises the necessity as well as apparent reality of the terms male
and female.
In the production of new varieties, even in our wildlings, the seed-
ling plants, by means of highly enriched and stimulating soils, in
exhibiting the full and even enlarged development of one organ, the
other remaining imperfect, has given rise to the theory of strictly
barren (staminate) and fertile (pistillate) plants, which when once
formed, it is well known, seldom change. We coincide with Mr.
Downing, that " the organs are always present, though imperfectly
developed," and that when "deficient in pistils, (see Fig. 3,) they are
called male plants ; if deficient in stamens, (see Fig. 2,) female plants,
the terms are incorrect ,"" yet these terms have become so commonly
accepted that we have for the better understanding continued their
use.
This deficiency in the one or other organ arising from the original
state of cultivation, cannot be changed by placing the plant in dif-
ferent soil and preserving an even temperature. The runners will,
when grown in open air and usual cultivation, in nine hundred and
ninety -five instances out of every thousand, continue to maintain the
habit of the parent plant. A change from imperfect or perfect con-
struction in the flower of the strawberry cannot be depended on from
a plant whose habit is once established, by means simply of varied
cultivation, although very high and exciting cultivation from enrich-
ing of animal manures, will often produce over-luxuriance of foliage,
with corresponding decrease of fruit stems ; hence the necessity of
forming beds or plantations of the two distinct fully developed plants,
and also the care requisite to prevent the staminate or male plants
from occupying too much ground, their supply of food derived from
the root being given to creation of new plants by means of runners
instead of fruit, as in the pistillate or female variety.
With this understanding, therefore, that varieties are continu-
ally being produced, in which one organ is most prominently devel-
oped, and measurably to the destruction of the whole as a fruit-
bearing flower, it has become a requisite in planting to secure such
proportion of fruit-bearing or pistillate plants with the fructifying or
staminate varieties as to return the desired yield of fruit. The pis-
tillates, being regarded as the female, are counted valuable in newly
formed beds as of ten to one of staminates or males.
Varieties however exist, like the Large Early Scarlet. Burr's Old
Seedling, and Longworth's Prolific, which have generally been classed
as staminate or male plants, and yet produce abundance of fruit.
These varieties possess both organs perfect, in proportion of about
three out of five flowers, and we have therefore classed them as her-
maphrodite.
Varieties and their Classification. — The varieties of this fruit
CULTURE. 449
have within ten years past become so numerous as to be burdensome
to the author who describes, as well as the amateur or nurseryman
who grows, while for all practical and useful purposes, but very few
are retained as desirable to cultivate where quantity of produce and
character, or rather flavor in fruit is expected.
The character exhibited in varieties often marks their parentage,
yet, as it is known that a plant can be fertilized by two or more
varieties, it is sometimes difficult to select the distinct class, and
writers are often not a little confused in endeavoring to place them.
Authors have classed the strawberry as Scarlets, the original
type being our wild strawberry ; Pines, originating from Pine or
Surinam strawberry ; Woods and Alpines, from the common wood
strawberry of Europe ; Hautbois, or High wood, from Bohemia ;
Chili, from South America.
The Scarlets are designated in their character by small flowers ;
long, thin, light green, sharply serrate leaves ; acid or sub-acid fruit,
of bright scarlet color, with seeds deeply imbedded.
The Pines are designated by large flowers ; broad, dark green
leaves ; fruit of pineapple flavor, and generally soft in texture ; seeds
slightly imbedded.
The Alpines and Woods have small flowers, perfect in their
organs ; small, thin, light green leaves ; fruit small, sweet, and sepa-
rating freely from the calyx.
The Hautbois have large, pale green leaves, on tall foot-stalks,
the fruit-stalk tall and erect, the fruit of a dull red or purplish color.
The Chili, designated by hairy, thick, obtusely serrate leaves, fruit
pale red and insipid.
The Green strawberries have light green foliage, plaited fruit, solid
flesh, so unworthy cultivation as rarely to be found in this country.
We have dropped the arrangement into classes in order, simply
designating each in our descriptive text.
Soil and Situation. — Rich, deep, loamy, inclining to clayey soils
are generally found to produce the largest berries as well as most
in quantity ; but a sharp sandy soil, wrell manured with compost of
animal manure, bones, decayed weeds, old mortar, brick-dust or
rubbish, has, to our knowledge, produced some crops equal to any
recorded in the public journals. Deep the soil must be, say twenty
inches, to insure the perfection of an entire crop. If only a mode-
rately deep soil of six to eight inches, the first berries will fill and
perfect, while the heat and drought so usual throughout the West and
South-west in strawberry season, will cause too rapid exhaustion,
and prevent the filling and perfecting of the remainder.
Trenches, three feet wide and two feet deep, with one foot of
straw or leaves laid in the bottom, then filled up with good soil, well
repays the labor in the extra crop produced.
450 THE STRAWBERRY.
Where beds have beou long established and rendered rich by dig-
ging in liberally of barn-yard manure, it frequently happens that too
much growth of foliage ensues, to the destruction of flowers or fruit
stems. Where such is the case, application of one quart of gypsum
(plaster of Paris) to every four feet square of ground, with two
inches over the surface of leaf or vegetable mould from the wood*
or old pastures, will again bring in fruit. It also often occurs, that
the staminates have become too numerous. These are easily de-
tected, as they flower some four or five days earlier than the pistil-
lates, and may then be drawn out.
The situation of a bed or plantation affects only the earlier or
later maturity of a variety. A side hill sloping south-east, with
springs of water gushing from several points near its summit, has
enabled an acquaintance of ours to send to market the " Early
Scarlet " strawberry some ten days or two weeks in advance of
others who have the same variety on warm soils and open level
exposures. Situations so selected that water can be supplied
liberally throughout the fruiting season, will increase the product
nearly one-third. Wet ground, where water stands after rains, or
springy, cold soils, should never be selected.
Season for Transplanting and Preparation of Plants. —
South of Philadelphia, the best season for forming new plantations
is either the last of September, first of October, or in March. In
latitudes north of this range it will generally be found best to trans-
plant in April or early in May. July or August planting in either
section will be found unprofitable, owing to the clear drying heat of
our sun ; while September or later planting in the northern range
■will require additional care, heavy mulching with tan-bark, saw-dust
or the like ; and even then, many of the plants will be drawn out by
frosts of winter.
The plants when set should be trimmed of all but two leaves, the
roots immersed in muddy water, and if possible a damp or rainy
time selected for the work ; and in order to have the bed profitable,
one hermaphrodite should be planted to every eight pistillate plants.
Time of Ripening. — This varies according to latitude. In the
latitude of Cincinnati, the season usually commences about the
25th May, continuing until the first of July, and for every degree
of latitude a difference often days may be counted on, either earlier
or later, as you go north or south.
The fruiting season may also be controlled at pleasure by means
of cutting foliage and flowers, and liberal or restrained watering.
If, for instance, a bed of Jenney's Seedling be taken of eight feet
CULTURE. 451
square, the first two feet square shall be permitted to bloom and
fruit at its usual time ; the next two feet shall have only its first
fruit-stems plucked when just about to bloom ; the third shall have
its entire foliage and fruit-stems cut close to the ground, and when
the second fruit-stems appear, they are also to be picked as in the
second plat ; the fourth shall be treated as the third, but receive no
moisture after the first cutting for a space often days or two weeks.
The result will be a succession of fruit in order.
Diodes of Culture. — Different varieties require measurably dif-
ferent modes of culture in order to insure full and perfect fruit.
That of cultivation in hills of about two feet apart, one plant to a
hill, the runners regularly destroyed, is most successful with the
Wood and Alpine varieties, and also returns the largest and most
perfect berries with nearly all the Scarlets and Pines ; but at the
price of labor in this country, it is regarded as too expensive to com-
pare favorably with the following modes in rows or strips, which
have been successfully and largely practised in this country, and are
thus described by A. J. Downing:
" Culture in Rows. — The rows should be two feet apart, and the
plants of the large growing kinds two feet from each other in the
rows •, of the smaller growing kinds, from one foot to eighteen inches
is sufficient. The runners must be kept down by cutting them off
at least three times a year, and the ground maintained in good order
by constant dressing. During the first year, a row of any small
vegetables may be sown in the spaces between the rows. Every
autumn, if the plants are not luxuriant, a light coat of manure should
be dug in between the rows ; but if they are very thrifty, it must be
omitted, as it would cause them to run too much to leaf.
"A light top-dressing of leaves, or any good compost, applied late
in the fall, greatly promotes the vigor of the plants, and secures the
more tender kinds against the effects of an unusually cold winter.
Before the fruit ripens, the ground between the rows should be
covered with straw or new-mown grass, to keep it clean. A plan-
tation in rows is generally in full perfection the third year, and must
always be renewed after the fourth year."
Culture in Alternate Strips. — " Strike out the rows three feet
apart with a line. Plant along each line, about a foot apart in the
row. The plants will soon send out runners, and these runners
should be allowed to take possession of every alte rnatestrip of three
feet, the other strip being kept bare by continually destroying all
runners upon it, the whole patch being kept free of all weeds. The
452 THE STRAWBERRY.
occupied strip or bed of runners will now give a heavy crop of
strawberries, and the open strip of three will serve as an alley from
which to gather fruit. After the crop is over, dig and prepare this
alley or strip for the occupancy of the new runners for the next sea-
son's crop. The runners from the old strip will now speedily cover
the new space allotted to them, and will perhaps require a partial
thinning out to have them evenly distributed. As soon as this is the
case, say about the middle of August, dig under the whole of the old
plants with a light coat of manure. The surface may be then sown
with turnips or spinach, which will come off before the next season
of fruits.
" In this way the strips or beds occupied by the plants are reversed
every season, and the same plot of ground may thus be continued in
a productive state for many years."
Specific Nutrition. — R. G. Pardee, of Palmyra, N. Y., says : "I
fertilize the plants, on opening of spring, with a liberal sprinkling of
a solution of one-fourth of a pound each of sulphate of potassium,
Glauber salts, and sal soda, and one ounce of muriate ammonia, to
eight gallons of water ; continue this once a week or ten days until
they blossom ; then pure cold water until they ripen."
An old recipe published in the " Friends' Review," Philadelphia,
says that "A bed 30 feet by 40 should have applied, about once a
week, for three times, commencing when the green leaves first begin
to start, and making the last application just before the plants are in
full bloom, the following preparation : Of nitre, of potash, of Glauber's
salt, and sal soda, each one pound ; of nitrate of ammonia, one-quar-
ter of a pound, dissolved in thirty gallons of rain or river water.
One-third applied at a time, and the application made at evening."
If dry weather, free application of clear soft water rdiould be made
between the times of using the preparation. Throughout most of
the Western soils there is as yet no necessity for specific application
of food to the strawberry, except it may be in old gardens. For
field or market culture, new clover-ley will be found better than
specific manures on old grounds. The applying specific nutrition in
solution to all fruit-bearing plants, undoubtedly increases their sus-
ceptibility, while it increases the vigor, and foliage, and size of fruit ;
yet we doubt the success of such increased action in the soils of the
Western States, as combined with the great changes of climate. On
the other hand, we advise such course as will rather check than en-
hance vigor. We append analysis of the strawberry plant made by
Mr. Bilius Kirtland for guidance of those whose grounds have become
exhausted, and who prefer this method :
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
463
Garden Strawberry.
In one hundred and sixteen grains of the ashes
Silica,
Charcoal and Sand,
Perphosphate of Iron,
Lime, .
Magnesia,
Sulphuric Acid,
Phosphoric Acid,
Chlorine ,
Potash,
Soda, .
Carbonic Acid, .
Organic matter and loss,
Grains.
6.117
. 3.103
1.515
. 26.539
8.908
. 1.469
6.970
708
33.154
. 2.790
23.008
114.281
. 1.739
116.020
CLASS I. — Worthy General Cultivation.
Burr's New Pine.
Originated at Columbus, Ohio, in 1846, on a
clayey soil. Flowers, pistillate, large for the sex ;
vines, hardy, vigorous, very productive ; fruit,
large, obovate or rounded, light pale red ; seeds,
slightly imbedded ; flesh, whitish pink, delicate
aromatic flavor, sweet and delicious ; core, firm,
long, rounded, too tender for a market fruit, highly
desirable in gardens. Ripens among the very
earliest.
Western Queen.
Originated at Cleveland, by Prof. J. P. Kirt-
land, in 1849, on gravelly loam. Flowers, pistil-
late ; vines, very hardy ; foot-stalks, long ; foliage,
dark, acuminate ; truss, well spread, very pro-
ductive ; fruit, medium to large, regular, rounded,
conical, very little inclination to form a neck ;
color, rich dark glossy red ; seeds, dark ; flesh, yel-
lowish stained, firm, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly and
agreeable flavor ; core, long, conical. This variety
bears carriage well, and being less acid as well as
larger than Hudson or Willey, should supersede
them.
454
THE STRAWBERRY.
Longworth's Prolific.
Schneieke's Seedling.
Originated at Cincinnati at same time
as McAvoy's Superior, and on similar
ground ; both on the land of Mr. Long-
worth known as the " Garden of Eden."
For market culture we regard it of more
value than McAvoy's Superior. Floivers,
hermaphrodite ; vines, hardy ; foot-stalks,
long, stout ; leaf, broad, round, bold, up-
right, with a curve; trusses, large, full, stand
up well from the ground; productive, regu-
lar, and sure bearer. Fruit, above me-
dium to large, generally regular, roundish,
or obovate, sometimes slightly conical or
coxcomb ; color, rich, dark crimson ; seeds, small, deeply imbedded ;
flesh, firm, bright red, with veins of white, and a white rim sur-
rounding the core, which is obovate rounded, sub-acid, rich, high,
not delicate flavor; calyx, around stem, is large, long acuminate,
and the stem set deeply into the fruit. Ripens medium season, or
with " Hudson. "
McAvoy's Superior.
McAvoy's No. 12.
Originated at Cincinnati, in 1848, on loamy clay soil underlaid
with limestone. Received the prize of $100 from the Cincinnati
Horticultural Society, 1851. Flowers, pistillate : vines, hardy ; foli-
age, broad, dark, wavy, and sharply serrated ; foot-stalks, long ;
trusses, full and well formed ; fruit, very large, exceeding by one-
WORTHY GENERAL CULTIVATION.
456
eighth that of any other variety ; form, varied, as shown in our draw-
ings, generally roundish, irregular, conical, and occasionally slightly
necked ; color, rich, dark, glossy crimson ; seeds, large, slightly im-
bedded ; flesh, red crimson, lighted and veined with white, the white
most apparent at the apex, tender, juicy, rich, with an exquisitely
fine, high flavor ; core, round, oblong, rather open and coarse in tex-
ture. Too tender to endure carriage long distances, desirable for
market gardens near town, as well as for private gardens. Ripens
at medium season.
Jenney's Seedling.
For ripening late — say one week after " Long-
worth's Prolific," or about same time as " Dun-
dee"— and for its firm texture, and desirable
qualities as a variety for preserving, we place
the Jenney's Seedling in our list for general cul-
tivation. Flowers, pistillate; vines, very hardy;
leaf and fruit-stems both long, stiff,, and up-
right ; calyx, very large, distinctive ; fruit,
large, very regular, roundish conical ; color, rich,
glossy dark red ; seeds, deeply imbedded ; flesh,
white, tinged with pink at the core, while the
red of surface is shaded in one-sixteenth of dis-
tance, firm, rich, sub-acid, delicious ; core, long
conical, open texture, sometimes hollow. Sea-
son, late. Very productive, 3,200 quarts having been gathe"
less than three-quarters of an acre.
Prolific Hautbois.
Conical Hautbois,
Musk Hautbois,
Double Bearing,
Caperon Royal,
Lafayette (of some,)
La Grange (of some.)
Of all the Hautbois or high-wood class of straw-
berries, this we regard as the only one worth culti-
vating ; and even this is only adapted to private
gardens of those who relish its peculiar musky fla-
vor. One pint of these berries, mixed with a dish
of two quarts of any of the Scarlet or Pine varie-
ties, imparts a richness and character that few can
avoid liking, after once tasting. Plants of both
sexes require to be carefully selected, in order to
give product. Foot-stalks, long, bearing the fruit
above the foliage ; vines, hardy, and very product-
ive ; fruit, medium, sometimes large, rounded con-
ical, dark purplish red ; seeds, light crimson, prominent ; flesh, firm,
musky, very rich, sweet, and delicious ; core, ovate conical, partially
456 THE STRAWBERRY.
hollow. Ripens with "Western Queen;'1 and sometimes, when the
season is rainy, gives a partial second crop.
John Saul, Washington, D. C, says the Fertilized Hautbois of
Myatt is a larger fruit and better bearer than above.
CLASS II. — Worthy further Attention by Amateurs, and adapted to
certain Localities.
Alice Maude.
Princess Alice Maude.
English. Hermaphrodite ; large flowers, conical, dark crimson, glossy,
flavor sprightly, abundant bearer, grown largely in some sections of Vir-
ginia.
Ajax.
English. Staminate ; globular, sometimes cock's comb, dark crimson,
fine flavor. New.
Black Prince.
Black Imperial.
English. Pistillate ; large, rounded, deep purplish red, glossy ; seeds
slightly imbedded, very showy ; flesh rich, red, sweet ; in some localities,
as at Newburgh, N. Y., and on the Canada shore opposite Detroit, proves
of the very highest flavor ; wants a rich loamy clay ; core full, firm,
surrounded by a light pink line. There is another variety of Black Prince
which is long, conical, somewhat acid.
Bishop's Orange.
Orange Hudson Bay, | Bishop's New.
Pistillate ; medium, light orange scarlet, conical ; fruits in clusters, mod-
erately prolific ; desirable in warm, deep, sandy soils.
Burr's Seedling.
Burr's Slaminale Seedling, J Burr's Old Seedling.
American. Hermaphrodite ; foliage light green, vines strong, vigorous
and hardy. Fruit above medium, roundish oval, often conical ; seed light-
colored ; color light pale red ; flesh tender, mild and pleasant flavor, does
not bear carriage well, and is of too pale color to sell well in market ;
productive, and as a fertilizer for pistillate varieties, valuable.
Boston Pine.
American. Staminate ; requires high cultivation in hills ; vines vigor-
ous. Fruit large, roundish, slightly conical ; seeds yellow, slightly imbed-
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 457
ded ; color deep, rich shining red ; flesh pale scarlet, firm, juicy, sweet,
with a sprightly agreeable flavor. C. M. Hovey, the originator of this
variety, claims for it earliness and great productiveness.
Brewer's Emperor.
English. Staminate ; large, ovate, dark red, hardy, and said to be pro-
ductive. Although introduced to this country some eight years, it has
not as yet been much disseminated.
