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Full text of "Elliott's fruit book; or, the American fruit-grower's guide in orchard and garden. Being a compend of the history, modes of propagation, culture, &c., of fruit trees and shrubs, with descriptions of nearly all the varieties of fruits cultivated in this country; notes of their adaptation to localities and soils, and also a complete list of fruits worthy of cultivation"

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ELLIOTT'S  FRUIT  BOOK ; 


OE,   THE 


American  Jfraii-fefoeo  (Srnie 


ORCHARD  AND  GARDEN. 


BEING  A  COMPEND   OP  THE   HISTORY,   MODES    OF  PROPAGATION,   CULTURE.   &C.,  OP 

FRUIT  TREES   AND  SHRUBS,   WITH  DESCRIPTIONS   OP  NEARLY  ALL   THE 

VARIETIES   OF  FRUITS  CULTIVATED  IN  THIS   COUNTRY  :  NOTES 

OF    THEIR    ADAPTATION  TO   LOCALITIES   AND    SOILS, 

AND    ALSO    A   COMPLETE    LIST    OF    FRUITS 

WORTHY   OF   CULTIVATION. 


BY    F.   R.   ELLIOTT. 
\\ 


NEW   YOEK: 

C.   M.   SAXTON,   AGRICULTURAL  BOOK    PUBLISHER, 

No.   152   FULTON   STREET. 

1854. 


s 


'  ' 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1854,  by 

C.    M.    SAXTON, 

In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States,  in  and  for 
the  Southern  District  of  New  York. 


E.  0.  JENKINS, 

printer  ant)  Stmatjiper, 
114  Nassau  Street. 


BRAINARD  &  BURRING  E, 

Engra&rrs, 
Herald   Block, 


TO 


PKOF.    JAEED    P.'KIBTLAND, 

f  \n  f  fllflttu  is 


BY    HIS    FRIEND, 


THE   AUTHOR. 


667867 


PREFACE. 


FEW  objects  are  more  engaging  than  the  culture  of  fruit.  Hope, 
with  all  her  pleasing  fancies,  encircles  every  planter  of  a  fruit  tree ; 
while  year  after  year,  as  it  is  nurtured  and  advanced  to  a  bearing 
state,  Hope  yet  remains  entwined  with  prospective  reality  ;  until  at 
last  its  branches,  loaded  with  ripe,  ruddy,  delicious  fruits,  bear  out  the 
goddess  in  sustaining  the  efforts  of  man  to  gratification  of  taste  and 
feeling,  as  well  as  profit  pecuniary. 

Fortunate  is  it  for  the  author  of  a  work  on  fruits  in  this  practical 
age,  that  no  excuse  is  required  for  presenting  himself  before  the  pub- 
lic, or  crowding  upon  ground  apparently  now  so  fully  occupied. 

Hazardous  as  the  thought  may  appear,  after  so  much  of  matter 
upon  the  subject  has  been  prepared  and  published,  minutely,  practi- 
cally, and  theoretically  explanatory,  by  such  writers  as  Coxe,  Lind- 
ley,  Downing,  Thomas,  and  others,  I  yet  have  imagined  there  was 
room  for  another  work  ;  at  least  it  may  induce  an  extended  interest 
in  the  subject ;  and  in  a  country  so  broad  of  extent — so  prolific  of 
fruits  and  men— composed  of  such  great  diversity  of  soil  and  cli- 
mate as  ours,  there  may  possibly  be  garnered  some  little  items  that 
heretofore  have  escaped  the  vision  of  my  brother  lovers  of  the  sub- 
ject. 

Pleasantly,  therefore,  during  the  past  ten  years,  have  I  been  nur- 
turing of  trees  and  noting  their  products ;  gradually  have  I  drawn 
in  from  the  stores  of  my  many  friends,  the  votaries  of  Pomona, 
specimens  of  their  skill  and  trust.  These  I  have  carefully  examined 
and  compared,  and  have  meted  to  them  in  the  following  pages  such 
award  as  seemed  to  me  just. 

(v) 


VI  PREFACE. 

That  I  have  trodden  upon  the  favorites,  and  therefore  the  views 
of  some  of  my  friends,  I  shall  not  pretend  to  deny  ;  but  that  I  have 
so  done  in  aught  but  a  true  feeling  of  interest  to  the  cause,  I  beg 
they  will  not  for  the  moment  believe. 

Such  is  the  vast  variety  of  garden  and  orchard  fruit — such  the 
diversity  of  circumstances  which  affect  the  growth  of  trees,  the  size 
and  qualities  of  the  fruit — such  the  great  number  of  new  sorts,  and 
new  modes  of  treatment  discovered,  that  one  book,  however  care- 
fully prepared,  cannot  embrace  all  the  knowledge  of  the  subject ; 
but  each  lover  of  Pomona  and  her  gifts  must  cherish  and  examine, 
each  for  himself,  relying  only  on  the  book  as  a  guide  comparative  ; 
and  looking  on  the  pages  of  this  present,  as  the  result  of  an  inten- 
tion to  create  a  plain,  practical  work,  to  classify  and  describe  fruits 
in  such  order,  to  embody  their  history,  and  the  best  modes  of  cul- 
ture, in  such  manner,  that  the  amateur  or  extensive  orchardist  may 
gather  at  a  glance  most  of  the  requisite  information  to  success. 

'  The  mere  test  of  quality,  it  is  well  known,  does  not  render  a  fruit 
worthy  or  unworthy  of  general  cultivation  ;  therefore,  the  classifica- 
tion of  the  National  Pomological  Society  was  imperfect  as  a  guide 
to  fruit-growers ;  but  by  changing  or  modifying  this  to  first,  second, 
and  third  class,  and  explaining  in  many  of  the  texts  descriptive  of 
varieties,  the  reasons  for  position  given,  I  trust  to  have  somewhat 
improved  the  matter. 

New  fruits  are  daily  being  brought  to  light ;  the  soils  of  the  West 
producing  them  almost  spontaneously ;  the  science  of  the  East  creat- 
ing them  with  rapidity  and  certainty ;  pomological  meetings  and 
Horticultural  Societies  are  monthly  recording  and  describing  them  ; 
it  is,  therefore,  generally  conceded  requisite  that  some  order  of  classi- 
fication be  carried  out,  if  we  expect  any  limit  or  bounds  to  our 
cause. 

The  classes  adopted  in  the  following  pages,  corresponding  with 
tho^e  of  the  National  Society,  have  therefore  seemed  to  me  well 
adapted  to  the  end  in  view.  There  are  some  varieties  now  placed 
in  the  second  class,  that  will  undoubtedly,  when  more  generally 
known  and  distributed,  become  worthy  a  place  in  the  first  class ; 
but  those  now  placed  in  the  third  class,  I  feel  confident  will  never 


PREFACE.  Vll 

advance  from  their  present  position,  if  their  friends  have  reasonable 
opportunities  of  comparing  them  with  first-class  varieties  ripening 
at  the  same  time.  That  the  number  of  the  first  class  could  now 
readily  be  increased,  will,  I  am  aware,  appear  apparent  to  many  po.- 
mologists ;  but,  as  it  already  embraces  a  sufficient  number  to  meet 
all  wants,  I  have  preferred  rather  to  add  hereafter,  than  to  retract. 

Believing  that  in  fruits,  the  seeds,  cores,  and  stones  are  often  as,  or 
perhaps  more,  sure  guides  to  indicate  a  variety  than  the  outward 
form,  I  have  made  my  drawings  from  specimens  of  medium  size, 
(discarding  both  the  largest  as  well  as  smallest  for  such  purpose,)* 
representing  the  appearance  of  the  fruit  when  halved,  except  in  the 
cherry,  where  the  pit  is  shown  whole.  In  my  drawings  illustrative 
of  form,  I  have  followed  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society. 

"  Of  the  descriptions  of  fruit,  some  explanation  may  be  necessary. 
First,  is  given  the  standard  name  in  capitals.  Below  this  are  placed, 
in  smaller  type,  the  various  synonymes,  or  local  names,  by  which  the 
same  fruit  is  known  in  various  countries  or  parts  of  the  country." 

The  names  of  authors  previously  having  described  many  of  the 
fruits,  I  have  omitted,  as  not  essential  to  the  value  of  description 
or  fruit,  nor  necessary  to  the  practical  purposes  for  which  I  intend 
the  work. 

The  text  descriptive  has  been,  in  almost  the  entire  work,  made 
either  anew  or  revised  from  those  already  published,  with  specimens 
of  the  fruit  before  me ;  and,  following  the  established  rules  of  pri- 
ority in  description,  I  have  (wrhile  retaining  so  much  of  the  original 
that  it  may  at  once  be  recognized )  endeavored  to  reduce  and  Ame- 
ricanize. In  a  few  cases  I  have  preferred  continuing  an  erroneous 
name,  because  of  its  being  now  generally  knowrn.  Where  a  de- 
scription is  given  written  by  another,  and  the  fruit  not  seen  by  my- 
self, I  have  endeavored  to  give,  if  of  importance,  the  initials  of  the 
author,  or  abbreviation  of  title  of  the  work  from  whence  such  de- 
scription was  drawn,  for  which  see  pages  13,  14. 

Of  the  importance  of  fruit  culture,  it  is  deemed  superfluous  to 


*  A  friend  who  has  carefully  examined  these  drawings  and  descriptions,  says 
I  have  represented  them  all,  or  nearly  all,  rather  below,  than  of,  medium  size. 


Vlll  PREFACE. 

more  than  remark,  that  the  interest  evident  in  the  establishment  of 
journals  devoted  almost  wholly  to  its  cause ;  the  fact  that  no  news- 
paper is  now  counted  of  value  without  being  more  or  less  occupied 
with  matter  relating  to  the  orchard ;  the  universal  growing  desire  of 
every  one  who  has  ground  of  his  own  to  plant  thereon  trees  and  vines 
productive  of  luscious  fruits — all  speak  volumes  illustrative  of  the 
extent  which  the  subject  holds  in  the  minds  of  our  energetic,  ambi- 
tious, persevering  people. 

And  here  I  must  be  permitted  to  record  my  tribute  to  the  memory 
of  A.  J.  Downing,  to  whom  the  pomologists,  the  fruit-growers,  the 
nation,  owe  more  than  to  any  one  man  yet  existent ;  by  and  through 
whose  work  on  the  "  Fruits  of  America,"  the  advocates  of  nomencla- 
ture received  the  first  bold  stand,  and  in  a  way  which  has  led  to  extri- 
cation of  much  that  was  previously  in  state  of  confusion  ;  to  whose 
graceful,  easy,  attractive,  yet  bold  manner  of  writing,  is  owing 
much  of  the  care  and  attention,  culture  and  embellishment,  of  and 
through  tree,  plant,  and  flower,  of  the  homes  of  Americans. 

This  work  has  been  commenced  and  completed  more  at  the  sug- 
gestion and  request  of  friends  than  from  any  feeling  of  my  own 
ability  ;  and,  while  I  have  endeavored  to  avoid  error,  I  yet  feel  that 
numerous  corrections  will  have,  in  subsequent  editions,  to  be  made ; 
this,  partly,  from  omission  and  commission,  consequent  on  one's  first 
work,  and  partly  from  the  constant  state  of  advancement  in  pomo- 
logy. And  as  it  is  intended  to  revise  and  correct  it  as  soon  as  the 
cause  demands,  I  shall  consider  myself,  and  the  cause,  indebted  to 
those  gentlemen  who  in  reviewing  it  may  observe  errors,  if  they 
will  communicate  the  same  to  me. 

To  the  following  gentlemen,  who  have  kindly  furnished  me  with 
notes,  descriptive  of  their  experience,  or  of  varieties  or  specimens 
of  fruits,  by  which  I  have  the  better  been  enabled  to  prepare  this 
work,  I  sincerely  tender  my  acknowledgments : 

In  Massachusetts,  to  Messrs.  M.  P.  Wilder  and  C.  M.  Hovey, 
Boston ;  Samuel  Walker,  Roxbury ;  B.  V.  French,  Braintree ; 
Robert  Manning  and  J.  M.  Ives,  Salem. 

In  New  York,  to  Messrs.  Chas.  Downing,  Newburg ;  S.  B.  Parsons, 
Flushing;  P.  Barry  and  Geo.  Ellwanger,  Rochester;  John  J. 


PREFACE.  ix 

Thomas,  Macedon;  David  Thomas,  Aurora;  Benj.  Hodge,  Buffalo; 
Herman  Wendell  and  B.  P.  Johnson,  Albany. 

In  Pennsylvania,  to  Doctor  W.  D.  Brinckle,  Philadelphia. 

In  New  Jersey,  to  Mr.  Thomas  Hancock,  Burlington. 

In  Ohio,  to  Geo.  Hoadley,  Esq.,  anct  Professor  J.  P.  Kirtland, 
Cleveland ;  Messrs.  A.  H.  Ernst,  J.  A.  Warder,  and  R.  Buchanan, 
Cincinnati ;  M.  B.  Bateham,  Columbus ;  Charles  Carpenter,  Kelly 
Island ;  D.  C.  Richmond,  San  dusky. 

In  Michigan,  to  Daniel  Cook,  Esq.,  Jackson. 

In  Indiana,  to  Mr.  John  C.  Teas,  Raysville. 

In  Kentucky,  to  Messrs.  H.  P.  Byram,  Louisville  ;  James  Allen, 
Nelson  Co. 

Doctor  J.  A.  Kennicott,  The  Grove,  Northfield ; 
Adna  Williams,  Galesbury. 

In  Wisconsin,  to  Mr.  F.  K.  Phoenix,  Racine. 

In  Mississippi,  to  Doctor  M.  W.  Phillips,  Log  Hall. 

F.  R.  E. 

Pomona  Gardens,  near  Cleveland. 


ABBREVIATIONS  AND  BOC^IS    QJIJOTEIX 


Of  these  we  enumerate  here  those  only  that  we  have  used  most  freely  in 
the  forming  of  our  pages,  either  by  extract,  or  as  serving  for  authority  to  our 
decisions. 
Allen.    A  practical  Treatise  on  the  Culture  and  Treatment  of  the  Grape  Vine. 

By  J.  Fisk  Allen.     1852. 
Arboretum  Britannicum,  or  the  Trees  and  Shrubs  of  Britain,  pictorially  and 

botanically  delineated,  and  scientifically  and  popularly  described,  by  J. 

C.  Loudon.    London,  1845. 
Annales  de  la  Socitte  d'  Horticulture  de  Paris.    Paris.    In  monthly  Nos.  8vo., 

from  1827  to  1845. 
Adlum.    A  Memoir  on  the  cultivation  of  the  Vine  in  America,  and  the  best 

mode  of  making  Wine.    By  John  Adlum.    Washington,  1828. 
Buchanan.     A  treatise  on  the  Grape.    By  R.  Buchanan.    Cincinnati,  1852. 
Bon  Jard.    Le  Bon  Jardinier,  pour  1'Annee  1844.    Contenant  des  principes 

generaux  de  culture,   etc.     Par  A.  Poiteau  et  M.  Vilmorin.  Paris. 

Yearly  volume. 
Bridgeman.    The  Young  Gardener's  Assistant.    By  Thomas  Bridgeman.  Tenth 

ed.    New  York,  1844. 
Baumann's  Cat.    Catalogue  des  Vegetaux  en  tout  genre  dispanible  dans  1'Eta- 

blissement  des  Freres,  a  Bolwiller,  1842. 
Cole.    American  Fruit  Book.    By  S.  W.  Cole,  1851. 
Coxe.    A  View  of  the  Cultivation  of  Fruit  Frees  in  the  United  States,  and  of 

the  Management  of  Orchards  and  Cider.    By  Willianf  Coxe.    Philadel- 
phia, 1817. 
Chaptal.    Chemistry  applied  to  Agriculture.     By  John  Anthony  Chaptal. 

American  ed.    Boston,  1835. 

Cobbett.    The  American  Gardener.    By  Wm.  Cobbett.    London,  1821. 
Coleman.    Reports  on  the  Agriculture  of  Massachusetts.    By  Henry  Coleman. 

Boston,  1840-41. 
Cultivator.    The  Cultivator,  a  monthly  journal  of  Agriculture,  &c.,  edited  by 

Luther  Tucker.    Albany,  continued  to  the  present  time. 
Downing.    Downing's  Fruit  and  Fruit  Trees  of  America.     1845. 
Dom.  Gard.    The  Domestic  Gardener's  Manual.    By  John  Towers.    London, 

1839. 


12  ABBREVIATIONS,  ETC. 

Duhamel.  Traite  des  Arbres  Fruitiers,  par  M.  Duhamel  Dumonceau.  Paris, 
1768,  2  vols. 

Dec.  Physiologic  Vegetale,  ou  Exposition  des  Forces  et  des  Fonctions 
Titales  des  Vege^aux.  Par  A.  P.  De  Candolle.  Paris,  1832,  3 
vols. 

Ernst  Mans.  Mwuscnpt  Notes  on  Fruits.  By  A.  H.  Ernst,  Esq.,  Cincin- 
nati. 

Forsyth.  A  Treatise  on  the  Culture  and  Management  of  Fruit  Trees.  By 
William  Forsyth,  7th  ed.  London,  1824. 

Floy.  Lindley's  Guide  to  the  Orchard.  American  ed.,  with  additions  by 
Michael  Floy.  New  York,  1845. 

Fessenden.  New  American  Gardener,  containing  practical  directions  for  the 
culture  of  Fruits  and  Vegetables.  By  Thos.  E.  Fessenden.  Boston,  1828. 

Gard.  Mag.  The  Gardener's  Magazine,  conducted  by  J.  C.  Loudon,  in  monthly 
nos.,  19  vols.  to  1844,  London. 

Hort.  The  Horticulturist,  a  monthly  journal  of  Horticulture,  &c.  Pub- 
lished by  Luther  Tucker,  and  edited  by  A.  J.  Downing,  from  1846  to 
1852,  and  continued  to  the  present  time.  By  Jas.  Wick,  jr.,  publisher, 
and  P.  Barrey,  ed. 

Hoare.  A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  cultivation  of  the  Grape  Vine  on  open 
walls.  By  Clement  Hoare.  London,  1840. 

Hort.  Soc.  Cat.     See  Thompson. 

Harris.  A  Report  on  the  insects  of  Massachusetts  injurious  to  Vegetation. 
By  Dr.  T.  W.  Harris.  Cambridge,  1852. 

Hov.  Mag.  or  H.  M.  The  Magazine  of  Horticulture,  Botany,  and  Ptural  Af- 
fairs. Conducted  by  C.  M.  Hovey.  Boston,  8vo.  monthly  nos.,  1834  to 
the  present  time.  • 

Johnston.  Lectures  on  Agricultural  Chemistry  and  Geology.  By  Jas.  W.  F. 
Johnston.  American  ed.,  New  York,  2  vols.  1842. 

Jard.  Fruit.  Le  Jardin  Fruitier,  par  Louis  Noisette.  2  ed.  Paris,  1839,  2 
vols. 

Knight.  Various  articles  in  the  London  Horticultural  Society's  Transactions. 
By  Thomas  Andrew  Knight,  its  late  President. 

Kenrick  or  Ken.  The  new  American  Orchardist.  By  William  Kenrick,  Bos- 
ton, 1844. 

Kollar.  A  Treatise  on  Insects  injurious  to  Gardeners,  Foresters,  and  Farmers. 
By  Vincent  Kollar  ;  notes  by  Westwood.  London,  1840,  12mo. 

Loudon.  An  Encyclopedia  of  Gardening.  By  J.  C.  Loudon,  London,  1835, 
1  thick  vol. 

.    An  Encyclopedia  of  Plants.    By  the  same.   London,  1836. 1  thick  voL 

.  An  Encyclopedia  of  Agriculture.  By  the  same.  London,  1831,  1 

thick  vol. 


ABBREVIATIONS,  ETC.  13 

Loudun,  Hortus  Britannicus.  A  Catalogue  of  all  the  plants  in  Britain,  by  the 
same.  London. 

.    The  Suburban  Horticulturist.    By  the  same.    London,  1842. 

.  The  Suburban  Gardener  and  Villa  Companion.  By  the  same.  Lon- 
don, 1838,  1842. 

.    Arboretum  et  Fruticetum  Britannicum.   By  the  same.    London,  1838. 

Liebig.  Organic  Chemistry  in  its  application  to  Agriculture  and  Physiology. 
By  Justus  Liebig.  American  ed.;  Cambridge,  1844. 

Lind.  A  Guide  to  the  Orchard  and  Kitchen  Garden,  or  an  account  of  the 
Fruits  and  Vegetables  cultivated  in  Great  Britain.  By  George  Lindley. 
London,  1831. 

Lindley.    An  Introduction  to  Botany.    By  John  Lindley.     London,  1832. 

.    An  introduction  to  the  Natural  System  of  Botany.  By  John  Lindley. 

London,  1835,  2d  ed. 

.    British  Fruits.     See  Pomological  Magazine  ;  it  is  the  same  work. 

.     The  Theory  of  Horticulture,  or  an  attempt  to  explain  the  Operation 

of  Gardening  upon  Physiological  Principles.    By  John  Lindley.    Lon- 
don, 1840. 

.    The  same  work,  with  Notes  by  A,  Gray  and  A.  J.  Downing.    New 

York,  1841. 

L.  or  Linnceus.     Species  Plantarum,  5th  ed.    Berlin,  1810,  5  vols. 

Mass.  Hort.  Society.  Transactions  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society. 
1842  to  the  present  time. 

Man.  The  New  England  Fruit  Book.  By  R.  Manning,  2d  ed.  enlarged  by 
John  M.  Ives,  Salem,  1844. 

Man.  in  H.  M.    Manning's  articles  in  Hovey's  Magazine. 

Michaux.  The  North  American  Sylva,  or  Descriptions  of  the  Forest  Trees  of 
the  United  States,  Canada,  &c.  By  A.  F.  Michaux.  Paris,  new  edition. 
Philadelphia,  1852. 

M'Intosh.  The  Orchard  and  Fruit  Garden.  By  Charles  M'Intosh.  London, 
1819. 

N.  Y.  Trans.  Transactions  of  the  New  York  State  Agricultural  Society, 
from  1842  to  present  time. 

Nois.    See  Jardin  Fruitier. 

New  England  Farmer.    A  weekly  periodical,  devoted  to  Agriculture,  Horti- 
culture, &c.    Boston,  continued  to  the  present  time. 
0.  Duh.    See  Duhamel. 

Pom.  Mag.  or  P.  M.  The  Pomological  Magazine,  or  Figures  and  Descriptions 
of  the  most  important  varieties  of  Fruit  cultivated  in  Great  Britain. 
London,  1828. 

Pom.  Man.  The  Pomological  Manual.  By  William  R.  Prince.  New  York, 
1831,  2  voli. 


14  ABBREVIATIONS,  ETC. 

Prince.    A  Treatise  on  the  Vine.    By  William  R,  Prince.    New  York,  1830. 

Prince.  A  short  Treatise  on  Horticulture.  By  William  Prince.  New  York, 
1828. 

Poit.  or  Poiteau.  Pomologie  Franchise.  Recueil  des  plus  beaux  Fruits, 
cultives  en  France.  Par  Poiteau.  Paris,  1838,  and  continued  in  4to 
nos. 

Rivers.  A  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  Pears,  cultivated  by  T.  Rivers.  Saw- 
bridgeworth. 

Ron.  or  Ronalds.  Pyrus  Malus  Brentfordienses  ;  or.  a  concise  description  of 
Selected  Apples,  with  a  figure  of  each  sort  By  Hugh  Ronalds,  Lon- 
don, 1831. 

Revue  Horticole.  Journal  des  Jardiniere  et  Amateurs,  Audot,  Editeur. 
Paris,  1844,  et  chaque  mois. 

Torrcy  &  Gray.  A  Flora  of  North  America,  containing  abridged  descriptions 
of  all  the  known  plants  growing  North  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  By 
John  Torrey,  M.  D.,  and  Asa  Gray,  M.  D.,  New  York. 

Thomp.  A  Catalogue  of  the  Fruits  Cultivated  in  the  Garden  of  the  Horticul- 
tural Society  of  London.  3d  ed.,  London,  1845.  [Prepared  with  great 
care  by  Robert  Thompson,  the  head  of  the  Fruit  Department.] 

Thacher.    The  American  Orchardist.    By  James  Thacher,  M.  D.,  Boston,  1822. 

Wilder,  MSS»  Manuscript  Notes  on  Fruits.    By  M.  P.  Wilder,  Esq. 

W.  D.  B.  Doct.  W.  D.  Brinckle,  in  ad  interim  Reports  of  Pennsylvania  Horti- 
cultural Society. 

IP.  R.  P.  Articles  and  Descriptions  by  Wm.  R.  Prince,  in  various  Horticul- 
tural Journals. 

Warder  Review.  Western  Horticultural  Review.  J.  A.  Warder,  editor  and 
publisher.  A  Monthly  Journal  of  Horticulture,  etc.  Cincinnati,  1850, 
to  the  present  time. 

Wilder  in  Hort.  Articles  and  Descriptions  written  by  Hon.  M.  P.  Wilder,  and 
published  in  Horticulturist 


CHAPTER   I. 

INTRODUCTORY  REMARKS — HISTORY  AND  ADVANCEMENT  OF 
FRUITS  IN  OHIO   AND  THE  WEST — VALUE  AS  FOOD. 

A  SUBJECT  so  boundless,  in  a  country  of  such  extent  and  capacity 
of  soil  and  climate  as  ours  for  the  production  of  all  the  finer  fruits  ; 
in  a  country  which,  until  within  a  few  years,  was  but  a  wilderness — 
a  wild,  uncultivated  tract,  now  yielding,  with  the  most  common,  or 
rather  with  no  care,  immense  quantities  of  luscious  ripe  fruits  for 
transportation  to  countries  where  the  arts  of  culture  were  fully 
known  and  understood  before  we  were,  filling  our  store-houses  with 
food,  our  hearts  with  gladness,  adding  to  our  wealth  while  contribu- 
ting to  the  blessings  of  others ;  (for  what  meets  the  eye  or  gladdens 
the  heart  more  pleasantly  than  the  sight  of  the  perfect  fruits  of  the 
earth?) — a  subject,  we  say,  then  so  boundless,  merits  more  of 
en  wreathing  plaudit  than  our  limits  here  may  allow,  though  our 
fancy  picture  it.  Nor  have  we  space,  although  especially  applicable 
to  the  practical  use  of  our  work,  to  more  than  commend  the  study 
and  practice,  in  a  scientific  view,  of  man  to  perfection  of  that  de- 
picted in  the  following  stanza : 

"  The  heaven-taught  gardener's  wondrous  skill 

Shall  wreath  the  earth  with  flowers, 
While  new  and  luscious  fruits  shall  grow 

Throughout  her  Eden  bowers." 

As  yet  the  western  soils  present  comparatively  little  toward  the 
inducement  of  study  and  practice  ;  for  so  freely  does  every  variety 
of  fruit  grow,  that  man  has  only  to  plant  in  order  to  reap.  Soon, 
however,  the  grower  will  learn  that  skill  and  care  only  will  reward 
him  with  product  from  his  trees — skill,  in  the  thorough  understand- 
ing of  the  principles  of  vegetable  physiology ;  the  care  and  practice, 
necessary  in  applying  the  same. 

Rapidly  as  the  West  has  grown  from  a  tract  of  country  only 
inhabited  by  the  red  man  and  beasts,  to  the  presenting  almost,  at 
this  day,  of  the  "  Garden  of  America ;"  her  prairies,  her  limestone- 
hills  and  broad  levels ;  her  sandy  alluvial  bottoms,  located  in  almost 
as  many  different  climates  as  positions,  abound  with  all  of  nature's 
food,  stored  for  years  in  the  production  of  tree,  fruit,  and  flower,  to 

lo 


16  INTRODUCTORY   REMARKS. 

such  extent  that  she  may  yet  be  said  to  be  in  her  infancy.  And  no 
one  who  has  iK>t_  viske$l.  and  traversed  her  wide  borders — no  one 
reared  and  trained  OH  .soils  where  four-sixths  is  rock — can  have,  but 
by  traveling  over  it,  any  conception  of  the  wealth  stored  up  in  the 
soil  of  the  rW'es£.. 

"W  4  speak  here  more  of  this  from  believing,  that  while  the  East 
may  yield  her  supplies  liberally,  attended  by  the  care  and  expense  . 
of  supplying  fresh  food  annually,  the  West  will  ere  long  far  outstrip 
all ;  as  she  only  needs  among  her  sons  more  study  of  the  nature  of 
plant  and  tree  to  bear  the  palm  in  producing  any  fruit. 

It  is  for  the  West  then,  more  especially,  that  our  work  is  destined. 
Although  ourself,  reared  at  the  East,  and  all  our  life  familiar  with  her 
fruits,  her  soils  and  capabilities,  we  shall  yet  endeavor  to  blend  the 
one  with  the  other,  that  our  work  may  be  applicable  there  as  here, 
even  as  we  cherish  at  this  day  our  "  loved  old  home,"  with  her 
rough,  rocky  surroundings,  incentive  only  to  the  greater  perfection 
and  action  of  mind ;  in  that,  self-dependence  is  made  apparent  from 
day  to  day. 

Before  the  West  was,  i.  e.,  settled  by  white  man,  the  impression 
prevailed,  among  other  errors  connected  with  fruit  culture,  that  "  he 
who  plants  pears,  plants  for  his  heirs ;"  and  we  well  recollect  being 
told  when  a  boy,  on  planting  out  a  young  pear-tree,  that  possibly 
our  children  might  eat  of  it,  but  we,  never.  Such  prophecy,  how- 
ever, failed  in  our  case,  as  nearly  all  others,  for  we  have  eaten  often 
of  it.  And  now,  whether  we  attribute  it  to  the  locomotive  age,  to 
the  active  minds  of  our  eastern  brethren,  or  the  spontaneous  growth 
of  the  West — aided  by  her  industrious  denizens — we  hardly  wait 
for  the  season  to  come  around  ere  we  eat  of  the  fruit ;  our  own 
experience  having  been  to  receive  trees  and  plant  them  in  March, 
and  eat  of  the  fruit  in  November  following.  Let  this  be  attributable 
to  what  it  may,  such  is  now  the  impress,  that  no  one  buys  a  city 
lot,  intending  to  keep  it  over  one  year,  but  he  plants  trees  upon  it, 
expecting  and  reaping  the  fruit  thereof. 

All  this  is  encouraging  ;  but  there  is  also  a  dark  side  in  fruit  cul- 
ture gradually  coming  on  us,  to  be  met  only  by  the  general  diffusion 
of  knowledge  on  this  subject ;  a  knowledge  that,  as  before  remarked, 
will  enable  us  to  compete  skilfully  with  deficiencies  or  over-luxu- 
riance in  soil ;  to  know  the  insects  destructive,  and  their  habits,  that 
we  may  secure  our  products  from  their  ravages ;  and  a  just  appreci- 
ation of  the  nature  of  trees,  that  we  may  know  how  to  shape  them  to 
the  withstanding  of  our  changeful  climate. 

As  under  each  appropriate  head  we  give  somewhat  of  the  olden 
history  of  fruits,  our  remarks  here  w^ll  relate  mainly  to  their  intro- 
duction and  advancement  to  Ohio  and  the  West.  Previous  to  1796, 
there  was  very  little  other  than  the  natural  fruit  of  the  soil  culti- 
vated in  Ohio  ;  and  not  until  about  1820  or  '22,  was  thera  any  con- 


ADVANCEMENT   OF   FRUITS,    ETC.  17 

siderable  introduction  and  planting  of  "grafted  fruits  "  in  the  north 
part  of  the  State.  At  that  time  the  nursery  of  William  Coxe,  Esq., 
Burlington,  New  Jersey,  seemed  the  nearest  from  which  to  obtain 
trees ;  and  therefore  from  thence  came  most  of  the  first  plantations 
of  good  fruits.  Later,  the  nurseries  of  Prince,  Kenrick,  and  Buel, 
supplied  our  northern  pioneers ;  and  from  these,  with  the  liberal 
hand  which  always  characterizes  a  fruit  culturist,  a  lover  of  the  Cre- 
ator's best  gifts,  grafts  were  distributed  freely  to  whoever  would. 
As  early  as  1796  or  1797,  Israel  Putnam  introduced  and  propa- 
gated many  of/the  older  and  best  eastern  varieties  on  the  borders 
of  the  Ohio  river,  and  there  cultivated  both  trees  and  fruits,  from 
whence  most  of  the  older  orchards  of  southern  Ohio,  and  probably 
Indiana,  were  procured.  Gov.  Worthington,  at  an  early  day,  1803, 
or  previous,  introduced  many  fine  varieties  of  fruits  into  central  Ohio. 
In  1820,  Prof.  Kirtland  imported,  from  New  Jersey  to  Trumbull 
County,  Ohio,  some  two  hundred  sorts  of  the  best  fruits  then 
known;  and  in  1827,  or '28  Geo.  Hoadley,  Esq.,  sent  about  one 
hundred  kinds  to  Cleveland.  Alfred  Kelly  also  introduced  many 
fine  eastern  varieties;  and,  as  before  mentioned,  grafts  from  all 
these  were  liberally  distributed,  followed  by  additional  introductions 
of  new  varieties,  in  succeeding  years.  Add  to  these,  that  nearly  every 
pioneer  brought  with  him  seeds  of  the  best  fruits  known  in  the  vicinity 
of  his  former  residence  East,  which  he  planted  and  grew  with  care,  and 
we  have  the  heads  of  the  principal  introduction  of  varieties  up  to 
about  1832.  Since  that  period,  not  only  have  importations  of 
extended  varieties  been  largely  made  and  planted  from  eastern  nur- 
series, but  the  nurseries  of  trees  grown  for  sale  have  so  multiplied 
in  the  whole  West,  that  millions  of  trees  are  now  annually  grown 
and  planted. 

For  the  history  that  follows,  relating  to  Illinois  and  Wisconsin,  we 
are  indebted  to  the  zeal,  enthusiasm,  and  courtesy  of  Doctor  J.  A. 
Kennicott : 

"  The  Grove,  Northfield,  Cook  Co.,  Illinois, 
October,  4,  1853. 

"  The  first  permanent  settlements  in  Illinois  were  made  by  the 
French  about  1682,  in  and  about  Kaskaskia  and  Cahokla ;  and  it  is 
said,  that  '  the  first  generation  of  fruit  trees,  there  planted,  had  done 
good  service,  and  gone  the  way  of  all  the  living,'  long  before  the  ad- 
vent of  the  present  race  who  people  '  Lower  Egypt.'  The  Rev.  John 
M.  Peck  (whom  I  quote  from  memory)  affirms,  that  he  ate  most 
luscious  fruits,  some  twenty  or  thirty  years  ago,  the  product  of  the 
second  generation  of  these  old  French  trees,  even  then  of  almost 
forest  size. 

From  many  sources  I  gather  the  fact,  that  among  these  old  trees 
were,  and  still  are,  perhaps,  individuals  producing  very  desirable 


18  INTRODUCTOKY   REMARKS. 

fruit ;  all,  doubtless,  of  mature  growth,  though  some  may  have  been 
brought  from  Canada,  whence  the  seeds  very  evidently  came,  in  their 
route  from  the  old  world. 

From  this  you  perceive,  that  Illinois  is  one  of  the  oldest  fruit- 
growing states  ;  and  it  is  very  certain,  that  our  seedling  trees  gener- 
ally yield  better  fruit  than  the  mass  of  chance  varieties  in  the  East ; 
though,  good  sooth,  I  have  been  unable  to  trace  any  of  our  cele- 
brated varieties  in  cultivation,  to  those  glorious  old  trees,  so  graph- 
ically described  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Peck  ;  and  yet,  I  am  by  no 
means  certain,  that  some  of  our  most  valuable  local  varieties  did  not 
originate  in  that  classic  fruit-land  of  Southern  Illinois. 

It  is  very  probable,  also,  that,  in  Central  and  Northern  Illinois, 
there  may  now  be  native  varieties,  surpassing  in  value  a  large  ma- 
jority of  the  sorts  named  in  the  books,  for  local  cultivation,  at  least. 
Analogy  would  lead  to  such  a  conclusion  ;  for,  as  a  general  rule  here, 
of  fifty  seedling  trees,  in  almost  any  orchard,  at  least  five  will  be 
found  worthy  of  notice,  and  worth  preserving  in  their  natural  state, 
though  not  desirable  for  propagation. 

From  personal  observation  you  are  already  aware,  that  some  fruits 
of  high  repute  East,  are  nearly  worthless  here  ;  and  that  others  are 
wonderfully  improved  by  the  peculiarities  of  our  soil  and  climate.  It 
is  thought,  too,  that  many  old  fruits  have  become  so  changed  as  to 
be  no  longer  easily  recognized  ;  and,  as  their  history  has  been  lost, 
and  several  local  synonyms  have  been  used  to  designate  them,  much 
difficulty  and  doubt  attend  our  western  nomenclature. 

Perhaps  these  difficulties  will  soon  be  removed,  and  the  doubts 
cleared  up,  as  in  Ohio,  by  the  re-fruiting  of  our  celebrated  varieties 
East,  from  scions  obtained  here,  or  by  further  observation  on  the 
fructification  here,  under  the  true  na?nes. 

Many  of  our  varieties,  of  the  first  trees  transplanted  in  western  Illin- 
ois, and  southern  Wisconsin,  were  disseminated  by  tree  pedlars  from 
the  region  of  the  Wabash,  in  Indiana,  and  central-eastern  Illinois ; 
and  I  am  only  aware  that  some  of  their  sorts  came  from  Ohio,  and 
others  from  Kentucky,  Virginia,  Tennessee,  and  North  Carolina,  and 
a  few,  doubtless,  from  the  Eastern  States  ;  though  what  proportion, 
or  what  varieties  of  those  brought  us  by  these  tree  pedlars.  I  am  un- 
able to  determine.  Very  few  were  sold  under  EASTERN  NAMES,  how- 
ever, and,  now  and  then,  a  variety  is,  doubtless,  of  native  origin. 

Among  these  pedlars'  trees,  the  RED  JUNE  is  decidedly  the  most 
valuable,  and  the  MILAM  the  most  abundant. 

Here-away,  I  know  the  origin  of  four-fifths  of  the  trees  planted  out 
in  the  last  ten  or  twelve  years,  apart  from  the  pedlars'  trees,  which 
continued  to  arrive  up  to  three  or  four  years  ago.  The  Buffalo  nur- 
series and  your  Cleveland  dealers  have  furnished  the  most.  The 
nurseries  of  Chautauque  County  sent  some  early,  and  the  Rochester 
establishments  a  great  many  more  recently,  and  a  few  ten  or  twelve 


ADVANCEMENT  OF  FKUITS,  ETC.  19 

years  ago.  The  Flushing  nurseries  are  also  represented  in  our  or- 
chards, and,  quite  lately,  those  of  Michigan  and  Northern  Indiana; 
and,  in  fact,  there  is  scarce  an  eastern  establishment  which  has  not 
sent  trees  to  the  lake  region  of  Illinois  and  Wisconsin." 

Similar  to  those  named,  is  that  of  most  Western  States,  in  the  his- 
toric introduction  and  origin  of  fruits.  Chance  seedlings,  of  value 
sufficient  to  retaining  of  the  original  tree,  are  abundant,  while  those 
meriting  a  first  place  are  rare.  The  character  of  "very  good"  will 
apply  to  probably  one-tenth  of  the  fruit,  while  that  of  "  best"  will 
hardly  apply  to  one-thousandth. 

Of  the  value  of  fruits  as  food,  of  their  free  use  and  tendency  to 
health  of  system  arid  morality  of  character,  much  has  been  written  ; 
but  the  following,  by  Doctor  Kennicott,  sums  up  all  in  few  words  : 

"  The  free  use  of  ripe  fruits  not  only  prevents  disease,  but  their  reg- 
ulated enjoyment  helps  to  remove  that  which  already  exists.  All 
ripe  fruits  are,  also,  more  01  less  nutritious.  Professsor  Salisbury 
has  clearly  demonstrated  that  the  APPLE  is  superior  to  the  POTATO, 
in  the  principles  that  go  to  increase  the  muscle  and  the  brain  of  man, 
and  in  fattening  properties,  it  is  nearly  equal,  when  cooked,  for 
swine,  or  fed  raw  to  other  domestic  animals." 

Ripe  grapes  have  cured  Epidemic  dysentery.  Physicians  have, 
occasionally,  advised  the  use  of  "cooling  acid  fruits  ;"  and  the  ear- 
liest writers  have  directed  the  sugary  ones,  as  "  figs,"  for  food  in  con- 
valescence. Families,  where  fruit  is  most  plentiful  and  good,  and 
prized  as  an  article  of  daily  food,  are  most  free  from  disease  of  all 
kinds,  and  more  especially  from  fevers  and  "bowel  complaints." 
Most  fruits  aid  digestion,  some  directly,  some  indirectly,  and  lessen 
the  desire  for  alcoholic  or  stimulating  drinks.  The  juicy  ones  act  as 
"  diluents,"  and  all  as  "  diuretics ;"  the  free  acids  neutralizing,  or 
rendering  soluble  the  earthy  matters  in  the  blood,  and  carrying  them 
off  rapidly  through  the  natural  channels. 


CHAPTER  II. 

ORIGINATING  OF  VARIETIES — THEIR  PROPAGATION,  BY 
BUDDING,  GRAFTING,  LAYERS,  CUTTINGS,  RUNNERS  AND 
SUCKERS. 

"OuR  garden  varieties  of  fruits  are  not  natural  forms.  They  are 
the  artificial  productions  of  culture.  Seedlings  from  them  have 
always  a  tendency  to  improve,  but  they  have  also  another  and  a 
stronger  tendency  to  return  to  a  natural  or  wild  state"  Of  this,  we 
have  here  a  strong  evidence,  in  the  production  of  seedling  cherries  by 
Prof.  Kirtland,  where  from  several  hundred  grown  from  seed 
gathered  from  the  same  tree,  only  about  one  tenth  have  surpassed, 
and  two  tenths  equaled,  the  parent ;  the  remainder  mostly  falling 
back  toward  the  original  mazzard. 

Most  of  our  choicest  varieties  cultivated,  are  from  seeds  of  chance 
cross-impregnation  :  few  have  been  the  result  of  artificial  skill  and 
care  ;  cross  breeding  and  hybridizing  are  too  often  confounded,  and 
while  we  are  constantly  in  the  production  of  new  varieties  from 
cross  breeding,  none  are  known  in  fruits  from  hybridizing.  Lindley 
says :  "  If  the  pistils  of  one  species  be  fertilized  by  the  pollen  of  an- 
other species,  which  may  take  place  in  the  same  genus,  or  if  two 
distinct  varieties  of  the  same  species  be  in  like  manner  intermixed, 
the  seed  which  results  from  the  operation  will  be  intermediate  be- 
tween its  parents,  partaking  of  the  qualities  of  both.  In  the  first 
case,  the  progeny  is  hybrid  or  male ;  in  the  second,  it  is  simply  cross- 
bred." Although  of  the  same  genus,  no  hybrid  has  ever  yet  been 
created  between  the  apple  and  the  pear,  or  the  gooseberry  and  cur- 
rant. These  cross-breds,  when  closely  resembling  the  female 
parent,  are  termed  sub-varieties. 

This  practice  of  producing  new  varieties  by  cross  fertilization  wras 
advocated  by  Thomas  Andrew  Knight,  a  distinguished  horticulturist 
of  England  :  while  that  of  Dr.  Van  Mons  of  Belgium,  was  the  re- 
production of  seedlings  from  seedlings  in  succession  ;  selecting  each 
time  those  of  the  seedlings  to  procure  the  seed,  which  proved  the 
best  in  the  fruit.  At  the  eighth  generation,  in  growing  from  the 
pear,  his  seedlings  produced  fruit  at  four  years  old,  while  at  the  com- 
mencement it  required  twelve  to  fifteen  years.  This  he  regarded 
as  the  correct  course  to  pursue  in  the  amelioration  of  varieties ;  and 
to  this  theory,  this  fruiting  at  an  early  stage,  according  as  the  parent 
is  far  removed  from  its  original  state,  may  we  not  attribute  much 
of  the  habits  of  many  of  our  pears  1  The  Frederic  of  Wurtemburg, 

(•JO) 


PROPAGATION  BY  BUDDING,  GRAFTING  ETC.  21 

originating  by  Prof.  Van  Mons  in  this  way,  it  is  well  known  pro- 
duces its  fruit  often  in  the  nursery  at  two  years  from  the  bud ;  while 
the  Dix,  a  seedling  from  we  know  not  what  variety,  requires  twelve 
or  fifteen  years.  This  process  however,  if  taken,  as  by  Van  Mons, 
from  the  commencement,  i.e.,  a  wildling,  would  require  a  life-time ; 
but  our  people  have  all  around  them  seedlings  which  at  an  early  age 
are  producing  fruit ;  if,  therefore,  seed  be  taken  from  the  best  of 
them,  and  the  choicest  again  selected,  it  is  not  probable  that  more 
than  ten  years  would  elapse  to  produce  something  very  superior. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  process  of  Mr.  Knight,  of  producing  by 
crossing,  gives  the  grower  the  choice  of  selecting  and  growing  to 
whatever  form,  size  or  character  he  may  desire,  and  this  with  an 
almost  absolute  certainty  of  success.  This  process  being  fully 
described  by  Thomas  in  his  Fruit  Culturist,  we  extract  therefrom : 

"  A  familiar  instance  of  cross-impregnation  in  plants  occurs  in  the 
Indian  corn.  The  pistillate  or  seed-bearing  flowers  covering  the 
young  ear,  are  remotely  situated  on  the  plant  from  the  staminate  or 
fertilizing  flowers  on  the  summits,  or  tassels.  Hence,  from  this  re- 
mote position,  the  pollen  or  fertilizing  dust  from  the  summits  may 
not  certainly  fall  on  the  ear ;  and  if  different  sorts  grow  near,  a  mix- 
ture will  probably  result.  It  is  well  known  to  farmers,  that  if  dif- 
ferent sorts,  as  white,  yellow,  and  purple,  are  planted  in  the  same 
field ;  or,  if  common  and  sweet  corn  are  planted  together,  each  sort 
no  longer  remains  distinct,  but  each  ear,  the  second  year,  is  speckled 
with  a  promiscuous  assemblage  of  white,  yellow,  and  purple,  and  of 
common  and  sweet  corn,  of  various  grades.  In  fruit  trees,  the 
stamens  and  pistils  are  in  the  same  flower,  and  the  chances  of  acci- 
dental mixture  from  other  trees,  become  very  small,  unless  affected 
by  insects,  which  becoming  thickly  dusted  with  powder  from  one 
flower,  plunge  into  the  recesses  of  another,  and  affect  a  cross-fertiliza- 
tion. Where  many  varieties  grow  in  one  garden,  in  close  proximity, 
cases  of  promiscuous  intermixture  are  constantly  occurring,  which  can 
be  developed  only  by  raising  fruit  from  the  seedlings. 

In   the   annexed   figure   of  the  pear   blossom  (fig.  1),  the   five 
central    organs    a,   are     the    pistils ;     the 
upper  extremity  of  each  is  the  stigma.     The 
surrounding   thread-like  organs,  6,  are  the 
stamens,  surmounted  by  the  anthers.     The 
anthers  are  little  bags  or  cases  filled  with 
the  pollen  or  fertilizing  dust.     When  the 
flowers  open,  the  anthers  burst,  and   dis- 
charge   the    pollen   on   the   stigma,   which 
operates  on  the  embryo  fruit  at  its  base. 
The  production  of  new  varieties  is  greatly  facilitated  by  cross-im- 
pregnation, or  by  fertilizing  the  pistil  of  one  variety  with  the  pollen 
of  another.     This  was  performed  with  great  success  by  Knight. 


22  ORIGINATING   OF  VARIETIES. 

Selecting  two  varieties,  while  yet  early  in  flower,  and  before  the 
anthers  had  burst  and  discharged  the  pollen,  he 
cut  out  with  a  fine  pair  of  scissors  all  the 
stamens,  leaving  the  pistils  untouched  (fig.  2). 
|  When  the  stigma  became  sufficiently  mature, 
which  was  indicated  by  its  glutinous  surface,  he 
transferred  the  pollen  of  the  other  sort,  on  the 
point  of  a  camel's-hair  pencil.  The  fruit,  thus 
yielded,  was  unchanged ;  but  its  seeds  partook 
variously  of  the  nature  of  both  parents,  and  the  trees  growing  from 
them  bore  new  and  intermediate  varieties. 

For  the  success  of  such  experiments,  several  precautions  are  req- 
uisite. The  flower  must  be  deprived  of  its  stamens  before  it  has 
fully  expanded,  or  before  the  anthers  have  already  burst  and 
scattered  their  dust ;  the  pollen  must  be  procured  from  a  bursting 
or  fully  matured  anther,  when  it  will  be  dry  and  powdery ;  the 
stigma  must  be  inoculated  as  soon  as  it  becomes  adhesive  or  glu- 
tinous, otherwise  it  may  be  fertilized  from  another  source,  and  then 
the  intended  pollen  cannot  possibly  take  effect.  For  a  stigma  once 
inoculated,  cannot  be  inoculated  again.  It  is  safest,  where  practi- 
cable, to  force  the  trees  by  artificial  heat  into  flowering  a  few  days 
earlier  than  others,  so  as  to  be  secure  from  accidental  inoculations 
of  pollen  floating  in  the  air ;  and  to  prevent  its  spread  by  bees,  to 
apply  a  temporary  covering  of  gauze.  A  want  of  attention  to  these 
minutiae,  has  led  some  experimenters  to  fancy  they  had  obtained 
crosses,  when  they  had  only  natural  seedlings." 

Budding. — This  mechanical  process,  in  connection  with  that  of 
grafting,  layers,  and  cuttings,  is  performed  for  the  purpose  of 
increasing  the  number  of  trees  or  plants  of  any  one  variety  ;  and  is 
performed  on  stocks  of  the  same  or  closely  allied  species.  These 
are  designated  under  each  particular  head  of  Apples,  Pears,  &c.,  on 
other  pages.  The  process  and  practice  is  also  one,  which,  although 
well  and  truly  described  in  all  fruit  works  and  most  of  the  leading 
journals,  is  nevertheless  too  often  attended  with  so  much  of  failure, 
that  while  we  here  repeat  descriptions,  we  at  same  time  advise 
every  new  beginner  to  visit  the  leading  nursery-man  or  successful 
amateur  grower  in  his  immediate  neighborhood,  and  learn  more  in 
half  a  day  from  practical  example  than  could  be  told  him  were  one 
to  write  a  month.  In  order  to  be  successful,  it  is  requisite  that  the 
stock  on  which  it  is  intended  to  operate  should  be  in  a  thrifty, 
healthy  state,  not  too  early  or  late  in  the  season,  but  the  best  time 
is  usually  just  when  the  terminal  bud  is  forming.  Various  modes 
of  budding  are  known  and  described  ;  but  that  most  successful,  most 
rapid,  and  in  common  use,  is  the  one  termed  incorrectly,  American 
shield  budding,  described  by  Forsyth  in  1802 — which  differs  from  the 


PROPAGATION   BY   BUDDING,   GRAFTING,    ETC. 


23 


common  shield  budding,  only  in  leaving  a  small  piece  of  wood  at  base 
of  the  bud  inserted,  instead  of  taking  all  out.  An  incision  is  made 
lengthwise  through  the  bark  of  the  stock,  and  a  small  cut  at  right 
angles  at  the  top,  the  whole  somewhat  resembling  the  letter  T.,  fig.  3. 
A  bud  is  then  taken  from  a  shoot 
of  the  present  year's  growth,  by 
shaving  off  the  bark  an  inch  or 
an  inch  and  a  half  in  length,  with 
^  a  small  part  of  the  wood  directly 
beneath  the  bud,  fig.  4.  The  ed- 
ges of  the  bark,  at  the  incision 
in  the  stock,  are  then  raised  a 
little,  fig.  5,  and  the  bud  pushed 
Fig.  7.  downward  under  the  bark,  fig.  6.  A 
bandage  of  bass-bark,  woolen-yarn,  or  other  substance,  is  then 
wrapped  around,  commencing  at  the  bottom  and  passing  the  bud,  re- 
turning again  and  tying  just  below,  covering  all  but  the  bud,  fig.  7. 
The  pressure  should  be'  just  sufficient  to  keep  the  inserted  portion 
closely  to  the  stock,  but  not  such  as  to  bruise  or  crush  the  bark.  In 
about  ten  days  or  two  weeks  after  insertion,  the  strings  will 
require  to  be  loosened,  and  at  expiration  of  three  weeks  removed 
altogether.  The  ensuing  spring,  as  soon  as  the  buds  begin  to  swell 
strongly,  cut  off  the  stock  about  six  inches  above  the  bud ;  and  as 
the  shoot  or  bud  grows,  tie  it  to  the  pieee  of  stock  above  its  inser- 
tion until  about  midsummer,  when  it  will  be  time  to  cut  away  the 
piece  of  stock  above  the  bud,  leaving  a  sloping  cut  downward  from 
the  top  of  insertion  of  bud.  An  improper  practice  with  some  is  to 
place  the  buds  in  water ;  this  so  saturates  them  with  moisture,  that 
they  have  no  attractive  force  left  to  imbibe  the  sap  of  the  stock,  and 
hence  often  fail  to  grow.  In  cutting  the  shoot  containing  buds  in- 
tended to  be  inserted,  the  leaf  should  immediately  be  cut  off  to 
within  half  an  inch  of  the  bud,  otherwise  the  evaporation  will 
exhaust  and  injure  its  vitality.  If  buds  are  wanted  to  be  kept  a 
number  of  days,  they  should  be  wrapped  in  damp  moss  or  wet 
cloths ;  or  if  desired  to  send  any  distance,  the  whole  wrapped  in  oiled 
silk.  In  this  way  they  will  keep  without  injury  ten  days  or  more. 
"  Annular  budding  is  applicable  to  trees  of  hard  wood,  or  thick 
or  rigid  bark,  as  the  walnut  and  magnolia.  A  ring 

„,  _       of  bark  is  removed  from  the  stock,  and  another  cor- 

Si/Jl     EJjJm     responding  ring,  containing  the  bud,  slit  open  on  one 
side,  is  made  to  fit  the  denuded  space.     Fig.  8. 

"  Trees  which  have  been  girdled  in  winter  by  mice, 
may  be  preserved  by  a  process  similar  to  annular  bud- 
ding, by  cutting  away  evenly  the  gnawed  portions, 
and  applying  one  or  more  pieces  of  bark  peeled  from 
the  branch  of  another  tree,  so  as  to  restore  the  con- 


24  ORIGINATING   OF   VARIETIES. 

nection  between  the  two  severed  portions.  This  is  done  as  soon  as 
the  bark  will  separate ;  the  same  end  may,  however,  be  accom- 
plished early  in  spring  by  cutting  away  portions  of  the  sap-wood 
with  the  bark,  and  connecting  the  two  parts  by  several  pieces  of  a 
branch,  care  being  taken  that  they  coincide  accurately,  as  in  graft- 
ing. The  whole,  in  either  case,  is  then  covered  with  wax." 

Grafting,  like  budding,  has  numerous  modes  and  forms,  all 
resolving  into  the  same  thing — that  of  transferring  one  variety  on  to 
another.  The  modes  most  regarded,  and  in  most  common  prac- 
tice, we  describe. 

Whip  or  tongue  grafting.  This  is  most  generally  practised  when 
the  stock  and  scion  are  nearly  of  equal  size.  The  whole  gist  of  it 
lays  in  so  forming  the  graft  and  stock  that  the  two  outer  surfaces  of 
albumen,  or  wood  of  last  year's  growth,  match  one  with  the  other, 
or  if  the  stock  is  too  large  that  they  match  on  one  side.  See  fig.  9. 
The  tongue  is  a  notch  cut  in  the  stock  corresponding  with  one  cut 
in  the  graft,  and  when  put  together,  to  serve  as  support  in  steady- 
ing the  graft  until  the  circulation  of  sap  has  united  it  with  the  stock. 
This  is  practised  to  a  large  extent  by  nursery -men  on  pieces  of 
roots,  and  is  then  termed  "  root-grafting." 

Splice  Grafting  is  similar  to  tongue  grafting,  except  that  no  slit 
is  made  in  either  stock  or  graft.  See  fig.  10. 

Crown  Grafting  is  performed  in  the  same  manner,  only  that  it 
is  done  on  small  stocks  standing  in  the  ground,  at  a  point  near  the 
upper  rootlet  or  fibre.  See  fig.  11. 

Saddle  Grafting.  In  saddle  grafting,  the  stock  is  pared  obliquely 
on  both  sides,  till  it  becomes  an  inverted  wedge, 
and  the  scion  is  slit  up  the  centre,  when  its  sides 
are  pared  down  till  they  fit  the  sides  of  the  stock. 
See  fig.  12.  This  is  the  best  mode  to  pursue  with 
the  cherry  and  other  stone  fruits. 


Side  Grafting,  as  seen  in  the  cut,  fig.  9,  is  per- 
formed by  cutting  a  notch  or  slit  of  about  one  inch 
long  in  the  side  of  the  stock,  paring  the  outer  por- 
tion, splitting  the  graft  and  paring  the  inner  por- 
tion, then  inserting  it  so  as  to  give  a  union  of  the 
barks  and  woods — leaving  meanwhile  the  top  of 
Fig.  9.  the  stock  to  carry  on  the  circulation  of  sap  until  the 

graft  becomes  united,  when  it  is  to  be  cut  away.  This  is  the  best  for 
the  magnolia  and  for  the  hickory,  ash,  &c. ;  and  also  when  scions 
may  have  been  received  late  in  the  spring,  or  the  work  of  grafting 
unavoidably  delayed. 


PROPAGATION  BY  BUDDING,   GRAFTING,   ETC.  25 


Fig.  13.  Fig.  11.       Fig.  12.  Fig.  10. 

Cleft  Grafting  is  an  easy  though  clumsy  mode,  rarely  prac- 
tised, except  on  limbs  or  branches  too  large  for  whip  grafting.  In 
this  the  scion  is  cut  like  a  wedge,  sloping  on  both  sides.  The  stock 
is  split  with  a  grafting  chisel  or  large  knife,which  is  drawn  to  one  side 
and  holds  open  the  split  while  the  scion  is  pressed  in,  so  that  the  albu- 
men or  inner  barks  match,  when  the  chisel  or  wedge  is  drawn  away. 

Wrapping  or  Tying.  After  the  operation  of  grafting  is  per- 
formed, bass  bark,  or  bass  matting,  or  soft  woolen,  or  cotton  yarn, 
is  then  wrapped  around  to  retain  them  perfectly  in  their  places. 
Where  small  trees  or  roots  are  engrafted,  and  to  be  planted  in  nur- 
sery-rows, this  is  all  that  is  necessary ;  but  when  grafting  is  performed 
on  standard  trees,  it  is  best  to  cover  the  matting  with  a  wax,  made  in 
the  following  manner : 

Grafting  Wax.  4  parts  rosin,  3  parts  beeswax,  3  parts  lard. 
This  should  be  well  incorporated  together,  while  warm,  strips  of  cot- 
ton cloth  dipped  into  it,  and  when  cold,  cut  to  the  length  and  width 
required  for  the  size  of  limbs  you  are  to  engraft,  will  facilitate  the 
labor,  and  when  this  is  done,  the  first  tying  of  bass  mat  or  woolen 
string,  may  be  dispensed  with. 

Grafts  which  have  become  dry,  may  be  restored  if  the  moisture  is 
applied  so  gradually  that  its  absorption  may  require  several  weeks. 
In  one  instance  shoots  cut  early  in  autumn,  and  subjected  to  tho- 
rough drying,  were  restored  to  perfect  freshness  by  the  next  spring, 
by  wrapping  them  well  in  moss  and  burying  them  in  a  dry  spot  of 
ground  ;  and  being  set,  they  all  grew. 

Scions  for  sending  to  a  distance,  are  usually  packed  in  damp 
moss,  saw-dust,  or  fibrous  peat.  They  may  be  sent  by  mail,  within  a 
very  small  compass,  with  great  safety,  by  enwrapping  them  with 
oil-silk  or  thin  oil-cloth,  drawing  it  closely  round  them  to  include 
the  moisture,  by  means  of  small  thread. 
2 


26 


ORIGINATING   OF  VARIETIES. 


Layers.  This  is  practised  in  low  shrubs  and  vines,  as  the  quince 
and  grape.  It  consists  in  bending  down  carefully  without  breaking 
a  branch,  cutting  a  notch  or  slit  on  the  under  side,  and  pegging  it 

securely,  so  Jhat  the  centre 
will  be  about  four  inches 
under  ground,  see  fig.  14. 
With  the  grape  trailing  the 
vine  on  the  surface,  as  shown 
in  fig.  15,  and  after  buds 
have  started  a  few  inches, 
cover  with  soil,  the  vine; 
each  bud  will  throw  out 
roots,  and  if  the  operation 

be  performed  in  spring,  they  may  be  taken  up  and  separated  in  the 
fall. 


Cuttings.  Propagation  by  cuttings  is  the  simplest  mode  of  mul- 
tiplying a  variety.  It  consists  simply  in  the  insertion 
of  a  shoot  of  one  year's  growth  into  the  soil ;  the 
moisture  of  the  soil  renews  the  supply  of  sap,  the  buds 
swell,  the  leaves  expand,  and  the  descending  juices  ex- 
pend themselves  in  the  production  of  new  roots,  which 
shoot  downwards  into  the  soil,  fig.  16.  Under  ordi- 
nary circumstances,  or  in  open  ground,  this  mode  is 
only  applicable  to  such  species  as  readily  throw  out 
roots,  as  the  currant,  gooseberry,  quince,  and  grape. 
The  cutting  should  be  made  from  eight  inches  to  a 
foot  long,  and  have  all  the  lower  buds  cut  out,  in  order 
to  prevent  its  throwing  up  suckers.  Wood  of  the  last 
year's  growth  is  used,  and  the  lower  end  cut  square 
across  at  the  base  of  a  bud.  They  should  be  inserted 
perpendicularly,  or  when  long  enough,  curved,  as  see, 
under  the  head  of  grapes ;  the  earth  should  be  pressed 
securely  at  the  bottom,  and  lightly  at  the  top,  and 
Fig.  16.  when  possible,  a  mulch  of  two  inches  of  tan  bark, 
saw-dust  etc  '  tnrown  over  them  to  preserve  moisture. 

Runners,  are  the  mode  of  self-propagation  in  the  strawberry ;  as 
soon  as  well  rooted  they  are  suited  to  be  removed. 


PACKING,    PRUNING,    PROTECTION,    ETC.  27 

Suckers,  are  underground  runners — often  the  result  of  careless 
cultivation  in  breaking  off  roots.  .They  should  always  be  destroyed, 
but  never  replanted,  not  even  the  Frost  Gage  plum,  proving  healthy 
when  so  propagated. 


CHAPTER    III. 

TRANSPLANTING  TREES HOW,  WHEN ;  PACKING,  CARE  OF  WHEN  RE- 
CEIVED ;  PRUNING — TIME  WHEN,  HOW,  THE  TOPS,  THE  ROOTS  J  LABELS 
FOR  ;  PROTECTION  FROM  SHEEP,  RABBITS,  ETC.  J  TRAINING  J  FORM  OF 
YOUNG  TREES. 

NOTWITHSTANDING  our  people  are,  as  a  nation,  "  planters  of  trees," 
yet  how  few,  comparatively,  ever  succeed  in  carrying  the  existence 
of  trees  planted,  beyond  the  first  season ;  or  if  a  second  year,  only 
with  a  puny  sickly  habit,  anything  but  satisfactory.  The  first  thing, 
in  the  removal  of  trees,  should  be  care  not  to  destroy  the  roots  in 
digging.  Small  trees  are  less  liable  to  injury  from  such  cause  than 
large  ones,  but  too  often  have  we  seen  them  wrenched  out  of  the 
ground,  by  the  strong  arm  of  man,  apparently  not  to  injury  of  roots, 
but  really  they  were  cracked  through  every  portion,  and  all  the 
pores  through  which  the  circulation  of  sap  is  had,  broken  and  in- 
jured, often  as  much  or  more  to  injury  of  tree,  than  if  one  half  the 
roots  had  been  cut  off.  Again,  have  we  seen  trees  cut  out  with 
spades,  leaving  only  about  four  to  six  inches  of  main  root,  and  a  few 
small  fibres.  Such  trees  require  a  whole  year's  nursing,  with  severe 
shortening-in  of  limbs,  to  recover  anything  like  their  native  vigor, 
and  are  .not  worth,  to  the  planter,  over  one-half  price  of  trees  well 
and  carefully  dug,  with  roots  nearly  entire. 

Preparing  the  Soil.  If  an  orchard  is  to  be  planted,  and  on  soil 
retentive  of  moisture,  or,  in  other  words — level  clayey  soil — it 
should  first  be  thoroughly  subsoiled,  at  least  twenty-two  inches  deep ; 
it  should  then  have  sufficient  number  of  under  drains,  that  no  sur- 
plus water  would  ever  remain  on  it  over  forty-eight  hours.  Digging 
deep  holes  should  never  be  practised,  but  the  whole  soil  should  be 
made  of  fine  tilth,  and  if  the  ground  is  well  drained,  or  naturally 
dry,  dig  broad  spaces,  four  feet  diameter,  and  one  foot  deep.  If  the 
ground  is  not  drained  and  naturally  wet — a  location  and  condition 
which  should  never  be  adopted — let  the  planting  be  made  by  plac- 
ing the  tree  on  the  level  ground,  and  earthing  up  around  it.  Upon 
the  level  prairies  this  course  has  been  found  most  successful,  and  at 
times,  without  even  removing  the  sod  beneath  the  tree. 

Many  suppose,  that  a  tree  grown  in  nursery  on  sandy  soil,  will  not 


28 


TRANSPLANTING  TEEES. 


succeed  on  clay  and  the  reverse  ;  this,  if  they  will  only  use  reason, 
and  study  the  nature  of  obtaining  food  by  the  tree,  they  will  see, 
at  once,  has  no  foundation  in  fact ;  but  a  tree  taken  from  the  rich 
ground  of  a  well  kept  nursery,  and  placed  in  a  barren,  half-starved 
soil,  amid  grass  and  weeds,  has  no  more  chance  of  continuing  in 
vigor  and  health,  than  an  animal  raised  upon  the  rich  pastures  of  our 
western  country  would  have,  transplanted  to  some  of  the  bleak,  bar- 
ren hills  of  New  England.  Food  for  the  plant  is  therefore  requi- 
site, and  this  should  be  prepared,  in  a  well  and  previously  cultivated 
and  enriched  soil,  and  not  expected  to  be  supplied  in  a  raw  state,  by 
application  of  animal  manures  immediately  to  the  roots ;  this  should 
never  be  done ;  but,  Prof.  Lindley  says,  "  that  a  small  quantity  of 
super-phosphate  of  lime,  as  it  is  called,  that  is  to  say,  a  mixture  of 
oil  of  vitriol  and  burnt  bones,  mixed  with  dry  mould,  and  thrown 
in  round  the  roots  of  a  newly-transplanted  tree,  will  generally  aid 
in  the  formation  of  root  fibres,  and,  consequently,  assist  very  much 
in  establishing  the  plant  in  its  new  situation ;  or,  if  scattered  over 
the  soil  next  the  roots,  the  rains  will  distribute  it  to  the  places  where 
most  required." 