Brilliant.
American. Hermaphrodite ; flowers large. Fruit large, conical, deep
crimson, flavor excellent, productive, plants vigorous. W. R. P. in Hort.
Caleb Cope.
American. Pistillate ; large, pointed, scarlet ; flesh white, flavor good,
prolific.
Crimson Cone.
Dulch Berry.
Pistillate ; flowers medium. Fruit large, conical, good flavor, slightly
acid ; vines vigorous, requiring space, productive.
Gushing.
American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, color light scarlet, form ob-
tuse conical ; flesh fine, flavor sprightly, agreeable, productive. Originated
by Dr. W. D. Brinckle, of Philadelphia.
Cleveland.
American. Hermaphrodite ; leaf large, ovate rounded, dark green.
Fruit large, varying from cock's comb to conical shape, irregular; color
dark purplish red on sunny side, opposite a rich clear vermilion ; seeds
ovate pointed, prominent ; flesh firm, of pineapple flavor, rich and deli-
cious. A variety raised from seed in 1849, by Mrs. D. H. Lamb, of Cleve-
land, Ohio.
Crescent Seedling.
A variety originated at New Orleans, said to be perpetual bearer. We
nave been unable to examine it. It requires further testing.
Charlotte.
American. Pistillate; flowers medium, foliage broad. Fruit large,
obovate ; color dark scarlet ; flesh sweet, sprightly flavor, productive.
W. R. P. in Hort.
20
458 „ THE STRAWBERRY.
Climax.
Climax Scarlet.
American. Pistillate. Fruit medium, conical, slightly necked, Jight
scarlet, rather acid, very productive. E. & B.
Cornucopia.
American. Pistillate. Fruit large, conical, scarlet, productive. W.
R. P. in Hort.
Dundee.
Scotch. Pistillate ; leaves light green, foot and fruit-stalks long, sup-
porting the clusters of fruit clear of the ground. Fruit medium to large,
roundish oval, very uniform, light pale clear scarlet; flesh firm, rich, acid,
high flavor ; very productive, extremely valuable as market berry, its pe-
riod of ripening being from five to ten days after Willey or Hudson.
Vines very hardy.
DUCHESSE DE TrEVISE.
A variety which as yet we do not know of having been fruited in this
country. Mr. R. Thompson, of the London Horticultural Society, thus
describes it: Presented to the Society by M. Jamin, Bourg-la-Reine, near
Paris, September 6, 1851. Fruit middle-sized, ovate, deep red ; seeds
small, rather deeply embedded ; flesh {.ale red, juicy, with a brisk rich
flavor; leaves large, roundish, widely and rather obtusely serrated ; leaf-
stalks moderately tall, very hairy, the hairs on these spreading horizon-
tally, but those on the scapes and runners are adpressed. Appears to be
a good bearer.
Duke of Kent.
Duke of Kent's Scarlet, | Austrian Scarlet,
Early Prolific Scarlet.
English. Staminate. Fruit small, roundish, conical, bright scarlet,
sharp, rather acid flavor, valuable only on account of its early period of
ripening ; vines hardy.
Duncan's Seedling.
English. New. Fruit largo, dark rich red, fine flavor, productive.
Lately introduced.
Eberlein's Seedling.
American. Hermaphrodite ; vines vigorous ; flowers medium. Fruit
medium, conical compressed; seeds light-colored, prominent; color dark
scarlet, goo^ slightly acid flavor. Early, moderately productive.
Genesee.
American. Hermaphrodite ; vines luxuriant ; fruit-stalks stout, sup-
porting the fruit well. Fruit large, roundish, dark crimson, very produc-
tive. Ripens late.
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 459
Green Strawberry.
Green Pine, Green Wood,
Green Alpine.
Cultivated only ty the curious. Small, roundish, whitish green.
Hovey's Seedling.
American Pistillate. Flowers small ; vines vigorous ; leaves broad,
roundish, distinct from all other varieties ; leaf and fruit-stalks short and
stout. Fruit very large, roundish ovate, slightly conical, with a short
neck ; color, when fully exposed to the sun, dark rich shining red ; seeds
dark; flesh scarlet, firm, bears carriage well, but is deficient in richness of
flavor. In rich, deep, loamy soils, and supplied with a good impregnator,
this variety will give immense crops of large fine fruit. In common
or sandy soils it perfects only a few large berries. We think " McAvoy's
Superior" will entirely supersede it. The " Methven Scarlet" has been
largely disseminated in Illinois and farther west States as Hovey's Seed-
ling. Newly planted beds require a covering of litter in winter.
Hudson.
Hudson's Bay, Late Scarlet,
Old Hudson, American Scarlet.
Pistillate. More extensively cultivated than any other variety : its
hardihood and late period of maturity, together with its fine rich acid
flavor, so valuable for preserving, will contim' ? for years to bring it abun-
dant in the markets of our large cities. In the rich clay lands around
Cincinnati it -grows to such size as frequently to have been mistaken for
Hovey's. It must, however, gradually give place to such varieties as
Longworth's Prolific, Western Queen, &c. Fruit above medium, ovate,
often with a neck ; seeds deeply imbedded ; color rich dark glossy red ;
flesh firm, of a high, brisk, acid flavor. Should be permitted to hang until
fully matured. Season rather late.
Hooper's Seedling.
English. Staminate. Fruit medium, conical, dark rich red. good flavor,
productive. Late.
Iowa Male.
American. Staminate. Fruit medium, round conical ; seeds deeply
imbedded'; color pale red; core ovate conical, marked with a greenish
line ; flesh yellow ; flavor delicate ; moderate bearer.
Jenny Lind.
Staminate. Size rather large ; form conical, perfect, generally with
short neck ; seeds moderately sunk in oval cavities ; color bright light
scarlet ; flesh white, nearly solid, heavy, teuder and juicy flavor, pleasant
sub-acid, and under favorable circumstances highly perfumed. Early,
ripening with the Early Virginia, but more prolific. Quality " very
good." (Wilder, MS.)
4:60 THE STRAWBERRY.
Large Early Scarlet.
Early Virginia.
American. Hermaphrodite. In the Eastern States this is regarded as
the best early berry. West, it has never sustained such character. Its
chief value may be found as an impregnator of pistillate kinds. Fruit
medium, roundish ovate, bright scarlet; seeds deeply imbedded ; flesh ten-
^•'f, rich, slightly acid flavor. Season, very early.
Methven Scarlet.
Methven Caslle, Keen's Seedling (of some West,)
Methven, Hovey's do. " "
Southampton Scarlet, [ Stoddart's do. " "
Scotch. Pistillate. Strong grower. Fruit large, roundish or cock's-
comb-shaped ; seed slightly imbedded ; color dull scarlet ; flesh coarse,
open texture ; core large and hollow ; flavor very indifferent. It some-
times produces large crops, ripening some four or five days after the
height of strawberry season.
Montevideo Pine.
American. Hermaphrodite. Foliage large and vigorous ; flowers very
large; fruit large, conical, of a pine-apple flavor, ripening late. (W. R. P.
in Hort.)
Monroe Scarlet.
American. Pistillate. Large, roundish, light scarlet, good, very pro-
lific. (E. and B.)
McAvoy's No. 1.
McAVOY'S EXTRA RED.
American. Pistillate. Two varieties originated at same time and place
as " McAvoy's Superior." They are yet comparatively untested, but with
exception of quality, the same description will answer for both ; large,
roundish, scarlet; seed deeply imbedded ; flesh stained with red; flavor
agreeable, the extra red, sub-acid.
MOYAMENSING.
American. Pistillate. Foliage large, crenate serratures. Fruit large,
roundish conical, deep crimson ; seed crimson, set in rather deep depres-
sions, with rounded intervals ; flesh red, flavor very fine. (Trans. Penn.
Hort. So.)
Magnifique.
American. Pistillate. Very large, rounded, orange scarlet, pleasant
flavor, productive. (W. R. P. in Hort.)
Necked Pine.
Unique Prairie, | Pine Apple.
American. Pistillate. Fruit medium, conical, always necked, light
scarlet ; flesh white, delicate, a little acid, pleasant when fully ripe ;
little grown except in private gardens at Cincinnati.
FOR AMATEUR CULTURE. 461
Primordial.
American. Pistillate. Flowers small. Fruit large, conical, deep
Bcarlet; productive. (W. R. P. in Hort.)
Prolific Hudson.
American. Pistillate. Fruit medium, short cone, crimson, good flavor,
ripens gradually. (W. R. P. in Hort.)
Pennsylvania.
American. Pistillate. Leaf large, deep green. Fruit large, broadly
conical, dark crimson ; seed crimson, when shaded, yellow, slightly im-
bedded ; flesh red ; flavor fine. (Trans. Penn. Hort. So.)
Prolific Swainstone.
American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, ovate, scarlet ; flavor fine ;
productive. (W. R. P. in Hort.)
Primate.
American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, conical, deep scarlet; pro-
ductive, fine for market. (W. R. P. in Hort.)
Refulgent.
American. Pistillate. Medium, ovate with a neck, scarlet, fine flavor ;
productive. (W. R. P. in Hort.)
Ruby.
English. Fruit medium, oval, ruby red, fine flavor, prolific. (Hov. Mag.)
Rival Hudson.
Burr's Rival Hudson.
American. Pistillate. Fruit large, bright scarlet ; flesh red, firm, sub-
acid, very productive. Originated same time as " Burr's New Pine," and
is much like " Hudson," its parent.
Red Alpine.
Stafford's Washington Alpine, | Newland's Mammoth.
Flowers perfect. Fruit small, conical, bright scarlet, delicate, peculiar
flavor. Its principal value in our climate is the ripening gradually a long
time. An autumnal crop may be procured by destroying the early blos-
soms. The "White Alpine" varies only in the color of its fruit.
Richardson's Late.
American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, roundish, short neck, light
462 THE STRAWBERRY.
scarlet, rich, sab-acid, sprightly flavor, moderately productive, ripens in
succession until about middle of July. (" M. P. W., in Hort.")
Ross Phcenix.
American. Staminate. Fruit large, roundish compressed, dark re^ ;
flesh firm, good flavor ; generally a poor bearer
SoUTHBOROUGH.
Southborough Seedling, | Marshall's Seedling.
English. Pistillate. Fruit medium, ovate, conical, sometimes pointed,
rich deep scarlet; seeds small, deeply imbedded, mild rich flavor, firm
flesh, bearing carriage well. We have fruited this several years in con-
nection with " Large Early Scarlet," (to which it is a good mate,) and
found it more productive, and ripening equally early in season. Vines
hardy ; fruit and foot-stalks short.
Swainstone Seedling.
English. Staminate. Fruit large ovate, light crimson, firm fleshed,
rich, delicious flavor. Ripens a long time, but is an uncertain bearer.
Salter's Versaillaise.
English. New. Not yet, we think, here introduced. We copy de-
scription of Mr. R. Thompson, of London Hort. Society :
Presented to the Society by Mr. John Salter, Nurseryman, Hammer-
smith, Oct. 24, 1851. Fruit large, ovate, sometimes flattened or cock's-
comb-shaped, dark red ; seeds rather deeply embedded ; flesh pale, juicy,
and rich ; leaves middle-sized, roundish oval, widely serrated ; leaf-stalks,
scapes and runners hairy, the hairs spreading almost horizontally. A
good bearer.
Orange Prolific.
American. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, orange scarlet, acid, pro-
ductive, late. (E. & B.)
White Alpine.
Varies from Red Alpine only in the color of its fruit
Victoria.
Hermaphrodite, sometimes pistillate. Fruit medium to large, round,
conical, rich scarlet ; flesh firm, rich, high, slightly acid flavor. Season
with Hudson and Willey. Some six years since we received this variety,
but have never been able to find it described, or to recognize it as any
variety under different name. The vines are hardy and usually prolific.
Willey.
Wiley.
American. Pistillate. Undoubtedly a seedling from Hudson, as plants
taken from the bed of Mrs. Willey, originally Hudson, (from whence its
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 463
name,) have some been recognized as Hudson, while others bear the cha-
racter allied to, but yet varied. Fruit medium to large, ovate, conical,
rounded, rarely inclining to neck, rich, dark, glossy red ; flesh firm, juicy,
high acid flavor. Hangs long, and should be permitted so to do ; vines
very hardy, vigorous, require severe thinning, or the fruit is materially
lessened in size.
Unique Scarlet.
American. Hermaphrodite. Large, light scarlet, sweet, rich, delicious
flavor, moderate bearer.
White Bush Alpine.
This and Red Bush Alpine differ from the Alpine previously described,
only in not forming runners ; but, growing in neat, compact bunches, are
used by many persons for edging beds in kitchen gardens. Bearing
throughout the entire season renders it desirable. They are propagated
by dividing the roots early in spring. Andrew Parmentier, of Brooklyn,
N. Y., first introduced the Bush Alpines to this country.
Walker's Seedling.
American. Staminate. Fruit medium size, roundish conical, very dark
crimson ; seed moderately sunk ; flesh not quite solid, deeply stained with
red, sprightly rich flavor, of quality " best," prolific for a staminate. Wil-
der, MS.
CLASS III. — Unworthy further Cultivation.
Aberdeen Bee Hive.
English. Staminate ; below medium, scarlet.
Bain's Extra Early.
Medium to small, round conical ; flesh tinged with red. sweet and pleasant
Buist's Prize.
American. Hermaphrodite ; large, firm, moderately productive.
British Queen.
Hyatt's British Queen.
English. Staminate ; large, roundish, scarlet, rich, poor bearer
Bostock.
Rostock.
English. Roundish, poor bearer.
Cole's Prolific
English. Large, conical, good flavor.
4:64 THE STRAWBERRY.
Cole's Late Scarlet.
English. Medium, deep color, moderate bearer.
Cox's Seedling.
English. Large, light red, irregular shape, acid.
Columbus.
American. Pistillate, large, dark red, sweet, too tender.
Crimson Pinh
Hermaphrodite. Resembles Hudson.
Downton.
Knight's Seedling.
English. Staminate ; large, irregular form, purplish scarlet unproductive.
Deptford Pine.
Myatt's Deptford Pine.
English. Staminate ; large, long conical, rich, scarlet, poor bearer, par-
tially hardy.
Elton.
Elton Pine.
English. Staminate ; large, light red, ovate, acid, tender, unproductive.
Giant Alpine.
Medium, globular, tasteless.
Goliath.
German. Medium to large, scarlet, irregular, acid, vinous. There is also
an English variety, no better.
Grove End Scarlet.
Atkinson's Scarlet.
English. Hermaphrodite ; medium to small, globular, light vermilion,
acid, early, productive.
Globe Hautbois.
English. Small, globular, unproductive.
Huntsman's.
American. Pistilldle ; large, productive, flavorless. Huntsman's Stamin-
ate, medium, dark scarlet, good flavor, poor bearer.
Keene's Seedling.
English. Staminate ; large, round cock's comb, purplish crimson, firm, rich,
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION". 465
aigh flavor, tender, unproductive. There is also a pistillate Keene's Seedling,
received by N. Longworth, of Cincinnati, equally unproductive.
La Liegoise.
Frencb. Staminate ; medium, bright scarlet, unproductive.
Late Prolific.
American. Pistillate ; medium, light pale scarlet.
Lizz.e Randolph.
American. Pistillate ; medium, scarlet, indifferent grower.
Myatt's Eliza.
English. Staminate ; large, irregular cock's comb, tender flesh, hollow core,
fcigh flavor, poor bearer.
Mother's Seedling.
American. Pistillate ; resembles its parent " Hudson."
Melon,
Scotch. Medium, roundish, dark color, dwarf.
Myatt's Eleanor.
English. Staminate ; large, long conical, crimson scarlet, acid.
Myatt's Globe.
English. Large, roundish, fine flavor, tender.
Myatt's Mammoth.
English. Staminate ; large, irregular roundish, dark crimson, flavorlesa,
poor bearer.
Myatt's Prince Albert.
English. Medium, conical, purplish crimson.
Myatt's Pine.
English. Large, bright scarlet, fine flavor, poor bearer.
Myatt's Prolific.
English. Staminate ; medium, conical, light scarlet, good flavor, not prolific.
Ohio Mammoth.
American. Staminate ; large, light pale red conical, hollow core, deficient
in flavor, poor bearer.
20*
i66 THE STRAWBERRY.
Old Pine, or Carolina.
Bath Scarlet, | Old Scarlet Pine,
Pineapple.
American. Staminate ; medium, conical with a neck, bright scanet, rich
flavor, ripens when there are many better varieties.
Profuse Scarlet.
American. Pistillate ; from seed of Large Early Scarlet, which it resemble*
Profusion.
American. Pistillate ; small, rich, sweet, productive.
Prince of Orleans.
Staminate ; medium, delicate flavor.
Roseberry.
English. Staminate ; medium, conical, good flavor, poor bearer.
Red Wood.
English Red Wood
The wild strawberry of Europe, easy of cultivation, bears freely and of long
continuance ; small, red, roundish ovate, sweet and delicate. The White
Wood varies only in color.
Richardson's Early.
American. Pistillate ; medium, dark crimson, acid.
Scioto.
American. Pistillate ; large, light pale scarlet.
Scarlet Melting.
American. Pistillate ; ovate conical, necked, light pale red ; flesh tender,
juicy, good.
Taylor's Seedling.
American. Pistillate ; medium, long oval, neck distinct, light scarlet, sweet
and agreeable, hollow core, unproductive.
True Chili.
Patagonian, Greenwell's New Giant,
GreenweU's French.
This, with the two following, are little valued, and rarely grown. Fruit
large, conical, dull red, firm, hollow core.
Wilmot's Superb.
English. Large, round, cock's comb, scarlet, poor bearer.
UNWORTHY OF CULTIVATION. 467
Wilmot's New Scarlet.
English. Large, oval, bright scarlet, poor bearer.
William Henry Harrison.
American. Staminate large, cock's comb pointed, dark red ; flesh reddish.
Yellow Chili.
Fruit large, irregular, yellow, firm.
APPENDIX
Since the manuscript of the foregoing pages was placed in hands
of the printer, there have been several new fruits introduced and
described, in the Horticultural Journals and Societies' Transactions ;
these we have thought best to add in an appendix. There have also
been some few omissions, consequent on the author not being at hand
to correct the proofs until they were stereotyped ; these also we
have thought best to insert here.
APPLES.
CLASS 1. Worthy General Cultivation.
Cogswell.
Cogswell's Pearmain
American. Native of Connecticut. It has been grown in Mass.
and Ohio, and succeeds equally as well as in its native locality.
Trees, moderately vigorous, making rather long annual shoots, of a
dark, reddish brown color.
Fruit, large ; form, roundish flattened ; color, deep yellow, nearly
covered with stripes, splashes, and dots of rich red, and a few large
russet specks; stem, short, slender; cavity, open,; calyx, medium,
nearly closed ; basin, shallow ; flesh, yellowish, crisp, sprightly
sub-acid ; core, small ; seeds, medium size, dark brown. Season,
January to March.
Maiden's Blush.
American. Tree a rapid grower, forming a fine spreading head ;
succeeds, so far as producing annually and abundantly, in all soils;
much the best, however, in those termed " limestone clay." Valued
for cooking, for drying, and salable in market on account of its
handsome appearance.
Fruit, medium to large ; form, roundish, flattened ; color, clear
lemon yellow, with red cheek, varying from faint blush to rich
crimson ; stem, short ; calyx, closed ; basin, medium, abrupt ; core,
medium ; flesh, white, fine-grained, tender, sprightly, rather sharp
sub-acid unless fully ripened. Season, September and October.
470 APPENDIX.
CLASS II. New and untested, adapted to Amateur Culture, or cer-
tain Localities.
Berry.
American. Fruit large, roundish oblate, striped and mottled with
crimson on greenish yellow ; green russet spots. October, November.
Betel's Favorite.
Spotted Pippin, j Gray Pippin.
Fruit medium, roundish, greenish yellow, stem slender, cavity deep,
russeted, calyx medium, flesh a little tough. November.
Callasaga.
American. Fruit above medium, roundish, dull brown on greenish
yellow russet ; calyx large, wide furrowed basin. October, November.
Camac's Sweet.
American. Fruit below medium, roundish conical, whitish green,
clouded with green russet ; calyx large, closed.
Cranberry.
American. Fruit medium, roundish conical, red, striped with carmine,
gray russet dots ; stem in a narrow, russeted cavity ; calyx small, closed.
Dapper.
American. Fruit small, roundish, yellow, clouded with dull green, and
specked with crimson in sun ; calyx small, closed.
Mountain Sprout.
American. Fruit medium, oblong truncate, red striped, numerous white
dots.
Nickejacx.
American. From North Carolina. Fruit large, oblate, red striped and
mottled on greenish yellow ; cav; y deep, russeted ; calyx large, par-
tially open ; core small ; seed lig'at brown ; flesh tender, juicy, delicate,
" best." Well adapted to the Southern States, not yet tested at the North.
RlTTER.
American. From Berks county, Pa. Fruit medium, roundish oblong,
shades of red striped, white dots ; stem short ; cavity deep, narrow ;
seed short, plump ; flesh tender " very good." October, November,
APPENDIX. 471
SUMMEROUR.
American. Fruit large, roundish, red mottled and striped, large gray
dots ; cavity deep ; calyx large. October, November.
The ten foregoing descriptions of apples we take from the Ad Interim
Reports of Pa. Hort. Society.
Sturmer Pippin.
Foreign. Tree healthy, good bearer ; fruit rather small, roundish conical,
yellowish green with brown, dull red in sun ; flesh firm, crisp, juicy, acid ;
keeps weD. January to June.
GRAPES.
New and untested, suited to Amateur Culture.
Brinckle.
Raabe's No. 1.
First fruited in 1850. Bunch large, rather compact, sometimes
shouldered ; berry five-eighths of an inch in diameter, round, black ;
flesh, solid, not pulpy ; flavor, rich, vinous, and saccharine ; quality,
" best." (Ad. Int. Rept.)
Cassady.
An accidental seedling white grape, with native leaf, and dark
purplish wood. Bunch, of medium size, tolerably compact, and
sometimes shouldered ; berry, below medium, five-eighths of an
inch in diameter ; form, round ; color, greenish white with occasion-
ally a faint salmon tint, and thickly covered with white bloom ; flesh,
iuicy, with but little pulp ; flavor, pleasant ; quality, " very good."
(Ad. Int. Rept.)
Clara.
Raabe's No. 4.
Bunch, medium ; not compact ; berry, medium ; round, green,
faintly tinged with salmon when exposed to the sun ; flesh, tender,
juicy ; flavor, rich, sweet, and delicious ; quality, " best." Fruited
the present season for the first time. (Ad. Int. Rept.)
Concord.
Native of Concord, Mass., and stated in Hov. Mag. to be very
early in its season of ripening, and possessing the aroma of the
Catawba.
472 APPENDIX.
Emily.
Raabe's No. 2.
Bunch, large, not very compact, occasionally shouldered ; berry,
below medium, from three-eighths to one-half of an inch in diame-
ter, round, pale red ; flesh, very juicy, with little or no pulp ; flavor,
saccharine and delicious ; quality, " best," for an out-door grape.
Fruited in 1850 for the first time.
Graham.
An accidental seedling raised by Mr. Graham. It sprung up in
1845, and fruited in 1850 for the first time. Bunch, of medium
size, shouldered, not compact ; berry, half an inch in diameter,
round, purple, thickly covered with a blue bloom, contains little or
no pulp, and abounds in a saccharine juice of agreeable flavor;
quality, " best." The leaf indicates ita native parentage. It is
probably a natural cross between the Bland and Elsinborough, both
of which were in bearing in the garden where it orginated. {Ad.
Int. Rept.)
Raabe.
Eaabe's No . 3.
Bunch, small, compact, rarely shouldered ; berry, below medium,
round, dark red, thickly covered with bloom ; flesh, very juicy, with
scarcely any pulp ; flavor, saccharine, with a good deal of the Cataw-
ba aroma ; quality, " best." {Ad. Int. Rept.)
PEACHES.
CLASS II. New and untested; suited to Amateur Culture, or cer-
tain Localities.
GORGAS.
American. Native of Philadelphia ; originated with Benjamin Gulliss
from a stone of Morris White. Leaves serrate. Fruit large, roundish,
with a slight prominence at the apex ; dull greenish white, clouded and
blotched with red on the exposed side ; cavity wide, rather deep ; stone
free ; flesh whitish, slightly stained at the stone, juicy ; flavor saccharine
*nd exceedingly luscious ; quality " best." Middle to end of September.
Jane.
Baxter's Seedling No. 1.
Origin, Philadelphia, Pa. Fruit large, ten and one-half inches in cir-
odtnrerence, roundish oblate, greenish yellowish white, with a red cheek ;
free; hav<jr ue'.icnOirS ; quality •'very good" to "best." (Ad. Int Rept.)
APPENDIX. 473
PEARS.
CLASS II. Neu and untested. Suited to Amateur Culture, or certain
Localities.
Downing.
Doyenne Downing.
Foreign. New, recently described and dedicated by M. Leroy (France)
to the memory of the unfortunate Downing.
Fruit medium, roundish, irregular ; green yellowish, speckled with
russet dots ; stem short, obliquely inserted ; flesh white, crisp, juicy,
sugary, lightly acidulated. Season, September.
Barry.
Foreign. New. Fruit medium size, sometimes large, pyriform, irregu-
larly shaped ; skin rough red, spotted on the sunny side, yellow greenish
on the opposite ; calyx small, set in a narrow basin ; stalk obliquely in-
serted ; flesh white, coarse, tender at the centre, very juicy, sugared and
perfumed. Season, October.
Hovey.
Foreign. New. Fruit medium size, pyriform, regular, resembles the
Beurre Capiaumont, skin fair, smooth, yellow, speckled and dotted around
the eye ; calyx set outside ; stem obliquely inserted ; flesh yellow, melting,
juicy, sugary, perfumed and vinous. Season, September.
General Taylor.
Native of Maryland. The tree supposed to be the original one grows
near Baltimore, and is 25 or 30 years old.
Size, under medium ; form turbinate, obscurely pyriform. broad at the
crown; color cinnamon russet, becoming fawn on the exposed side ; stem
inserted into a very small cavity ; calyx partially closed, set in a broad,
not very deep, furrowed basin ; core medium ; seed dark brown, ovate,
no angle at the obtuse end ; flesh yellowish white, granular, becoming
buttery and melting, but somewhat gritty at the core ; flavor as high as
the Seckel, aroma delicious ; quality "best;" maturity, November. (Ad.
Int. Mept.)
Regnier.
This is a variety claimed through the Pennsylvania Hort. Society to
have been grown from seed of the White Doyenne ; under that name it
has repeatedly received premiums there : hence, not having seen the fruit,
we conclude our description will answer for both. The growth of tree
is stated as its distinctive character ; being " more erect, full and rounded
in its ton."
4:74 APPENDIX.
■•
GLOSSARY
Of the more Common Terms used es- Fruit Culture.
Acute, sharp or angular.
Acuminate, drawn out to a point.
Alburnum, the sap- wood, as distinguished from the heart- wood.
Apex, point ; the part of a fruit farthest from the foot-stalk.
Base, lower end, or that portion of a fruit, stalk, or part of a plant,
nearest the supporting part or root.
Basin, the hollow or depression at the apex or crown of a fruit, surround-
ing the calyx.
Bezi, a wilding, or natural seedling.
Beurre, a buttery pear.
Border, artificial bed of enriched earth.
Callus, ring or swollen portion formed at the base of a cutting, by the
descending cambium.
Calville-shaped, much ribbed, as applied to apples.
Calyx, the outer or green leaves of a flower, which, remaining on the
apex of a pear or apple, are often denominated the eye.
Cambium, the soft, newly formed wood beneath the bark.
Canes, long bearing shoots ; applied to grapes and raspberries.
Clipping, trimming down to some definite shape.
Cohnar-shaped, pyriform or pear-shaped, with a rather slender neck and
large body.
Conical, tapering regularly towards the apex.
Cordate, heart-shaped.
Coxcomb, applied to the form of strawberries when much compressed at
the sides.
Crenate, notched or cut like rounded or blunt saw-teeth.
Crown, the part of a fruit farthest from the foot-stalk or base.
Dwarfs, trees made diminutive by grafting or budding upon stocks of
small growth.
Espalier, a tree trained flat upon a trellis.
En quenouille, training to produce fruitfulness by tying the branches
downwards.
Fib7-ous roots, the smaller, branching, or thread-like roots.
Forcing, the early ripening of fruits by artificial heat under glass.
Head back, to cut off the limbs of a tree, part way down.
Head down, to cut off the entire limbs or branches of a tree, or to cut
down to an inserted bud.
It/florescence, the manner in which the flowers are borne.
Lay-in, applied to selecting and fastening to a trellis or wall, new branches
or shoots.
Lay in by the heels, to bury the roots of trees temporarily in a trench.
Leading shoot, the longest or main shoot of a limb or tree.
Lopping, cutting the branch down to the stem.
jfaiden plant, a tree of one year's growth from the bud or graft.
Aulching, covering the ground about a tree with straw or litter to prevent
drying.
APPENDIX. 475
Oblate, flattened, so that the shortest diameter is between the base and
apex, like a flat turnip.
Obovate, reversed ovate, being largest from the foot-stalk or towards the
apex.
Obtuse, rounded or blunt.
Ovate., egg-shaped, being the largest towards the foot-stalk.
Pedicel, the subdivision of a flower or fruit-stalk.
Peduncle, the flower or fruit-stalk.
Petals, flower-leaves, usually colored.
Petiole, leaf-stalk.
Pomology, the science of fruits.
Pyramidal, like a pyramid, usually nearly similar to conical, but longer.
Pyriform, pear-shaped, having more or less a drawn-out neck.
Ringing, the removal of a ring of bark round a branch, to impede the
descending sap.
Serrate, notched or cut like saw-teeth.
Shanking, a diseased shrivelling of the foot-stalks of grapes.
Shorten-in, to cut off more or less of the outer parts of shoots.
Spongiole, the minute spongy extremity of a fibrous root.
Sport, an unusual departure or variation in a new seedling.
Spur, a short stubby shoot bearing fruit or fruit-buds.
Standard, a fruit tree in open ground, or not trained to a wall or trellis.
Stock, seedling tree, which supports the inserted bud or graft.
Stoj), to pinch or cut off the point of a shoot, to prevent its further ex-
tension in growth.
Strike, to emit roots.
Tap-rool, the main or central descending root.
Trellis, an upright, flat frame, for training fruit trees and grapes upon its
face.
Wilding, a natural seedling.
INDEX TO THE DIFFERENT FRUITS.
[The standard names are in Italic letters. The synonymous names in Roman.]
Amande Commune .
Amandier a petit fruit .
Amandier a gros fruit .
Amandier a gros fruit doux
Amandier a coque tendre
Amandier des Dames .
Amande Princesse .
Amande Sul'tane .
Amande Pistache .
Amandier Pecher .
Bitter Almond- .
Common Almond .
Common Sweet .
Doux a coque tendre .
Great Soft-Shell
Great-fruited Sweet
Long Hard-Shell .
Long Hard-Shell Almond
Ladies' Thin-Shell .
Large Persian
La7iguedoe . . .
Pistachio* Sweet .
Peach Almond .
pGcticr • • •
Soft-Shell Sweet
So'ft-Shell Sweet Almond
Sultan a coque tendre
Sultana Sweet Almond
Sultan ....
PAGE
. 46
46
. 46
46
. 46
46
. 46
46
. 46
46
. 46
46
. 46
46
. 46
46
. 46
46
. 46
46
. 46
46
. 46
46
. 46
46
. 46
46
. 46
Abricot Eoyal
Abricot Peche
Abricot Commun
Abricot Precoce
Abricot Hatif .
Abricotier .
Abricotier blanc
Albergier
Alberge ■
Amande Aveline
Ananas
Angoumois •
Anson's Imperial
B'otched Learned Turkey
Black ....
Blenheim
Blanc ....
Breda ....
C476)
Brussels
Brown Masculine
Briancon
Brown'' s Eirly
Burlington .
D' Alexandria .
De Hollande
De St. Jean
De St. Jean Bouge
De Nancy
De Nancy
Dubois' Early Golden
Dubois' Early Golden Apricot
Dunmore .
Du Pape
Dunmore's Breda .
Early Gold-en
Early Orange .
Early Masculine .
Early White Masculine
Germine
Gros Musch
Gros Precoce
Gros d'Alexandrie
Gros Fruhe .
Grosse Germine
Hasselnussmandel
Hemskirke.
Hunt's Moorpark ,
Kaitsha .
Large Early
Large Red
Large Turkey
Moorpark
Musch .
Musch-musch .
Noir
NewhalVs Early
Oldaker's Moorpark
Persique
Persian .
Peach .
Peche
Peche Grosse
Purple
Bed Masculine
Royal
Roman .
Eoyal Peach .
Boyal Persian
Eoyal Orange ,
PAGB
52
52
50
50
50
50
48
49
49
49
51
49
49
49
52
49
49
52
52
52
51
50
49
49
49
51
48
50
49
50
49
50
51
49
50
50
52
51
49
52
48
52
49
49
49
52
52
51
56
49
52
INDEX OF FRUITS.
477
Royal George
Shaker Para .
Shipley's
Shipley's Large
Sudlow's Moorpark
Temple's .
Transparent .
Turkey .
Violet .
Walton Moorpark
White Masculine
White Apricot .
White Algiers
Wurtemburg .
PAGE
52
. 61
51
. 51
49
49
61
61
52
49
52
62
62
. 49
Augustine 166
Aurora 166
Autumn Romanite 166
Api noir 167
American White Winter Calville . . 179
Abbott Seedling 119
American Pearmain .... 64
Api 87
August Apple 181
Avery Sweeting 181
Aromatic Carolina 121
121
121
65
66
66
121
120
Autumnal Swaar
Autumnal Sweet Swaar
Autninu Strawberry .
Autumn Bough
Autumn Sweet Bough .
Autumn Seek-no-farther
Adams ....
Adams Pearmain 120
Ashmore 12o
Asliland 12o
Aunt Hannah 121
Ali, vander 120
A/f-iston 166
American Mammoth .... 174
American Newtown Pippin . . * . 93
American Summer Pearmain ... 64
American Red Juneating ... 76
American Pippin 166
American Golden Russet . . . 71
Albemarle Pippin 120
Aunt's Apple 120
Arbroath Pippin 175
Aurore .
Autumn Pearmain
Barr
170
121
167
Bars 167
Barnhilt 167
Black Gilliflower 167
Bartlett 16S
Bardin 170
Baltimore Pippin 174
Beauty of America 167
Black Annette 167
Black Lady Apple 167
168
168
170
176
179
99
106
100
121
122
Buf
Bullet
Black Tom .
Big Romanite .
Big Sweet
Big Hill .
Belpre Russet
Brown's Golden Sweet
Bailey Sweet .
Belzer
Sevan .
Bevan Favorite .
B^nt ley's Sweet
Better than Good
Bean Siceet .
Blue Pearmain
Bledsoe .
Blood .
Bohanon
Bourassa .
Boston
Brooke's Pippin
Barlow .
Bailey Spice .
Baltimore Pippin
Betlileliemite
Belmont .
I! Ufiower .
Broad well
Broadwell Sweet
BuUock,8 Pippin
Bonne du Mai .
Bnllripe .
Bard Apple
Beard Burden
Belle et Bonne .
Burlington Spitzenberg
Black Coal
Boalsburg
Brabant Bell flower .
Bucks County Pippin
Burks ( 'ounty .
Bracy's Seek-no-farther
Baltimore .
Bay Apple
Baldwin .
Belle-Fleur .
Belle-Pleur Rouge .
Bedfordshire Foundling
Benoni ....
Beauty of Kent .
Beauty of the West .
Bell's Scarlet Pearmain
Black Detroit .
Blenheim Pippin
Blenheim Orange
Black Apple
Black American
Borovitsky .
Bough
Borsdorffer .
Borsdorff .
Brabant Belle Fleur
Brandy Apple .
Bread and Cheese Apple
Burlington Greening
Butter .
Butter Apple .
Buffingion's Early
Burr's Winter Siceet
Betsey's Fancy
Brown's Late Queen .
Bush
Beauty Red
Ben .
Catshead .
Cathead Greening .
Calville Blanche d'Hiver .
Catville Rouge d'Hiver
Calville Rouge .
Capendu .
Cayuga Red Streak .
478
INDEX OF FRUITS.
Cann
Campfield
Connecticut Summer Sweet
Caroline ....
Carolina Winter Queen
Canada Pippin
Challenge
Cloth, of Gold .
Connecticut Apple .
Connecticut Seek-no-farther
Coates' Greening .
Cooper's Early White
Chi)'/ Good .
Cracking .
Cat Pippin .
Champ Sweeting
Cole's Quince .
Catshead Beaufin
Cash Sweet .
CogsiceU .
Caroline
Carolina
Carnahan
Cannahan's Favorite
Cannon Pearmain
Cat Face .
Clyde Beauty
Cooper
Cane
Cocklin's Favorite .