How  to  Plant.     Having  prepared  the  place  and  the  soil,  we  next 

proceed  to  plant  the  tree. 
Supposing  that  the  roots, 
in  removing,  have  been 
carefully  preserved,  our 
tree  will  present,  when 
placed  in   the  hole  pre- 
pared for  it,  the  appear- 
ance represented  in  our 
fig.  17,  the  upper  root 
being  about  four  inches 
lower  than  the  level  of 
the  surrounding  soil.    If 
the   roots   are    broken, 
prune,  by  a  cut  from  the 
*"'".•  under  side  of  each  end. 
/•    Now,  one   man   should 
V  scatter  carefully  in  the 
Fig- 17.  fine  earth,  while  another 

holds  the  body  of  the  tree  with  one  hand,  and  with  the  other  care- 
fully presses  the  earth  around  and  beneath  every  root,  taking  care 
to  keep  the  small  roots  and  fibres,  each  in  its  place,  lifting  them 
as  the  work  progresses,  so  that  their  ends  are  horizontal  with  their 
base.  Leave  the  earth,  if  the  planting  be  done  in  Spring,  ^  level 
around  the  tree,  and  with  the  surrounding  surface ;  if  planted  in  the 
Fall,  earth  up  a  little  mound  around  the  stem-end,  and  over  the 


PACKING,   PRUNING,   PROTECTION,   ETC.  29 

entire  circle  of  roots,  to  be  drawn  away  again  in  the  Spring.  Avoid 
treading  or  other  pressure  around  the  tree,  other  than  that  made  by 
the  hand  in  firmly  placing  the  earth  among  the  roots,  in  the  process. 

Time  When.  With  nearly  all  trees  and  all  locations,  Fall  is  the 
best  time  to  transplant ;  new  granulations  have  to  be  made,  ere  the 
roots  broken  by  the  process  can  again  supply  themselves,  or  the 
plant,  with  food.  This  process,  if  trees  are  removed  in  Fall,  will 
often  be  found  to  have  taken  place  during  winter,  and  ere  the  ex- 
haustion by  the  leaves  by  growth  in  Spring,  of  their  food  laid  up  in 
bud  and  bark  the  year  previous,  the  roots  are  again  furnishing  their 
support  as  nature  orders.  If,  however,  trees  are  removed  in  Spring, 
it  often  happens,  especially  with  cherries,  that  the  supply  of  food 
previously  laid  up  is  exhausted,  ere  new  rootlets  are  formed.  Mul- 
ching, and  other  cares,  are  often,  therefore,  more  requisite,  in  order 
to  keep  the  roots,  and  prevent  too  rapid  exhaustion  in  Spring-planted 
trees,  than  those  of  Fall  planting. 

Packing.  Amateurs,  as  well  as  nurserymen,  often  have  occasion 
to  forward  trees  to  a  distance,  and  it  is  desirable  they  be  so  packed, 
as  to  ensure  success  when  received.  In  order  to  this,  they  should 
be  made  into  a  bundle  with  damp  moss  liberally  mingled  among 
the  roots,  the  larger  trees  upon  the  outside  of  the  bundle,  and  the 
small  within ;  band  securely  with  twisted  straw  bands,  then  take 
long  straw,  lay  it  down  about  two  inches  thick,  with  its  butts  near 
the  center  of  the  roots  of  bundle ;  lay  another  layer,  with  the  butts 
four  inches  below  the  tops  of  the  last,  and  so  on,  until  you  have  the 
length  of  bundle.  Now,  lay  down  the  bundle,  and  carefully  lay  straw 
over  it,  in  same  manner  as  underneath,  only  commencing  at  top, 
so  that  when  cords  are  around  it,  all  will  be  covered ;  proceed  with 
one  end  of  cord,  first  lashed  to  a  strong  root,  to  bind  it  around, 
once  in  about  ten  inches,  all  the  way  to  the  top.  If  intended  to 
go  any  considerable  distance,  with  risk  of  rough  handling,  a  stout 
stick  should  be  packed  in  centre  of  each  bundle,  extending  about 
four  inches  beyond  the  tops  of  the  trees.  Next,  lay  down  a  strong 
bass  mat,  or  strong  cloth,  scatter  on  it  straw,  then  moss,  and  placing 
the  roots  of  bundle  upon  it,  draw  it  up  carefully  over,  and  secure  it 
by  strong  pack-thread.  If  moss  is  not  obtainable,  let  the  roots  be 
well  puddled,  as  it  is  termed,  that  is,  dipped  in  a  thick  clayey  mud, 
but  avoid  packing  leaves,  grass,  etc.,  among  them. 

Care  of,  when  received.  Trees  are  often  lost  by  not  knowing  how 
to  care  for  them  when  received  after  long  voyages.  If  dry,  or 
withered,  or  frozen,  they  should  be  unpacked  and  immediately  bu- 
ried, roots  and  tops,  underneath  the  earth,  and  there  left  for  some 
days ;  or,  if  late  in  fall,  and  buried  where  the  water  drains  off  readily, 
let  the  roots  be  buried  deep,  while  the  tops  have  only  a  couple  of 
inches  upon  them.  Trees  received  dry  in  spring,  may  be  immedi- 


so 


TRANSPLANTING  TREES. 


ately  immersed  in  a  running  stream  of  water,  and  after  the  buds  are 
swollen,  planted  out  in  some  location  for  the  season,  where  the  mid- 
day sun  will  not  strike  them,  and  where  the  earth  can  be  always 
kept  moist  by  mulching,  etc. 

Pruning.  That  certain  principles  of  the  nature  and  habits  of  a 
tree,  must  ever  be  borne  in  mind  in  pruning,  to  ensure  success,  is 
evident ;  but  that  the  cutting  away  of  small  branches,  or  twigs,  if 
correctly  made,  will  materially  affect  the  health  and  longevity  of  a 
tree,  whether  made  in  spring,  just  before  midsummer,  in  fall  or  win- 
ter, we  do  not  believe.  In  pruning  an  old  tree,  long  neglected, 
where  it  is  requisite  to  cut  away  many  large  branches,  attention  to  the 
circulation  of  sap,  the  new  formation  of  wood,  &c.,  &c.,  should,  b,y 
all  means,  be  the  guide.  Experience,  as  well  as  theory,  teaches, 
that  the  most  healthy  formation  of  wood  commences  in  July ;  that 
all  growth  previous  is  imperfect,  and,  were  it  not  for  that  and  ensu- 
ing months,  would  rapidly  decay  ;  that  while  wood  is  not  made  as 
rapidly  at  that  time,  and  afterward,  as  previous,  it  is  of  a  firmer, 
closer,  and  more  healthy  character.  If,  therefore,  large  limbs  are  to 
be  removed,  let  the  time  from  July  to  September,  inclusive,  be  se- 
lected. A  subject  so  liberally  treated  upon  as  this  has  been,  from 
the  earliest  authors  down,  it  would  seem  should  be  better  understood 
than  appears  from  the  quantity  of  ill-shapen,  malformed  trees,  to  be 
seen  in  almost  every  orchard.  Barry  says  : 

"  It  is  not  only  necessary  to  know  what  and  why,  but  also  how 
to  prune.  Theory  is  only  useful  as  it  serves  to  guide  in  practice. 

The  great  point  to  be  observed  in  making  incisions  on  the  stems 
and  branches  of  trees,  is  to  provide  for  the  speedy  and  perfect  heal- 
ing of  the  wounds  or  cut  surfaces.  In  removing  a  portion  of  a  branch 
or  stem,  if  we  cut  between  two  joints,  and  thus  leave  a  portion  of 

wood  above  the  bud 
intended  to  be  cut  to, 
as  in  fig.  18,  this  wood 
dies,  and  we  have  the 
trouble  of  another 
pruning  to  remove  it. 
If  we  cut  too  close  to 
the  bud,  and  thus  re- 
move a  portion  of  the 
wood  with  which  it  is 
connected,  as  in  fig. 
19,  the  bud  will  either 
die  or  disappoint  us 


19 


21 


20 

FIGS.  TO  PRUNING.  %  -  - 

Fig.  18,  cutting  too  far  above  the  bud.   Fig.  19,  cutting  too  by  producing   a   very 

close.    Fig.   20,  the  cut  as  it  should  be.     Fig.  21,  re-  fAAuip     o-rnwth        Thp 

moval  of  a  branch,  the  cross  line  indicating  the  proper  « 

place  for  the  cut.  proper  way  is  to  take 

the  branch  to  be  operated  on  in  the  left  hand,  place  the  edge  of  the 


PACKING,    PRUNING,   PROTECTION,    ETC.  81 

knife  on  it,  opposite  the  lower  part  of  the  bud  to  be  cut  to,  and  then 
make  a  firm,  quick,  smooth  draw-cut,  sloping  upwards,  so  that  the 
knife  will  come  out  on  a  level  with  the  point  of  the  bud,  as  in  fig. 
20.  In  soft-wooded,  pithy  trees,  like  the  grape  vine,  for  example, 
half  an  inch  of  wood  ought  to  be  left  above  the  bud.  The 
cut  should  also  be  made,  as  much  as  possible,  on  the  lower 
side  of  the  branch,  to  prevent  rain  from  lodging  in  the  centre.  The 
position  of  the  bud  cut  to,  is  also  worthy  of  consideration  in  pruning, 
to  produce  or  modify  certain  forms.  When  we  wish  the  new  shoot 
of  a  lateral  branch  to  take  as  much  as  possible,  an  upright  direction, 
we  prune  to  a  bud  on  the  inside  ;  and  if  we  wish  it  to  spread,  we 
choose  one  on  the  outside.  In  the  annual  suppression,  or  cutting  back 
young  trees,  to  form  a  stem  or  side  branches,  the  bud  selected  to  form 
the  leader  is  chosen  on  opposite  sides  every  successive  year,  in  order  to 
maintain  the  growth  in  a  straight  line.  If  cut  every  year  to  a  bud 
on  the  same  side,  it  would,  in  two  or  three  seasons,  show  an  inclina- 
tion to  that  side  injurious  to  the  symmetry  of  the  tree. 

The  Removal  of  Large  Branches,  where  they  are  to  be  entirely 
separated  from  the  tree,  is  often  very  clumsily  performed.  In  orchards 
it  is  not  at  all  uncommon  to  see  them  chopped  'off  with  a  common 
axe ;  and  even  in  gardens  there  seem  to  be  few  persons  who  either 
know  how,  or  take  the  proper  care  in  this  matter.  They  are  either 
cut  so  that  a  portion  of  the  base  of  the  branch  remains,  and  sends 
out  vigorous  shoots,  defeating  the  objects  of  the  pruning,  or  they  are 
cut  so  close  that  a  portion  of  the  wood  of  the  main  branch  or  stem 
is  taken  with  them,  and  a  wound  made  that  years  are  required  to 
heal  up.  Both  these  extremes  ought  to  be  avoided. 

The  surface  of  the  cut  made  by  the  removal  of  a  branch,  should 
in  no  case  be  larger  than  the  base  of  the  branch.  Where  a  branch 
is  united  to  another,  or  to  the  main  stem,  we  notice,  both  above  and 
below  the  point  of  union,  a  small  projection  or  shoulder,  as  at  the 
cross  line  in  fig.  21.  The  knife  must  enter  just  below  that  shoulder, 
and,  by  being  drawn  upwards  in  a  straight  line,  the  base  is  so  com- 
pletely removed  that  no  shoots  can  be  produced  there;  and  yet  the 
cut  surface  on  the  stem  is  no  larger  than  the  base  of  the  branch. 
When  the  saw  is  used,  the  surface  of  the  cut  should  be  pared  smooth 
with  the  knife,  to  prevent  water  lodging  on  it,  and  facilitate  the 
healing  of  the  wound." 

Pruning  at  the  time  of  Transplanting.  This  is  performed,  not 
only  to  remove  bruised  and  broken  roots  and  branches,  but  to  re- 
store the  tree  to  a  proper  balance.  As  trees  are  ordinarily  taken 
from  the  ground,  the  roots  are  bruised,  broken  or  mutilated,  to  a 
greater  or  less  extent.  This  obviously  destroys  the  natural  balance 
or  proportion  that  existed  between  the  roots  and  stem,  and  in  such 
a  condition  the  tree  is  unable  to  grow.  The  demand  upon  the  roots 


82  TRANSPLANTING  TREES, 

must,  therefore,  be  lessened,  by  reducing  the  stem  and  branches  in 
length  or  number,  or  both ;  and  the  more  the  roots  have  suffered, 
the  greater  must  be  the  reduction  of  the  stem  and  branches,  to  bring 
them  to  a  corresponding  condition. 

"  Pruning  the  Roots.  This  is  practised  as  well  to  promote  fruit- 
fulness  as  to  lessen  the  dimensions  of  trees.  The  roots  are  the  organs 
that  absorb  from  the  ground  the  principal  food  of  the  tree,  and  in 
proportion  to  their  number,  size,  and  activity,  other  things  being 
equal,  are  the  vigor  and  growth  of  the  stem  and  branches.  Hence, 
when  a  tree  is  deprived  of  a  certain  portion  of  its  roots,  its  supply  of 
food  from  the  soil  is  lessened,  growth  is  checked,  the  sap  moves 
slowly  in  its  channels,  is  better  elaborated  in  the  leaves,  and  the 
young  branches  and  buds  begin  to  assume  a  fruitful  character. 

Roots  are  also  pruned  to  prevent  them  from  penetrating  tot)  deeply 
into  the  earth,  and  induce  the  formation  of  lateral  roots  near  the  sur- 
face, similar  to  the  cutting  back  of  a  stem  to  produce  lateral  branches. 
The  principle  is  the  same. 

The  work  is  performed  by  opening  a  trench  around  the  tree,  just 
at  the  extremities  of  the  roots  :  the  distance  from  the  tree  will,  there- 
fore, depend  on  its  size,  and  the  spreading  character  of  the  roots. 
The  trench  should  be  the  width  of  a  common  garden  spade,  and  deep 
enough  to  admit  of  an  inspection  of  all  the  roots  of  the  tree.  If  the 
lateral  roots  are  to  be  shortened,  this  is  done  first.  The  knife  should 
be  placed  on  the  lower  side  of  the  root,  and  the  part  separated  with 
a  clean  draw  cut,  such  as  would  be  performed  on  a  branch.  If  the 
tree  has  vertical,  or  tap  roots,  they  are  most  easily  operated  on  with 
a  sharp  spade,  prepared  and  kept  for  the  purpose.  A  smart  stroke 
with  such  a  spade,  in  as  nearly  a  horizontal  direction  as  possible,  will 
separate  a  pretty  strong  root.  The  extent  to  which  root  pruning 
may  be  performed,  depends  on  the  character  of  the  species,  the  con- 
dition of  the  tree  as  regards  growth,  and  the  object  aimed  at.  Those 
practising  it  for  the  first  time  should  go  to  work  with  great  caution. 
It  will  be  better  to  operate  too  lightly  than  too  severely.  As  re- 
gards the  season,  it  may  be  performed  either  at  the  end  of  the  first 
growth,  in  July  or  August,  or  in  the  autumn  or  winter,  when  vege- 
tation is  quite  suspended.  We  have  operated  on  cherry  trees,  with 
complete  success,  in  August,  in  a  dry  time  when  little  growth  was 
going  on.  At  this  season,  a  copious  watering  should  be  given  after 
the  pruning  is  performed." 

Pruning,  to  form  particular  shapes,  to  promote  the  formation  of 
blossom  buds,  to  enlarge  the  fruit,  to  cure  disease,  to  increase  or 
lessen  bulk,  are  all  treated  of  at  length  by  Loudon  and  others ;  but 
all  seems  to  us  summed  up  in  the  following,  written  by  M.  Dubreuil, 
in  France,  and  first  published  in  this  country  in  Barry's  "  Fruit 
Garden."  It  is  more  especially  applicable  to  training  of  trees  in 
gardens,  than  of  standards  in  orchards.  He  says  : 


PACKING,   PRUNING,   PROTECTION,    ETC.  33 

"  The  theory  of  the  pruning  of  fruit  trees  rests  on  the  following 
six  general  principles  : 

"  1.  The  vigor  of  a  tree,  subjected  to  pruning,  depends,  in  a  great 
measure,  on  the  equal  distribution  of  sap  in  all  its  branches. 

"  In  fruit  trees  abandoned  to  themselves,  the  sap  is  equally  dis- 
tributed in  the  different  parts  without  any  other  aid  than  nature, 
because  the  tree  assumes  the  form  most  in  harmony  with  the  natural 
tendency  of  the  sap.* 

"  But  in  those  submitted  to  pruning,  it  is  different ;  the  forms  im- 
posed on  them,  such  as  espalier,  pyramid,  vase,  &c.,  change,  more  or 
less,  the  normal  direction  of  the  sap,'  and  prevent  it  from  taking  the 
form  proper  to  its  species.  Thus  nearly  all  the  forms  given  to  trees 
require  the  development  of  ramifications,  more  or  less  numerous, 
and  of  greater  or  less  dimensions  at  the  base  of  the  stem.  And,  as 
the  sap  tends  by  preference  towards  the  summit  of  the  tree,  it  hap- 
pens that,  unless  great  care  be  taken,  the  branches  at  the  base  become 
feeble,  and  finally  dry  up,  and  the  form  intended  to  be  obtained,  dis- 
appears, to  be  replaced  by  the  natural  form,  that  is,  a  stem  or  a 
trunk  with  a  branching  head.  It  is  then  indispensable,  if  we  wish  to 
preserve  the  form  we  impose  upon  trees,  to  employ  certain  means, 
by  the  aid  of  which  the  natural  direction  of  the  sap  can  be  changed 
and  directed  towards  the  points  where  we  wish  to  obtain  the  most 
vigorous  growth.  To  do  this,  we  must  arrest  vegetation  in  the  parts 
to  which  the  sap  is  carried  in  too  great  abundance,  and,  on  the  con- 
trary, favor  the  parts  that  do  not  receive  enough.  To  accomplish 
this,  the  following  means  must  be  successively  employed  : 

"  I.  Prune  the  branches  of  the  most  vigorous  parts  very  short,  and  those 
of  the  weak  parts  long.  We  know  that  the  sap  is  attracted  by  the  leaves. 
The  removal  of  a  large  number  of  wood-buds  from  the  vigorous  parts, 
deprives  these  parts  of  the  leaves  which  these  buds  would  have  pro- 
duced ;  consequently,  the  sap  is  attracted  there  in  less  quantities,  and 
the  growth  thereby  diminished.  The  feeble  parts  being  pruned  long, 
present  a  great  number  of  buds,  which  produce  a  large  surface  of  leaves, 
and  these  attract  the  sap,  and  acquire  a  vigorous  growth.  This  principle 
holds  good  in  all  trees,  under  whatever  form  they  may  be  conducted. 

"  2.  Leave  a  large  quantity  of  fruit  on  the  strong  part,  and  remove 
the  whole  or  greater  part  from  the  feeble.  We  know  already  that  the 
fruit  has  the  property  of  attracting  to  it  the  sap  from  the  roots,  and 
of  employing  it  entirely  to  its  own  growth.  The  necessary  result  of 
this  is,  what  we  are  about  to  point  out,  viz.,  that  all  the  sap  which 
arrives  in  the  strong  parts,  will  be  absorbed  by  the  fruit,  and  the 

*  This  is  not  in  all  cases  true.  Peach  trees,  we  know,  left  to  themselves,  ex- 
hibit a  very  striking  example  of  the  unequal  distribution  of  the  sap.  The  ends 
of  the  branches  attract  nearly  the  whole,  leaving  the  lateral  shoots  and  lower 
parts  to  die  out.  In  other  species,  similar  instances  might  be  quoted,  and,  as  a 
general  thing,  the  proposition  is  unsound,  except  in  a  comparative  sense. 
8 


34:  TRANSPLANTING  TREES. 

wood  there,  in  consequence,  will  make  but  little  growth,  while  on  the 
feeble  parts,  deprived  of  fruit,  the  sap  will  all  be  appropriated  by  the 
growing  parts,  and  they  will  increase  in  size  and  strength. 

"  3.  Bend  the  strong  parts  and  keep  the  weak  erect.  The  more 
erect  the  branches  and  stem  are,  the  greater  will  be  the  flow  of  sap 
to  the  growing  parts ;  hence,  the  feeble  parts  being  erect,  attract 
much  more  sap  than  the  strong  parts  inclined,  and,  consequently, 
make  a  more  vigorous  growth,  and  soon  recover  their  balance.  This 
remedy  is  more  especially  applied  to  espalier  trees. 

"  4.  Remove  from  the  vigorous  parts  the  superfluous  shoots  as 
early  in  the  season  as  possible,  and  from  the  feeble  parts  as  late  as  pos- 
sible. The  fewer  the  number  of  young  shoots  there  are  on  a  branch, 
the  fewer  there  are  of  leaves,  and,  consequently,  the  less  is  the  sap 
attracted  there.  Hence,  in  leaving  the  young  shoots  on  the  feeble 
parts,  their  leaves  attract  the  sap  there,  and  induce  a  vigorous  growth. 

"  5.  Pinch  early  the  soft  extremities  of  the  shoots  on  the  vigorous 
parts,  and  as  late  as  possible  on  the  feeble  parts,  excepting  always 
any  shoots  which  may  be  too  vigorous  for  their  position.  By  thus 
pinching  early  the  strong  parts^  the  flow  of  sap  to  such  points  is  checked, 
and  naturally  turns  to  the  gro'wing  parts  that  have  not  been  pinched  ; 
this  remedy  is  applicable  to  trees  in  all  forms. 

"  6.  Lay  in  the  strong  shoots  on  the  trellis  early,  and  leave  the  fee- 
ble parts  loose  as  long  as  possible.  Laying  in  the  strong  parts  ob- 
structs the  circulation  of  the  sap  in  them,  and,  consequently  favors 
the  weak  parts  that  are  loose.  This  is  only  applicable  to  espaliers, 

"  7.  In  espalier  trees,  giving  the  feeble  parts  the  benefit  of  the  light, 
and  confining  the  strong  parts  more  in  the  shade,  restores  a  balance, 
for  light  is  the  agent  which  enables  leaves  to  perform  their  functions 
and  their  actions  on  the  roots,  and  the  parts  receiving  the  greater 
proportion  of  it  acquire  the  most  vigorous  development. 

2.  "  The  sap  acts  with  greater  force  and  produces  more  vigorous 
growth  on  a  branch  or  shoot  pruned  short,  than  on  one  pruned  long. 
This  is  easily  explained.     The  sap  acting  on  two  buds  must  evidently 
produce  a  greater  development  of  wood  on  them,  than  if  it  were 
divided  between  fifteen  or  twenty  buds. 

"  It  follows  from  this,  that  if  we  wish  to  obtain  wood  branches, 
we  prune  short,  for  vigorous  shoots  produce  few  fruit  buds.  On  the 
contrary,  if  we  wish  to  obtain  fruit  branches,  we  prune  long,  because 
the  most  slender  or  feeble  shoots  are  the  most  disposed  to  fruit. 

"  Another  application  of  this  principle  is  to  prune  short  for  a  year 
or  two,  such  trees  or  parts  as  have  become  enfeebled  by  overbear- 
ing. (This  principle  deserves  especial  attention,  as  its  application  is 
of  great  importance.) . 

3.  "  The  sap  tending  always  to  the  extremities  of  the  shoots  causes 
the  terminal  bud  to  push  with  greater  vigor  than  the   laterals.     Ac- 
cording to  this  principle,  when  we  wish  a  prolongment  of  a  stem  or 


PACKING,    PRUNING,   PROTECTION,   ETC.  35 

branch,  we  should  prune  to  a  vigorous  wood-bud,  and  leave  no  pro- 
duction that  can  interfere  with  the  action  of  the  sap  on  it. 

4.  "  The  more  the  sap  is  obstructed  in  its  circulation,  the  more 
likely  it  will  be  to  produce  fruit  buds.     This  principle  is  founded  on 
a  fact  to  which  we  have  already  had  occasion  to  refer,  viz. — that  the 
sap  circulating  slowly  is  subjected  to  a  more  complete  elaboration 
in  the  tissues  of  the  tree,  and  becomes  better  adapted  to  the  forma- 
tion of  fruit  buds. 

"  This  principle  can  be  applied  to  produce  the  following  result : 
when  we  wish  to  produce  fruit  buds  on  a  branch,  we  prevent  a  free 
circulation  of  the  sap  by  bending  the  branches,  or  by  making  annular 
or  circular  incisionsNon  it ;  and  on  the  contrary,  when  we  wish  to 
change  a  fruit  branch  into  a  wood  branch,  we  give  it  a  vertical  posi- 
tion, or  prune  it  to  two  or  three  buds,  on  which  we  concentrate 
the  action  of  the  sap  and  thus  induce  their  vigorous  development. 

5.  "  The  leaves  serve  to  prepare  the  sap  absorbed  by  the  roots  for 
the  nourishment  of  the  tree,  and  aid  the  formation  of  buds  on  the 
shoots.      All   trees,   therefore,  deprived  of  their  leaves  are  liable  to 
perish.     This  principle  shows  how  dangerous  it  is  to  remove  a  large 
quantity  of  leaves  from  trees,  under  the  pretext  of  aiding  the  growth 
or  ripening  of  fruits,  for  the  leaves  are  the  nourishing  organs,  and 
the  trees  deprived  of  them  cannot  continue  to  grow,  neither  can  the 
fruit ;    and   the   branches   so  stripped  will  have  feeble,  ill-formed 
buds,  which  will,  the  following  year,  produce  a  weak   and  sickly 
growth. 

6.  "  Where  the  buds  of  any  shoot  or  branch  do  not  develop  before 
the  age  of  two  years,  they  can  only  be  forced  into  activity  by  a  very 
close  pruning,  and  in  some  cases,  as  the  peach,  this  even  will  often  fail. 
This  last  principle  shows  the  importance  of  pruning  the  main  branches 
of  espaliers  particularly,  so  as  to  ensure  the  development  of  the 
buds  of  their  successive  sections,  and  to  preserve  well  the  side  shoots 
thus  produced,  for  without  this,  the  interior  of  the  tree  will  become 
naked  and  unproductive,  and  a  remedy  will  be  very  difficult." 

"  If  these  principles  and  practices  of  pruning  be  carefully  studied 
in  connection  with  the  habits  of  growth  and  bearing  of  the  different 
fruit  trees,  pruning  will  be  comparatively  an  easy  matter.  The 
mode  of  obtaining  any  particular  form  or  character  cannot  fail  to  be 
perfectly  plain  and  simple  ;  yet  no  one  need  hope  to  accomplish,  in 
all  things,  the  precise  results  aimed  at,  for  even  the  most  skilful 
operator  is  sometimes  disappointed ;  but  those  who  give  constant 
attention  to  their  trees,  will  always  discover  a  failure  in  time  to 
apply  a  remedy." 

Training.  We  give  the  accompanying  fig.  22.  taken  from 
"  London's  Encyclopaedia  of  Gardening"  merely  as  illustrative  of 
the  varied  modes  of  training  trees  in  England.  Our  more  favored 


36 


TRANSPLANTING  TREES. 


land  requiring  no  such  practice  to  enable  trees  to  produce  abundantly  ; 
the  forms  are  only  seen  in  some  small  gardens,  or  when  the  useful 
and  ornamental  are  attempted  to  be  combined,  in  training  a  tree  to 
hide  some  out-building  or  unsightly  prospect.  As  the  foregoing 
principles  are  sufficient,  connected  with  the  illustration,  to  enable 
almost  any  one  to  practice,  we  add  only  the  terms  by  which  each 
form  is  known  ;  a,  the  herring-bone  fan  ;  6,  the  irregular  fan ;  c,  the 
stellate  fan ;  d,  the  drooping  fan ;  e,  the  wavy  fan  ;  /,  the  horizontal ; 
ff,  the  horizontal  with  screw  stem ;  h,  the  vertical  with  screw  or 
wavy  shoots  ;  t,  same  with  upright  shoots. 


A 

Fig.    22. 

Labels.  For  nursery  rows,  the  best  are  stakes  of  red  cedar  or 
pine  about  eighteen  inches  long,  and  four  wide,  having  one  side 
smooth,  painted  with  white  paint,  or  even  oiled,  and  written  on  with 
a  soft  lead  pencil,  and  driven  down  one  foot  into  the  ground,  at  the 
commencement  of  each  variety. 

For  standard  trees,  slips  of  wood  three  inches  long  and  half 
an  inch  wide,  and  either  painted  and  written  on  as  above — or, 
having  the  name  burned  in  with  iron  type,  which  is  better,  then 
secured  to  a  side  branch  by  strong  copper  wire  ;  are  those  most  in 
use.  Labels  are  also  made  of  sheet  zinc,  written  upon  with  a  mix- 
ture of  two  parts  (by  weight)  of  verdigris,  two  of  sal-ammoniac, 
one  of  lamp-black,  and  thirty  of  water.  The  ingredients  are  to  be 
mixed  in  a  mortar  with  a  small  portion  of  water  at  first,  and  the 
whole  added  afterwards.  Preserve  the  mixture  in  a  well  corked 
bottle,  shaking  it  repeatedly  at  first,  and  keep  the  cork  downwards 
to  prevent  the  escape  of  ammonia,  and  it  will  remain  fit  for  use  for 
years. 

If  the  pieces  of  zinc  are  suspended  by  copper  wire  it  should  be 
firmly  twisted  round  the  zinc  so  as  not  to  remain  loose,  or  else  the 


PACKING,   PRUNING,    PROTECTION,   ETC.  37 

constant  motion  from  wind,  will  soon  wear  off  the  wire.  The  wire 
should  be  nearly  as  large  as  a  small  knitting-needle,  to  prevent 
cracking  off  by  long  use.  The  loop  should  be  large,  and  pass  round 
a  side-shoot,  instead  of  a  main  branch  to  prevent  the  danger  of 
cutting  in  by  the  growth  of  the  tree ;  and  should  be  attached  below 
a  small  fork,  to  prevent  its  blowing  off  the  end  of  the  branch. 

The  wire  may  be  wholly  dispensed  with  by  the  following  con- 
trivance :  cut  the  zinc  into  long  triangular  strips,  half  an  inch  wide 
and  six  to  ten  inches  long.  Draw  the  narrow  or  slender  end  round 
the  twig,  bring  it  through  a  hole  punched  mid- way  between  the  ends, 
and  clinch  or  twist  it  with  the  fingers  or  a  small  pair  of  pincers. 
These  labels  may  be  punched  by  a  tinman  at  a  cheap  rate. 

Sheet  tin  may  be  used  instead  of  zinc,  using  a  sharp  awl  to  write 
the  name,  and  being  particular  to  cut  through  the  tin  coating. 
Oxidation  soon  renders  the  letters  distinct. 

Protection.  It  often  happens  that  young  orchard  trees  are  injured 
by  sheep  and  rabbits.  A  simple  method  for  protection,  is  to  take 
three  strips  of  common  lath,  set  them  up  around  the  tree,  and  with 
strong  wire  secure  them  one  to  another.  If  closely  placed,  they  will 
also  serve  to  protect  in  a  great  measure  from  mice  ;  but  for  protec- 
tion from  the  latter,  strong  "hardware  paper"  as  it  is  termed, 
secured  around  the  tree  by  fine  wire,  and  coated  with  coal  tar 
is  best. 

The  form  of  young  trees  most  desirable  to  be  obtained  for  planting, 
are  those  so  grown  as  to  present  a  regular  tapering  form  of  stem 
from  the  root  to  the  terminal  bud.  This  is  only  obtained  by  per- 
mitting the  side  branches  to  grow,  and  be  regularly  shortened  in  in 
the  nursery,  so  that  not  only  the  stem  but  the  whole  tree  presents 
the  form  of  a  pyramid.  One  tree  so  grown,  is  worth  more  to  the 
planter,  than  ten  grown  with  long  slender  stems  of  uniform  size  six 
or  seven  feet  high.  A  tree  rightly  (or  as  first  described),  grown, 
will  have  double  the  quantity  of  roots,  and  when  removed  will  need 
no  staking,  while  the  latter  will  require  staking  four  or  five  years, 
and  then  never  make  a  fine  tree. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

DEGENERACY    OF   VARIETIES LIMITED    AGE,    ETC. INFLUENCE    OF 

SOILS — CLIMATE — STOCKS . 

THE  theory  of  degeneracy  of  varieties  at  certain  periods  of  exist- 
ence in  the  parent-tree,  once  had  strong  supporters ;  but  we  have 
never  been  able  to  reconcile  it  with  any  known  laws  existent  in 
vegetable  life,  beyond  theory.  That  all  cuttings  taken  from  a  seed- 
ling plant,  no  matter  how  propagated,  are  but  the  continuation  of  a 
single  plant,  having  existence  in  a  healthy  state  only  so  long  as  the 
original  exists  in  vigor  and  health,  although  advocated,  and  with  con- 
siderable of  reason  to  support,  is  a  proposition  we  cannot  accede  to. 
Not  only  is  this  adduced  as  correct,  but  also  that  no  variety  can  be 
procured  of  a  healthy  origin  except  grown  on  the  principle  of  Van 
Mons,  from  seed  of  a  wildling.  The  failure  of  varieties  to  produce 
fruit  on  trees  of  advanced  age,  and  without  care,  of  size  equal  to  its 
first  appearance  when  the  trees  were  young,  is  often  cited  as  evi- 
dence of  the  "  running  out  "  of  that  variety  ;  those  so  citing  seeming 
not  to  know,  that  fruit  is  being  produced  elsewhere  on  younger  trees, 
under  good  treatment,  fully  equal  or  surpassing  the  original.  All 
seedlings  are  not  equally  vigorous  and  healthy,  whether  grown  from 
a  wildling  or  cultivated  variety;  and  varieties  are  undoubtedly 
under  propagation  unhealthy ;  but  that  they  are  more  so  on  account 
of  the  term  of  years  they  have  been  continued,  admits  of  doubt. 
That  every  tree  has  its  natural  limit  of  life,  and  this  natural  limit 
shortened  or  lengthened  as  the  tree  is  over  stimulated  or  evenly 
treated,  we  do  not  question  ;  but  that  every  bud  taken  from  a  tree, 
propagated  in  various  sections  of  soil  and  climate,  on  seedling  stocks, 
or  otherwise,  must  decay  at  or  near  the  time  of  the  original  tree,  is 
a  point  of  belief  to  which  we  have  not  yet  arrived.  The  white 
Doyenne  Pear,  the  Pennock  Apple,  the  Golden  Pippin,  have  all 
been  cited  as  evidence  to  sustain  the  theory,  and  yet  we  have  grown 
all  in  as  perfect  state  as  could  be  desired  by  the  most  critical. 

The  influence  of  soils  on  both  tree  and  fruit  is  now  too  well 
known  among  horticulturists,  and  the  exhaustion  thereof  too  often, 
unwittingly,  accepted  to  support  the  theory  of  exhaustion  of  vari 
eties.  We  have  repeatedly  written  that,  at  no  very  distant  day, 
will  it  be  requisite  for  the  orchardist  to  fully  understand  the  nature 
of  soil  requisite  for  each  distinct  variety.  We  do  not  believe  a  fruit 
originating  in  soil  abundantly  supplied  with  lime  will  preserve 


FKUIT  ROOM  FOB  KEEPING.  39 

the  same  character  and  quality  when  grown  in  one  utterly  devoid 
of  that  material.  Analysis  has  shown  us  somewhat  of  this,  while 
practical  experience  is  teaching  it  yearly,  in  the  evidence  of  rot,  &c., 
exhibited  in  varieties  grown  on  trees  long  unsupplied  with  aught 
but  the  natural  ingredients  of  the  soil.  As  under  the  head  of  each 
variety  of  fruit  we  give  the  analysis  belonging  thereto,  we  shall  not 
extend  remarks  here  on  a  subject  too  well  understood  and  accepted 
to  require  argument  in  its  support.  The  influence  of  climate  on 
varieties  has,  we  think,  only  this  effect,  viz. :  to  create  more  or  less 
rapid  growth  of  both  tree  and  fruit  as  we  go  north  or  south,  causing 
in  the  tree  a  coarser,  more  spongy,  soft  wood,  and  more  subject  to 
injury  from  sudden  changes  of  atmosphere,  when  grown  south ;  and 
in  the  fruit,  greater  size,  more  open  and  coarser  texture  of  flesh,  and 
corresponding  depreciation  in  flavor,  with  earlier  maturity  in  apple 
and  pear  ;  but  in  the  peach,  apricot,  and  nectarine,  additional  charac- 
ter and  sweetness,  as  the  juices  are  more  elaborated. 

The  influence  of  Stocks  on  varieties  seems  one  not  easily  ex- 
plained; for  while  all  know  that  to  propagate  a  strong  growing 
variety  upon  a  slow  growing  stock  has  a  tendency  at  once  to 
reduce  its  growth  of  wood  and  create  a  producing  habit ;  and  vice 
versa,  when  a  slow  grower  is  placed  on  one  of  vigorous  habit.  Yet 
the  reason  why  a  fruit  is  better  or  worse  in  quality  when  grown  on 
varied  stocks  and  subject  to  like  soil,  has  not  been  explained.  Seed- 
ling stocks,  as  most  used  by  nursery-men,  are  not  all  alike  vigorous 
or  hardy  ;  hence  the  apparent  difference  in  trees  propagated  on 
them  and  removed  to  various  locations.  Under  each  general  head 
of  varieties  of  fruits,  we  give  such  information  as  we  have  been  ena- 
bled to  gain  of  the  adaptation  of  certain  stocks  to  the  variety,  and 
refer  thereto  for  further  remark. 


CHAPTER    V. 

GATHERING    FRUIT TIME    WHEN FRUIT-ROOM    FOR    KEEPING    AND 

RIPENING. 

'     J .  •  * 

THE  gathering  of  hardy  fruits,  such  as  apples,  pears,  quinces, 
grapes,  etc.,  should  be  performed  in  the  middle  of  a  dry  day,  not  in 
the  morning  before  the  dew  is  evaporated,  nor  in  evening  when  it  is 
depositing;  neither  should  they  be  gathered  immediately  after  a 


40  GATHERING  FRUIT. 

rain.  All  fruits  should  be  left  until  the  full  size  is  acquired ;  but 
under  our  clear  sun,  most  varieties  of  pears  are  improved  if  they 
are  gathered  and  permitted  to  mature  their  juices  in  the  house.  If 
on  raising  the  fruit  level  with  the  foot-stalk  it 
separates,  it  may  be  accounted  ripe ;  or,  if  one  be 
cut  open,  and  the  seeds  found  well  colored  brown 
or  blackish,  it  is  time  to  pull  them.  Gathering 
with  "  fruit  gatherers  "  is  esteemed  most  perfect, 
but  if  we  could  induce  all  our  orchard  farmers 
to  gather  by  the  hand,  we  should  consider  we  had 
accomplished  very  much.  Step-ladders,  as  seen 
in  fig.  23,  are  used  to  facilitate  the  operation. 

The  delicate  thin-skinned  varieties  of  winter 
apples  should  be  gathered  some  ten  days  earlier 
than  the  thick-skinned  varieties,  if  it  is  intended 
Fig.  23.  to  have  them  keep  well. 

Of  the  quality  of  pears  being  varied  by  the  process  of  ripening, 
much  has  been  said,  and  often  with  good  reason  and  truth. 

The  following  description  of  a  fruit  room,  is  from  a  foreign  jour- 
nal, and  regarded  as  valuable.  Hon.  M.  P.  Wilder,  of  Boston,  has 
a  house  built  after  this  manner,  except,  that  in  place  of  the  cavity 
between  the  inner  and  the  outer  walls,  the  space  is  filled  with  char- 
coal, as  a  non-conductor,  and  deemed  an  improvement,  in  that  it 
produces  a  cooler  temperature  in  Summer. 

"  Experience  has  shown  that  fruit  will  not  keep  well  on  the  tree, 
after  the  latter  has  ceased  to  grow ;  nor  will  its  flavor  be  so  good, 
because  the  stoppage  of  vegetation  implies  a  corresponding  fall  of  the 
temperature ;  consequently,  the  elaboration  of  the  fluid  in  their  tis- 
sues cannot  be  effected.  On  the  contrary,  we  commonly  see  fruit 
become  shrivelled  and  dry,  if  gathered  too  soon.  Hence,  the  neces- 
sity of  gathering  fruit  at  two  different  periods  from  one  and  the 
same  tree.  First  from  the  lower  half  of  the  tree,  where  vegetation 
ceases  first,  and  eight  or  ten  days  later  from  the  upper  half,  or  ex- 
tremities of  the  tree.  For  this  reason,  fruits  are  sooner  fit  for  gath- 
ering from  espalier  trees  than  from  standards ;  and  likewise,  sooner 
from  old  trees  than  from  young  and  luxuriant  ones.  The  best  guide 
for  ascertaining  whether  they  are  fit  for  gathering,  is  their  easy  part- 
ing from  the  tree.  The  different  kinds  of  nuts,  walnuts,  chestnuts, 
etc.,  are  better  in  flavor,  and  preserve  best,  if  left  on  the  tree  until  they 
drop  of  themselves.  Grapes,  destined  for  either  immediate  consump- 
tion, or  to  be  preserved,  must  first  have  attained  complete  maturity. 
The  longer  grapes  are  allowed  to  hang,  the  more  their  saccha- 
rine properties  will  be  enriched.  In  localities  where  grapes  ripen  in 
the  open  air,  they  should  be  kept  from  those  ripened  in  houses  or 
on  espaliers.  In  storing  fruit,  fine  dry  weather  should  be  chosen, 
as  Jien  it  is  charged  with  less  humidity,  consequently,  in  the  best 


FRUIT  ROOM   FOR   KEEPING. 


condition  for  being  laid  on  the  shelves  of  the  fruit  room.  The  best 
method  of  gathering  fruit  is  to  pluck  it  off  singly  with  the  hand,  care 
being  taken  not  to  cause  the  least  pressure,  which  would  produce  a 
brown  speck,  and,  ultimately,  decomposition.  Various  contrivances 
have  been  introduced  for  the  purpose  of  gathering  fruit  without  the 
aid  of  a  ladder ;  but  practically,  they  require  too  much  time,  and 
therefore,  a  common  ladder  is,  perhaps,  the  most  convenient  after  all. 
Long,  shallow  and  wide  cross-handled  baskets,  having  a  piece  of  car- 
pet at  the  bottom,  are  in  general  use  about  Montreuil.  In  these 
baskets  the  fruit  is  placed  in  layers — three  layers — separated  by 
leaves,  being  the  usual  contents  of  each  basket,  which,  as  they  are 
filled,  are  carried  gently  to  the  fruit  room  on  the  head.  The  fruit, 
we  shall  now  suppose,  having  been  gathered  with  due  care  and  at  the 
proper  time,  the  first  condition  necessary  to  preserve  it  during  the 
winter,  is  perfect  immunity  from  frost.  The  process  of  ripening 
should  also  be  promoted  or  retarded,  according  to  circumstances,  so 
as  to  have  only  a  certain  number  ready  for  dessert  at  one  time,  thus 
keeping  up  a  succession  from  the  time  they  are  gathered  till  the 
succeeding  year's  fruit  come  in.  For  this  purpose,  the  fruit  room 
should  have  the  temperature  uniform  and  equal ;  for  frequent  change 
of  temperature  absorbs  the  fluids,  and  fermentation  soon  follows. 
The  temperature  should  be  from  46  to  48  deg.  Fahr.  A  higher 
temperature  would  accelerate  the  process  of  ripening  too  much,  and 
a  lower  would  retard  it.  If  fruit  is  placed  in  a  room  or  cellar  where 
the  temperature  is  very  low — say  an  ice-house — it  will  keep  a  long 
time,  if  not  destroyed  by  moisture ;  but,  before  it  is  wanted  for 
dessert,  it  should  be  exposed  for  some  time  in  a  higher  temperature 
to  attain  complete  maturity.  Light  is  found  unfavorable  to  the 
keeping  of  fruit,  and  therefore,  it  should  be  excluded.  The  atmos- 
phere should  be  kept 
rather  dry  than  humid, 
and  the  fruit  should  be 
placed  separately,  so  as 
not  to  touch  one  another. 
We  would  select  a 
northern  aspect,  and  dry 
place,  sheltered  if  pos- 
sible, by  high  evergreen 
trees,  fer  the  purpose 
of  building  the  fruit 
room;  the  quantity  of 
fruit  to  be  preserved 
must  determine  its  di- 
mension. The  annexed 
plan  is  fifteen  feet  long 
bv  twelve  feet  wide,  and 


Ground  Plan  of  a  Fruit  Room. 


GATHERING  FRUIT. 


nine  feet  high  (inside  measure).  In  a  room  of  this  size,  8,000  fruit 
can  be  conveniently  preserved.  It  is  surrounded  by  two  walls  (fig. 
24,  a  and  b).  A  body  of  air  is  interposed  between  the  two  walls, 
at  c,  and  wrhich  serves  to  keep  the  interior  from  exterior  atmospheric 
influence.  The  walls  are  one  foot  and  a  half  thick,  and  are  built 
of  wood,  clay,  and  straw,  which  on  account  of  being  bad  conductors, 
are  preferable  to  common  masonry.  The  ground  (or  floor),  both 
in  the  interior,  and  at  c,  are  made  of  the  same  material  as  the 
walls.  The  entrance  door  is  at  the  north  side.  In  the  exterior  wall  is  a 
double  door,  c?,  one  to  open  at  the  outside,  and  the  other  in  the  in- 
side. The  door  e,  which  is  a  single  one,  opens  direct  into  the  fruit 
room,  and  in  severe  weather,  it  is  filled  up  with  straw.  Four  wooden 
shutters,  /,  two  in  the  interior,  and  two  at  the  exterior  wall,  are 
placed  four  feet  off  the  ground,  and  level,  for  the  purpose  of  clean- 
ing and  airing  the  fruit  room,  before  fruit  is  put  into  it.  The  ceil- 
ing is  composed  of  a  layer  of  moss,  maintained  and  covered  with 
laths  ;  the  outside  is  thatched,  projecting  beyond  the  exterior  wall. 
In^the  interior,  benches,  or  shelves,  (Jig. 
25,)  from  the  bottom  up  to  the  ceilings, 
are  placed  a  foot  above  one  another.  To 
facilitate  the  inspection  of  the  fruit,  the 
shelves  above  four  feet  from  the  ground 
are  placed  at  an  angle  of  45  deg.,  a,  in 
the  form  of  a  stage ;  the  lower  ones  are 
fixed  horizontally,  b.  To  ensure  the 
circulation  of  air  between  the  shelves, 
they  are  divided^  in  five  parts,  and  a 
space  of  an  inch  left  between  each  of 
Fig.  25.  Section  showing  the  arrange-  them ;  those  in  front,  c,  are  provided  with 
aledgeboard.  The  centre  of  the  fruit  room 

is  reserved  for  a  table  (fig.  24),  of  about  six  feet  long  by  three  feet 
broad,  for  the  purpose  of  receiving  the  fruit  previously  to  being  ar- 
ranged upon  the  shelves.  Such,  then,  is  the  mode  of  constructing  a 
fruit  room,  by  the  aid  of  which  we  are  enabled  to  furnish  the  table 
with  an  equal  quantity  of  dessert  fruit  every  day  throughout  the 
year.  When  the  fruit  is  brought  into  the  fruit  room,  they  are  at 
first  placed  upon  the  central  table,  which  is  provided  with  a  quantity 
of  dry  moss  or  cotton ;  and  after  having  been  sorted,  all  the  bruised 
ones  are  removed ;  the  sound  ones  are  left  for  three  or  four  days, 
to  throw  off  the  superabundant  moisture ;  when  this  has  been  effected, 
the  shelves  are  covered  with  a  thin  layer  of  perfectly  dry  moss  or 
cotton.  The  fruit  are  wiped  with  a  piece  of  flannel,  and  placed  one 
by  one  upon  the  shelves,  not  touching  one  another.  Grapes  can, 
also,  be  preserved  for  a  length  of  time  in  this  place,  having  been 
gathered  as  described  above,  and  taken  to  the  fruit  room.  Every 
branch  is  examined,  and  the  injured  berries  cut  out  carefully  with  a 


FRUIT-ROOM   FOR  KEEPING. 


Fig.  26.    Method  of  sus- 
pending clusters  of 
Grapes. 


pair  of  scissors,  and 
fixed  the  reverse  way 
to  a  metalic  hook,  of 
the  form  of  an  S,  (fig. 
26.)  Attached  thus, 
they  are  less  likely  to 
rot,  because  the  ber- 
ries are  placed  in  a 
freer  position,  and  do 
not  touch  each  other. 
They  are  hooked  to 
one  or  two  hoops,  as 
shown  at  fig.  27,  and 
suspended  with  a  cord 


Fig.  27.     Movable  frame  for  sus- 
pending the  Grapes. 


cord  to  the  ceiling,  and  made  movable  with  two 
pulleys.  Having  thus  all  the  fruit  disposed  in  the  fruit  room,  the 
doors  and  shutters  are  opened  during  eight  or  ten  days,  to  deprive 
the  fruit  of  the  superabundant  moisture ;  and  after  this  has  been 
done,  a  fine  dry  day  is  chosen  to  close  the  fruit  room  hermetically. 
The  doors  are  no  more  opened,  except  for  the  work  necessary  to  be 
done  in  the  interior.  Until  now,  no  other  mode  was  known  of  dry- 
ing-up  superabundant  moisture  in  fruit  rooms  during  winter,  except 
by  permitting  a  greater  or  less  current  of  air  to  pass  through  the 
apartment.  The  inconveniences  this  plan  presents  are  obvious ;  the 
ulterior  temperature  will  change  according  to  the  exterior;  and,  bad 
as  this  plan  is,  if  the  thermometer  stands  under  freezing  point,  no 
use  can  be  made  of  it  at  all ;  hence,  the  fruit  must  be  abandoned  to 
chance,  and  disappointment  will  soon  follow.  In  this  case  we  recom- 
mend the  use  of  chlorine  of  calcium.  This  substance  has  the  prop- 
erty of  absorbing  about  double  its  own  weight  of  moisture,  when  it 
becomes  liquid  after  being  exposed  for  a  certain  length  of  time  to  a 
humid  atmosphere,  produced  by  the  moisture  emitted  by  the  fruit. 
It  is  thus  suited  to  maintain  the  atmosphere  in  the  best  condition. 
To  use  chlorine  of  calcium,  a  wooden 
box  is  made  (fig.  28,  a,)  one  foot  and  a 
half  square  by  three  inches  deep,  and 
placed  upon  a  table  6,  which  is  at  the 
side,  c,  an  inch  lower  than  on  the  other. 
The  chlorine  of  calcium,  after  having 
absorbed  a  certain  quantity  of  moisture, 
becomes  liquefied,  and  runs  into  the 
earthenware  vase,  c?,  placed  underneath 
for  the  purpose.  Should  the  chlorine 
become  dissolved  before  the  total  con- 
sumption of  the  fruits,  the  dose  must  be 
renewed ;  in  which  case,  the  liquid  in  the  vase,  if  put  in  a  pan,  and 


Fig.  28.    Box  for  using  the  Chlorine 
of  Calcium. 


44  GATHERING  FRUIT. 

placed  above  the  fire,  becomes  again  chlorine  of  calcium,  and  as  good 
for  use  as  before. 

Fruit  in  Cellars. — "A  great  deal  of  winter  fruit  suffers  early  decay, 
hi  consequence  of  a  deficiency  of  ventilation,  especially  during  autumn, 
and  after  the  fruit  is  deposited.  Another  cause  of  decay,  is  the  im- 
proper location  of  the  shelves  or  bins,  which  are  placed  against  or 
around  the  walls.  By  this  inconvenient  arrangement,  the  assorting  of 
decayed  specimens  must  be  done  all  from  one  side,  and  the  shelves 
must  hence  be  very  narrow,  or  the  operator  must  stretch  himself  in  a 
most  irksome  horizontal  position.  The  circulation  of  the  air  is,  at 
the  same  time,  greatly  impeded  by  the  want  of  space  next  the  walls. 
To  avoid  these  evils,  the  shelves  should  be  in  the  centre,  with  a  pas- 
sa'ge  all  round.  This  allows  circulation  of  air  ;  and  the  shelves  may 
be  twice  the  width,  with  the  same  conveniences  in  assorting  or 
picking.  If  suspended  from  the  joists  above,  on  stiff  bars,  rats  can- 
not reach  them.  It  is  said,  that  the  Germans  are  very  successful  in 
the  ventilation  of  their  cellars,  by  a  communication  with  the  princi- 
pal chimney,  the  heated  air  in  which  necessarily  maintains  a  cur- 
rent, which  sweeps  out  the  noxious  and  stagnant  gases  from  the 
vegetable  and  other  contents." 


THE    ALMOND. 

Amygdalus  communis — Dec.  Rosacea  of  Botanists. 

THE  almond  tree  is  a  native  of  the  north  of  Africa ;  of  the  moun- 
tains of  Asia ;  and,  of  Russia.  Linnaeus  places  it  in  the  same  genus 
with  the  peach  and  nectarine,  and  many  botanists  regard  it  as  the 
parent  of  both.  The  fruit  of  almond,  peach,  and  nectarine,  it  is 
said,  have  been  found  growing  naturally  upon  the  same  branch. 
How  true  this  may  have  been,  when  so  recorded,  we  do  not  know, 
but  we  do  know,  that  nature  produces  no  such  variations  in  the 
present  age.  The  tree  bears  a  general  resemblance  to  the  nectarine, 
but  is  easily  distinguished  by  its  more  glossy  leaves,  and  the  pecul- 
iar color  and  hardness  of  the  wood.  The  flowers  resemble  those 
of  the  peach,  but  are  larger  than  most  varieties,  and  produced  in 
greater  profusion. ,  It  is  a  fruit  which  has  been  too  much  neglected, 
and  especially  in  our  south-western  States,  where  it  should  be  grown 
in  such  quantities,  as  to  entirely  exclude  importation  from  Europe. 

Propagation.  Easily  grown  from  seed,  which  should  be  placed  in 
sand,  kept  moist  during  winter,  cracked  in  spring,  and  sown  in  drills 
three  feet  wide,  and  one  pit  every  eight  inches  in  the  drill,  covered 
two  inches  deep.  Varieties  are  continued  by  budding  on  the  wild 
plum  (which  is  best)  the  peach  and  almond.  In  light  soils,  the 
peach  answers  a  very  good  purpose,  but  for  strong,  rich  soils,  the 
plum  is  best. 

Soil,  Hardihood,  arid  Cultivation.  The  soil  should  be  well 
drained ;  but  in  our  clear,  sunny  clime,  a  warm,  sandy  soil  is  not 
essential.  The  long,  hard  shell  variety  is  hardy,  and  productive 
in  the  middle,  and  portions  of  the  northern  States ;  while  South,  the 
soft  shell,  or  ladies'  almond,  is  grown  without  difficulty.  The 
cultivation  needed  is  same  as  that  of  the  peach. 

Uses.  The  kernel  of  the  sweet  almond  is  esteemed  as  an  article 
of  food,  and  used  in  confectionery,  cookery,  and  perfumery.  Bitter 
almonds  are  used  in  medicine,  furnishing  somewhat  of  the  prussic 
acid  of  the  shops. 


46  THE  ALMOND. 

VARIETIES. 

CLASS  I.      Varieties  worthy  cultivation. 

LONG  HARD  SHELL. 

Long  Hard  Shell  Almond,     |     Amandier  a  gros  fruit,     |     Amandier  a  gros  fruit  doux. 

Flowers,  large,  pale  rose  color,  opening  before  the  leaves  ;  stone, 
about  as  large  as  the  soft  shell,  but  the  kernel  larger  and  plumper ; 
very  hardy ;  ripens  about  last  September. 

LANGUEDOC. 

Great-fruited  sweet,      |     Great  Soft  Shell,      |     Large  Persian 

The  trees  are  hardy,  but  its  fruiting  qualities  we  do  not  know 
It  is  said  to  be  very  large  and  sweet. 

SOFT  SHELL  SWEET. 

Soft  Shell  Sweet  Almond,  I  Ladies'  Thin  Shell, 

Doux  a  coque  tendre,  Sultan  a  coque  tendre, 

Amandier  a  coque  tendre,  Amandier  des  Dames, 

Ou  Amande  Princesse. 

This  is  the  variety  common  in  the  shops  of  the  confectioners,  wtih 
a  shell  so  thin  as  to  be  easily  crushed  between  the  fingers ;  and 
the  kernel  of  which  is  so  generally  esteemed  at  the  dessert.  The 
flowers  open  at  same  time  with  the  leaves,  and  are  deeply  tinged 
with  red.  Fruit,  oval,  compressed ;  nut,  oval-pointed,  one-sided, 
tender  shell ;  kernel,  sweet ;  ripens  in  August,  or  in  July  at  the 
South,  where  it  is  only  adapted. 

CLASS  III.      Varieties  unworthy  Cultare. 
COMMON  ALMOND. 

Common  Sweet,      |     Amandier  a  petit  Fruit,      |     Amande  Commune. 

A  variety  usually  found  in  nurseries,  inferior  to  the  Long  Hard  Shell  • 
SULTANA  SWEET  ALMOND. 

Amande  Sultane,      |     Sultan. 

A  tender-shelled  variety,  inferior  to  the  Soft  Shelled  Sweet. 
PISTACHIA  SWEET. 

Amande  Pistache. 

Small,  pointed,  inferior  fruit. 

PEACH  ALMOND.  « 

Pecher,  |     Amandier  Pecher. 

A  cross  between  the  Peach  and  Almond.    Nearly  sweet — often  bitter. 

BITTER  ALMOND. 
Differing  from  the  common  Almond  in  its  bitter  kernel. 


THE    APRICOT. 

Armeniaca  vulgaris — Dec.   Rosacce  of  Botanists. 

THE  common  apricot  is  a  fruit  tree  in  occasional,  but  not  general 
cultivation.  It  is  of  olden  date,  having  been  mentioned  by  Colu- 
mella,  and,  afterward,  by  Pliny  and  Dioscorides.  The  latter  describes 
it  as  known  in  Italy  under  the  name  prcecoci'i ;  while  the  former 
mentions,  that  it  was  introduced  into  that  jountry  about  the  six- 
teenth year  of  the  Christian  era.  Thunberg  describes  it  as  abound- 
ing in  Japan,  and  attaining  the  size  of  a  large  spreading  tree.  "  The 
Chinese,"  says  Grossier,  "  have  many  varieties,  which  they  cultivate 
both  for  ornament  and  use."  The  barren  mountains  west  of  Pekin, 
are  described  by  the  same  author,  as  being  covered  with  these  trees. 
And  Professor  Pallas  states  it  to  be  "  a  native  of  almost  the  whole 
range  of  the  Caucasus."  It  is,  also,  stated  to  be  from  Armenia  and 
Arabia,  and  its  name,  derived  from  the  Arabic,  berkoche,  whence  the 
Tuscan,  bacoche  or  albicocco,  and  the  English,  apricock,  and,  finally, 
apricot,  about  the  end  of  the  last  century.  Coxe,  in  his  work,  pub- 
lished in  1817,  says  of  the  apricot,  "  This  fruit  is  extremely  tender, 
in  our  severe  winters  in  exposed  or  open  situations,  unprotected  by 
a  wall."  And  similar  statements  have  been  made  by  writers,  from 
time  to  time,  until,  on  account  of  this  erroneous  impression,  of  late 
.  years,  its  cultivation  has  been  too  much  neglected.  It  is  not  more 
tender  as  a  tree  than  our  sweet  cherries ;  and,  contrary  to  general 
statements,  they  do  not  require  sheltered  southern  positions ;  for  in 
climates  like  ours,  such  situations  are  the  most  objectionable,  tend- 
ing suddenly  to  excite  or  check  the  circulation  of  sap,  expanding  and 
breaking  the  tissue  of  liber,  often  destroying  the  tree  in  an  hour, 
during  the  months  of  February  or  March,  although  not,  perhaps, 
apparent,  until  the  flow  of  sap  commences  returning  toward  the  root, 
in  June  or  July  following.  Northern  or  eastern  exposures  are  best, 
but,  in  southern  or  western  positions,  shielding  the  bodies  and  lower 
limbs  with  cotton  cloth  dipped  in  whitewash,  will  often  act  as  a 
preventive.  The  trees  should  be  shortened-in  "  freely,  as  with  the 
peach ;  and  standards  should  always  be  grown  more  in  manner  of 
round-headed  dwarfs,  than  otherwise ;  for  if  so  grown,  injury  to  the 
fruit  from  late  spring  frosts,  can  often  be  prevented,  by  covering 
them  with  a  cloth. 

Propagation.      The  apricot  is  generally  propagated  by  budding 


48  THE  APRICOT. 

on  the  plum.  The  small,  yellow  wild  plum  of  our  Western  States 
makes  one  of  the  best  stocks  for  it.  Some  use  the  peach,  which 
answers  very  well  on  light,  sandy  soils,  but  generally  gives  too 
much  tendency  to  wood  growth  rather  than  producing  fruit.  The 
seeds  grow  readily,  and  pits  from  isolated  trees  often  produce  very 
good  sorts  ;  few,  however,  ever  get  into  notice,  from  not  surpassing 
the  parent  in  size,  although  often  proving  more  hardy  and  produc- 
tive. Budding  into  the  limbs  of  a  standard  peach,  or  plum-tree,  has 
been  thought  to  add  hardihood  to  the  apricot. 

Soil  and  Diseases.  Deep,  strong,  loamy,  but  not  wet  soils,  are 
best  adapted  to  successful  fruiting  the  apricot ;  although  they  are 
often  grown  readily  and  beautifully  on  light  sand.  In  the  latter 
case,  however,  it  requires  mulching  or  free  watering,  otherwise  the 
tree  ripens  its  wood  and  drops  its  fruit  before  fully  matured. 

The  diseases  belonging  to  the  apricot  as  a  tree  are  only  the  result 
of  exposure,  as  stated  previously;  but  the  fruit  is  a  favorite  of  the 
curculio,  and  frequently  destroyed  ere  half  grown.  Trees  trained 
against  buildings  and  near  walks  are  often  exempt  from  attacks  of 
this  insect. 

Uses.  "  A  very  handsome  and  delicious  dessert  fruit,  only  inferior 
to  the  peach,  ripening  about  midsummer,  after  cherries  and  before 
plums,  at  a  season  when  it  is  peculiarly  acceptable.  For  preserving 
in  sugar  or  brandy,  for  jellies  or  pastries,  it  is  highly  esteemed,  and, 
where  it  is  abundant,  an  admirable  liquor  is  made  from  the  fruit ; 
it  is  also  dried  for  winter  use."  It  is  also  used,  when  partially  grown, 
in  the  preparation  of  tarts. 

VARIETIES. 

CLASS  I.     Worthy  General  Cultivation. 
BREDA. 

Amande  Aveline,     I     Ananas, 
DeHollande,  |      Persique, 

Hasselnussmandel . 

This  old  variety  withstands  severe  frosts  in  spring,  is  hardy  as  a 
tree,  a  good  grower,  productive  although  small,  and  hangs  well,  even 
after  ripe.  Fruit,  small,  roundish,  often  approaching  four-sided ; 
suture,  well  marked  ;  skin,  orange,  becoming  rich  brownish  orange 
in  the  sun ;  flesh,  deep  orange,  parting  freely  from  the  stone, 
juicy,  rich,  and  high-flavored ;  stone,  small,  roundish,  compressed  ; 
kernel,  sweet.  Season,  first  of  August 


WORTHY   GENERAL  CULTIVATION.  49 

EARLY  GOLDEN. 

Dubois' Early  Golden,     |      Dubois'  Early  Golden  Apricot. 

Raised  by  Charles  Dubois,  Fishkill  Landing,  N.  Y.  Tree,  thrifty 
yet  close  wood,  hardy,  productive,  and  said  to  bear  considerable  of 
late  frosts  without  injury  to  the  blossom. 

Fruit,  small,  one  and  a  quarter  inch  diameter,  roundish  oval, 
narrow  suture ;  skin,  smooth,  pale  orange ;  flesh,  orange,  moder- 
ately juicy  and  sweet,  but  not  high  flavor  ;  separates  from  the  stone ; 
kernel,  sweet.  Season,  10th  to  15th  July.  Very  valuable  as  a 
market  variety. 


LARGE  EARLY. 

>coce,      I     De  S 

san,         I      Gros 

Gros  Freche. 


Gros  Precoce,      I     De  St.  Jean  Rouge, 
De  St.  Jean,         I      Gros  D'Alexandrie, 


This  proves  to  be  the  finest  large  early  apricot  known,  and  an 
abundant  bearer :  foliage,  large,  leaves,  tapering  toward  the  foot- 
stalks, with  little  ear-like  appendages  in  place  of  glands. 

Fruit,  medium  size,  oblong  compressed ;  suture,  deep ;  skin , 
downy,  pale  orange  in  the  shade ;  fine  bright  orange  with  a  few 
ruddy  spots  in  the  sun ;  flesh,  pale  orange,  rich,  juicy,  separates 
freely  from  the  stone ;  stone,  brown,  much  flattened,  oval,  perfora- 
ted along  the  back  from  base  to  apex ;  kernel,  bitter.  Season, 
10th  to  15th  July. 


MOORPARK. 


Anson's, 
Dunmore, 

Sudlow's  Moorpark, 
Oldaker's  Moorpark, 
De  Nancy, 
Anson's  Imperial, 
Peche, 
Peche  Gros, 


Temple's, 
Dunmore's  Breda, 
Hunt's  Moorpark, 
Walton  Moorpark, 
Peach, 
Royal  Peach, 
Abricot  Peche, 
Wurtemburg. 


This  variety  has  its  name  from  Moorpark,  the  seat  of  Sir  William 
Temple,  who  began  gardening  in  England  about  1672,  and  previous 
to  his  decease,  in  1698,  this  variety  was  cultivated.  Moderate  bearer. 
Fruit,  large,  roundish,  about  two  and  a  quarter  inches  diameter 
each  way,  larger  on  one  side  of  the  suture  than  the  other ;  skin, 
orange  in  the  shade,  but  deep  orange  or  brownish  red  in  the  sun, 
marked  with  numerous  carmine  specks  and  dots ;  flesh,  firm,  bright 
orange,  parting  free  from  the  stone,  quite  juicy,  with  a  rich  and  lus- 
cious flavor ;  stone,  uneven,  peculiarly  perforated  along  the  back, 

8 


50  THE   APRICOT. 

where  a  pin  may  be  pushed  through  nearly  from  one  end  to  the 
other ;  kernel,  bitter.     Season,  early  in  August. 

We  have  been  unable  to  detect  any  difference  between  the  Moor- 
park  and  Peach  apricot,  and  have  therefore  made  the  Peach  a  syno 
nym  of  Moorpark. 

CLASS  II.     Adapted  to  certain  Localities  ;  or,  Gardens  of  Amateurs. 
New  and  untested. 

BURLINGTON. 

This  variety  originated  at  Burlington,  N.  J.,  from  a  seed  of  the  Peach 
Apricot  planted  by  Mrs.  Sarah  Woolman  in  1838.  Native  soil,  poor 
gravel.  Tree,  vigorous,  young  wood  reddish.  Fruit,  medium  size,  oblong, 
somewhat  compressed  at  sides,  with  distinct  suture  ;  skin,  golden  yellow, 
with  red  spots,  and  a  ruddy  cheek  in  sun ;  flesh,  yellowish,  juicy,  fine 
flavor ;  stone,  rough,  perforated.  Season,  last  of  July. 

BROWN'S  EARLY. 

Origin  Chelsea,  Mass.  Fruit,  large,  short  oval,  yellow,  bright  red  cheek; 
flesh,  yellow,  melting,  rich,  juicy,  luscious  flavor.  Season,  middle  to  last 
July. 

HEMSKIRKE. 

A  foreign  variety,  ripening  at  same  time  as  the  Peach  Apricot.  Tree 
very  short  jointed  wood.  Fruit,  above  medium,  roundish,  compressed; 
skin,  orange,  with  a  brownish  red  cheek ;  flesh,  bright  clear  orange,  tender, 
juicy,  rich  flavor ;  stone,  small;  kernel,  partially  bitter.  Season,  last  of  July. 