Cain
Cumberland
Cumberland Seedling
Claremont Pippin
Crane's Pippin
Caraway Russet
Concombre Aneien
Cheeseborough Russet
Crooked Limb Pippin
Canadian Eeinette .
Canada Eeinette .
Carthouse .
Calline .
Chandler .
Charles1 Apple
Chalmers' Large
Cornish Gilliflotcer
Cornish July-flower .
Court Pendu Extra
Court Pendu Plat .
Court Pendu . .
Court Pendu Plat Bougeatre
Cable's Gilliflower .
Court Pendu Eond Gros
Court Pendu Eose
Court Pendu Musque
Coriander Eose
Court of Wick .
Court of Wick Pippin
Court de Wick .
Cos or Caas .
Cole ....
Cornish Aromatic
Cranberry Pippin
Crimson Pippin .
Cumberland Spice .
Cooper's Russeting
Darlinr/ton
Darlington Eusset
Delight
De Eatteau .
Dodge's Black .
PAGE
126
126
169
168
126
72
78
78
82
115
116
127
127
129
129
137
153
175
168
468
162
162
126
126
126
126
127
127
172
127
172
128
128
169
95
170
162
168
169
72
72
135
168
168
146
169
169
169
128
12S
128
128
67
128
128
128
128
128
128
128
168
127
74
169
180
128
127
129
129
129
162
123
Dutchess .
Dillingham . . ,
Dunlap's Aurora
Down* /an's Seedling .
Dumcloic's Seedling
Duruelow's Crab .
Dumpling
Dainty Apple
Dancers Winter Sweet .
Detroit ....
Detroit ....
De Bretagne .
D'Espagne
Devonshire Quarrenden
DeWitt ....
Doctor ....
Domine ....
Downton Pip/pin
Downton Golden Pippin .
Downy ....
Drap d Or
Dickson's Emperor
Douse ....
Dow's ....
Dutch Pearmain
Duchess of Oldenbvrgh
Dutch Codlin .
Dutch Mignonne .
Dyer
Eve ...
Egg Top ....
Egg Top
English Winter Eed Streak
Early Joe
Early June
English Summer Pearmain
Edgerly Sweet .
English Nonsuch .
Emperor ....
Early May
Ea ' Pen/nock
!> Siceding .
Eaten
Eustis
Early Summer Pearmain .
Early Summer Pippin .
Early Harvest .
Early French Eeinette .
Early Eed Margaret
Early Eed Juneating .
Early St am berry . ,
Early Crofton
Early Sweet Bough .
Eastt r Pippin
Edmonton's Aromatic Pippin
Eighteen Ounce Apple .
Elton Pippin
Emperor Alexander
English Codlin
English Golden Pippin .
English Russet .
English Golden Russet
Epse's Sweet
Esopus Spitzenbwgh
Eve Apple .
Forever Pippin
Fall Cheese
Flushing Seek-no-farther
Fall Orange
Fink's Seedling
Frith Pitcher .
French's Sweet
iNDEX OF FRUITS.
479
PAGE
Father Abraham 133
fall Queen 132
Fall Winesap Tl
Fall Wine . 11
Fallenwalder 79
Fort Miami 80
Favorite 132
Fulton 134
Fronclise 133
Fenton Sweeting 160
Ferdinand 188
Faina Gusta 1T0
Fall Beauty 132
Ft rria . 170
Fall Vandervere 113
Fall Jennetting 132
Fall Gennetting 132
Foundling 132
Funtling 132
Flebner 133
Fall Harvey 132
Fall Pippin 78
Fameuse 77
Fallawater 79
FenowiUet Gria 170
FenouiUet Rouge .... 170
Flower of Kent ... . 170
Flint Russet 152
Flushing Spitzenbnrgh .... 133
Formosa Pippin . . . . . 155
Fry's Pippin 128
French Pippin .... 188, 149
French Crab 109
Franklin's Golden Pippin , . . 133
Gate 69
Golden Pippin 69
Garden. Royal SI
Graii Vandervere .... 136
Golden 1T0
Green Seek-no-farther . ■ ■ 137
Gaulfs BeUflower 170
Gloucester 'White 170
Gillefs Seedling 106
Gibbon's Smathhouse .... 113
Gibbon's Smokehouse .... 113
Gabriel 134
George 135
Gloucester Cheese 170
Goble Russet 170
Garnon's Apple 128
Gilpin 134
Gloria Mundi 174
Glace de Zelande 179
Glory of York 155
Golden Drop 128
German Green 72
Golden Spice 75
Green Mountain Pippin ... 79
Green, Sioeet 83
Greasy Pippin 88, 95
Green Bellflower 95
Garretson's Early .... 135
Giles 135
Gully 136
Giant 171
Golden Pearmain . . . . 171
Goodyear 171
Goodyear's Seedling .... 171
Governor 171
Granny Buff 168
Granny Earle 136
C^iiiniirinhle 186
Great Vandewre .
Gov. Seward
Golden Russet
Golden Ball
■i Harvey
(in!./, ii J'lji/jin
Goldt a B< ineite .
Golden Rnaset .
Shi • • t
Gray Apple
Green Newtown Pippin
Green "Winter Pippin
Grise ....
Gross Reinette d'AngleterTe
"ii Apple
V8t in
Grave Slije
Sa* '■■ • m
Grindstone
Grei n Everlasting .
Gros Api Rouge
Harkness' New Favorite .
Boll 't'/bitrg
Hollandbury
Hepper
Heterieh ....
Harrigan
Hampshire Greening
Harvest
Hay's Winter .
Hollow Crown Pearmain
Honey Greening
Heicke's Winter Sweet
//ijiisnm'.i Red
High Top Sweet .
Hvmt r .
; Hardingham's Russet .
Hannah
j Howard Russet
! Hogan ....
Honey Sweet
// .-man ....
Helen's Favorite .
If - tor ....
Ha irl y .
Horse Apple
Horse Block
Honcmaker Pippin .
Haste' I' s Sweet
Hommacher Apfel .
Hay's Winter Wino
Haymaker
Hartford Sweeting
Harrison ....
Hagloe ....
Hawthorden
Hampshire Yellow
Herefordsh ire Pearmain
Herefordshire Red Streak
Hinckman
Hoary Morning .
Hollow-cored Pippin
Holland Pippin .
Hubbardston Nonsuch
Imperial Vandervere .
Irish Pitcher
Indian Queen
Indian Apple .
Iron Apple
Inman ....
Indiana Jannetting
Irish Peach Apple
480
INDEX OF FRUITS.
Ironstone
Joe Berry-
Juicy Bite
Kelly White .
John Garretson's Early
Jersey Pippin
Jit wt tt's Red
Jewett's Fine Bed .
James' Eiver
Jennette .
Jersey Black
Jaber Sweet
Jefferson
Jeffries
J, n kins
Johnson's Fine Winter
Jack Murphy
Jonathan
Januarea
Jersey Greening
Jersey Sweeting .
July Pippin
Juneatinc
Kentish Fill-basket .
Kestcick Codlin .
Kenrick's Autwmn .
Kerry Pippin
King Philip
Kirkes Lord Kelson
KirLc's Lemon Pippin
Kirk's Golden Beinette
Kilham Hill .
King of the Pippins
King George the Third
Knightwick Pippin
Knight's Golden Pippin
/>". i i | ,'.'< n 'a Spitzenberg
Kingsley
King Apple
Kingsbury Busset
Kane
Keim
Kelley White .
Kountz
Knight's Codlin
Large Golden Pippin
Lady de Grey's
Ladies' Blush .
Lady Finger
Long Island Russet
Loan's English Pearmatn
Large Bed Sweeting .
Lane Sweet .
Long John
Lucombf's Seedling
Luce's Early Joe
Leather Coat Busset
Loring Sweeting
Loudon Pippin
Loicre Queen
Leland Spice .
Laquier
Lancaster
Ledge Sweet
Limber Twig
Long Stem
Loure Queen .
Leland Pippin .
Lacker .
Lake .
Lancaster Greenin
Late Strawberry
PAGE
169
. 91
122
. 69
135
. 139
140
. 140
143
. 100
123
. 139
139
. 139
149
. 166
1T5
. 86
72
95, 104
86
. 84
162
. 1T2
141
. 1T2
172
. 86
173
. 173
170
. 172
173
. 167
128
. 169
141
. 142
142
. 168
172
. 172
169
. 04
179
. 161
172
173
173
. 173
173
. 176
173
. 173
173
. 173
175
145
144
144
143
142
142
143
143
144
144
143
142
143
142
65
PAG*
Late Baldwin 68
Lady Washington . . . .70, 127
Little Pearmain 71
London Sweet 89
London Winter Sweet .... 89
Loring Sweet 145
Large striped Pearmain . . . 158
Lancaster Queen 158
Late Queen 143
Lecker 142
Ladies' Blush ...... 134
Long Pearmain 141
Long John 141
Lady Finger 141
Li: dell 8S
Lippincott 107
Ladies' Sweeting 38
Lady Apple 87
Large White Juneating ... 84
Large Yellow Bough .... 109
Lemon Pippin 173
Long rille's Kernel 173
Lyscom 145
Lyman's Pumpkin Sweet . . . 156
Marston'B Red Winter . . . 144
M.lvin Sweet 146
Marks 146
Monarch 146
Monks' Favorite 147
McLellan 147
Mifflin King 148
Montreal 158
Monks'' Codlin 174
Mcln tire's Sweeting 174
May Scek-no-farther. .... 174
Menagerie . . .... 174
Molasses 174
Murphy's Bed 175
Martin 147
Mother 147
Musk Spice 148
Munson Sweeting 148
Myers'' Konpareil 148
Moore"s Sweeting 159
Marble Sweeting 174
May Apple 174
Mauck 174
Mother Da vies 174
Milam . • 174
Mamma Beam 69
Mygatfs Bergamot .... 75
Mountain Pippin 79
Melon 89
Me/ting 90
-Mdt-in-the-mouth .... 90
Melting Mouth 90
Melting Pippin . 95
Mackie's Clyde Beauty . . . .127
Major 145
Matchless 94
Marietta Busset 106
Manomet 145
Manomet Sweet 145
Monmouth Pippin 92
Milicreek Vandervere .... 113
Millcreek 113
Male Carle 146
Margil 174
Margaret 145
MaruarethaApfel 145
Ma hi en's Blush 168
Mela di Carlo 146
INDEX OF FRUITS.
481
Mela Car la . ,
re . . .
Jliiu.. ,'.. r ...
Michael 11< wry Pippin
Monstrous Pippin.
Mmis, Apple, .
Moose Ajipltr . .
Murphy
New York Spice .
Norton's Melon .
Noh"> No. 1 .
i </.' .
Neisley'a Winter .
Newtown Pippin of Sanders
Neverl'ail
Nlack Pippin
New Jersey Red Streak?
Nodhcud .
' Sir,, t
Northern Golden Suect
Nonpareille .
Niger ....
New York Gloria Mundi
N wtown Spifaenberg
New Scarlet Nonpareil .
Never-Fail
uYi notown Pippin, .
jV work King .
Pippin .
Newark Sweeting
North* m Spy
Norfolk Beaufin
Nonsuch
Ohio Favorite .
Old Golden Pippin
Old English Codlin
Old 1'earmain
Old Nonsuch
Oldfield ....
Ohio A\ ine
.
/ .
Orio-'x Early .
Oshont'n Sweet .
Osborn's Fall Sweet
Overman's Sweet
Old Royal Russet
0s& ola
Old Town Crab .
Ortley
Ohio Nonpareil
(1,'ii Nonpareil .
Orange Sweet
Ortley Apple
Ortley Pippin
Oslin ....
Osgood's Favorite .
Owen's Golden Beauty
Ox Apple
Oxford Peach .
Ox Ey<
Paradise Winter Sweet
Patterson Sweet
Pennsylvania Vandervere
Petit Api
Pomme d'Api .
Pomme Royal
Philadelphia Pippin .
Pomme Water
Pirn's Beauty .
P>.> nrhkeepsie Russet .
PV<_man Pippin
21
rAGE
146
174
147
91
174
147
147
175
143
89
120
149
176
119
100
109
181
140
149
149
170
1T9
174
94
177
93
175
149
126
94
176
176
98
171
175
85
102
132
141
149
149
149
i;
160
150
175
150
149
95
S3
175
81
95
95
175
145
162
174
157
04
150
121
113
87
87
75
78
75
79
98
152
....
.
• ray Seedling
Prince's Kid and Green Sweet
Paragon
ire .
■ .
Parsons' Early,
Phillips1 Sweeting .
Prolific Beauty .
Pomme Roye
Bright .
lii Pose
Pryor'sRed .
Prior's Bed .
PitzerHill.
Pickman
Priestly
Pole Cat .
Parmin Royal .
Parmain d' Ete
Petersburg!) Pippin .
Pi nnoi We Bed Winter
Pennoek .
■■'•■ Plate
i ' /;'v /'/. asant
tori's Seedling
/'■ ach Pond Sn • ,t .
Pecker .
Petit Api Rouge
Philip Wick
Phillips' Relnette
1 ie Apple
[pple Russet
Pomme d'Api Rouge
Pompey •
.
Pomme Royale
Pomme Rose
Pound Royal
Pomme Regclans .
Pomme do Berlin
Pomme d'Anis
Pomme de Charles .
Pomme Finale
Pound
Pomme de Caen .
Portugal
Pomme de Neige
.
Princesse Noble Zoete
' y
Priestley's American
Prime's* Harvest, or Early French
Pumpkin Russi t .
Pumpkin Sweet
Putnam Russet
Queen Ann
.
Quaker Pippin
Queen's
RandaPs Best .
Randal Best .
Ragan
Rarit in Sweet
Pa in l o
Rambour Franc .
Rambonr d'Ete
Raundell's Sweet .
Red Spitzenberg
Red rearmain
Red "VViuter Pearmain
128
176
176
Eeinette 84
4S2
INDEX OF FHUITS.
PAGE
Bed Pippin ...
141
Bed Phcenix
. 141
141
159
Red Bellflower ....
in
Bed Seek-no-farther .
. 176
Retl and Green Sweet .
176
Bed i anada
. 102
Bed Cheek Pippin .
92
72
Bichfield Nonsuch
102
Richmond
. 106
Bough and Beady
153
Bound Top
. 166
Buekman's Pearmain .
171
/'Automne .
. 177
Hide's Summer Sweeting .
177
100
100
M0
113
lied Sweet
. 155
Republican Pippin
155
176
Bed Ashmore
120
176
176
Bed Russet ...
. 171
Bed Gloria Mundi ?
132
Rome Beauty .
. 106
106
Rymer ....
. 177
177
177
100
100
Baule*s Jannette .
100
100
Bamsdell's Red Pumpkin Sweot
131
Bamsdell's Sweeting
. 131
Bead's Baker ....
175
Red Belle-Fleur
. 177
E 1 Winter Calville .
176
Bed i 'alviUe ....
. 176
Red Detroit .....
130
Bed Doctor ....
. 130
176
Red Pumpkin Sweet . . .
. 131
Bed Streak
177
Red Quarrenden
. 155
. 76, 145
l: d Astrakhan
. W8
Bed Ing strie
176
Reinette blanche d'Espagne .
. 162
Reiriette Triomphaute .
179
Reinette d'Angleterre
. 112
Reinette da Canada Blanche
72
Reinette Grosse du Canada
. 72
Reinette du Canada a Cortes
72
Reinette d Hollande
. 133
L'!i:> !.' Ix'it/til Greening
104
Ribston Pippin
. 155
Rival Golden Pippin .
129
Boyjle d"Ang!eterre
85
Baxbury Basset
. 106
Boyal Pearmain .
S5
155
102, 134
Ross Nonpareil
. 155
Bussian
138
Sweet Baldwin
. 173
Summer Rambo .
Striped Mohawk
Scandiana Mala
Si Vina
Seever's Red Streak
Stanard
Stanard's Seedling
St. Lawrence .
Sfriped Bellfleur .
StUpperis Russet
Green
Spring Grove Codlin
Spice Apple .
Summer Run-set
Swet t and Sour .
Sugar Loaf Greening
Spice, Sweeting
Seever
Schoonmaker
Schoolmocker .
Scollop Gillijlower
Smith's Cider .
Spring Pippin .
Springport Pippin
Spice Russet
Skunk
Sam Eawlings
Sam Young
Sack Apple .
Sapson
Barn's Crab
Sanguineus
Scudamore*s Crab .
Scarlet Perfume
Scarlet Pearmain
Scarlet Nonpareil
Seek-no-further
Seek-no-further of Coxe
Sheep Nose
Sibi Han Bitter Sweet
Sibt riiin Crab
Sigler's Red
Shakers' Yellow
Summer Hagloe
Sassafras Sweet
Summer Sweet .
Sponge .
! Pearmain
Snorter .
S ■ t Brllflower
9u 1 Pippin
Su in m. r B 11 , lower
Summer Belle Flear
Summum Bonum
Summer Cheese
Strawberry
Steele's Red Winter
Snow .
.
Sutton Beauty .
Sweet Swaar .
Sire t Winesap
vwk
Striped R. I. Greening
Sweet Seek-no-farther
Sugar Sweet ,
Spiced Oxeye
Sylvan Russet .
Striped June
Sweet Golden Pippin
Sweet Nonsuch
Sweet June
INDEX OF FRUITS.
483
Sweet Bough .
Sweet Romanite .
Springers Seedling
Striped Vandervere •
Striped Ashmore .
Smokehouse
Sim -qua-non
Sops of Wine .
Sops in Wine
Spencer Sweeting
Stunner Pippin .
Styre ....
Striped Juneating .
St) ■■><it
Straat ....
Stal Clubs .
Surprise ....
Sugar Loaf Pippin
Summer Hose
Summer Queen
Summer Golden Pippin
Summer Pearmain .
Summer Pippin
Summer Rainbow .
Summer Sweet Paradise
Swaar
Sweet Russet .
Street Pearmain
Sweet Harvest
Transparent de Zurich
Them's Red Streak
Tmcnsend .
Tallow Pippin
Tallow Apple .
Tompkins . ^.
Tulpahocken
Trenton Early-
TV loksbury Blush .
Tom Woodward's Pippin
Terry's Red Streak .
Tolmaii's Sweating
Tallman's Sweeting .
Trumbull Sweeting
Tart Bough
Tewksbury Winter Blush
Tolinan Sweeting
Travers ....
Twenty-ounce Pippin
T, tqfsky
Transparent Pippin .
Transparent de Moscovie
Twenty Ounce .
Twenty-ounce Apple
Vandervere of Cincinnati
Vandervere Pippin
Virginia Greening
Vermont
Virginia Sweet .
Vandyne
Victuals and Drink
Vandevere .
Victorious Reinette
Vrai drap d'Or
Watkins' Early .