KAISHA. 

From  Syria,  new,  and  but  recently  introduced  into  this  country.  The 
Journal  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society,  describes  it  as  "  roundish, 
semi-transparent,  skin  slightly  downy,  pale  citron  color  in  shade,  tinged, 
and  marked  with  red  in  sun.  Flesh,  tender,  juicy,  citron  color,  sugary 
and  delicious,  parting  freely  from  the  stone,  which  is  small  roundish,  with 
a  sweet  kernel." 

LARGE  RED. 

Under  this  name  we  received  a  tree  three  years  since,  but  it  has  not 
yet  fruited.  Mr.  Downing,  in  the  Horticulturist,  speaks  of  it  as  large, 
round,  dark  -orange  red,  sweet,  and  juicy. 

MUSCH. 

Musch  Musch,      |     D'  Alexandria, 
Gros  Musch. 

This  variety  takes  its  name  from  the  city  of  Musch,  on  the  frontiers 


ADAPTED  TO   CERTAIN   LOCALITIES.  51 

of  Turkey  in  Asia.  The  Moorpark  is  often  sent  out  for  this  variety ;  and 
BO,  receiving  it  from  three  different  sources,  we  for  a  long  time  supposed 
them  identical.  The  true  variety  is  not  of  quite  as  strong  growth  as 
Moorpark,  wood  being  very  short  jointed.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish, 
about  one  and  a  half  inch  in  diameter ;  skin,  rich  yellow,  with  orange  red 
spots  and  marblings  on  the  sunny  side ;  flesh,  yellow,  tender,  melting, 
sweet ;  kernel,  sweet.  Season,  last  of  July. 

NEWHALL'S  EARLY. 

Origin,  Lynn,  Mass.  Fruit,  medium,  short,  oval,  bright  orange,  deep 
red  cheek,  tender,  juicy,  rich  delicious  flavor;  clingstone;  season,  last  July, 
early  in  August.  (Cole.) 

ROMAN. 

Abricpt  Commun,     j     Grosse  Genuine, 
Germine,  j     Transparent. 

A  strong  grower,  hardy  tree,  suited  to  cold  unfavorable  situations ;  good 
bearer ;  poor  flavor.  Fruit,  medium,  oblong,  compressed,  pale  yellow, 
dotted  with  a  few  red  spots;  flesh,  dull  yellow,  soft,  dry;  stone,  oblong; 
kernel,  bitter ;  season,  first  August. 

ROYAL. 

Abricot  Royale. 

A  French  variety,  with  large  leaves,  and  vigorous  habit  of  growth. 
Fruit,  above  medium,  roundish  oval,  slightly  compressed,  dull  yellow,  with 
a  little  red;  flesh,  pale  orange,  firm  and  juicy;  last  of  July. 

SHIPLEY'S. 

Shipley's  Large.      |      Blenheim. 

From  England,  a  good  grower,  and  productive.  Fruit,  large,  oval, 
orange  yellow,  juicy,  sweet ;  kernel,  bitter ;  season,  last  July. 

SHAKER  PARA. 

A  variety  not  yet,  to  our  knowledge,  introduced.  We  have  only  seen 
it  noticed  in  the  journal  of  the  London  Hort.  Society.  Its  name,  meaning 
"bit  of  sugar,"  is  the  only  description  given. 

TURKEY. 

Large  Turkey,      |     De  Nancy. 

Fruit,  medium,  round,  deep  yellow  in  the  shade,  mottled  with  brownish 
orange  in  the  sun;  flesh,  pale  yellow,  firm,  juicy;  kernel,  sweet;  seasoa, 
middle  August. 

The  Blotched  Leaved  Turkey,  or  Gold  Blotched,  is  a  sub-variety,  in  all 
respects  resembling  the  common  Turkey,  except  having  most  of  the  leaves 
more  or  less  blotched  with  yellow. 


62  THE  APK1COT. 

CLASS  III.     Varieties  unworthy  farther  Culture. 
ALBERGE. 

Albergier. 

Fruit,  small,  roundish,  yellow,  flesh,  firm,  vinous.    Middle  of  August. 

BRUSSELS. 

Fruit,  medium,  oval,  compressed,  pale  yellow,  with  dark  brown  specks ; 
flesh,  yellow,  firm,  brisk  flavor.  Middle  of  August,  Kernel,  bitter. 

BLACK. 

Purple,  I     Noir, 

Angoumois,      |     Violet, 
Du  Pape. 

Fruit,  small,  resembling  a  plum,  round,  reddish  violet,  or  purple;  flesh,  tender, 
juicy,  adhering  to  the  stone,  astringent ;  kernel,  sweet.  August.  George 
Hoadley,  Esq.,  informs  us  that  this  variety  has  been  brought  from  Germany 
under  name  of  "  Hamburgh  Apricot,"  probably  from  Booth's  nursery,  near 
Hamburgh. 

ORANGE. 

Early  Orange ,      I     Royal  George, 
Royal  Orange,      |      Persian, 
Royal  Persian. 

Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  orange  color,  with  a  ruddy  tint  in  the  sun  ;  flesh, 
dark  orange,  dry,  insipid  ;  kernel,  sweet.  Middle  July. 

RED  MASCULINE. 

Early  Masculine,       I      Abricot  Precoce, 

Brown  Masculine,      |      Abricotier  Hatif, 

Abricotier. 

Fruit,  small,  round,  yellow,  spotted  with  dark  red  on  the  sunny  side  ;  flesh, 
yellow,  poor  flavor  ;  kernel,  bitter.  Season,  middle  July. 

WHITE  MASCULINE. 

White  Apricot,      I      Abricotier  Blanc, 
Abricot  Blanc,      |      Early  White  Masculine, 
White  Algiers. 

Differing  from  the  above  only  in  its  color,  and  ripening  a  few  days  later. 


THE    APPLE. 

Pyrus  Malus,  L. — Rosacea  of  Botanists. 

OF  all  fruits  natural  to  temperate  climates  the  apple  has  ever 
had  preference.  The  "  crafte  of  graftynge,  alterynge,  and  plantynge  of 
fruits,"  was  written  on  by  a  British  writer  in  1502,  but  it  had  then 
long  received  the  attention  of  "  wise  men  of  the  East,"  and  had 
arrived  to  all  the  perfection  of  the  present  day  ;  the  art  of  producing 
and  propagating  varieties,  probably,  being  then  as  well  understood 
as  now,  except  however,  as  compared  to  the  population,  by  a  less 
number  of  persons.  A  native,  in  its  wild  state,  of  this  country  and 
of  Europe,  it  is  generally  understood,  that,  from  the  variety  pyrus 
mains,  of  Lindley,  our  cultivated  sorts  have  originated.  Twenty- 
two  varieties  are  the  number  first  mentioned  and  named  by  Roman 
writers  ;  these  have  increased,  until  now  probably  2000  would  not 
include  the  whole  number  named  and  partially  or  wholly  de- 
scribed. 

To  the  labors  of  Thompson,  Downing,  Thomas  and  others,  as 
well  as  of  local  and  national  Pomological  Societies,  we  owe  much 
in  aid  toward  winnowing  from  this  immense  number,  the  wheat 
from  the  chaff;  and  yet  such  is  the  extent  of  our  country,  and  the 
habit  of  all  our  pioneer  settlers  to  sow  seeds  of  the  best  apples, 
that  we  are  yearly  in  the  production  of  vast  numbers  of  new  seed- 
lings, adapted  mainly  only  to  their  own  locality,  but  occasionally  of 
such  excellence  as  to  warrant  their  general  introduction.  It  is 
owing  to  this,  that,  notwithstanding  pomological  writers  are  daily 
condemning,  our  list  of  esteemed  varieties  is  constantly  swelling,  to 
the  almost  utter  confounding  of  the  seeker  after  a  knowledge  rela- 
tive to  "  what  varieties  to  plant." 

Orcharding  in  its  profits  pecuniary,  as  relating  to  the  apple,  has 
become  well  understood,  and  no  one,  who  has  land  in  any  way 
suited  now  hesitates  to  plant.  We  have  no  certain  data,  but  think 
we  do  not  overstate  when  we  say,  that,  besides  large  quantities  im- 
ported from  Eastern  States,  there  are  propagated  and  planted  annually- 
over  6,000,000  trees  in  the  States  of  Ohio,  Michigan,  Indiana, 
Illinois,  and  Wisconsin.  The  Western  country  is  already  pro- 
ducing by  millions  of  bushels,  and  her  "  orchards,"  so  to  speak,  are 
not  yet  planted.  Such  te  the  value  placed  on  fruit,  such  the  rapid 
increase  of  people  in  cities,  that  no  one  should  be  at  all  deterred 


64  THE  APPLE. 

from  continued  planting ;  for,  we  have  not  only  the  wants  of  in- 
creased population  of  our  own  land  to  supply,  but  that  of  foreign 
countries.  Already  our  fruits  are  sent  to  England  and  other  distant 
shores,  and  eagerly  sought  for  and  purchased  at  what  would  here 
be  termed  high  prices.  Although  the  Newtown  pippin  as  sent  from 
the  Pell  orchard  on  the  Hudson  River,  has  done  much  toward 
establishing  our  reputation  abroad,  we  anticipate  an  advance  in  good- 
favor,  when  the  same  variety  grown  on  our  Southern  Ohio,  Kentucky, 
Indiana  and  Illinois  soils,  shall  be  shown ;  for  certainly  they  are,  like 
all  our  Western  growths,  when  compared  with  those  of  the  East, 
far  superior  in  size. 

The  duration  of  the  apple  when  worked  and  grown  on  a  healthy 
seedling  stock,  was  regarded  by  Mr.  Knight,  of  celebrity  in  horticul- 
ture, at  200  years  ;  yet  trees  are  recorded  as  being  over  1000  years 
old,  and  in  annual  healthy  fruiting  condition.  So  also  Mr.  Knight 
regarded  "  many  varieties"  as  in  his  time  "  already  on  the  decline," 
which  Coxe,  in  his  "View  of  Fruit  Trees"  published  in  1817,  says 
"  grow  and  appear  more  healthy  than  any  variety  in  the  orchard." 
Trees  of  over  200  years  are  known,  in  this  country,  to  be  healthy 
and  yearly  producing  their  abundance  of  fine  fair  fruit. 

The  puberty  or  fruit  bearing  age  of  the  apple  tree  varies  accord 
ing  to  variety,  climate,  and  cultivation.  In  the  rich  deep  soils,  and 
under  the  clear  sun  of  our  western  states,  most  varieties  come  into 
bearing  at  about  eight  years  from  the  bud ;  or  about  four  or  five 
years  from  planting  out.  We  speak  here  only  of  the  cultivated 
varieties.  Wild  seedlings  would  probably  require  from  twelve  to 
fifteen  years. 

Propagation — By  seeds.  These  should  be  selected  if  intended  for 
stocks  to  work  varieties  upon,  from  native  seedling  trees  of  strong, 
vigorous,  healthy  growth.  The  common  practice  is  to  visit  a  cider 
mill  in  the  months  of  October  or  November  and  take  therefrom  in- 
discriminately such  as  first  come  to  hand ;  but  he  who  desires  to  grow 
fine  healthy  trees  had  much  better  purchase  the  apples  from  such 
trees  as  we  describe,  and,  if  he  choose,  take  them  to  the  press  himself. 
The  seed  should  be  entirely  separated  from  the  pumice  or  pulp,  al- 
though much  of  it  will  grow  if  spread  immediately  on  the  land  thinly 
and  plowed  in  lightly  ;  but  this  is  a  coarse  unworkmanlike  method. 
To  free  it  from  the  pulp,  take  a  coarse  sieve,  and  after  it  has  lain  upon 
boards  for  forty-eight  hours,  proceed  to  sift  it ;  the  next  process,  is 
washing  in  tubs,  when  most  of  the  pulp  which  passed  through  the 
sieve  will  rise  to  the  top  of  the  water  and  may  be  taken  off.  If  the 
ground  is  ready  it  may  now  be  sown,  the  ground  being  made  rich 
in  vegetable,  or  partially  mixed  with  well  rotted  animal  manure, 
trenched  or  plowed  twenty  inches  deep  ;  sow  the  seed  in  drills  of 
about  one  foot  wide  and  two  feet  between  each  drill ;  scatter  the 


BUDDING.  65 

seed  so  that  when  it  grows  there  will  be  one  plant  to  every  two 
inches  and  cover  with  about  one  inch  of  earth,  and  one  inch  of  leaf 
mould,  or  tan  bark,  or  sawdust.  Fresh  raw  manure  induces  insects, 
and  consequently  diseased  roots.  If  the  seed  is  intended  for  ship- 
ment or  keeping  over  until  the  spring  planting,  boxes  not  over  six 
inches  deep  should  be  procured  with  holes  made  in  the  bottom  for 
drainage,  and  then  the  seed  packed  in  shallow  layers  with  sand  or 
moss,  and  placed  in  the  open  air  on  the  north  side  of  some  building 
or  fence. 

By  Grafting.  All  of  the  modes  described  in  previous  pages  are 
used  in  propagating  the  apple.  Seedling  stocks  of  diameter  at 
crown  of  from  one  quarter  to  three-eighths  inch  are  the  best ;  these 
are  generally  obtained  from  seedlings  of  one  year's  growth  in  our 
rich  western  soils;  they  should  be  dug  up,  have  their  side  roots 
trimmed  to  within  one  inch  of  the  main  root,  and  that  cut  off  to  about 
eight  inches;  the  graft  should  then  be  inserted,  in  the  whip  or  tongue 
method,  just  at  the  crown  or  union  of  top  and  root.  The  same 
course  may  be  adopted  with  seedlings  in  the  ground,  with  excep- 
tion of  shortening  the  roots. 

Grafting  on  small  pieces  of  roots,  may  answer  for  the  growing 
of  some  varieties  in  the  nursery  ;  but  very  few,  when  removed,  are 
found  to  have  made  much  but  small  fibrous  roots ;  and  when  planted 
in  the  orchard,  require  staking  for  years,  and  rarely  ever  make  good 
trees.  The  practice  has  been  largely  followed,  but  is  now  condemned 
by  most  nurserymen,  and  that  of  grafting  only  on  the  whole  of  a  root, 
as  first  mentioned,  advised.  Cleft  grafting  is  generally  pursued  on 
trees  of  large  size  in  the  orchard,  and  may  be  done  in  October  or 
November  often  with  as  good  success  as  in  spring. 

Nurserymen  generally  practise  taking  up  the  seedling  trees  late  in 
autumn,  and  heeling  them  in,  as  it  is  termed,  viz.,  covering  them, 
when  laid  down  at  an  angle  of  45°,  with  earth.  This  is  done  in  the 
cellar  or  root  house,  from  whence  they  are  taken  and  grafted  in 
February  and  March,  and  repacked  in  boxes  just  deep  enough  to 
allow  one  inch  of  sand  on  the  bottom ;  and  the  stock  grafted  just 
coming  level  with  the  tops,  sand  is  mixed  intimately  among  them, 
covering  all  of  root  and  union  of  graft.  They  are  then  set  away  in 
a  cool  place,  but  free  from  frost,  until  the  day  of  planting. 

By  Budding.  This  course,  from  the  immense  demand  for  trees 
and  the  more  ready  and  extended  propagation  by  means  of  roots, 
has  almost  been  discarded  during  the  past  six  or  eight  years.  Bud- 
ding is  now  again,  however,  coming  into  favor.  Stocks  for  bud- 
ding should  be  thrifty,  of  about  half  inch  diameter,  and  the  bud, 
inserted  about  four  to  six  inches  above  the  ground,  and  as  much  on 
the  north  side  of  the  stock  as  possible.  The  time  when,  is  usually 


56  THE  APPLE. 

the  month  of  August,  varying  from  early  to  late  in  month,  as  the 
location  is  South  or  North,  and  the  season  early  or  late. 

By  layers  and  cuttings.  This  course  is  only  pursued  to  increase 
the  quantity  of  stocks  of  the  Paradise  apple  on  which  to  dwarf 
varieties.  Some  growers,  however,  west,  have  reputation  for  increas- 
ing largely,  and  making  fine  saleable  trees  more  rapidly  by  means 
of  layers,  than  otherwise :  we  have  never  seen  them. 

Cutting  of  Scions.  These  may  be  cut  at  any  time  from  the  fall 
of  the  leaf  in  October,  to  the  swelling  of  the  bud  in  spring — 
always,  however,  taking  care  that  there  is  no  frost  in  the  wood  at  the 
time  of  cutting.  We  consider  the  best  time  late  in  the  fall,  when 
they  may  be  packed  in  moss,  damped,  and  wrapped  in  oil  silk,  laid 
in  a  cool  cellar,  where  they  will  usually  keep  well  until  spring.  The 
wood  of  the  past  season's  growth  is  that  required,  and  best  to  cut,  if 
possible,  from  bearing  trees.  When  the  cuttings  are  not  made  until 
toward  spring,  a  black  and  diseased  appearance  at  the  pith  will  oft 
be  seen  in  those  of  vigorous  growth.  This,  while  it  would,  perhaps, 
be  of  no  moment  on  the  original  tree,  sometimes  is  thought  to  lessen 
the  vitality  and  success  of  the  scion. 

Selection  of  Trees  from  a  Nursery.  Trees  of  thrifty,  not  over 
luxuriant  habit,  five  to  seven  feet  high,  three  years  from  bud  or  graft, 
with  branches  from  three  feet  up,  well  formed  into  rounded  heads, 
are  worth  double  the  price  of  trees  six  years  old.  ten  and  twelve 
feet  high,  without  a  branch  within  eight  feet  of  the  ground.  It 
should,  however,  always  be  recollected  by  the  purchaser,  that  all 
varieties  have  not  the  same  habit  and  regular  form  of  growth  ;  that 
while  a  nursery-man  can  supply  a  tree  of  the  Baldwin,  straight,  and 
just  to  the  fancy,  he  may  often  find  it  difficult,  nay,  impossible,  to 
do  so  with  the  Fall  Wine,  American  Pearmain,  and  many  other 
varieties  at  the  same  age.  All  this  should  be  remembered  by 
the  purchaser,  and  in  his  selection  be  guided  more  by  the  stocky 
pyramidal  form  of  the  stem,  and  the  position  of  branches,  rather 
than  height  of  tree. 

Influence  of  Climate  and  location.  Climate,  as  we  have  said  on  a 
previous  page,  has  no  farther  influence  than  to  enhance  maturity  and 
vigor  as  we  go  South  ;  but  location,  in  its  preventing  of  injury  from 
frosts  or  severe  cold,  is  quite  another  thing,  and  deserving  the 
attention  of  every  planter.  Too  often  do  we  see  orchards  planted 
out  in  the  rich  level  valley  of  a  farm,  when  the  hills  around  are 
.  neglected.  Too  often  on  small  farms  is  this  done  also,  to  the  loss 
comparatively  of  the  best  piece  of  plow  land,  when,  had  the  planter 
known  that  trees  planted  on  his  hills  would  have  been  more  hardy, 
and  have  produced  fruit  five  years  to  every  three  when  grown  in  the 


TRANSPLANTING  AND  DISTANCES.  57 

valley,  he  would  have,  without  doubt,  made  his  orchard  on  his  hills. 
There  are  some  parts  of  the  West,  and  very  much  at  the  East, 
where  the  hills  are  entirely  unsuited  to  the  plow ;  yet  by  planting 
with  trees,  and  digging  around  until  of  twelve  or  more  years  old, 
they  will  make  the  most  profitable  of  orchards. 

On  the  prairies,  a  belt  of  trees  around  the  orchard  is  considered 
of  great  benefit  in  protecting  from  the  sweeping  winds,  sometimes 
destructive  to  fruit  and  tree.  Here  also  the  selection  of  the  highest 
knolls  and  oak  groves  is  found  best  for  success  in  fruit  growing. 

Influence  of  Stock  and  hardihood.  Recently  there  has  been  much 
speculation  respecting  the  hardihood  as  well  as  bearing  of  budded 
or  grafted  trees,  all  of  which  has  doubtless  arisen  from  the  indis- 
criminate use  of  small  pieces  of  roots.  That  budding  will  be  found 
in  the  main  any  better  than  the  grafting  process,  when  performed, 
as  advised,  at  the  crown,  and  on  the  whole  of  a  seedling  root,  we  are 
disposed  to  doubt,  although  many  good  orchardists  now  favor  it. 
The  only  point  we  can  see  in  its  favor  is  the  comparative  hardihood 
of  the  stock  as  compared  with  that  of  the  variety  intended  to  be 
grown  :  this  will  in  some  varieties  make  budding  the  preferable 
mode,  as  it  is  now  well  known  that  some,  indeed  most,  of  the  strong 
rapid-growing  sorts,  of  northern  or  eastern  origin,  are  somewhat  dis- 
posed to  "  bark  burst"  near  the  ground,  and  to  remedy  this,  budding 
will  be  adopted.  But  again,  all  seedlings  are  not  alike  hardy — al- 
though as  a  whole,  more  so  than  worked  varieties ;  and  undoubtedly 
cultivated  sorts  may  be  found,  which,  if  worked  as  grafts  on  whole 
roots,  and  again  re-worked  at  three  feet  from  the  ground,  would  en- 
sure as  much  hardihood  as  is  in  the  nature  of  trees ;  yet  this  will 
never  be  practised  to  any  considerable  extent,  on  account  of  its  ex- 
pense in  the  growing  a  tree.  That  the  habit  of  bearing  will  be  in 
creased  or  lessened  by  budding  or  grafting,  as  we  advise,  is  also 
another  feature  at  this  time  in  dispute,  but  we  can  see  nothing  to 
favor  it,  except  the  fact  that  trees  budded  do  produce  better  than 
roots  grafted  on  the  old  common  indiscriminate  practice  of  using 
anything  in  shape  of  a  piece  of  root,  depending  on  the  richness  of 
soil  to  create  from  it  a  tree  for  sale.  For  other  remarks  on  influ- 
ence of  stock,  see  previous  pages. 

Transplanting  and  distances.  Trees  when  taken  from  the  nursery 
should  have  their  roots  immediately  covered  in  the  ground,  on  ar- 
riving at  their  destination.  Often  trees  are  left  out  over  night  on 
wagons,  subject  to  severe  cold  and  frost,  by  which  they  are  not  al- 
ways ruined,  but  frequently  so  far  injured  as  to  check  their  entire 
growth  one  season.  We  do  not  like  the  practice  of  shortening  back 
the  tops  of  apple  trees  where  they  have  been  taken  up  with  care ;  but 
as  usually  dug  it  is  requisite  to  success  that  the  top  be  shortened 
2* 


58  THE   APPLE. 

back  to  correspond  with  the  diminished  root.  One  reason  for  ob- 
jecting to  the  shortening  in,  is,  that  it  has  a  tendency  to  start  the  top 
of  the  tree  too  thick,  and  we  prefer  with  the  apple  to  thin  out,  rather 
than  increase  the  number  of  branches. 

The  mode  of  how  to  plant  has  been  written  on  a  previous 
page. 

The  distance  apart,  for  an  apple  orchard,  depends  very  much  on 
the  soil  and  the  variety — rich  deep  soils  requiring  a  greater  dis- 
tance than  those  of  shallow  depth,  and  inferior  quality.  And  of 
varieties,  such  as  the  Harvest,  American  Pearmain,  Lady  Ap- 
ple and  other  stocky  or  upright  growing  sorts,  twenty-five  feet 
apart  would  be  sufficient;  while  the  Baldwin,  Gravenstein,  Sweet 
Bough,  &c.,  or  those  of  rapid  broad  growth,  would  need,  on  rich  soil, 
forty  feet. 

Soil  and  Manures.  Of  the  soil,  it  is  impossible  to  designate  any 
one  that  will  suit  all  varieties ;  we  therefore,  in  our  text  descriptive 
designate  the  principal  character  of  the  soil  suited  to  each.  "  All 
deciduous  trees  require  a  considerable  proportion  of  potash  for  the 
elaboration  of  their  juices  in  the  leaves,  and  are  prosperous,  or 
otherwise,  in  proportion  to  plentiful  or  scanty  supply  of  that  sub- 
stance in  the  soil.  Liebig  has  shown  that  the  acids  generated  in 
plants  are  always  in  union  with  alkaline  or  earthy  bases,  and  cannot 
be  produced  without  their  presence.  *  *  *  Now,  the  apple  tree  du- 
ring its  development,  produces  a  great  quantity  of  acid  ;  and  there- 
fore in  a  corresponding  degree,  requires  alkaline,  and  probably, 
earthy  bases  alone,  as  an  indispensable  condition  to  the  existence  of 
fruit." 

"  It  cannot  be  denied  that  ammonia,  and  also  the  humus  of  decay- 
ing dung,  must  have  some  influence  on  the  growth  of  the  tree  in 
such  soils,  and  also  in  the  development  of  the  fruit ;  but  it  is  most 
certain,  at  the  same  time,  that  these  alone  would  be  perfectly  ineffi- 
cient for  the  production  of  the  fruit  without  the  co-operation  of  the 
alkaline  bases.  The  size,  and  perhaps  the  flavor  of  the  fruit  may  be 
somewhat  affected  by  the  organic  part  of  the  manure,  but  its  very 
existence  depends  upon  the  presence  in  the  soil  of  a  sufficient  quan- 
tity of  those  inorganic  or  mineral  substances  which  are  indispensable 
to  the  formation  of  acids." 

"The  analysis  of  the  apple  (fruit)  shows  in  100  Ibs.  of  ashes,  de- 
prived of  carbonic  acid,  about  13  Ibs.  of  phosphoric  acid,  7  Ibs.  of 
sulphuric  acid,  38  Ibs.  of  potash,  and  25  Ibs.  of  soda ;  these  four 
bodies  forming  about  83  per  cent,  of  the  whole  ash  :"  while  analysis 
of  the  ash  of  the  wood  exhibits  about  16  per  cent,  of  potash,  19  of 
lime,  and  17  of  phosphate  of  lime ;  and  in  the  ash  of  the  bark, 
about  5  per  cent,  of  potash,  50  per  cent  of  lime,  and  3  of  phosphate 
of  lime.  Another  analysis  gives  45  per  cent,  of  lime  in  the  ash  of 


INSECTS  AND   DISEASES.  59 

the  wood.  From  these  it  is  apparent  that  on  most  of  our  western 
soils,  application  of  lime  and  potash  will  be  found  requisite  to  the 
production  of  healthy  wood  and  fruit.  Upon  much  of  the  heavily 
timbered  lands  of  the  west,  which  have  been  cut  and  burned,  the 
ashes  from  the  burned  wood  has  furnished  all  the  lime  and  potash 
requisite  to  success  for  a  certain  length  of  time ;  but,  already,  there 
are  orchards  in  Ohio,  where  application  of  lime  and  potash  in  the  form 
of  wood  ashes  or  otherwise,  is  required  in  order  to  retain  health  of 
trees,  and  perfection  in  fruit.  The  western  prairie  soils  require  these 
only  ;  of  all  other  ingredients  they  are  naturally  abundantly  sup- 
plied, and  application  of  animal  manure  is  not  needed. 

Cultivation.  Cultivation  of  the  soil  of  a  young  orchard  is  as  req- 
uisite to  success  as  cultivation  of  a  crop  of  corn ;  but  while  the  trees 
should  be  kept  free  from  weeds,  suckers,  insects,  and  the  like,  they 
should  not  be  so  stimulated  by  application  of  animal  or  liquid  ma- 
nures as  to  induce  rank  growth.  All  such  over-supply  of  stimulus 
induces  a  degree  of  tenderness  in  the  constitution,  early  fruitfulness 
and  consequent  early  decay.  We  recall  to  mind  as  we  write,  two 
orchards  planted  about  thirty-five  years  since,  one  of  which  has 
always  been  highly,  even  excitingly,  cultivated,  and  is  now  decay- 
•  ing ;  while  the  other  has  been  more  regularly  and  moderately 
grown,  and  is  now  in  a  healthy  fruiting  state.  All  crcjjs  besides 
wheat,  rye,  oats,  and  clover,  may  be  grown  in  an  orchard.  Pota- 
toes, peas,  and  corn  are  most  advisable. 

Pruning.  The  pruning  of  the  apple,  as  an  orchard  tree,  if  an- 
nually attended,  is  but  a  light  task  ;  it  should  consist  mainly  of 
cutting  away  all  branches  that  have  a  tendency  to  cross  or  overlap 
one  another — to  stop  back  side  limbs  that  are  apparently  drawing 
too  rapidly  and  creating  irregular  form,  and  to  cut  out  rank  shoots. 
This  is  the  main  of  orchard  pruning,  after  the  heads  are  once  formed, 
as  they  should  be  at  planting,  or  the  first  year  thereafter,  by  cutting 
to  a  regular  rounded  form.  Some  varieties  produce  their  fruit  upon 
short  spurs  on  the  limbs ;  others  on  the  extreme  ends  of  slender 
shoots  of  previous  year's  growth,  and  must  be  pruned  with  refer- 
ence thereto  ;  others,  again,  naturally  grow  upright  and  thick,  these 
require  thinning  out ;  while  others,  are  of  straggling  rampant  habit, 
requiring  only  the  checking  of  branches  at  ends  to  maintain  an  even- 
ly balanced  tree  ;  these  qualities  will  be  found  partially  noted  in  our 
descriptions  of  varieties.  For  the  art  of  pruning,  to  create  particu- 
lar forms  for  the  garden,  and  of  dwarf  trees,  we  refer  our  readers  to 
a  previous  chapter. 

Insects  and  diseases.  Of  bisects  injurious  to  fruit  trees,  western 
cultivators  have,  until  within  a  few  years,  been  comparatively  ex- 


60  THE  APPLE. 

empt ;  they  are  now,  however,  through  the  great  amount  of  importa- 
tions of  trees  from  the  Eastern  States,  becoming  numerous  and 
troublesome. 

The  Borer,  (Saperdabivittata),  is  yet  little  known  ;  a  few  instances 
only  of  its  appearance  West  have  been  noticed.  It  is  an  insect  that 
should  be  watched  and  checked  on  its  first  appearance.  It  is  de- 
structive, not  only  to  the  apple,  but  the  quince,  thorn,  mountain  ash, 
suffer  equally.  The  perfect  insect  is  a  brown  and  white  striped 
beetle,  about  half  an  inch  long,  which,  flying  at  night,  may  be  de- 
stroyed in  the  month  of  June  by  building  bonfires  in  the  orchard. 
In  its  larvse  state,  in  which  it  does  its  work  of  destruction,  it  is  a 
fleshy  white  grub,  which  enters  the  tree  at  the  collar,  just  at  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground,  girdling  or  perforating  the  wood  to  such  an  ex- 
tent as  often  to  cause  death  before  its  attack  is  noticed,  except  by 
the  careful  observing  orchardist ;  the  small  round  holes  from  which 
dust  is  ejected  indicate  its  presence.  Some  cut  out  the  worm  with 
a  knife,  others  use  a  barbed  wire,  which  is  .either  thrust  into  the  hole 
and  destroys  the  worm,  or  on  withdrawing  brings  it  out.  Downing 
advises  as  a  preventive,  washing  the  bodies  of  trees  with  the  follow- 
ing mixture  :  "  one  pint  of  sulphur,  one  gallon  soft  soap,  and  suffi- 
cient tobacco  water  to  reduce  to  the  consistence  of  paint." 

The  Caterpillar,  (Clisiocampa  Americana,)  or  common  orchard 
Caterpillar,  has  been  long  known  as  destructive  of  the  foliage  of 
orchards.  This,  says  Thomas,  is  hatched  in  spring  as  soon  as  the 
leaf  buds  begin  to  open.  At  this  time,  it  is  not  the  tenth  of  an  inch, 
long,  nor  so  large  as  a  cambric  needle,  but  it  continues  to  increase 
constantly  in  size  for  several  weeks,  until  two  inches  long,  and  a 
quarter  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  It  then  spins  a  cocoon,  and  passes 
to  the  pupa  state.  In  the  latter  part  of  summer,  it  comes  out  a 
yellowish  brown  miller,  lays  its  eggs,  and  dies.  The  eggs  are 
deposited  in  cylinders  or  rings,  containing  three  to  five  hundred  each, 
encircling  the  smaller  branches,  and  usually  within  a  few  inches  of 
the  extremity.  They  remain  through  winter,  protected  from  the 
weather  by  a  vesicular  water-proof  varnish,  and  hatch  in  spring, 
as  just  stated.  Each  collection  of  eggs  makes  a  nest  of  caterpillars." 

A  mode  for  their  destruction,  is  to  cut  off  the  small  branches 
which  hold  the  eggs,  during  autumn  or  winter,  and  burn  them.  Those 
that  escape  this  mode,  may  be  destroyed  in  May  and  June  by 
attaching  a  sponge  or  round  brush  to  a  pole,  and  saturating  the  first 
with  spirits  of  ammonia,  turn  it  around  among  their  nests.  For 
this  work,  one  hour  in  the  morning  early,  is  worth  four  at  any  other 
time  in  the  day. 

The  Canker  Worm.     (Anisopteryx  pometaria.)     This  insect  we 


INSECTS  AND   DISEASES.  61 

have  never  seen  West  until  the  present  season.  It  is  not  confined  to 
the  apple,  but,  if  anything,  it  prefers  the  elm  to  all  others. 

"  The  male  is  a  moth,  with  pale,  ash-colored  wings,  with  a  black 
dot,  a  little  more  than  an  inch  across.  The  female  is  wingless,  oval, 
dark  ash-colored  above,  and  gray  beneath. 

The  worm  usually  rises  out  of  the  ground  very  early  in  the 
spring,  as  soon  as  the  ground  is  free  from  frost,  though  a  few  find 
their  way  up  in  the  autumn.  The  females  having  no  wings,  climb 
slowly  up  the  trunks  of  the  trees,  while  the  winged  males  hover 
about  to  pair  with  them.  Very  soon  after  this,  if  we  examine  the 
trees,  we  shall  see  the  eggs,  of  which  every  female  lays  some  sixty 
or  a  hundred,  glued  over,  closely  arranged  in  rows,  and  placed  in  the 
forks  of  branches,  and  among  the  young  twigs.  About  the  twen- 
tieth of  May,  these  eggs  are  hatched,  and  the  canker  worms,  dusky- 
brown,  or  ash-colored,  with  a  yellow  stripe,  make  their  appearance, 
and  commence  preying  upon  the  foliage." 

The  remedies  preventive  of  their  injuries,  are,  a  belt  of  canvass 
saturated,  with  tar  and  train  oil,  and  encircling  the  body  of  the  tree. 
Another  is  a  leaden  trough,  encircling  the  body,  secured  by  wooden 
wedges  between  it  and  tree,  and  filled  with  oil.  Another,  is  spading 
up  the  ground  underneath  all  trees  on  which  they  appear,  in  the  fall, 
and  dressing  liberally  with  lime.  Another,  is  bands  of  straw  and 
cotton  batting  tied  around  the  tree,  and  examined  daily  to  kill  all 
that  have  become  entangled  therein. 

The  Apple  Moth,  (Carpocapsa  pomonana,)  is  the  insect  which 
disfigures  so  many  of  our  apples  and  pears,  causing  them  to  fall 
prematurely  from  the  tree.  The  moth  has  a  head  and  thorax  of 
brown  mingled  with  grey,  fore  wings  light  grey  and  brown,  and  a 
dark  brown  oval  spot  on  the  hinder  margin.  In  the  months  of  June 
and  July,  they  deposit  their  eggs  in  the  eye  or  blossom  end  of  the 
fruit ;  these  hatch  in  a  few  days,  and  the  worm,  a  reddish  white  grub, 
eats  its  way  to  the  core,  soon  after  which  the  apple  falls  to  the 
ground,  when  the  worm  leaves  and  seeks  shelter  and  protection  in  the 
crevices  and  underneath  the  rough  bark  of  the  tree,  where  it  spins  a 
white  web-like  cocoon,  and  remains  until  the  next  season. 

Remedies.  Keeping  the  bodies  well  scraped,  and  annually  washed 
with  lye-water  early  in  spring,  picking  up  all  the  fruit  as  fast  as  it 
falls,  or  letting  swine  run  in  the  orchard  to  eat  it.  Old  cloths  or 
tufts  of  grass,  laid  in  the  branches  of  the  trees,  attract  them,  from 
whence  the  cocoons  may  easily  be  destroyed. 

The  Bark  Louse,  a  species  of  coccus  or  scale  insect,  is  of  a  brown 
color,  about  one  tenth  of  an  inch  in  length,  of  oblong  oval  form, 
attaching  itself  to  the  branches,  and  injuring  the  tree  by  sucking  the 


62  THE  APPLE. 

sap.  It  is  destroyed  by  strong  lye-water,  by  whale  oil  soap,  or  a 
mixture  of  lime  soft  soap  and  water,  of  the  consistence  of  common 
whitewash,  and  applied  to  the  bark  with  a  hard  brush,  in  winter  or 
early  spring. 

The  Wooly  Aphis,  (Aphis  lanigera)  makes  its  appearance  in  the 
form  of  minute  White  down,  in  the  crotches  and  crevices  of  branches. 
It  id  easily  destroyed  by  washing  the  tree  with  ley-water,  lime  wash, 
or  whale  oil  soap.  A  good  wash  for  all  insects  is  made  of,  say  five 
gallons  of  weak  ley,  one  pound  powdered  sulphur,  and  four  ounces 
soot,  or  "  lamp  black,"  thoroughly  mixed. 

The  blight  or  blackening  and  decay  of  terminal  shoots  we  have 
elsewhere  written  on,  and  refer  thereto.  Boring  holes  in  the  trees, 
and  plugging  them  with  sulphur,  are  about  as  remedial  as  whistling 
to  the  moon. 

Rust  on  the  surface  of  the  leaf  is  a  disease  said  to  affect  some  of 
the  older  plantations  in  Southern  Ohio.  We  have  never  seen  it,  but 
suspect  from  accounts,  that  it  is  caused  from  an  unhealthy  state  of 
the  tree  in  exhaustion  of  elements  in  the  soil,  and  therefore  a  result 
not  a  cause  of  disease. 

Of  terms  used  in  description  of  varieties. — Thomas,  in  his  "  Fruit 
Culturist,"  has  the  most  perfect  explanation  of  terms  in  general  use 
in  the  description  of  fruits,  form  of  trees,  etc.,  as  yet  published.  We 
therefore  adopt  most  of  them,  in  order  to  continue  uniformity.  These 
terms,  as  applied  to  the  growth  of  tree,  in  its  shoots,  has  refer- 
ence mainly  to  young  trees,  and  comparatively,  as  follows :  Erect, 
as  in  the  Early  Strawberry.  Diverging,  as  in  the  Domine,  or  Rib- 
ston  Pippin.  Spreading,  as  in  Rhode  Island  Greening.  Droop- 
ing, when  they  fall  below  the  horizontal,  which  many  spreading  trees 
assume,  as  they  grow  into  the  larger  branches  of  older  trees.  As- 
cending, when  they  curve  upwards,  as  in  Gravenstein.  Irregular, 
as  in  black  Gilliflower.  Straggling,  similar  to  preceding,  but 
more  slender  and  curved,  as  in  Jonathan.  Straight,  as  in  Northern 
Spy.  Stout,  as  in  Red  Astrachan. 

"  The  color  of  the  shoots  varies  greatly  in  the  same  variety  at  dif- 
ferent periods  of  the  year,  as  well  as  with  different  degrees  of  ex- 
posure to  the  sun,  and  with  a  change  of  soil,  climate,  and  season. 
When  fresh,  or  very  young,  all  have  a  greenish  color,  but  gradually 
assume  various  shades  of  yellow,  olive,  brown,  red,  purple,  and 
nearly  black,  as  the  season  advances,  and  as  they  become  bare,  and 
are  exposed  to  the  sun  and  weather.  For  this  reason,  in  describing 
the  color,  the  terms  must  be  relative,  and  can  only  be  correctly  ap- 
plied by  a  comparison  at  the  time  with  the  color  of  other  sorts. 


FORMS  OF  THE  APPLE.  63 

During  winter,  and  early  in  the  spring,  the  shoots  of  most  trees  be- 
come so  much  darker  than  at  other  times,  that  it  is  only  practice 
and  by  placing  the  different  sorts  side  by  side,  that  accuracy  may  be 
obtained.  Skilful  culturists  will  readily  distinguish,  by  a  glance  at  the 
color  of  shoots,  many  of  the  kinds  they  cultivate ;  but  the  peculiar 
cast  is  hard  to  describe  in  words,  in  the  same  way  that  it  is  impos- 
sible to  describe  the  hand-writing  of  an  individual,  so  as  to  be  known 
from  fifty  others,  although  many  can,  at  a  glance,  know  the  penman- 
ship of  hundreds  of  different  persons.  A  few  of  the  most  strongly 
marked  cases,  however,  present  peculiarities  of  color  which  form  use- 
ful points  of  distinction.  No  one  for  instance,  could  easily  mistake 
the  yellow  shoots  of  the  Bartlett  and  Dix  pears,  for  the  dark  brown 
or  purple  of  the  Tyson  and  Forelle  ;  or  the  light  greenish  cast  of  the 
Bough  and  Sine  Qua  Non  apples,  for  the  dark  color  of  the  Northern 
Spy,  or  dark  brown  of  the  Baldwin  ;  nor  the  downy  or  greyish  ap- 
pearance of  the  Ladies  Sweeting  and  Esopus  Spitzenburg,  for  the 
clear  shining  brown  of  the  Gravenstein  and  Red  Astrachan." 

The  color  of  the  leaves  may  sometimes  assist  in  description,  as 
light  green  in  the  Yellow  Bell-flower  and  Rambo  ;  deep  green,  as  in 
the  Rhode  Island  Greening ;  bluish  green,  as  in  Peck's  Pleasant. 

Forms  of  the  Apple. — In  these  we  follow  the  general  impression 
understood  of  terms  by  most  horticulturists,  and  represented  by 
Barry,  from  whom  we  extract  : 

Round  or  Roundish  (fig.  29,)  when  the  outline  is  round,  or 
nearly  so,  the  length  being  about  equal  to  the  breadth. 

Flat  (fig.  30,)  when  the  ends  are  compressed,  and  the  width 
considerably  greater  than  the  length. 

Conical  (fig  31,)  in  the  form  of  a  cone,  tapering  from  the  base 
to  the  eye. 

Ovate  or  Egg-shaped  (fig.  32.) 

Oblong  (fig.  33,)  when  the  length  is  considerably  greater  than 
the  width,  and  the  width  about  equal  at  both  ends,  not  tapering,  as 
in  the  conical. 

In  addition  to  these  forms  and  their  various  modifications,  some 
varieties  are — 


64  THE   APPLE. 


Angular,  having  projecting  angles  on  the  sides. 

One  sided,  having  one  side  larger  than  the  other. 

Ribbed  (34,)  when  the  surface  presents  a  series  of  ridges  and  fur- 
rows running  from  eye  to  stem. 

Of  size — Small  as  in  Gilpin,  medium  as  in  Fameuse,  and  large  as 
in  Rhode  Island  Greening. 

Of  the  meaning  of  many  terms,  as  Calville,  Pippin,  Greening,  &c., 
there  seems  to  be  no  certain  definition  beyond  that  of  accepted 
usage.  Calville,  generally  intended  to  convey  the  idea  of  a  fruit  of 
light  specific  weight,  and  somewhat  ribbed  or  furrowed,  especially 
about  the  calyx.  Pippin  generally  conveys  the  idea  of  a  firm  brittle 
texture  of  flesh,  in  the  apple  ;  while  Greening  is  understood  to  imply 
a  breaking,  tender  character.  Pearmain,  to  indicate  a  particular, 
roundish,  conical  form,  with  an  aromatic  perfume  in  the  flesh. 

Uses. — The  uses  of  the  apple  are  so  generally  known,  that  it  seems 
superfluous  here  to  mention  aught  of  them.  Aside  from  table 
use,  raw  and  cooked,  making  of  cider,  drying,  &c.,  &c.,  the  apple 
deserves  more  attention  as  food  for  animals ;  analysis  having  shown 
that  it  is  about  equal  to  the  potato  in  fattening  properties. 

VARIETIES. 

CLASS  I.      Worthy  General   Cultivation. 
AMERICAN  PEARMAIN. 

American  Summer  Pearmain.         |         Watkin's  Early. 
Early  Summer  Pearmain. 

This  variety  rarely  ripens  earlier  than  September,  and  we  there- 
fore discard  the  word  "  summer." 

In  the  nursery,  the  growth  of  the  tree  is  slow,  and,  as  an  orchard 
fruit,  it  will  not  "  pay."  It  cannot,  however,  be  dispensed  with  for 
supplying  home  wants,  ripening  gradually,  as  it  does,  during  the  whole 
of  September.  The  trees  require  thinning  out  of  small  branches  ; 
but,  as  it  fruits  mostly  on  the  ends  of  branches,  should  never  be 


WORTHY  GENERAL  CULTIVATION. 


66 


shortened  back.     It  requires  a  deep,  warm  soil,  well  supplied  with 
lime  and  potash,  when  it  succeeds  admirably  in  all  sections. 


Size,  medium ;  form,  roundish  oblong,  sometimes  angular ;  the 
form  varies,  and  also  size,  as  grown  on  top  or  bottom  limbs,  and  in 
good  or  poor  soil ;  color,  red,  streaked  and  dotted  with  grayish 
yellow ;  stem,  medium,  projecting  about  even  with  the  surface  ; 
cavity,  narrow ;  calyx,  open,  erect,  slightly  recurved ;  basin,  deep, 
round,  smooth ;  flesh,  tender,  subacid, — best ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  ovate 
pyriform. 

AUTUMN  STRAWBERRY. 


Late  Strawberry. 


Strawberry. 


American :  originated,  Western  New  York.  Size,  medium,  or 
rather  below ;  form,  roundish ;  color,  light  and  dark  red,  streaked, 
and,  in  the  sun,  the  dark  red  prevailing,  and  with  a  bloom  like  a 
plum ;  stem,  slender,  medium  length ;  cavity,  open,  regular ;  ca- 
lyx small,  nearly  closed  j  basin,  shallow,  slightly  ribbed  ;  flleth, 


66  THE   APPLE. 


AUTUMN  BOUGH. 

yellowish    white,   tender,  juicy,    sub-acid;    core,   medium;   seeds, 
large,  full.  Season,  October. 

Autumn  Sweet  Bough. 

American :  tree,  vigorous,  productive ;  size,  medium  or  above  ; 
form,  obtuse  conical ;  color,  clear  light  yellow,  with  occasionally 
a  russet  blotch,  and  a  few  small  russet  dots  ;  stem,  slender,  curved 
to  one  side ;  cavity,  deep,  regular ;  calyx,  closed  with  long  seg- 
ments ;  basin,  ribbed  or  furrowed ;  flesh,  white,  crisp,  tender,  deli- 
ciously  sweet ;  core,  small  ;  seed  cavity,  hollow ;  seed,  plump, 
full.  Season,  September. 

BALDWIN. 

Late  Baldwin,  I  Woodpecker, 
Pecker,  |  Steeles  Red  Winter. 

American :  originated  in  Massachusetts.  This  variety  inclines  to 
bitter  or  dry  rot  on  soils  deficient  in  lime  and  potash ;  and  for  the 
western  soils  should  be  worked  where  intended  to  have  the  head 
commence.  Tree,  vigorous,  upright,  dark  brown  shoots,  very  pro- 
ductive. Our  drawing  was  taken  from  an  Eastern  grown  specimen, 
and  is  not  more  than  one-half  the  size  of  this  variety  when  grown  in 
Illinois. 

Size,  large ;  form,  roundish,  narrowing  a  little  to  the  calyx ;  color, 
yellowish,  nearly  covered  and  striped  with  red,  dotted  with  a  few 
russet  spots,  and  with  radiating  streaks  of  russet  about  the  stein ; 
stem,  three-fourths  inch  long,  slender ;  cavity,  deep ;  calyx,  closed  ; 


WORTHY  GENERAL  CULTIVATION. 


basin,  rather  narrow,  plaited ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  crisp  tender, 
sub-acid ;  core,  small,  compact ;  capsules,  ovate  hollow ;  seeds,  long 
ovate,  pyriform.  Season,  December  to  March. 

BALTIMORE. 

Baltimore  Pippin,  |  Cables  Gilliflower. 


68 


THE  APPLE. 


Origin  unknown.  Tree,  thrifty,  slender,  very  productive,  on  warm 
rich  soils.  Size,  medium  to  large ;  farm,  round  ;  color,  light  yellow, 
striped,  and  splashed  with  red,  a  little  bronzed  russet  about  the  stem, 
and  often  a  blue  tinge  marbled  toward  the  stem  resembling  a  bloom ; 
stem,  short ;  cavity,  open,  deep,  regular ;  calyx,  small,  half  open ;  basin, 
shallow,  regular ;  flesh,  white,  with  a  slight  tinge  of  yellow,  tender, 
crisp,  juicy,  sub-acid,  sprightly;  core,  medium  or  small  ;^  seeds,  obo- 
vate  pyriform.  Season,  December  to  March.  This  is  distinct  from 
the  Baltimore,  of  Lindley,  which  is  of  pale  lemon  color,  tinged  with 
red,  and  with  large  open  calyx. 

BETHLEHEMITE. 


"  This  is  a  variety  somewhat  resembling  the  Newton  Spitzenberg, 
and  we  have  testimony  of  one  or  two  who  say  they  know  it  under 
that  name.  We  are  not,  however,  satisfied  of  their  identity,  and  as 
the  really  good  qualities  of  this  fruit  are  such  as  to  make  it  desira- 
ble in  all  collections,  we  have  no  hesitation  in  recommending  it. 
Thus  far  all  specimens  we  have  seen  were  from  trees  grown  in  rich, 
loamy  soils,  and  all  we  can  learn  of  its  history  is  that  it  came  from 
Bethlehem,  in  Ohio.  Size,  medium ;  form,  roundish,  flattened, 
tapering  slightly  to  the  apex ;  color,  pale  yellow  ground,  striped  and 
stained  with  two  shades  of  bright  red,  dotted  with  irregular  shaped 
brown  dots,  some  russet  about  the  stem :  calyx,  medium,  sometimes 
large  ;  basin,  deep,  broad,  irregular,  somewhat  furrowed ;  stem,  short; 
cavity,  narrow,  irregular  ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  tender,  with  a  mild 
sub-acid  juice,  and  exceedingly  pleasant  flavor  ;  core,  small,  compact ; 
seeds,  obovate,  obtuse  pyriform.  Season,  November  to  January, 
but  keeps  until  April.  Trees,  upright,  strong  growers. 


WORTHY   GENERAL  CULTIVATION. 


69 


BELMONT. 

Gate,  I  White  Apple, 

Mamma  Beam,  Kelley  White, 

Golden  Pippin  of  some,  |  Waxen  of  some. 


American.  By  some  stated  to  have  originated  in  Virginia,  by 
others  in  Pennsylvania,  and,  on  the  authority  of  Prof.  Kirtland,  Mr. 
Downing  in  his  first  edition  of  "  Fruits  and  Fruit  Trees,"  made  it 
synonymous  with  the  "  Waxen"  of  Coxe.  As  this  is  yet  uncertain, 
we  adopt  the  name  by  which  the  fruit  is  most  largely  known. 

Tree,  healthy,  vigorous,  spreading,  wood  yellowish,  good  bearer, 
does  not  succeed  on  the  alluvial  soils  of  the  West,  but  on  all  high, 
warm,  or  limestone  soils  does  finely,  and  makes  a  large  tree. 

Size,  medium  to  large ;  form,  irregular,  usually  roundish,  some- 
times oblong  rounded.  South  it  grows  very  large,  and  also  West, 
on  new  rich  soils  in  Wisconsin;  but  grown  South  its  delicacy,  fine 
grain  and  flavor  are  lost.  Skin,  thin,  smooth,  glossy,  or  oily ;  color, 
rich  clear  light  yellow ;  at  South  with  a  few  dark  brown  specks,  and 
North  with  a  clear  vermillion  red  cheek,  with  carmine  spots ;  South 
slight  russet  marblings,  and  much  of  mould  or  fungus ;  stem,  me- 
dium length,  projecting  slightly  beyond  the  surface,  always  slender ; 
calyx,  varying  from  small  and  close  to  open  and  reflexed ;  basin, 
from  shallow  to  rather  deep,  always  furrowed;  flesh,  yellowish 
white,  fine  grained,  very  tender,  juicy,  sprightly,  sub-acid;  core. 


70 


THE  APPLE. 


rather  large  ;  seeds,  ovate,  pointed,  abundant,  brownish  red.  Season, 
November  to  February. 

BELLFLOWER. 

fellow  Bellflower,  |  Yellow  Belle-fleur,  |  Lady  Washington. 


American.  Tree,  01  slender,  yet  healthy  growth,  with  yellowish, 
rather  upright  shoots ;  fruit,  on  ends  of  limbs,  very  hardy,  but 
grafted  on  pieces  of  roots  does  not  bear  well,  otherwise,  very  pro- 
ductive. Size,  large;  form,  oblong,  a  little  irregular,  tapering  to  the 
eye ;  color,  pale  yellow,  with  a  blush  next  the  sun;  stem,  long,  slen- 
der, curved ;  cavity,  deep ;  calyx,  closed  ;  basin,  plaited,  deep ;  flesh, 
tender,  juicy,  crisp,  sprightly,  sub-acid ;  core,  large ;  capsules,  long, 
hollow ;  seeds,  large,  ovate,  pyriform,  angular  at  broad  end.  Season, 
December  to  March. 

BROAD  WELL. 

Broadwell  Sweet. 

American.  Origin,  Southern  Ohio.  Tree,  vigorous,  spreading, 
light  yellowish  shoots,  good  bearer.  Size,  medium  to  large ;  form, 
regular,  roundish,  flattened  at  base,  and  tapering  slightly  toward  the 
calyx  ;  skin,  thin,  smooth  ;  color,  light  yellow,  cloudy  flakes,  sunny 
side  brownish  bronze ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  expanded ;  calyx,  open ; 


WORTHY  GENERAL  CULTIVATION. 


71 


segments,  short;  basin,  narrow;  flesh,  white,  fine-grained,  sweet, 
juicy ;  core,  close,  compact ;  seeds,  small,  plump,  light-brown.  Sea- 
son, November  to  March. 


BULLOCK'S  PIPPIN. 

American  Golden  Russet,      I     Golden  Russet, 
Sheepnose,  |     Little  Pearmain, 

Fall-Winesap,  erroneously. 


American.  Tree, 
ultimately  of  only 
medium  size,  with  a 
round  regular  head, 
shoots  erect,  rather 
slender,  admirably 
suited  to  rich  soils 
of  Southern  Ohio, 
Indiana,  etc.,  etc. 
Grown  south,  the 
fruit  is  almost  en- 
tirely covered  with 
russet;  north,  and 
on  sandy  soils,  it  is 
a  warm,  rich  yel- 
low, with  only  mar- 
blings  of  russet. 


72 


THE   APPLE. 


Size,  small  to  medium  ;  form,  roundish,  ovate,  tapering  much  to- 
ward the  eye ;  color,  generally  rich  golden  yellow,  overspread  with 
soft  russet,  and  in  sun,  a  marbling  of  red ;  stem,  slender ;  cavity, 
narrow,  regular;  calyx,  small,  closed;  basin,  shallow,  sometimes 
furrowed ;  flesh,  yellowish,  tender,  juicy,  almost  buttery,  delicate, 
sprightly ;  core,  large  for  size  of  fruit ;  seeds,  full,  ovate,  pyramidal! 
Season,  December  to  March. 


CANADA  PIPPIN. 


Canada  Reinette, 

Canadian  Reinette, 

Pomme  de  Caen, 

Reinette  Grosse  du  Canada, 

De  Bretagne, 

Jannarea, 

German  Green, 


Reinette  du  Canada, 

Grosse  Reinette  d'Angleterre, 

Reinette  du  Canada  Blanche, 

Reinette  du  Canada  a'Cortes, 

Portugal, 

Wahr  Reinette, 

White  Pippin, 


Yellow  New  town  Pippin,  erroneously. 


Foreign.  Tree,  strong,  vigorous,  upright,  spreading,  productive, 
very  hardy.  Size,  large  ;  form,  roundish,  flattened,  irregularly  an- 
gular, much  ribbed,  sometimes  almost  oblong  and  smooth ;  color, 
light  greenish-yellow,  a  blush  in  sun,  and  small  dark  green  specks, 
surrounded  with  light  green  suffused  beneath  the  skin  ;  stem,  short ; 
cavity,  narrow,  slightly  russeted  ;  calyx,  large ;  basin,  deep,  angu- 
ler,  with  prominent  ribs ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  crisp,  tender,  juicy, 
sub-acid,  sprightly  ;  core,  small,  compact ;  seeds,  dark,  almost  black. 
Season,  January  to  May. 


WORTHY   GENERAL   CULTIVATION. 


CHALLENGE. 


73 


American.  Origin,  near  Sandusky,  Ohio.  Tree,  productive,  har- 
dy. Size,  large  ;  form,  roundish,  flattened  ;  color,  rich  yellow,  with- 
many  russet  dots,  and  occasionally  a  russet  patch;  when  fully  ex- 
posed to  sun,  the  russet  spots  become  vermillion  red ;  stem,  pro- 
jecting even  with  surrounding  surface ;  cavity,  deep,  regular ;  calyx, 
with  long  irregular  segments ;  basin,  broad,  open,  medium  depth, 
always  furrowed  ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  crisp,  juicy,  sweet,  tender ; 
core,  medium  ;  seeds,  large,  plump.  Season,  October  and  November. 


CLOTH  OF  GOLD. 


Drap  d'Or, 
VraiDrapd'Or, 


Early  Summer  Pippin,  of  some. 
Bay  Apple, 


This  is,  by  some,  said  to  be  identical  with  "  Cooper."  We  do 
not  yet  so  recognize  it.  Tree,  strong  grower,  wide,  broad  foliage, 
moderate  bearer.  Size,  large ;  form,  roundish,  flattened  ;  color,  dull 
yellow  or  gold  color,  with  distinct  brown  or  russet  specks ;  stem, 
short;  cavity,  wide, open;  calyx,  small,  half  closed;  basin,  shallow, 
plaited  ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  mild,  sub-acid,  not  fine  grained,  ten- 
der, juicy,  well  flavored ;  core,  with  open  hollow  capsules ;  seeds, 
short,  ovate,  dark  reddish  brown.  Season,  August  to  October. 
4 


THE  APPLE. 
CORNISH  AROMATIC. 


Foreign.  Requires  rich,  warm,  sandy  soil.  Size,  medium ;  form, 
roundish,  regular,  sometimes  a  little  conical;  color,  yellow  ground, 
mostly  overspread  with  rich  red,  dotted  with  yellow  russet  spots ; 
stem,  long,  slender  ;  cavity,  regular,  open,  rather  deep  ;  calyx,  small ; 
basin,  abrupt,  furrowed  '/flesh,  yellow,  crisp,  juicy,  sub-acid,  of  flavor 
closely  allied  to  Esopus  Spitzenburg ;  core,  open,  hollow,  regular 
form  ;  seeds,  large.  Season,  November  to  February. 

DANVERS  WINTER  SWEET. 

Epse's  Sweet. 

American.  Tree,  vigorous,  spreading,  shoots  yellowish,  very  pro- 
ductive ;  valuable  winter  fruit  for  baking  or  stock. 

Size,  medium  ;  form,  roundish,  oblong  ;  color,  dull  yellow,  with 
orange  blush,  and  small  russet  specks  ;  stem,  slender,  inclining  to 
one  side ;  calyx,  small,  woolly  ;  basin,  shallow,  rather  narrow  ;  flesh, 
yellow,  firm,  sweet ;  core,  large,  open ;  seeds,  ovate,  pointed,  dark 
rich  brown.  Season,  December  to  April. 

DUTCH  MIGNONNE. 

The  Dutch  Mignonne — Darling,  or  Favorite,  is  from  Holland, 
and  a  fruit  which  has  proved  valuable  wherever  grown.  Tree,  with 


WORTHY  GENERAL  CULTIVATION. 


75 


strong  upright  shoots,  and  producing  abundantly  ;  very  fine  in  South 
Ohio.  Size,  large ;  form,  roundish,  regular ;  color,  dull  orange, 
mostly  covered  with  rich  dull  red,  dotted  and  mottled  with  large 
yellow  russet  specks,  and  a  dash  of  russet  about  the  cavity  of  stem ; 
stem,  long,  slender,  curved  ;  cavity,  narrow,  deep  ;  calyx,  open  ;  ba- 
sin, deep,  round,  regular ;  flesh,  whitish,  firm  at  first,  becoming  ten- 
der when  well  matured,  sub-acid  aromatic  flavor ;  core,  small,  com- 
pact ;  seeds,  few,  defective.  Season,  November  to  January. 


DYER. 


Pomme  Royal, 
Golden  Spice, 
Tompkins, 
Beard  Burden, 

White  Spice 


Pomme  Water, 
Bullripe, 

Mygatt's  Bergamot, 
Bard  Apple, 


American.  Tree,  a  fair  grower,  not  strong,  shoots  spreading 
irregular,  moderately  productive.  Size,  medium ;  form,  round,  or 
roundish  flattened ;  color,  clear  yellow,  with  russet  marbled  more  or 
less  over  the  surface  ;  stem,  long,  slender ;  cavity,  deep,  slightly  fur- 
rowed ;  calyx,  with  long  recurved  segments  ;  basin,  medium  ;  flesh, 
yellowish  white,  spicy,  sprightly,  tender,  sub-acid ;  core,  medium  ; 
seeds,  small.  Season,  October  and  November. 

EARLY  JOE. 


American :  origin,  claimed  Ontario  Co.,  N.  Y.     It  is  somewhat 
questionable,  if  it  is  not  an  old  Connecticut  variety.     This  apple 


76 


THE   APPLE. 


has  the  most  of  delicate  pear  flavor  of  any  variety  ;  and  while  it  is 
all  unsuited  to  orcharding,  one  tree  should  always  be  planted. 
While  young  it  is  of  slow  growth,  but,  as  trees  get  older,  it  improves, 
and  makes  a  tree  of  round  irregular  spreading  form  of  medium  size. 
It  is  very  hardy,  but  should  have  rich  strong  soil ;  shoots,  dark 
colored  ;  and  so  foliage. 

Size,  medium,  or  rather  below  ;  form,  roundish,  flattened  ;  stem, 
rather  slender ;  cavity,  open,  deep,  a  little  russeted ;  color,  pale 
yellowish  green,  overspread  and  striped  with  deep  and  pale  red ; 
calyx,  small,  nearly  closed  ;  basin,  shallow  ;  flesh,  yellowish  white, 
tender,  very  delicate;  core,  medium,  centre  open;  seeds,  short 
ovate,  pyriform.  Season,  last  of  August. 

EARLY  STRAWBERRY. 

American  Red  Juneating.  |  Red  Juneating. 

American.  Tree,  very  erect  in  growth,  dark  wood,  numerous 
leaves  erect,  with  long  footstalks  ;  productive,  and  successful  in  all 
localities,  and  although  not  best  in  quality,  yet  generally  esteemed. 

Size,  small ;  form,  roundish,  varying  to  angular  and  conical ;  color, 
yellowish  white,  striped  and  stained  over  with  bright  and  dark  red  ; 
stem,  varying  from  long,  straight,  and  slender,  to  medium,  curved ; 
calyx,  small ;  basin,  narrow  and  shallow ;  flesh,  yellowish  white, 
tinged  with  red,  sub-acid,  sprightly,  tender ;  core,  medium  ;  seeds, 
small.  Season,  July. 

ESOPUS  SPITZENBERG. 


WOKTHY  GENEKAL  CULTIVATION.  77 

American.  Origin  on  the  Hudson  River.  Tree,  healthy,  slender 
shoots  ;  when  in  bearing,  drooping  and  spreading,  making  an  open 
head  ;  requires  age  to  produce  much  or  good  fruit,  and  much  of 
lime  and  potash,  when  it  is  a  good  bearer. 

Size,  above  medium,  large  when  carefully  grown  ;  form,  flattened 
at  base,  oblong,  tapering  roundly  toward  the  eye,  considerably 
ribbed  and  irregular  in  its  surface,  and  almost  always  slightly  angu- 
lar ;  color,  rich  lively  red  on  yellow  ground,  dotted  and  marbled 
with  yellow  russet  ;  stem,  varying,  sometimes  short  and  stout,  at 
others  long  and  slender  ;  cavity,  deep,  regular,  open  ;  calyx,  small, 
closed  ;  basin,  almost  abrupt,  furrowed  ;  flesh,  yellow,  crisp,  a  little 
tough,  exceedingly  high  flavored  and  delicious  ;  core,  regular,  ovate, 
rounded  in  form  ;  seeds,  large.  Season,  January  to  March. 
• 

FAMEUSE. 

Porame  de  Neige,  |  Sanguineus, 
Sno 


now. 


Foreign,  or  rather  Canadian  origin.  It  is  admirably  adapted  to 
all  northern  sections  producing  yearly,  and  always  fair  smooth  fruit. 
Tree,  of  moderate,  rather  diverging  habit  ;  shoots  dark  ;  and  as  an 
orchard  tree,  only  of  second  size.  Without  being  a  fruit  of  high 
character,  it  is  just  so  good  that,  taken  with  its  production  of  regular 
handsome  fruit,  it  cannot  be  dispensed  with.  Tree,  hardy,  and  rich 
strong  or  heavy  soils  suit  it  best. 

Size,  medium  ;  form,  roundish,  somewhat  flattened  ;  color,  green- 
ish yellow,  mostly  overspread  with  pale  and  dark  rich  red  ;  stem, 
slender  ;  cavity,  narrow  ;  calyx,  small  ;  basin,  shallow,  narrow  ; 
flesh,  remarkably  white,  tender,  juicy,  with  a  slight  perfume  ;  core, 
close  compact  ;  seeds,  light  brown,  long  pointed.  Season,  October 
to  January. 

FALL  WINE. 

Wine,  of  Cole. 

American.  Its  origin  unknown,  introduced  west  from  the  garden 
of  Judge  Buel,  Albany,  about  1832.  Tree,  of  slender,  slow  growth  ; 
drooping,  when  in  bearing  state,  very  *  healthy  ;  producing  mode- 
rately, but  annually,  large  beautiful  fruit  on  the  rich  Western  soils  ; 
and  fruit  of  medium  size  on  soils  of  moderate  quality.  Our  figure 
exhibits  it  from  the  two  soils.  It  is  now  much  grown  in  Indiana 
and  Illinois  as  "  Wine,"  from  which  it  is  quite  distinct. 

Size,  medium  to  large  ;  form,  roundish,  flattened  ;  color,  rich  red 
marbled  over  clear  yellow,  and  with  many  spots  or  specks  of 
brownish  —  sometimes  it  is  faintly  striped  ;  stem,  slender  ;  cavity, 
deep  ;  calyx,  half  closed  ;  basin,  open,  shallow  ;  flesh,  yellowish, 
crisp,  tender,  juicy,  delicious,  sub-acid,  vinous.  Season,  September 
to  November. 


78 


THE  APPLE. 


Although  evidently  an  old  eastern  fruit,  it  appears  now  unknown 
there,  if  we  except  the  short  description  made  of  it  by  < 


notice  of  where  grown. 


•  Cole,  and  his 


FALL  PIPPIN. 

Philadelphia  Pippin. 


This  is  unquestionably  an  American  seedling,  and  probably  from 
the  "  White  Spanish  Reinette,"  which  it  closely  resembles  in  all  but 
its  period  of  ripening.  Great  confusion  exists  among  growers  re- 
specting it,  as  the  Holland  Pippin  is  often  grown  under  this  name  as 
well  as  its  parent.  It  is  extensively  grown  at  the  West  and  in  the 
Eastern  states,  and  universally  succeeds  well ;  but  where  the  soil  is 
of  a  clayey  nature,  on  the  alluvial  bottoms  and  deep  prairies,  it  does 
not  answer  as  well.  Tree,  of  growth  vigorous,  shoots,  dark,  di- 
verging or  spreading,  becomes  large. 

Size,  large  ;  form,  roundish,  conical,  flattened  at  ends ;  color, 
greenish  yellow,  until  fully  ripe,  then  rich  yellow  with  a  faint  blush, 
when  grown  in  good  soil  and  exposed  to  sun ;  stem,  long,  moder- 


WORTHY   GENERAL   CULTIVATION.  79 


ately  stout ;  cavity,  deep,  round ;  calyx,  above  medium,  with  seg- 
ments in  divisions ;  basin,  deep,  wide,  and  open ;  flesh,  yellowish 
white,  tender,  sub-acid,  aromatic ;  core,  medium,  for  size  of  fruit ; 
seeds,  ovate.  Season,  October  to  December. 

FALLENWALDER. 

Fallawater,  Tulpahocken, 

Green  Mountain  Pippin ,  Pirn's  Beauty  of  the  West, 

Dutch  Codlin,  erroneously.  Pound,  erroneously , 

Mountain  Pippin. 

American.  Originated  in  Berks  Co.,  Penn.  "  It  sprung  up  in 
the  woods,  and  was  left  standing  after  the  other  trees  were  cut  down ; 
hence  the  name  Fallenwalder,  or  apple  of  the  cut-down  woods." 
Not  worthy  a  place  in  small  orchards  or  gardens ;  but  on  rich  lime- 
stone soils,  when  grown  for  distant  market,  it  is  highly  valuable, 
being  of  thick  skin,  fruit  always  fair  and  large,  and  keeping  a  long 
time,  even  in  southern  latitudes.  Tree,  strong,  vigorous  grower ; 
shoots,  stout,  partially  spreading. 

fruit,  large;  form,  round,  varying  to  roundish,  flattened  and 
roundish  ovate ;  color,  pale  yellowish  green,  dull  red  cheek,  dotted 
with  a  few  small  irregular-shaped  russet  dots,  suffused  or  surround- 


80 


THE  APPLE. 


ed  with  a  shade  of  light  green,  presenting  at  first  glance,  appearance 
as  of  white  specks;  stem,  short;  cavity,  open,  generally  regular; 
calyx,  small,  closed ;  basin,  shallow,  open,  broad,  often  slightly  fur- 
rowed ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  rather  coarse  texture,  tender,  juicy, 
mild,  sub-acid;  core,  medium,  somewhat  open  ;  seeds,  ovate  pointed. 
Season,  December  to  May. 


FORT  MIAMI. 


Scandiana  Mala. 

American.  Originated  neai:  Fort  Miami,  in  Ohio.  In  April, 
1846,  we  made  our  outline  and  description  from  specimens  sent  us 
by  A.  Spafford,  Esq.,  Perrysburgh,  O.,  since  which  we  have  been 
unable  to  obtain  of  the  fruit.  Trees,  thrifty,  healthy  growth ;  shoots, 
dark  color,  nearly  upright,  spreading ;  not  an  early  bearer,  but  the 
original  tree  said  to  be  very  productive. 

Fruit,  medium  to  large;  form,  roundish  oblong,  flattened  at  both 
ends,  widest  at  base,  uneven,  somewhat  ribbed ;  color,  brownish  red, 
more  or  less  russeted ;  stem,  medium  size,  three-fourth  inch  long ; 
cavity,  deep,  open,  uneven;  calyx,  medium  size,  closed;  b<t  in.  me- 


WORTHY   GENERAL   CULTIVATION.  81 


dium  depth,  furrowed ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  crisp,  breaking,  exceed- 
ingly high-spicy,  sub-acid  flavor.     Season,  February  to  May. 

GARDEN  ROYAL. 

American.  Originated  in  Mass.  Tree,  slender,  slow  grower 
while  young,  hardy,  and  makes  a  tree  of  medium  size,  annually 
productive ;  suited  to  small  orchards  or  gardens  where  a  delicious 
fruit  is  desired  for  table  use. 

Fruit,  rather  below  medium ;  form,  roundish,  inclining  to  flat, 
very  regular ;  color,  a  yellowish  ground,  with  dull  red  stripes,  be- 
coming brighter  in  sun  ;  stem,  short,  slender  ;  cavity,  narrow  ;  calyx, 
large,  open ;  basin,  shallow ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  fine-grained, 
tender,  mild,  sub-acid.  Season,  last  of  August  and  September. 

GOLDEN  SWEET. 

Orange  Sweet,  |  Trenton  Early. 

American.  Originated  in  Connecticut.  Tree,  free  grower  while 
young,  making,  however,  an  orchard  tree  of  only  medium  size, 
spreading  irregular  branches  ;  succeeds  well  in  all  soils ;  productive 
annually  of  large  crops  of  fair  fruit.  This  variety  was  shown  two 
years,  late  in  season,  and  in  bad  state,  at  the  Ohio  Pom.  Convention, 
as  "  Trenton  Early."  We  this  year  received  specimens  of  it  through 
the  kindness  of  Dr.  Warder,  when  in  season. 
4* 


82 


THE   APPLE. 


Fruit,  medium  to  large ;  form,  roundish,  rather  deeper  than  wide ; 
color,  yellow  on  green,  suffused  slightly  underneath  skin,  and  with 
many  small  greenish  dots  that  become  russety  in  sun  ;  stem,  medium 
to  long ;  cavity,  round,  shallow,  regular ;  calyx,  closed;  basin,  round, 
moderately  deep,  slightly  furrowed  or  crimped  at  base  of  calyx ; 
flesh,  yellowish  white,  very  rich,  sweet,  hardly  tender ;  core,  medium, 
round,  ovate;  seeds,  abundant,  ovate  pointed.  As  a  baking  fruit,  or 
to  grow  for  stock  feeding,  this  is  unsurpassed.  Season,  July  and 
August. 

GOLDEN  BALL. 

Belle  et  Bonne,      |     Connecticut  Apple. 

The  origin  of  this  variety  is  somewhat  in  doubt,  but  it  is  probably 
a  native  of  Connecticut,  from  whence  it  has  been  largely  distributed 
East.  The  trees  do  not  bear  well  while  young,  but  improve  as  they 
advance  in  years.  Tree,  hardy,  forming  a  large  round  head,  with 
large,  glossy,  rich  green  foliage ;  exceeding  valuable  for  cooking ; 
requires  a  rich,  strong,  heavy  soil. 

Fruit,  large ;  form,  roundish,  narrowing   to  the  eye ;  color,  rich 


WORTHY  GENERAL  CULTIVATION. 


83 


yellow,  sometimes  a  faint  blush  near  the  stalk,  and  with  rough  dots ; 
stem,  short,  stout ;  cavity,  broad  ;  calyx,  half  closed ;  basin,  shallow ; 
flesh,  yellowish,  tender,  sub-acid,  nearly  acid,  perfumed ;  core,  me- 
dium ;  seeds,  large,  and  plump.  Season,  October  to  December. 

The  Belle  Bonne  of  Lindley  is  quite  another  fruit,  and  should 
not  be  confounded  with  this. 


GREEN  SWEET. 

Honey  Greening. 


Tree,  hardy,  productive,  half  spreading,  shoots  rather  slender,  fruit 
valuable  for  cooking  and  for  stock ;  wants  deep,  rich,  strong  soil ; 
fruit  always  fair. 

Fruit,  medium  to  large ;  form,  roundish ;  color,  dull  greenish 
white  or  yellow,  with  greenish  white,  or  sometimes  pale  russet  dots ; 
stem,  varying ;  cavity,  narrow,  russeted ;  calyx,  above  medium  size 
for  the  fruit,  closed;  basin,  medium,  slightly  furrowed;  flesh,  green- 
ish white,  tender,  juicy,  and  quite  sweet;  core,  medium,  round; 
seeds,  ovate.  Season,  December  to  March.  Grown  in  Indiana,  it  is 
large,  has  a  brownish  cheek,  and  matures  in  October  and  November. 


GRAVENSTEIN. 

Ohio  Nonpareil,      |      Grave  Slije. 


Foreign, 
finely  on 


;n.     A  variety  indispensable  to  every  collection,  succeeding 
all  soils,  annually  productive,  fruit  always  fair,  fit  for  cook- 


THE   APPLE. 


ing  in  August,  and  eating  in  September  and  October ;  shoots  strong, 
smooth,  upright.     Tree  large,  regular,  round  head,  foliage  broad. 

Fruit,  large ;  form,  roundish,  flattened,  a  little  irregular,  some- 
what ribbed,  on  surface  undulating;  color,  at  first  pale  greenish, 
yellow  ground,  becoming  rich  yellow,  beautifully  striped,  and 
splashed  with  bright  red ;  exposed  to  sun,  red  prevails,  and  becomes 
of  a  dark  hue,  beautiful,  few  faint  light  green  dots ;  stem,  short ; 
cavity,  open,  deep  ;  calyx,  with  open  half  reflexed  segments  ;•  basin, 
rather  deep,  irregular,  ribbed ;  flesh,  yellowish,  crisp,  tender,  sub- 
acid,  with  a  peculiar  aromatic  taste ;  core,  large,  capsules  open, 
hollow  ;  seeds^  ovate  pyriform,  reddish  brown. 


HARVEST. 


Early  Harvest, 
Yellow  Harvest, 
Prince's  Harvest, 
Early  French  Reinette, 


Early  June, 
July  Pippin, 


Large  White  Juneating, 
Yellow  Juneating. 


American.  Universally  esteemed,  requires  a  soil  well  supplied 
with  lime  and  potash,  otherwise  the  fruit  is  unfair.  Shoots  erect, 
straight ;  slow  growth,  not  successful  root-grafted  as  an  orchard 
tree. 

Fruit,  medium ;  form,  roundish,  rarely  a  little  flattened  ;  color, 
pale  light  yellow,  with  a  few  dots  of  white  ;  stem,  medium  length, 
rather  slender,  often  short,  and  a  little  stout ;  cavity,  open,  deep, 
regular;  calyx,  closed;  basin,  shallow,  slightly  furrowed;  flesh, 
white,  tender,  juicy,  crisp,  sprightly,  sub-acid ;  core,  medium ;  seeds, 
abundant,  light  brown,  ovate.  Season,  July. 


WORTHY   GENERAL   CULTIVATION. 


85 


HEREFORDSHIRE  PEARMAIN. 

Winter  Pearmain,  emmeoitsfy,          1         Parmin  Royal, 
Royal  Pearmain ,  Old  Pearmain , 

Royale  d'Angleterre. 


Foreign.  Tree,  hardy"  requiring  rich,  strong  soil,  when  the  fruit 
is  of  the  highest  excellence ;  shoots  slender,  diverging,  partially  droop- 
ing. 

Fruit,  medium ;  form,  roundish,  conical ;  color,  brownish  red, 
mottled,  and  slightly  striped,  on  a  dull  russety  green,  or  when  fully 
matured,  yellow  ground,  with  stripes  and  marblings  of  russet, 
from  the  stem,  dotted  with  greyish  specks  ;  stem,  slender ;  cavity, 
acuminate,  russeted ;  calyx,  open ;  basin,  medium ;  flesh,  yellow- 
ish, tender,  mild,  sub-acid,  aromatic ;  core,  medium,  Jaying  nearest 
the  stem  end ;  seeds,  large,  ovate,  light  brown.  Season,  December 
to  February. 

BUTTON. 

Hubbardston  Nonsuch, 
Simon,          |          Sutton  Beauty. 

American.  Originated  in  Mass.  A  superior  fruit,  succeeding  even 
better  when  grown  West,  than  in  its  native  locality.  Tree,  vigorous 
grower ;  shoots,  rather  slender,  very  different  from  the  Baldwin, 
which  has  often  been  disseminated  as  this  variety ;  spreading ;  very- 
productive.  , 


86 


THE  APPLE. 


Fruit,  large,  West  very  large  ;  form,  roundish  ovate,  very  regular ; 
color,  yellow  ground,  mostly  overspread,  and  partially  striped  with 
rich  red ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  narrow ;  calyx,  with  short  open  seg- 
ments ;  basin,  deep,  round,  rarely  ribbed ;  flesh,  yellowish,  mild, 
sub-acid,  juicy.  Season,  October  to  February. 

JERSEY  SWEETING. 


American.  Succeeds  in  all  localities,  and  produces  abundantly  of 
fair  fruit  in  all  soils,  warm,  sandy  ones  giving  a  closer  texture,  and 
more  character  to  the  flesh.  Shoots  stout,  short-jointed,  reddish. 
Tree,  spreading,  round  head.  For  dessert,  cooking,  or  stock,  valu- 
able. 

Fruit,  medium ;  form,  roundish  ovate,  tapering  to  the  eye ; 
color,  greenish  yellow,  marked  and  streaked,  often  nearly  covered 
with  stripes  of  pale  and  dull  red ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  narrow ; 
calyx,  half  closed ;  basin,  not  deep,  sometimes  slightly  furrowed; 
flesh,  white,  fine-grained,  juicy,  tender,  sweet  •  core,  rather  open,  me- 
dium, round,  ovate ;  seeds,  full,  ovate  pointed.  Season,  September, 
and  October. 


JONATHAN. 


Philip  Rick, 
King  Philip, 


I 


Winesap,  erroneously, 
Wine,  „ 


American.     Originated  Kingston,  N.  Y.     Shoots,   light  brown, 


WORTHY    GENERAL  CULTIVATION.  87 

slender,  diverging ;  when  grown  and  fruiting,  tree  has  a  drooping 
and  pendent  habit ;  very  productive  ;  needs  rich,  strong  soil. 


Fruit,  medium ;  form,  roundish,  conical,  regular ;  color,  light  yel- 
low ground,  mostly  overspread,  streaked,  or  stained  with  rich  light 
red,  and  with-  few  minute  white  dots ;  stem,  rather  long,  slender ; 
cavity,  open,  wide ;  calyx,  small,  nearly  closed ;  basin,  shallow, 
slightly  furrowed ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  tender,  juicy,  slightly 
acid  unless  fully  matured,  when  it  is  sub-acid,  sprightly ;  core,  medi- 
um ;  seeds,  full,  abundant,  dark  brown.  Season,  December  to  Feb- 
ruary. 

LADY  APPLE. 

Api,  Pomme  Rose, 

Petit  Api ,  Pom  me  d '  Api  Rouge , 

Pomme  d' Api,       j         Petit  Api  Rouge, 
Gros  Api  Rouge. 

Foreign.  Trees  very  upright,  forming  almost  pyramidal  heads, 
like  that  of  a  pear  tree,  producing  the  fruit  in  clusters ;  require  to  be 
ten  or  more  years  old,  ere  bearing  much,  after  which,  very  produc- 
tive. Shoots,  very  dark  'color,  straight,  erect,  leaves  small ;  appears 
to  succeed  in  all  soils,  and  the  fruit,  though  small,  from  its  beauty, 
always  commands  a  high  price. 

Fruit,  small ;  form,  flat ;  color,  brilliant  red,  on  light,  clear  yellow ; 
very  glossy  ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  deep ;  calyx,  small ;  basin,  fur- 
rowed ;  flesh,  white,  crisp,  tender,  juicy ;  core,  small.  Season,  Decem- 
ber to  May. 


THE  APPLE. 


LADIES'  SWEETING. 

American.  We  have  repeatedly  fruited  and  met  with  this  variety 
West,  where  it  seems  generally  to  succeed,  but  neglecting  to  make, 
or  having  lost  our  description,  we  copy  that  of  Mr.  Downing,  who 
first  introduced  and  disseminated  the  variety  :  "  Wood,  not  very 
strong,  grows  thriftily,  bears  abundantly." 

"  Fruit,  large,  roundish  ovate,  narrowing  rapidly^  to  the  eye ; 
skin,  very  smooth,  nearly  covered  with  red  in  the  sun,  pale  yellow- 
ish green  in  the  shade,  with  broken  stripes  of  pale  red.  The  red  is 
sprinkled  with  well-marked  yellowish  gray  dots,  and  covered  when 
first  gathered,  with  a  thin  white  bloom.  There  is,  also,  generally,  a 
fault  marbling  of  cloudy  white  over  the  red,  on  the  shady  side  of  the 
fruit,  and  rays  of  the  same  around  the  stalk.  Calyx  quite  small,  set 
in  a  narrow,  shallow  plaited  basin ;  stalk  half  an  inch  long,  in  a  shal- 
low cavity ;  flesh  greenish  white,  exceedingly  tender,  juicy,  crisp, 
delicious,  sprightly,  agreeably-perfumed  flavor ;  keeps  without  shriv- 
eling or  losing  its  flavor,  till  May." 


LOWELL. 


Greasy  Pippin , 

Queen  Anne. 

Pound  Royal,  erroneously. 


American.     The  early  habit  of  productiveness,  with  the  large  fair 


WORTHY    GENERAL  CULTIVATION.  89 

fruit,  will  always  command  a  place  in  large  orchards,  where  this 
variety  is  known.  Trees,  thrifty,  rather  strong  growers,  spreading, 
most  valuable  on  rich  heavy  soils. 

Fruit,  large  ;  form,  roundish  oblong,  slightly  conical ;  color,  green, 
becoming  rich  yellow ;  oily  surface ;  stem,  long,  slender ;  cavity, 
narrow ;  calyx,  small,  nearly  closed  ;  basin,  deep,  furrowed  ;  flesh, 
yellowish  white,  rather  coarse,  sub-acid,  fine  aroma ;  core,  medium 
or  small ;  seeds,  ovate.  Season,  August  and  early  September. 

LONDON  SWEET. 

London  Winter  Sweet,         |         Winter  Sweet,  .  i 

Heicke's  Winter  Sweet. 


American.  Much  cultivated  in  Southern  Ohio ;  often  abundant 
in  Cincinnati  market.  We  have  been  unable  to  connect  it  with  any 
other  named  variety,  though  it  nearest  resembles  Broad  well. 
Adapted  to  the  rich  deep  soils  of  the  West ;  said  to  be  produc- 
tive. 

Fruit,  medium,  occasionally  large ;  form,  roundish,  flattened ; 
color,  pale  yellow,  with  rarely  an  irregular  patch  of  bronzed  russet ; 
very  smooth ;  grown  South,  has  the  fungus  or  mould,  as  we  think, 
marring  its  beauty ;  stem,  short,  slender ;  cavity,  open,  medium 
depth,  round,  regular;  calyx,  small,  closed;  basin,  deep,  round, 
regular ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  juicy,  tender,  pleasantly  sweet ; 
core,  rather  small ;  seeds,  ovate  pointed.  Season,  November  to  Jan- 
uary, but  will  keep  through  February. 

MELON. 

Norton's  Melon.         |         Watermelon. 

American.     Origin  questioned — whether  New  York  or  Connecti- 


90 


THE   APPLE. 


cut.  (See  Horticulturist,  vol.  ii.,  page  357.)  It  proves  fine  so  far, 
and  wherever  it  has  been  tested,  and  we  confidently  place  it  in  the 
class  worthy  of  general  cultivation.  Tree,  vigorous,  spreading; 
shoots,  reddish  brown  ;  requires  deep,  strong  soil. 


Fruit,  medium  to  large  ;  form  roundish,  flattened,  regular  ;  surface, 
glossy,  uneven ;  color,  pale  yellowish  white,  much  overspread  with 
broken  streaks  and  stripes  of  reddish  purple,  becoming  rich  and  dark 
in  the  sun  ;  stem,  medium,  slender  ;  cavity,  wide,  round,  open,  marked 
with  greenish  russet ;  calyx,  closed  ;  basin,  deep,  finely  plaited  at  bot- 
tom ;  flesh,  white,  fine-grained,  crisp,  tender,  juicy,  sprightly ;  core,  ra- 
ther small ;  seeds,  broad,  nearly  black.  Season,  October  to  Decem- 
ber. 

MELTING. 

Melt  in  the  Mouth,         |         Melting  Mouth. 

American.  Origin,  Pennsylvania ;  introduced  to  Ohio,  and  ex- 
hibited (as  grown  in  the  centre  of  that  State)  at  the  Pornological 
meetings  for  three  years.  Tree,  hardy  ;  shoots,  slender,  diverging  ; 
fruit  borne  mostly  on  ends  of  limbs  ;  requires  rich  soil,  abounding 
in  lime  ;  on  young  trees,  fruit  quite  small ;  improves  and  increases 
as  they  advance  in  years  and  size,  and  under  good  culture. 

Fruit,  medium ;  form,  roundish,  slightly  flattened ;  color,  yellow 
ground,  overspread  with  warm  yellow  red,  dotted  and  marbled  with 
yellow  russet ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  deep,  regular  ;  calyx,  with  short 
erect  segments ;  basin,  shallow,  broad,  open ;  flesh,  yellowish  crisp, 


WOBTHY  GENERAL   CULTIVATION. 


91 


juicy,  tender,  sub-acid  ;  core,  small,  compact ;  seeds,  long  oval  point- 
ed, abundant.     Season,  JanuaVy  to  April. 

MICHAEL  HENRY  PIPPIN. 

White  Pearmain,         |         White  Winter  Pearmain. 


92 


THE  APPLE. 


American.  Native  of  New  Jersey.  It  is  in  extensive  cultivation 
throughout  the  West,  and  is  very  successful.  Trees  very  produc- 
tive. 

Fruit,  medium  to  large  ;  form,  angular,  roundish,  conical ;  color, 
light  yellowish  green,  with  a  flush  of  red,  in  sun,  dotted  with  irregu- 
lar formed  specks  of  russet ;  often  there  is  a  shade  of  rich  yellow 
marbled,  or  striped,  apparently  underneath  the  skin ;  stem,  usually 
short ;  cavity,  narrow,  regular  ;  calyx,  with  long  segments  in  divis- 
ions ;  basin,  shallow,  narrow,  somewhat  furrowed  ;  flesh,  white,  tender, 
juicy,  sweet ;  much  valued  for  cooking  and  keeping  well,  being  in  use 
from  October  to  March ;  core,  small,  compact,  surrounded  by  a  broad 
coarse  vein,  giving  semblance  of  a  large  core  ;  seeds,  ovate  pointed, 
light  brown. 

MONMOUTH  PIPPIN. 

Bed  Cheek,  of  some,         |         Red  Cheek  Pippin. 


American.  Native  of  Monmouth  County,  N.  J.  It  is  stated  as 
very  productive,  and  of  healthy,  vigorous  growth.  We  are  conver- 
sant only  with  the  fruit. 

Fruit,  large  ;  form,  roundish,  flattened  ;  sometimes  roundish  coni- 
cal ;  color,  pale  greenish  yellow,  with  blush-red  cheeks,  small,  raised 
rough  brown  specks,  with  a  shade  of  light  green  suffused  nround 
them  underneath  the  skin  ;  stem,  rather  short ;  cavity,  deep,  regular  ; 


WORTHY   GENERAL  CULTIVATION. 


93 


calyx,  medium,  segments  woolly  and  often  nearly  closed  ;  basin,  wide, 
abrupt,  deep,  much  plaited ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  rather  coarse- 
grained ;  breaking,  tender,  moderately  juicy,  sub-acid,  with  consider- 
able aroma,  or  perfume  ;  core,  small,  compact ;  seeds,  oblong  ovate, 
abundant.  Season,  December  to  February,  and  often  till  April. 


NFWTOWN  PIPPIN. 


Green  Newtown  Pippin, 
American  Newtown  Pippin, 


Green  Winter  Pippin, 
Petersburg  Pippin. 


American.  Native  of  Newtown,  Long  Island.  It  requires  a  rich 
limestone  clay  soil,  or  a  warm  sandy  rich  loam,  well  dressed  with 
lime  and  bone  dust,  in  order  to  secure  healthy  wood,  and  fair,  smooth 
fruit.  On  sandy  soils,  abounding  more  or  Jess  with  iron,  we  have 
never  seen  good  fruit  grown  of  this  variety.  It  is  distinct  in  fruit 
from  the  Yellow  Newtown  Pippin,  for  which  see  farther  pages ;  but 
is  difficult,  if  not  impossible  to  detect  one  from  the  other  by  the  wrood. 
Growth  slender,  slow ;  as  an  orchard  tree,  a  fine  round  head,  with 
branches  diverging,  pendant.  On  the  rich  limestone  soils  of  Ohio, 
and  farther  west,  this  and  the  Yellow  Newtown  Pippin  succeed,  and 
produce  fruit  even  superior  to  the  world-renowned  Pell  Orchard. 

Fruit,  medium ;  form,  roundish  oblong  flattened  ;  color,  dull  green 
when  first  gathered,  becoming,  when  ripe,  a  yellowish  green  ;  small 


94 


THE   APPLE. 


minute  russet  dots,  with  occasional  spots  or  blotches  of  russet,  and, 
grown  on  alluvial  soils  south,  patches  of  dark  green  mould  ;  stem, 
slender ;  cavity,  acuminate  regular ;  calyx,  small ;  basin,  deep,  abrupt, 
hollowed,  and  slightly  wrinkled ;  flesh,  greenish  white,  very  fine- 
grained, juicy,  crisp,  sprightly  perfumed  ;  core,  compact ;  seeds,  dark 
brown,  ovate.  Season,  February  to  May. 

NEWTOWN  SPITZENBERG. 


Ox-Eye, 

Burlington  Spitzenberg, 


Joe  Berry. 


Matchles 
Kountz, 


American.  From  Newtown.  Long  Island.  It  is  extensively  and 
successfully  grown  in  the  West  as  Ox-Eye,  and  highly  estimated. 

Fruit,  medium;  form,  round,  flattened;  color,  yellow  ground, 
mostly  striped  and  splashed  with  red,  which  often  has  appearance  as 
of  a  bloom  ;  russet  dots  and  lines  that  near  the  calyx  look  like  the 
crests  of  waves ;  stem,  long,  slender;  cavity,  narrow,  deep,  regular  ; 
calyx,  small,  segments  erect;  basin,  open,  regular,  not  deep;  flesh, 
yellow,  tender,  slightly  sweet,  rich,  aromatic ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  few, 
ovate  pointed.  Season,  December  to  February. 

NORTHERN  SPY. 

American.  Native  of  East  Bloomfield,  N.  Y.  While  the  quality 
of  this  variety  secures  it  a  place  among  first  class  fruit,  it  cannot 
be  considered  a  profitable  variety  until  the  trees  have  acquired  at 


WORTHY   GENERAL   CULTIVATION. 


95 


least  twenty  years  of  age,  as  it  is  tardy  in  coming  into  bearing.  It 
is  of  thrifty,  vigorous  growth,  requiring  a  rich  soil,  high  state  of  cul- 
tivation, and  as  an  orchard  tree,  severe  thinning  out  of  the  tops,  as 
it  inclines  to  make  an  upright,  close  head  ;  young  shoots  stout,  dark, 
spotted ;  blooms  late,  often  escaping  late  frosts  in  spring. 


Fruit,  medium  to  large ;  form,  roundish  conical,  sometimes 
ribbed ;  skin,  thin  and  tender ;  color,  light  yellow,  mostly  over- 
spread with  light  red,  striped  and  slashed  with  streaks  of  carmine  red, 
and,  when  first  gathered,  covered  with  a  fine  bloom.;  stem,  slender, 
projecting  about  even  with  surface ;  cavity,  open,  wide,  deep ;  calyx, 
small,  closed ;  basin,  open,  regular,  other  than  the  furrows  produced  by 
ribs  of  the  fruit — not  deep,  but  rather  abrupt ;  flesh,  yellowish  white, 
very  tender,  crisp,  juicy,  sprightly  ;  core,  large,  capsules  open  ;  seeds, 
abundant,  many  of  them  triangular  ovate  pointed.  Season,  January 
to  April.  South,  it  will  probably  become  an  early  winter  variety. 

OUTLET. 


Ortley  Pippin, 
Wool  man's  Long, 
White  Bellefleur, 
White  Bellflower, 
Green  Bellflower, 
Willow  Leaf  Pippin, 
Ohio  Favorite, 
Detroit, 
White  Detroit, 
Van  Dyne, 
Jersey  Greening, 


Hollow  Core  Pippin, 
Greasy  Pippin, 
Melting  Pippin, 
Crane's  Pippin, 
Warren  Pippin, 
White  Pippin;  erroneously, 
Yellow  Pippin, 
Golden  Pippin,  of  some, 
Woodward's  Pippin, 
Tom  Woodward  Pippin, 
Inman. 


American.     Native  of  New  Jersey.     First  described  by  Lindley 


THE  APPLE. 


as  Ortley,  and  we  therefore  follow,  as  it  is  as  well  known  by  that 
as  any  other  one  of  its  names.  In  strong  rich  soils,  throughout  the 
entire  Western  States,  it  proves  one  of  the  hardiest,  most  pro- 
ductive, profitable,  as  well  as  best  varieties  known.  In  size,  it  is 
also  largely  increased  over  specimens  grown  North,  where  the  form 
is  more  oblong,  the  texture  somewhat  closer,  and  sprightliness  a 
little  enhanced.  Shoots,  slender,  brownish,  yellow,  upright,  long 
jointed. 

Fruit,  large,  when  grown  on  rich  soils  ;  skin,  smooth  ;  form,  ob- 
long oval,  occasionally  or  often  roundish  conical ;  color,  pale  yellow- 
ish white  at  the  North — South  it  becomes  a  richer  yellow,  with 
specks  of  dark  red,  and  a  vermilion  tinge  surrounding  when  exposed 
to  sun ;  stem,  varying  from  short  and  stout  to  long  and  slender ; 
cavity,  deep,  narrow  ;  calyx,  small,  closed  ;  basin,  furrowed  or  plaited 
from  the  surrounding  angles  or  ribs  that  are  often  apparent  in  the 
fruit ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  tender,  crisp,  sprightly,  mild  acid ;  core, 


WORTHY   GENERAL   CULTIVATION. 


97 


large,  open  ;  seeds,  abundant,  loose  in  the  capsules.   Season,  January 
to  April. 

PECK'S  PLEASANT. 

Waltz  Apple. 


American.  Native  of  Rhode  Island.  Shoots  rather  erect,  slightly 
diverging,  vigorous,  productive.  If  on  sandy  soils,  it  is  of  firmer 
texture  than  on  clays,  and  keeps  better,  but  is  not  so  large. 

fruit,  medium  to  large ;  form,  roundish,  slightly  (sometimes  very , 
much)  flattened,  with  an  indistinct  furrow  on  one  side ;  color,  when 
first  gathered,  green,  with  a  little  dark  red — when  ripe,  a  beautiful 
clear  yellow,  with  bright  blush  on  sunny  side,  marked  with  scattered 
gray  dots,  which  become  small  and  almost  indistinct  near  the  apex  ; 
stem,  varies,  mostly  short  and  fleshy  ;  cavity,  broad,  open,  and  almost 
always  with  a  slight  ridge  or  wave  on  one  side,  connecting  with 
stem  ;  calyx,  medium  size,  usually  segments  half  open ;  basin,  round, 
regular ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  fine  grained,  firm  yet  tender,  juicy, 
mild,  aromatic,  sub-acid  ;  core,  medium  ;  seeds,  abundant,  ovate,  dark 
reddish  brown.  Season,  December  to  February ;  often  keeps  to 
April. 

PHILLIPS'  SWEETING. 

American — native  of  Ohio.  Growth  vigorous,  upright,  wants 
strong  heavy  soil. 

Fruit,  medium  to  large ;  form,  roundish  conical,  slightly  flattened ; 
5 


98 


APPLE. 


cofor,  yellow  ground,  mostly  overspread  and  mottled  with  red ;  flesh, 
yellowish,  tender,  juicy,  crisp.  Season,  December  and  January.  This 
may  yet  prove  identical  with  "  Richmond,"  described  on  future  page. 

PORTER. 

American — native  of  Massachusetts.  Tree  slender,  slow  growth, 
a  regular  even  bearer,  requires  strong  soil  in  which  there  is  'good 
supply  of  lime  and  phosphates  ;  succeeds  wherever  grown — one  of 
the  best  at  South. 

Fruit,  medium  to  large  ;  form,  oblong  conical ;  color,  bright,  clear 
yellow — when  exposed  to  sun,  a  fine  blush  cheek  ;  stem,  slender , 
cavity,  shallow ;  calyx,  medium,  closed ;  basin,  narrow,  deep ;  flesh, 
fine-grained,  juicy,  firm  yet  tender,  acid.  Season,  September  and 
October. 

POUGHKEEPSIE    RuSSET. 
English  Russet,      |     Winter  Russet  ? 


As  this  variety,  described  by  Downing  as  the  "  English  Russet," 
is  probably  an  American  seedling,  and  as  there  are  so  many  sorts 
known  under  the  general  term  of  English  Russet,  we  prefer  to  adopt 
the  name  of  Poughkeepsie  Russet,  as  commemorative  of  the  sec- 
tion whence  it  was  first  disseminated.  Growth,  upright.  Shoots, 
lively  brown,  profuse  bearer,  and  although  only  of  medium  size,  its 
quality  of  keeping  over  year  renders  it  very  profitable.  There  is 
also  another  called  "  Crow's  Nest,"  sometimes  sold  under  this  name, 


WORTHY  GENERAL  CULTIVATION. 


99 


of  which  the  fruit  is  larger,  does  not  keep  as  well,  and  the  tree  when 
grown  makes  a  dense  top. 

Fruit,  medium  ;  form,  roundish  conical,  or  roundish  ovate,  regu- 
lar ;  color,  light  greenish  yellow,  mostly  overspread  with  brownish 
russet,  when  well  matured,  becomes  yellowish  ;  stem,  rather  short  ; 
cavity,  round  ;  calyx,  small,  close  ;  basin,  abrupt,  regular,  round  ; 
flesh,  yellowish  white,  fine  texture,  rather  firm,  aromatic;  core, 
small  ;  seeds,  ovate,  reddish  brown.  Season,  all  Winter  and  Spring. 

There  is  cultivated  in  Central  Ohio,  a  Golden  Russet  (see  our 
figure)  which  resembles  this,  but  is  larger,  and  with  an  open  calyx, 
and  often  beautifully  bronzed  with  russet  yellow.  We  think  they 
may  prove  identical,  and  the  soil  and  location  make  the  apparent 
difference. 

POMME  GRISE. 

Grise,         |      Gray  Apple. 


A  delicious^little  apple  from  Canada,  that  is  especially  adapted  to 
Northern  sections,  and  to  gardens.  It  is  a  good  bearer,  of  slender 
growth,  forming  a  tree  of  small  size. 

Fruit,  below  medium  ;  form%  roundish,  somewhat  flattened  ;  color, 
yfellow  gray,  or  russet,  with  a  little  red  towards  the  eye  ;  stem,  slen- 
der; cavity,  deep;  calyx,  small ;  basin,  round ;  flesh,  yellow,  tender, 
sprightly ;  core,  medium ;  seeds,  abundant.  Season,  December  to 
February. 

PRYOR'S  RED. 

Prior's  Red,         I     Pitzer  Hill, 
Big  Hill. 

This  is  evidently  a  seedling  from  seed  crossed  with  Westfielc* 
Seek-no-further  and  Roxbury  Russet,  partaking  most  largely  of  the 


100  THE  APPLE. 

Seek-no-further.  Its  certain  origin  we  have  not  learned.  It  is  not 
regarded  as  an  early  bearer,  but  as  very  hardy,  and  the  fruit  keep- 
ing well  when  grown  South,  and  on  rich  alluvial  soils.  Grown  at 
the  North,  the  trees  come  into  bearing  at  about  eight  years,  and  the 
fruit  has  very  little  russet  (unless  unusually  warm  seasons),  except 
at  stem  end ;  South,  in  good  culture,  it  attains  a  size  of  four  inches 
diameter,  by  three  inches  from  stem  to  eye,  and  mostly  covered 
with  russet. 


Fruit,  medium  to  very  large ;  form,  at  North,  regular,  roundish, 
tapering  to  the  eye — South,  always  angular,  sometimes  even  broad 
at  apex,  being  roundish,  angular,  flattened;  color,  pale  yellow, 
ground  mostly  overspread  with  rich,  warm  red  and  russet,  marbled 
and  splashed  with  bronzed  yellow  near  the  stem,  dark  yellow  russet 
spots  surrounded  with  a  lighter  shade  ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  narrow ; 
calyx,  small,  segments  erect ;  basin,  abrupt,  pretty  deep,  round  and 
even,  occasionally  shallow ;  flesh,  yellowish,  tender,  mild,  sub-acid, 
much  resembling  Westfield  Seek-no-further ;  core,  medium,  marked 
at  distance  with  a  line  encircling ;  needs,  varying,  generally  ovat£ 
Season,  January  to  April. 

RATTLE'S  JANET. 

Raul's  Gennetting,  I  Raule's  Jannette, 

Rawl's  Janet,  Rawle's  Jennette, 

Winter  Genneting,  Rock  Rimmon, 

Rock  Remain,  Neverfail, 

Jennette,  |  Yellow  Janette. 

Indiana  Jannetting. 

This  variety,  according  to  H.  P.  Byram,.Esq.,  was  first  brought  to 


WORTHY   GENERAL   CULTIVATION. 


101 


the  south-western  sections,  from  Amherst  Co.,  Va.,  near  the  Blue 
Ridge,  where  it  was  originated  by  Caleb  Raules,  who  named  it 
Janet,  hence  the  name.  According  to  Geo.  Hoadley,  Esq.,  Gov. 
Worthington  had  it  in  his  orchard  40  years  since,  and  from  thence 
it  was  brought  to  northern  Ohio.  The  Scriptural  name  of  Rock- 
Rimmon,  given  it  in  the  Sciota  valley,  was  probably  on  account  of 
its  sure  bearing,  and  long  keeping  qualities.  The  tree  is  tardy  in 
spring  in  leaving  out,  and  blossoms  some  ten  days  after  other  varie- 
ties ;  thus  often  escaping  late  Spring  frosts.  In  quality  it  is  only 
second  rate,  and  at  the  North  is  not  desirable,  but  south  of  Cincin- 
nati is  highly  so,  as  it  succeeds  when  many  others  fail. 


Fruit,  medium  to  large  ;  form,  roundish,  conical,  flattened  at  stem 
end ;  skin,  thick,  tough ;  color,  a  ground  of  light  pale  yellowish 
green,  mostly  overspread,  striped  and  stained  with  dull  red,  and 
with  a  blue  or  grayish  shade  laying  within  as  of  a  bloom  ;  small 
russet  dots,  that  show  most  when  the  fruit  is  high  colored ;  South 
many  patches  of  mould  or  fungus ;  stem,  slender,  rather  long  ;  cavity, 
deep,  regular ;  calyx,  nearly  closed,  short  segments ;  basin,  open, 
regular,  not  deep,  sometimes  slightly  furrowed  near  the  calyx  ;  flesh, 
yellowish,  tender,  mild,  sub-acid;  core,  medium;  seeds,  angular 
ovate.  Season,  late  spring. 


102 


THE  APPLE. 


RAMBO. 


Romanite. 

Bread  and  Cheese  Apple, 


Seek-no-farther, 
Terry's  Red  Streak. 


Aiherican.  A  'n&tvvfc  of  Delaware,  it  succeeds  in  all  soils  and  lo- 
cations, and  has  no  superior,  as  a  whole,  in  the  general  estimation.  It 
sncceerls  cti  'sandy "soite,  hut  the  largest  and  best  fruit  is  grown  on 
strdrfg  limestone  " soils,  giving  evidence  of  the  food  suited  best 
to  it. 

Fruit,  medium  ;  form,  flat,  or  roundish  flattened  ;  color,  yellowish 
white,  marbled  and  streaked  with  yellow  and  red,  and  with  large 
rough  spots ;  stem,  long,  slender,  often  curved  ;  basin,  acuminate ; 
calyx,  nearly  closed  ;  basin,  broad,  slightly  furrowed  ;  flesh,  green- 
ish white,  tender,  sprightly,  mild,  sub-acid  ;  core,  large,  rather  hol- 
low; seeds,  abundant,  ovate  pyriform.  Season,  October  to  De- 
cember, but  often  keeps  to  March. 


RED  CANADA. 


Richfield  Nonsuch. 


Old  Nonsuch,  | 

American.  Probably  a  native  of  Massachusetts.  Tree,  slender 
growth  ;  shoots  diverging  ;  requires  rich  strong  soil,  when  it  is  pro 
ductive ;  and  always  fair  and  uniform  size  of  fruit.  One  of  the  most 
valuable  for  orchard  or  garden. 


WORTHY   GENERAL  CULTIVATION. 


103 


Fruit,  medium ;  form,  roundish,  conical,  flattened  at  stem  end ; 
color,  rich  clear  yellow  ground,  when  exposed  to  the  sun,  overspread 
with  bright  handsome  red,  two  shades  light  and  dark  intermingling, 


or  striped,  many  light  gray  dots  presenting  at  first  sight  an  appear- 
ance of  a  somewhat  rough  exterior ;  skin,  thin,  tender  ;  stem,  vary- 
ing from  short  and  stout,  to  slender  and  long,  usually  as  seen  in  our 
figure ;  cavity,  deep,  regular,  a  touch  of  light  russet ;  calyx,  small, 
closed  ;  basin,  open,  moderate  depth,  slightly  furrowed,  or  uneven ; 
flesh,  yellowish  white,  crisp,  tender,  juicy,  sprightly,  sub-acid,  aro- 
matic ;  core,  small,  compact ;  seeds,  ovate,  pyriform.  Season, 
January  to  April. 


RED  ASTRACHAN. 

Foreign.  Most  valuable  as  a  hardy,  strong  grower,  regular  moder- 
ate bearer  of  fruit  always  fair.  As  a  dessert  fruit — it  is  rather  acid, 
unless  fully  ripe  ;  -but  for  marketing  or  cooking,  it  has  few  equals, 
at  its  time.  Shoots  stout,  dark  brown,  broad  foliage. 

Fruit,  medium,  to  large  ;  form,  roundish,  tapering  toward  the  apex  ; 
color,  greenish  yellow,  mostly  overspread  with  rich  purplish  crimson. 
a  little  russet  near  the  stem,  and  a  white  bloom ;  stem,  varying, 
generally  short ;  cavity,  narrow ;  calyx,  large ;  basin,  shallow,  uneven  : 


104 


THE  APPLE. 


flesh,  white,  crisp,  juicy,  acid :  core,  small ;  seeds,  ovate,  dark  brownish 
black.     Season,  August. 

RHODE  ISLAND  GREENING. 

Burlington  Greening,      |      Jersey  Greening  ?  Coxe. 
Hampshire  Greening. 


WOKTHY   GENEKAL   CULTIVATION. 


105 


This  variety  has  been  condemned  in  many  sections  because  of  not 
producing  as  fine  fruit  on  the  same  trees  without  care,  as  when  the 
trees  were  youug.  Testimony  has  shown  that  it  is  a  gross  feeder, 
and  needs  soil  well  drained,  rich  in  lime  and  phosphates  ;  on  usual 
soils,  where  the  variety  is  defective,  liberal  dressing  with  wood  ashes, 
will  answer.  On  sandy  soils  well  manured,  the  texture  is  closer 
than  on  clay. 

Fruit,  large  -,form,  roundish,  flattened,  sometimes  a  little  angular 
at  the  base  end  ;  color,  green,  yellowish  green  when  ripe,  with  a  dull 
blush,  on  sun-grown  specimens,  near  the  stem;  stem,  medium; 
cavity,  open ;  calyx,  rather  small,  woolly ;  basin,  medium  depth,  slight* 
ly  furrowed ;  flesh,  yellowish,  fine-grained,  tender,  slightly  aromatic, 
lively  acid  juice ;  core  small;  seeds  ovate,  pointed.  Season,  Decem- 
ber to  February. 

RICHMOND. 


"We  received  this  fine  variety  from  D.  C.  Richmond,  Esq.,  near 
Ssmdusky,  as  a  native  seedling,  and  are  unable  to  identify  it  with 
any  known  sort. 

Fruit,  large ;  form,  roundish,  occasional  specimens  have  one  side 
a  little  enlarged  ;  color,  light  yellow  ground,  mostly  or  quite  over- 
spread with  light  and  dark  red  stripes,  many  dots  or  specks  of  light 
russet ;  stem,  varying,  mostly  short,  slender ;  cavity,  deep,  open, 
regular,  a  little  brownish  at  bottom ;  calyx,  large,  segments, 
5* 


106  THE   APPLE. 

long ;  basin,  deep,  open,  uniformly  furrowed  ;  flesh,  white,  tender, 
juicy,  delicate  sweet ;  core,  medium ;  seeds,  large,  full.  Season, 
October  to  December. 

ROME  BEAUTY. 

Roman  Beauty,      |    Giilett's  Seedling. 


American.  Native  of  Southern  Ohio.  In  fruit  and  tree  it  some- 
what resembles  Sutton;  requires,  to  perfect  good  fruit,  a  rich, 
warm,  loamy  soil.  On  poor  clay,  it  is  undersized,  deficient  in 
character,  and  inclined  to  overbear. 

Fruit,  large;  form,  roundish;  color,  rich  light  yellow,  mostly 
overspread  and  striped  with  shades  of  clear  bright  red  ;  stem,  slen- 
der ;  cavity  ;  open,  regular ;  calyx,  nearly  closed,  segments  distinctly 
separate ;  basin,  round,  open,  moderately  deep ;  flesh,  yellow,  crisp, 
mild,  sub-acid ;  core,  medium,  somewhat  hollow ;  seeds,  long,  ovate, 
large  and  full.  Season,  October  to  December. 

ROXBURY  RUSSET, 

Boston  Russet,        |     Putnam  Russet, 

Marietta  Russet.    |     Belpre  Russet, 

Sylvan  Russet. 

American.     Origin  uncertain,  either  Connecticut  or  Massachusetts. 


WORTHY    GENRKAL   CULrRvrATK>.N.  1O« 

It  was  introduced  to  the  Ohio  Valley,  in  1796  or  '97,  by  Israel  Put- 
nam, and  from  thence  distributed  throughout  the  southwest.  It  is  a 
thick-skinned  fruit,  generally  a  good  keeper,  but  hardly  above  second 
rate  in  quality ;  grown  on  rich  prairie  soils,  it  is  sometimes  liable  to 
"  bark  burst "  near  the  ground,  but  elsewhere  perefectly  hardy,  and 
very  productive.  Spreading  growth,  with  rather  downy  shoots ; 
young  trees  often  crooked. 

Fruit,  medium,  to  large;  form,  roundish,  flattened,  and  often 
angular;  color,  dull  green,  overspread  with  brownish  yellow  russet, 
occasionally  a  faint  blush  on  the  sunny  side  ;  stem,  slender ;  cavity, 
medium ;  calyx,  closed  ;  basin,  round,  moderate  depth ;  flesh,  green- 
ish white,  moderately  juicy,  mild,  sub-acid ;  core,  compact ;  seeds, 
ovate,  defective.  Season,  January  to  June. 


SUMMER  ROSE. 

Wolman's  Harvest,      |     Woolman's  Harvest, 
Lippincott. 


This  variety  is  not  valuable  for  market  purposes,  but  its  juicy, 
sprightly  sub-acid  character  makes  it  very  desirable  for  the  dessert. 
Tree,  a  slow  grower,  diverging — shoots  downy ;  requires  rich,  strong 
soil,  lime  and  phosphates  to  perfect  the  fruit,  or  keep  the  tree  healthy. 
Moderate,  regular  bearer. 

Fruit,  medium,  or  rather  small ;  form,  roundish,  sometimes  flat- 
tened ;  color,  rich  glossy  yellcrw,  blotched  and  streaked  with  red ; 
stem,  varying  from  stout  to  slender,  short ;  cavity,  shallow  ;  calyx, 
partially  closed  ;  basin,  round,  slightly  furrowed  ;  flesh,  white,  tender, 


108 


THE  APPLE. 


crisp,  juicy,  sprightly ;  core,  medium  ;  seeds,  ovate.     Season,  last  of 
July  and  August. 

SWAAR. 


American,  "  produced  by  the  Dutch  settlers,  on  the  Hudson  ;  its 
name  in  low  Dutch  meaning  heavy."  On  all  warm,  rich,  sandy  soils 
it  is  one  of  the  very  finest  fruits,  and  a  good  keeper.  On  cold  clayey 
grounds  it  does  not  succeed  well,  as  a  general  thing  ;  the  past  year, 
however,  we  have  received  of  it  grown  on  clay  loam,  limestone  sub- 
soil, equalling  or  surpassing  any  ever  grown  on  sand.  On  the  rich 
prairie  soils  of  the  west,  it  is  said  to  succeed,  proving  a  good  bearer 
and  profitable. 

Fruit,  medium,  to  large  ;  form,  roundish,  slightly  ribbed  or  un- 
equal on  its  surface  and  often  a  little  angular ;  color,  greenish  yel- 
low at  first,  becoming  a  dull  rich  yellow,  dotted  with  distinct  brown 
specks,  sometimes  marbled  with  gray  russet  on  the  side  and  round 
the  stem,  and  often  tinged  with  dull  red ;  stem,  slender ;  cavity  round, 
deep;  calyx,  small,  half  closed,  basin,  shallow,  somewhat  plaited; 
flesh,  yellowish,  fine  grained,  juicy,  tender,  spicy  aromatic  perfume  ; 
core,  small,  to  medium ;  seeds,  broad,  ovate.  Season,  January  to 
March. 


WORTHY   GENERAL   CULTIVATION. 


109 


SWEET  BOUGH. 


Bough, 

Early  Sweet  Bough, 

Large  Yellow  Bough, 


Sweet  Harvest, 
Washington, 
Niack  Pippin. 


American.  First  described  by  Coxe  as  Bough ;  we  add,  Sweet,  as 
expressive  of  its  character.  Valued  as  a  dessert  fruit.  Young 
shoots,  yellowish,  somewhat  irregular,  ascending.  Tree,  a  moderate, 
annual  bearer,  succeeding  in  all  good  soils  not  wet. 

Fruit,  large,  (our  figure  hardly  medium ;)  form,  roundish,  conical, 
ovate ;  color,  greenish,  becoming  pale  yellow  when  fully  ripe  ;  stem, 
varying  in  length ;  cavity,  deep  ;  calyx,  open  ;  basin,  narrow,  deep ; 
flesh,  white,  tender,  crisp,  sprightly,  sweet ;  core,  medium,  open  cap- 
sules ;  seeds,  ovate,  light  brown.  Season,  August. 


SWEET  PEARMAIN. 

This  variety,  according  to  Downing  and  Thomas,  is  the  "  English 
Sweeting  ;"  but  according  to  Mr.  Manning,  the  "  English  Sweeting" 
is  the  "  fiamsdell's  Sweeting,"  of  Downing,  (See  Hovey's  Mag.  vol. 
',?.  page  150.")  This  variety  is  extensively  grown  in  central  Ohio, 


THE  APPLE. 


and  farther  west,  suiting  well  the  rich  soils ;  keeping  finely  all  win- 
ter ;  highly  valued  for  baking  or  eating. 

Fruit,  medium  size  or  often  above ;  form,  roundish,  slight- 
ly angular ;  color,  dull  red,  rough  russet  dots  and  bluish 
bloom ;  stem,  long,  slender ;  cavity,  deep  wide  and  open ;  calyx, 
woolly ;  basin,  medium  ;  flesh,  yellowish,  tender,  moderately  juicy, 
sweet ;  core,  medium,  with  outer  or  consecutive  lines  5  seeds,  ovate, 
pyriform,  dark  brown.  Season,  December  to  March. 


TALMAN'S  SWEETIN&. 


Tallman's  Sweeting,         I         Tolman's  Sweeting, 
Brown's  Golden  Sweet. 


American.  Native  of  Rhode  Island  ;  its  name  from  a  family  by 
name  of  Talman.  Its  value  is  for  baking  and  stock  feeding.  Tree, 
great  bearer,  fruit  keeping  well ;  growth  rapid,  upright,  strong,  wood 
dark. 

Fruit,  medium  ;  form,  roundish,  slightly  conical ;  color,  light  yel- 
low, with  a  greenish  line  from  stem  to  apex ;  stem,  long,  slender ; 
cavity,  wide,  regular ;  calyx,  medium ;  basin,  moderate  depth,  fur- 


WORTHY  GENERAL  CULTIVATION. 


Ill 


rowed ;  flesh,  white,  firm,  very  sweet ;   core,  medium ;  seeds,  light 
brown,  ovate  pointed.     Season,  November  to  April. 


TETOFSKY. 


A  Russian  variety.    Trees,  very  stout  and  upright  growth ;  leaves 
large,  broad,  light  green,  peculiar ;  regular  annual  bearer ;  in  quali- 


112 


THE   APPLE. 


ity  about  with  Red  Astrachan,  but  maturing  some  ten  days  or  two 
weeks  earlier;  very  valuable  for  cooking  or  marketing;  a  gross 
feeder,  requiring  good  soil ;  needs  little  pruning.  Our  figure  does 
not  well  represent  it,  being  far  too  small  for  an  average. 

Fruit,  medium  ;  form,  roundish,  slightly  conical ;  color,  light  yel- 
low ground,  striped  and  splashed  with  red,  and  a  beautiful  white 
bloom ;  stem,  short,  stout ;  cavity,  deep,  farrowed ;  calyx,  rather 
large,  long  segments ;  basin,  abrupt,  deep,  irregular,  furrowed ;  flesh, 
white,  tender,  sprightly,  juicy,  slightly  acid,  or  sharp  sub  acid,  with 
a  peculiar  aromatic  taste ;  core,  small,  fleshy ;  seeds,  plump,  light 
brown.  Season,  last  of  July. 

SWEET  ROMANITE. 

Sweet  Nonsuch,         |      Orange  Sweet,  erroneously, 


This  is  a  variety  introduced  to  the  Ohio  Pomological  Society  by 
W.  B.  Lipsey,  of  Morrow  County,  Ohio.  We  have  not  been  able 
to  identify  it  with  any  variety  heretofore  described.  The  flesh  being 
fine  grained  and  firm — somewhat  like  the  Gilpin  or  Romanite — prob- 
ably induced  the  name.  It  is  grown  in  Illinois,  under  name  of 
"  Sweet  Nonsuch,"  and  introduced  there  under  the  erroneous  name 
of  "  Orange  Sweet."  Tree,  hardy,  moderate  but  regular  bearer. 

Size,  medium ;  form,  roundish  flattened,  very  regular ;  color, 
greenish  yellow  ground,  mostly  striped  and  overspread  with  bright 
red  and  covered  with  a  fine  bloom  ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  open,  regu- 
lar, with  little  russet ;  calyx,  large,  segments  in  divisions,  short,  half 
erect ;  basin,  broad,  shallow,  furrowed ;  flesh,  greenish  yellow,  firm, 


WORTHY   GENERAL  CULTIVATION. 


113 


crisp,  juicy,  sweet — superior  to  Ramsdell's  or  Danvers'  Sweeting ; 
core,  medium,  or  rather  small,  compact — centre  slightly  hollow;, 
seeds,  ovate,  oblong,  pyriform.  Season,  November  to  March. 

There  is  another  Sweet  Romanite  grown  in  the  Western  States, 
which  is  oblong  ;  stem,  long  and  slender ;  color,  light  yellow,  striped 
with  red ;  flesh,  more  yellow  and  dry — an  inferior  or  unworthy 
variety. 

There  is  also  a  Sweet  Nonsuch  grown  which  is  flat,  with  slender 
stem  ;  cavity,  deep  light  red  on  pale  yellow  ;  flesh,  white,  sweet,  dry, 
and  tough ;  inferior. 

VANDERVERE. 


Vandervere,  of  Cincinnati, 
Smokehouse  ? 
Gibbon's  Smathhouse  ? 
Millcreek, 
Vandervere  Pippin 
Red  Vandervere. 
Fall  Vandervere, 
5Tellow  Vandervere, 
Spiced  Ox  Eye, 


Baltimore,  of  some  incorrectly, 
Gibbon's  Smokehouse  ? 
Striped  Ashmore  ? 
Millcreek  Vandervere, 
Imperial  Vandervere, 
Pennsylvania  Vandervere, 
Striped  Vandervere, 
Staalclubs, 
Watson's  Vandervere. 


American.  Native  of  Delaware.  There  is  much  confusion  rela- 
tive to  this  apple,  and,  while  it  is  extensively  distributed  and  grown, 
it  has  numerous  synonyms.  The  variety  described  as  "Smoke- 
house," by  Dr.  W.  D.  Brinckle,  in  Horticulturist,  vol.  3,  p.  334,  we 
received  specimens  of,  last  winter,  from  Pennsylvania,  and  could  de- 
tect no  difference  from  the  Vandervere  when  well  grown.  It  may, 


114  THE  APPLE. 

however,  be  distinct.  The  tree  is  a  free  grower,  productive,  and 
early  bearer.  Grown  on  soils  deficient  in  lime,  like  many  of  our 
western  bottoms,  and  some  of  prairie ;  it  has  always  more  or  less 
of  dry  bitter  rot,  but,  when  supplied  with  lime,  the  rot  disappears, 
and  the  fruit  increases  in  size  and  improves  in  quality  ;  needs  good 
culture.  Grown  North,  it  is  smaller  in  size  and  much  more  conical, 
and  less  highly  colored  than  South.  Young  shoots  spotted. 

Fruit,  from  medium  to  large  ;  form,  round  flattened,  sometimes 
angular ;  color,  orange  yellow,  striped  and  stained  with  yellow  red, 
few  streaks  of  deeper  red  when  grown  exposed  to  sun,  dotted  at  in- 
tervals of  a  quarter  to  half  inch  with  large  yellow  russet  specks ; 
when  grown  North,  these  specks  are  more  of  gray  and  much  smaller, 
often  russeted  about  the  stem ;  stem,  projecting  about  even  with . 
surrounding  surface ;  cavity,  deep,  open,  regular ;  calyx,  with  small 
segments ;  basin,  open,  broad,  sometimes  slight  waves  or  furrows ; 
flesh,  yellowish  white,  crisp,  tender,  sprightly,  mild  sub-acid ;  core, 
round,  compact ;  seeds,  large,  ovate  pyriform.  Season,  December  to 
February. 


American.  "  Origin,  Penn  Yan,  Yates  County,  N.  Y. ;  seed  sown 
in  1791.  Tree,  thrifty;  young  shoots,  pale  green;  old  wood,  dark 
red.  requires  free  trimming  in  order  to  produce  large  sized  fruit 
abundantly  :  annuil  bearer." 


WORTHY   GENERAL  CULTIVATION.  115 

Fruit,  medium ;  form,  roundish,  flattened,  slightly  ribbed  at  base ; 
color,  yellow  ground,  mostly  covered  with  deep  glossy  red,  with 
stripes  and  splashes  of  light  red,  and  marked  with  irregular  light 
russet  specks  ;  stem,  slender  ;  cavity,  wide,  deep ;  calyx,  small ;  ba- 
sin, broad  and  open;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  fine  grained,  crisp, 
juicy,  sprightly,  vinous,  sub-acid  ;  core,  small,  oblong  ovate  ;  seeds, 
light  brown,  ovate  pyriform.  Season,  November  to  March,  but  will 
keep  to  May. 

WESTFIELD  SEEK-NO-FURTHER. 

Connecticut  Seek-no-furtlier,  |      Seek-no-further. 
Red  Winter  Pearmain,  of  some. 


An  old  variety  from  Connecticut.  For  all  qualities  of  tree  and 
fruit  has  no  superior.  Very  popular  in  its  native  State,  all  South 
and  West.  Grown  in  rich  loamy  alluvial  soils  of  the  South,  it  is 
much  russeted,  and  about  the  stem  the  russet  has  appearance  of  rich 
bronze ;  progressing  northward,  it  gradually  loses  its  russet,  until  on 
light  sandy  soils  in  Michigan,  it  becomes  a  pale  yellow  ground,  with 
stripes  and  splashes  of  clear  red  and  minute  dots. 

Fruit,  medium  ;  form,  regular,  roundish,  conical — broad  at  base  ; 
color,  light  yellow  ground,  the  sunny  side  striped  and  splashed  with 
red,  small  russet  dots  shaded  around  with  light  russet  yellow ;  often 
considerable  russet  about  both  stem  and  calyx  ;  stem,  long,  slender  ; 
cavity,  open,  regular ;  calyx,  usually  small,  closed,  sometimes  open, 


116 


THE   APPLE. 


with  short  segments ;  basin,  regular  form,  moderate  depth ;  flesh 
yellowish,  tender,  sub-acid,  pearmain  flavor ;  core,  medium ;  seeds 
ovate.  Season,  December  to  February. 

WOOD'S  GKEENING. 

Coate's  Greening. 

American.  Native  of  New-Jersey.  First  described  by  Coxe,  from 
whose  nursery  it  was  introduced  to  the  west  by  Prof.  Kirtland, 
about  1820.  Tree,  hardy,  slender  growth,  becoming  somewhat 
spreading.  It  is  well  adapted  to  strong  heavy  soils,  producing  abun- 
dantly fruit  of  uniform  medium  size,  and  always  fair  and  of  "  best  " 
quality. 

Fruit,  medium ;  form,  roundish,  conical,  flattened ;  color,  pale 
green,  becoming  yellowish,  with  a  few  rough  spots ;  stem,  short ; 
cavity,  acuminate ;  calyx,  rather  large  ;  basin,  slightly  plaited  ;  flesh, 
greenish  white,  fine  grained,  juicy,  tender,  sprightly,  sub-acid ;  core, 
small ;  seeds,  ovate.  Season,  January  to  March. 

WINE. 

-•  Wine  Apple,  1     Hay's  Winter, 

Hay's  Winter  Wine,    |      Winter  Wine, 
Hollow  Crown  Pearmain. 


American.     Native  of  Delaware.     Extensively  disseminated,  and 


WORTHY  GENERAL  CULTIVATION.  117 

everywhere  successful.  Strong  heavy  clay  loams  produce  the 
largest  fruit,  while  best  quality  are  grown  on  sandy  loam.  Tree, 
thrifty  ;  shoots  rather  slender,  spreading ;  foliage  small. 

Fruit,  medium  to  large ;  form,  round  flattened,  often  quite  angu- 
lar, or  largest  one  side ;  color,  light  pale  yellow  ground,  mostly  over- 
spread and  striped  with  lively  red,  russet  about  cavity  of  stem ; 
stem,  short ;  cavity,  acuminate  or  narrow,  deep ;  calyx,  large  ;  basin, 
broad,  open,  slightly  plaited ;  flesh,  yellowish,  crisp,  vinous,  sub- 
acid  ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  large.  Season,  November  to  February. 


Probably  originated  in  New-Jersey.  First  described  by  Coxe. 
The  tree  is  hardy,  an  early  and  very  productive  bearer,  irregular  in 
its  growth,  not  forming  a  handsome  head,  but  producing  fair  fine 
fruit  in  all  soils,  from  poor  sand  to  limestone  clay — largest  in  the 
latter,  and  finest  texture  in  the  former — fine  on  dry  prairies. 

Fruit,  medium  ;  form,  ovate  conical,  flattened  at  base,  some- 
times roundish  conical,  occasionally  angular  and  slightly  ribbed  ; 
color,  grown  North,  a  bright  clear  red  stained  and  striped  with 
darker  shades,  and  with  spots  of  light  yellow ;  grown  South,  the 
dark  red  becomes  most  prominent,  while  the  patches  of  light  yel- 
low at  base  are  more  often  seen ;  it  is  also  more  irregular  or  an- 
gular in  form,  and  oft  with  russet  about  the  stem  ;  stem,  varying  in 
length,  slender ;  cavity,  narrow,  deep  ;  calyx,  small,  nearly  closed ; 


118  THE   APPLE. 

basin,  abrupt,  furrowed ;  flesh,  yellowish,  juicy,  tender,  sub-acid, 
sprightly  ;  core,  medium,  capsule,  hollow ;  seeds,  short  ovate.  Season, 
October  to  January,  often  keeps  till  March. 

YELLOW  NEWTOWN  PIPPIN. 


This  variety  is  extensively  grown  ;  West  it  becomes  large  ;  keeps 
well.  Trees,  though  slender  growth,  good  bearers  and  apparently 
perfectly  at  home  in  rich  limestone  soils.  That  there  are  two  New- 
town  Pippins,  we  do  not  question ;  see  "  Newtown  Pippin  ;"but  we 
have  the  past  year  supposed  there  might  be  three,  but  whether  the 
distinction  is  without  a  difference  we  are  yet  unprepared  to  decide. 
We  give  here  two  figures,  and  descriptions,  of  which  the  latter  New- 
town  Pippin  of  Lewis  Sanders,  Esq.,  may  possibly  prove  identical 
with  Y.  N.  P. 

Fruit,  medium,  to  large ;  form  roundish,  flattened,  angular,  or 
broader  than  long;  color,  clear  yellow,  with  considerable  russet 
from  the  stem,  many  small  russet  dots,  and,  where  exposed  to  the 
sun,  the  yellow  becomes  very  rich  and  dotted  with  carmine  dots  ; 
stem,  short;  cavity,  deep  ;  calyx,  large  open,  segments  short,  stiff, 
broad ;  basin,  broad,  irregular  only  from  the  slight  ribbing  of  the 
fruit ;  flesh,  yellowish,  very  firm,  crisp,  juicy  ;  core,  medium  ;  seeds, 
purplish  black,  oblong  pyriform.  Keeps  to  June. 


FOR  AMATEUR   CULTURE. 
NEWTOWN  PIPPIN,  OF  LEWIS  SANDERS,  KY. 


119 


Fruit,  large  ;  form,  angular,  roundish  conical,  prominently  ribbed  ; 
color,  dull  pale  yellow,  with  whitish  yellow,  marbled  and  splashed, 
the  latter  prevailing  mostly  at  stem  end  ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  acu* 
minate,  somewhat  russeted  ;  calyx,  medium,  short  segments  ;  basin, 
pretty  deep,  irregular,  ribbed  ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  firm,  crisp, 
vinous,  juicy,  sub-acid,  with  tinges  or  lines,  and  specks  throughout, 
as  if  decay  had  partially  taken  place ;  core,  medium,  or  rather  large  ; 
seeds,  dark  rich  reddish  brown,  ovate,  pyriform. 


CLASS  II.     New  and  untested.     Adapted  to  certain  Localities,  or 
Amateur  Gardens. 

ABBOTT  SEEDLING. 

American.    Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  slightly  conical,  dull  green,  tinged 
with  red ;  flesh,  tender  juicy,  wants  flavor.    Winter.     (Hov.  Mag.) 


120  THE  APPLE. 

ADAMS. 

Noll's  No.  1. 

A  Pennsylvania  seedling  of  White  Deer  township,  Union  County. 
Large ;  roundish  oblate ;  faintly  mottled  and  striped  with  red  on  a 
greenish  yellow  ground;  stem,  half  an  inch  long;  cavity,  broad  acute; 
calyx,  rather  large,  segments  closed;  basin,  wide,  moderately  deep, 
plaited;  flesh,  greenish  white,  of  fine  texture,  rather  juicy  ;  "very  good.1' 
(W.  D.  B.) 

ADAM'S  PEARMAIN. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium,  conical,  pale  greenish  yellow,  with  gray  rus- 
set; stem,  slender;  flesh,  yellowish,  crisp,  aromatic.  Early  winter. 
(Lindley.) 

ALBEMARLE  PIPPIN. 

Fruit,  medium  or  large,  round,  yellow,  with  brown  specks ;  flesh,  pale 
yellow,  sub-acid.  Grown  in  Virginia ;  keeps  well.  (Thomas.) 

ALEXANDER. 