Watermelon .
Watson's Vandervere
Warren Pennock .
WaddePs Hall .
Walworth
Walpole .
W, xt, rn Spy ■
Whitewater Sweet
PAGE
109
. 112
176
. 113
113
. 113
157
. 157
157
. 137
468
14.")
. 168
158
. 118
178
. IT8
107
. 158
178
. 121
138
. 178
158
. 108
152
, 109
109
. 179
179
, 160
88
8S
75
79
81
. 160
95
. 102
110
110
160
. ITS
160
, 110
155
179
111
, 128
179
126
126
, 113
113
. 160
161
174
95
, 179
113
. 170
73
64
89
. 118
131
. 161
161
, 161
162
. 162
White Seek-no-farther
Wellington Apple
Winter Cheese ,
Willi-- Sweet .
Wagener
Wells.
Well Apple .
Warren Pippin .
Waltz Apple .
Washington
Welcome
West's Spitzenberg
Wlndowei
White Vandervere
White Sir, , ting .
Wetherell'a White Sweeting
Winter Harvey ,
Winter Grixon .
White Margil
Whit, Doctor .
Watson's Dumpling
Whare Reinette
Waxen Apple
White Apple
Week's Pippin
W, //.\ Sir,, ting
WestfU ''i Seek-no-further
White Bell-Pleur .
White Bellflower .
Whit,- Detroit .
White Winter Calville
White culrilU .
White Spanish Reinette
White Juneating
istrachan .
White Pippin .
White Spice .
Wine of Cole .
Winter Sweet
White Pearmain
White Winter Pearmain
Whitt liamho .
Williams
William's Favorite Bed
William's Red
William's Early
William's Early Eed
Willow
Willow Twig
Willow Leaf .
WoooVs Greening .
William Penn .
Window
Wing Sweeting
Winter Pearmain .
Winter Wine
Winter Chandler .
Woodward's Pippin
Wolman's Harvest
Winter Gennetting
Willow Leaf Pippin
White Hawthornden
Winter Pearmain .
Winter Queen .
Winter Queening .
Wine Apple
Wine Sap
Wine Sop
White Apple .
Williams's Favorite
Wollaton Pippin .
Woolman's Long
484
INDEX OF FEUITS.
PAGE
Winter Sweet Paradise
Wood's Huntingdon .... 128
Woolinan's Harvest .... 107
Woodstock Pippin 167
Woodstock
Wormsley Pippin 179
Woodpecker 66
Wyker Pippin 170
Yankee Apple ..... 152
Yellow Ju neating 84
Yellow Janette 100
Yellow Vandervere 118
York Eusset 152
Yost 165
Yacht 166
York Imperial 166
Yellow liigestria 180
Yorkshire Greening .... 180
Yellow Newtown Pippin . . . 118
Yellow Pippin 95, 149
Yellow German Eeinette . . . 170
Yellow Siberian Crab ....
Yellow Harvest 84
Yellow Belle-Flenr 70
Yellow Belltlower 70
Youngs Long Keeping .... 169
Zane 180
Zane Greening 180
Zieber 180
Allen's Sweet Montmorency
American Amber
Amber Gean
Ambrer Heart
Amber a petit fruit .
American Heart .
Amber or Imperial .
Ambree de Choisy
Ambree a Gros Fruit
Ansell's Pine Black
Apple Cherry .
Arden's Early White Heart
Armstrong's Bigarreau
Arch Duke .
Adams'1 Crown
Anne ....
Arden's Heart .
Belle de Sceaux .
Belle Audigeoise
Belle de Bavay
Belle de Petit Brie .
Belle of Orleans .
Belle de Orleans
Bigarreau Gaubalis
Bigarreau de Lyon .
Bigarreau d'Esperin
Bigarreau Noir Tardive .
Bihimann's May .
Bigarreau Belle de Eocmont
Belle de Choisy
Benham's Pine Early Duke
Belle Magnijique
Belle et Magnifique
Bigarreau de Mai . .
Bigarreau . . .
Bigarreau Eoyal
Bigarreau Gros
Bigarreau Tardif
Bigarreau d' Hollands .
Bigarreau Couleur de Chair
219
214
214
216
220
203
208
189
189
215
217
216
208
203
203
204
216
214
194
196
196
204
204
199
199
204
213
214
194
1S4
211
191
191
214
208
208
208
208
208
194
Bigarreau a Gros fruit Blanc
Bigarreau de Eocmont
Bigarreau Lauermann .
Bigarreau Gros Cieurat .
Bigarreau Gros Monstrueux
Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Eouge
Bigarreau Tardif de Hildesheim .
Bigarreau Marbree de Hildesheim
Bigarreau Blanc Tardif de Hildesheim
Bigarreau Noir Tardif
Bigarreau Gros Noir
Bigarreau Common .
Bigarreau Noir . ,
Bloodgood's Amber .
Bloodgood's Honey
Bloodgood's New Honey . .
Black Heart
Black Eussian ....
Black Eagle
Black Circassian
Black Tartarian ....
Black Eussian ....
Black Mazzard ....
Black Honey ....
Black Orleans ....
Bleeding Heart
Black Mgarreau
Black Bigarreau of Savoy
Bowyer's Early Heart .
Bouquet Amarelle
Bristol Cherry ....
Bullock's Heart ....
Buttner's Yellow ....
Buttner's Wachs-Knorpel Kirsche
Buttuer's Gelbe-Knorpel Kirsche
Buchanan's Early Duke .
Buttner's October Morello .
Buttner's October Zucker Weichsel
Bishop's Large ....
Black Hawk ....
Brant
Burros Seedling
Buttner's Black Heart
Buttner's Herr Kirsche .
Brenneman's May .
Black Spanish ....
Broicn's Seedling
Buttner's October .
Boreatton ....
Carmine Stripe
Caroline ....
Carnation ....
Cerise Ambree
Cerise Doucette
Cerise de la Palembre .
Cerise a Noyeau Tendre .
Cerise Guigne
Cerise Nouvelle d'Angleterre .
Cerise de Portugal
Cerise a Bouquet . . .
Cerise a Courte Queue .
Cerisier a fleurs Doubles .
Cerise Tardive . . .
Cerisier Pleurant
Cerise de St Martin
China, Bigarreau .
Chinese Heart
Chevereuse . . .
Chinese, Double Flowering
Champagne .
Christiana ....
Cluster
INDEX OF FRUITS.
485
G'u ter
Common English
Oorone
Coaronne
Coroun . .
Cojurde Pigeon
Coularde .
Common Red
Commune .
Common Red
( lommon Sour Cherry
Clown ....
Circassian
0 r. land
Cleveland Bigarreau
Oo fa Transparent
< I m ■ rlana
Cumberland Seedling .
i '■>:! stoga
Clarke's Bigarreau
Ohatenay .
( ' rist de X trier .
< b '.v Late < 'amotion
Oorwin ....
( 'iarka 's Superb
Clarke's Bigarreau?
Oerise Indulle .
Cream ....
Davenport's Early .
0 ./■ nport
Davenport's Early Black
Do Hollande .
D'Espagne .
Djwnton
I> turner's Late .
Downer ....
Downer's Late Red .
I) 'lining's Red, Cheek, .
Double Flowering Kentish
Dredge's Early White Heart
Dutch Morello
Dwarf Dotihle-Floir, rimy
Double Heart .
Doctor ....
Delicate
De 16 a-la-livre
D'Esperin
Donna Maria
D itch ess of Pallua .
Du Nord
Du Nord Nouvelle .
De Prusse
"Da Spa
Early Black .
Early White Heart .
Early Purple Guigne
Early Purple Griotte
Early Duke .
Early May
Early Richmond ,
Ellon.
Elkhorn ....
English Morello .
Ever Flowering Cherry
Early Prolific
Elizabeth
Elliott's Favorite
English Amber
Favorite .
Flesh-Colored Bigarreau
P/vence .
E . mish ....
PAGE
. 216
215
. 215
215
. 215
194
. 211
194
. 194
21T
. 217
205
. 1 39
liil
. 191
in-:
. 205
205
. 206
212
. 21 1
215
. 216
210
. 216
216
. 217
217
. 216
216
. 216
211
. 211
2117
. 192
192
. 192
205
. 216
216
. 218
216
. 189
192
. 193
196
. 204
206
. 207
215
. 215
215
. 216
215
. 216
195
. 195
211
. 21T
194
. 194
213
. 218
225
. 193
20T
. 207
207
. 207
194
. 20S
217
Four to the Pound .
Frascr's Black Tartarian
Fraser's Black Heart
Fraser'a Black
Fraser's White Tartarian
Frasei^s White Transparent
Fellow's Seedling
Gascoigne's Heart .
(Jean Amber
', a ''"a ....
Groote Princesse .
Grosse Bigarreau Couleur de Chair
Gros Bigarreau Blanc
Gros Coeuret ....
Gros Bigarreau Rouge
ffridley
Gross.'. Schwarze Knoorpel
Griotte de Portugal
Grosse Cerise Rouge Pale
Griottier Kongo Pale .
Griotte de Villennes
Gros Gobet ....
Guinier a Fruit Noir
Guigne Grosse Noir
Guigne Rouge Hative
Gnigne Noir Tardive
Guigne Gros Blanc .
German May Duke
"/■ Wood
Grosse Guigtfe Noir Luisante
Great Bigarreau?
O-wigne Noir Luisante
Harrison Heart. ....
Herefordshire Black
Herefordshire Heart .
Hildesheim Bigarreau ,
Won ij
Hollandische Grosse
Holland Bigarreau
Hoi man' 8 Duke
Hyde's Red Heart .
Hi'il. ::lu im ....
Hortense
Holland
Hoadley
Hovey
Herefordshire "White
nyde's Seedling
Hyde's Late Black .
Iinjn rial ....
Imperial Morello
Italian Heart ....
Jeffrey's Duke ....
Joc-o-Sot ....
Keokuk
Kewruicott ....
Kentish
Ke-ntish
Kentish
Kentish Red ....
Kentish Red ....
Knevetfs Late Bigarreau
Knight's Early Black
Kirtland's Mary .
Kirtland's Mammoth
Kirtland's Large Morello
Knight's Late. Black
Large Wild Black .
Large Honey ....
Larse White Bigarreau
Large Heart-Shaped Bigarreau
Lauermaun's Kirsche .
486
INDEX OF FRUITS.
Large Heart-Shaped Bigarreau
Large Eed Bigarreau
Lady Southampton, s Yellow
Lady Southampton's Duke
Lady Southampton's Golden
Large Black Bigarreau .
Late Arch Duke
Late Duke
Late, Duke
Large Mayduke
Late Kentish
Large Morello
Late Morello
Large. Double-Flowering
Lion's Heart
Lemercier of E. and B
Late Bigarreau
Large Heart-Shaped
Logan
Large Morello
Lemercier
Lindley .
Leather Stocking
Late Honey .
Lundie Gean .
Louis Phillip
Madison .
Mary ....
Manning'' s Early Black .
Mazzard ....
Manning'' 8 Mottled, .
Maccarty
Madison Bigarreau .
Manning's Late Black
Manning's Late Black Heart
May Duke
May Cherry
Merisier a fruit blanc
Millett's Late Heart Duke
Mottled Bigarreau .'
Morris' Early Duke .
Montmorency
Montmorency a gros fruit
Montmorency a longue queue
Morello ....
Muscat de Prague .
Monstreuse de Bavay
Monstrous May
M&rveille de September .
Morris Duke .
Monstreuse de Mezel
Napoleon
Napoleon Bigarreau .
New Large Black Bigarreau
Ox Heart .
Osceola .
Ohio Beauty
Ostheim .
Ostheimer Weichsel
Ox Heart
Pie Cherry
Pie Cherry
Plumstone Morello
Portugal Duke
Portugal Duke .
Prinzessin Kirsche
Prince's Duke .
Precoce .
Purple Gmgne
Pontiac .
Powhattan .
Proudfoot
Drop
PAGE
. 199
219
218
218
218
213
, 203
203
. 211
211
21T
218
218
218
218
196
199
199
200
210
211
211
211
217
218
218
211
211
, 218
215
211
21T
211
218
218
211
217
217
211
211
211
217
, 217
194
218
194
196
205
210
211
199
212
212
199
218
200
212
219
219
220
194
217
219
203
211
208
219
217
195
201
201
212
Proudfoot's Seedling
President
Pink Heart
Eed Heart
Remington
Remington "White Heart
Remington Heart
Rivers' Early Heart .
Rivers' Early' Amber
Ronald's Large Black Heart
Ronald's Heart .
Boberfs Bed Heart .
Royal Hative
Royal Duke .
Ronald's Large Morello
Rvmsey'la LuU Morello
Ronald's Black Heart
Reine Hortense
Bockport ....
Rockport Bigarreau
Bi (1 Jacket
Richardson .
Bed Bigarreau
Schone von Choisy
Serrulated leaved Cherry .
Small May
Spanish Black Heart .
Sparkhawk's Honey
Sparrowhawk's Honey
Spotted Bigarreau
Spanish Yellow
Superb Circassian .
Sussex ....
Swset Montmorency .
Shannon .*
Sehwarze Neue Herr Kirsche
Sterets May
Sweedish
Sweedish Red Heart
Sparhawk
Tartarian ....
Thompson's Duke .
Tobacco Leaved
Transparent Guigne .
Transparent Gean .
Transparent .
Tradescant
Tradescant's Black Heart
Turkey Bigarreau
Turkey Bigarreau .
The Doctor
Tardif-de-Hildesheim .
Tecumseh ....
Triomphe of Cumberland
Tardive do Mons
Pail's A ugusi Duke
Very Large Heart . '
Virginian May
Virginian Wild Cherry .
IV ginia May Duke .
W, ndelfs Mottled .
Ward's Bigarreau .
Wendell's Mottled Bfearrear
Waterloo . .
Wax Cherry .
WerderS Early Black .
Werder's Early Black Heart
Werdersche Frue Sehwarze nerz
West's White Heart .
Weichsel mit gauzkurzen stiel
Wiping or All Saint's .
White Heart ....
192
196
203
205
210
213
218
194
219
219
213
199
213
213
205
213
213
Kirschf 213
208
INDEX OF FRUITS.
487
White Transparent .
White Tartarian .
White Bigarreau
White Bigarreau .
White Ox Heart
Wilder's Bigarreau de Mai
Wild English Cherry
Warri n's Transparent
Wilkinson
W( llington .
Yellow Honey .
Yellow Spanish
Yellow or Golden
Yung To
CUREANT8.
American Mack
Black Grape .
Black English .
Black Naples
Common Red .
Common White
Cherry
Champagne . . ,
Common Black .
Fertile Currant of Palnau
Gondouin .
Gondouin Bed
Goliath
Houghton Castle .
Jefferson .
Knights Large Red
Knight's Early Red
Knight's Street Red
Large Red Dutch
Large Bunched Red
Long Bunched Red .
Large White .
Missouri Large-fruited
Missouri Eatable .
May's Victoria .
Missouri
Morgan's Red .
Morgan's White
Missouri Fragrant
New Red Dutch .
New White Dutch .
Palnau .
Raby Castle
Rivers' White Grape
Red Dutch
Eed Grape
"eeve's White .
'ed Flowering Currant
riped Fruited
Victoria
White Dutch .
White Crystal
White Leghorn .
White Pearl .
White Grape .
GOOSEBERRIES.
Buerdsill's Duckvying
Capper's Bunker's HiU .
Champagne ....
Collier's Jolly Angler
CromptonSheba Queen
Early Sulphur . .
Green Walnut
PAGE
. 216
220
. 208
220
. 220
214
. 216
220
. 220
220
. 217
208
. 21T
216
225
225
225
228
225
226
225
225
225
224
223
223
224
224
225
225
826
228
224
224
224
224
225
225
224
225
224
224
225
2:74
224
224
224
224
224
2 'J 4
224
223
225
224
224
224
224
224
224
226
228
228
229
230
229
229
Hniigjiton's Seedling
Ironmonger .
Keen's Seedling
Massey's Heart of Oak
Melting's Crown Bob
Pale ilea
Parkinson's Laurel
Pitmaston Green Gage
I!, Hiring Lion .
Hi <l Warrington .
iiniUir's Bright Venus .
White Money
Woodward's Whitesmith
GRArES.
Ada ....
Arkansas
All, it's s, ailing Llamburg
Alicant ....
Alexander's
Amber Muscadine
Amiens
American Muscadine
August Traube .
Black Cluster
Black Morillon .
Black Burgundy .
PJavk Frmitignan
Black Frontignac .
/,"<>< k Hamburgh .
Black Prince
Black Spanish .
Black Valentia
Black Portugal .
Black Lisbon .
Brinekle .
Black Orleans
Black St. Peter's
Laud ....
Bland's Virginia
Bland's Madeira .
Bland's Pale Red .
Bnurdales des Hautes Pyrenees
Boston ...
Brown Hamburgh
Burgunder
Bull or Bullett
Cambridge Botanic Garden
Canon Hall Muscat
Cape Grape
Catawba
Catawba Tokay
Chasselas Dore
Chasselas Blanc
Chasselas de Fontainebleau
' 'Union
< 'assady
Clara ....
Concord
Clermont ....
Clifton's Constantia
Clarence .
Delaware
Decimanner
D'Arbois
De St. Jean
Diana .
Dutch Hamburg
Early Black .
Early Black July .
Early White Tencriffe .
188
INDEX OF FRUITS.
Early White Muscadine
Elsinburgh
Elsenborough
Emily
Fromentin Rouge .
Fox Grape
Frankendale .
Fromentean
Frontiac of Alexandria
Oris Kouge
Qraham,
Gibraltar .
Golden Chasselas .
Gri v.: I ;/ Frontignan
Grizzly Frontignac
Herbemont
Herbemont's Madeira
Heath
Hampton Court Vine
Imitation Hamburg
Isabella
Jacob's Traube .
Jerusalem Muscat .
July Grapo
KK'inbranner .
Lebanon Seedling .
Lenoir .
Longworth's Ohio .
Lunel
Marzimmer
Mammoth Catawba
Minor's Seedling .
Madeleine
Madeleine Noir .
Madeira .
Malaga
Mill, /■'.< Burgundy
Missouri .
Missouri Seedling .
Morillon Hatif .
Muscat of Alexandria
Moschata Bianca
Moscado Bianco .
Moscatel Common .
Muscat Noir Ordinaire
Muscat Noir de Jura
Muscat d'Alexandrie
Muscat Blanc .
Muscat Blanc de Jura
Muscateller
Muscat Rouge
Muscat Gris
Muscat Noir .
Nepean's Constantia
Norton's Virginia
Norton's Seedling
Ohio
Passe longue Musque
Passe Musque
I'ineau
Pocock's Damascus
Powell
Pond's Seedling .