Emperor  Alexander. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  large,  conical,  flattened  at  base,  red  streaked  on  green- 
ish yellow ;  stem,  small ;  cavity,  deep ;  calyx,  large ;  basin,  deep ;  flesh, 
coarse  crispy  showy ;  poor  bearer.  October. 

ASHMORE. 
Red  Ashmore,      |     Fall  Wine,  erroneously. 

American.  A  desirable  variety  deserving  attention.  Fruit,  above 
medium,  regular,  round,  bright  clear  red ;  short  slender  stem  ;  deep  cavity ; 
calyx,  small,  closed ;  deep,  regular  basin ;  core,  large ;  capsules,  hollow ; 
seeds,  plump ;  flesh,  white  crisp,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid,  sprightly.  Octo- 
ber and  November.  The  Black  Vandervere,  a  third  rate  fruit,  is  some- 
times grown  as  this  variety. 

ASHLAND. 

American.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  flattened,  slightly  conical,  dull 
greenish  yellow,  striped  and  splashed  with  dull  red  mingled  with  bluish 
gray,  and  large  russet  dots ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  tender,  sweet,  dry  ; 
hardly  "very  good;"  stem,  short;  cavity,  narrow,  deep;  calyx,  small; 
basin,  shallow ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  ovate  flattened.  November  to  January. 

AUNT'S  APPLK, 

Fruit,  medium  to  large,  ovate  flattened,  light  yellow,  streaked  with  red, 
radiating  from  stem,  which  is  short,  stout ;  cavity,  open,  broad,  russeted ; 
calyx,  closed;  basin,  finely  folded;  flesh,  yellow,  breaking,  sub-acid, 
musky  perfume,  juisy;  "very  good;"  core,  medium.  November  to 
January. 


FOR  AMATEUR  CULTURE.  121 

AROMATIC  CAROLINA. 

From  South  Carolina.  "  Tree,  spreading,  pendent,  short  fruit  wood, 
abrupt  terminal  buds;  fruit,  large,  oblate,  conical,  pale  red,  slightly 
streaked;  heavy  bloom;  wide  basin;  open  calyx;  flesh,  tender,  melting, 
aromatic.  July.  Abundant  bearer."  (Wm.  Sumner,  in  Hort.) 

AUTUMN  SEEK-NO-FURTHER. 

American.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  pale  green,  faintly  striped  with 
red  in  sun;  stem,  slender;  cavity,  narrow,  deep;  calyx,  open,  erect  seg- 
ments; basin,  round,  medium  depth;  core,  medium;  flesh,  white,  juicy, 
tender,  sprightly,  sub-acid ;  "very  good."  October, 

AUTUMNAL  SWAAR. 

Autumnal  Sweet  Swaar,      I      Sweet  Swaar, 
Sweet  Golden  Pippin. 

Tree,  spreading;  shoots,  vigorous,  diverging;  fruit,  large,  round,  flat- 
tened, slightly  ribbed,  rich  golden  yellow ;  stem,  long;  basin,  open,  shallow; 
calyx,  half  closed ;  basin,  deep ;  flesh,  tender,  yellowish,  spicy,  sweet,  not 
juicy  ;  <-  very  good."  October. 

AUTUMN  PEARMAIN. 

English  Summer  Pearmain,  I  Royal  Pearmain, 
Summer  Pearmain,  |  Patmain  d'Ete, 

Sigler's  Red. 

Foreign.  Tree,  slender,  slow  growth,  irregular ;  fruit,  medium,  oblong 
conical,  brownish  yellow  and  green,  red  blended  with  yellow  in  sun. 
small  brown  specks;  stalk,  short;  calyx,  in  a  broad  shallow  basin', 
slightly  plaited;  flesh,  pale  yellow,  crisp  ;  nearly  "best."  September. 

AUNT  HANNAH. 

From  Massachusetts.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  light  yellow;  flesh, 
tender,  crisp,  sub-acid  ;  "very  good."  Winter. 

BAILEY  SPICE. 

American.  From  Plattsburg,  N.  Y.  Growth,  moderate ;  shoots,  reddish 
brown;  fruit,  medium,  round  ovate,  tapering  to  eye,  light  yellow,  faint 
blush  in  sun  ;  stem,  long,  slender ;  cavity,  deep ;  calyx,  closed ;  basin,  nar- 
row; flesh,  yellowish,  greenish  tint,  sprightly,  spicy ;  core,  large,  open; 
seeds,  light  brown.  October.  "  Yery  good." 

BAILEY  SWEET. 

Patterson  Sweet,     |     Edgerly  Sweet. 

From  Perry,  N.  Y.  Fruit,  medium  to  large,  round,  ovate  flattened, 
sometimes  ribbed,  clear  yellowish  red,  with  an  occasional  russet  patch; 
stem,  slender  ;  cavity,  narrow,  deep;  calyx,  closed  ;  basin,  medium,  abrupt, 
often  plaited ;  flesh,  yellow,  rather  dry,  sweet ;  "  very  good ;"  core,  me- 
dium ;  seeds,  ovate  pyriform.  November  to  December. 
6 


122  THE  APPLE. 


BELZER. 

American.  Ohio.  Fruit,  medium,  red  striped  on  greenish  yellow ; 
flesh,  white,  fine  grained,  juicy,  sub-acid.  August.  (T.  S.  Humrickhouse, 
in  Hov.  Mag.) 

BENONI. 

From  Massachusetts.  Growth,  vigorous,  erect,  good  bearer;  fruit 
medium,  roundish,  narrowing  towards  the  eye,  deep  yellow  striped  with 
crimson,  dotted  with  white  specks ;  stem,  short,  slender ;  cavity,  narrow ; 
calyx,  large,  open;  basin,  furrowed;  flesh,  yellow  crisp,  tender,  juicy, 
vinous;  ''very  good;"  core,  close;  seeds,  pale  brown.  August  and 
September. 

BEVAN. 

Bevan  Favorite,      |     Striped  Jane. 

From  New  Jersey.  Valuable  as  a  market  fruit,  to  transport  long  dis- 
tances ;  we  have  thought  the  Red  June,  which  comes  to  us  at  Cleveland 
from  Kentucky,  might  be  this  apple,  but  have  had  no  opportunity  of  com- 
paring them  in  season.  Fruit,  below  medium,  roundish  flattened,  slight- 
ly conical,  distinct  broad  red  stripes  on  yellow ;  stem,  varying  from  short 
to  long;  cavity,  shallow;  calyx,  large;  basin,  plaited;  flesh,  firm,  tough, 
sub-acid  ;  seeds,  plump,  ovate  pyriform.  August.  We  are  also  of  opinion 
this  may  be  the  Carolina  June,  of  the  West. 

BENTLEY'S  SWEET. 

From  Virginia.  Tree,  moderately  vigorous,  hardy,  good  bearer,  great 
keeper;  valuable  south,  in  rich  soils.  Fruit,  above  medium,  oblong,  ir- 
regular, flattened  at  ends ;  red  and  yellow  striped,  or  blotched ;  stem, 
long,  curved ;  calyx,  large ;  basin,  open,  deep,  furrowed ;  core,  compact ; 
seeds,  large,  ovate,  pointed;  flesh  yellowish,  firm,  tender,  juicy;  "very 
good."  January  to  Sept. 

BETTER  THAN  GOOD. 

Juicy  Bite. 

From  Pennsylvania.  May  prove  identical  with  some  already  described. 
Tree,  slender,  irregular;  fruit,  medium,  roundish,  tapering  to  the  eye; 
yellowish  white ;  flesh  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid  ;  "  very  good."  Early  Winter 

BEAN  SWEET. 

"  This  fruit  I  procured  of  the  late  Judge  Buel.  Medium  size,  ovate, 
oblong.  Color,  nearly  white,  producing  a  splendid  appearance  when  ripe 
on  the  tree ;  crisp  and  juicy  ;  ripe  in  Oct. ;  will  keep  till  Feby.  or  March  ; 
a  good  baking  apple."  (B.  V.  French,  Esq.,  Ms.) 

BLUE  PEARMAIN. 

Tree,  hardy,  shoots  stout,  dark  color ;  buds,  large,  unsuited  to  exposed 
situations,  the  fruit  being  large  and  heavy  is  easily  blown  of£  Fruit,  very 


FOB  AMATEUK  CULTURE.  123 

large,  roundish,  slightly  conical,  striped  and  blotched  with  purplish  red 
over  a  dull  ground  ;  white  bloom  ;  stem,  short ;  calyx,  small ;  basin,  deep ; 
core,  medium ;  flesh,  yellowish,  mild  sub-acid ;  "  very  good."  Early 
Winter. 

BLACK  APPLE. 

Black  American,      |     Jersey  Black, 
Dodge's  Black. 

American.  Tree,  slender,  moderate  growth,  drooping,  when  old ;  a  good 
bearer  ;  negative  quality,  often  esteemed.  Fruit,  medium,  round  slightly 
flattened,  dark  red,  almost  black,  whitish  bloom,  and  many  whitish  specks ; 
stem,  medium  ;  cavity,  deep  ;  calyx  rather  small ;  basin,  shallow  ;  core 
large ;  capsules,  long,  ovate,  hollow ;  seeds,  ovate  pointed ;  flesh,  yellow- 
ish, white  tinged  with  red,  crisp,  juicy.  Nov.  to  Feby. 

There  is  much  confusion  at  theWest  with  this  variety,  and  several  fruits 
are  grown  under  the  same  name.  One  under  name  of  Black,  or  "  Canada 
Black,"  is  oblong,  with  greenish  flesh,  inferior  ;  tree,  a  fine  grower. 

Another  is  of  medium  size  ;  fruit  depressed  at  ends  ;  skin  rough  ;  flesh, 
aromatic ;  ripening  in  September  ;  tree  upright  grower,  with  rough  uneven 
bark. 

BLACK  COAL. 


This  is  also  another  of  the  Black  apples  grown  West.  Fruit,  above 
medium,  round,  regular  smooth,  glossy,  rich  dark  red  striped,  and  mostly 
overspreading  a  lighter  red  ;  numerous  specks ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  deep, 
slightly  russeted ;  calyx,  closed,  woolly  or  downy ;  basin,  open ;  core, 
large,  hollow;  seeds,  loose;  flesh,  white,  slightly  tinged  with  red,  crisp, 
juicy,  tender,  rather  acid.  Nov.  to  Feby. 

BLEDSOE. 

"From  Kentucky.  Resembles  White  Pippin,  (Canada  Pippin.)  Fruit, 
large,  conical,  flattened  at  base,  greenish  yellow,  light  bronze  at  base, 
brownish  specks  ;  skin,  smooth ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  deep ;  calyx,  small, 
closed  ;  basin,  shallow ;  core,  open ;  seeds,  large,  light  brown ;  flesh,  white, 
tender,  juicy ;  "  very  good."  March  and  April.  Claimed  as  a  seedling  ; 
new."  (A.  H.  Ernst,  Ms.) 

BLOOD. 

From  central  Ohio.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  occasionally  angular; 
dull  red,  marbled  and  striped  with  shades  of  purplish  red,  occasional 
rough  gray  dots ;  stem,  varying;  cavity,  funnel  shaped ;  calyx,  half  open  ; 
broad  segments ;  basin  furrowed ;  core,  small,  compact ;  seeds,  oblong 
ovate,  dark  red ;  flesh,  yellowish,  tinged  with  red  near  the  surface,  break- 
ing mild  almost  sweet;  "  very  good."  Dec.  to  March. 

BOALSBURG. 

A  seedling  of  Centre  County,  Pennsylvania.  Xarge,  oblong,  inclining  to 


124 


THE   APPLE. 


conical,  delicately  mottled  and  striped  with  red  on  a  yellow  ground ;  stem, 
short,  thick ;  deep,  acuminate,  russeted  cavity ;  basin,  deep,  moderately 
wide;  flesh,  yellowish,  juicy,  sprightly,  and  refreshing;  "very  good." 
(W.  D.  B.). 


BOHANON. 


A  variety  probably  originally  of  Virginia,  lately  brought  to  notice  as 
grown  by  Lewis  Sanders,  Esq.,  of  Ky.  It  much  resembles  Maiden's 
Blush.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  flattened,  narrowing  to  the  eye,  with  in- 
clination to  a  ribbed  surface  ;  light  pale  yellow,  crimson  blush  on  sunny 
side,  russet  about  stem ;  stem,  slender ;  cavity,  narrow ;  calyx,  partly 
closed ;  basin,  deep  expanded ;  core,  open ;  seeds,  numerous,  light  brown ; 
flesh,  yellowish  white,  tender,  slightly  aromatic,  sub-acid.  Sept. 


BOURASSA. 


Foreign.  Succeeds  finely  in  Canada  and  northern  sections, — Vermont, 
North  Michigan,  on  poor  soil,  etc.  Fruit,  medium,  ovate  conical,  slightly 
ribbed,  occasionally  irregular ;  color,  rich,  orange  russet  on  yellow,  reddish 
brown  in  sun  ;  stem,  long,  slender ;  cavity,  small,  irregular ;  calyx,  with 
long  segments;  basin,  narrow;  core,  rather  large;  seeds,  few;  flesh, 
white,  fine  grained,  sub-acid ;  "  best."  October  to  January. 

BRABANT  BELLFLOWER. 

Brabant  Belle  -fleur,  |  Iron  Apple. 

Foreign.  Tree,  strong,  irregular  growth,  making,  however,  a  good 
head.  Valuable  for  cooking.  Fruit,  above  medium,  roundish  oblong, 
flattened  at  ends;  pale  yellow,  mostly  coverered  with  red  striped  and 


FOB  AMATEUR  CULTURE.  125 

splashed ;    calyx,  large ;  basin,  wide ;   flesh,  firm,  crisp,  sharp  sub-acid. 
Nov.  to  Jany. 

BROOKE'S  PIPPIN. 

A  native  of  Virginia.  Large,  roundish,  inclining  to  conical,  obscurely 
ribbed ;  greenish  yellow,  with  a  faint  blush ;  stem,  short,  rather  stout, 
deep,  irregular,  russeted  cavity ;  basin,  small,  shallow,  waved,  sometimes 
furrowed ;  seed,  long,  slender  acuminate ;  flesh,  crisp,  juicy,  of  fine  tex- 
ture, with  a  pleasant  aroma ;  best ;"  winter ;  bearing  abundantly  every 
year  in  localities  where  the  Newtown  Pippin,  to  which  it  bears  some  re- 
semblance, does  not  succeed. 

BUCK'S  COUNTY. 

Buck's  County  Pippin. 

A  Pennsly  vania  Seedling.  Large,  roundish  oblate,  inclining  to  conical ; 
greenish  yellow,  with  sometimes  a  faint  brown  cheek  ;  stem,  short,  not 
stout,  inserted  in  a  deep,  open  cavity  ;  basin,  wide,  deep,  slightly  plaited ; 
seed,  small,  short ;  flesh,  tender;  texture  fine;  flavor  excellent;  "very 
good.  (W.  D.  B.) 

BUTTER  APPLE. 

American  ;  probably  from  Pennsylvania.  Fruit,  below  medium,  regu- 
lar roundish,  red  marbling  and  overspreading  yellow,  few  yellow  russet 
dots,  russet  near  and  in  cavity  of  stem ;  stem,  long,  slender ;  cavity,  nar- 
row, deep ;  calyx,  half  closed ;  basin,  abrupt  ribbed ;  core,  medium  ;  seeds, 
roundish  ovate ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  tender,  sweet ;  "  very  good." 
Nov.  to  Feby. 

BUFFINGTON'S  EARLY. 

A  moderate  bearer;  origin  unknown.  Fruit,  below  medium,  flattened, 
little  ribbed,  yellowish  white,  with  faint  blush ;  cavity,  deep ;  basin, 
shallow  furrowed ;  flesh,  tender,  delicate  sub-acid ;  "  best."  Last  of  July. 

BURR'S  WINTER  SWEET. 

Native  of  Hingham,  Mass.  Tree,  good  grower,  spreading.  Early  and 
abundant  bearer.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  oblate,  flattened  at  base,  full  at 
crown ;  smooth,  greenish  yellow,  striped  and  splashed  with  vermilion, 
russet  at  stem  ;  small  gray  specks ;  stem,  short,  slender ;  cavity,  broad, 
open ;  eye,  medium,  closed ;  segments,  short ;  basin,  open  ribbed ;  core, 
small ;  seeds,  medium ;  flesh  yellowish,  tender,  sweet,  slight  aromatic 
perfume.  Dec.  to  March.  (Hov.  Mag.) 


Native  of  Boalsburg,  Pa.  Size,  medium,  oblate,  conical ;  greenish  yel- 
low, russet  dots  near  the  crown  ;  calyx,  small ;  basin,  deep  plaited ;  flesh, 
"  very  good."  (W.  D.  B.) 


126  THE  APPLE. 

CARNAHAN. 

Cannahan's  Favorite. 

Native  of  Southern  Ohio.  Tree,  vigorous,  spreading.  Fruit,  large, 
roundish,  tapering  to  the  eye,  yellow,  with  stripes  of  red,  greenish  russet 
dots ;  stem,  medium ;  cavity,  deep,  open ;  calyx,  large,  long  segments  ; 
basin,  ribbed  ;  core,  compact ;  seeds,  brown ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  juicy  ; 
"  very  good."  Dec.  to  Feby. 

CANNON  PEARMAIN. 

American.  Tree,  good  grower,  branches  diverging.  Fruit,  small, 
roundish,  often  angular,  yellow  with  dull  red,  and  large  yellow  specks ; 
stem,  long  curved ;  cavity,  shallow,  russety ;  calyx,  small,  closed ;  basin, 
furrowed ;  flesh,  yellow,  crisp,  sprightly ;  "  very  good."  Dec.  to  March 

CANN. 

American.  Fruit,  medium,  nearly  conical,  dull  green,  little  red  in  sun, 
and  near  the  stem ;  flesh,  white,  sweet ;  "  very  good."  Oct.  to  Dec.  Tree, 
thrifty,  spreading. 

CAMPFIELD. 

Newark  Sweeting. 

American.  Tree,  vigorous,  nearly  upright,  spreading.  Fruit,  medium, 
roundish  flattened ;  greenish  yellow,  with  dull  red  in  sun;  flesh,  white, 
dry  sweet ;  valued  for  stock  and  cider. 

CAROLINA  WINTER  QUEEN. 

American.  We  have  seen  but  little  of  this  apple,  but  are  impressed 
with  the  idea  that  it  is  destined  to  be  a  valuable  and  popular  variety 
South,  far  superior  to  Northern  Spy.  Fruit,  above  medium,  roundish 
conical ;  greenish  yellow  streaked  and  stained  with  red  from  the  stem,  a 
little  russet  at  stem,  and  few  small  faint  dots ;  calyx,  open,  segments,  re- 
flexed  ;  basin,  round,  medium ;  stem,  slender ;  cavity,  deep ;  core,  medium ; 
seeds,  abundant;  flesh,  yellowish,  sprightly,  crisp,  juicy;  "best."  Nov., 
Jany. 

CAYUGA  RED  STREAK. 

Twenty  Ounce,  I  Twenty  Ounce  Apple, 

Eighteen  Ounce,  |  Gov.  Seward, 

Twenty  Ounce  Pippin,  erroneously. 

From  Western  New  York.  We  adopt  the  name  "  Cayuga  Red  Streak," 
to  prevent  continued  confusion  with  "  Twenty  ounce  Pippin."  Fruit, 
large,  roundish  conical,  dull  yellowish  green  striped  and  marbled  with 
yellowish  red ;  stem,  short ;  calyx,  closed ;  core,  large ;  flesh,  yellowish 
white,  coarse,  crisp  ;  sub-acid.  Nov.,  Dec.  Esteemed  for  cooking. 

CAT  FACE. 
From  Kentucky.     Fruit,  large,  conical,  flattened  at  ends;  greenish  yel- 


FOR  AMATEUR  CULTURE.  127 

low,  streaked  with  light  and  dark  red ;  stem,  long,  slender ;  cavity,  deep, 
wide ;  calyx,  prominent ;  basin,  deep  ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  light  brown ; 
flesh,  white,  tender,  brisk,  sub-acid.  April  and  May.  (A.  -H.  Ernst, 
Ms.) 

CLYDE  BEAUTY. 

Mackie's  Clyde  Beauty. 

From  Clyde,  N.  Y.  Productive.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  conical, 
slightly  ribbed.;  pale,  greenish  yellow,  striped  and  mottled  with  light  red, 
deep  crimson  in  the  sun ;  stem,  short,  slender ;  cavity,  deep ;  calyx, 
closed  ;  basin,  furrowed ;  flesh,  white,  fine  grained,  juicy,  sub-acid ;  "  best." 
October  to  December.  Deserves  more  attention. 

COLE. 

Scarlet  Perfume. 

Foreign.  Tree,  slender  growth,  irregular,  diverging  or  spreading, 
hardy,  an  early  bearer  of  a  pleasant  sprightly  fruit.  Fruit,  medium, 
roundish,  little  conical,  bright  red ;  stem,  long,  slender ;  calyx,  medium, 
partly  closed ;  flesh,  white,  juicy ;  "  very  good."  August 

COOPER. 

Beauty  Red,         |         Lady  Washington, 
Seek-no-further,  of  some  erroneously. 

An  Eastern  variety,  recovered  at  West,  where  it  was  brought  in 
1796  ;  its  identity  with  any  variety  now  known  East,  is  not  established ; 
hence  we  must  continue  under  its  present  name.  Growth,  upright, 
stout;  branches  at  right  angles;  wood,  reddish,  "subject  to  canker;"  a 
good  bearer,  maturing  its  fruit  nearly  all  at  the  same  time.  Succeeds  best 
on  rich  limestone  clay. 

Fruit,  large,  often  very  large  ;  roundish  flattened,  greenish  yellow  with 
stripes  and  blotches  of  pale  red  ;  calyx,  closed ;  basin,  deep  ;  stem,  slender, 
short ;  cavity,  deep ;  flesh,  yellowish,  not  fine  grained,  crisp,  juicy ; 
"  very  good."  September,  but  often  keeps  to  November. 

COOPER'S  EARLY  WHITE. 

Grown  in  Illinois  and  Wisconsin,  where  it  is  regarded  as  productive 
and  profitable.  Fruit,  medium ;  roundish,  little  flattened  ;  pale  yellow,  with 
faint  blush,  greenish  tinge  at  stem ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  narrow,  deep ; 
calyx,  closed ;  basin,  deep,  abrupt,  slightly  furrowed ;  flesh,  white,  crisp, 
sprightly.  September  and  October. 

COCKLIN'S  FAVORITE. 

Small,  roundish,  truncated  apple,  native  of  Allen  Township,  Cumber- 
land Co. ;  quality,  "  very  good."  (W.  D.  B.) 

CHIEF  GOOD. 

Summum  Bonum. 

From  Kentucky,  near  Louisville.    Fruit,  medium  to  large,  roundish, 


128  THE   APPLE. 

flattened  at  base,  light  yellow,  streaked  and  mottled  with  red,  few  splashes 
of  green ;  stem,  short,  slender  ;  cavity,  open ;  calyx,  small,  partly  closed ; 
basin,  shallow ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid,  aromatic  ;  core,  open ; 
seeds,  large,  light  brown.  September  and  October.  (A.  H.  Ernst, 
Ms.) 


Court-pendu, 
Garnon's  Apple, 
Cour  pendu,  Rond  G 


COURT-PENDU-PLAT. 

Capendu 


Musque, 


Coriandra  Rose, 
Wollaton  Pippin, 


Cour  penda,  Extra, 


Rouge  Musque, 


Pomme  de  Berlin, 

Russian, 

Princisse  Noble  Zoete. 


Foreign.  Tree,  slender;  early  and  prolific  bearer.  Fruit,  medium, 
regular,  flat;  pale  greenish  yellow,  crimson  in  sun;  stem,  short;  cavity, 
deep ;  calyx,  large ;  basin,  wide,  shallow ;  flesh,  yellow,  crisp,  sprightly 
little  acid  ;  "  Very  good."  November  to  February. 


COURT  OF  WICK. 


Barlow, 
Court  de  Wick, 
Fry's  Pippin, 
Wood 's  Huntingdon, 
Philip's  Reinette, 
Week's  Pippin, 


Foreign.  For  those  who  like  a  firm,  spicy,  sprightly  fruit  for  dessert, 
this  may  be  esteemed.  Tree,  very  hardy — suited  to  the  North.  Fruit, 
small,  regular,  roundish  ovate,  flattened ;  greenish  yellow  in  shade,  little 
red  and  dotted  with  russet  specks  in  sun ;  stem,  long,  slender ;  calyx, 
with  long  wide  spread  segments ;  basin,  shallow ;  core,  large ;  seeds, 
ovate ;  flesh  yellow,  sharp,  sub-acid,  crisp,  juicy.  October  to  February. 


CUMBERLAND. 

Cumberland  Seedling. 

From  Cumberland  County,  Pa.  Tree,  fine  grower.  Fruit,  esteemed 
valuable  for  market ;  ,large,  roundish,  flattened ;  flesh,  white,  sub-acid ; 
"good;"  new. 

CUMBERLAND  SPICE. 

The  Blenheim  Pippin  has  been  received  at  the  West  as  this  variety.  In 
absence  of  fruit  to  examine,  we  copy  Thomas's  description : 

"  Rather  large,  varying  from  roundish-conical  to  long-conical,  the  taper- 
ing sides  being  nearly  straight  and  not  rounded ;  color,  waxen  yellow, 
with  a  slight  vermilion  tinge  near  the  base,  and  with  black  specks  on 
the  surface ;  stalk,  half  to  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long ;  cavity,  wide, 
slightly  russeted ;  calyx,  open ;  basin,  even ;  flesh,  yellowish-white,  break- 
ing, rather  light ;  core,  hollow  ;  flavor,  mild  sub-acid,  with  a  peculiar  and 
agreeable  spiciness  ;  of  good  second-rate  quality." 


FOB  AMATEUR  CULTURE. 
CRACKING. 


129 


"From  Harrison  County,  Ohio.     Tree,  strong  grower;  requires  little 
runing."     Fruit,  large,  roundish,  yellowish  white ;  flesh,  tender,  juicy  ; 


pruning. 

"  very  go 

highly  esteemed  where  known. 

CAT  PIPPIN. 


sr,  jmc 

;.)  Ne 


West's  Spitzenberg, 
Haymaker, 


Honemaker  Pippin, 
Hommacher  Apfel. 


Western  Pennsylvania.  Tree,  vigorous,  productive.  Fruit,  medium  to 
large,  greenish ;  flesh,  greenish,  juicy,  sub-acid.  December  to  April. 
New. 

DARLINGTON. 

Darlington.  Russet. 

Native  of  northern  Ohio.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  clear  smooth  rus- 
set ;  stem,  medium ;  cavity,  deep ;  calyx,  half  closed ;  basin,  deep ;  flesh, 
white  ;  hardly  "  very  good."  January  to  June. 

DELIGHT. 

From  R,  Buchanan,  Esq.,  Southern  Ohio.    Fruit,  medium,  roundish  flat- 
tened, slightly  angular,  yellow  russet  at  stem,  irregular  russet  spots,  ver- 
milion red  cheek  in  sun ;  stem,   very  short ;  cavity,  deep  ;  calyx,  large, 
short  segments ;  basin,  round,  slightly  furrowed ;  core,  compact ;  seeds, 
6* 


180 


THE    APPLE. 


ovate  angular ;  flesh,  yellowish,  firm,  mild  sub-acid,  almost  sweet ;  "  very 
good."    New.    February  to  May. 

DETROIT. 

Red  Detroit,      |      Black  Detroit, 
Crimson  Pippin. 

Foreign.  Introduced  to  Detroit,  Michigan,  by  early  French  settlers. 
Fruit  medium  to  large,  roundish  flattened,  dark  blackish  crimson,  dotted 
and  marbled  with  fawn  specks  in  sun ;  cavity,  deep  ;  calyx,  closed ;  basin, 
plaited ;  core,  large,  hollow ;  flesh,  white,  often  stained  with  red  to  the 
core,  crisp,  juicy,  sub-acid.  October  to  February.  This  is  sometimes 
grown  as  the  Black  Apple. 

DlLLINGHAM. 

From  D.  C.  Eichmond,  Esq.,  Sandusky,  Ohio.  Native.  Fruit,  medium, 
round,  regular,  whitish  yellow,  dots  of  red  in  sun  ;  cavity,  deep  russeted ; 
calyx,  closed ;  basin,  medium  •  core,  small ;  seeds,  plump ;  flesh,  white, 
fine  grained,  juicy,  sweet;  "very  good;"  great  bearer.  October  and 
November. 

DOCTOR. 

Red  Doctor,      |      De  Witt. 

Native  of  Pennsylvania.  Much  grown  in  southern  Ohio  and  Indiana, 
producing  abundantly  of  second-rate  fruit.  Fruit,  medium  to  large,  flat ; 
yellow  striped  and  washed  with  several  shades  of  red  and  occasional  spots 
of  russet ;  calyx,  closed  ;  basin,  open ;  cavity,  deep  ;  core,  small ;  seeds, 
oblong,  pyriform;  flesh,  tender,  juicy.  October  to  January. 

DOMINE. 
Origin  uncertain.     Tree,  strong,  vigorous  grower  ;  shoots,  long,  diverg- 


FOR  AMATEUR  CULTURE.  131 

ing  ;  early  good  bearer ;  profitable  orchard  sort  West ;  succeeding  finely 
in  most  soils.  Fruit,  medium  to  large,  flat,  greenish  yellow,  with  stripes 
and  splashes  of  bright  red  and  large  russet  specks ;  stem,  long,  slender, 
inclining  to  one  side ;  cavity,  wide ;  calyx,  small ;  basin,  broad ;  core, 
medium  ;  seeds,  abundant,  purplish  brown ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  juicy ; 
"  very  good."  November  to  April. 

DUTCHESS. 

•'Dutchess  of  Oldenburgh. 

Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous,  with  dark,  upright  shoots,  moderate  bearer ; 
valued  for  cooking.  Fruit,  medium  to  large,  roundish  flattened,  light  red 
striped  and  splashed  on  yellow ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  acuminate ;  basin, 
deep ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  sharp  sub-acid.  August  and  September. 

EMPEROR. 

Dickson's  Emperor. 

From  Scotland.  New.  Fruit,  large,  irregular,  slightly  ribbed  ;  yellow, 
with  dashes  of  carmine  red,  and  minute  specks  of  straw  color;  dull  red 
cheek  in  sun;  stem,  short;  calyx,  large;  basin,  deep,  irregular;  core, 
small ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  juicy  ;  "very  good."  November  to  January. 

EARLY  PENNOCK. 

Shakers'  Yellow,      I     August  Apple, 
Indian  Queen  ?          |     New  Jersey  Red  Streak? 
Warren  Pennock. 

This  is  probably  an  old  Eastern  variety  so  changed  by  our  "Western 
soils  as  not  to  be  recognized.  It  was  distributed  West  from  Harrison  or 
Belmont  Counties,  Ohio.  Trees,  thrifty,  hardy,  early  prolific  bearers  of 
fruit,  rather  below  second  rate  quality  ;  fruit,  large,  roundish,  tapering  to 
the  eye;  greenish  yellow,  blotched  and  streaked  with  lively  red;  stem, 
long;  cavity,  deep,  irregular;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  juicy,  sub-acid. 
August.  Resembles,  but  is  distinct  from,  Summer  Queen. 

ENGLISH  GOLDEN  RUSSET. 

Golden  Russet,  of  New  York. 

Foreign.  Growth,  irregular ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish,  russet  on  yellow ; 
stem,  slender ;  flesh,  fine  grained,  crisp ;  nearly  "  best."  December  to 
March. 

ENGLISH  SWEETING. 

Ramsdell's  Sweeting,      I      Ramsdell's  Red  Pumpkin  Sweet, 
Ramdell's  Sweet,  |      Red  Pumpkin  Sweet, 

Avery  Sweeting. 

Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous,  upright,  early  prolific  bearer ;  fruit,  medium 
to  large,  oblong,  tapering  to  the  eye,  green  and  rough  in  shade,  dark  red 
dotted  with  fawn  specks,  and  with  a  blue  bloom  in  sun;  stem,  short; 
cavity,  narrow,  angular,  often  a  fleshy  knob;  calyx,  with  short  stiff  seg- 
ments; basin,  round,  regular;  core,  long  ovate;  seeds,  imperfect;  flesh, 
yellowish  white,  sweet ;  "  very  good,'  October  to  February. 


132  THE  APPLE. 


ESTEN. 

From  Rhode  Island.  Tree,  vigorous,  productive ;  fruit,  large,  oblong 
ovate,  slightly  ribbed  ;  yellow,  faint  blush  in  sun,  large  green  dots  ;  stem, 
slender;  cavity,  deep  ;  basin,  shallow ;  flesh,  white,  sub-acid.  October. 

EUSTIS. 


Native  Mass.  Fruit,  medium  to  large,  roundish,  slightly  flattened  ;  red 
and  yellow  striped  or  splashed ;  stem,  slender,  inclined  one  side ;  cavity, 
deep,  open ;  calyx,  closed :  basin,  open ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  ovate  angular  ; 
flesh,  yellowish,  crisp,  tender,  aromatic,  sub-acid.  December  to  January. 

FALL  JENNETTING. 

Fall  Gennetting. 

Probably  American.     An  old  variety  known  to  us  in  Connecticut  when 
i  Mr.  Hovey  says,  in   1847 — "  New  and  very  desirable." 


Fruit,  large,  roundish,  flattened,  ribbed  at  base,  narrowing  to  the  eye,  pale 


ig.)     There  is  another  Gennetting  grown  in  Ohio,  maturing  from  July 
September,  which  is  sour  and  unworthy. 


FOUNDLING. 

Funtling. 

Native  of  Mass.  "  Fruit,  large,  roundish  flattened,  narrowing  to  the 
eye,  yellowish  green,  with  broken  stripes  pale  red,  greenish  specks ;  stem, 
short,  slender ;  cavity,  deep;  calyx,  closed;  basin,  furrowed;  core,  me- 
dium; seeds,  small;  flesh,  yellowish,  crisp,  tender,  sprightly,  sub-acid. 
August  and  September."  (Hov.  Mag.) 

FALL  QUEEN. 

Horse  Apple,      I     Red  Gloria  Mundi  ? 
Oldfield,  I      Fall  Beauty. 

Origin  unknown.  Valued  highly  South  and  West  for  cooking.  Fruit, 
medium  to  large,  roundish  conical,  little  irregular,  greenish  yellow  to 
orange,  blush  in  sun,  russet  lines  about  stem;  stem,  short;  cavity,  shal- 
low ;  basin,  narrow ;  core,  large,  hollow ;  flesh,  yellow,  coarse,  acid.  Last 
July. 

FALL  HARVEY. 

Native  of  Mass.  Not  productive.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  flattened, 
greenish  yellow,  with  scattered  brown  dots ;  stem,  slender ;  cavity,  deep ; 
flesh,  white,  mild  sub-acid,  juicy ;  "  very  good."  October  and  November. 

FAVORITE. 
From  Kentucky.     Fruit,  small,  roundish,  tapering  to  the  eye,  pale  yel- 


FOR  AMATEUR    CULTURE.  133 

low,  striped  and  splashed  with  red,  and  small  rough  dots ;  stem,  short ; 
cavity,  deep ;  calyx,  small ;  basin,  medium,  regular ;  core,  medium ;  seeds, 
long  ovate ;  flesh,  yellow,  juicy,  mild  sub-acid  ;  not  quite  "  very  good." 
November  to  January. 

FATHER  ABRAHAM. 

From  Virginia ;  considerably  grown  in  Kentucky.  We  copy  Coxe's 
description :  "  Small,  flat,  red,  little  yellow,  spots  and  blotches  of  darker 
red;  texture,  thin,  tender;  flesh,  white,  tinged  with  red  next  the  sun, 
juicy,  agreeable.  •  Early  winter.  Keeps  till  April." 

FERDINAND. 

Native  South  Carolina.  Tree,  moderately  vigorous,  upright;  fruit, 
large,  oblate,  irregular,  pale  greenish  yellow ;  stem,  thick ;  calyx,  open ; 
basin,  shallow;  flesh,  yellowish,  tender.  November  to  March.  New. 
(Wm.  Sumner  in  Hort.) 

FLEINER. 

Foreign.  Tree,  great  bearer,  growth  upright;  fruit,  medium,  oblong, 
lemon  yellow,  red  cheek;  flesh,  white,  tender,  sub-acid  ;"  good."  Sep- 
tember and  October.  Productiveness  it&  chief  merit 

FRANKLIN  GOLDEN  PIPPIN. 

j.ree,  upright,  vigorous,  early  annual  bearer ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish 
ovate,  conical,  pale  light  greenish  yellow,  interlined  with  fine  whitish  net 
work,  few  russet  dots ;  stem,  slender ;  cavity,  deep ;  calyx,  small,  closed ; 
basin,  narrow,  slightly  plaited  ;  flesh,  crisp,  juicy  ;  "  very  good."  October. 

FRENCH'S  SWEET. 

The  seedling  trees  are  still  standing  in  Braintree,  Mass.  Large,  round 
ovate,  green,  inclining  to  a  yellow  when  fully  ripe,  great  bearer,  highly 
perfumed  ;  flesh,  firm.  Kipe  October  and  November,  and  will  keep°  till 
January  or  February.  Richest  baking  I  know.  (B.  V.  French,  Ms.) 

FRONCLIN. 

«  Native  of  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa.  Tree,  rapid  grower,  great  bearer  ;  fruit, 
medium,  regular,  round  ;  bright  red  ;  flesh,  yellowish,  acid,  vinous.  New 
(Pom.  Trans.) 

FLUSHING  SPITZENBERG. 

American.  Tree,  vigorous,  strong  brown  shoots ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish, 
slightly  conical,  greenish  yellow,  mostly  covered  with  warm  yellowish  red, 
russet  dots,  with  suffused  fawn  shade  surrounding ;  stem,  slender  ;  cavity, 
narrow ;  calyx,  small ;  basin,  shallow ;  core,  rather  large ;  flesh,  white,  tinged 


134 


THE  APPLE. 


yellow,  juicy,  crisp,  mild,  nearly  sweet;  "very  good."    November  to 
February. 


FULTON. 

Native  of  Canton  Co.,  111.  Original  tree,  when  19  years  old,  gave  36  1-2 
inches  circumference,  3  feet  from  ground,  25  feet  high,  and  28  feet  across 
top,  and  had  produced  large  crops  ten  years  in  succession.  Fruit,  medium, 
roundish  flattened,  pale  clear  yellow,  bright  red  cheek,  little  russet  in  stem 
cavity,  small  dots ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  deep ;  calyx,  small,  short  seg- 
ments ;  basin,  rather  deep ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  ovate,  pointed  ;  flesh,  white, 
tender,  juicy,  mild  sub-acid;  "  very  good."  November  and  December. 


GABRIEL. 

Ladies  Blush. 

The  origin  of  this  variety  is  uncertain.  It  will  most  likely  yet  prove 
identical  with  some  variety  heretofore  described.  Our  engraving  is  under 
medium  size  of  the  apple.  Trees,  moderate  growth,  good  bearers ;  fruit, 
medium  or  below,  roundish  conical,  yellowish,  striped,  and  splashed  with 
pale  red  ;  stem,  slender ;  cavity,  medium  ;  calyx,  small ;  basin,  shallow  •, 


FOR  AMATEUR  CULTURE. 


185 


core,  medium ;  seeds,  long  ovate,  pointed ;  flesh,  yellowish,  juicy,  sub-acid ; 
"  best."     October  and  November. 

GARRETSON'S  EARLY. 

John  Garretson's  Early. 

Native  probably  of  New  Jersey.  Tree,  vigorous  growth,  early,  abun- 
dant bearer ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish,  flattened ;  pale  green,  becoming 
yellowish,  dotted  with  whitish  specks ;  stem,  sh»rt ;  cavity,  shallow  ;  calyx, 
closed ;  basin,  ribbed  ;  core,  large ;  seeds,  plump  ;  flesh,  white,  crisp,  ten- 
der, sub-acid  ;  "  very  good."  August. 

GEORGE. 

From  Muskingum  Co.,  Ohio.  Tree,  spreading,  free  bearer  ;  fruit,  me- 
dium, roundish  flattened,  pale  yellow,  with  russety  blotches  and  specks, 
oft  quite  russety ;  calyx,  large,  open ;  basin,  shallow ;  flesh,  whitish,  firm, 
juicy,  mild  acid.  July. 

GILPIN. 

Carthouse,      |      Romanite  of  the  West. 

From  Virginia.  Its  keeping  and  bearing  qualities  will  always  render  it 
more  or  less  popular.  Fruit,  below  medium,  roundish,  flattened  at  apex, 
deep  red  and  yellow ;  stem,  varying ;  cavity  deep  ;  calyx,  closed ;  basin, 
sometimes  furrowed  ;  core,  medium  ;  seeds,  ovate ;  flesh,  yellow,  firm,  juicy, 
will  keep  a  year. 


From  Wallingford,  Conn, 
tender,  juicy ;  "  very  good." 


GILES. 

Fruit,  medium,  conical,  dark  red ;   flesh, 
October  and  November. 


136  THE  APPLE. 

GRAY  VANDERVERB. 

Windower,  I     Indian  Apple, 

Great  Vandervere,      I     Betsey's  Fancy, 

White  Vandevrere,      •     Vandervere  Pippin,  of  some. 


A  great  bearer,  good  keeper,  by  some  preferred  to  the  Vandervere. 
Dr.  Warder  says,  this  is  the  variety  common  in  Philadelphia  market,  and 
esteemed  highly  for  cooking.  Fruit,  medium  or  slightly  above,  round 
flattened ;  skin,  rough,  uneven,  mostly  a  dull  red,  with  gray  bloom,  small 
specks  of  russet,  a  little  bronze  at  the  stem  ;  stem,  long ;  cavity,  open ; 
calyx,  with  short  segments ;  basin,  broad,  open  ;  core,  medium ;  flesh, 
yellowish,  breaking,  moderately  juicy.  December  to  March. 

GRANNY  EARLE. 

-     Fruit,  small,  roundish  oval,  green,  striped  and  splashed  with  red  ;  flesh, 
white,  crisp,  tender.     November  to  January.     (Hov.  Mag.) 
\ 

*GRANNIWINKLE. 

Tree,  slow  grower,  compact  head,  first  described  by  Coxe ;  esteemed 
only  for  cider.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  oblong,  dark  red ;  flesh,  yellow- 
ish, sweet.  October  and  November. 

GULLY. 

From  Lancaster  co.,  Pa.  Fruit,  small  to  medium,  white  with  blush 
cheek ;  flesh,  white,  juicy.  New.  (Pom.  Trans.) 


FOR  AMATEUR  CULTURE.  137 


GREEN  SEEK-NO-FURTHER. 

Seek-no-further  of  Coxe,      |     Bracy's  Seek -no-further. 

Growth,  vigorous,  upright ;  fruit,  large,  roundish  conical,  greenish  yel- 
low, with  dark  specks  ;  stem,  short ;  calyx,  large  ;  basin,  deep,  slightly 
ribbed ;  flesh,  white,  little  coarse,  mild  sub-acid.  November  to  January. 

HAGLOE. 

Summer  Hagloe. 

Tree,  medium  bearer,  dark  colored  strong  shoots,  valued  for  cooking, 
often  fine  for  dessert ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish  flattened,  bright  red  on 
yellow ;  flesh,  tender.  July.  Distinct  from  Hagloe  Crab,  a  small  ovate 
cider  fruit. 

HARRISON. 

Generally  grown  for  cider,  but,  in  absence  of  better  fruit,  and  kept  until 
March,  it  becomes  "very  good"  for  dessert.  Tree,  thrifty,  hardy,  very 
productive ;  fruit,  medium  or  small,  roundish  ovate,  yellow,  with  black 
specks,  light  suffused  shade  around ;  stem,  one  inch ;  cavity,  wide  ;  calyx, 
closed ;  basin,  shallow  furrowed ;  flesh,  yellow,  firm,  spicy,  sub-acid ;  core, 
large  ;  seeds,  long  ovate.  November  to  March.  It  is  from  this  variety, 
mixed  with  a  small  proportion  of  Campfield,  that  the  celebrated  Newark^ 
cider  is  made. 

HARTFORD  SWEETING. 

Spencer  Sweeting,      |     Cbamp  Sweeting. 

Native  of  Hartford,  Conn.  Growth,  slow,  hardy,  productive ;  fruit, 
large,  roundish  flattened  ;  red  striped  on  greenish  yellow ;  stem,  slender  ; 
cavity,  shallow ;  calyx,  large  ;  basin,  shallow ;  flesh,  whitish,  juicy,  tender  ; 
"  very  good."  December  to  March. 

HASKELL  SWEET. 

Sassafras  Sweet. 

Tree,  vigorous,  moderately  prolific,  deserves  more  general  culture; 
fruit,  large,  nearly  flat,  greenish,  with  dull  brown  cheek  in  sun;  stem  and 
cavity,  medium;  flesh,  tinged  with  orange  yellow,  tender,  sweet ;  almost 
"  best."  October. 

HAWLEY. 

Douse,      |      Dow's. 

Native  of  Columbia  Co.,  N.  Y.  Much  resembles  Fall  Pippin,  but  larger 
and  ripens  earlier,  and  is  invariably  affected  with  dry  rot  in  all  soils, 
otherwise,  it  would  take  first  class.  Fruit,  large,  roundish,  flattened, 
conical,  yellowish  green  to  yellow,  with  few  brown  dots  ;  stem,  slender; 
cavity,  wide  ;  calyx,  small,  partly  closed ;  basin,  medium,  slightly  plaited ; 
flesh,  yellowish  white,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid.  October,  sometimes  in 
September. 


138 


THE   APPLE. 


HECTOR. 

From  Chester  county,  Pa.  Large,  oblong,  conical,  striped  and  mottled 
with  red  on  a  yellow  ground  ;  stem,  slender ;  deep,  open  russeted  cavity ; 
basin,  narrow,  deep,  furrowed  ;  flesh,  crisp  ;  texture,  fine  ;  "  very  good." 
(W.  D.  B.) 

HELEN'S  FAVORITE.. 

From  Troy,  Ohio.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  dark  red  shades,  light 
spots ;  stem,  short,  slender ;  cavity,  deep ;  calyx,  small ;  core,  compact ; 
seeds,  small ;  flesh,  white,  streaked  with  red,  tender,  juicy  ;  "  very  good." 
January  and  February.  (A.  H.  Ernst,  Ms.) 

HERMAN. 

From  Cumberland  co.,  Pa.  Tree,  productive ;  fruit,  medium,  oblong, 
red  striped  on  greenish  yellow ;  flesh,  greenish,  tender,  juicy  ;  "very  good." 
December  to  April.  (Pom.  Trans.) 

HOLLAND  PIPPIN. 


Reinette  d'  Holland, 
Summer  Pippin, 


Pie  Apple, 

French  Pippin,  of  some. 


Tree  resembles  Fall  Pippin,  with  which  it  is  often  confounded,  but  from 
hich   it  is  distinct.     It  is   esteemed  for  cooking,  for  which  it  is  fitted 


which 


FOR  AMATEUR  CULTURE.  139 

in  August,  but  we  think  surpassed  by  Gravenstein.  We  refer  for  descrip- 
tion to  Fall  Pippin,  with  this  difference,  more  regular  round,  stem  shorter, 
cavity  not  as  deep,  more  broad  and  open,  calyx  smaller,  and  basin  not  as 
wide. 

HOUSUM'S  RED. 

From  Berks  county,  Pa.  Large,  oblong,  compressed  at  the  sides,  skin 
red  in  stripes,  yellow  at  base ;  stem,  short,  thick :  cavity,  narrow,  not 
deep,  slightly  russeted ;  basin,  moderately  deep,  plaited ;  flesh,  fine  tex- 
ture, tender,  with  delightful  aroma ;  "  very  good"  at  least.  October  to 
February.  (W.  D.  B.) 

HIGH  TOP  SWEET. 

Summer  Sweet,  of  Ohio,      |     Sweet  June,  of  Illinois. 

From  Plymouth,  Mass.  Tree,  upright,  productive ;  fruit,  medium, 
roundish,  greenish  yellow,  with  greenish  white  dots ;  stem,  slender ; 
calyx,  closed ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  tender,  juicy,  sweet ;  "  very  good." 
Last  of  July. 

HUNTER. 

From  Delaware  Co.,  Pa.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  conical,  striped  and 
splashed  bright  red  on  yellow;  stem,  slender;  cavity,  narrow;  calyx, 
small ;  basin,  deep ;  flesh,  white  tinged  with  pink,  tender,  crisp,  juicy. 
October. 

JABEZ  SWEET. 

From  Middletown,  Conn.  Fruit,  medium,  nearly  round,  pale  green, 
dull  red  in  sun,  sweet.  October  to  April.  (Hov.  Mag.) 

JEFFERSON. 

Tree,  good  habit,  spreading,  much  grown  and  esteemed  in  some  parts 
of  Kentucky,  from  whence  we  once  received  specimens  in  April  (after 
laying  in  a  warehouse  during  winter),  in  fine  condition.  Fruit,  medium 
to  large,  roundish  conical,  dull  red  on  yellow,  splashed ;  stem,  slender ; 
cavity,  moderate ;  calyx,  small,  partially  closed ;  basin,  open ;  core,  com- 
pact ;  seeds,  light  brown ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid ; 
almost  "  best,"  October  to  March. 

JEFFERIS. 

From  Chester  co.,  Pa.  Tree,  moderate  grower,  upright  habit,  constant, 
abundant  bearer  ;  fruit,  roundish  flattened,  pale  yellow,  striped  and  stained 
with  red,  becoming  dark  in  sun,  dotted  with  white  spots  and  russet  at 
stem  ;  stem,  half  inch,  slender ;  cavity,  narrow,,deep  ;  calyx,  nearly  closed, 
woolly  ;  basin,  deep,  regular ;  flesh,  white,  crisp,  tender,  juicy ;  "  best." 
September  and  October.  New. 

JERSEY  PIPPIN. 
Foreign.    Fruit,  medium,  round,  oblong,  conical,  flattened,  pale  yellow- 


140 


THE   APPLE. 


ish  green,  faint  stripes  red ;  stem,  short,  stout ;  cavity,  deep,  open ;  calyx, 
rather  large ;  basin,  shallow  ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  imperfect ;  flesh,  greenish 
yellow,  juicy,  vinous,  sub-acid ;  "  very  good."  November  to  February. 
New. 

JENKINS. 

Native  of  Montgomery  Co.,  Pennsylvania.  Fruit,  small,  roundish  ovate  ; 
red,  interspersed  with  numerous  large  white  dots,  on  a  yellowish  ground ; 
stem,  slender ;  cavity,  deep,  rather  wide,  sometimes  russeted ;  calyx, 
closed ;  basin,  deep,  open,  furrowed ;  core,  above  medium ;  seed,  grayish 
brown,  acute-ovate ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  fine  texture,  juicy ;  flavor, 
agreeably  saccharine,  exceedingly  pleasant  and  aromatic ;  "  very  good," 
if  not  "  best."  The  Jenkins  is  one  of  those  delicious  little  apples  pecul- 
iarly fitted  for  the  table  at  evening  entertainments.  (W.  D.  B.) 


JEWETT'S  RED. 

Jewett's  Fine  Red,      J     Nodhead. 


Tree,  slow,  rather  slender  diverging  growth  ;  fruit  unfair  while  young; 
best  adapted  to  strong  clay  soils  North,  where  it  is  hardy,  and  said  to 
succeed  well.  Fruit,  medium  to  large,  roundish  flattened,  tapering  to  the 
eye,  sometimes  angular ;  greenish  yellow,  mostly  overspread  or  striped 
with  red,  numerous  white  dots;  stem,  varying;  cavity,  narrow ;  calyx, 
small,  partially  closed;  basin,  shallow,  wrinkled;  core,  medium; /seeds, 
ovate,  rounded ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  fine  grained,  tender,  mild  aromatic 
sub-acid;  "best."  November  to  February. 


FOR   AMATEUR   CULTURE. 


141 


KAIGHN'S  SPITZENBERG. 


Red  Spitzenberg, 
Red  Pearmain, 
Red  Winter  Pearmain, 
Long  Pearmain, 


Ohio  Wine, 
Long  John, 
Red  Pippin, 
Red  Phoenix, 
Sheepnose,  of  some, 
Russam. 


This  variety  is  showy,  annually  productive,  and  that  is  all  of  its  good 
qualities.  We  present  the  drawing  to  aid  the  unacquainted  to  detect  it, 
as  the  name  often  aids  in  its  sale.  Dr.  Warder,  at  the  late  Ohio  Pom. 
Meeting,  stated  that  it  came  originally  from  Kaighn's  Point,  and  the  name 
SpitzenW<jr,  was  derived  from  a  mountain  "  berg."  Fruit,  large,  oblong 
rounded  ;  yellow,  mostly  overspread  with  bright  clear  red ;  stem,  about 
even  with  surrounding  surface;  cavity,  deep,  regular;  calyx,  small;  basin, 
slightly  furrowed;  core,  small;  seeds,  irregular  in  form;  flesh,  yellowish, 
coarse,  dry;  "good."  November  and  December.  Often  grown  in 
Michigan  as  Red  Belleflower. 

KESWICK  CODLIN. 
Foreign.  Very  productive.    Tree,  hardy ;  valued  for  cooking,  and  suited 


142  THE  APPLE. 

to  Western  soils ;  one  of  best.  Fruit,  medium  or  above,  roundish  ovate 
conical ;  greenish  yellow,  with  brownish  cheek  in  sun,  and  light  dots,  one 
or  two  raised  lines  from  stem  to  apex ;  stem,  slender ;  cavity,  shallow ; 
calyx,  closed ;  basin,  furrowed  imperceptible ;  core,  medium ;  seeds,  ovate ; 
flesh,  greenish  or  yellowish  white,  tender,  acid.  September  and  October. 

KlNGSLEY. 

From  Monroe  Co.,  N.  Y.  Tree,  erect,  moderate  grower,  hardy,  profuse 
early  bearer ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish  oval ;  yellowish,  striped  and  splashed 
with  pinkish  red,  white  dots,  russet  near  calyx ;  stem,  slender ;  calyx, 
small,  closed;  basin,  shallow;  core,  medium,  open;  seeds,  small,  dark 
brown ;  flesh,  fine  grained,  juicy,  sub-acid ;  "  best."  November  to  July. 
(H.  Wendell  in  Pom.  Trans.) 

KING  APPLE. 

There  are  two  distinct  fruits  under  this  name,  one  grown  in  Western 
N.  Y.,  and  one  in  Mason  Co.,  Ky. 

The  first  is  as  follows :  Fruit,  large,  roundish  oblong,  somewhat  ribbed, 
pale  yellow  ground,  mostly  covered  with  two  shades  of  red,  striped  and 
splashed,  brown  dots,  and  russet  patches  on  sunny  side ;  stem,  stout, 
thick ;  cavity,  open,  regular ;  calyx,  with  long  pointed  segments ;  basin, 
abrupt,  slight  furrows,  and  projecting  ribs  surrounding ;  flesh,  yellowish, 
crisp,  juicy,  sub-acid.  November  and  December. 

The  second  is :  Fruit,  yellow,  clouded,  and  mostly  obscured  with  dull 
red,  small  specks,  and  large  patches  of  mould  or  fungus  peculiar  to  the 
Southern  grown  fruits ;  oblong,  flattened  at  base  ;  calyx,  small ;  basin, 
shallow ;  stem,  short,  slender ;  cavity,  narrow ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  me- 
dium ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid.  January  to  February. 

LANCASTER. 

Lancaster  Greening. 

From  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa.  Tree,  hardy,  vigorous,  productive ;  fruit, 
medium,  roundish  conical,  greenish  yellow,  with  brown  dots  and  blotches ; 
stem,  short ;  cavity,  deep  ;  calyx,  small ;  flesh,  greenish  white,  juicy,  sub- 
acid  ;  valued  for  keeping  till  April. 

LECKER. 

Laquier,      j     Lacker. 

From  Lancaster,  Pa.  Described  by  Thomas  as  Laquier.  Medium, 
roundish  oblate  ;  skin,  striped  with  crimson  on  a  paler  red,  with  numer- 
ous large  dots ;  stem,  short  and  slender,  sometimes  stout ;  cavity,  russeted, 
narrow,  rather  deep;  basin,  wide,  deep,  plaited;  core,  small;  seed,  dark 
cinnamon,  short,  plump ;  flesh,  whitish,  fine  texture,  tender,  juicy  ; 
«'  good"  at  least.  December  to  March.  (W.  D.  B.) 


TOR  AMATEUR  CULTURE.  143 


LAKE. 

Grown  by  D.  C.  Richmond,  Sandusky,  O.  Tree,  abundant  bearer, 
fruit  hangs  well ;  fruit,  below  medium,  round  ovate  conical,  yellow,  mostly 
overspread  and  striped  with  deep  lake  re<i,  many  dots ;  cavity,  deep  ; 
calyx,  closed ;  basin,  open ;  core,  medium  ;  seeds,  plump ;  flesh,  yellow, 
tender,  juicy,  sub-acid  ;  "  very  good."  October. 


LATE  QUEEN. 

Brown's  Late  Queen. 

American  Native  of  Ohio.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  conical,  pale  red  on 
yellow,  bluish  tinge  at  stem  end,  and  many  large  russet  dots ;  calyx, 
closed  ;  basin,  deep,  round,  slightly  furrowed  ;  stem,  medium ;  cavity, 
deep ;  flesh,  yellowish,  crisp,  tender,  sub-acid  ;  "  very  good."  September 
and  October. 


LELAND  SPICE. 

Leland  Pippin,      |      New  York  Spice. 

From  Mass.  Fruit,  large,  roundish,  slightly  conical,  and  ribbed ;  green- 
ish yellow,  mottled  with  crimson  stripes,  dark  crimson  in  sun ;  stem,  half 
inch ;  cavity  and  basin,  ribbed ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  spicy,  sub-acid  ; 
"  best,"  October  to  December.  Deserves  more  attention  than  yet 
received. 

LEDGE  SWEET. 

From  Portsmouth,  N.  H.  Tree,  productive,  regular  bearer;  fruit,  large, 
roundish  flattened;  yellowish  green,  tinged  with  blush  in  sun,  reddish  rus- 
set specks ;  stem,  short,  stout ;  cavity,  open,  deep ;  calyx,  partially  closed -, 
basin,  shallow ;  core,  open ;  seeds,  light  brown ;  flesh,  yellowish  white, 
fine,  juicy,  crisp,  sweet.  January  to  June.  (Hov.  Mag.) 


LIMBER  TWIG. 

James  River. 

A  valuable  fruit  in  Southern  Ohio,  Kentucky,  and  Indiana.  Tree, 
hardy,  productive ;  fruit,  large,  roundish,  tapering  a  little  to  the  eye  ;  light 
yellow,  striped  and  splashed  with  red  in  sun,  rough  russet  specks,  and 
occasional  patch  of  russet;  stem,  long,  slender;  cavity,  open,  funnel 
shape,  russeted  ;  calyx,  rather  small ;  basin,  irregular,  round :  core,  large. 


144 


THE  APPLE. 


hollow ;  seeds,  plump,  pyriform ;  flesh,  whitish,  tender,  sub-acid  ;  "  very 
good."     Keeps  to  May. 

For  varieties  of  this,  see  Willow  Twig,  &c. 

LOWRE  QUEEN. 

Loure  Queen. 

Trees,  upright,  early  bearers,  extensively  grown  in  Central  Ohio ; 
somewhat  resembles  the  Vandervere.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  flattened, 
oft,  angular ;  yellow,  striped  and  splashed  with  dull  red,  rough  irregular 
dots,  or  specks  of  dull  russet,  russet  at  stem  ;  stem,  slender ;  cavity,  regu- 
lar, deep  ;  calyx,  with  long  pointed  segments  ;  basin,  abrupt,  broad,  slightly 
furrowed ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  ovate ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  tender,  juicy 
"  very  good."  November  to  February. 

LOUDON  PIPPIN. 

Tree,  productive,  most  grown  in  Northern  Virginia ;  fruit,  large,  round- 
ish conical ;  greenish  yellow ;  stem,  short;  calyx,  large;  flesh,  greenish; 
white,  sub-acid ;  valued  only  for  its  size,  where  people  know  what  apples 
should  be. 

LONG  STEM. 

Below  medium,  roundish  oblong,  sometimes  angular  ;  skin,  red  in  faint 
stripes,  with  a  number  of  grey  russet  dots;  stem,  long;  cavity,  me- 


FOR  AMATEUR    CULTURE.  145 

dium,  acuminate ;  basin,  small,  shallow,  plaited ;  flesh,  greenish  white, 
tender;  agreeably  sub-acid  flavor,  with  Spitzenburg  aroma;  quality, 
"  very  good."  (W.  D.  B.) 

This  is  distinct  from  the  "  Long  Stem"  of  Cole,  which  is  large,  round- 
ish, pale  yellow,  brown  in  sun  ;  calyx,  large ;  basin,  broad,  shallow ;  flesh, 
white,  juicy,  aromatic.  September  and  October.  A  native  of  Mass. 

LORING  SWEETING. 

Loring  Sweet. 

Native  of  Mass.  Fruit,  medium,  oblate ;  greenish  yellow,  tinged  with 
pale  red  in  sun,  brownish  specks  ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  deep,  open  ;  calyx, 
medium,  closed ;  basin,  shallow ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  plump ;  flesh,  yel- 
lowish white,  crisp,  juicy,  tender,  sweet;  "very  good"  November  to 
January. 

LYSCOM. 

Matthew's  Stripe,     |      Osgood's  Favorite. 

From  Mass.  Fruit,  large,  round,  greenish  yellow,  broken  stripes,  and 
splashes  of  red  ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  deep ;  calyx,  small:  basin,  plaited ; 
flesh,  fine  grained,  mild  sub-acid.  September  to  November. 


MARGARET. 


Early  Red  Margaret, 

Early  June, 

Red  June,  ' 

June,  of  some  in  Ohio, 


Red  Juneatingj 
Striped  Juneatmg, 
Early  Red  Juneating, 
Eve  Apple,  of  the  Irish, 


Margaretha  Apfel,  of  Germans. 

This  should  not  be  confounded  with  Early  Strawberry ;  oftener  grown  as 
Red  Juneating.  Tree,  a  regular  moderate  bearer,  upright  downy  shoots. 
Fruit,  medium  or  below,  roundish,  oblong  conical ;  green  in  shade,  dark 
crimson  red  in  sun ;  stem,  short,  thick ;  cavity,  medium ;  calyx,  half  closed ; 
basin,  shallow ;  flesh,  white,  fine  grained,  tender  ;  "  very  good."  July. 

MANOMET. 

Manoraet  Sweet,     |     Horseblock. 

From  Plymouth,  Mass.  Tree,  vigorous,  good  bearer;  fruit,  medium, 
roundish  ;  lemon  yellow,  bright  red  in  sun,  dotted  with  russet  specks,  and 
trace  of  russet  at  stem  ;  stem,  short,  slender ;  cavity,  shallow ;  calyx, 
large,  closed,  long  segments ;  basin,  shallow ;  core,  compact ;  seeds,  me- 
dium ;  flesh,  yellowish,  juicy,  tender,  sugary  sweet ;  "  very  good."  Au- 
gust and  September. 

MAJOR. 

Native  of  Pennsylvania,  Northumberland  Co.  Size,  large,  roundish  ; 
red,  sometimes  blended  with  yellow  on  the  shaded  side ;  stem,  variable  in 
length,  of  medium  thickness ;  ca-vity,  rather  wide,  moderately  deep  ;  basin, 
uneven,  shallow;  flesh,  yellowish,  crisp;  flavor,  pleasant,  agreeably  sac- 
charine, and  resembles,  in  some  measure,  that  of  the  Carthouse,  to  which, 
however,  it  is  superior  ;  quality,  "  very  good."  (W.  D.  B.) 


146 


THE  APPLE. 


MARSTON'S  RED  WINTER. 

From  New  Hampshire.  Tree,  vigorous,  productive  ;  fruit,  large,  round- 
ish oval ;  yellow  in  shade,  red  in  sun,  russet  at  stem ;  stem,  short,  slender ; 
cavity,  deep ;  calyx,  partly  open ;  basin,  abrupt ;  core,  compact ;  seeds 
dark  brown ;  flesh,  yellowish,  tender,  juicy ;  "  very  good."  Jan.  to 
April. 

MELVIN  SWEET. 

From  Concord,  Mass.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  yellowish  green ; 
striped  with  pale  red;  flesh,  juicy,  sweet.  November  to  February. 
(Hov.  Mag.) 

MARKS. 

From  Berks  Co.,  Pennsylvania.  Size,  medium,  roundish,  tapering 
slightly  to  the  crown,  somewhat  angular ;  yellowish  white,  with  few 
russet  dots,  nearly  covered  with  a  faint  orange  blush ;  stem,  half  inch 
long ;  cavity,  narrow,  deep,  acuminate ;  calyx,  small,  closed ;  basin, 
narrow,  rather  deep,  slightly  russeted ;  seed,  yellowish  gray  ;  flesh,  whi- 
tish, tender,  fine  texture ;  flavor,  delicately  perfumed ;  quality,  "  very 
good,"  if  not  "  best,"  (W.  D.  B.) 

MALE  CARLE. 

Mela  Carla,  I     Pomme  de  Charles, 

Mela  de  Carlo,      |     Pomme  Finale, 
Charles  Apple. 


FOR  AMATEUR   CULTURE.  147 

Foreign.  In  our  Southern  and  Southwestern  sections,  where  the  soil 
is  rich  and  summers  long,  this  is  one  of  the  very  finest  apples,  and  should 
always  have  a  place.  North  it  does  not  answer.  Fruit,  medium,  globu- 
lar, slightly  tapering  to  the  eye  ;  pale  waxeny  lemon  yellow,  with  distinct 
brilliant  crimson  cheek  in  sun,  irregular  russet  dots,  and  oft  marred  by 
patches  of  mold  or  fungus  when  grown  on  the  alluvial  bottoms ;  stein 
slender ;  cavity,  narrow,  deep,  regular ;  calyx,  small ;  basin,  deep ;  core, 
small ;  seeds,  round,  ovate  pointed  ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  delicate  rose  per- 
fume ;  "  best"  October  to  January 

MOUSE. 

Moose. 

From  Ulster  Co.,  N.  Y.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  conical ;  pale  greenish 
yellow,  brownish  blush  in  sun,  russet  dots  ;  stem,  slender  ;  calyx,  closed  ; 
flesh,  white,  sprightly,  faintly  perfumed ;  not  more  than  "  very  good." 
December  to  March. 

MONARCH. 

A  fruit  considerably  grown  West ;  will  yet  probably  prove  identical 
with  some  variety  already  described.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  conical ; 
rich  dark  red  over  a  lighter  shade,  with  many  specks  ;  stem,  long,  slender ; 
cavity,  deep,  open ;  calyx,  small ;  basin,  narrow,  furrowed ;  core,  me- 
dium ;  seeds,  ovate  pointed ;  flesh,  white,  slightly  tinged  with  red,  tender, 
perfumed;  "good."  October. 

MONK'S  FAVORITE. 

From  Randolph  Co.,  Indiana.  Tree,  very  thrifty,  rapid  growth,  annual 
bearer ;  fruit,  large,  roundish  flattened,  slightly  angular  ;  yellow,  mottled, 
striped  and  splashed  with  dark  red,  gray  russet  dots ;  stem,  short ;  cavity, 
open,  regular  ;  calyx,  small ;  basin,  broad,  obscure  furrows ;  flesh,  yellow- 
ish white,  sub-acid,  tender;  "very  good."  December  to  June. 

McLELLAN. 

Martin. 

From  Woodstock,  Conn.  Trees,  moderate  growth,  annual  productive 
bearers ;  fruit,  medium,  round ;  bright  straw  color,  striped  and  marbled 
with  lively  red ;  stem,  short,  slender ;  cavity,  round  ;  calyx,  nearly  closed ; 
basin,  medium,  slightly  plaited ;  core,  medium ;  seeds,  small ;  flesh,  white, 
fine  grained, 'tender,  mild  sub-acid;  nearly  "best."  December  to  March. 

MOTHER. 

From  Massachusetts.  Tree,  hardy,  moderate  growth,  annual  bearer ; 
fruit,  large,  roundish  ovate ;  yellow,  mostly  overspread,  marbled  and 
striped  with  shades  of  dark  red,  few  russet  dots ;  stem,  slender ;  calyx, 
small,  nearly  closed ;  basin,  plaited ;  flesh,  yellowish,  tender,  spicy,  sub- 
acid;  "very  good."  October  to  January. 

MINISTER. 

From  Massachusetts.  Tree,  productive;  fruit,  large,  oblong  conical, 
ribbed ;  red  striped  on  greenish  yellow  ;  stem,  slender ;  calyx,  small,  closed ; 


148 


THE   APPLE. 


basin,  furrowed;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  coarse,  spongy  ;  "  good ;"  showy. 
October  to  December. 

MUSK  SPICE. 

Fruit,  small,  roundish  flattened;  yellowish,  bright  clear  red  cheek ;  stem, 
long ;  cavity,  shallow ;  calyx,  closed  ;  segments,  reflexed ;  basin,  furrowed ; 
flesh,  yellowish  white,  juicy,  tender,  sub-acid ;  "  very  good."  October. 

MUNSON  SWEETING. 

From  Massachusetts.  Tree,  strong,  upright  grower,  dark  colored,  short 
jointed  shoots,  good  bearer  ;  fruit,  medium  or  above,  roundish  flattened  ; 
pale  yellow,  blush  in  sun ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  tender,  rather  dry, 
sweet ;  "  very  good."  October  to  December. 

MIFFLIN  KING. 

From  Mifflin  Co.,  Pa.  Fruit,  small,  oblong ;  red  on  yellow  ;  flesh,  tender, 
juicy,  sub-acid;  "best."  October  to  December.  (Pom.  Trans.) 

s  MYBR'S  NONPAREIL. 


From  Massillon,  0.  Tree,  straight,  stout  growth,  forming  a  compact 
head ;  an  annual  bearer  of  fruit  uniform  in  size ;  fruit,,  large,  roundish 
flattened ;  red  and  yellow  marbled  and  splashed ;  stem,  medium ;  cavity, 
regular ;  calyx,  partially  open ;  basin,  not  deep ;  flesh,  yellowish  white, 
tender,  juicy,  sub -acid;  "best."  October  to  December.  New. 


FOB  AMATEUR  CULTURE-  149 

NEWARK  PIPPIN. 

French  Pippin,     |     Yellow  Pippin. 

Tree,  crooked,  irregular  growth ;  fruit,  large,  roundish,  oblong ;  greenish 
to  clear  yellow,  small  black  dots ;  cavity  and  basin,  deep ;  flesh,  yellow, 
tender,  sub-acid ;  "  very  good."  November  to  February. 

NEVERSINK. 

From  Berks  Co.,  Pennsylvania.  Fruit,  large,  roundish ;  exterior  of  an 
exceedingly  beautiful  waxen  orange  yellow  color,  with  a  few  russet  dots, 
and  a  delicately  striped  and  richly  mottled  carmine  cheek ;  stem,  short 
and  rather  stout ;  cavity,  narrow,  acuminate,  shallow  ;  calyx,  large ;  basin, 
deep,  rather  wide,  furrowed ;  seeds,  grayish  yellow,  acute  ovate ;  flesh, 
yellowish,  somewhat  tough,  owing  probably  to  the  fruit  being  much 
shriveled  ;  flavor,  approaching  that  of  the  Pine  Apple ;  "  quality,  "  very 
good."  (W.  D.  B.) 

NORTHERN  SWEET. 

Northern  Golden  Sweet. 

From  Vermont.  Tree,  moderate  grower,  hardy,  early  abundant  bearer  ; 
fruit,  medium,  roundish  flattened,  occasionally  ribbed  and  angular ;  rich 
yellow,  often  carmine  red  cheek;  calyx,  nearly  closed;  basin,  sli^1""1" 
furrowed;  stem,  rather  stout,  swollen  at  base;  cavity,  shallow; 
white,  tender,  sweet ;  nearly  "  best."  November. 

ORANGE. 

Fall  Orange. 

From  Connecticut.  Tree,  with  dark  colored  stout  shoots;  early  and 
productive  bearer ;  fruit,  large,  roundish  ovate ;  greenish  to  yellow ;  stem, 
short ;  cavity,  deep ;  calyx,  closed ;  basin,  slightly  plaited ;  core,  small ; 
flesh,  greenish  white,  perfumed,  tender,  sub-acid  •  best  when  fresh  from 
tree.  October  to  December. 

ORNDORF. 

From  Putnam,  Ohio.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  slightly  angular ;  lemon 
yellow,  rich  red  blush  in  sun,  and  few  stripes  and  blotches  of  red ;  stem, 
slender;  cavity  and  basin,  deep;  calyx,  open;  core,  small;  seeds,  ovate; 
flesh,  yellowish,  juicy,  crisp,  tender,  sub-acid ;  nearly  "  best."  October 
and  November. 

ORNE'S  EARLY. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  large,  somewhat  ribbed ;  pale  yellow,  sprinkled  with 
thin  russet,  dull  red  cheek  towards  the  sun ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  juicy. 
September.  (Thomas.) 

OLD  TOWN  CRAB. 

Spice  Apple,  of  Va. 

Growth,  strong,  compact ;  fruit,  small ;  greenish  yellow,  brown  specks ; 
flesh,  crisp,  fragrant,  juicy,  sweet.  December  to  April.  (Thomas.) 


150 


THE   APPLE. 


OSBORN'S  SWEET. 

Osborn's  Fall  Sweet. 

Fruit,  large,  roundish;  lemon  yellow,  with  specks;  flesh,  yellow,  crisp, 
endr 


,          , 
tender,  sweet.     October. 


,111. 


OVERMAN'S  SWEET. 
Fruit,  medium,  conical ;  pale  yellow,  striped  with 


From  Fulton  Co., 

red;  cavity,  narrow,  deep;   calyx,  closed;   basin,  obscure;' flesh,  white, 
firm,  crisp,  juicy,  sweet ;  "  very  good ;"  baking.    October  and  November. 

OSCEOLA. 

From  Indiana.  Fruit,  above  medium,  flat ;  yellow,  striped  with  red, 
dotted  with  dark  spots ;  stem,  long ;  cavity,  deep  ;  flesh,  yellowish,  juicy, 
sub-acid  Keeps  till  May.  Hov.  Mag.) 

PARADISE  WINTER  SWEET. 

Honey  Sweet,  of  some. 


From  Columbia  Co.,  Pa.  Tree,  productive  ;  fruit,  large,  roundish  flat- 
tened ;  dull  green,  with  a  pale  brownish  blush ;  stem,  short ;  cavity, 
rather  deep ;  calyx,  medium ;  basin,  not  deep ;  core,  medium ;  seeds, 
ovate  pyriform  ;  flesh,  white,  fine  grained,  juicy,  sweet;  "  very  good." 
November  to  March. 


FOR  AMATEUR  CULTURE. 


151 


PARAGON. 

Fruit,  above  medium,  round  ovate,  flattened  at  ends ;  pale  yellow,  faint 
blush ;  stem,  long,  slender ;  cavity,  deep  ;  calyx,  half  open ;  basin,  deep, 
slightly  ribbed;  core,  medium;  capsules,  open;  seeds,  ovate  pointed; 
flesh,  yellow,  crisp,  brisk,  juicy,  sub-acid;  nearly  "best."  November  to 
February. 


PEACH  POND  SWEET. 


From  Dutchess  Co.,  N.  Y.  Tree,  moderate  growth,  spreading ;  annual 
moderate  bearer ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish ;  pale  red,  marbled  and  striped 
on  yellow ;  stem,  slender ;  cavity,  open,  slightly  russeted ;  calyx,  with 
segments  in  divisions ;  basin,  deep  ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  ovate  pyriform ; 
flesh,  yellowish,  tender,  sweet;  very  good."  October. 

PEOPLE'S  CHOICE. 

A  small,  red  apple,  with  peculiar  markings;  quality,  "very  good;" 
native  of  Chester  County,  Pa.  (W.  D.  B.) 


PFEIFFER. 

From  Berks  County,  Pennsylvania.  Size,  below  medium,  roundish ; 
sparsely  streaked  with  red  on  a  yellowish  green  ground,  (on  the  shaded 
parts,  the  streaks  being  more  numerous,)  and  on  a  fawn  colored  ground, 
on  the  side  exposed  to  the  sun;  stem,  slender;  narrow  cavity ;  calyx, 
rather  large ;  basin,  wide,  moderately  deep,  plaited.  July.  (W.  D.  B.) 


152 


THE  APPLE. 


PlCKMAN. 

Pickman  Pippin. 


From  Massachusetts.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish ;  yellow,  with  scattered 
shades  of  russet  and  small  russet  specks  ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  acuminate  ; 
calyx,  large,  half  closed ;  core,  medium,  center  somewhat  hollow ;  seeds, 
light  brown  ;  fiesh,  yellowish  white,  crisp,  sharp  acid  ;  valued  for  cooking. 
January  to  April. 

PINE  APPLE  RUSSET. 

Eardingham's  Russet. 

Foreign.  Fruit  above  medium ;  roundish  ovate,  greenish  yellow,  over- 
spread with  thin  russet ;  stem,  long ;  calyx,  small ;  basin,  shallow,  plaited  ; 
flesh,  yellowish  white,  juicy,  crisp,  spicy,  sub-acid.  October  to  November. 

PUMPKIN  SWEET. 

Lyman's  Pumpkin  Sweet,      |      Yankee  Apple. 

An  old  Connecticut  fruit,  only  valued  for  baking.  In  wet  soils  or  heavy 
clay,  liable  to  be  water-cored.  We  suspect  the  Pound  Sweeting  to  be  the 
same ;  bears  regularly,  and  evenly  distributed.  Fruit,  large,  roundish, 
ribbed  at  base  ;  yellowish  green,  whitish  dots  and  streaks ;  stem,  short ; 
cavity,  deep  greenish,  russeted ;  calyx,  small ;  basin,  irregular ;  flesh 
white,  tender,  sweet;  "  good."  September  to  November. 

PUMPKIN  RUSSET. 

Sweet  Russet,      I      York  Russet, 
Flint  Russet. 

Fruit,  large  ;  roundish ;  yellowish,  green ,  thinly  russeted  ;  stem,  long  ; 


FOR  AMATEUR  CULTURE.  153 

cavity  wide,  shallow ;  basin,  small ;  flesh,  dry,  sweet ;  "  good."    Septem- 
ber to  December. 

PRIMATE. 

Rough  and  Ready. 


A  variety  lately  come  into  favorable  notice  in  Central  New  York,  that 
may  yet  prove  an  old  sort  improved  by  soil  and  location.  Fruit,  medium, 
roundish,  tapering  to  the  eye;  pale  yellow;  occasionally,  blush  red 
cheek ;  calyx,  closed  ;  basin  deep ;  stem  varying  ;  cavity  rather  narrow ; 
core,  with  open  seed  capsules ;  seeds,  pyriform ;  flesh,  yellowish  white ; 
very  tender,  delicate,  juicy-mild  sub-acid;  "best"  September  and 
October. 

PROGRESS. 

From  Connecticut.  Tree,  vigorous,  productive.  Fruit,  large  ;  yellow, 
specked  with  greenish  russet,  blush  in  sun  ;  conical ;  flesh,  tender  ;  keeps 
till  Spring.  (Hov.  Mag.) 

QUINCE. 

Cole's  Quince. 

From  New  York.  Originally  described  by  Coxe.  Great  bearer;  should 
be  better  known.  Fruit,  medium ;  roundish  ovate,  with  ridges ;  pale 
yellow,  occasional  faint  blush,  little  russet  from  the  stem,  distinct  line 
or  ridge  from  stem  to  calyx ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  open ;  calyx,  with  long 
segments  ;  basin,  shallow,  much  ribbed ;  core,  small,  surrounded  by  broad 
concentric  lines ;  seeds,  short,  ovate,  dark  brown  ;  flesh,  yellowish  white, 
tender,  juicy,  aromatic  perfume,  sub-acid;  "very  good."  December  to 
March.  ;*  V 

7* 


Prom  Fulton  County,  111.  New.  Fruit,  large,  roundish;  pale  yellow, 
overspread,  striped  and  marbled  with  light  red,  an  occasional  russet 
patch ;  stem,  long,  rather  stout,  curved ;  cavity,  deep ;  calyx,  small, 
nearly  closed;  basin,  open,  deep,  slightly  plaited;  core,  small;  seeds, 
abundant;  flesh,  white  crisp,  little  coarse,  sharp  sub-acid.  Promises 
valuable  as  an  early  winter  market  variety. 

RANDEL'S  BEST. 

Randal  Bert. 

Fruit,  medium,  globular  slightly  flattened;  greenish  yellow,  mostly 
striped  and  overspread  with  dark  red ;  stem,  short ;  calyx,  small ;  basin, 
shallow;  core,  compact;  seeds,  brown;  flesh,  white,  tender,  smooth- 
grained,  sweet  November  to  February.  (A.  H.  Ernst,  Ms.) 

RARITAN  SWEET. 

From  New  Jersey.  Tree,  productive,  valued  for  baking  and  stock. 
Fruit,  medium,  roundish  ovate ;  dull  yellow  tinged  with  red  in  sun,  irregu- 
larly scattered  brownish  red  spots;  stem,  short;  cavity,  deep,  little 
russeted  ;  calyx,  with  bold  stiff  segments  ;  basin,  deep,  irregular,  slightly 
wrinkled ;  core,  medium ;  seeds,  ovate,  pointed ;  flesh,  white,  tender, 
sweet.  October,  November. 


FOR  AMATEUR  CULTURE.  155 

RED    QuARRENDEN. 
Devonshire  Quarrenden,      |      Sack  Apple, 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  flattened ;  clear  deep  red,  with 
specks  of  russet  green ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  deep,  russeted  at  base  ; 
calyx,  large,  half  closed ;  basin,  shallow,  slightly  ribbed  ;  flesh,  white,  ten- 
der, sub-acid  ;  "very  good."  Aug. 

RED  SWEET. 

Grown  by  D.  C.  Richmond,  Sandusky,  0.  Tree,  good  bearer ;  fruit  uni- 
formly fair,  regular,  heavy  specific  weight,  valuable  for  dessert  or  cooking. 
Fruit,  medium,  round,  flattened ;  yellow,  overspread  and  striped  with  lively 
red ;  stem,  short ;  basin,  deep ;  calyx,  with  stiff  closed  segments ;  core 
and  seeds,  small  j  flesh,  yellowish  white,  crisp,  juicy,  tender,  sweet.  Nov. 
to  Feb. 

REPUBLICAN  PIPPIN. 

From  Lycoming  Co.,  Pa.  Considerably  distributed  South  and  West. 
A  poor  bearer,  on  deep,  rich  limestone  soils.  Tree,  strong  grower,  spread- 
ing habit.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  flattened ;  greenish  yellow,  mottled  and 
striped  with  red,  few  large  gray  dots ;  stem,  slender ;  cavity,  narrow ; 
calyx,  small,  nearly  closed ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  brown ;  flesh,  yellowish 
white,  tender,  sub-acid.  Sept.  to  Oct. 

RIBSTON  PIPPIN. 

Glory  of  York,         I         Travers, 
Formosa  Pippin. 

Foreign.  Valued  in  Northern  sections,  not  esteemed  South  or  Central. 
Fruit,  medium,  roundish ;  greenish  yellow,  russet  near  the  stem,  dull  red  in 
sun  ;  stem,  slender ;  calyx,  small,  closed ;  basin,  open ;  core,  small ;  seeds, 
flattened  ovate ;  flesh,  yellow,  firm,  crisp,  aromatic,  sub-acid.  Nov.  to 
Feb. 

ROMAN  STEM. 

French  Pippin,  of  some. 

From  New  Jersey.  Shoots  slender,  diverging ;  succeeds  finely  on  the 
dry  prairies,  and  on  all  rich  limestone  soils  ;  productive.  Fruit,  medium, 
roundish  oblong ;  whitish  yellow,  with  brownish  or  red  russet,  and  patch- 
es of  blackish  russet,  unless  well  grown ;  stem,  with  a  fleshy  knob  one 
side ;  cavity,  russeted ;  calyx,  small,  closed ;  basin  narrow ;  core,  open, 
long  ovate ;  seeds,  ovate  pointed  ;  flesh,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid,  sprightly ; 
"  very  good."  Nov.  to  Feb. 

Ross  NONPAREIL. 

Foreign.  Tree,  productive.  Fruit,  below  medium,  roundish ;  dull  red, 
blotched  and  striped,  over  which  is  a  marbling  of  thin  mellow  russet ; 
stem,  slender ;  calyx,  medium ;  flesh,  greenish  white,  juicy,  sub-acid,  aro- 
matic; "very  good,"  nearly  "best."  Oct.  to  Nov. 


156  THE  APPLE. 


SELMA. 

From  Clark  Co.,  0.  Fruit,  medium  to  large,  roundish,  flattened ;  yel- 
low, with  pale  russet  patches,  especially  around  stem,  dull,  faint  red  in 
sun  ;  stem,  long  ;  cavity,  narrow,  deep ;  calyx,  small,  closed  ;  basin,  deep, 
abrupt ;  core,  medium  ;  capsules,  small ;  seeds,  ovate  ;  flesh,  yellowish 
white,  breaking,  mild  sub-acid;  "  very  good."  Nov.  to  Dec. 

SEEVER. 

Seevers'  Red  Streak. 

From  Coshocton  Co.,  0.  Fruit,  medium,  globular ;  lemon  yellow, 
striped  with  bright  clear  red ;  stem,  short,  slender ;  calyx,  with  long  seg- 
ments; basin,  deep,  open;  core,  small;  seeds,  roundish  ovate;  flesh, 
yellowish,  juicy,  sub-acid;  "best."  Oct.  to  Nov. 

SCHOONMAKER. 
Schoolmocker. 

Probably  Foreign.  Grown  in  Detroit  in  1804.  Fruit,  large,  roundish 
flattened,  sometimes  angular ;  greenish  yellow,  bronzed  blush  in  sun ;  skin, 
little  rough ;  stem,  short,  stout ;  cavity,  deep  ;  calyx,  small,  closed ;  basin, 
open  ;  core,  small,  compact ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  crisp,  brisk,  sub-acid ; 
"  very  good."  Jan.  to  March. 

SCOLLOP  GILLIFLOWER 


This  is  entirely  distinct  from  Red  G-illiflower,  with  which  it  has  been  con- 


FOR  AMATEUR  CULTURE.  157 

founded.  It  requir&  rich,  strong  soil ;  is  largely  grown,  and  much 
esteemed  in  Central  Southern  Ohio.  Fruit,  medium  to  large,  roundish  con- 
ical, flattened  at  base,  tapering  toward  the  eye,  sometimes  angular,  always 
much  ribbed  or  scolloped ;  light  yellow,  striped  and  splashed  with  shades 
of  light  and  dark  red ;  stem,  short,  slender ;  cavity,  deep,  russeted,  ir- 
regular ;  calyx,  with  long  segments ;  basin,  abrupt,  deep,  ribbed ;  core, 
large,  hollow ;  seeds,  ovate,  rounded ;  flesh,  yellowish,  firm,  crisp,  tender, 
juicy,  slight  tinge  of  sweet.  Nov.  to  Feb. 

SIBERIAN  CRAB* 

The  Pyrus  baccata  of  botanists.  There  are  a  number  of  varieties,  as, 
Red,  Large  Red,  Yellow,  Purple,  Striped,  Transparent,  Oblong,  Double 
White,  Fragrant,  Cherry,  Showy,  Astrachan,  Currant,  all  used  only  for 
preserving,  or  grown  for  ornament. 

SlNE-QUA-NON. 

From  Long  Island.  Slow,  poor  grower,  and  an  indifferent  bearer.  Fruit, 
medium,  roundish  ;  greenish  yellow ;  stem,  slender ;  calyx,  closed ;  flesh, 
greenish  white,  tender,  juicy,  mild,  sub-acid.  Aug. 

SCARLET  PEARMATN. 

Bell'i  Scarlet  Pear  main,      |     Oxford  Peach. 

Foreign.  A  good  bearer,  valued  on  poor,  light  soils.  Fruit,  medium, 
conical ;  red  on  yellow ;  stem,  slender ;  calyx,  open  ;  flesh,  white,  crisp, 
juicy,  sub-acid ;  "  good."  Sep.  to  Oct. 

SMITH'S  CIDER. 

Extensively  grown  West.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  flattened ;  bright  red 
and  yellow,  mostly  red ;  stem,  varying ;  cavity,  regular ;  calyx,  half  closed, 
long  segments  ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  sub-acid;  "  very  good ;"  varies  much 
in  soils.  Nov.  to  Dec. 

SOPS  OF  WINE. 

Sops  in  Wine,      |      Sapson, 

Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous,  early  bearer,  esteemed  for  its  peculiar  pink 
flesh,  as  a  curiosity  for  dessert.  Fruit,  medium  or  small,  roundish ;  light 
red,  nearly  covered  with  bright  purplish  red,  in  streaks  yellowish  in 
shade  with  yellow  specks,  whitish  bloom ;  stem,  short,  slender  ;  calyx ; 
with  broad  segments ;  basin,  shallow,  slightly  furrowed ;  core  and  seeds, 
medium ;  flesh,  yellowish,  stained  with  pink,  juicy,  mild  sub-acid ;  "  very 
good."  Aug.  to  Sep. 

SPONGE. 

Fruit,  large,  round,  flattened  at  base ;  yellowish  green,  with  blotches 
and  stripes  of  red;  stem,  short;  cavity,  shallow;  calyx,  closed;  basin, 
open ;  core,  large,  open ;  flesh,  white  tender,  juicy,  sub -acid ;  very  good." 
October. 


158  THE  APPLE. 

» 
SPRING  PIPPIN. 

Springport  Pippin. 

Tree,  unproductive,  upright,  thrifty.  Fruit,  above  medium,  roundish  ; 
yellowish  green,  with  few  scattered  minute  dots ;  calyx,  closed ;  stem, 
short ;  flesh,  crisp,  sprightly,  sub-acid.  Dec.  to  May. 

STANARD. 

r  Stanard's  Seedling. 

From  Erie  Co.,  N.  Y.  Tree,  productive.  Fruit,  large,  roundish ;  yellow, 
overspread  with  red ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  open ;  calyx,  closed ;  basin,  rib- 
bed ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  ovate  pointed ;  flesh,  yellowish,  coarse,  juicy, 
acid;  not  quite  ''very  good."  .Nov.  to  Feb. 

ST.  LAWRENCE. 

Montreal. 

From  Canada.  Fruit,  large,  roundish,  flattened ;  pale  yellow,  striped 
and  splashed  with  red  and  deep  crimson ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  open,  deep ; 
calyx,  closed ;  basin,  slightly  furrowed ;  core,  large ;  seeds,  small ;  flesh, 
white,  fine  grained,  tender,  juicy,  sharp  sub-acid ;  "  very  good."  Sept. 
to  Oct. 

STROAT. 


The  Dutch  name  for  Street,  where  the  original  tree  is  said  to  have 
grown.  Fruit,  above  medium,  roundish  conical;  yellowish  green;  stem, 
short ;  cavity,  shallow  ;  basin,  small ;  flesh,  yellow,  tender,  brisk  sub-acid. 
Sep.  to  Nov. 

STRIPED  PEARMAIN. 

Large  Striped  Pearmain,      |      Snorter. 

Grown  in  Ky.,  from  whence  we  have  received  fruit.  We  copy  descrip- 
tion from  Mr.  Ernst's  manuscript.  Fruit,  medium  to  large,  globular, 
slightly  flattened ;  yellow  striped  and  blended  with  two  shades  of  red  ; 
calyx,  small,  closed ;  basin,  shallow ;  stem,  short,  slender ;  core,  open ; 
seeds,  large ;  flesh,  yellow,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid.  Dec.  to  Feb. 

SUMMER  SWEET  PARADISE. 

From  Columbia  Co.,  Pa.  Tree,  abundant,  early  bearer,  spreading 
shoots.  Fruit,  large,  roundish,  oblong,  flattened  at  ends ;  pale  green,  yellow 
in  sun,  dark  russet  marblings  and  gray  dots ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  deep, 
oft  russeted ;  calyx,  with  coarse  segments  partially  closed  ;  basin,  deep ; 
core,  small;  seeds,  ovate  pointed ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  crisp,  juicy, 
sweet;  "very  good."  Sep. 

SUMMER  QUEEN. 

Lancaster  Queen. 

Extensively  grown,  profitable  in  some  sections  of  Ohio ;  in  Michigan 


FOR  AMATEUR    CULTURE.  159 

the  reverse.  Fruit, tnedium  to  large,  roundish  conical,  tapering  to  the 
eye;  yellow,  striped  and  splashed  with  purplish  red;  stem,  medium;  cav- 
ity, narrow;  calyx,  large,  open;  basin,  furrowed  ;  flesh,  white,  sometimes 
a  pink  tinge,  juicy,  sub-acid  ;  "  very  good."  Aug.  to  Sep. 

SUMMER  BELLFLOWER. 

Summer  Belle-fleur. 

From  Dutchess  County,  New  York.  Tree,  strong,  upright  growth, 
spreading  head,  early  regular  bearer.  Fruit,  above  medium,  roundish  ob- 
long, slightly  conical,  two  or  three  obscure  ribs ;  clear  yellow,  few  green- 
ish dots,  faint  orange  blush  ;  stem,  long,  stout  at  base ;  cavity,  shallow ; 
calyx,  closed,  small  reflexed  segments;  basin,  five  sided;  core,  medium, 
hollow;  small  seeds;  flesh,  white,  fine  grained,  tender,  sub-acid;  "best." 
New.  August,  September.  (Hort.)  There  is  a  Summer  Bellflower 
grown  in  Ohio,  which  we  have  only  once  seen,  which  is  an  inferior  fruit, 
distinct  from  above. 

SUGAR  SWEET. 

This  apple  I  received  from  Hingham.  Size,  medium  ;  ovate ;  dull  yel- 
lowish, inclining  to  a  russet ;  abundant  bearer ;  ripe,  September,  October ; 
a  very  rich  baking  apple  ;  flesh,  breaking  and  juicy.  (B.'  V.  French.) 

SWEET  BELLFLOWER. 

Butter,  of  some. 

There  are  two  apples  cultivated  in  Southern  Ohio  under  this  name. 
We  append  Mr.  Ernst's  descriptions.  Fruit,  large,  globular,  flattened  at 
base,  slightly  ribbed ;  lemon  yellow,  slight  blush  in  sun,  numerous  light 
and  dark  specks;  calyx,  closed;  basin,  ribbed;  stem,  long,  slender; 
cavity,  deep ;  core,  open ;  seeds,  small ;  flesh,  whitish  yellow,  breaking, 
juicy,  slightly  sub-acid.  October,  November. 

Sweet  Bellflower  of  Wyandott  County.  —  Fruit,  large,  globular, 
slightly  conical ;  light  yellow,  dark  cloudy  flakes  and  reddish 
specks  ;  stem,  short ;  calyx,  large,  partly  closed ;  basin,  shal- 
low ;  core,  small,  compact ;  seeds,  small ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  sweet. 
November,  December.  There  is  also  a  Sweet  Gilliflower,  which  closely 
resembles  this,  and  may  prove  identical. 

SWEET  PIPPIN. 

Moore's  Sweeting,  |      Red  Sweet  Pippin,  of  Indiana, 

Pound  Sweet,  of  some  West. 

Fruit,  medium  to  large,  round,  flattened ;  yellow  striped  and  mostly 
covered  with  red,  white  bloom  ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  deep ;  calyx,  closed ; 
basin,  broad;  core,  small;  flesh,  firm,  rather  dry,  sweet,  good  baking. 
December  to  February.  There  is  also  a  Sweet  Pippin  grown  in  South 
Ohio,  which  is  globular,  pale  green,  tender,  juicy,  open  texture,  sweet. 
Early  Winter. 


160  THE  APPLE. 

SWEET  WINESAP. 

From  Clark  County,  Ohio.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  flattened,  rough  skin, 
greenish  yellow  with  blotches  of  dark  green ;  calyx,  medium ;  basin, 
open ;  stem,  short ;  core  and  seeds,  small ;  flesh,  yellowish  wnite,  tender, 
mild  sub-acid,  almost  sweet.  November,  December. 

SPICE  RUSSET. 

Sweet  Russet,  of  some  erroneously. 

Fruit,  below  medium,  roundish  flattened;  light  yellow  russet,  numerous 
small  fine  dots ;  exposed  to  sun,  carmine  and  yellow  bronzed ;  stem,  slen- 
der; cavity,  narrow;  calyx,  closed;  basin,  shallow;  core,  large,  some- 
what hollow ;  seeds,  ovate ;  flesh,  white,  slightly  tinged  with  yellow,  fine 
grained,  juicy,  slightly  sweet,  aromatic ;  "  very  good."  December  to 
March. 

TEWKSBURY  BLUSH. 

Tewksbury  Winter  Blush,      |      Fink's  Seedling. 

From  New  Jersey.  Tree,  rapid,  rather  upright  growth,  very  .pro- 
ductive, always  fair,  great  keeper.  Fruit,  small,  round  ovate  flattened ; 
yellowish  green,  with  minute  russet  dots  and  occasionally  a  red  cheek ; 
stem,  slender ;  calyx,  small;  basin,  shallow;  core,  medium;  seeds,  light 
brown ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  juicy,  firm,  tender,  sub-acid.  January  to 
August. 

TOWNSEND. 

From  Pennsylvania.  Tree,  mo'derate  spreading  growth,  abundant  early 
bearer.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish ;  pale  yellow,  overspread  and  streaked 
with  red  in  sun,  marblings  of  russet  at  stem,  grayish  white  dots  rough, 
blue  bloom;  stem,  slender;  cavity,  deep  ;  calyx,  closed,  segments  narrow 
in  divisions ;  basin,  abrupt,  medium ;  core,  medium ;  seeds,  ovate ; 
flesh,  yellowish  white,  breaking,  rather  dry,  sub-acid ;  "  very  good." 
September. 

TRUMBULL  SWEETING. 

Fenton  Sweeting. 

From  Trumbull  County,  Ohio.  Fruit,  above  medium,  roundish  flat- 
tened ;  pale  yellow,  slight  blush  and  red  spots ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  deep  ; 
calyx,  large ;  basin,  deep ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  juicy,  sweet ;  "  very 
good."  September  to  November. 

VIRGINIA  GREENING. 

Fruit,  large,  roundish  oval,  flattened  at  ends,  slightly  angular;  dull  green- 
ish yellow,  brownish  in  sun,  scattered  brown  specks  with  whitish  green 
circle  suffused  around  them ;  stem,  medium ;  cavity,  acuminate ;  calyx, 
large,  short  segments ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  long  ovate ;  flesh,  yellowish 
white,  mild  sub-acid ;  not  quite  "very  good."  December  to  March.  Es- 
teemed at  the  South  as  a  keeper. 


FOR  AMATEUR   CULTURE,  161 


WADDEL'S  HALL. 

Another  Southern  rarity.  Fruit,  medium,  oblong ;  dull  greenish  yel- 
low striped  with  red ;  flesh,  whitish,  sub-acid ;  great  keeper. 

WALWORTH. 

Vermont,      |     Large  Golden  Pippin. 

From  New  Jersey.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  conical ;  clear  yellow,  bright 
red  in  sun,  dotted  with  greenish  russet  speck-s ;  stem,  short,  slender ; 
calyx,  small,  closed  ;  basin,  furrowed  ;  core,  large,  open  ;  seeds,  plump ; 
flesh,  yellowish  white,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid.  October.  (Hov.  Mag.) 
We  suspect  this  an  old  variety  under  a  new  name. 

WALPOLE. 

From  Massachusetts.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  tapering  to  the  eye  ;  yellow 
with  bright  red  stripes,  deepest  in  sun  and  yellowish  specks ;  stem,  short ; 
cavity,  open ;  calyx,  closed ;  basin,  slightly  ridged ;  core,  large,  open ; 
seeds,  large  ;  flesh,  yellowish  tinged  with  pink,  tender,  juicy,  brisk  sub- 
acid.  August  and  September.  (Hov.  Mag.)  The  following  description  of 
the  Sparhawk  is  from  B.  V.  French.  Esq.  We  suspect  the  two  identical. 
The  Sparhawk  originated  in  Walpole,  N.  H.,  and  is  known  in  the  family 
of  Mr.  Sparhawk,  on  whose  farm  it  was  found  as  the  "  G-all  "  Apple.  It 
was  introduced  to  our  Society  by  A.  De  Copen,  of  Dorchester,  and  the 
Society  gave  it  the  name  of  Sparhawk.  It  is  a  large  Apple  ;  oblate  ;  skin 
smooth  and  glossy  ;  color,  yellowish  ground,  striped  with  red ;  abundant 
bearer  ;  the  size,  color,  and  gloss,  serve  to  give  it  a  desirable  appearance  ; 
flesh,  firm,  with  a  sprightly  acid ;  highly  desirable  for  cooking,  and  is 
ripe  September,  October,  but  will  keep  longer ;  it  will  class  well  with  the 
20  oz.  Pippin. 

WELLS'  SWEETING. 

From  Newburgh,  N.  Y.  Tree,  strong,  upright  growth.  Fruit,  medium, 
roundish ;  dull  light  green,  brownish  red  cheek ;  stem,  slender ;  calyx, 
small;  basin,  shallow;  flesh,  white,  tender,  juicy  sweet;  "very  good." 
Nov.  to  Jan. 

WELLS. 

Hogan,  |      Striped  R.  I.  Greening, 

English  Winter  Red  Streak,  of  some,      |     Well  Apple. 

An  old  variety,  probably  originally  from  Maryland.  It  is  much  grown 
in  Central  and  Southern  Ohio,  as  Wells ;  hence  we  give  the  name.  It  is 
only  good  on  strong  clay  soil.  Fruit,  large,  roundish,  narrowing  to  the 
eye  ;  yellowish  green,  streaked  and  blotched  with  red ;  calyx,  closed ; 
basin,  shallow ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  juicy,  sprightly,  sub-acid  ;  "  very 
good."  Nov.  to  March.  The  trees  grow  vigorously,  spreading  tops,  slen- 
der branches,  bear  abundantly  every  year  There  is  also  a  '  Cook's  Well 
Apple,"  grown  in  Indiana,  that  originated  in  Ohio.  It  is  a  great  and 
regular  bearer,  small  size,  largest  at  blossom  end ;  stem,  slender ;  flesh, 
"good;"  keeps  well. 


THE   APPLE. 


WESTERN  SPY. 

From  Southern  Ohio.  Tree,  vigorous,  slender,  spreading.  Fruit, 
large,  roundish  flattened;  pale  yellow,  with  red,  becoming  bril- 
liant on  sunny  side,  small  white  specks ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  narrow ; 
calyx,  large ;  basin,  deep  ;  flesh,  yellowish,  tender,  juicy,  sharp  sub-acid  ; 
"  very  good."  Dec.  to  March. 

WHITE  SWEETING. 

Wetherill's  White  Sweeting. 

From  New  Jersey.  Tree,  vigorous ;  productive  on  light  soils.  Fruit, 
large,  roundish  oblong;  pale  yellow;  stem,  short;  flesh,  white,  sweet, 
valued  for  baking  and  for  stock.  Sep. 

WHITEWATER  SWEET. 

From  Southern  Ohio.  Fruit,  medium,  round ;  bright  yellow,  with  dark 
spots ;  stem,  short ;  calyx,  slightly  sunk ;  flesh,  yellowish,  firm,  juicy, 
sweet ;  keeps  till  May.  (Hov.  Mag.) 

WHITE   SEEK-NO-FURTHER. 

Pomme  Royal,  of  some,      \     Pound  Royal, 
Flushing  Seek-no-further. 

From  Long  Island.  Tree,  healthy,  not  strong  grower  ;  abundant,  not 
regular  bearer.  Fruit,  medium  to  large,  roundish  oblong,  conical,  uneven 
or  waived  surface ;  yellowish  green,  rarely  a  faint  brownish  blush,  small 
brownish  dots,  light  shade  of  green  suffused  around  underneath  skin ; 
stem,  slender  ;  cavity,  irregular,  acuminate  ;  basin,  broad,  abrupt,  furrow- 
ed ;  core,  open;  flesh,  finegrained,  very  juicy,  tender,  sub-acid;  "best." 
Nov.  to  Feb. 

WHITE  JTJNEATING. 

Juneating,      I     Owens'  Golden  Beauty, 
Caroline,        |      Early  May, 
Carolina,  of  some. 

Foreign.  Its  early  maturity,  its  chief  merit.  Tree,  fair,  upright 
growth,  moderately  productive.  Fruit,  small ;  pale  green,  marbled  slightly 
with  a  darker  shade,  small  russet  dots  ;  stem,  medium ;  cavity,  shallow ; 
calyx,  closed;  broad  basin;  seeds,  dark  brown;  flesh,  white,  tender,  juicy, 
sub-acid.  Last  of  June,  early  July. 

WHITE  SPANISH  REINETTE. 

Reinette  Blanche  d'Espagne,      I      D'Espagne, 

De  Ratteau,  |      Concombre  Ancien. 

Foreign.  Probably  the  parent  of  Fall  Pippin.  Fruit,  large,  roundish 
oblong,  sometimes  ribbed;  calyx,  large,  open  ;  basin,  deep,  irregular;  stem, 
half  inch  long ;  cavity,  even ;  color,  yellowish  green ;  flesh,  yellowish 
white,  crisp,  sharp  sub-acid ;  valued  for  cooking.  Nov.  to  Feb. 


FOR  AMATEUR  CULTURE. 


163 


WHITE  RAMBO. 


Considerably  grown  and  esteemed  in  Central  Southern  Ohio.  Fruit, 
large,  roundish,  flattened  at  ends ;  skin,  rough,  yellow,  russet  dots  and 
spots,  which,  in  sun,  are  of  a  reddish  tinge ;  stem,  stout ;  cavity,  broad, 
open;  calyx,  large,  segments,  in  divisions;  basin,  large,  open,  deep;  core, 
small ;  seeds,  round  ovate,  plump ;  flesh,  yellowish,  rather  coarse,  break- 
ing, mild  sub-acid ;  "  very  good."  Nov.  to  Feb. 

WINTER  HARVEY. 

Fruit,  large,  conical,  slightly  ribbed ;  pale  yellow ;  stem,  short ;  flesh, 
yellowish,  firm,  tender,  juicy.  Dec.  to  April.  (Hov.  Mag.) 


WILLIAMS. 

William's  Favorite,  I     Williams'  Red, 

Williams'  Favorite  Red,      [     Williams'  Early  Red, 
Williams'  Early. 


Tree,  medium   growth ;  shoots,  reddish  brown.     Fruit, 
clear 


From  Mass.  , 

medium  to  large,  oblong  ;  fine  clear  red,  very  dark  in  sun  ;  calyx,  closed  ; 
basin,  narrow;  stem,  slender;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  tender;  "very 
good."  Aug. 


164 


THE  APPLE. 


WILLOW. 

Willow  Twig?     |     Willow  Leaf  f 


Under  these  names  we  have  examined  specimens,  and  although  there  is 
a  slight  difference,  we  are  inclined  to  think  it  only  from  varied  location 
and  soil.  The  variety  came  from  New  Jersey.  It  is  esteemed  for  or- 
charding on  rich  bottomlands  or  prairies,  being  a  good  bearer,  great  keeper, 
and  valuable  for  Southern  exportation.  Fruit,  above  medium  to  large, 
roundish  ;  dull  yellow,  striped,  splashed  or  mottled  with  light  and  dark 
red;  calyx  and  basin,  medium;  stem,  generally  short, -'slender;  cavity, 
roundish  acuminate ;  core,  rather  small ;  seeds,  oblong  pyriform ;  flesh, 
yellowish,  rather  dry,  breaking,  mild  sub-acid ;  not  quite  "  very  good." 
Dec.  to  May. 

WILLIAM  PENN. 

A  native  of  Columbia,  Pennsylvania.  Rather  large,  roundish  oblate, 
slightly  conical ;  color,  grayish,  delicately  mottled,  and  striped  with  red 
on  a  greenish  yellow  ground,  with  numerous  white  specks,  in  the  centre 
of  which,  is  a  minute  russet  dot ;  stem,  short,  not  very  stout,  sometimes 
fleshy,  inserted  in  an  open,  rather  deep,  russeted  cavity ;  basin,  sometimes 
wide  and  shallow,  usually  narrow,  rather  deep  and  furrowed ;  flesh, 
greenish  yellow,  juicy,  with  a  delicious  Spitzenberg  aroma ;  quality,  "  very 
1,"  if  not  *'  best ;"  represented  as  being  an  abundant  bearer.  (W 


FOB  AMATEUR  CULTURE. 


165 


WlNSLOW. 


From  Virginia.  Fruit,  large,  globular,  flattened  at  base,  rounded 
towards  calyx ;  dark  and  light  red,  somewhat  streaked,  little  russet  near 
calyx,  light  brown  specks,  and  dark  flakes  ;  calyx,  open,  segments,  short; 
basin,  expanded ;  stem,  short,  slender  ;  cavity,  narrow,  rather  deep ; 
core,  small,  compact ;  seeds,  plump,  dark  brown ;  flesh,  yellowish  white, 
tender,  juicy,  sub-acid.  Fall  and  early  winter.  (A-  H.  Ernst's,  Ms.) 

WING  SWEETING. 

Fruit,  small,  round,  flattened ;  light  and  dark  red  indistinctly  striped  on 
light  yellow;  calyx,  small,  closed;  basin,  broad,  deep;  stem, long;  cavity, 
narrow ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  ovate ;  flesh,  reddish  yellow,  dry,  sweet, 
productive.  Winter. 

WINTER  PEARMADST. 

This  is  distinct  from,  and  far  inferior  to  the  Herefordshire  Pearmain. 
Fruit,  medium,  oblong  ovate;  dull  red  on  greenish  yellow ;  stem,  slender; 
cavity,  narrow ;  basin,  small ;  flesh,  greenish  yellow,  not  juicy,  tender, 
sub-acid  ;  not  quite  "  very  good."  December  to  March. 

YOST. 
Kather  large,  roundish,  oblate,  beautifully  striped  and  delicately  mottled 


166  THE  APPLE. 

with  crimson  on  a  yellow  ground  ;  stem,  short ;  wide  deep  cavity ;  flesh, 
yellowish,  tender,  juicy,  pleasant  flavor ;  "  very  good"  quality.     (W.  D.  B.) 

YACHT. 

Medium,  roundish ;  striped  with  red  of  various  hues  on  yellowish 
ground;  stem,  half  an  inch  long;  cavity,  open,  obtuse;  basin,  very 
shallow,  plaited ;  flesh,  fine  texture,  tender,  pleasant  flavor ;  "  very  good." 
(W.  D.  B.) 

YORK  IMPERIAL. 

Johnson's  Fine  Winter. 

From  York  County,  Pennsylvania.  Size,  rather  below  medium ;  trun- 
cated-oval, angular  ;  the  unexposed  side  is  mottled  and  striped,  so  as  to 
present  a  grayish  red  aspect  on  a  greenish  yellow  ground,  and,  on  the 
sunny  side,  the  color  is  a  dull  crimson  ;  stem,  short  and  moderately  stout ; 
cavity,  wide,  and  rather  deep ;  calyx,  small,  closed,  and  set  in  a  deep, 
wide,  plaited  basin;  flesh,  greenish  white,  tender,  crisp,  juicy;  flavor, 
pleasant  and  agreeably  saccharine ;  quality,  at  least  "good,  to  many  tastes 
«' very  good"  (W.  D.  B.) 


CLASS  III.— Unworthy  of  Cultivation. 

ALFRISTON. 

Foreign ;  large,  oblong,  pale  green,  orange  in  sun,  flesh  crisp,  acid  ;  October, 
December. 

AMERICAN  PIPPIN. 

Grindstone,         |     Green  Everlasting. 

Medium,  roundish  flattened,  dull  green,  patches  of  dull  red,  flesh  white,  firm, 
acid  ;  January  to  June. 

AUGUSTINE. 

American ;  large,  conical,  red  striped  on  yellow,  flesh  sweet,  dry  ;  August 
AURORA. 

Dunlap's  Aurora. 

American  ;  large,  red  striped  on  yellow,  roundish  ovate,  flesh  yellowish,  sub- 
acid  ;  early  winter. 

AUTUMN  ROMANITE. 
American  ;  medium,  round,  red,  flesh  yellow  ;  September 


UNWORTHY   OF  CULTIVATION.  167 

BARB. 

Bars. 

American  ;  medium,  roundish,  oblong,  red  striped  on  greenish  yellow,  flesh 
greenish  white,  poor. 

BARNHILT. 

American  ;  small,  conical,  yellow  striped  with  red,  flesh  white,  tough,  dry  ; 
October,  November. 

BEAUTY  OF  AMERICA. 

Large,  roundish,  flattened,  yellow  with  blush  cheek,  flesh  yellowish,  tender, 
poor  bearer ;  November  to  January. 

BEAUTY  OF  THE  WEST. 

Large,  round,  red  striped  on  greenish  yellow,  flesh  coarse,  sweet ;  October, 
November. 

BEAUTY  OF  KENT. 

Foreign ;  large,  roundish,  greenish  yellow,  striped  with  purpled  red,  flesh 
tender,  inferior ;  October,  November. 

BEDFORDSHIRE  FOUNDLING. 

Foreign  ;  large,  roundish,  green,  flesh  yellowish,  acid  ;  November,  December. 
BLENHEIM  PIPPIN. 

Blenheim  Orange,         |      Woodstock  Pippin. 

Foreign  ;  large,  roundish,  yellow  and  dull  red,  flesh  yellowish,  sweet,  dry  ; 
October,  November. 

BLACK  ANNETTE. 
American ;  small,  roundish,  dark  red  ;  November. 

BLACK  LADY  APPLE. 

Api  Noir. 

Foreign  ;  small,  roundish,  blackish  red,  flesh  white,  stained  ;  November  to 
March. 

BLACK  GILLIFLOWER. 

Large,  oblong  conical,  dull  reddish  purple,  flesh  greenish  white,  dry,  sub- 
acid,  poor  ;  November  to  March. 

BORSDORFFER. 

Borsdorff,  |     King  George  the  Third, 

Queen's. 

Foreign ;  medium,  roundish  oval,  pale  yellow,  with  red  cheek,  flesh  yellowish 
white  crisp,  sub-acid ;  November,  December. 


168  THE  APPLE. 


BOROVITSKY. 

Foreign  ;  medium,  roundish,  pale  green,  striped  red,  flesh  white,  sub-acid ; 
August,  September. 

BUFF. 

Granny  Buff. 

American  ;  large,  roundish  flattened,  yellow,  overspread  with  red,  flesh  yel- 
lowish, spongy ;  November,  March. 

BULLET. 

Bartlett,  |      Priestly,  of  some, 

American ;  medium,  oblong,  bright  red  on  yellow,  flesh  light  yellow,  inferior? 
January  to  June. 

CHANDLER. 

Winter  Chandler. 

American  ;  large,  roundish,  imperfect,  dull  red  on  yellow,  flesh  greenish 
white,  sub-acid  ;  November,  February. 

CAROLINE. 

Foreign ;  medium,  round,  yellow,  streaked  with  red,  flesh  firm,  acid ;  Novem- 
ber, February. 

CATHEAD. 

Cathead  Greening,     |      Round  Catshead. 

Large,  roundish,  yellowish  green,  flesh  white,  coarse,  sharp  acid  ;  October, 
November.  There  is  another  one'  of  this  name  equally  worthless,  same  shape, 
but  striped  yellow  and  red. 

CATLINE. 

Gregson,         |      Winter  Grixon, 

Medium,  roundish,  greenish  yellow,  red  in  sun.  flesh  pale  yellow,  nearly 
sweet,  for  cider ;  October,  December. 

CASH  SWEET. 

American ;  medium,  round  conical,  light  red,  flesh  white,  coarse,  sweet,  dry  ; 
October,  November. 

CHEESEBOROUGH  RUSSET. 

Howard  Russet,         I     York  Russet,  of  some, 
Kingsbury  Russet,     |     Forever  Pippin,  of  tomt  West, 

American ;  large,  conical,  thin  russet  on  greenish  yellow,  flesh  greenish  white, 
coarse,  dry,  sub-acid  ;  October,  November. 

Cos,  OR  CAAS. 

American  ;  large,  roundish,  greenish  yellow,  red  streaks,  flesh  white,  tender, 
sub-acid,  December  to  March. 


UNWORTHY  OF   CULTIVATION.  169 


CORNISH  GILLIFLOWER. 

Cornish  July  flower,      |      Pomme  Regelans, 
Egg  Top,  of  seme. 

Foreign  ;  medium,  oblong  ovate,  pale  yellowish  green,  brown  cheek,  flesh 
yellowish,  acid  ;  November  to  February. 

,  CONNECTICUT  SUMMER  SWEET. 

American  ;  medium,  roundish,  yellow  and  red  striped,  flesh  yellowish,  sweet, 
tough  ;  August. 

CRANBERRY  PIPPIN. 

American  :  above  medium,  roundish,  clear  yellow,  red  cheek,  flesh  white, 
juicy,  sub-acid  ;  November,  December. 

DONNELAN'S  SEEDLING. 

American  ;  medium,  roundish,  greenish  yellow,  dull  red  stripes,  flesh  yellow- 
ish, dry,  sub-acid  ;  September. 

DOWNTON  PIPPIN. 

Downton  Golden  Pippin,      I      Knight's  Golden  Pippin, 
Elton  Pippin. 

Foreign  ;  small,  roundish,  yellow,  flesh  yellowish,  sharp  acid ;  October, 
November. 

DUMB  LOW'S  SEEDLING. 

Dumelow's  Crab,     |     Wellington  Apple. 

Foreign  ;  medium,  round,  yellow  with  blush  red,  brown  spots,  flesh  yellow, 
acid  ;  November  to  March. 

DUMPLING. 

Crooked  Limb  Pippin,      I      French  Pippin,  of  Indiana, 
Watson's  Dumpling. 

Large,  roundish,  oblong,  light  yellow,  blush  in  sun,  flesh  white,  indifferent ; 
October,  December. 

DUTCH  CODLIN. 

Ch aimer's  Large. 

Foreign ;  large,  roundish,  oblong,  pale  yellow,  or,ange  in  sun,  flesh  white,  sub- 
acid  ;  October,  December. 

EGG  TOP. 

Eve.  I      Round  Top, 

Sheep  Nose,  of  some.      \      Wine,  of  some  West. 

Foreign  ;  medium,  oblong  ovate,  pale  yellow,  striped  with  red,  flesh  yellow- 
ish white,  tender,  inferior  ;  November  to  February. 

EASTER  PIPPIN. 

Young's  Long  Keeper,      I      Ironstone  Pippin. 
Claremont  Pippin,  J      French  Crab. 

Foreign  ;  medium,  roundish,  deep  green,  brownish  blush,  flesh  greenish,  in- 
ferior ;  November  to  June. 


170  THE  APPLE. 

FALL  CHEESE. 

Gloucester  Cheese,      |      Summer  Cheese. 

American  ;  medium  to  large,  roundish,  greenish  yellow,  flush  of  red  in  sun, 
flesh  crisp,  often  mealy  ;  September  to  November. 

FAMA  GUSTA. 

Foreign ;  large,  conical,  pale  green,  flesh  white,  acid  ;  October. 
FERRIS. 

American  ;  medium,  roundish,  red,  sub-acid,  new,  but  surpassed  by  many 
others ;  November  to  February. 

FENNOUILLET  ROUGE. 

Black  Tom,      |      Bardin. 

Foreign  ;  small,  roundish,  dark  red,  flesh  firm  ;  November  to  January. 
FENNOUILLET  GRIS. 

Pomme  d'Anis,      |      Caraway  Russet. 

Foreign  ;  small,  roundish,  russet  on  yellow,  flesh  firm,  acid. 

FLOWER  OF  KENT. 

Foreign  ;  large,  roundish,  flattened,  dull  yellow  and  red,  flesh  greenish  yel- 
low, coarse,  sub-acid ;  October,  January. 

GAULT'S  BELLFLOWER. 

American ;  large,  roundish,  pale  yellow,  flesh  white,  coarse  ;  October,  De- 
cember. 

GLOUCESTER  WHITE. 

American  ;  medium,  roundish,  oblong,  bright  yellow,  black  patches,  flesh 
breaking,  dry  ;  October,  November. 

GOBLE    RUSSETT. 
Sweet  Seek-no-further. 

Medium  to  large,  oblong,  flattened,  yellow  russet,  marbled  with  red,  flesh 
whitish  yellow,  dry,  sweet ;  October,  December. 

GOLDEN. 

American ;  medium,  roundish,  ribbed,  light  yellow,  flesh  yellowish,  acid ; 
July. 

GOLDEN  REINETTE. 

Aurore,  I     Kirke's  Golden  Reinette, 

Yellow  German  Reinette,      j     Wyker  Pippin,  &c.,  &c. 

Foreign  ;  small,  roundish,  greenish  yellow,  a  little  red,  flesh  yellow,  crisp, 
mild  sub-acid  ;  October,  January. 


UNWORTHY   OF  CULTIYATION.  171 

GOLDEN  HARVEY. 

Brandy  Apple. 

Foreign ;  small,  roundish,  russet  on  yellow,  reddish  cheek,  sub-acid  ;  Novem- 
ber to  March. 

GOLDEN  PEARMAIN. 

Ruckman's  Pearrnain,      |      Dutch  Pearmain, 
Red  Russet. 

Medium,  roundish,  flattened,  red  russet,  flesh  yellowish,  dry,  sub-acid  ;  Nov- 
ember, December. 

GOODYEAR. 

Goodyear's  Seedling. 

American ;  new,  medium,  roundish,  red,  flesh  juicy,  only  valuable  as  a 
keeper. 

GOVERNOR. 

American  ;  large,  yellowish,  tinged  with  red,  juicy,  acid,  cooking  ;  October, 
January. 

GOLDEN  PIPPIN. 

English  Golden  Pippin,      |      Old  Golden  Pippin,  &c.,  &c., 
Eleven  other  names. 

Foreign ;  small,  round;  yellow,  with  irregular  russet  marblings  ;  stem,  long, 
slender  ;  basin,  shallow  ;  flesh,  yellow,  fine  grained,  sub-acid,  sprightly ;  De- 
cember to  March.  There  is  an  "  English  Golden  Pippin  "  grown  at  the  west, 
which  is  large,  oval,  basin  deep,  entirely  distinct  from  above. 

GRAND  SACHEM. 

Large,  roundish,  ribbed,  dull  red,  flesh  white,  dry  ;  September. 
GIANT: 

American  ;  large,  roundish,  dull  red  striped,  flesh,  greenish  white,  tender: 
"  good." 

HANNAH. 

American ;  medium,  conical,  pale  yellow  and  dull  red.  flesh  white, dry  ;  Oc- 
tober, November. 

HAWTHORNDEN. 

White  Hawthornden. 

Foreign  ;  above  medium,  roundish  flattened,  pale  'ellow,  blush  in  sun,  flesh 
white,  acid ;  October,  November. 

HEPPER. 
American  ;  small,  roundish,  yellow,  flesh  dry. 


172  THE  APPLE. 


HOARY  MORNING. 

Dainty  Apple,      |      Downy, 
Sam  Rtiwling's. 

Foreign  ;  large,  roundish,  red  striped  on  yellow,  flesh  pinkish  5  October,  De- 
cember. 

HETERICH. 
American ;  medium,  round,  yellow,  flesh  whitish,  acid  ;  November,  January. 

HOLLANDBURGH. 
Hollandbury. 

Medium,  roundish,  flattened,  red  on  yellow,  flesh  white,  sour ;  December, 
February. 

IRISH  PEACH  APPLE. 

Early  Crofton. 

Foreign  5  medium,  roundish,  conical,  yellowish,  streaked  with  red,  flesh  whit- 
ish, watery  ;  September,  October. 

KANE. 

Cane,      |      Cain. 

American ;  medium,  roundish,  striped  crimson,  flesh  yellowish,  beautiful  to 
look  at ;  Autumn. 

KERRY  PIPPIN. 

Edmonton's  Aromatic 

Foreign  ;  medium,  roundish,   oval,  yellow,  streaked  with  red,  flesh  firm, 
crisp  ;  September,  October. 

KEIM. 

New ;  American ;  small,  roundish,   conical,  yellowish  white,  flesh  white, 
"  good." 

KENTISH  FILL  BASKET. 

Potter's  Large  Grey  Seedling,      |     Lady  de  Grey's. 

Foreign ;  large,  roundish,  ribbed,  yellowish,  brownish  blush,  flesh  tender  ; 
October,  January. 

KENRICK'S  AUTUMN. 

American ;  large,  roundish,  yellowish,  green,  striped  red,  flesh  white,  acid  } 
September. 

KILHAM  HILL.. 
American  ;  large,  roundish,  ribbed,  pale  yellow  and  red,  flesh  dry  ;  September. 


UNWORTHY  OP  CULTIVATION.  173 

KING  OF  THE  PIPPINS. 

Hampshire  Yellow. 

Often  grown  west  as  Gravenstein.    Medium,  roundish,  oblong,  yellow  and 
red  splashed,  flesh  white,  slightly  sweet,  not  agreeable  ;  October,  .November. 

KIRKE'S  LORD  NELSON. 

Foreign  ;  large,  roundish,  red  on  pale  yellow,  fiesh  firm,  juicy,  acid  ;  Octo- 
ber, December. 

LADIES'  BLUSH. 

American  ;  medium,  yellow,  with  red  blush,  flesh  dry. 
LADY  FINGER. 

Sheep  Nose. 

Medium,  oblong,  pale  yellow,  faint  blush,  flesh  firm,  watery  ;  November,  De- 
cember. 

LANE  SWEET. 

Small,  roundish,  flattened,  yellow  with  red,  flesh  yellowish,  dry  ;  November. 
LEMON  PIPPIN. 

Kirke's  Lemon  Pippin. 

Foreign  5  medium,  oval,  pale  greenish  yellow,  flesh  firm,  sub-acid  ;  October, 
January. 

LONG  ISLAND  RUSSET. 

Medium,  roundish  oblong,  dull  yellowish  russet,  flesh  greenish,  dry  j  Decem- 
ber, March. 

LOAN'S  ENGLISH  PEARMAIN. 

Small,  roundish  conical,  dull  red  and  russet,  flesh  firm,  almost  worthy  cul- 
ture ;  September,  October. 

LONGVILLE'S  KERNEL. 


Foreign  ;  below  medium,  oval,  flattened,  brownish  red  on  yellow,  flesh  firm, 
sub-acid  5  August,  September. 

LONG  JOHN. 

American ;  large,  conical,  greenish  yellow,  flesh  yellowish  white,  dry,  great 
keeper. 

LUCOMBE'S  SEEDLING. 

Foreign  ;  large,  roundish  conical,  yellow  spotted  with  red  in  sun,  flesh  whit- 
ish, firm,  cooking  ;   October,  December. 

LUCE'S  EARLY  JOE. 
American  ;  small,  round,  bright  red  on  yellow,  flesh  crisp,  inferior;  September. 


174  THE  APPLE. 

MANK'S  CODLIN. 

Irish  Pitcher,      |     Frith  Pitcher. 

Foreign ;  medium,  roundish,  oblong,  pale  yellow,  red  cheek  in  sun,  cooking 
only  5  August. 

MARGIL. 

While  Margil. 

Foreign ;  small,  roundish,  dull  yellow,  streaked  with  red,  flesh  white,  tender  ; 
early  Winter. 

MARBLE  SWEETING. 

Virginia  Sweet,      |      Mclntire's  Sweeting. 

American  ;  medium  to  large,  roundish  ovate,  marbled,  dull  red  and  yellow, 
flesh  sweet,  dry  ;  November,  February. 

MAY  SEEK-NO-FURTHER. 

May  Apple. 

Outwardly  like  Pryor's  Red;  flesh  dry,  coarse,  only  valued  as  a  keeper,  skin 
thick. 

MAUCK. 
Large,  greenish  yellow,  blush  in  sun,  conical,  flesh  "  good." 

MENAGERE. 

Menagerie. 
Foreign  ;  large,  flat,  pale  yellow  5  September  to  January. 

MONSTROUS  PIPPIN. 

Gloria  Mundi,  I      New  York  Gloria  Mundi, 

American  Mammoth,    |      Ox  Apple, 
Baltimore  Pippin. 

Very  large,  greenish  yellow,  roundish,  flesh  white,  acid  ;  October,  December 
MOTHER  DAVIES. 

Medium,  round,  oblong,  greenish  yellow,  little  red,  flesh  crisp,  "  good  ;"  Oc- 
tober, November. 

MOLASSES 

Butter. 

American  ;  small,  roundish,  red,  dry,  sweet ;  October. 

MILAM. 
Harrigan,        |      Winter  Pearmain,  of  some, 

American  ;  small  to  medium,  roundish,  greenish  yellow,  striped,  dull  red, 
flesh  greenish,  insipid  ;  December,  March. 


UNWORTHY   OF  CULTIVATION.  175 

MURPHY. 

Murphy's  Red,      |      Jack  Murphy. 

American ;  large,  roundish,   oblong,  pale   and  dark  red  streaked,  flesh 
greenish  white,  "  good  ;"  November,  February. 

NEWARK  KING. 

Hinckman. 

American ;  medium,  conical,  red  on  greenish   yellow,   flesh  tender,  little 
more  than  good  ;  November  to  February. 

NORFOLK  BEAUFIN. 

Read's  Baker,      |      Catshead  Beaufin. 

Foreign  5  large,  flat,  dull   red  on  greenish,   flesh   sub-acid,   good  drying ; 
November  to  May. 

NONSUCH. 

English  Nonsuch. 

Foreign ;  medium,  flat,  greenish  yellow,  with  dull  brick  red,  flesh  white ; 
October,  November. 

OLD  ENGLISH  CODLIN. 

English  Codlin. 

Large,  oblong,  conical,  lemon  yellow,  flesh   white,  tender,  cooking;  July 
to  November. 

OLD  ROYAL  RUSSET. 

Leather  Coat  Russet. 

Foreign  ;  medium,  roundish,  gray  russet   on   green,    flesh   greenish  white, 
sharp  sub-acid  ;  November,  February. 

OLD  NONPAREIL. 

NonPareille. 

Foreign ;   medium,   flat,   yellowish  reddish   brown,  flesh  firm,  crisp,  poor 
bearer ;  December,  January. 

OSLIN. 

Arbroath  Pippin. 
Foreign  ;  small,  roundish,  pale  yellowish,  flesh  firm,  crisp,  acid  ;  August. 

PARSON'S  EARLY. 

American  ;  medium  or  above,  roundish,  pale  yellow,  fiesh  yellowish  white, 
sharp,  sub-acid  ;  August.  September. 


176  THE  APPLE. 


PENNOCK. 

Pomme  Roye,  of  svme  West,      I     Large  Romanite, 
Big  Romanite,  I      Red  Pennock, 

PennocK's  Red  Winter,  I      Prolific  Beauty, 

Xeisley's  Winter. 

American;  large,  roundish,  conical,  angular,  dull   red,  little  yellow,  flesh 
coarse,  dry  rot  5  November  to  March. 

POLLY  BRIGHT. 
Resembles  Maiden's  Blush,  sharp  acid  ;  September,  October. 

POUND. 
Large,  roundish,  oblong,  yellowish  green,  coarse,  poor  ;  October,  January. 

POMME  DE  ROSE. 

Large,  roundish,  flattened,  red  on  yellow,  small  dots,  flesh  white,  coarse,  acid; 
December,  February. 

PRIESTLEY. 

Priestley's  American,      |      Red  Cathead. 

Large,  roundish,  oblong,  dull  red,  streaks  of  yellowish  green,  flesh  greenish 
white,  inferior  ;  December  to  March. 

QUAKER  PIPPIN. 
American  ;  medium,  greenish  yellow,  very  acid  ;  October. 

RED  AND  GREEN  SWEET. 

Prince's  Red  and  Green  Sweet,      |      Large  Red  Sweeting, 
Red  Bough. 

American  ;  very  large,  oblong  conical,  green  and  red  striped,  flesh  sweet 
poor ;  August,  September. 

RED  INGESTRIE. 

Foreign  ;  small,  oblong  ovate,  yellow  marbled  with  red,  flesh  firm,  sprightly  ; 
September,  October. 

RED  GILLIFLOWER. 

Red  Seek-no-further,      |      Harkness'  New  Favorite. 

American  ;  medium,  oblong  conical,  fine  red,  flesh  white,  mild  sub-acid ; 
November  to  January. 

RED  CALVILLE. 

Red  Winter  Calville,  I      Calville  Rouge, 

Calville  Rouge  d'Hiver,       |     Spice,  of  some  West. 

Foreign ;  above  medium,  roundish  oblong,  pale  red,  dark  red  in  sun,  flesh 
tender,  poor  ;  November,,  February. 


UNWORTHY  OF  CULTIVATION.  177 

RED  BELLFLOWER. 

Red  Belle  Fleur,  I      Belle  Fleur. 

Belle  Fleur  Rouge,         |     Striped  Belie  Fleur,  of  some. 

Foreign  ;  large,  oblong  conical,  greenish  yellow,  covered  and  striped  with 
red,  flesh  white,  dry  ;  November,  January. 

RED  STREAK. 

Herefordshire  Red  Streak,      |      Scudamous  Crab. 

Foreign  ;  medium,  roundish,  red,  yellow  streaks,  flesh  yellow,  dry,  cider  only; 
October,  December. 

RYMER. 

Foreign  ;  above  medium,  roundish,  flattened,  clear  red,  glossy,  flesh  white, 
sharp,  acid  ;  October,  December. 

ROSEAU  D'AUTOMNE. 

Roseau,  incorrectly,  of  some. 

Foreign  ;  medium,  roundish  ovate,  flat  at  base,  yellow,  blush  red  cheek,  flesh 
yellowish,  crisp,  acid  5  November  to  January. 

ROSEAU. 
Foreign  ;  large,  dark  red,  irregular  in  size  and  form,  unprofitable. 

RULE'S  SUMMER  SWEETING. 
American  ;   medium,  oblong,  yellow,  poor  ;  August. 

RIVER. 

American  ;  medium,  oblate-ribbed,  red  striped  on  yellowish  green,  flesh  green- 
ish white,  coarse  ;  July,  August. 

SCARLET  NONPAREIL. 

Xew  Scarlet  Nonpareil. 

Foreign  ;  medium,  roundish,  deep  red  on  yellowish  green,  flesh  firm,  acid  ; 
November  to  February. 

SHIPPEN'S  RUSSET. 

,  ,          ne 

acid  ;  January  to  March. 


Large,  roundish,  flattened,  russet  on  greenish  yellow,  flesh  white,  spongy, 
;  Janua 


SHIPLEY  GREEN. 
American  ;  medium,  oblong,  rusty  red,  acid  ;  all  Winter  ;  cooking  only. 

SKUNK. 
Polecat. 

American  ;  large,  flat,  dull  dark  red  on  yellow,  flesh  yellowish,  dry  ;  Decem- 
ber, January. 

8* 


178  THE   APPLE. 


SPRING  GROVE  CODLIN. 