Purple Frontignan
Purple Constantia
Purple Hamburg
Ranfolak
Ranfoliga .
Raabe
Raabe's No. 1
Raabe's No. 4
Eaabe's No. 2
PAGE
254
. 245
245
. 472
255
. 24T
253
. 255
255
. 255
4T2
. 25.3
254
. 254
254
. 246
246
. 255
253
. 24T
246
. 254
255
. 254
255
. 244
246
. 247
255
. 255
245
. 248
254
. 254
24T
. 255
254
. 247
247
. 254
255
. 255
255
. 255
253
. 253
255
. 255
255
. 255
254
. 254
253
. 255
247
. 247
247
. 255
255
. 253
253
. 244
245
. 253
353
. 253
255
. 255
472
. 471
471
. 472
Raabe's No. 3 .
Roanoke .
Red Traminer .
Bother Traminer
Rother Klevner
Rothclauser
Rothe Reifler .
Rothedel
Rothfranken
Raisin Precoce
Raisin de Champagne
Raisin de Fronlignan
Red Muncy
Red Hamburgh
Red Constantia .
Royal Muscadine
St. Clauser .
Salisbury Violet .
Schuylkill Muscadell
Schuylkill Muscadine
Scujipi riitnuj .
Segar-Box Grape .
Snirti, -jfs Seedling .
^ir William Rowley's Black
Sir A. Pytche's Black
Small Black Cluster
Smart's Elsingburg .
Spring Mill Constantia .
Steward's Black Prince
Sumpter
Singleton .
Schuylkill . ,
Triii, liner .
Tokayer ....
Tasker's Grape .
Tottenham Park Muscat
T,> Kalon .
True Burgundy
Valentine's
Victoria ....
Warner's Black Hamburgh
White Catawba .
White Muscat of Alexandria
White Muscat
White Muscat of Lunel
White Frontignan
White Constantia
White Frontniac .
White Sweet Water .
AVinne
V.ihnofs New Black Hamburgh
Worthiugton .
7m ne .
NECTARINES,
Anderson's . .
Anderson's (of some)
Anderson's Round
Aromatic
Barker
Black .
Black Murry
Buxton .
Broomfield
Brugnon Hatif
Brugnon, Red at the Stone
Brugnon de Newington
Brugnon Musque
Brugnon Violette Musquee
Glaremont.
Common Elruge .
PAon
. 473
INDEX OF FRUITS.
489
Cowdray White
Duke of Telliers .
D'Angieterre .
Downfall
Due du Telliers
Due de Tilly .
Due de Telle- .
DnTilley's .
Early Violet
Early Brugnon
Warty N> icington .
Early Black Newington
Early Black
Rlrug,' .
Emerton's New White
French Yellow
FaArchild
Fairchild's Early .
Fine Gold-Fleshed .
Flanders
French Newington .
Genoa .
Golden :
Hardwlcke's Seedling
Hardswicke
Hampton Court .
Jlu nt s Tawny .
Hunt's Large Tawny
Hunt's Early Tawny
Jamie Lisse .
Larg< Early Violet
Late Yellow .
Large White
Late Green
Large Scarlet .
Lewis
Lord Selsey's Elrnge
Lucombe's Black .
Lncombe's Seedling .
Murrey .
Murrv
New White .
Neat White
New Scarlet .
N wington
New Dark Newington
New Early Newington
Oatlands .
Orange
Old White .
Old Newington .
Old Roman .
Orange
Rr in <;'.■< Gold* n .
Perkins' Seedling
Peterborough (of some)
< run ah .
Petite Violette Hative
Pitmaston Orange
Red Roman .
Roman
Rough Roman
Scarlet Newington .
Scarlet .
Stam/wicke
Skoet t V llow
Sion Hill .
Smith's Newington
Spring Grove .
Temple's
Verrmsh Cof some) .
Violette Hative .
PAC.B
. 258
257
257
. 267
267
. 267
267
. 257
257
258
. 268
257
. 253
268
. 259
259
. 259
258
. 260
260
259
268
258
267
. 258
!58
. 258
. 258
260
. 258
26 I
. 267
266
. 257
268
. 258
259
. 259
258
. 25S
257
. 260
258
257
259
2C0
259
258
260
256
260
257
248
259
259
260
260
260
259
260
260
260
257
257
260
257
Violet.
Violette An££.rvillieres .
Violette Musquee
V lolet, red at the stone .
Violet Musk
"W Uliam's < 'range .
Williams' Seedling .
Violet Grosse
257
257
253
253
253
TEACHES.
Alherge .
.
Alirat.r .
An in
A^, ni ruble
•I .
Abricotee .
Acton Scott .
Admirable Tardive
Admirable Jaune .
Algiers Yellow .
Algiers Winter . .
Apricot Peach .
Aitor
Avant Rouge .
Avant Blanche
Bat In liter -
's Seedling, No.
Barnard .
/.' aucaire
Beauty of Beaucaire
Bergen's Yellow .
Brentford Mignonne .
...
B, /.a/ •'.* Early Rareri^
Bdle Ohevreuse .
Bennett's Rareripe .
B, auty of SdHaou**'
Barrinfftoti
Baltimore Beauty
R It, garde
Vitry
Bellis . . .
Belle Beaute .
Belle de Vitj v .
Belle de Paris
Bergen
Biii.,,1 i 'l {■,!■■ i n1-r>. .
Blood Cling
Bourdine
Bondin
Brevoort
Brevoort's Morris
Brevoort's Seedling Mel**'*
Brown Nutmeg
Buckingham Misnonne
' ";,. intone
Vs Seedling
' Beauty
Carey's Mammoth Cling
Gail 's Late
Cable's Late Melocoton
nlge Bella
.
C
.
<-' '-it '//' 'in
Gobi 'v Me.di-wm Melocoton
Gaol '« Early
Cable's Early Melocoton .
?Mte .
Crawford's Superb Melocoton
-- 1
281
281
2 I
290
290
296
290
. 290
281, 296
296
290
294
295
281
472
281
290
290
279
281
281
291
291
291
290
220
290
2S1
290
290
274
290
276
272
2~1
281
276
276
272
272
272
294
290
289
2-f
2St
29C
281
28i
28S
2Si
291
291
291
291
291
273
27»
400
INDEX OF FRUITS.
Chinese Peach
Charlotte .
Catherine Cling .
Cardinale •
Catherine
Chancellor
Cliancelliere .
Clinton
Claret Clingstone. .
Cole's Early Red .
( 'oolt dge's .Favorite
Cooledge's Early Red Rareripe
Colonel Ansley's .
Congress ....
Congress Cling
Cole's White Malocoton .
Columbia
Crawford's Late Melocoton
Crawford's Early
Crawford's Early Melocoton
Crawford's Superb Malacatune
Cat-Leaved
Down-Easter
Doctor Cooper .
Douglass
Double Montagne .
Double Mountain .
Dorsetshire
Druid Hill .
Eliza
Etmira ....
Early York, of New Jersey
Early Crawford
Early Galande .
Early Barnard .
Early Maiden .
Early Robinson Crusoe
Eastburn's Choice .
Enstburn
Early Anne
Early Tillotson
Earl'/ York
Early Newington Freestone
Early Newington .
Early Sweet-Water
Early Admirable
Early Purple Avant
Early May
Early Vineyard
Early Red Nutmeg .
Early White Nutmeg
Early Purple .
Early Royal George
Early Red Rareripe .
Edgar's Late Meltiug
JSmperor of Russia
French Rareripe .
Fullcerxon
Fulkerson's Early
Fa vorite .
Favorite Red
Flat Peach of China
Fosr's Seedling
French Mignonne
French Royal George
FrerTch Magdalen .
Freestone Heath .
French Bourdine
Fine Heath .
Gorgas
Golden Rareripe .
Green Rareripe
PAGE
282
. 291
292
292
, 291
291
. 282
2sl
. 282
278
. 273
290
. 291
291
. 276
273
. 273
272
. 272
273
, 292
283
. 283
283
288
277
272
283
2S3
277
272
281
281
2S6
292
283
2S3
290
279
273
274
274, 295
294
290
274
274
274
294
295
. 274
281, 294
. 288
291
. 292
280, 281
. 283
288
292
292
282
292
274
2S1
294
276
276
274
472
281
284
'AGS
GesVs Superb .
. 292
Grosse Persique Rouge
2S5
Gest's Large Freestone .
. 292
George the Fourth .
. 274
Gold Fleshed
281
. 281
290
Grouse Mignonne .
. 274
Grim wood's Roval George .
274
Grimwood's New Royal George
. 274
Griffin's Mignonne
294
Grimwood's Royal Charlotte .
. 291
Hatch
. 284
Hale
Hastings
. 284
Hall's Down-Easter
283
. 27T
Hardy Galande .
281, 284
Honey's Cambridge Belle
. 282
Hi atKs Freestone
284
Hoffner
. 292
Hoffner's Seedling
292
H iiri/ Clay ....
. 284
Haines Early Red
277
Hath
Hyslop
. 275
Hvslop's Clingstone
275
Incomparable ....
. 285
Jane
. 272
Jaques
275
J>se Sweet ....
. 285
Jones' Early
285
Jones' Large Early
. 285
Johnson's Early Purple .
. 274
Kenrirk's Hath
. 284
Kew Early Purple
291
Kennedy's Carolina .
. 277
Kennedv's Lemon Cling
277
La fa iii he Clingstone
. 293
Lafat/i it"
293
Large Melting . .
. 293
. 277
Large American Nutmeg
294
. 290
Large French Mignonne
274
La Royale
. 276
Large Red Rareripe
275
Large Red Rareripe .
. 288
Lady Ann Steward
276
Late Red Rareripe .
. 277
Lady Gallatin . . . .
288
Large Yellow Rareripe
. 280
Late Admirable Cling .
2SI
INDEX OF FltUITS.
491
Largo White Clingstone .
PAGE
. I'M)
Late Yellow Alberge
293
. 277
Large Newiugton . . • .
298
. 277
Lord Montague's Noblesse .
Lockyer's Mignonne ....
236
. 294
Lord Fauconberg's Mignonne
Long Yellow Pine Apple .
. 277
Luscious White Rareripe
276
Livingstone's N. V Rareripe .
. '-'77
Magistrate ....
. 298
Majestrate
•-'It:;
. 285
Madeira Freestone ....
. 285
285
. 2S6
293
. 293
is Freestone .
294
Madeline of Courson
. 294
2S6
Madeleine de Courson
. 294
294
Malta
27(5
Malte de Normandie
276
Malogatune ....
. 288
Malacatune ....
2S8
Marie Antoinette
. 280
236
. 274
294
Montauban
288
. 276
Morris's Red Rareripe .
2T5
. 275
Morris White Rareripe .
276
Morris White
. 276
Morris White Freestone
276
Morrisania Pound ....
. 293
Morrison's Pound ....
293
. 2S5
Monstrous Pompone
235
Monstrous Clingstone
. 235
293
. 294
276
. 292
Neill's Early Pnrpla
274
New Royal Charlotte
. 291
New York White (Wigstone
289
274, 293
277
. 2:7
Noisette
291
. 2S6
New York Rareripe
. 277
2s6
■ il . . . .
. 293
287
. 287
Owen's Lemon Rareripe
287
October Yellow ....
293
Oldmixon Freestone
. 278
Oldmixon Clearstone
273
Oldmixon Clingstone
. 27,
293
PAGE
Orange Clingstone .... 286
Orange 296
</ Queen 286
Old Royal Charlotte . . . .291
Philadelphia Freestone . 276
Paragon 287
/'■ . /.-■ /• >r Ispahan . . . 292
Poinsett 287
Poole's Yellow ... . 287
/'. 1 iger 298
Pavie Admirable . ... 285
Pavie de Pomponne .... 285
Pavie de l'omponne Grosse . . . 285
Pavie Rouge de Pompone . . . 285
Pavie Caum 285
Pavie Monstreux 285
Peche Royale 276
Peche Malte 276
Peche Jaune 281
Peen-To 282
Pine-Apple Clingstone .... 277
Pourpree de Normandie .... 274
Pourpree Hattve 274
Pourpree Tardive 276
Poole's Large Yellow «... 287
Poole's Late Yellow Freestone . 287
President 278
Prince's lied Rareripe .... 278
Purple Avant 274
Purple Alberge 281
Prince's Paragon 287
/.'■ '. FawrUa 2S8
Ronald's Mignonne .... 281
Red Rareripe 275
Bed Ran ripe 283
Red Magdalen 294
Reine des Vergers 286
l: d Nutmeg 294
Red Avant 294
Red Cheek 288
Red Magdalen 281
Red Cheek Malocoton .... 233
Red Alberge 2S1
Red Heath 274
Reid's Weeping 295
Royal Kensington 274
Ronald's Seediing Galande . . . 274
Roval Sovereign 274
Royale 276
Rouge Paysanne 294
Royal George 294
Ros» 294
Rosanna 294
Rosebank 279
Rod/marts Red 283
Shanghai 287
Site's Old Zatik 2S7
■ ■■/•'* Superb 287
Saint George 288
Smock 283
Smith's Favorite 288
StoaZsh 294
Swaize 294
Smock Clingstone 295
Spring Grove 295
m's Early 295
Smith's Neuington .... 295
San luinole a Chair Adherents
8 itfs Early Red 294
Serrated 29S
Selby's Cing 289
Smock Freestone .... 2S8
492
INDEX OF FRUITS.
Smith's Newington
Smith's Early Newington
Smooth-leaved Eoyal George
Snow
Stewart's Late Galacde
Strawberry
Superb Eoyal
Superb
Sweet Water .
Swiss Mignonne
Serrate Early York
Scott's Nonpareil
Std ha instead .
Siebott
True Early York .
Tillotson .
Tup's Early .
Tufi's Hare ripe
Tarbell .
Teton de Venus
Tippecanoe .
True Ked Magdalen .
Tiee
Tice's Red and Yellow
Unique .
Vq/rid-ermark .
Violet Hative Grosse
Vanguard .
Tan Zandts Superb
Veloutee Tardive
Violette Hative
Vineuse
Vineuse de Froinentin
Waril's Freestone .
"Ward's Late Free .
"Ward's Free
Wi Id's Freestone .
"N ashington Eareripe
Walburton .
Walburton Admirable
Waxen Eareripe .
Washington
Washinston Bed Freestone
Walter's Early
Wash ington Clingstone
Weeping ....
White Eareripe .
White Malacaton
White Nutmeg
White Avant
White Imperial .
White Blossomed Incomparable
White Blossom
Willow Peach .
Williamson's New York
White Heath .
White Clinkstone .
Yates' Early .
Yellow Admirable
Yellow Malocoton
Yellow Malagatune
Yellow Alberge
Yellow Eareripe .
Yellow Rareripe
Yellow Pine Apple
Yellow Eed Eareripe
Yellow Barnard
Zoar Beauty .
PAGE
274
274, 295
281
2.^7
291
294
274
294
2H4
274
278
298
295
295
273
279
289
289
•J -'J
276
288
2114
295
295
292
295
2S1
2-<6
279
287
281
274
274
280
2S0
2S0
2S9
289
289
289
279
2S9
289
279
289
. 296
276, 277
. 276
295
295
279
295
295
295
289
274
2S9
296
296
2SS
288
281
281
2S0
277
280
281
296
PEAE8.
Abbott
348
Adele d' St. Denis .
Admiral
Amiral
Adam's .
Angleterre Noisette
Ambrette
Ambre Gris . .
Ambrette d lliver .
Ah 1 Mon Dieu .
Alpha .
Atthorpe Crassaune
Amire Joannet
Ambronia .
de Double .
Amanda's Double
Amuselle
108 .
Ananas d'Eto .
Ananas .
Angleterre
At>£ ra .
Arcniduc d'Ete .
Anton Town .
A utumn Col/mar
A utwmm Bergamot
A u,1u inn- Paradise .
Baronne <le Mello
Bank, rbine . .
Beurre Suisse
Beurre Beaulieu
Beurre (V Rhine .
11 urre Charron
Beurre Noirchaln .
Beurre Kossuth
Beurre Gilford
Beurre Gilford .
IJ, urre Moire
Beurre Nantais
Beurre Suj^rjine
II, urre Bivlulier .
B am Mi II tt
B urreBrettouneau
Beurre de Waterloo
R urre Audosson .
Beurre Spri/n
Bmirre Steikman .
Beurre Clairgeau
Beurre Coloma .
Beurre Chaptal
Beurre Curtet of A. Leroy
Beurre St. Nicholas
Beurre Oudinot
Beurre Scvtin,
.". a ■■,■'.'■ ile Bolhciller
Beurre Adam .
Barlinghame .
Burlingame .
Bringewood
Brielmont
Bordena/te
Boussock
Brand yicine .
Belle Angevine
Brown St. Germain .
Bonn* des Zees
Bonne d'Esce .
Belle Epine Dumas
11 urre Tanglier .
Beurre Easter
Benrre Coit
Belle Excellent
INDEX OF FRUITS.
403
Belle de Noel .
Belle ApreB Noel .
Belle Julie
noise
/;,//, de T/muars
Belle Gabriel
Beau Presi rvt d'Artois
li, rgamot cPJGspt rin .
Ji, rgamot Qauwry .
F.i nouist Nouveau
BeadneU .
Beadnell's Seedling
vt Bomtsivre.
B, rgamot I'arthmay
Bergamot d'Alcncon
Bezi de Spoelberch
J'„ :i 8ai ij areil
Bi~.l d? Naples
B, ../ "" A'v; . rin,
BeziBiana .
Bon Chretien Spanish
Bon Chretien Flemish
Burgomaster .
Bujaleuf .
Bonne dcs Haies
Barry .
Barttett .
Badham's
Belle de Brux-ellcs
Belle d'Aout .
Beau Present
Bellissime d'Ete
Bellissime Supreme .
Bellissime Jargonelle
Belmont .
Belle t Bonne
Bt arre IBu/aerston
Beurre d'Anglcterre
Beurre Boucquia
Beurre de Capiumont
Beurre Gris . .
Beurre Kongo
Beurre d'Or .
Beurre Doree
Beurre d'Ambols
Beurre du Roi
Beurre
Beurre d'Anjou
Beurre Vert
B. wrre Bono .
Beurre aPAmalis
Beurre d'Amaulis
Beurre d'Amaulis
Br wrre Diel .
Beurre Boyalo .
Beurre Magnifique
Beurre Incomparable
Beurre Knox
Beurre A' n rich
Beurre Duval
Beurre Preble
Beurre CoVmar .
Beurre Colmar d'Autoinne
Beurre de Beaumont .
Beurre Van Jlons .
Beurre Romain .