Foreign  ;  medium,  oblong  ronnded,  greenish  yellow,  flesh  greenish,  sub-acid, 
cooking  ;  August.  November. 

SPRINGER'S  SEEDLING. 

American ;  small,  oblong  oval,  dull  yellowish  green,  stripes  of  red,  flesh 
firm,  negative  ;  January  to  May. 

SPICE  SWEETING. 
Poor  bearer,  large,  roundish,  yellowish,  flesh  firm,  sweet ;  August,  September. 

STRIPED  MOHAWK. 

Above  medium,  round,  red  striped  on  yellow,  flesh  dry,  poor ;  late  Autumn. 
SUGAR  LOAF  PIPPIN. 

Sugar  Loaf  Greening. 

Foreign  ;  large,  oblong  conical,  dull  greenish  yellow,  brownish  in  sun,  flesh 
•'  good  ;''  August,  September. 

SUMMER  GOLDEN  PIPPIN. 

Foreign  ;  small,  roundish  oblong,  yellow,  flesh  whitish,  firm,  sweet ;  August, 
September. 

SUMMER  RAMBOUR. 

Summer  Rambo,      |      Rambour  Franc, 
Rambour  d'Ete. 

Foreign ;  above  medium,  greenish  yellow,  streaked  with  red,  roundish,  flat- 
tened, apt  to  be  mealy ;  August. 

SUMMER  RUSSET. 

American  ;  small,  roundish  conical,  yellow,  partly  russeted,  sweet,  dry ; 
September. 

SWEET  AND  SOUR. 

Medium,  roundish,  flattened,  greenish,  only  valued  as  curiosity.  From  a  dis- 
eased propagation. 

SURPRISE. 

Foreign  ;  small,  round,  whitish  yellow,  flesh  stained  with  red  ;  November, 
December. 

SWEET  BALDWIN. 

American ;  medium,  roundish,  deep  red  striped  on  yellow,  flesh  sweet,  dry  ; 
September,  October.  There  are,  we  think,  two  apples  grown  under  this  name, 
as  Thomas  describes  one  as" nearly  first  rate," and  ripening  "  early  winter." 

TART  BOUGH. 

Resembles  Early  Harvest,  but  trees  more  rapid  in  growth,  and  ripens  ten 
flays  later,  more  acid. 


UNWORTHY  OF  CULTIVATION.  179 

TRANSPARENT  DE  ZURICH. 

Small  or  medium,  beauty  its  only  merit,  waxen  white,  clear,  translucent ; 
September. 

THEMS  RED  STREAK. 

American :  medium,  round,  pale  green,  red  stripes,  flesh  sour,  Winter.  (HoV' 
Mag.) 

TWENTY  OUNCE  PIPPIN. 

Large,  roundish,  conical,  green,  poor,  very  distinct  from  Twenty  Ounce,  or 
Cayuga  Red  Streak. 

VICTUALS  AND  DRINK. 

Big  Sweet,      |      Pompey. 

American  ;  large,  oblong,  rough,  dull  yellow,  russet  blush,  sweet,  dry ;  Octo- 
ber, January. 

VICTORIOUS  REINETTB. 

Reinette  Triomphante. 

Foreign ;  large,  roundish  oblong,  pale  yellow,  rough  dots,  flesh  firm,  sub-acid ; 
Decemberj  January. 

WHITE  DOCTOR. 
Small,  pyrimidal,  greenish  white,  sweet,  dry  ;  September,  October. 

WHITE  CALVILLE. 

White  Winter  Calville,  I      American  White  Winter  Calville, 

Calville  Blanche  d'Hiver,        |      Niger. 

Foreign  ;  above  medium,  roundish  flattened,  whitish  or  greenish  yellow,  flesh 
white,  negative  ;  November,  February. 

WHITE  ASTRACHAN. 

Transparent  de  Moscovie,      |     Glace  de  Zelande. 

Foreign  ;  medium,  roundish  conical,  white  faint  streak  of  red,  flesh  white, 
dry.  poor ;  August 

WINTER  CHEESE. 

American ;  medium,  greenish,  with  stripes   of  dull  brownish  red  in  sun, 
mealy,  poor  j  December,  January. 

WILLIS  SWEET? 

Large,  roundish,  oblong  conical,  yellow,  marbled  with  dull  red,  flesh  white, 
sweet,  cooking ;  October,  November. 

WORMSLEY  PIPPIN. 

Knight's  Codlin. 

Foreign ;  medium,  roundish,  greenish  yellow,  acid  ;  October,  November. 


180  THE  APPLE. 

WINTER  QUEEN. 

Winter  Queening. 

American  ;  medium,  conical,  crimson  and  pale  red,  flesh  yellowish,  sub-acid ; 
December. 

YELLOW  INGESTRIE. 
Foreign  ;  small,  clear  yellow,  crisp,  spicy,  not  valued  ;  October. 

YORKSHIRE  GREENING. 

Foreign  ;  large,  roundish  flattened,  dull  dark  green,  striped  with  dull  red, 
flesh  greenish  white,  acid ;  Winter. 

ZANE. 

Zane  Greening. 

American  5  large,  roundish,  dull  greenish  yellow,  poor  ;  February  to  June. 

ZIEBER. 
American  ;  small,  roundish,  yellow,  striped  red  cheek,  flesh  dry  ;  "  good." 


THE   BLACKBERRY.  181 


THE    BLACKBERRY. 

Rubus   Villosus. 


A  well  known  bramble,  indigenous  to  this  country.  The  fruit  is 
so  easily  procured  in  its  wild  state,  as  not  to  have  received  due  at- 
tention from  cultivators. 

Ripening,  as  it  does,  just  as  Raspberries  are  gone,  when  there  is 
a  dearth  of  the  smaller  fruits,  it  is  surprising  that  exertions  have  not 
been  made  to  grow  improved  varieties  from  seed.  Plants  selected 
from  ftie  wild  state,  placed  in  the  garden,  and  well  cultivated,  have 
produced  fruit  of  double  the  usual  size  and  improved  in  flavor. 

Seedlings  may  be  grown  in  the  same  way  as  Raspberries,  and  the 
plant  requires  similar  soil  and  culture. 

There  are,  in  its  wild  state,  many  varieties^  but  all  answering  the 
same  botanical  description.  They  are  known  under  the  common 
names  of  High  Blackberry,  Bush  Blackberry,  Low  or  Trailing  Black- 
berry, &c. ;  the  stems  being  tall  and  more  or  less  branching.  The 
fruit  ripens  from  20th  July  to  10th  August,  and  is  highly  esteemed 
for  making  syrup,  which  is  regarded  valuable  as  a  preventive  as 
well  as  curative  of  diarrhoea,  dysentery,  &c.  As  a  dessert  fruit,  and 
for  cooking,  when  well  grown  and  ripened,  it  is  esteemed,  and  often 
advised  by  Physicians,  on  account  of  its  healthful  character. 

There  is  a  variety  known  as  the  White  Blackberry,  differing  not 
in  habit,  but  with  shoots  and  fruit  of  a  greenish  white. 


182  THE  CHERRY. 

THE    CHERRY. 

Cerasus  Sylvestris,  and  C.  vulgaris,  Arb.  Brit.  Rosacea  of  Botanists. 

The  Cherry,  in  its  wild  state,  is  a  native  of  most  parts  of  the 
United  States,  and  also  of  Britain  ;  but  the  cultivated  variety  is  re- 
corded as  having  been  brought  from  Cerasus  (whence  the  name), 
a  city  of  Pontus,  in  Asia  Minor,  and  planted  in  the  gardens  of  Italy 
by  the  Roman  General,  Lucullus,  after  he  had  vanquished  Mithri- 
dates,  in  the  year  69,  B.  C. 

In  1824,  Rev.  Dr.  Robert  Walsh  made  communication  to  the 
London  Horticultural  Society,  stating  the  Cherry  to  be  now  grow- 
ing in  the  land  of  its  origin,  whence  it  was  brought  near  2,000  years 
ago. 

He  describes  two  varieties.  "  The  first  of  these  varieties  is  a 
Cherry  of  enormous  size,  which  grows  along  the  northern  coast  of 
Asia  Minor,  from  whence  the  original  Cherry  was  brought  to  Eng- 
land. It  is  cultivated  in  gardens,  always  as  a  standard,  and  by  a 
graft.  The  second  variety  is  an  amber  colored  transparent  Cherry, 
of  a  delicious  flavor.  It  grows  in  the  woods,  in  the  interior  of  Asia 
Minor,  particularly  on  the  banks  of  the  Sakari,  the  ancient  Sanga- 
rius.  The  trees  attain  gigantic  size — the  trunk  of  one  measured  in 
circumference  five  feet ;  height,  to  where  the  first  branch  issued, 
forty  feet ;  summit  of  highest  branch,  ninety  feet — and  this  im  • 
mense  tree  loaded  with  fruit." 

From  Italy  it  was  introduced  into  England  as  early  as  the  forty- 
second  year  B.  C.,  although  some  authorities  date  its  introduction 
as  late  as  fifty-five  years  after  the  Christian  Era — that  is,  in  the  early 
part  of  the  reign  of  Nero.  The  former  date  appears  to  be  con- 
firmed by  Pliny,  who  says :  "  Italy  was  so  well  stocked  that,  in  less 
than  twenty-six  years  after,  other  lands  had  Cherries,  even  as  far  as 
Britain,  beyond  the  Ocean."  The  poet,  Lydgate,  who  wrote  in  or 
about  1415,  says  that  Cherries  were  then  exposed  for  sale  in  the 
streets  of  London,  much  as  they  are  at  the  present  day  ;  and  in  a 
curious  poem,  entitled  Lickpenny,  is  found  the  following  allusion  to 
them  : 

"  Hot  pescodes  one  began  to  cry, 
Straberys  rype  and  Cherreys  in  the  ryse." 

From  England  and  Holland  both  seeds  and  trees  were  introduced 
into  this  country  early  after  its  first  settlement. 


PROPAGATION.  183 

"  Pliny  mentions  eight  kinds  of  Cherries  as  being  cultivated  in 
Italy  when  he  wrote  his  Natural  History,  which  was  about  71, 
A.  D.;"  and  from  this  date  up  to  the  present  time,  the  varieties  have 
been  gradually  increasing  until  we  have  now  described,  in  various 
works,  upwards  of  one  hundred  and  fifty. 

The  disposition  of  Americans  to  combine  the  useful  with  the  or- 
namental, has  induced  the  planting  (where  the  Cherry  succeeds)  of 
many  as  ornamental  or  shade  trees ;  while  examples  of  reward  pe- 
cuniary, from  sale  of  fruit  on  trees  so  planted,  has  probably  been 
additional  inducement.  The  symmetrical  form  and  rapid  growth  of 
the  Cherry  fit  it  well  for  a  street  tree  throughout  the  country,  and 
we  wish  we  could  induce  the  following  of  example  of  our  Connect- 
icut forefathers  in  1760,  and  recently  renewed  by  Prof.  J.  P.  Kirt- 
land,  of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  who  has  planted  the  Cherry  as  a  street 
tree  upon  the  entire  front  of  his  grounds.  Mr.  London,  in  his  Ar- 
boretum, gives  an  account  of  long  avenues  of  the  Cherry  in  Ger- 
many ;  and  more  recent  travelers  have  written  repeatedly  of  and 
described  them  in  such  manner,  that  it  is  not  a  little  strange  our 
people,  as  a  body,  have  not  as  yet  seen  and  acted  upon  the  plan  to 
the  advantage  of  their  pecuniary  as  well  as  social  interests.  Says 
Mr.  Loudon :  "These  avenues  in  Germany  are  planted  by  the  de- 
sire of  the  respective  Governments,  not  only  for  shading  the  travel- 
er, but  in  order  that  the  poor  pedestrian  may  obtain  refreshment 
on  his  journey.  All  persons  are  allowed  to  partake  of  the  Cherries, 
on  condition  of  not  injuring  the  trees ;  but  the  main  crop,  when 
ripe,  is  gathered  by  the  respective  proprietors  of  the  land  on  which 
it  grows." 

In  our  view,  this  practice,  if  extensive  in  this  country,  would  ren- 
der less  of  one  crime  in  the  summing  up  of  her  annals — i.  e.,  the 
robbing  of  orchards ;  and  possibly,  a  law  like  that  enacted  in  the 
terrritory  of  Erfurth  in  1795,  would  be  beneficial.  It  provided  that, 
in  case  of  the  robber  not  being  discovered,  the  district  in  which  the 
offence  was  committed  should  be  obliged  to  make  compensation  for 
the  damage  sustained.  This  made  every  individual  interested  in 
preventing  depredations  on  his  neighbor's  property. 

Propagation. — The  Cherry  is  propagated  from  seed — by  bud- 
ding— by  grafting — and  occasionally,  by  pieces  of  roots. 

By  Seed.  —The  seed  of  the  black  mazard  is  that  generally  used, 
and  considered  best  for  propagating  the  Heart  and  Duke  varieties 
upon,  while  the  Mahaleb  is  used  only  for  the  purpose  of  creating  a 
dwarf  habit.  Seeds  of  the  Graffion  or  Yellow  Spanish  will  occa- 
sionally reproduce  trees  bearing  fruit  similar  to  the  parent ;  while 
seeds  of  many  of  the  cultivated  kinds  will  not  vegetate,  there  being 
no  germ  or  seed  bud  within  the  stone.  The  seed  should  not  be  per- 


184  THE   CHERRY. 

mitted  to  get  dry,  but  immediately  when  gathered,  rubbed  and 
washed  clean  of  pulp,  and  mixed  half  and  half  with  sand,  placed  in 
boxes  of,  say,  four  inches  deep,  having  holes  in  the  bottom  for  drain- 
age, and  then  set  in  the  open  air,  on  the  north  side  of  a  building, 
clear  of  direct  sunlight.  The  ground  should  be  well  drained,  and, 
if  possible,  fresh  turf,  and  spaded  or  plowed  in  the  fall  one  foot 
deep.  As  soon  as  the  frost  is  out  in  the  spring,  rake  down  the 
ground  level,  mark  out  drills  six  inches  wide  and  one  inch  deep,  sow 
seed  so  that  it  will  be  about  three  inches  apart,  cover  with  the  soil 
one  inch,  and  add  one  inch  of  sand  or  leaf  mould. 

By  Budding. — This  is  done  as  described  on  page  22  ;  but  in  the 
Cherry,  and  especially  when  the  buds  are  a  little  unripe,  it  is  best  in 
cutting  the  bud  from  the  scion  to  take  liberally  of  the  wood,  thereby 
preventing  its  drying  as  soon  as  otherwise.  The  season  for  budding 
the  Cherry  is,  when  the  tree  on  which  you  are  going  to  operate  is 
forming  its  terminal  bud,  and  varies  in  seasons,  as  also  in  the  age  of 
the  trees  ;  trees  of  four  or  five  years  old,  in  sections  south  of  Cin-  * 
cinnati,  being  ready  by  middle  of  June,  while  plants  transplanted 
the  past  spring  will  not  be  ready  until  early  in  July.  North  of  this 
section  line,  the  season  will  vary  from  two  to  four  weeks  later.  Oc- 
casionally it  will  answer  to  bud  in  September,  a*s  it  .sometimes  hap- 
pens that  a  second  growth  is  made  about  that  time. 

By  Grafting. — This  should  be  performed  in  all  sections  south  of 
Cincinnati  early  in  February,  and  for  those  north,  from  the  last  week 
in  February  to' middle  of  March.  Saddle  grafting  is  best  where 
both  stock  and  scion  are  equal  in  size ;  whip  or  tongue  grafting  is 
best  where  the  stock  is  not  over  half  to  three-fourths  inch  diameter ; 
and  cleft  grafting,  where  large  stocks  are  to  be  changed.  This  last  is 
dangerous,  inasmuch  as  it  gives  too  great  a  check  to  the  tree  ;  it  is 
better  to  graft  the  small  limbs  and  branches.  Side  grafting  is  the 
mode  most  advisable  for  young  beginners,  and  also  where  the  work 
has  been  put  off  a  little  too  late. 

By  Roots. — The  root  of  the  rnazard  Cherry,  cut  into  pieces  of 
about  four  to  six  inches  long,  and  having  the  upper  end  set  about 
one  inch  under  ground  early  in  spring,  will  often  throw  up  strong 
shoots,  and  where  a  person  is  unable  to  get  seedlings,  this  is  the  next 
best  mode  of  obtaining  stocks,  as  they  are  no  more  liable  to  sucker 
than  if  from  seed. 

Transplanting. — When,  from  the  seed  bed  to  the  nursery  row,  it 
should  be  done  in  the  fall  on  dry  soils,  and  early  in  spring  on  soils 
not  perfectly  dry  in  winter.  They  should  be  set  in  rows  four  feet 
apart,  and  one  foot  apart  in  the  row,  and  the  plants  should  have  one 
half  of  last  year's  growth  cut  off,  and  all  long,  straggling,  as  well  as 


SOIL  AND  SITUATION.  185 

the  tap  root,  cut  back  to  six  inches.  These,  if  the  season  is  good, 
will  be  suitable  for  budding  the  same  summer.  Orchard  trees,  and 
also  dwarfs  for  gardens,  should  have  one  half  of  the  previous  year's 
growth  cut  off,  and  the  roots  trimmed  smoothly  at  ends  with  a  sharp 
knife.  The  distance  apart  for  standard  trees  in  orchard,  should  be 
about  twenty-five  feet,  while  dwarfs  may  be  planted  at  distances  of 
eight  feet  each  way. 

Standard  Trees. — Are  best  for  orcharding,  and  should,  in  no  situa- 
tion, have  their  heads  formed  more  than  four  feet  from  ground,  and 
throughout  the  West  and  South,  not  more  than  two  feet. 

Dwarf  Trees. — Are  produced  by  propagating  the  Sweet  or  Duke 
varieties  on  the  Mahaleb,  or  Morello  roots.  They  should  in  all  cases 
be  worked  just  at  the  crown  of  the  root,  as  it  is  there  a  union  is 
best  formed  ;  and  also,  by  means  of  pruning,  (see  page  30,)  they 
should  be  made  to  form  heads  branching  immediately  from  the 
ground. 

Soil  and  Situation.. — The  soil  best  suited  to  most  Cherries  is 
that  of  a  rich  light  loam  on  a  gravelly  sub-soil,  but  they  will  grow 
and  produce  fruit  freely  in  all  soil  not  wet.  The  roots  of  the  maz- 
ard  or  sweet  Cherries  are  very  impatient  of  water,  and  will  only 
endure  a  few  seasons  in  strong  soils  void  of  drainage,  or  where 
water  stands  most  of  the  winter.  To  this  want  of  drainage  in  great 
measure,  is  attributable  the  destruction  of  the  Cherry  in  most  of  the 
prairie  soils  throughout  Southern  and  Western  States ;  and  not  until 
we  manage  to  drain  freely  our  rich  alluvial  deposits,  can  we  succeed 
perfectly  with  the  Sweet  Cherries.  The  roots  of  the  Duke's,  Morel- 
lo's,  and  Mahaleb,  are  less  open  and  spongy  in  texture,  and,  there- 
fore, less  impatient  of  water.  They,  however,  do  not  flourish  vigor- 
ously for  any  length  of  time,  unless  drainage  is  effected.  To  this 
point  in  the  culture  of  the  Cherry,  we  beg  especially  to  call  atten- 
tion of  our  Western  and  Southern  readers,  assuring  them  that,  what- 
ever of  theory  may  have  been  advanced  referable  to  climate,  they 
will  find  drainage,  or  the  want  thereof  rather,  to  be  the  primary 
cause  of  destruction.  Situated  at  a  point  where  the  Cherry  proba- 
bly does  as  well  as  at  any  place  in  the  United  States,  we  have  had 
occasion  to  notice  the  result  of  trees  situated  in  what  appeared  suit- 
able soil,  but  where,  on  examining,  after  having  lost  several  trees,  we 
found  water  to  have  stood  a  long  time  about  the  roots. 

Naturally,  most  of  the  soil  of  Western  and  Southern  States,  is 
rich  in  vegetable  matter,  giving  vigorous,  even  rampant  growth  to 
the  Cherry  tree  ;  which,  added  to  the  fact,  that  most  trees  have  their 
roots  standing  in  stagnant  cold  water,  induces  tendency  to  disease 
from  the  first.  If,  then,  when  about  to  plant  Cherry  trees,  perfect 
drainage  is  made,  so  that  no  water  will  stand  for  twenty -four  hours 


186  THE  CHERRY. 

together  about  the  roots,  an  application,  on  prairie  soils,  of  sulphur, 
and  finely  broken  or  ground  bones  be  made,  the  ground  work  to 
success  will  be  performed. 

Situations  sloping  south  will  affect  the  producing  of  early  bloom, 
rendering  less  chance  of  fruit  from  effect  of  late  vernal  frosts,  and, 
also,  render  the  tree  more  liable  to  second  growth  in  the  fall,  and 
thus,  unfit  it  for  the  severe  changes  of  temperature  throughout  winter. 
Northern  exposures  are  recommended,  but,  an  eastern  one  we  regard 
best.  The  forenoon  sun  may  excite  circulation,  but  not  as  rapidly 
as  the  mid-day,  or  from  one  to  three  o'clock,  p.  in. ;  while  there  is, 
also,  more  or  less  of  moisture  in  a  morning  atmosphere,  and  none 
in  the  afternoon ;  the  tree,  also,  has  a  chance  to  have  its  circulation 
gradually  checked  ere  the  cold  of  night,  which  it  has  not  when 
planted  on  ground  sloping  south,  west,  or  north.  When  planting  on 
either  of  the  last  exposures,  or  on  level  land,  let  your  tree  slope  to 
the  south-west,  as  the  sun  has  less  effect  upon  it  in  that  position. 

Cultivation.  In  nursery  rows,  the  earth,  in  spring,  should  be  first 
turned  away  from  the  trees ;  in  about  ten  days,  it  should  again  be 
stirred  and  left  nearly  level,  and  so  kept  throughout  the  growing 
season.  In  October,  it  should  be  turned  up  toward  the  trees.  The 
plants  budded  last  season,  should  be  cut  back  to  within  six  inches 
of  the  bud,  as  soon  as  the  same  commences  to  swell  strongly.  The 
buds,  after  having  grown  six  to  eight  inches,  should  be  tied  up  to  the 
stocks,  and,  in  June,  the  stock  should  be  cut  with  a  slope  downward, 
close  to  the  bud.  The  second  year,  they  should  be  headed  back  to 
four  feet,  when  some  will  throw  out  branches  two  feet  from  the 
ground ;  others,  where  headed  back.  The  third  year,  they  should 
be  transplanted.  Throughout  the  West,  on  the  rich  prairie  soils,  it 
has  been  found  impolitic  to  hoe,  or  otherwise  use  any  mode  of  cul- 
ture toward  keeping  the  ground  clean,  after  August ;  it  induces  sec- 
ond growth,  immature  ripening  of  wood,  and  consequent  injury  in 
winter.  Orchard  and  garden  trees  should  be  lightly  spaded  around 
in  July,  and  a  quantity  of  mulch,  or  stones,  laid  over  the  roots. 

Pruning  and  Training.  The  Heart  Cherry,  as  a  standard,  needs 
little  pruning,  except  to  cut  away  limbs  liable  to  cross  one  another. 
This  is  best  done  in  July,  when  the  cut,  if  made  smooth,  and  close 
to  the  body  or  large  limb,  will  at  once  heal.  If  disposed  to  grow 
too  rapidly,  dig  around  a  tree,1* of,  say,  four  inches  diameter,  a  circu- 
lar trench,  three  feet  distant  from  the  body  of  the  tree,  and  two  feet 
deep,  cutting  off  with  a  sharp  spade,  every  root  and  fibre  outside 
that  space.  And,  for  every  inch  diameter,  up  to  a  tree  twelve 
inches  through,  add  four  inches  distance  of  trench  from  tree.  Often, 
the  top  of  the  tree  will  also  require  pruning,  so  as  to  give  it  a  round 
head,  as  of  an  acorn,  based  on  the  circle  of  the  trench. 


INSECTS  AND  DISEASES.      USES.  187 

The  Dukes  and  Morellos  need  somewhat  more  pruning  than  the 
Heart  varieties,  but  all  are  impatient  of  the  knife ;  yet,  if  to  be  done, 
let  it  be  in  July,  or  when  the  terminal  buds  are  forming. 

Dwarfs  are  trained  to  please  the  fancy  of  growers,  and  mostly  by 
the  "  pinching-in  "  process.  And  as  they  grow  with  extreme  vigor 
on  the  Mahaleb,  for  three  or  four  years,  they  require,  not  only  to 
have  their  tops  pruned,  but  also,  to  be  root-pruned  annually. 

If  possible  to  be  avoided,  large  branches  should  never  be  cut 
from  a  sweet  cherry  tree.  We  have  examined  the  results  of  many 
cases,  when  large  branches  were  lopped  in  spring,  for  the  purpose 
of  changing  the  tree  to  a  different  variety,  by  grafting  ;  the  result 
has  almost  invariaby  been  death  after  two  summers.  When 
necessary  to  be  done,  the  wound  should  be  covered  with  grafting 
composition,  or  gum-shellac,  to  exclude  the  air,  and  the  body  wrap- 
ped in  straw  or  matting.  Encasing  the  body  during  the  winter  and 
spring  months,  with  straw,  cloth,  or  moss,  will  often  prevent  injury  ; 
for  the  cause  of  bursting  of  bark  is  in  winter,  not  summer  months, 
although  it  does  not  always  exhibit  itself  until  July  or  August. 
The  atmospheric  blight,  injuring  young  shoots,  acts,  at  once,  in  sum- 
mer. 

Insects  and  Diseases.  The  aphis,  slug,  caterpillar,  and  curculio, 
are  more  or  less  destructive  to  the  cherry,  but  as  they  are  described 
in  other  chapters  we  must  refer  the  reader  thereto.  The  diseases, 
according  to  writers,  are,  in  the  West,  numerous ;  but,  as  they  all 
centre  in  the  bursting  of  bark  and  exudation  of  gum,  we  shall  only 
note  on  that.  Under  the  head  of  Soil,  we  have  given  what  we  term 
the  primary  cause  of  this  disease,  and,  if  added  to  what  we  have  said 
under  heads  of  Cultivation  and  Pruning,  we  believe  will  have  effect 
to  check,  in  great  measure,  the  evil.  That  it  will  render  the  tree 
entirely  free  of  the  disease,  we  are  not  prepared  to  say;  but,  if  to  it 
be  added  selections  of  buds  from  healthy  trees,  and  growth  in  nur- 
sery on  ground  well  drained,  and  not  over  stimulated  by  barn-yard 
manures,  we  believe  a  change  for  the  better  will  be  the  result. 

Uses.  The  wood  of  the  wild  or  Virginia  Cherry  is  used  by  cabi- 
net makers,  being  susceptible  of  a  fine  polish.  The  fruit  of  the 
Sweet  Cherries  is  universally  esteemed  for  the  dessert,  and  that  of  the 
tender-fleshed,  like  Belle  de  Choisy,  is  regarded  as  wholesome. 
The  Sour  Cherries,  either  dried  or  fresh  from  the  tree,  are  much 
esteemed  for  culinary  use,  while  the  Hazard  and  wild  Virginian 
Cherries  are  used  in  flavoring  liquors.  "  The  celebrated  German, 
Kirschwasser^  is  made  by  distilling  the  liquor  of  the  common  black 
Mazard  ;  (in  which  the  stones  are  ground  and  broken  and  ferment- 
ed with  the  pulp;)  and  the  delicious  Ratifiia  cordial  of  Grenoble,  is 
also  made  from  this  fruit.  Mareschino,  the  most  celebrated  liquor 
of  Italy,  is  distilled  from  a  small  Mazard,  with  which,  in  ferment- 


188  THE  CHERRY. 

ing,  honey  and  the  leaves  and  kernels  of  the  fruit  are  mixed.  The 
gum  of  the  cherry  is  nearly  identical  with  gum-arabic,  and  there 
are  some  marvelous  stories  told  of  its  nutritive  properties." 

Gathering  the  Fruit.  The  flavor  and  character  of  the  cherry  is 
best  obtained  when  gathered  early  in  the  morning ;  but,  if  intended 
for  distant  market,  they  should  always  be  gathered  with  the  stem 
attached,  and  when  dry. 

Classification.  In  order  the  more  readily  to  distinguish  varieties 
of  the  cherry,  authors  have  entered  into  classification  ;  but  as  those 
heretofore  made,  have  seemed  rather  to  perpetuate  error  than  induce 
correctness,  we  have  ventured  upon  a  partially  new  order.  Lind- 
ley,  in  his  Guide  to  the  Orchard,  makes  two  divisions ;  one  embrac- 
ing varieties,  the  fruit  of  which  is  round,  acid  or  sub-acid  ;  the  other, 
sweet,  and  heart-shaped.  Downing,  in  his  Fruits  and  Fruit  Trees, 
makes  four  divisions  or  classes,  viz :  Heart-shaped,  Bigarreaus, 
Dukes,  and  Morellos;  and,  in  a  measure,  all  other  writers  have 
adopted  these  classifications.  The  two  last  terms  of  Mr.  Downing, 
— Dukes  and  Morellos, — we  shall  continue,  as  they  are  not  inappli- 
cable, and  the  trees  are  distinct  in  growth.  But  the  word  Bigarreau, 
being  derived  from  Bigarreb,  originally  meaning,  and  intended  to 
convey  the  idea  of  a  parti-colored,  or  yellow  and  red  fruit,  and  not 
meaning,  (as  it  is  generally  used  and  understood  by  pomologists) 
firm-fleshed,  we  can  see  no  just  cause  for  continuing  in  use.  Again ; 
there  are  varieties  which,  although  round  in  form,  are  yet  sweet,  and 
partially  tender-fleshed,  and  however  erroneous,  would  have  (if  the 
old  classification  were  pursued)  to  come  under  the  head  of  Heart- 
shaped.  There  are,  also,  varieties  where  the  characters,  both  of  tree 
and  fruit,  of  those  determined  by  the  two  distinctions — Heart  and 
Bigarreau — are  so  closely  commingled,  as  to  often  perplex  the  ama- 
teur, and  thus  increase  rather  than  lessen  his  troubles.  We  shall, 
therefore,  designate  in  our  text  descriptive  of  each  variety,  the  classes 
heretefore  known  as  Hearts  and  Bigarreaus,  being  rapid  growing, 
lofty  and  spreading  trees,  as  Sweet,  of  which  the  old  Black  Heart 
may  be  taken  as  the  type.  The  Dukes  are  mainly  distinguished  by 
the  trees  having  narrower  leaves  than  those  of  the  Sweet  Cherry, 
being  upright  in  growth  while  young,  but  forming  a  low,  spreading 
head,  with  wood  less  strong,  and  somewhat  darker  colored  than  the 
Sweet  Cherries.  Fruit,  generally  round,  of  one  color,  and  when  fully 
ripe,  rich  sub-acid. 

The  Morellos  are  less  upright  in  growth  thnn  the  Dukes. 
Branches,  small,  slender, drooping ;  foliage,  narrow,  dark  green;  fruit, 
acid. 

Engravings.  These  have  been  made  from  medium  sized  speci- 
mens, taken  direct  from  the  tree,  and  placed  in  the  engraver's 


WOKTHY   GENERAL  CULTIVATION.  189 

hands.  They  represent  the  cherry  cut  in  half,  and  are  intended  to 
show  the  form  of  fruit  in  that  way,  and,  also,  exhibit  the  lines  of  tis- 
sue in  the  flesh,  which  are  different  in  varieties,  but  uniform  hi 
numerous  specimens  of  the  same  variety. 


CLASS  I. —  Worthy  General  Cultivation. 
BELLE  DE  CHOISY. 

Ambree  de  Choisy,  j         Ambree  a  Gros  Fruit, 

Cerise  Doucetle,  Cerise  de  la  Palembre, 

Cerise  a  Noyau  Tendre,  Scheme  Von  Choisy. 

Raised  in  1760,  at  Choisy,  a  village  near 
Paris,  France.  The  tree  is  of  a  Duke  habit — 
thus  far  proving  hardy  in  nearly  all  locations.  It 
bears  regularly  every  year,  but  only  moderate 
quantity.  Its  delicacy  and  exquisite  peculiar 
flavor,  render  it  one  of  the  most  desirable  for  the 
table,  but  unsuited  to  market  purpose. 

Fruit,  round,  or  slightly  depressed  ;  skin, 
thin  translucent,  showing  the  netted  texture  of 
flesh  beneath  ;  of  pale  amber  in  the  shade,  mot- 
tled with  red  and  yellow  where  more  exposed ; 
and  grown  fully  in  the  sun,  becoming  a  bright 
cornelian  red ;  flesh,  amber  yellow,  slightly 
tinged  with  pink  radiating  lines  or  tissues,  in  ir- 
regular long  curves,  very  tender,  delicate,  juicy, 
sub-acid,  nearly  sweet,  peculiar  and  agreeable 
flavor  ;  pit,  small,  round,  a  little  pointed  at  apex; 
stalk,  often  short,  but  varying.  Season,  last  of 
June. 

BLACK  TARTARIAN. 


Bishop's  Large, 
Frazer's  Black  Heart, 
Ronald's  Heart, 
Circassian, 
Superb  Circassian, 
Black  Russian, 


Ronald's  Black  Heart, 

Frazer's  Black  Tartarian, 

Tartarian, 

Black  Circassian, 

Ronald's  Large  Black  Heart, 

Double  Heart. 


190 


THE   CHERRY. 


This  variety  is  supposed  to  have  originated 
in  Spain,  whence  it  was  transmitted  to  Russia, 
and  thence  introduced  into  England,  about 
1794  or  1796,  whence  it  found  its  way  to  this 
country,  and  in  1810  was  cultivated  in  Mid- 
dletown,  Ct.,  as  Bishop's  Large,  and  in  1813 
as  Ronald's  Black  Heart.  The  tree  is  of  pe- 
culiar upright  growth,  unlike  any  other  variety, 
or  most  resembling  the  Black  Mazard.  Its 
vigorous  habit,  erect  form,  large  foliage, 
and  large  sweet  fruit,  have  rendered  it  perhaps 
the  most  popular  variety  in  cultivation.  The 
tree  requires  somewhat  more  pruning  to  thin 
it  out  than  other  varieties ;  otherwise,  as  the 
trees  grow  old,  they  become  too  thick,  and  the 
fruit  attains  only  medium  size. 

Fruit,  large,  heart  shape,  often  obtuse,  ir- 
regular uneven  surface,  glossy,  purplish  black, 
slight  suture  half  round ;  flesh,  liver  color, 
juicy,  sweet,  half  tender,  separating  freely  from 
pit,  mild,  pleasant,  not  high  flavor  ;  pit,  below 
medium  size ;  stalk,  sunk  in  a  regular  cavity. 
Season,  last  of  June. 


BLACK  HAWK. 

Raised  by  Prof.  J.  P.  Kirtland,  near  Cleve- 
land, in  1842.  Commenced  fruiting  in  1846. 
The  tree  is  of  healthy,vigorous,spreading  habit, 
with  much  of  the  general  character  of  Yellow 
Spanish;  flowers,  above  medium;  soil  of 
origin,  a  gravelly  loam.  As  a  table  fruit, 
its  high  flavor  will  always  commend  it ; 
while,  as  a  market  fruit,  its  size  and  pro- 
ductive habit  of  tree  place  it  among  the  very 
best. 

Fruit,  large,  heart  shape,  often  obtuse, 
sides  compressed,  surface  uneven ;  color, 
dark  purplish  black,  glossy ;  flesh,  dark 
purple,  half  tender,  almost  firm,  radiating 
lines  irregular,  without  form,  juicy,  rich 
sweet,  fine  flavor ;  pit,  medium  size,  un- 
even surface;  stalk,  varying,  inserted  in  a 
broad  cavity.  Season,  from  20th  June  to 
1st  July. 


WORTHY   GENERAL   CULTIVATION. 


191 


BRANT. 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland,  on  a  gravelly 
loam.  The  tree  is  vigorous,  with  large  foli- 
age, and  spreading,  or  rather  round  regular 
form  ;  flowers,  large,  and  open  irregularly,  so 
that  often  a  portion  may  be  injured  by  late 
frosts,  and  others  escape. 

Fruit,  large,  rounded,  angular,  heart  shape, 
sides  slightly  compressed ;  color,  reddish 
black  ;  flesh,  dark  purplish  red,  radiating  lines 
whitish,  partially  indistinct,  half  tender,  juicy, 
sweet  and  rich  ;  pit,  nearly  smooth,  slight  de- 
pressions, round  oval ;  stem,  medium,  set  in  a 
cavity  slightly  angular.  Season,  early — say 
middle  of  June. 


BELLE  MAGNIFIQUE. 

Belle  et  Magnifique. 

First  introduced  into  this  country  from  France  by  Gen.  Dear- 
born. The  tree  is  of  Duke  habit,  hardy,  healthy,  and  vigorous.  It 
is  a  moderate  bearer,  the  fruit,  if  permitted,  hanging  on  the  tree 
until  August,  although  much  of  it  suitable  for  cooking  last  of  June. 
As  a  fruit  for  culinary  purposes,  it  is  very 
desirable. 

Fruit,  when  trees  are  well  cultivated,  of 
the  largest  size,  ovate  rounded,  often  pointed, 
heart  shape ;  color,  clear  rich  red  on  pale 
yellow;  when  fully  exposed  to  the  sun,  mostly 
red ;  flrsh,  yellowish,  tender,  sub-acid  when 
fully  ripe,  sprightly,  separates  freely  from  the 
pit ;  stem,  planted  in  a  deep  yet  open  cavity 
or  basin,  and  varying  from  1  1-4  to  1  3-4 
inch  in  length.  Season,  middle  June  to  Aug. 

CLEVELAND. 

Cleveland  Bigarreau. 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland  in  1842,  on 
a  gravelly  loam  soil.  The  tree  is  thrifty, 
with  stout  shoots,  and  of  a  rounded  spread- 
ing habit ;  large  leaves  ;  flowers,  above 
medium,  profusely  abundant,  and,  thus  far^ 
it  has  proved  healthy  wherever  grown. 


192  THE   CHERRY. 


large,  round  heart  shape,  flattened  at  apex,  generally  a 
regular  uniform  surface,  occasional  seasons  it  has  a  projection  on  one 
side,  near  the  stem  ;  color,  bright  clear  red  on  amber  yellow  ground, 
and  occasionally  blotched  with  carmine  red  ;  flesh,  pale  yellowish 
white,  almost  firm,  deepest  in  color  next  the  pit,  radiating  lines  in- 
distinct, juicy,  rich  fine  flavor  ;  pit,  medium  size;  sttm,  rather  stout, 
medium  length.  Season,  about  one  week  before  Elton,  or  say  23d 
to  25th  June.  Very  .productive. 

COE'S  TRANSPARENT. 

Raised  by  Curtiss  Coe,  Middletown,  Ct.  Tree,  upright,  some- 
what spreading,  vigorous,  healthy  habit. 

fruit,  medium  size,  occasionally  large,  regular  rounded  form, 
often  slightly  angular  at  junction  of  stem.  ;  color,  pale  light  amber 
yellow,  with  a  bright  clear  red,  indistinctly  mottled  on  two-thirds 
the  surface  ;  flesh,  with  irregular  radiating  lines,  yellowish,  tender, 
juicy,  rich  sweet  and  excellent  ;  pit,  above  medium  ;  stem,  rather 
short,  in  a  moderate  depression.  Season,  middle  to  25th  June. 


DOCTOR. 

The  Doctor. 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland  in  1842.  The  tree 
is  of  healthy  habit,  not  extremely  vigorous,  up- 
right, rounded  in  form,  bearing  even  to  excess 
of  fruit,  so  much  so  that  unless  well  cultivated 
the  fruit  becomes  small.  Original  soil,  gravelly 
loam. 

Fruit,  medium,  roundish  heart  shape,  with  a 
suture  extending  all  round  ;  color,  light  yellow 
and  red,  the  latter  most  prevailing  ;  flesh,  white, 
tinged  with  pale  yellow,  juicy,  tender,  sweet, 
with  a  delicious  flavor ;  pit,  small ;  stem,  rather 
slender,  in  a  round  regular  basin.  It  ripens 
early  in  June,  but  will  hang  until  July. 


DOWNER'S  LATE. 

Downer,    |    Downer's  Late  Red. 

Raised  by  Samuel  Downer,  Dorchester,  Mass.,  1808.  The 
tree  is  vigorous,  half  spreading  in  habit,  healthy,  hardy,  and  abundant 
bearer. 


WORTHY   GENERAL   CULTIVATION. 


193 


Fruit,  medium  size,  round  heart-shape, 
slightly  compressed  on  one  side ;  color,  a  bright, 
lively  red,  mottled  with  amber  in  the  shade ; 
fiesh,  amber  color,  stained  slightly  with  red  next 
the  pit,  radiating  lines  slight ;  tender,  sweet,  and 
delicious  when  fully  ripe.  It  is  often  gathered 
before  fully  ripe,  when  it  is  a  little  bitter ;  pit, 
above  medium  size,  oblong  rounded ;  stem, 
medium,  inserted  in  a  narrow,  slight  depression. 
Season,  from  fourth  to  twelfth  July.  This  va- 
riety suffers  less  than  most  varieties,  from  warm 
wet  weather. 


DELICATE. 

Raised  by   Prof.   Kirtland,  in  1842,  upon  a 
gravelly  loam.     The  tree  is  of  thrifty,  healthy 
habit,  spreading  so  as  to  form  a  round  head.     It 
is  productive,  and  as  a  dessert  cherry,  its  del- 
icate, translucent  character,  rich,  juicy,  sweet, 
high  flavor,  will   always   render   it   a   favor- 
ite. 

Fruit,  medium  to  large;  form,  regular, 
roundish,  flattened,  with  a  slight  suture  one 
side ;  color,  rich  amber  yellow,  overspread 
and  mottled  with  light  carmine  red,  while  the 
flesh  is  so  translucent,  that  held  to  the  light, 
the  tissue  is  distinctly  traced,  and  red  appears 
as  though  mingled  throughout,  when,  on  cut- 
ing  it,  the  flesh  is  a  whitish-yellow,  with  dis- 
tinct radiating  lines, — tender,  juicy,  sweet,  de- 
licious, high  flavor;  pit,  small,  roundish 
oval,  with  a  broad  ridge ;  stem,  medium,  set 
in  a  deep,  round  depression.  Season,  about 
first  July. 

EARLY  PROLIFIC. 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland,  in  1842.  The  original  tree  fruited 
three  years,  during  which,  we  carefully  noted  the  fruit.  It  then  was 
lost  by  being  removed ;  meantime,  buds  had  been  sent  to  Mr.  Chas. 
Downing,  and  it  is  from  the  character  shown  under  his  hands,  that  we 
are  induced  to  place  it  in  this  class.  Its  large  size,  rich  flavor  and 
early  habit  of  maturity,  class  it  among  the  most  desirable,  for  pri- 


194 


THE   CHERRY. 


vate   or   marketing   collections.     Tree,  healthy,  vigorous,  upright, 
slightly  spreading. 

Fruit,  medium  to  large,  round,  obtuse  heart-shape,  bright  car- 
mine red,  mottled  on  light  amber  yellow ;  and,  on  one  side,  a  distinct 
line,  edged  with  yellow;  stem,  varying  both  in  size  and  length; 
flesh,  half  tender,  almost  firm,  juicy,  rich,  sweet,  and  delicious  flavor ; 
very  productive.  Season,  early  in  June. 


ELTON. 


Bigarreau  Couleur  de  chair, 

Flesh  Colored  Bigarreau, 

Gros  Bigarreau  Couleur  du  chair, 

Gros  Bigarreau  Blanc, 

Bigarreau  a  Gros  Fruit  Blanc, 

Large  Heart-Shape  d  Bigarreau,  erroneously, 


Bigarreau  de  Rocmont, 
Cceur  de  Pigeon, 
Bigarreau  Belle  de  Rocmont, 
Guigne  gros  Blanche,  of  some, 
Bigarreau  Common,        „ 
Belle  Audigeoise, 


Raised  in  England,  in  1806.  Its  superior 
qualities  have  made  it  a  great  traveler,  and 
although  often  introduced  to  notice,  under  a 
new  name,  it  is  always  worthy  place. 

The  trees  grow  vigorously,  with  a  spread- 
ing, rather  drooping  habit ;  leaves,  with  pur- 
plish footstalks.  First  introduced  to  this 
country  in  1823. 

Fruit,  large,  long,  heart-shape,  pointed; 
color,  beautiful  light  yellow  ground,  mottled 
and  streaked  with  bright  glossy  red  ;  flesh, 
yellowish,  radiating  lines  not  bold,  half  ten- 
der, when  fully  ripe,  nearly  tender,  juicy, 
sweet,  with  an  exceedingly  rich,  high  flavor ; 
pit,  above  medium,  oval,  rounded,  with  a 
sharp  point ;  stem,  long  and  slender,  set  in 
rather  a  deep  basin ;  very  productive.  Sea- 
son, last  of  June. 


EARLY  RICHMOND. 


Kentish, 
Virginian  May, 
Common  Red, 
Sussex, 


Muscat  de  Prague. 


Pie  Cherry, 
Kentish  Red, 

Montmorency  a  longue  quei 
Commune, 


An  old  European  sort,  but  extensively  grown  in  this  country, 
under  the  name  we  have  adopted.     It  is  probably,  the  true  Kentish ; 


WORTHY  GENERAL  CULTIVATION.  195 

but,  under  that  name,  it  becomes  so  often  con- 
founded with  the  common  Sour  Pie  Cherry  of 
our  country,  that  we  have  preferred  to  continue 
it  here,  under  the  name  it  is  best  known  in  this 
country.  The  tree  belongs  to  the  Morello  class ; 
grows  about  twenty  feet  high,  with  a  roundish 
spreading  head ;  very  productive,  ripening  its 
fruit  in  May,  but,  in  dry  seasons,  holding  it  until 
July.  It  is  indispensable  to  every  garden ;  and 
for  market,  coming  as  it  does  so  early,  is  very 
profitable.  It  is  remarkable  for  the  corolla  re- 
maining on  the  stalk,  and  for  the  tenacity  with 
which  the  stone  adheres  thereto. 

Fruit,  of  medium  size,  borne  in  pairs,  round, 
bright  red,  becoming  darker  as  it  hangs  on  the 
tree  a  long  time ;  flesh,  of  a  reddish  cast,  juicy, 
very  tender,  sprightly,  rich,  acid  flavor ;  stem, 
usually  short,  say,  one  and  a  quarter  inch,  set  in 
deep,  round  basin.  Season,  twenty-sixth  May  to  first  of  July. 

PURPLE  GUIGNE. 

Early  Purple  Guigne,       I       German  May  Duke, 
Early  Purple  Griotte. 

The  origin  of  this  valuable  variety  we  have 
been  unable  to  decide.  Eastern  cultivators 
received  it  from  England,  where  it  was  figured 
and  described  by  Mr.  Thompson,  in  the  London 
Hort.  Society's  transactions.  Western  Cultiva- 
tors received  it  through  a  party  of  emigrants 
from  Germany,  under  name  of  German  May 
Duke,  by  which  it  is  much  grown  in  Ohio.  The 
trees  are  poor  growers  in  the  nursery,  of  a  strag- 
gling, loose,  irregular,  somewhat  pendent  habit, 
but  of  healthy,  hardy  character,  only  moderat- 
ly  productive  while  young,  but  as  they  grow 
older,  become  more  prolific.  Its  earliness  and 
delicious  character,  must  always  render  it  popu- 
lar where  known. 

Fruit,  medium  to  large,  roundish,  heart- 
shaped,  with  an  indenture  at  the  point  or  apex ; 
color,  when  fully  ripe,  dark  purplish  black  ;  fl esh, 
dark  purplish  red,  juicy,  rich,  sweet,  and  excellent ; 
pit,  medium ;  size,  roundish  oval ;  stem,  long, 
slender,  inserted  in  a  shallow,  narrow  basin. 
Season,  last  of  May  and  first  of  June. 


196 


THE   CHEEKY. 


GOVERNOR  WOOD. 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland,  1842,  and  named 
in  honor  of  Reuben  Wood,  late  Governor  of 
Ohio. 

The  tree  is  a  vigorous,  healthy  grower, 
forming  a  rounded,  regular  head  ;  very  pro- 
ductive while  young ;  flowers  large. 

Fruit,  of  the  largest  size,  roundish,  heart- 
shape  ;  color,  rich,  light  yellow,  mottled  or 
marbled  with  a  beautiful  carmine  flush ;  grown 
fully  exposed  to  the  sun,  it  becomes  a  clear, 
rich  red  ;  suture  half  round,  followed  on  oppo- 
site side,  by  a  dark  line;  flesh,  light,  pale 
yellow,  with  radiating  lines,  transverse,  acu- 
minate, half  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  and  fine, 
rich,  high  flavor ;  pit,  roundish  ovate,  con- 
siderably ribbed ;  stem,  varying  in  length  and 
size.  Season,  middle  of  June. 

In  even  small  collections,  this  variety 
should  always  have  a  place. 


HILDESHEIM. 


Hildesheim  Bigarreau. 
Tardif  de  Hildesheim, 
Bigarreau  Tardif  de  Hildesheim, 


Bigarreau  Marbre  de  Hildesheim, 
Bigarreau  Blanc  Tardif  de  Hildesheim, 
Bigarreau  Noir  Tardif. 


Fr-om  Germany.  Tree,  upright,  strong  grower,  unproductive 
while  young. 

Fruit,  medium,  heart-shaped,  yellow,  mottled,  marbled  and 
splashed  with  red ;  stem,  long,  slender ;  basin,  shallow,  broad ;  sut- 
ure broad,  half  round,  with  hollow  depression  at  apex ;  flesh,  pale 
yellow,  firm,  sweet ;  pit,  medium,  surface  marbled  with  red.  Sea- 
son, last  of  July  to  twentieth  August.  The  true  variety  is  rarely 
sold,  but  when  obtained,  is  truly  valuable,  as  coming  just  before 
peaches,  and  when  there  are  few  fruits  in  market. 


HORTENSE. 


Reine  Hortense, 
Lemercier  of  E.  and  B., 
Monstreuse  de  Bavay, 


Belle  de  Bavay, 
De  16  a  la  livre, 
Belle  de  Petit  Brie. 


Introduced  to  this  country  from  France,  in  1842.  The  tree  is  of 
Duke  habit,  vigorous,  healthy  grower,  forming  a  dense,  upright, 
round  head,  and  promises  to  be  very  hardy,  and  extremely  desirable 
in  rich,  moist  soils,  where  the  Sweet  Cherries  do  not  succeed  as 


WORTHY  GENERAL  CULTIVATION. 


197 


well.  It  is  moderately  prolific,  the  fruit  quite  large,  and  ripen- 
ing as  it  does,  quite  late  in  the  season,  combined  with  the  habit  of 
hanging  long  after  ripe,  and  its  rich,  spright-  .,. .,, 
ly,  sub-acid  juice,  must  render  it  extremely 
popular,  when  it  becomes  fully  known. 

Fruit,  quite  large,  round,  elongated,  sides 
compressed,  smooth,  glossy,  regular  surface; 
suture,  shallow,  half  round,  followed  by  a 
marked  line,  terminating  at  base,  in  a  knob- 
by projection ;  color,  bright  lively  red,  mar- 
bled and  mottled  on  amber  ;  grown  in  the 
sun,  it  is  mostly  red ;  flesh,  pinkish  yellow, 
with  radiating  lines,  distinct,  but  irregular 
in  form,  tender,  and  when  fully  ripe,  sepa- 
rating freely  from  the  stone,  often  even  ex- 
hibiting a  hollow,  vacant  space,  between  pit 
and  flesh,  high,  sprightly,  slightly  acid 
flavor  ;  pit,  rather  large,  oblong,  rounded ; 
stalk,  two  inches  long,  generally  slender. 
Season,  twelfth  to  twentieth  July. 


JOC-O-SOT. 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland,  in  1842,  and 
named  after  a  noble  Sioux  chief,  who  died  at 
Cleveland,  in  1844.  Tree  thrifty,  half  spread- 
ing, or  round-headed,  and  productive. 

Fruit,  large,  very  regular,  uniform,  heart- 
shape,  slightly  obtuse,  and  with  a  deep  inden- 
tation at  apex  ;  sides,  compressed ;  suture, 
broad,  half  round,  followed  with  a  dark  line, 
and  often  a  knob-like  projection ;  surface,  un- 
even ;  color,  rich,  glossy,  dark  liver-color,  al- 
most black  ;  flesh,  with  indistinct  radiating 
lines,  dark  liver-color,  tender,  juicy,  with  a 
rich,  sweet  flavor ;  pit,  below  medium  size, 
regular,  smooth ;  stem,  long,  and  of  medium 
size.  Season,  near  the  last  of  June. 


^^lilli^ 


198 


THE  CHEERY. 


KIRTLAND'S  MARY. 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland,in  1842,  described 
and  named  by  ourself,  in  compliment  to 
the  daughter  of  Prof.  K.  The  tree  is  a  strong, 
healthy  grower,  upright,  rounded  in  form, 
shoots  strong,  not  rampant ;  flowers,  large  and 
open,  very  prolific.  The  fruit  is  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  of  all  cherries,  quite  firm-flesh- 
ed, but  withal  possessing  delicacy  and  high 
flavor,  that  renders  it  one  of  the  most  desira- 
ble varieties,  either  for  dessert  or  market  pur- 


Fruit,  large,  roundish,  heart-shape,  very 
regular  ;  color,  light  and  dark  rich  red,  deeply 
marbled  and  mottled  on  a  yellow  ground, 
grown  fully  in  the  sun,  is  mostly  a  rich,  dark 
glossy  red  ;  flesh,  with  distinct  irregular  radiat- 
ing lines,  light  yellow,  quite  firm,  rich,  juicy, 
sweet,  and  very  high  flavored  ;  pit,  medium, 
regular,  rounded,  with  distinct  prominent  lines 
or  ridges,  flesh  adheres  slightly  to  it  ;  stem, 
moderately  stout,  varying  in  length.  Season, 
last  of  June  and  first  of  July. 


KIRTLAND'S  MAMMOTH. 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland  from  a  pit  of  the 
Yellow  Spanish,  grown  on  a  tree  remote  from 
other  varieties.  Its  name  is  given  from  the  ex- 
treme large  size  of  the  fruit,  being  one-eighth 
greater  than  any  other  variety.  The  tree  is  of 
strong,  vigorous  growth,  with  very  large  leaves 
and  large  flowers.  It  is,  however,  only  moder- 
ately productive.  Soil  of  origin,  gravelly  loam. 

Fruit,  of  the  very  largest  size,  often  three 
and  a  half  inches  in  circumference,  obtuse,  heart 
shape  ;  color,  light  clear  yellow,  partially  over- 
spread, and  marbled  with  rich  red  ;  flesh,  with 
distinct  radiating  lines,  broad,  ovate,  reversed, 
almost  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  and  with  a  very 
fine  high  flavor  ;  pit,  roundish  oval,  regular, 
surface  indented  ;  stem,  generally  short,  moder- 
ately stout.  Season,  last  of  June. 


WOETHY  GENERAL  CULTIVATION. 


199 


LATE  BIGARREAU. 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland  in  1842,  on  a 
gravelly  soil.  Tree,  vigorous,  shoots  stout, 
not  rampant,  forms  a  round  regular  head ; 
flowers,  open,  abundant,  very  productive. 

Fruit,  large,  obtuse  heart  shape,  occasion- 
ally a  little  angular  and  with  a  deep  broad  in- 
denture at  the  apex ;  color,  a  rich  yellow 
ground,  with  a  bright  red  cheek,  frequently 
the  red  covers  nearly  the  whole  surface — 
occasionally  it  is  blotched  or  mottled ;  suture, 
shallow,  half  round,  marked  with  a  line  on  op- 
posite side  ;  flesh,  with  distinct  radiating  lines, 
yellowish,  nearly  firm,  juicy,  sweet,  and  of 
agreeable  flavor ;  pit,  small,  round,  regular; 
stalk,  one-and-a-half  inch  long,  inserted  in  a 
broad  open  depression.  Season,  4th  to  12th 
July. 

LARGE  HEART  SHAPED. 


Bigarreau  Gaubalis, 
Black  Bigarreau  of  Savoy, 
Bigarreau  gros  Couret, 
Bigarreau  de  Lyon, 
Guigne  Noire  luisante, 
Great  Bigarreau  ? 


Monstreuse  de  Mezel, 

New  Large  Black  Bigarreau, 

Bigarreau  gros  Monstreux, 

Gros  Couret, 

Large  Heart  Shaped  Bigarreau, 

Ward's  Bigarreau. 


This  variety,  originally  from  France,  we  have  received  from 
different  -sources,  and  fruited  the  past  two 
years  under  most  of  the  synonymes  given. 
We  are  also  under  the  impression  that  the 
"  Great  Bigarreau,"  noticed  by  Mr.  Downing 
in  the  Horticulturist  for  1851,  will  yet  prove 
identical;  but  we  cannot  yet  speak  confidently. 
The  tree  is  a  strong,  vigorous  grower,  with 
large  foliage.  Its  productive  habit,  fine  flesh, 
and  large  size  of  fruit,  render  it  very  desirable 
as  a  market  variety ;  while  its  want  of  deli- 
cacy and  flavor  unfit  it  for  grounds  of  those 
who  grow  only  for  private  use. 

Fruit,  very  large,  roundish,  heart  shape, 
occasionally  obtuse,  dark  shining  red,  becom- 
ing, when  fully  ripe,  dark  purplish  black ;  sur- 
face, very  uneven  ;  flesh,  reddish  purple,  coarse 
tissue,  with  a  distinct  dark  line  one  side  next 
the  pit,  not  very  juicy  and  lacking  in  high  fla- 
vor ;  pit,  large,  oval ;  stem,  varying,  inserted 
in  a  shallow  depression.  Season,  4th  to  10th  July. 


200 


TBE   CHEERY. 


LOGAN. 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland  in  1842 ;  soil  a 
gravelly  loam.  Tree,  hardy,  healthy  grower, 
somewhat  spreading,  moderately  productive ; 
flowers,  large,  opening  late,  little  liable  to  in- 
jury from  frost. 

Fruit,  medium  or  above,  obtuse,  sometimes 
regular,  heart  shape,  with  a  shallow  indenture 
at  apex  ;  color,  purplish  black,  when  ripe  ; 
flesh,  liver  color,  radiating  lines  almost  white, 
nearly  firm,  juicy,  sweet,  and  rich  flavor ;  pit, 
above  medium,  oval ;  stem,  varying  in  length 
in  a  deep  cavity.  Season,  middle  to  last  of 
June. 


OSCEOLA. 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland  in  1842;  soil 
gravelly.  Tree,'round,  spreading  regular  form, 
hardy,  healthy  grower  ;  flowers,  medium,  open- 
ing rather  late  and  in  succession  ;  a  good,  not 
excessive  bearer. 

Fruit,  medium  to  large,  regular,  heart  shape, 
with  a  deep,  broad  suture,  half  round  ;  color, 
dark  purplish  red,  inclining  to  black  ;  flesh, 
liver  color,  fine  tissue,  so  much  so  that  the 
radiating  lines  are  almost  obliterated,  juicy, 
rich  and  sweet ;  pit,  medium  or  small,  ovate, 
rounded ;  stem,  moderately  stout  in  a  deep, 
regular  cavity.  Season,  last  of  June  and  early 
July.  One  of  the  best  for  all  collections. 


WORTHY  GENERAL  CULTIVATION. 


201 


PONTIAC. 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland  in  1842 ;  soil 
gravelly.  Tree,  upright,  rounded  form, 
slightly  spreading,  vigorous,  healthy  habit ; 
flowers,  above  medium  size,  opening  in  suc- 
cession ;  regularly  productive. 

Fruit,  large,  obtuse  heart  shape,  sides 
compressed;  color,  dark  purplish  red,  ap- 
proaching to  black  when  fully  ripe  ;  flesh, 
purplish  red,  radiating  lines  irregular,  half 
tender,  juicy,  sweet  and  agreeable ;  pit, 
medium,  smooth,  parts  freely  from  the 
flesh ;  stem,  varying  from  long  to  short,  in- 
serted in  a  broad,  open  cavity.  Season, 
last  of  June. 


POWHATTAN. 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland  in  1842;  soil  gravelly.  Tree,  vigorous, 
healthy,  round  headed,  productive. 

Fruit,  medium,  size,  uniform,  roundish,  flattened  or  compressed 
on  sides,  surface  irregular ;  color,  liver  like,  highly  polished  ;  suture, 
half  round  ;  flesh,  rich  purplish  red,  marbled,  radiating  lines  obscure, 
half  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  pleasant,  but  not  high  flavor  ;  pit,  small, 
round,  elongated;  stem,  medium.  Season,  late;  8th  to  15th  July. 

For  profitable  market  purposes  this  is  one  of  the  very  best ;  the 
fruit  ripening  late,  and  all  being  uniform  and  regular  in  size. 


ROCKPORT. 

Rockport  Bigarreau. 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland  in  1842;  gravelly  loam.  Tree,  strong, 
vigorous  grower,  forming  a  very  upright  habit,  more  resembling  the 
Black  Tartarian  than  any  other  variety  we  know.  It  is  one  of  the 
first,  of  Prof.  Kirtland's  seedlings,  that  was  described,  and  feeling 
interested  in  its  success,  in  various  parts  of  the  States  we  distributed 
9* 


202 


THE   CHERRY. 


it  pretty  liberally  in  shape  of  buds  and  grafts. 
It  has  now  been  fruited  extensively,  and  we 
feel  confident,  while  recommending  this,  that 
other  varieties  of  the  same  origin  will  be 
equally  successful.  The  tree  wants  good  cul- 
ture, and  its  period  of  maturity  is  materially 
altered  both  by  soil  and  culture,  while  its  char- 
acter appears  unchanged.  Valuable,  either 
for  private  or  market  gardens. 

Fruit,  large,  round,  obtuse  heart  shape, 
surface  generally  slightly  uneven,  and  always 
with  a  knobby  or  swollen  projection  on  one 
side  ;  color,  clear  brilliant  deep  red,  shaded 
and  mottled  on  a  pale  amber  yellow,  with 
occasional  carmine  spots ;  flesh,  yellowish  white, 
radiating  lines  irregular,  a  yellow  tinge  around 
the  pit,  firm,  juicy,  sweet,  with  a  rich,  delicious 
flavor  ;  pit,  oval,  regular  and  without  ridges  ; 
stem,  usually  of  medium  length — one,  to  one- 
and-a-half  inches.  Season,  20th  to  last  of  June. 

RED  JACKET. 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland  in  1842.  The 
original  tree  has  always  stood  in  ground  uncul- 
tivated ;  yet  its  fruit,  from  lateness  of  ripening, 
size  and  quality,  renders  it  most  desirable,  and 
especially  for  market  culture,  as  it  is  very  pro- 
ductive. The  tree  forms  a  head  similar  to  the 
Black  Hazard,  not  quite  as  erect. 

Fruit,  large,  regular,  long  obtuse  heart 
shape  ;  color,  fine,  clear,  light  red,  when  grown 
in  the  sun,  but  of  an  amber  color,  overspread 
with  pale  red,  and  often  a  yellow  russet  patch, 
when  grown  in  the  shade  ;  flesh,  with  radiating 
lines  distinct,  half  tender,  juicy,  of  good,  not 
high  flavor ;  gathered  before  ripe,  it  is  a  little 
bitter ;  pit,  medium  ;  stem,  rather  long  and 
slender,  set  in  an  open,  moderately  deep  basin. 
Season,  middle  of  July. 


SHANNON. 

This  is  a  Morello  raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland  in    1829;  first  de- 
scribed in  1849.     Named  in  respect  to  Wilson  Shannon,  once  gov- 


FOR  AMATEUR  CULTURE.  203 

ernor  of  Ohio.     The  tree  is  very  hardy,  having  been  tested  in  many 
locations. 

Fruit,  slightly  above  medium  size,  globular,  flattened  at  junction 
with  stem,  dark  purplish  red,  when  ripe  ;  flesh,  tender,  reddish  pur- 
ple, juicy,  acid  ;  pit,  small ;  stem,  long,  slender,  inserted  in  an  open 
cavity.  Season,  middle  of  July. 

TECUMSEH. 

Eaised  by  Prof.  Kirtland  in  1842,  on  a  soil  of  gravelly  loam. 
The  tree  is  moderately  vigorous,  spreading,  hardy,  producing  its 
blossoms  late  in  the  season. 

fruit,  medium  to  large,  obtuse  heart  shape,  compressed,  with  a 
broad,  shallow  suture ;  color,  when  fully  ripe,  a  reddish  purple,  or 
dark  liver  color,  mottled  somewhat  with  red ;  flesh,  reddish  purple, 
irregular,  distinct  radiating  lines,  half  tender,  very  juicy,  sweet,  but 
not  high  flavor  ;  pit,  medium  size,  smooth,  round,  slightly  elongated ; 
stem,  varying,  set  in  an  open,  rather  deep  cavity.  Season,  middle  to 
20th  July.  Very  valuable  for  a  late  market  variety. 


CLASS  \\.-Newand  Untested — suited  to  Certain  Localities,  or  Exten- 
sive Grounds  of  Amateur  Pomologists. 

ARCH  DUKE. 

Griotte  de  Portugal,         I         Late  Arch  Duke, 
Portugal  Duke,  j         Late  Duke. 

An  English  variety,  first  described  by  Lindley,  since  figured  and  de- 
scribed in  Hovey's  Magazine,  from  which  we  extract.  The  May  Duke, 
or  Late  Duke,  have  almost  always  been  sold  as  this  variety.  It  is  a  more 
vigorous  grower,  and  distinguished  in  its  fruit  by  being  more  heart  shape. 
Fruit,  large,  heart  shape,  compressed  ;  dark  shining  red ;  flesh,  light  red, 
slightly  adhering  to  the  stone,  tender,  sub-acid  ;  stem,  long,  slender.  Sea- 
son, early  in  July. 

AMERICAN   HEART. 

Probably  a  native  of  this  country ;  its  origin  is,  however,  uncertain. 
Tree,  vigorous,  spreading.  Fruit,  medium,  heart  shaped,  four  sides  com- 
pressed ;  pale  yellow  and  red ;  flesh,  yellowish,  watery  toward  the  pit, 
juicy,  sweet,  second  flavor  ;  pit,  medium ;  stem,  long,  moderately  slender. 
Season,  early  in  June. 

ADAM'S  CROWN. 
English ;  little  known  in  this  country.     Fruit,  medium,  round,  heart 


20-i  THE   CHERRY 

shape ;  pale  red  ;  flesh,  tender,  juicy  and  agreeable.     Season,  middle  of 
June. 

ANNE. 

We  have  had  this  variety  growing  for  two  years,  but  have  not  fruited 
it.  Chas.  Dowing,  Esq.,  writes  us  that  it  originated  at  Lexington,  Ky., 
ripens  early,  is  very  productive,  and  of  excellent  flavor.  The  tree  is  of 
the  Sweet  Cherry  class. 


D'ESPERIN. 
Bigarreau  D'Esperin. 

New,  from  Belgium.  Hovey  says,  the  tree  has  a  compact,  spreading 
habit,  of  moderate  growth,  a  good  bearer.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  heart 
shape,  depressed  at  ends,  flattened  on  sides  ;  suture,  all  round  ;  color, 
clear,  soft  amber  in  the  shade,  mottled  with  pale  red  in  the  sun  ;  flesh, 
pale  amber,  tender,  juicy,  excellent ;  pit,  medium,  oval ;  stem,  long,  slen- 
der. Season,  early  in  July. 

|/"BELLE  OF  ORLEANS. 