Beurre de Rome
Beurre Bance
Beurre Eplne .
Bffurre de Flandre
Beurre hronzee
Beurre d'Alencon .
PAGE
. 849
849
. 850
850
. 860
. 854
854
. 854
855
. 857
85T
. 890
890
. 889
886
. 854
855
. 866
891
. 891
891
. 891
400
. 856
473
. 811
850
. 849
849
. 878
895
. 896
895
. 889
8S9
. 890
888
. 891
857
. 850
850
. I 10
: 50
. 850
850
. 850
816
. 85m
315
. 852
. 852
813
. 813
313
. 313
390
. 890
890
. 851
890
. 390
351
. 890
890
351
851
. 851
851
. 890
889
Beurre d'Hiver .
Beurre Fortunee .
Beurre d'Hardenpont
Beurre d'Hiver IN ouvfclie
Beurre d'Aremberg .
Beurre d'Austrasie
Beurre Colmar Gris, dit Precel
Beurre d'Argenson
Beurre de Malines
B( Here I 0 i. Morum .
Beurre Spence
Si lire, ( '/■<// a m! .
Beurre Picquery
Beurre Beauchamps
Beurre Blanc de Jersey .
Beurre Curte .
Beurre Plat
Bergaloo
Beurre Blanc
Beurre or Bonne Louisc-d'Araudoro
Beurre Niell
Beurre Sieulle
//'. in-re il'Aremherg
Beurre des Orphelins .
Beurre de la Pentecote .
Beurre d'Hiver de Bruxelles
Beurre Eoupe .
Beurre de Faques
Beurre Oris d'Hiver Nouvcau
Bi He de Brussels .
Bezi \ lit .
:!■ ri ....
Bezi Koyale
Bergamotte de Faques .
Bergamotte d'Hiver .
Bergamotte de Bugi
Bergamotte de Toulouse .
/.', rgamotte (/'Hollands
Bergamotte de Fouegre .
Bergamot d'Ete
Bergamotte d'Angleterre .
Bergamotte Suisse
Bergamotte Cadette
Bergamotte Crassane
Bergamotte Sylvange
Pen.'amotte de la Pentecote .
Bezi de Chaumontelle
Bezi d'Ecbassey
Bezi de Chasserie
Belle de Jersey .
Beauchamps
Bezi de Jloniie/ni/
J! ei de la Moite
Bein Armudi
Belle de Flanders .
Bell Lucrative
Bezi Chaumontelle tres gros
Bishop's Thumb .
Bloodgood
■' >' i !. ■, r's Meadow
Black Worcester
Black Pear of Worcester
Bon Chretien d'Ete .
Boucquia ....
Bosc's Flaschenbirne
Bonne Eouge
Bon Chretien Fondante
Bouche Nouvelle .
Bosch ....
Bosch Sire ....
Boston Epargne
Bon Chretien d'Espagne
494
7NDEX OF FKUITS.
Bujaleuf
Bourgermester .
. 891
Bonne de Malines .
846
Brougham .....
. 356
Brotni Beurre
850
Broeas Bergamot
. 369
Braddock's Field Standard .
87T
Broom Park .
. 391
334
Brown St Germain .
Br ancle's St. Germain
. 318
Buifum ....
318
. 391
Butter Pear .
322
. 866
Calebasse Delvinge
892
. 863
392
Citron of Bohemia
. 392
399
. 858
85T
. 857
357
Catherine .
. 357
343
Chaptal .
. 858
358
. 858
Charles Van Boogtea .
858
Christmas
. 858
860
319
Conseiller Bamuez
359
Countess of Lunay
. 859
Comtesse do Lunay
359
. 860
Capitis Virgalieu
394
. 899
Capiumont .
357
. 315
Cabot
392
. 357
Calebasse ....
392
Calebasse Double Extra .
. 392
Calebasse d'Hollande .
892
Calebasse Grosse .
. 892
Capucin
392
. 392
857
. 817
Catillao
392
Cadilloc ....
. 892
380
Chelmsford
. 893
Charles of Austria
392
Charles dAutriche .
. 392
Chaumontel tres gros .
317
Chaumontel
,
. 859
380
400
. 360
331
892
. 344
< '<>,,, nwdore ■
89!'
Copea ....
. 39!
PAGH
Colmar Epine 860
Colmar Ncitt 359
Comtesse de Fresnol .... 367
Compte de Michaux 397
Colmar Bosc 897
Colmar des Champs 314
Columbia 819
Columbian Virgalieu .... 319
Columbian Virgalouse .... 319
Comstock 893
Comstouk Wilding .... 393
Colmar 393
Colmar Dore 380
Colmar d'lliver .... 325, 3S0
Colmar Jaminette .... 372
Colmar Gris 380
Colmar Souveraine .... 880
Colmar Van Mons 380
Colmar Charnay 888
Colmar d 'Aremberg .... 3S9
Colmar Neil 397
Colmar Preule 380
Colmar Doree 393
< 'ra trford 393
Croft CastU 393
Cross 860
Crassane 893
Cresane 893
( 'uisse Madame
Cuisso Madame
Cashing 860
Cumberland 893
Cyprus Pear 894
Cuvelier 393
Dallas 860
De Sorlus 862
Des Nonnes 861
Des Nones 861
Despoelberg 8S5
Delico d'Hardenpont of Angers . . 861
Delices d- Hardenpont du Nord and Bel-
gium 861
Del ices de Mons 362
DeUaes Charles Van Mons . . 862
Dillon 862
Dearborn 394
De dt iH foix, Lane . . . . 394'
Downing 473
Doyenne Downing 473
Doyenne Boussock Nouvelle . . 318
Doyenne Oris d'lliver Nouveau . . 821
Doyenne dAlencon .... 821
Doyenne Gray 822
Doyenne White 322
Doyenne Musque 355
Doyenne Dillen 862
Doyenne Bose . . . . . . 862
J> >inne Bobin 363
Doyenne Sieulle 863
Doyenne Santellette .... 363
Doyenne Goubalt 3C3
Doyenne du Cornice .... 363
Doyenne de Fais 863
Doyenne d'lliver 894
Downton 394
Dorr 894
DAmbre 397
D' Amour 394
DAbondanee 881
D*Aremberg Farfait . . . 814
DAuch ... ... 393
DAustrasie ... . 37'..'
INDEX OF FRUITS.
495
DiUen ....
Dearborn's Seedling
DeVallee
Des Trois Tours .
Dean's Summer .
Delices d'Hardenpont
Del ices d'Ardenponfc
Do Vigne Pelone .
De Muuue
Diol's Butterbirne .
Diel ....
Diamant
Dix
Dorothee Royale
Doyenne d*Ete
Doyenne Blanc
Doyenne Panache .
Doyenne Galeux .
Doyenne Boussouck
Doyenne Gris
Doyenne Eoux
Doyenne d'Hiver .
Doyenne du Printemps
Doyenne d'Automne .
Dunmore
Dwshesse of Angouleme
Duchess of Mars .
Dwshesse of Orlea?is .
Due d'Aremberg .
Duma-;
Duchess of Berri .
Dusnas ....
Earl'/ Druzelona
Early Butter of Gin
Early St. Germain
Elizabeth Van Mons
Excellentissima .
Early Beurre .
Early Queen .
'Early i 'atherine
Early Rousselet .
Easter Beurre
Easter Bergamot .
Ecliassery
Ecbasserie
Edward's Elizabeth
Ehciinl's Jfenrietta .
Edward's William .
Ellanrloch
En, raid .
English Eed Cheek
English Bergamot .
English Autumn Bergain*
>t '
PAGE '
862
. 820
400
813
321
861
861
. 301
86T
314
893
813
813
869
323
. 813
821
322
. 823
822
. 318
822
, 822
322
. 870
317
. 817 1
822
394
865
. 864
366
, 866 1
864 !
. 866
314
344
. 344
366
. 866
3S1
. 394
394
. 867
35S j
. 366
894
3SS i
. 894 1
397 1
. 894
394
. 317 !
8S9
. 867
367
. 866
870
. 400
396
. 394
895
3S9
. 889
Enfant Prodige .
Epargne ....
Epine Eose
Epine d'Ete Couleur Rose
Epine d'Ete .
Etourneau ....
Eyewood
Epine Dumas .
Eliza d'Heyst
Episcopal
Fondante Pariselle du Cornice Hortic
Figue
Figue Vert
Eeaster
Fondante de Charneuse
Fondante de Malines
Frederika Bremer
Fain a ni .
Fust, r's St. Michael
Fn tush Jargonelle
Ferdinand de Meester .
Fingal's ...
Fi<j ue of Kaples .
Fig Pear of Naples .
I'in t »r d'Hiver
Fleur de Guignes
Fli misii Beauty .
Flemish Bon Chretien
Fondante
Fondante Musqnee .
Fondante fan Mons .
! Fondante d'Automne
Fondante du Bois
Fondante de Panisel
Fondante deMons
Form de Delices .
Forelle ....
Forellen-birno .
Forme de Marie Louise
Fort n a ee .
Frederic do Wurtemburg
Frederick of Wurtemburg
Franc Peal' d'lliver .
Franc Eeal d'Ete
Franc Eeal
Franklin ....
Fine Cold of Summer
Fin Or d'Ete .
Fulton ....
Late Bergamot
Gideon Paridante
General Taylor
General Lamoriciere .
Green Catherine
Green's Germantown .
Grand Soliel .
Gre°n Mountain Boy
Gros Romain
Grist Bonne
Gros Roussellet
Gansel's Bergamot
Garde d Ecosse .
Gendesheim .
Germain Baker
Gil-o-gile
Gil-o-fjil ....
Glout Morceau .
Glonx Moreeaux
Golden Beurre
Golden Beurre of Bilbo-3,
Gore's Heathcot .
Gonlu Morceau
PAGB
895
. 873
899
lie
496
INDEX OF FRUITS.
Green Chisel
Green Sugar .
Grosse Cuisse Madame
Gros Micet d'Ete
Graeieuse
Gray Beurre
Grosse Dorothee .
Gray Doyenne .
Gray Butter Pear .
Gray Deans
Green Pear of Tair
Green Yair
Great Citron of Bohemia
Green Sylvange
Grand Monarque
Groote Mogul .
Groom's Princess Royal
Gurle's Beurre .
Guernsey
Henrietta .
Hen/eel .
Haddington
Hagerman .
Hanover .
Hanners
Hamus
Hovey .
Honey
Harrison Fall
Harvest Pear .
Hampden's Bergamot
Hazel ....
Harvard
Hacon'8 Incomparable
Hardenpont d'Hiver
Hardenpont du Printemps
Hessel
Henry the Fourth .
Henri Quatre
Hericart .
Heathcat
Hooper's Bilboa
Holland Bergamot
Hull. ....
Huguenot
Hosen Schenck .
Howell .
Inronnue YanMons
Iron Pear
Imperatrice de France
Incomparable
Isambert .
Isambert le Bon .
Ives' Bergamot
ja/rgoneUe
Jargonelle, French
.Tacquin .
Jalousie
Jalousie de Fontenay Yentfee
Jackman's Melting . .
Jagdbirne
Jaminette .
Jilogil .
Joannette .
Johownot
Josephine .
John
July Pear .
Juhenne
Jean de Witte .
Jersey Gratiole .
Josephine de MaZines
884
889
350
818
322
322
322
896
896
392
400
392
892
381
869
33S
3T0
871
371
370
870
370
370
473
327
396
899
396
396
370
370
325
351
896
372
372
872
820
326
3^9
372
396
372
372
872
318
324
393
350
350
869
373
395
872
396
328
374
367
872
895
366
373
372
397
399
873
873
873
873
Jergil's .
Kingsessing
Kirt/and
Kirtland's Seedling
Kirtland's Beurre .
Kni (/Id's St id ling
Knight's E. I. Seedling
Kattern ....
King Edward's .
Knevett's New Swan's Egg
Knight's Monarch
Konge ....
Laherard
Large Roussellet
Late Catherine
Leech's Kirigsesaing
Lee's Seedling
Lamoriciere
La Juive
Las Canas
Large Seckel .
La Kortunee de Parmentier
La 1< ortnnee de Paris .
Lawrence,
La Bonne Malinoise
Leon le Clerc .
Leon le Clerc de Laval
Lewis ....
Lent St. Germain .
Le Ci^e ....
Limon ....
Little Muscat .
Little Musk .
Little Swan's Egg
Linden d'Automne
Lodge ....
Long Green .
L'Orpheline
Lord Cheney's
Louise Bonne de Jersey .
Louise Bonne of Jersey
Louise Bonne d'Avranches
Louise Bonne
Louise Bonne Real .
Locke ....
Locke's New Beurre
Louise of Orleans .
Louise Bonne de Boulogne
Marechal de la Cour .
March Bergamot .
Martin Sec .
Merriam
McLaughlin .
Monstrous Calabash .
Mouille Bouche
Moyamensing .
M 'Hi 'ot de Nancy .
Madotte ....
Marulis
Marcellis ....
Madeleine, or Citron Jes Carmes
Madeleine .
Magdalen
Manning's EHtaoeth
Marianne Nonvelle
Marie Louise Nova .
Marie Louise the Second
Marie Louise .
Marie Chretienne .
Marie Louise Xova
Marotte Sncre Jaune .
Melon de Kops .
INDEX OF FRCITS.
407
PAGE
i
Plumbgaxtel
897
Messlre Jean Blanc .
. 897
Paul, T laden .
Measire Jean Doree
897
. 897
I'ater Noster
Milanaise Cuvelier
34G
Passans du Portugal
. 894
l'aquency . ,
Moor-Fowl Egg ....
897
Pailleau ....
Moor-Fowl Egg
1'aradisc d'Autoinno
381
Parkinson's Warden
MolU tfa Guernsey Beurre
. 851
Paddington
Mollett's Guernsey (Jhauniontelle
851
Passi < ohinir
Passe Colmar Epineaux .
897
Passe Colmar Oris
Monsieur le Cure
. 84-4
897
Petit Muscat ....
. 397
Muscat Hubert ....
897
Pet/re
. 831
397
Philippe de Paques
ifus iodine
. 377
Pitt's Prolific .
Musk Summer Good Christian .
899
Pitt's Surpasse Marie .
. 397
Pickering Pear .
Poire <ks Tables des Princes
.N'c^iv Yurk Red Cheek
. 835
Poire a la Heine
Now Autumn ....
331
. 816
Poire Sans Peau
New St. Germain ....
835
Poire de Hose
Nelis d'Hiver
. 844
Niell
897
Poire d'Amboise .
Nouveam Poitecm . . .
332
Poire de Louvain .
Noel
35S
Poire-Glace ....
No. 1599 of Van Mons .
. 890
l'oire Niell ....
Ho. 1288 of Van Mons .
892
l'oirea Gobert
Oakley Park
Pope's Scarlet Major
Oakley Park Bergamot .
373
Pope's Quaker
. 859
Pound
Orjiheline d'Enghein
814
Onondaga Seedling
332
Prince's Sugar-Top
. 378
Princesse de Parme
Princess of Orange
. 879
Osborn
379
Princesse Conquete
. 879
Osband's Favorite
379
Present de Malines
Ott
. 379
Oswego .
880
Prince's St. Germain .
Owen ...
. 39S
Queen Caroline
Pendleton ....
. 8S1
Pendleton's Early York
881
Queen of the Low Countries
Pengithely
. 380
Quill tette ....
Raymond
Penfleld
Eeed's Seedling
Payenchi de Perigord .
834
. 334
Poire de Perigord
334
Roussellet Double Esperin .
Poire St. Andre .
. 335
Voire de Boulogne
843
Poire d'Abondance
381
Eapalje's Seedling .
Pratt .
. 381
Eallay
Plymouth
318
Red Muscadel .
Providence . .
. 318
498
INDEX OF FRUITS.
PAGE
lied Cheek 895
Red Beurre
Bed Doyenne 822
Heine des Pays Bos .... 882
Reine Caroline 893
Reine des Poires 898
Red-cheeked Seckel 335
Regintin 380
Rousselet Hatif 394
Rousselet de Rheims .... 399
Rousselet 399
Roi de Rome ...... 878
Roi de Wurtemberg 325
Rousselet de Meester .... 398
Rostiezer 335
Robertson 345
Royal Tabling 339
Robert's Keeping 3->9
Rapes 882
Ross 882
Rondolet 882
Rushmore Bon Chretien . . . 396
Roussellet 899
Souveraine d'Ete 334
Styer S34
St. Jean Baptise 884
St. Jlesmin 3S3
Sterling
St. Michael Archange .... 884
ShurUeff 334
Shurtleff's Seedling 3S4
Sagaret 883
Schenck's August Watermelon . . 372
Schenck's Pear 372
Sentilet 363
Serrwrier 833
8eigneur d'Esperin 312
Seedling Seckel 329
Sold at d'Esperin- :>37
Soldat Labourer d'Esperin . . . 337
Soldat Labourer, of some . . . 314
Smith's Moyamensing .... 332
Smith's Bordenave 856
Smith's Haddington .... 371
Smokehouse 872
St. Galen 336
St Marc . .... 842
St. Nicolas 364
Sheldon 883
Signoret ...... 383
Serrnrier d'Automne .... 383
Summer Virgalien . . . 321, 379
Summer Pine Apple .... 339
Summer Calebasse 358
Suzette de Bat ay 335
Suzette de Bavay Esperin . . . 885
Stone 393
Swan's Orange 832
Saint Sampson 378
Saiut Lambert 373
Sabine d'Ete 895
Sanspeau or Skinless .... 333
Satin Vert . 399
Saint Germain de Martin . . . S99
Sabine 372
Seckel 335
Seckle 335
Seigneur d'Hiver 817
Short's St. Germain 399
Sieulle 863
Skinless 883
Sickel 335
Smith's Pennsylvania
Snow Pear
Spanish Bon Chretien
Spice or Musk Pear
Spina ....
St. Jean ....
St. John's Pear
St. Jean Musquee Gros
St. Germain d'Ete
St. Michael .
St. Michel Dore
St. G i slain, ,
St. Andre
St. Germain Blanc
St Germain
St. Germain Gris .
St. Germain Panachee
Styria/n ....
Sti r >f' G nesee
Stephen's Genesee
Striped Germain .
Striped Long Green
Staunton .
Sugar Pear
Sugar Top
Summer Bergamot .
Summer Doyenne
Supreme
Summer Beauty
Summer Portugal
Summer Frano Real
Summer Rose
Sucree de Hoyerswerda
Sugar of Iloyersworda
Summer Thorn-
Summer Bon Chretien
Summer Good Christian
Summer St. Germain
Summer Bell
Sullivan
Surpasse Marie Louise
. Virgalien
Surpasse Tirgouleuse
Swiss Bergamot .
Sweet Summer
Sir,/ n's Egg .
S -/range .
Syckle
Theodore .
Theodore Van Mons
Td r qui 7i .
Tilton .
Tea .
Teriing .
Thorny Rose
Tiwmpsfyri?* .
Trouve de Montisrny
Trout Pear .
Tyson
Triomph de, Jbdoig
Trompe Valet
Upper Crust .
Union .
Uroa/ndste
Uvedale's St. Germain
Uvedale's Warden .
Van Asschs
Van Assene
Vanasse
Van Ashe
V sousiere
Vattee Franche
INDEX OF FRUITS.
499
Van Mons, No. 1218 .
Van Mons, No. 164
Van Bur en
I./h Jfons I^eon le Clero
Van Mons, No. 1238 .
Vermillion d'Ete .
Yerte Longue
Pi rte Longue Panachse
Vircalieu .
Virgaloo ....
Vicar of Winkfleld ,
Yirgouleuse
Vioompte de Spoell>erch .
Vicompte de Spoelberg .
WestooU ....
Wheeler's New 8t Michael
White Dean
Win ship
Winship's Seedling .
Williamson . . .
Wharton's Early
Wredow ....
Walker ....
■\\ 'atertown
Warwick Borgamot . .
Washington .
White Doyenne . . .
White Beurre
White Autumn Beurre
William's Bon Chretien
Windsor
William's Early .
William the*Fourth .
Wilbur
Wilkinson ...
Winter Bergamot .
Winter Cross
AVinter Beurre
Winter Bell
Winter Nells
Wilhelmine
Wilhelmina .
Williams ....
Wiedovo ....
William. ....
Whitfield
Wurzur ....
Wurzur d' Automne
Winter Orange
Yat
York Bergamot .
Tutte ....
Zppherine Gregoire ■
Zoar Beauty , . .
Zoar Seedling
Zoar Flat
Askew' s Purple Egg
Askew*s Golden Egg
A dmiral
Abricotee de Tours .
Abricotee . . .
Agen Datte
Amber Primordian
American Yellow Gage
American Wheat .
Apricot
Apricot Plum of Tours .
Autumn Gage .
Azure Hative .
PAGE
893
366
400
843
892
895
331
331
369. "22
822
. 844
822,400
. 885
335
3S6
820
822
886
886
3 m;
887
888
3-6
860
822
345
322
322
311
4i HI
886
833
886
8S8
389
360
359
334
344
887
887
811
3s3
400
400
401
401
401
101
389
401
3S8
347
847
401
428
424
425
424
424
422
426
414
424
424
424
415
425
Albany Beauty
Blue Plum . .
Battle Monument
lVi k man's Scarlet. .
5i • i ili I 'I urn
Bingham
Jfiet aker'i Gage
Blue Gage
Black Perdrigon
Perdrigon .
Blue Imperatrice .
Blue Holland .
Bleecker's Scarlet
Black Morocco
Black Damask .
Bolmar ...
Bolmor'e Washington
IJruyn Gage .
Bradford Gage .
Brngnon Gage
Brignole .
/.v. vi orffa Purple
Brevoort's Purple Bolmar
Brevoort'B l'urple Washington
Brignole Violette
Buels Favorite
Bury Seedling .
Byjleld .
Chapman's Prince of Wales
Chcston Matchless.
( looper's Bed
Coefl Fine Late Ked
Col. Young's Seedling
Crofts Early
< bpper
Catalonian
Caledonian
Caledonian
' ' u rry . . . .
Oheston .
Chickasaw Plum .
Go, '« Golden Crop
C ie'8 Imperial .
' ' - ■;■ r's
Cooper's Large Red .
Cooper's Large American
( ' Jn.nl ia .
Columbian Gage .
Corsi '.- Admiral
Corse's Field Marshal .
C irse's Xota Bene
Coe's Late Red
Common Damson
Common Quetsche
Cruger's So rlet
Cruger's ....
Cruger's Seedling
Cruger's Scarlet Gage .
Cloth of Gold .
T> Montfort .
Dictator . . . .
I > n,i a, 's Purple .
Pan if s Yelloio Gage
D'Avoine
Dame Aubert
Dame Aubert Blanche .
Dame Aubert Jaune .
D'Amerique Ronge
Damson
Damas d'Ttalie
D'Agen .
Damas Yiolei . . .
^00
INDEX OF FRUITS.
Dama.sk
Dc Yirginie .
!)• nniston Bed
Denniston's Albany Beauty
Dennislon's Superb
Denyer's Victoria .
Diamond ■
Diapree Rouge
Die Violette Koniginn Claudl
Downton Im/peratrice
Domine Dull .
Drap d'Or
Dutch Prune
Dutch Quetzen
Duane"s Purple French
Earl n Faro rite
Early Prolific .
Early Forcing
Early Purple .
Early Yellow
Early Scarlet
Early Damson
Early Orleans .
Early Morocco
Early Black Morocco
Early Damask
Early Tours
Early Violet .
Ear hi Royal
Egg Plum
Eifrey
Elfry's Prune .
Emerald Drop
English Pond's Seedling
Fair's Golden Drop .
Flushing Gage
Florence
ringham
Franklin
Fro.-<t Gage .
French Copper .
Field Marshal
Galbraith .
Guthrie's Apricot
Guthrie's Apricot Plum
General Hand
OifforcPs Lafayette .
German Gage
German Prune .
<■'■ rman Prune .
Ghistorts Early
Golden Gage .
Gonue's Green Gage
Golden Cherry Plum
Goliath
Green Gage .
Grosse Reine Claude
Grosse Reine .
Grosse Luisante
Grove House Purple
Q rimwood's Early Orleans
fwalsh .
Harvest Gage .
Hampton Court .
Holland
Holland Prune
Horse Plum
Howell's Early
Howell's Large .
Hudson Gage
Hiding's Superb
Hue's Amber
Howard's Favorite
PAGE
427
416
41T
415
410
424
426
423
418
417
418
417
413
418
418
419
410
429
41S
426
416
426
410
421
421
421
426
426
us
424
418
418
418
41S
410
411
428
426
415
419
425
426
419
426
426
426
427
4"'.)
418
427
427
41H
428
416
427
410
410
410
424
426
410
427
414
410
427
427
427
419
128
420
419
419
420
Iola Green Gage .
In, ji rial or Milan .
Imperial de Milan .
Imperial Diadem
Imperial Rouge
Isleworth Green Gage
Isabella .
Italian Damask .
Italian Damask .
J, It/worth /uijit la'riee
Imperial Ottoman .
Trnpi : mi Gage
[mperatrice Blanche
Imperatrlce
Imperatrice Violette
Ir\ Lng 9 Bolmar
.1 ui I son .
Jaune Hative .
Jaune de Catalogue
on . . - .
Jenkin's Imperial .
Kirke's
Knight's Large Drying
Knight's No. 6 .
King of Plums
/ aiwri nre's Favorite
Lawrence's Gage .
Large Gre-n Drying
Large Early Damson
Large Long Blue
Late Yellow Damson
La Delicieuse
La Royale
Leipzic
Little Queen Claude
Little Blue Gage
Lombard
Long Scarlet
I uconibi 's ]STon$uch
Manning's Prune .
McLaughlin .
Madison .
Mamelonne .
Marten's Seedling .
Mediterranean
Maitre Claude .
Matchless
Manning's Long Blue Prune
Manning's Long Blue
Mirabelle Double
Mirabelle Grosse .
Mirabelle .
Mirabelle Petite .
Mirabelle Jaune
Miser Plum .
Mimms
Miriam .
Monsieur .
Monsieur Ordinaire
Monsieur Hatif .
ieur Tardif
Wo •occo
I; /" , -ry
M yrobolan .
Muscle .
New Washington
New York Purple
New Early Orleans
New Orleans .
>'• ctarine .
Noire Hative .
bta Bene
Old Orleans .
INDEX OF FttUITS.
501
Orleans
<■ .
Orange Gago
i n
'./.■ n Gage
Barker's Mammoth
' (luge
Picket's July .
of \Yule8
/', nobscot
Prwn< oj A gen .
Prune de St. Jean .
Petite Reine Claude
Plwn .
Pi oly'8 Early Blue .
Perdrigon Rouge .
Perdrigon Blanc
Perdrigon \ iolette
Pigeon a Heart .
■'■",/ .
Pond's Purple .
Prince's Imperial .
Prune de St. Barnab.
Prince's Yellow Goi e
Prune Pecbe
OUTS .
Prune de la St. Martin
Prone d'Agen
Prune d'Ast
Prune d'AJtesse
Prone Suisse
Piii'pli I i i write .
Purple Gage .
Purple Egg
Purple Magnum Bonum
Qoetsche .
Qoetsche Grosse .
Queen Victoria .
Mother
Queen Claude of Ba/cay
Bed Apricot .
BensseliBr Gage
Reine Claode Tardive
laude d"Octobre
Eeine Claode d'Bavay
l: 1 1 Saint Martin .
Bed Diaper .
Royal of Town
It. d Ei <g
];, ,! I jy rial .
Peine (.'laude
Heine Claude Violette
Peine Claude Blanche
lied Gage .
Bed 1 >amask .
Bed Magnum Bonum
Be 1 Qu en Mother
Red !'■ rdrigon
Bed Magnum Bonum
Be 1 imperial
. utumn Gage
Boche Corbon . ,
Itoi/ale .
de Tours
B ya'e Toors .
Boj al Hative
Eivers' Early, No. 1
Early, No. 2 .
Saint Martin's
tady
Schenectady Catherine
Sea
fit John's
TACT.
428
422
422
418
422
416
428
426
422
428
422
429
428
422
428
429
425
428
428
428
41M
426
414
422
4-20
4.'.;
422
422
4 'Jit
429
418
418
428
42 S
4'27
427
424
428
428
424
410
422
422
423
423
423
42S
429
41o
413
428
414
428
428
428
429
428
428
415
423
423
4-.' i
123
418
419
419
414
414
414
418
429
■ * Seedling
Saint Martin's Quetsche
Saint i 'athen ine .
Saint Martin
Saint Martin Booge
St. Maurin .
Saint Cloud
Bchuyler'8 Gage .
Scarlet Gage .
.
Shatters White Damson
Sheen ....
Sharp's Emperor .
Siamese
...
Small Green Gage
Smith's Orleans .
Steer's Emperor
Superior Green Gage .
.
Sweet Damson
s m el Prone
lorn .
.
True Large German Prune
Tnrkisb Qoetsche
li impcratrice ,
Violet Perdrigon
....
Violet Diaper
Violette Hative
Violet de Tours
Violet Qoeen Claude .
Virginian Cherry
Virgin
Virginale .
Waterloo ....
Washington
Wentworth
White Gage
White Primordian .
i! ;/, Tmperatrice .
AY bite Empress
White Magnum Bonum
White Mogul .
White Imperial .
Holland
White Egg
White Damson
White Prune Damson
White Damascene .
W it, Perdrigon
White Gage .
Wilmot's Green Gage
Wilmot's New Green Gage
Wilmot's Late Green Gage
Wilmot's Late Orleans .
1*7/,/ ....
Wilmot's Early Orleans .
Yellow Apricot .
Yellow Perdrigon .
Yellow Magnum Bonum
Y- Uow Egg .
QCEJCES.
PAGE
429
414
429
423
423
422
42T
410
420
429
430
420
423
429
429
428
424
427
411
429
427
427
4 1 9
424
42T
4.7
416
425
416
425
426
426
413
416
429
429
410
415
424
411, 414
426
430
43U
424
424
424
424
424
430
430
430
430
428
410
410
410
427
430
410
424
417
424
424
Angers .
Apple-shaped
Chinese. .
Japan
Oblong .
Orange
Pear
434
434
434
434
435
434
435
502
INDEX OF FRUITS.
Portugal .
Pyriform
Paris de Fontenay
New Upright
EASPBEEBJES,
American Red .
American Black:
American White
Barnel .
Black Raspberry
Brentford Cane
Burley
Cope
Colonel Wilder .
Gushing .
Cornwall's Red .
Cox's Honey .
Common Red .
Common Black-Cap
Cornwall's Prolific
Cornwall's Seedling
Cretan Bed
DouJilt -Bearing .
Double-Bearing Yellow
Em i! ii
English Red, of some
Erer- Bearing Ohio
French
Fulton .
Fastvlff .
Franconia .
Framboisier a Gros Fruit .
General Patterson
Howland's Red Antwerp
Knevet's Antwerp
Khevefs Giant .
Large-Fruited Monthly ,
Late-Bearing Antwerp
Large Red
Late Cane .
Lord Exmouth's .
Monthly .
Mrs. Wilder .
New Red Antwerp .
ham Scarlet
Orange
Ohio Raspberry
Perpetual Bearing
Rivers1 New Monthly
Red Double-Bearing .
Bed Antwerp
Siberian
Thimble Berry
True Red Antwerp
Vice-President French
Victoria .
Walker .
White Thimbleberry
'White Antwerp
Woodward's Bed Globe
Wi' mot's Early Bed
Yelloie Antwerp
PAGE
. 435
435
. 435
435
444
440
444
444
440
445
443
440
440
441
444
445
444
440
444
444
445
445
444
441
444
445
442
442
441
442
443
432
443
443
442
443
443
444
445
444
443
443
443
445
443
445
445
443
445
443
445
440
443
442
445
444
444
444
445
445
444
STBAWBERBIES.
Aberdeen Bee-Hive ... 463
American Scarlet 459
Atkinson Scarlet 4fi4
Austrian Scarlet 458
Alia ifaude 456
Ajax
Bath Scarlet
Boston Pine .
Burr's Rival Hudson
Bain's Extra Early
Buist's Prize .
Bostock .
Bishop's Orange
Bishop's New
Black Prince .
Black Imperial
Brewer's Emperor
Burr's New Pine .
Burr's Seedling
Burr's Staminate See<
Burr's Old Seedling
Brilliant
British Queen .
Caleb Cope .
Crimson Cone .
Charlotte
Climax
Climax Scarlet
Cole's Prolific .
Cole's Late Scarlet
Cox's Seedling .
Columbus
Caperon Royal .
Gushing
Cleveland .
Crescent Seedling
Cornucopia
Crimson Pine
Duke of Kent's Scarlet
Duncan's Seedling
Deptford Pine .
Downton
Double Bearing .
Dundee .
Duke of Kent .
Dutch Berry .
Duchesse ae Trevisse
Flton Pine
Earlv Prolific Scarlet
Elton . .
Elton Seedling .
English Red Wood
El ' /•''• ins Seedling .
Genesee . .
Globe Scarlet .
Green Strawberry
Green Alpine
Green Pine
Giant Alpine .
Goliath .
Grove End Scarlet .
Globe Hautbois .
Green Wood
Greenwell's New Giant
Hovi t/'s Seedling
Hudson .
Hudson's Bay .
Hooper's Seedling
mi's
'■•de
Jenny Lind
.' . ■. , ■ '« Seedling .
K~> en's Seedling
Knight's Saddling .
late Pal if ■
! teste Randolph
l.K rge Ear!;/ Sea ''let
dling
INDEX OF FRUITS.
50'
Late Scarlet .
Long worth' a Prolific
Lafayette of some .
La Grange of some
La Liegoise .
Marshall's Seedling .
Magnifiqne .
MeAvoy's Superior .
MeAvoy's No. 12 .
McAeoy'.v Nb. 1
MeAvoy's Extra Red
Montevideo Pine
Monroe Scarlet
MoyamenMng .
Mottier's Seedling
Myatt's Prince Albert
Mi,>< tit's Prolific .
Melon
Methcen Scarlet .
Methven Castle .
Musk Hantboia
Myatt's British Queen
Myatfs Pine .
Myatt's Deptford Pine
My at fa Eliza
Myatfs Eleanor
Myatt's Globe
Myatt's Minn moth
Newland's Mammoth
Necked Pine
Old Scarlet .
Old Pine .
Orange Hudson's Bay
Old Hudson
Orange Prolific
Ohio Mammoth
Pennsylvania
Profuse Scarlet
Profusion
Patagonian
Tine Apple
PAGE
459
. 454
466
. 455
405
. 462
400
. 454
404
. 460
400
. -Hill
400
. 400
463
. 405
405
. 405
400
. 460
455
. 463
405
. 414
465
. 465
465
. 405
401
. 400
405
. 465
456
. 459
462
. 465
461
. 400
466
. 466
460, 465
Prolific, or Conical Hautbois
Princess Alice Maude
Prion, rilian
Prolific Hudson .
Prolific Swainstone
Primate
Prince of Orleans .
Eostock
Refulgent
R, ii Alpine .
Red Wood
Rosi berry
Ross 1'hivnix .
Ruby
Rival Hudson, .
Richardson's Late
Richard8on,S Early
■Si//' /■'* VersaiMaise
Stafford's Alpine
Southborough
Bouthborough Seedling
Scioto
Scarl< t Mi '.ting
Bchneicke Seedling
Southampton Scarlet
Swainstone Seedling
True Chili
Taylor's Seedling
Unique Prairie
Scarlet
Victoria .
Wilmofs New Scarlet
Willi 1 1
Wiley ....
Wilii a in Usury Harrison
Walker's Seedling
Western Queen
Wii.it, it's Superb .
I! :t, Alpine .
White Hath Alpine
Yellow Chili
PAGB
. 455
456
. 461
461
. 461
401
. 406
463
. 461
461
. 466
466
. 462
461
. 461
461
. 400
462
. 461
462
. 462
466
. 466
454
. 460
469
. 466
466
. 460
463
, 462
466
. 462
462
. 406
463
. 453
426
463
466
466
APPENDIX.
APPLES.
Berry 470
SueFs Favorite 470
Cogswell ...... 469
Cogswell Pearmain 409
Cranberry 470
Camac's Sweet 470
Callasaga 470
Dspper 470
Gray Pippin 470
Maiden's Blush 409
Mountain Sprout 470
Niekejack 470
latter 470
Spotted Pippin 470
Summerour 471
Stunner Pippin 471
GEAPES.
Brinckle
Cassady
Clara
471
471
471
Concord 471
Emily 472
Graham 472
Eaabe 472
RaahJs No. 1 471
Raahe's No.2 472
Raabe's No. 3 472
Raabe'sNo.'k 471
PEACHES.
Baxter's Seedling, No. 1 . ... 472
Corgoa 472
Jane 472
PEAE8.
Barry 473
Downing • 473
Doyenne Doioning .... 473
General Taylor 473
Hovey 473
Eegnier .... • 473
^**»
DATE
DUE
1
~~r^\ \
I
AGRICULTURE
FORESTRY 4
LIBRARY
FD?
AGRICULTURE
LIBRARY
~I