Belle  de  Orleans. 

New,  from  France.  Tree,  vigorous  grower,  good  bearer,  promises  to 
be  valuable.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  ;  light  yellowish  white,  with  clear 
pale  red  covering  about  one  half  the  surface  ;  flesh,  tender,  juicy,  and  de- 
licious. Season,  early  in  June. 

BUTTNER'S  YELLOW. 

Buttner's  Wach's-Knorpel  Kirsche,         |         Buttner's  Gelbe  Knorpel  Kirsche. 

From  Germany.  Tree,  vigorous,  spreading  ;  only  as  a  novelty  is  it  de- 
sirable. Fruit,  medium,  regular  heart  shape,  flattened  at  stem  end  ;  pale 
lemon  yellow,  with  russet  marblings ;  flesh,  whitish  yellow,  firm,  even 
tough,  without  flavor,  adheres  to  the  pit ;  stem,  medium  length  and  size, 
in  an  open,  round,  regular  cavity.  Season,  middle  to  last  July. 

V  BLACK  EAGLE. 

English,  raised  by  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Knight.  Tree,  healthy,  strong 
grower,  unproductive  at  the  West.  Fruit,  above  medium,  borne  in  threes, 
obtuse  heart  shape ;  deep  purple,  almost  black ;  flesh,  reddish  purple,  half 
tender,  with  a  rich,  sweet,  high  flavor.  Season,  early  in  July. 

BUTTNER'S  BLACK  HEART. 

Buttner's  Herz  Kirsche,         |         Schwarze  Neue  Herz  Kirsche. 

From  Germany.  As  a  late  variety,  firm  fleshed,  for  market  this  pro- 
mises well.  Fruit,  large,  heart  shape ;  purplish  black  when  fully  ripe ; 


FOR  AMATEUR  CULTURE.  205 

flesh,  reddish  violet,  firm,  juicy,  good,  not  high  flavor.     Season,  middle  to 
last  of  July.     Tree,  productive,  a  vigorous  grower. 

DOWNING'S  RED  CHEEK. 

Eaised  by  Chas.  Downing,  Newburgh,  N.  Y.  Tree,  vigorous,  half 
spreading.  Fruit,  medium  to  large,  obtuse  heart  shape  ;  yellowish  white, 
with  a  rich  dark  crimson,  covering  more  than  one  half  the  fruit ;  _  flesh, 
yellowish,  half  tender,  delicately  sweet;  pit,  medium;  stem,  set  in  an 
even  hollow  of  moderate  depth.  Season,  middle  to  last  June. 

CHAMPAGNE. 

Eaised  by  Chas.  Downing,  Newburgh,  N.  Y.  This  variety  is  highly- 
commended  by  the  late  A.  J.  Downing,  but  we  have  been  unable  to  fruit 
it  sufficiently  to  place  it  among  those  of  general  cultivation.  For  large 
orchards,  we  think  it  desirable  as  a  bearer,  but  not  of  size  to  com- 
mand price  in  market.  Tree,  vigorous,  healthy,  productive.  Fruit,  me- 
dium, roundish  heart  shape,  slightly  angular  ;  color,  shades  of  lively  red; 
flesh,  amber  color,  juicy,  sprightly,  rich  flavor  ;  stem,  moderate  length,  in 
a  shallow  cavity.  Season,  middle  of  June,  but  hangs  well  into  July. 

CUMBERLAND. 

Triomphe,of  Cumberland,         I         Brenneman's  May, 
Monstrous  May,  |         Steret's  May, 

Cumberland  Seedling. 

This  is  claimed  to  be  a  seedling  of  Cumberland  Co.,  Pa.  Having  fruited 
it  from  two  sources,  one  proving  identical  with  Yellow  Spanish,  and  the 
other  identical  with  Tradescant's  Black,  we  have  some  doubts  as  to  its  being 
a  seedling  or  new  variety.  In  the  ad-interim  report  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Hort.  Society,  it  is  thus  described  :  Large,  obtuse  heart-shaped,  some- 
times roundish,  compressed  at  the  sides ;  deep  crimson,  almost  purple 
when  fully  ripe ;  suture,  indistinct ;  stem,  rather  long,  slender,  inserted 
in  a  broad,  open  cavity ;  apex,  slightly  depressed ;  stone,  roundish 
oval,  compressed;  flesh,  rather  solid,  red,  slightly  adherent  to  the  stone; 
flavor,  fine  ;  quality,  "  best ;"  period  of  maturity  about  the  middle  of  June. 

CHINA  BIGARREAU. 

Chinese  Heart. 

Raised  by  William  Prince,  Flushing.  Tree,  hardy,  healthy,  spreading. 
Fruit,  medium,  roundish  heart  shape ;  bright  amber  yellow,  becoming 
mostly  red  when  fully  ripe ;  flesh,  half  tender,  juicy  and  rich,  but,  unless  per- 
fectly ripe,  slightly  bitter  ;  stem,  long  and  slender  ;  very  productive. 


CARNATION. 


Wax  Cherry, 

Crown, 

Cerise  de  Portugal. 


Gnotte  de  Villennes. 


Cerise  Nouvelle  d'Angleterre, 
Grpsse  Cerise  Rouge  Pale, 
Griottier  Rouge  Pale, 


A  variety  of  the  Morello,  that  from  its  hardiness  has  been  pretty  largely 
disseminated  through  our  Western  and  Southwestern  States.  Fruit, 
above  medium ;  yellowish  white,  becoming,  when  fully  ripe,  a  lively  red 


206 


THE  CHERRY. 


slightly  marbled;  flesh,  tender,  juicy,  and,  when  fully  ripe,  less  acid  than 
most  of  this  class  ;  stem,  stout.  Season,  middle  to  last  of  July,  but  will 
hang  a  long  time.  Tree,  a  good  grower,  with  strong  wood,  and  a  profuse 
bearer. 

CARMINE  STRIPE. 

Eaised  by  Prof.  Kirtland.  Tree,  vigorous,  healthy,  spreading ;  very 
productive.  Fruit,  above  medium,  heart  shape,  compressed  on  sides, 
often  an  uneven  surface,  with  suture  half  round,  followed  by  a  line  of  car- 
mine ;  color,  amber  yellow,  shaded  and  mottled  with  bright  lively  car- 
mine ;  flesh,  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  sprightly  and  agreeable ;  pit,  small ;  stem, 
varies.  Season,  last  of  June. 


CAROLINE. 

Eaised  by  Prof.  Kirtland.  Tree,  much  resembles 
Belle  de  Choisy ;  in  growth  healthy,  hardy,  vigor- 
ous, and  productive ;  it  promises  to  become  valuable 
as  a  dessert  Cherry. 

Fruit,  above  medium,  round  oblong;  one  side 
compressed  slightly;  color,  pale  amber,  mottled 
with  clear  light  red,  and  when  fully  exposed  to  the 
sun  becomes  rich  red ;  flesh,  slightly  tinged  with 
pale  red  or  pink,  translucent,  very  tender,  juicy, 
sweet,  and  delicate;  pit,  medium,  oblong  oval. 
Season  last  of  June. 

CONESTOGA. 

This  variety  originated  in  Conestoga  Township, 
Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania.  Fruit,  very  large, 
obtuse  heart-shaped,  slightly  indented  at  the  apex; 
dark  purple;  stem,  from  an  inch  and  three-quarters 
to  two  and  a  quarter  long,  slender,  inserted  in  an 
open  cavity;  flesh,  purplish,  firm;  flavor,  sugary, 
and  very  pleasant ,  quality  "  best."  (W.  D.  B.) 

CHRISTIANA. 

Raised  by  B.  B.  Kirtland,  Greenbush,  N.  Y.,  and  resembling,  in  charac- 
ter of  tree  and  fruit,  the  May  Duke.  Not  haviug.fruited  it,  we  only  note 
from  the  Horticulturist,  where  the  fruit  is  said  to  be  borne  in  clusters,  of  a 
bright  lively  red  color,  and  sprightly  sub- acid  flavor. 


DONNA  MARIA. 

A  Morello  cherry,  forming  a  small  tree,  but  very  prolific.  Fruit,  of 
medium  size;  dark  red;  tender,  juicy,  rich  acid;  valuable  for  cooking. 
Season,  middle  July. 


FOR  AMATEUR   CULTURE. 


207 


DUCHESS  OF  PALLUA. 

A  variety  introduced  from  France  by  Hon.  M.  P.  Wilder,  of  Boston, 
and  fruited  first  time  in  this  country,  this  year,  1853. 

Fruit,  medium  size,  heart-shaped ;  purplish  black ;  juicy,  half  tender, 
sweet ;  stone,  small,  oblong  ovate.  Season,  15th  to  20th  June.  Promises  to 
be  a  productive  valuable  variety.  (Hov.  Mag.) 

^    DOWNTON. 

English  :  raised  by  T.  A.  Knight.  Tree,  healthy,  regular  round  head ; 
moderately  productive. 

Fruit,  medium,  globular  flattened;  bright  red  on  yellow;  flesh,  yel- 
lowish, half  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  but  not  rich  flavor  ;  pit,  medium ;  stem, 
set  in  a  deep  cavity.  Season,  early  in  July  or  late  of  June. 

ELIZABETH. 

Raised  by  Caleb  Atwater,  of  Portage  County,  0.,  in  1823.  Original 
soil,  clay.  Tree,  vigorous,  upright,  pyramidal  rounded ;  very  prolific. 

Fruit,  medium  to  large,  heart-shape,  flattened  on  sides  ;  color,  rich 
dark  red,  when  fully  ripe;  flesh,  yellowish,  slightly  tinged  with  red,  half 
tender,  juicy,  pleasantly  sweet ;  pit,  ovate  rounded ;  stem,  medium ;  set 
in  a  regular  basin.  Season,  middle  to  last  of  June. 


FAVORITE. 

Elliott's     Favorite. 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland  in  1842 ;  gravelly  soil. 
Tree,  vigorous,  half  spreading,  productive. 

Fruit,  medium,  round  regular,  slightly  compressed ; 
color,  pale  amber  yellow,  with  a  bright  carmine  red 
cheek,  mottled  and  marbled ;  flesh,  pale  amber,  traos- 
lucent,  delicate,  juicy  and  sweet ;  pit,  small ;  stem, 
medium,  inserted  in  an  even  basin.  Season,  last  of 
June.  This  variety  requires  high  cultivation,  other- 
wise the  fruit  is  small,  and  the  flavor  only  good. 


i 
% 

ENGLISH  AMBER. 

This  is  undoubtedly  an  old  variety,  but  we  have  as  yet  been  unable  to 
identify  it  with  any  described  variety.  The  tree  is  of  vigorous  strong 
growth,  forming  a  rounded  pyramidal  head,  and  very  productive. 


208  THE  CHERRY. 

Fruit,  medium  size,  roundish  heart-shape,  very  regular,  borne  in  threes  ; 
color,  delicate  amber,  beautifully  mottled  with  pale  red ;  flesh,  whitish 
yellow,  half  tender,  delicate,  juicy,  and  very  sweet ;  pit,  medium ;  stem, 
long.  Season,  middle  to  last  of  June. 

FLORENCE. 

Knevett's  Late  Bigarreau. 

From  Florence,  in  Italy.  The  tree  is  of  stocky  strong  growth,  spread- 
ing, unproductive  while  young,  becoming  more  productive  as  it  grows 
old.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  heart-shape,  flattened  at  base  ;  pale  amber, 
mottled  or  mostly  covered  with  bright  red  j  flesh,  amber  color,  firm,  rich, 
sweet,  fine  flavor ;  pit,  small,  roundish  oval ;  stem,  inserted  in  a  broad  ba- 
sin. Season,  middle  July. 

GuiGNE    NOIR    LUISANTE, 
Black  Spanish, 

Or  bright  black  red,  is  a  cherry  of  the  Duke  or  near  Morello  class. 
Tree,  erect  in  habit,  healthy,  hardy,  forming  a  pretty  round  head,  regular 
moderate  bearer.  In  1823,  it  was  cultivated  in  New  Jersey,  as  Black 
Spanish,  and  under  that  name  brought  to  Ohio.  Fruit,  of  medium  size, 
heart-shape,  globular  ;  glossy  blackish  red ;  flesh,  reddish  purple,  tender, 
juicy,  rich  acid;  pit,  round;  stem,  medium.  Season,  middle  to  last 
July. 


^  GRAFFION. 


Bigarreau, 
Yellow  Spanish, 
Fellow's  Seedling, 
White  Bigarreau? 
Amber  or  Imperial, 
Turkey  Bigarreau  ? 
Bigarreau  Royal, 


Corise  Ambree. 


Italian  Heart, 
Bigarreau  Gros  ? 
West's  White  Heart, 
Pigarreau  Tardif, 
Groote  Princess, 
Hollandische  Grosse, 
Prinzessin  Kirsche, 


The  G-raffion,  or  Yellow  Spanish  as  it  is  generally  known  throughout 
the  states,  is  truly  one  of  the  richest  and  best  cherries,  but  its  tendency 
to  decay  just  as  it  is  on  the  point  of  ripening,  makes  it  unprofitable.  The 
tree  is  of  strong  spreading,  healthy  habit,  and  productive. 

Fruit,  large,  regular  obtuse  heart-shape;  whitish  yellow,  mottled  and 
mostly  overspread  in  the  sun,  with  bright  red ;  flesh,  yellowish,  firm, 
juicy,  rich,  sweet,  delicious ;  pit,  small,  round  ovate ;  stem,  stout,  in  an 
open  basin.  Season,  early  July. 

HOLLAND. 

Bigarreau  d'Hollande,  Armstrong's  Bigarreau, 

Spotted  Bigarreau,  Turkey  Bigarreau  ? 

Holland  Bigarreau. 

Mr.  Downing,  in  his  work  on  Fruits,  says  this  variety  was  first  import- 
ed to  this  country  from  France.  In  the  Jardin  Fruitier  it  is  stated  to 
have  been  originally  received  from  Holland.  Mr.  Thompson  of  the  Lon- 


FOR   AMATEUE  CULTURE.  209 

don  Horticultural  Society  makes  it  synonymous  withGraffion.  We  have 
received  trees  from  different  sources,  and  as  they  all  in  fruiting  prove  to  be 
the  Napoleon,  we  are  unable  to  decide,  and  therefore  copy  Mr.  Downing's 
description.  Fruit,  large,  heart  shape,  rather  pointed ;  white  or  pale  yellow 
in  shade,  mottled  or  spotted  on  the  sunny  side  with  bright  carmine  red ; 
stem,  rather  slender,  set  in  a  deep  hollow ;  fruit,  borne  in  thick  clusters  ;  flesh 
firm  .'but  not  so  much  so  as  that  of  Graffion,  more  juicy,  sweet  and  excel- 
lent. Season.  20th  June. 


HOADLEY. 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland  in  1842,  named  by  our- 
self,  in  compliment  to  one  of  our  best  pomologists, 
Geo.  Hoadley,  Esq..  of  Cleveland.  Tree,  of  healthy, 
vigorous  habit,  forming  a  round,  spreading  head. 
Fruit,  above  medium,  regular  round  heart  shape  ; 
light  clear  carmine  red,  mottled  and  striped  on  pale 
yellow,  with  some  tinges  or  blotches  of  russet 
bronzed  yellow;  flesh,  yellowish,  tender,  almost 
translucent,  juicy,  rich,  sweet  and  delicious ;  pit, 
medium,  roundish  oval ;  stem,  medium,  set  in  a 
shallow  basin.  Season,  20th  to  last  June.  This 
promises  to  become  one  of  the  most  valuable  as  a 
dessert  cherry,  not  quite  as  sweet  as  Coe's  Trans- 
parent, but  more  delicate  and  sprightly,  with  a  pit 
of  less  size. 


HOVEY.    • 

Raised  by  C.  M.  Hovey,  Esq.,  Boston.  Tree,  vigorous,  forming  a  pyram- 
idal head.  Fruit,  large,  obtuse  heart  shape,  depressed  point  at  apex ; 
rich  amber  color,  mottled  or  nearly  covered  with  brilliant  red  ;  stem, 
short ;  flesh,  pale  amber,  rather  firm,  but  tender,  slightly  adhering  to 
stone ;  stone,  small,  oval.  15th  to  last  July.  (Hov.  Mag.) 


IMPERIAL. 

Imperial  Morello. 

A  variety  of  Morello,  forming  a  small,  low-headed  tree  ;  very  produc- 
tive. Fruit,  rather  above  medium  size,  roundish  heart  shape,  elongated, 
sides  compressed  ;  dark  purplish  red  when  fully  ripe ;  flesh,  tender,  juicy, 
rich  acid  •  if  gathered  unripe,  quite  bitter ;  pit,  small,  long,  pointed.  Sea- 
son, very  late,  last  of  July  to  middle  of  August. 


210  THE  CHEREY. 

LARGE  MORELLO. 

» 

Rutland's  Large  Morello. 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland,  promises  valuable,  but  as  yet  not  all  tested. 
Fruit,  above  medium,  roundish ;  dark  red.  juicy,  rich  acid,  good  flavor  ; 
pit,  small.  Season,  early  July. 

KNIGHT'S  EARLY  BLACK. 

English.  Tree,  moderate  grower,  requiring  good  culture  and  sheltered 
situation  to  obtain  good  fruit.  As  it  makes  only  a  tree  of  second  class  in 
size,  it  is  well  suited  to  small  gardens  ;  moderately  productive.  Fruit, 
medium  or  rather  above,  obtuse  heart  shape,  broad,  open  suture  half, 
round,  with  a  knobby  projection  opposite ;  purplish  red,  becoming  nearly 
black  ;  flesh,  parts  freely  from  pit,  tender,  juicy,  rich,  sweet ;  pit,  medi- 
um ;  stem,  inserted  in  a  deep,  open  basin.  Season,  last  of  June. 

KENNICOTT. 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland,  and  named  by  ourself, 
after  the  most  enthusiastic  horticulturist  in  the 
West,  J.  A.  Kennicott,  M.D.,  of  Northfield,  111. 
Tree,  vigorous,  hardy,  spreading,  very  productive. 
Fruit,  large,  oval  heart  shape,  compressed ;  suture, 
shallow,  half  round ;  color,  amber  yellow,  mottled 
and  much  overspread  with  rich  bright  clear  glossy 
red.;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  firm,  juicy,  rich  and 
sweet ;  pit,  below  medium  size,  smooth  and  regu- 
lar ;  stem,  short  in  cavity,  with  bold  surrounding 
projections.  Season,  8th  to  16  July.  As  a  market 
fruit,  the  time  of  ripening,  size  and  beauty  of  this 
variety  will  make  it  popular  when  known. 


-„:•     KEOKUK. 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland.  Tree,  strong,  vigorous  grower,  forming  a 
large  tree.  Fruit,  large,  heart  shape;  dark  purplish  black;  flesh,  half 
tender,  purple,  rather  coarse,  deficient  in  flavor ;  its  chief  value,  a  market 
variety  ;  pit,  medium ;  stem,  stout.  Season,  early  in  July. 

MERVEILLE  DE  SEPTEMBER. 

Tardive  de  lions. 

The  Marvel  of  September  is  a  new  French  cherry,  marvelous  only 
because  it  ripens  the  last  of  August  or  early  in  September.  Tree,  vigor- 
ous. Pruit,  small,  dark  red,  firm,  dry,  sweet 


FOR   AMATEUR  CULTURE.  211 

MARY. 

Eaised  by  B.  B.  Kirtland.  Greenbush,  N.  Y.,  and  noted  in  the  Horti- 
culturist as  similar  to  Christiana. 

MANNING'S  MOTTLED. 

Mottled  Bigarreau. 

Raised  by  Mr.  Manning,  Salem,  Mass.     Tree,  vigorous,  spreading,  very 
productive.     Fruit,  large,  roundish  heart  shape ;  suture,  half  round,  dis- 


stem,  in  a  broad  hollow.     Season,  last  of  June. 
MADISON. 

Madison  Bigarreau. 

Raised  by  Mr.  Manning.  Tree,  healthy,  moderate  grower,  tolerably 
productive.  Fruit,  medium ;  color,  red,  marbled  on  light  yellow ;  flesh, 
half  tender,  juicy,  sprightly  very  agreeable ;  pit,  small,  oval ;  stem,  slender. 
Season,  last  June. 


MAY  DUKE. 


Early  Duke, 
Large.  May  Duke, 
Morris  Duke, 
Morris'  Early  Duke, 
Benham's  Fine  Early  Duke, 
Thompson's  Duke, 
Portugal  Duke, 


Buchanan's  Early  Duke, 

Millett's  Late  Heart  Duke, 

Royal  Hative, 

Cerise  Guigne, 

Coularde, 

De  Holland, 

D'Espagne. 


From  France.  Tree,  hardy,  upright  growth.  It  produces  freely,  but 
ripens  so  irregularly  that  we  have  entirely  discarded  it :  from  young  trees 
one  can  rarely  gather  a  pint  of  ripe  fruit  at  any  one  time.  The  Holman's 
Duke,  Jeffrey's  Duke,  Late  Duke  of  most  gardens,  Royal  Duke,  and  Le- 
mercier,  a  new  vaiety  from  France,  are  all  so  similar  to  May  Duke  that 
one  description  will  suit  all.  They  are  only  sub-varieties,  and  the  Late 
Duke  probably  obtained  by  propagating  from  late  ripening  branches 
of  May  Duke.  Fruit,  roundish  obtuse  heart  shape  ;  red  at  first,  becoming, 
when  fully  ripe,  a  dark  purplish  red ;  flesh,  reddish,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid. 
Season,  last  of  May  to  last  of  June. 

LlNDLEY. 

Raised  by -Prof.  Kirtland  from  seeds  given  him  by  Mr.  M.  Lindley,  of 
Euclid,  0.  Tree,  vigorous,  moderately  prolific.  Fruit,  large,  heart  shape, 
surface  uneven ;  dark  purplish  red ;  flesh,  almost  firm,  tinged  with  red, 
juicy,  but  deficient  in  richness  of  flavor.  Season,  first  of  July. 

LEATHER  STOCKING. 

-  Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland  in  1842 ;  gravelly  soil.     Tree,  vigorous,  hardy, 
moderately  productive.      Fruit,  medium  to  large,  heart  shape,  often  ob- 


212  THE   CHERRY. 

tuse  ;  color,  faint  dull  red,  becoming,  when  fully  ripe,  rich  reddish  black  • 
flesh,  very  firm,  tinged  with  red,  sweet,  good  flavor  ;  pit,  medium  ;  stem, 
in  an  open,  but  deep  basin.  Season,  middle  to  last  of  July.  As  a  variety 
to  transport  long  distances  to  market  this  will  prove  valuable. 

^   NAPOLEON. 

Napoleon  Bigarreau,  I         Lauermann's  Kirsche, 

Bigarreau  Lauermann,          |         Clarke's  Bigarreau. 

From  Holland.  Tree,  erect,  vigorous  grower ;  productive.  The  best 
sweet  cherry  for  cooking  purposes,  and,  on  account  of  its  showy  appear- 
ance, always  sells  well  in  market.  It  is,  however,  liable  to  decay  on  the 
tree  before  fully  ripe.  Fruit,  large,  heart  shape,  inclining  to  oblong; 
bright  delicate  yellow,  with  shades  of  rich  red  marbled  and  spotted  over 
nearly  two-thirds  surface ;  flesh,  pale  yellow,  very  firm,  moderately  juicy, 
and,  unless  perfectly  ripe,  a  little  bitter ;  pit,  medium,  oblong ;  stem,  stout, 
set  in  a  narrow  basin.  Season,  last  of  June. 

OHIO  BEAUTY. 

Kaised  by  Prof.  Kirtland  in  1842,  and  described  by  us  in  1847 ;  shortly 
after  which,  the  original  tree  was  destroyed,  and  since  that  we  have  not 
seen  the  fruit.  We  had,  however,  previously  sent  out  buds  and  grafts 
and  have  often  heard  of  its  success.  Fruit,  large,  obtuse  heart  shape ; 
dark  red  on  pale  red  ground,  somewhat  marbled ;  flesh,  white,  tender, 
delicate,  juicy,  with  a  fine  flavor ;  pit,  small,  oval ;  stalk,  long,  set  in  a 
deep,  open  basin.  Season,  middle  of  June. 

PROUDFOOT. 

Proudfoot's  Seedling. 

Kaised  by  D.  Proudfoot,  Cleveland,  0.  Soil,  sandy.  Tree,  vigorous, 
round,  spreading  head ;  moderatively  productive.  This  promises  to  be- 
come valuable  on  account  of  large  size  and  lateness  in  ripening,  often,  even 
on  warm,  sandy  soil,  (and  sheltered  in  a  city  garden,)  holding  its  fruit  un- 
til the  20th  July.  Fruit,  large,  heart  shape,  flattened  at  base ;  color, 
when  fully  ripe  dark  purplish  red ;  flesh,  yellowish,  firm,  juicy,  sweet ; 
pit,  large  ;  stem,  set  in  a  shallow,  open  cavity.  Season,  15th  to  last  July. 

PRESIDENT. 

Kaised  by  Prof.  Kirtland,  1842.  Tree,  vigorous,  spreading.  Fruit, 
large ;  dark  red  slightly  mottled ;  suture,  all  round,  deep,  distinct ;  flesh, 
yellowish  white,  half  tender,  juicy,  sweet ;  pit,  medium ;  stem,  short, 
slender.  Season,  middle  to  last  of  Jane. 

RICHARDSON. 

Large,  heart  shaped,  rather  short,  and  tapering  to  the  point ;  dark  red, 
inclining  to  black ;  stem,  short,  slender  ;  flesh,  deep  red,  half  tender,  juicy 
saccharine,  rich,  luscious  flavor.  Last  of  June  and  first  of  July.  It  keeps 
well  on  or  off  the  tree.  Good  grower  and  bearer,  rather  upright,  hardy 


FOR  AMATEUR    CULTURE.  213 

in  tree  and  fruit.     Original  tree,  as  far  as  known,  in  the  garden  of  J.  R 
Richardson,  Esq.,  Boston.     (Cole.) 

ROBERTS'  RED  HEART. 

Kaised  by  David  Roberts,  Salem,  Mass.  Tree,  moderate,  healthy 
grower ;  productive.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  heart  shape ;  pale  amber 
ground,  nearly  overspread  and  mottled  with  red  ;  suture,  distinct ;  flesh, 
white,  juicy,  sweet,  tender,  and  well  flavored ;  pit,  medium ;  stem,  long, 
slender.  Season,  last  of  June. 


ELKHORN. 


Tradescant's  Black  Heart, 
Large  Black  Bigarreau, 
Bigarreau  Noir  Tardive, 


Bigarreau  Gros  Npir, 
Guigne  Noir  Tardive, 
Grosse  Schwarze  Knoorpel. 


This  is  probably  an  old  variety  from  Europe,  but  as  it  was  first  made 
known  in  this  country  and  distributed  under  name  of  Elkhorn,  we  have 
preferred  following  that  to  copying  from  the  London  Hort.  Society.  Trees, 
very  vigorous,  with  broad  leaf  and  bark  of  peculiar  gray  color,  producing 
fine  large  fruit  while  young,  but  as  they  grow  older,  unless  very  highly 
cultivated,  the  fruit  diminishes  to  near  the  size  of  the  old  Black  Heart 
Its  period  of  late  ripening  has  heretofore  kept  it  favorably  before  horti- 
culturists, but  we  now  think  it  must  give  way  to  later  and  better  varie- 
ties. Fruit,  large,  heart  shape,  uneven  surface;  purplish  black;  flesh, 
firm,  purple,  moderately  juicy ;  pit,  large  ;  stem,  short.  Season,  middle 
July. 

V  AIL'S  AUGUST  DUKE. 

Raised  by  Henry  Vail,  Troy,  K  Y.  We  have  not  fruited  it,  but  copy 
from  the  Horticulturist.  Tree,  hardy,  healthy,  moderate  grower.  Fruit, 
above  medium,  borne  in  pairs,  obtuse  heart  shape  ;  rich  bright  red  in  the 
shade,  a  lively  cornelian  in  the  sun  ;  flesh,  tender,  sub-acid ;  pit,  oval ; 
stem,  thick,  when  it  joins  the  fruit,  set  in  a  deep  narrow  cavity.  Season, 
middle  to  last  of  August. 

WENDELL'S  MOTTLED. 

Wendell's  Mottled  Bigarreau. 

Raised  by  Herman  Wendell,  M.D.,  Albany,  N.  Y.  Tree,  upright 
thrifty  growth,  early  and  prolific  bearer.  This  variety  has  proved  highly 
valuable  during  the  few  years  it  has  been  before  the  public ;  as  yet  it  has 
not  fruited  at  the  West.  Fruit,  large,  obtuse  heart  shape ;  dark  purplish 
red;  flesh,  firm,  juicy,  well  flavored;  pit,  small;  stem,  set  in  around, 
regular  basin.  Season,  first  to  middle  of  July. 

^/WATERLOO. 

We  have  never  been  able  to  obtain  this  variety  to  meet  the  descrip- 
tion given  by  Downing  in  his  Fruits  and  Fruit  Trees.  At  the  last  Pomo- 
logical  Congress,  Hon.  M.  P.  Wilder  stated  it  to  be  synonymous  with 
Moustreuse  de  Mezel.  This  we  conclude  must  be  error,  either  in  the 


214  THE   CHERRY. 

variety  grown  by  Mr.  Wilder,  or  in  description  given  by  Mr.  Downing. 
"We  copy  the  latter's  description;  "Fruit,  large;  obtuse  heart  shape; 
dark  purplish,  becoming  black  at  maturity  ;  stalk,  long  and  slender ;  flesh, 
purplish  red,  juicy,  tender,  when  fully  ripe,  with  a  rich,  sweet  flavor.  Be- 
gining  of  July." 

WERDER'S  EARLY  BLACK. 

Werdersche  Fruhe  Schwarze  Herzkirsehe. 

This  variety  is,  as  yet,  comparatively  new  in  this  country.  It  is 
somewhat  doubtful  whether  it  will  ever  deserve  more  than  a  trial. 
Fruit,  medium;  roundish  heart  shape;  surface,  slightly  uneven;  dark 
purplish  red,  becoming  nearly  black ;  flesh,  purplish,  tender,  juicy,  rich, 
sweet ;  pit,  small ;  stem,  medium.  Season,  middle  of  June. 


CLASS  IIT.—  Unworthy  farther  Culture. 
AMERICAN  AMBER. 

Bloodgood's  Amber ,  !         Bloodgood's  Honey, 

Bloodgood's  New  Honey. 

American  ;  fruit  medium,  roundish  heart  shape,  amber  and  bright  red,  flesh 
tender,  juicy,  variable  ;  pit  large,  stem  long  slender.    Season,  last  June. 

AMBER  GEAN. 

Gean  Amber. 

Fruit  small,  oval  heart  shape,  pale  yellow  and  red,  flesh  white,  juicy,  sweet, 
often  bitter  or  mazardy,  stem  long,  slender.    Season,  early  July. 

BELLE   DE  SCEAUX. 

Chatenay. 

A  Morello  from  France  ;  fruit  round,  deep  red,  flesh  yellowish,  juicy,  acid. 
Season,  June. 

BROWN'S  SEEDLING. 

American ;  fruit  medium,  yellow  and  red,  sweet,  half  tender,  wanting  in 
flavor. 

V  BAUMAN'S  MAY. 

Bigarreau  de  Mai,      |         Wilder's  Bigarreau  de  Mai. 

From  France  ;  fruit  small,  dark  red,  oval  heart  shape,  flesh  purplish,  tender, 
Bweet.  Season,  last  of  May  or  early  iu  June. 


UNWORTHY   OF  CULTIVATION.  215 

BLACK  HEART. 

Early  Black,  I         Ansell's  Fine  Black, 

Black  Russian,  Spanish  Black  Heart, 

Guigne  Grosse  Noir,      |         Guinier  a  fruit  Noir. 

An  old  variety  hardy  and  productive,  but  at  this  day  surpassed  by  many  ; 
fruit  above  medium,  heart  shaped,  dark,  nearly  black  color,  flesh  almost  ten- 
der, juicy,  sweet.  Season,  last  of  June. 

BLACK  HAZARD. 

Hazard,  I         Common  English, 

Wild  English  Cherry,  |         Black  Honey, 

Bristol  Cherry. 

This  is  the  wild  species  of  Europe  from  which  many  of  our  sweet  cherries  have 
sprung.  It  is  now  found  in  nearly  every  village  or  cultivated  region  of  the 
States,  and  is  valuable  mainly  for  its  seed  for  growing  stocks  on  which  to  bud. 
There  are  numerous  varieties,  as  all  are  grown  from  seed  5  some  are  red,  some 
black,  and  some  nearly  white,  all  more  or  less  bitter.  Fruit  small,  oval  heart 
shape,  flesh  tender,  juicy.  Season,  middle  to  last  July. 

BLACK  BIGARREAU. 

Bigarreau  Noir. 

Fruit  middle  size,  heart  shape,  nearly  black,  flesh  firm,  sweet,  dry.  Season, 
July. 

BLEEDING  HEART. 

Gascoigne's  Heart,        I         Red  Heart, 
Herefordshire.  Heart,      |         Guigne  Rouge  Hative. 

Fruit  medium,  long  pointed,  heart  shape,  dark  red  mottled,  flesh  half  tender, 
sweetish.  Last  of  June. 

BUTTNER'S  OCTOBER. 

Buttner's  October  Morello,     I         Du  Nord  Nouvelle, 
DuNord,  I         DePrusse. 

A  Morello,  of  medium  size,  dark  red,  roundish,  of  no  value  except  as  hang- 
ing long  on  the  tree. 

BOREATTON. 

Small,  roundish  heart  shape,  nearly  black,  flesh  half  tender,  sweet,  poor 
flavor.  Middle  July. 

CERISE  DE  XAVIER. 
A  Morello,  medium,  dark  red,  round,  acid. 

CORONE. 


Couronne,  I         Coroun, 

Herefordshire  Black,  Black  Orleans, 

Large  Wild  Black. 


, 
Large 

Fruit  small,  roundish  heart  shape,  dull  black,  flesh  tender,  mazardy.    Middle 
July. 


216  THE   CHERRY. 

COE'S  LATE  CARNATION. 

Fruit  medium,  roundish,  red,  acid,  only  for  cooking. 
CLUSTER. 

Cerise  a  Boquet,         |         Chevreuse , 
Boquet  Amarelle. 

Fruit  small,  borne  in  clusters,  round,  lively  red,  acid.    Last  of  June. 
CHINESE  DOUBLE   FLOWERING. 

Yung  To,         |         Cerasus  Serrulata, 
Serrulated  leaved  Cherry. 

A  tree  of  dwarf  habit,  valuable  only  as  ornamental. 
COR  WIN. 

A  Morello,  medium  size,  roundish,  red,  flesh  tender,  acid,  pit  large.  Season, 
July. 

CLARKE'S  SUPERB. 

Clarke's  Bigarreau  ? 

Fruit  medium,  roundish  heart  shape,  bright  red  with  a  dark  maroon  colored 
stripe  half  round,  flesh  whitish,  half  tender,  mingling  of  sweet  and  bitter. 
Season,  early  July. 

DE  SPA. 
A  Morello,  medium  size,  dark  red,  acid. 

DWARF  DOUBLE  FLOWERING. 

Double  Flowering  Kentish,          |         Cerisier  a  fleurs  doubles. 

A  variety  of  the  Kentish  or  sour  cherry  with  semi-double  flowers  ;  a  pretty 
ornamental  shrub  tree. 

DAVENPORT. 

Davenport's  Early,         |         Davenport's  Early  Black. 

Tree  tender,  fruit  medium,  heart  shape,  dark  purplish  black,  flesh  tender, 
juicy,  sweet.  Season,  last  cf  June. 

WHITE  HEART. 


Early  White  Heart, 
Arden's  heart, 
White  Transparent, 


Arden's  Early  White  Heart, 
Dredge's  Early  White  Heart, 
Amber  Heart, 


Bowyer's  Early  Heat,        |         Herefordshire  White, 
River's  Early  Amber,         I         Sweedish, 
Sweedish  Red  Heart. 

An  old  variety  and  generally  known  throughout  the  States.  It  is  a  variable 
and  uncertain  bearer,  and  does  not  ripen  sufficiently  early  to  compete  with 
many  new  vareties.  Fruit  medium,  or  a  little  below,  heart  shape,  whitish  yel- 
low, often  nearly  covered  with  pale  red,  flesh  half  tender,  juicy,  sweet.  Season, 
middle  June.  The  Early  Red  and  Yellow  of  Manning  is  very  similar. 


UNWORTHY  OF  CULTIVATION.  217 

EARLY  MAY. 

Cerise  Indulle,          I         May  Cherry, 
Small  May,  |         Precoce. 

A  Morello,  with  small  fruit,  round,  slightly  flattened,  lively  light  red,  flesh 
tender,  juicy,  acid. 

FLEMISH. 

Montmorency,  I          Kentish, 

Cerise  a  Courte  Queue,      |         Montmorency  a  Gros  Fruit, 
Gros  Gobet. 

Fruit  large,  round,  flattened  at  both  ends,  bright  lively  red,  flesh  yellowish 
white,  juicy,  sub-acid,  stem  stout,  short,  fruit  borne  in  pairs.    Last  of  July. 

GRIDLEY. 

Apple  Cherry,         |         Maccarty. 

American ;  fruit  small,  roundish,  color  almost  black,  flesh  firm,  purplish, 
moderately  juicy.    Season,  early  July. 


Y    HONEY. 


Sparhawk, 
Large  Honey, 
Late  Honey, 


Cream, 

Yellow  Honey, 
Meresier  a  fruit  blanc , 


Sparahawk's  Honey. 

Little  better  than  a  mazard ;  small,  roundish  oval,  yellow  and  red,  flesh  ten- 
der, sweet.  Middle  July.  Pit  large.  Sumner's  Honey  of  Cole  is  very  similar 
and  probably  identical  with  this. 

HYDE'S  RED  HEART. 

Hyde's  Seedling. 

Fruit  medium,  heart  shape,  red  on  yellow,  flesh  whitish,  sweet  mazardy. 
Early  July. 

HYDE'S  LATE  BLACK, 

Fruit  medium,  roundish  obtuse  heart  shape,  purplish  black,  flesh  half  tender, 
juicy,  sweet.  Early  July. 

KENTISH. 

Late  Kentish,         I         Common  Red,   x 
Pie  Cherry,  Common  Sour  Cherry, 

Kentish  Red. 

This  is  probably  a  seedling  of  this  country,  which  is  found  every  where  that 
man  has  cleared  the  forest.  Throughout  the  West,  it  appears  as  though  it  had 
been  among  the  household  goods  brought  by  first  settlers,  and  that  wherever 
planted  it  has  grown,  and  by  suckers,  increased  '•  seventy  fold."  It  is  hardy 
and  fruits  abundantly,  and  many  think  it  indispensable,  but  not  after  having 
grown  and  fruited  the  Early  Richmond.  Fruit  medium  size,  round,  lively  red, 
tender,  juicy,  acid.  Middle  to  last  July. 

10 


218  THE   CHERRY. 

KNIGHT'S  LATE  BLACK. 

Medium  to  large,  roundish  heart  shape,  flesh  half  tender,  sweet,  dry.  Season, 
middle  July. 

LADY  SOUTHAMPTON'S  YELLOW. 

Lady  Southampton's  Duke,      I         Lady  Southampton's  Golden  Drop, 
Yellow  or  Golden,  |         Spanish  or  Yellow. 

Fruit  small,  heart  shape,  yellow,  flesh  firm,  dry.    Middle  July. 
LARGE  DOUBLE  FLOWERING. 

A  beautiful  ornamental  tree,  with  large  showy  double  white  flowers,  like  little 
roses,  without  fruit  and  therefore  placed  here,  as  unworthy  cultivation  on 
account  of  fruit.  As  an  ornamental  tree,  it  is  beautiful  when  in  flower 

LUNDIE  GEAN. 

Fruit  medium,  roundish  elongated,  dark  purplish  black,  flesh  tender,  juicy, 
sub-acid  harsh.  July. 

Louis  PHILLIP. 

Morello  from  France  ;  fruit  medium,  roundish,  dark  red,  flesh  red,  juicy, 
tender,  acid.  Middle  July. 

MANNING'S  LATE  BLACK. 

Manning's  Late  Black  Heart. 

Fruit  medium  size,  heart  shape,  dark  purplish  blackt  flesh  purple,  half  tender, 
sweet,  pit  large.  Season,  early  July. 

MANNING'S  EARLY  BLACK. 

Fruit  medium,  heart  shape,  purplish  black,  flesh  tender,  sweet,  good.  Middle 
June. 

MORELLO. 

English  Morello,         I         Large  Morello, 
Dutch  Morello,  Late  Morello, 

Ronald's  Large  Morello. 

TheN  true  English  Morello  is  rare  in  this  country,  nor  do  we  see  any  reason 
for  introducing  it,  as  seedlings  may  be  raised  from  the  common  Morello  equaling, 
if  not  often  surpassing,  the  one  so  favorably  described  by  most  writers.  In 
growth,  it  varies  from  our  common  Morello  only  in  the  branches  being  more 
strong  and  upright,  while  the  fruit  is  one  third  larger.  'Fruit  medium  or 
above,  round,  dark  red  or  purplish  black,  flesh  purplish  red,  tender,  juicy,  sub- 
acid.  Season,  middle  to  last  July. 

Ox  HEART. 

Lion's  Heart,      |         Bullock's  Heart, 
Very  Large  Heart. 

Fruit  above  medium  to  large,  obtuse  heart  shape,  dark  red,  nearly  black, 
flesh  red,  half  tender,  sweet.  Season,  early  July. 


UNWORTHY  OF  CULTIVATION.  219 

OSTHEIM. 
Ostheimer  Weichsel. 
A  Morello,  fruit  below  medium,  ronnd,  dark  red,  tender,  acid.     Middle  July. 

PRINCE'S  DUKE. 
Like  carnation,  but  poor  bearer. 

PLUMSTONE  MORELLO. 

Fruit  large,  roundish,  deep  red,  flesh  tender,  juicy,  agreeable  acid.  Last  of 
July.  Its  very  large  pit  renders  it  unworthy,  as  compared  with  Shannon. 

PINK  HEART. 
A  small  mazard,  of  pinkish  red,  oval,  stem  short     July. 

RED  BIGARREAU. 

Large  Red  Bigarreau,      |         Gros  Bigarreau  Rouge, 
Bigarreau  a  Gros  Fruit  Rouge. 

Fruit  very  large,  oblong  heart  shape,  irregular,  color  yellow  or  red,  becoming 
dark  red  in  sun,  flesh  yellowish  stained  with  red,  firm,  sweet.  Early  July. 
Poor  bearer. 

REMINGTON 

Remington  White  Heart,      |         Remington  Heart. 
Fruit  small,  heart  shape,  yellow,  flesh  dry,  bitter,  sweet     Middle  of  August. 

RUMSEY'S  LATE  MORELLO. 

This  variety  matures  its  fruit  late,  but  we  have  been  unable  to  find  qualities 
in  it  worthy  of  extensive  or  even  moderate  growing  ;  the  pit  is  too  large,  and 
the  tree  a  miserable  grower.  Fruit  medium,  roundish  heart  shape,  lively  red, 
juicy,  acid.  August. 

TOBACCO  LEAVED. 

Four  to  the  Pound. 

Fruit  small,  round,  red,  firm  dry-  flesh,  large  pit. 
TRANSPARENT  GUIGNE. 

Transparent  Gean,      |         Transparent 

Fruit  small,  oval  heart  shape,  yellowish  white  shaded  with  red,  flesh  trans- 
lucent, tender,  melting  sweet,  a  little  bitter.  Early  July. 


SWEET  MONTMORENCY. 

Allen's  Sweet  Montmorency. 

Fruit  medium  or  small,  round,  amber  and  light  red,  mottled,  flesh  yellowish, 
tender,  sweet.    Middle  to  last  July. 


220  THK   CHERRY. 

VIRGINIAN  WILD  CHERRY. 

This  native  cherry  is  valuable  as  a  beautiful  shade  tree,  and  its  fruit  for  fla- 
voring liquors,  but  is  not  worthy  a  place  in  garden  or  orchard.  It  is  too  well 
known  to  need  description,  being  the  Cerasus  Serotina  of  Torrey  and  Grey, 
while  the  Choke  Cherry,  as  it  is  commonly  known,  is  the  Cerasus  Virginiana. 

VIRGINIA  MAY  DUKE. 
A  variety  of  mazard. 

WHITE  TARTARIAN. 

Eraser's  While  Tartarian,      |         Fraser's  White  Transparent, 
Amber  a  petit  fruit. 

Fruit  small,  obtuse  heart  shape,  reddish  cream  color,  flesh  whitish  yellow, 
half  tender,  sweet. 

WHITE  BIGARREAU. 

White  Ox  Heart.      I         Large  White  Bigarreau, 
Ox  Heart.  Harrison  Heart, 

Turkey  Bigarreau. 

Fruit  large,  heart  shaped,  yellowish  with  red  in  the  sun,  flesh  almost  firm, 
sweet,  delicious,  poor  bearer.  Last  of  June. 

WEEPING,  OR  ALL  SAINTS. 

Ever  Flowering  Cherry,      j         Cerise  Tardive, 
Cerisier  Pleurant,  |         Cerise  de  St.  Martin. 

Fruit  of  no  value  ;  as  an  ornamental  tree,  its  peculiar  weeping  habit  makes 
it  very  desirable. 

WARREN'S  TRANSPARENT. 

Small,  roundish  heart  shape,  pale  yellow  and  red,  tender,  sweet.  Middle 
July.  (Cole.> 

WILKINSON. 
Fruit  medium  size,  nearly  black,  half  tender,  juicy,  sweet.    Middle  July. 


W 


ELLINGTON. 


Fruit  medium  size,  obtuse  heart  shape,  black,  almost  firm  fleshed,  dry,  sweet. 
Early  July. 


THE    CURRANT 

Ribes  rubrum,  Lin.    Grossularia  of  Botanists. 

The  Currant  of  our  gardens  is  from  the  north  of  Britain.  The 
native  varieties  of  our  country  are  valueless.  Of  easy  growth,  pro- 
ducing abundance  of  fruit,  even  in  the  most  neglected  positions,  it  has 
found  its  way  into  every  garden,  and  is  the  first  fruit  shrub  planted 
by  all  new  settlers.  Had  attention,  commensurate  with  its  merits, 
ever  been  given  to  reproduction  of  varieties  from  seed,  we  have  no 
doubt  the  size  might  ere  this  have  been  increased,  equaling  that  of 
the  Kentish  Cherry. 

The  Cherry  Currant,  a  variety  of  comparative  new  introduction, 
by  cultivation  in  rich  soil,  comes  nearest  in  size  to  what  might  be  ex- 
pected, and  what  we  hope  in  few  years  to  see  realized.  To  the 
Dutch  horticulturists  belongs  the  credit  of  first  reproducing  from 
seed,  and  improving  the  currant ;  and  not  until  the  latter  period  of 
the  life  time  of  Thomas  Andrew  Knight,  Esq.,  did  English  horticul- 
turists give  it  any  attention.  Mr.  Knight  originated  several  new 
kinds,  varying,  however,  so  slightly  from  the  old  Dutch  Red  as  to 
be  hardly  worth  retaining  as  distinct  varieties. 

Propagation. — Where  intention  is  to  produce  new  and  improved 
varieties,  seed  should  be  selected  from  plants  permitted  to  produce 
but  little  fruit,  in  order  to  perfect  and  increase  the  vigor  of  seed. 
When  ripe,  the  fruit  should  be  crushed  sufficient  to  wash  the  seeds 
clean,  when  they  may  be  wrapped  in  paper  and  laid  aside  until  early 
in  following  spring,  when  they  should  be  sown  in  light,  rich  soil,  and 
covered  about  half  an  inch  deep  ;  or,  they  may  be  at  once  sown  in 
a  cold  frame  or  border  with  northern  exposure,  and,  on  approach  of 
winter,  have  two  inches  deep  of  tan  bark  or  leaf  mould  scattered 
among  the  plants. 

The  continuance  of  varieties  by  means  of  cuttings  is  performed  in 
similar  manner,  and  at  same  time  as  directed  under  head  of  Goose- 
berries. 

Transplanting. — This  is  best  done  in  October,  or  early  in  spring; 
but  may  be  done  at  almost  any  season  except  July  or  August,  as 
the  currant  is  so  tenacious  of  life  that  failures  to  grow  rarely  occur. 
The  distance  apart  of  plants  should  be  not  less  than  four  feet  each 
way. 

Soil  and  Situation. — The  currant  will  grow  in  almost  any  soil, 
producing  fruit  abundantly,  but  it  is  only  when  grown  in  rich,  deep 
soil,  under  high  culture,  that  varieties  exhibit  their  peculiar  charac- 

(221) 


222  THE  CURRANT. 

ters.  We  have  grown  the  Cherry  Currant  in.  a  poor,  gravelly  soil, 
and  on  a  rich  loam,  and  could  hardly  recognize  the  fruit  as  the  same : 
the  first,  being  only  of  medium  size  and  indifferent  character  ;  while 
in  the  second,  they  were  large,  as  described,  and  possessing  the 
sharp  acid  characteristic  of  the  variety.  The  situation  should  be 
free  from  shade  \>f  trees,  but  if  shaded  by  hedge  or  fence,  so  as  to 
give  the  morning  and  evening  and  not  the  noonday  sun,  the  fruit 
will  ripen  and  hang  on  much  later,  serving,  by  means  of  a  fe\v  plants 
so  placed  in  each  garden,  to  continue  the  currant  season  from  July 
to  September. 

Culture. — The  soil  should  be  well  enriched  with  rotted  barn-yard 
manure  every  fall ;  this  should  be  spaded  or  forked  in  lightly,  and, 
during  the  fruit  season,  the  ground  should  be  kept  clean  of  weeds. 

Pruning. — This  should  be  pursued  much  as  is  described  under 
head  of  Gooseberries,  except  that  the  suckers,  or  a  portion  of 
them,  should  be  permitted  to  grow  ;  while  wood  of  three  years  old 
should  be  regularly  cut  out.  Where  new  shoots  springing  from  the 
root  are  not  permitted  to  grow,  but  plants  kept  as  miniature  trees, 
it  will  be  necessary  to  furnish  plants  every  four  or  five  years  ;  and 
as  the  best  and  largest  fruit  is  borne  upon  wood  of  the  preceding 
year's  growth,  it  is  always  best  to  retain  as  much  of  that  as  possible, 
compatible  with  form  and  habit  of  the  plant ;  which  should  present, 
when  fairly  grown,  or  at  three  years  from  setting,  a  bush  of  pyram- 
idal shape,  three  to  five  feet  high,  and  about  two  to  three  in  di- 
ameter. 

The  Currant,  as  well  as  Gooseberry,  may  both  be  trained  as  Espa- 
liers, or  otherwise,  to  suit  the  fancy  or  particular  situations ;  produc- 
ing freely  of  fruit  in  all  positions,  and  of  good  quality  when  well 
supplied  with  food. 

Insects. — The  Currant  Borer  (^Egeria  tipuliformis)  is  the  only  de- 
structive insect  which  attacks  the  currant,  and  this  is  seldom  met 
with  in  the  West,  or  in  gardens  where  the  three  years'  old  wood  is 
regularly  cut  away,  thereby  giving  vigor  to  the  remainder  of  the 
plant.  This  insect  is  produced  from  a  blue  black  moth,  appearing 
about  the  middle  of  June,  and  depositing  its  eggs  near  the  lower 
buds ;  these  hatch,  and  the  young  borer  enters  the  stem  to  the  pith, 
which  it  devours.  The  best  remedy  is  to  cut  off  and  burn  all 
branches  affected. 

The  Abraxas  (?)  Riberaria  is  said  to  destroy  the  foliage  of  the  Cur- 
rant and  Gooseberry,  and  prevent  the  perfection  of  fruit.  We  have 
not  seen  the  insect  at  the  West.  It  is  fully  described  in  the  N.  Y. 
State  Ag.  Transactions  for  1847,  pages  461  to  469,  by  Asa  Fitch,  M.D. 

Uses. — Familiar  to  every  one  are  the  uses  of  the  currant ;  green 
it  is  made  into  pies,  and  bottled  for  similar  use  in  winter,  by  gather- 


WORTHY   GENERAL   CULTIVATION.  223 

ing  when  of  full  size,  or  just  before  they  commence  turning  red ; 
have  them  dry,  put  them  in  glass  bottles,  cork  and  seal  tight,  and 
pack  in  sand  in  a  cool  cellar. 

Currant  jelly,  made  when  the  fruit  is  fully  ripe,  is  considered  by 
many  persons  an  indispensable  accompaniment  to  many  dishes. 
Currant  shrub  and  currant  wine  are  also  made  from  the  ripe  fruit, 
numerous  receipes  for  which  are  in  all  the  Horticultural  journals. 
The  fruit  of  the  black  currant  made  into  a  jelly  is  regarded  by 
many  invaluable  as  a  remedy  for  sore  throat,  quinsy,  &c. 

Varieties. — Of  the  varieties  there  are  but  few  truly  worthy  of 
cultivation.  The  Ribes  rubrum  or  common  red  currant,  is  distinct 
in  leaf  and  habit  from  the  Ribes  nigrum,  or  Black  Currant.  The 
Ribes  aureum  has  ever  been  considered  only  as  ornamental,  and  cul- 
tivated only  for  that  purpose.  Nor  do  we  think  the  variety  with 
prefix  "  large  fruited"  any  more  deserving  attention  of  fruit-growers. 
The  Ribes  sanguineum,  with  its  clusters  of  crimson  flowers,  is  a 
pretty  ornamental  shrub,  deserving  place  only  in  large  grounds. 
The  Ribes  floridum,  or  American  Black,  may  perhaps  have  qualities 
and  habits  rendering  it  desirable  as  a  parent  from  which  to  produce 
new  varieties. 


CLASS   I.—  Worthy  General  Culture. 

BLACK  NAPLES. 

The  largest  fruited  and  most  productive  of  the  Black  Currant. 
Hardy  in  all  sections  of  the  States*,  but  in  the  Southern  said  not 
to  be  productive. 

GONDOUIN. 
Gondouin  Red. 

From  France.  Strong  growth,  large,  matures  late,  should  be  fur- 
ther tested,  but  not  largely  planted. 

KNIGHT'S  SWEET  RED. 

Varying  from  Red  Dutch  only  in  the  fruit,  being  less  deeply  col- 
ored and  slightly  less  acid ;  resembling  more  the  White  Dutch. 


224  THE   CUKKANT. 

RED  DUTCH. 

Long  Bunched  Red  Dutch,      I         Large  Red  Dutch, 
New  Red  Dutch,  Red  Grape, 

•  Morgan's  Red. 

Distinct  from  the  variety  usually  grown  in  most  old  gardens,  in 
the  fruit  being  somewhat  larger,  clusters  longer,  and  acid  less  sharp. 

VICTORIA. 

May's  Victoria,      I         Goliath, 

Raby  Castle,          J         Houghton  Castle. 

Bunches  very  long,  fruit  red,  somewhat  larger  than  Red  Dutch, 
and  slightly  more  acid,  ripens  later  and  hangs  a  long  time.  Plants 
vigorous,  of  a  spreading  habit.  Its  very  large  long  bunches  make 
it  the  most  desirable  of  all  currants  for  market  culture. 


WHITE  DUTCH. 


New  White  Dutch, 
White  Crystal, 
White  Leghorn, 


Reeve's  White, 
Morgan's  White, 
Large  White. 


Differing  from  the  Red  Dutch  in  being  of  a  yellowish  white,  and 
less  acid,  therefore  preferred  for  table  use. 

WHITE  PEARL. 

A  new  variety  we  have  not  seen.  Hovey  says  it  is  announced  as 
having  bunches  four  inches  long,  quarter  inch  in  diameter,  color  of 
pearl ;  raised  near  Brussels. 

WHITE  GRAPE. 

River's  White  Grape. 

Slightly  larger  in  fruit  than  the  White  Dutch,  with  branches 
more  spreading.  The  two  are  not  sufficiently  distinct  to  be  desirable 
in  small  gardens. 

PALNAU. 

Fertile  Currant  of  Palnau. 

Thi*  was  described  in  the  Horticulturist,  1852,  as  a  new  variety 
from  Tours,  in  France,  and  of  great  excellence,  flowering  early,  and 
producing  abundance  of  fruit  less  acid  than  others  of  the  reds.  It 
requires  yet  to  be  tested  in  this  country. 


UNWORTHY  OF   CULTIVATION.  225 

CLASS  [I— Unworthy  farther  Culture. 

AMERICAN  BLACK. 
Unproductive. 

BLACK  ENGLISH 

Common  Black. 
Bunches  short,  poor  flavor,  unproductive. 

BLACK  GRAPE. 

Ogden's  Black  Grape. 

Better  than  the  preceding,  but  not  equal  to  Black  Naples. 

COMMON  RED — COMMON  WHITE. 
Well  known  old  sorts. 

CHAMPAGNE. 
Pale  red,  very  acid. 

CHERRY. 

Italy  ;  comparatively  new,  very  acid,  poor  bearer,  and  only  of  medium  size, 
except  with  very  high  culture. 

MISSOURI. 

Missouri  Fragrant,          |         Jefferson. 

Valuable  only  as  ornamental ;   fruit  large,  bluish  black,  flavor  requiring  a 
peculiar  taste  to  admire  it. 

MISSOURI  LARGE  FRUITED. 

Missouri  Eatable. 
Similar  to  the  foregoing. 

KNIGHT'S  EARLY  RED. 
Claimed  to  ripen  ten  days  earlier  than  others,  but  does  not  sustain  it. 

KNIGHT'S  LARGE  RED. 
Hardly  to  be  distinguished  from  Red  Dutch. 

STRIPED  FRUITED. 

Valuable  only  as  a  curiosity,  in  the  fruit  being  striped  slightly  with  white 
and  red. 

10* 


THE    GOOSEBERRY. 

Ribes  Grossularia — Grossulaceoe  of  Botanists. 

The  Gooseberry  is  found  wild  in  most  of  the  northern  and  middle 
portions  of  our  country,  but,  with  few  exceptions,  its  fruit  is  prickly 
and  unworthy.  On  some  of  the  islands  of  our  upper  Lakes,  where 
the  climate  is  moist  and  cool,  there  are  varieties  that  produce  abun- 
dantly of  fruit,  small  in  size,  but  of  good  flavor,  smooth  and  free 
of  prickles.  Our  garden  varieties  generally  cultivated,  have  all 
been  introduced  from  England,  reproduction  of  new  kinds  from  seed 
having  been  rarely  attempted  in  this  country,  owing  to  the  low  price 
at  which  the  best  kinds  can  be  purchased  in  England,  and  the  almost 
certainty  of  success  of  importations  made  in  the  autumn. 

The  moist,  cool  climate  of  Lancashire,  England,  joined  to  the  en- 
thusiasm for  culture  of  this  fruit  by  a  class  of  people  employed 
there  as  weavers,  and  possessing  only  very  small  yards  or  gardens, 
has  been  the  origin  of  most  of  our  approved  varieties.  Gooseberry 
Shows  were  held  in  England  as  early  as  1743  ;  and  it  has  long  been 
customary  to  issue  annually  a  GOOSEBERRY  BOOK,  in  which  all  new 
varieties  are  noticed  and  all  previous  varieties  named,  with  accounts 
of  size,  &c.  This  list  has  now  swollen  to  over  twelve  hundred  kinds; 
yet  a  selection  embracing  those  truly  best  and  most  profitable,  and 
with  distinctive  marks,  would  not  exceed  forty  kinds. 

Throughout  our  Southern  and  inland  States,  except  in  sections 
bordering  on  large  bodies  of  water,  it  requires  great  care  to  succeed 
well  with  this  fruit.  The  deep,  rich  soil  of  our  Western  praries 
suits  the  plant  in  its  growth,  but  the  heat  and  dry  atmosphere,  in  sec- 
tions distant  from  bodies  of  water,  induce  mildew  to  the  destruc- 
tion of  perfect  fruit.  Easily  grown  from  seed,  it  is  worth  the  atten- 
tion of  some  one  to  make  experiments  by  raising  from  seed  of  our 
best  varieties,  sown  in  the  rich  soils  of  the  West ;  the  result  of 
which,  it  might  safely  be  expected,  would  be  plants,  vigorous,  and 
comparatively  free  from  disease  as  our  natives. 

Propagation. — Seed  should  be  sown  in  rich  loam,  covered  half  an 
inch  deep,  and  shaded  from  all  but , morning  sun.  This  course  is 
only  advisable  where  production  of  new  varieties  is  the  object.  The 
most  general  mode  of  propagating  is  by  cuttings.  These  should  be 
made  of  the  new  wood  of  present  year,  say  in  August,  or  early  in 
September,  or  as  soon  as  the  season's  growth  is  completed  and  the 
wood  ripened.  The  cutting  should  be  about  ten  inches  long,  with 

.      (226) 


TRANSPLANTING.      SOIL  AND  SITUATION.  227 

all  buds  on  the  lower  six  inches  cut  out,  and  the  lower  end  cut 
square  and  even,  immediately  underneath  the  bud.  Plant  perpen- 
dicularly in  a  soil  two  feet  deep,  composed  of  loam  and  sand,  and 
exposed  only  to  the  morning  sun  ;  set  the  cuttings  six  inches  deep, 
fill  up  two  inches  and  tread  very  firm  and  compact,  the  remaining 
four  inches  fill  in  loosely.  Grafting  on  the  stalk  of  the  Yellow  Flow- 
ering, or  Missouri  Currant,  has  been  practiced  and  is  said  to  prevent 
mildew. 

Transplanting. — This  is  best  done  in  early  October,  at  which  time 
the  bushes  transplanted  (if  it  has  not  previously  been  done)  should 
be  pruned  back  to  within  three  buds  of  this  year's  growth.  The 
distance  of  plants,  one  from  another,  should  not  be  less  than  three 
feet,  each  way.  Immediately  after  transplanting,  cover  the  whole 
ground  with  three  inches  deep  of  tan  bark,  saw-dust,  sea-weed,  or 
new  mown  grass.  Fresh  plantations  should  be  made  every  five  or 
six  years,  as  young  plants  bear  better  and  larger  fruit  than  old  ones. 

Soil  and  Situation. — The  soil  should  be  two  feet  deep,  well  en- 
riched, and  of  a  loamy,  clayey  texture  ;  where  your  ground  is  sandy, 
haul  on  clay  or  turf  loam.  The  situation  should  be  open,  airy,  and 
away  from  under  shade  of  trees ;  but,  where  it  can  be  done,  shaded 
from  the  mid-day  sun  by  a  fence  or  hedge. 

Culture. — Where  mulching  is  practised,  the  ground  dug  up  once 
early  in  spring,  and  liberally  supplied  with  well  rotted  manure  and 
soot  from  chimneys  or  stove  pipes,  will  be  all  required,  save  the 
pulling  of  the  few  weeds  which  struggle  through  the  mulch  in  course 
of  summer. 


uning. — This,  in  training  the  Gooseberry  like  the  Dwarf  Pear, 
its  much  in  the  "  pinching  in  "  process,  i.  e.,  by  means  of  thumb 


Prun 
consists  i 

and  finger  stopping  back,  in  months  of  May  and  June,  such  branches 
as  become  straggling,  irregular,  or  getting  too  much  vigor  for  suc- 
cess of  balance  of  plant;  leaving  the  fruit  on  strong  branches,  and 
pulling  most  of  that  on  weak  ones.  Late  in  August,  or  early  Sep- 
tember, the  time  best  suited  for  cuttings,  the  plant  may  have  such 
shoots  cut  out  as  have  been  neglected  to  be  stopped  in,  or  rubbed 
oft',  and  are  tending  to  make  the  top  so  thick  as  to  obstruct  free  cir- 
culation of  air.  All  suckers  should  be  destroyed.  Some  cultivators 
prune  in  February  ;  we  prefer  the  fall.  The  following  simple  pro- 
cess of  training  or  ripening  is  sometimes  pursued,  and  with  good 
success : — In  a  row,  the  first  bush  has  the  branches  of  the  year's 
growth  cut  back  one-third ;  the  second  bush  has  every  branch  cut 
back  to  two,  close  to  the  stem  :  the  third,  trimmed  same  as  first ; 
fourth,  same  as  second,  and  so  on  alternately.  The  next  year  this 


228  THE   GOOSEBERRY. 

course  is  reversed,  and  No.  one  takes  place  of  No.  two.  This  sup- 
plies fresh  wood,  and  some  think  the  increased  vigor  given  to  the 
plant  in  only  fruiting  every  other  year  has  a  tendency  to  prevent 
mildew. 

Mildew. — This  is  regarded  as  a  parasitical  plant  or  fungus,  at- 
taching itself  to  the  fruit  and  covering  its  surface  as  with  an  appear- 
ance of  scurf.  It  is  induced  by  heat,  want  of  moisture  in  the  atmos- 
phere and  free  circulation  of  air,  and  perhaps  unhealthy  state  of  the 
plant.  The  remedies  are,  mulching  the  ground  three  or  four  inches 
deep,  with  tan  bark,  sawdust,  salt  hay,  or  sea-weed,  serving  to  keep 
the  roots  cool  and  moist,  and  adding  vigor  to  the  plant.  The  salt 
is,  by  some,  regarded  as  effective  in  itself;  we  think  it  acts  only  in 
creating  moisture.  Sprinkling  the  bushes  freely  early  in  spring,  and 
after  the  fruit  is  set,  twice  a  week,  with  strong  soap  suds  or  such  as 
come  from  the  weekly  wash  of  families,  is  also  a  preventive. 

Uses. — In  its  green  state,  the  Gooseberry  is  esteemed  for  pies, 
tarts,  &c.,  and  is  often  bottled  for  winter  use.  This  is  done  by  fill- 
ing the  bottles  nearly  full  of  berries,  then  turning  in  clear  soft 
water,  then  placing  the  bottles  a  few  moments  in  boiling  water,  cork- 
ing and  sealing,  and  burying  them  in  a  cool  cellar  with  necks  downward. 

Half  ripened,  the  fruit  is  capable  of  yielding  a  juice,  which  after, 
fermentation  and  a  little  necessary  compounding,  forms  a  liquor  re- 
sembling champagne. 

The  ripe  fruit  is  agreeable  to  the  palate,  and,  coming  immediately 
after  cherries  when  there  is  little  variety,  finds  ready  sale  in  market. 

Varieties. — As  before  remarked,  the  varieties  of  the  Gooseberry 
are  far  too  numerous  for  any  practical  uses,  very  many  of  them  va- 
rying only  in  some  slight  shape  of  the  fruit  or  shade  of  leaf.  We 
have  therefore  selected  the  following,  as  kinds  which  have  been  well 
tested  hi  this  country. 


BRIGHT  VENUS.     (Taylor's.) 

Branches  erect ;  fruit  whitish  green,  middle  size,  obovate,  hairy, 
flavor  best,  hangs  a  long  time. 

BUNKER  HILL.     (Capper's.) 

Branches  spreading ;  fruit  yellow,  large,  roundish,  smooth,  flavor 
very  good. 

CHAMPAGNE. 

Branches  erect;  fruit  red,  small,  roundish   oblong,  hairy,  very- 
good  ;  extremely  productive. 


THE   GOOSEBERRY.  229 

CROWN  BOB.     (Melling's.) 

Branches  spreading ;  fruit  red,  very  large,  oblong,  hairy,  flavor 
best. 

EARLY  SULPHUR. 

Branches  erect ;  fruit  yellow,  medium  size,  roundish,  hairy,  flavor 
best ;  ripens  very  early. 

DUCKWING.     (Buerdsill's.) 

Branches  erect ;  fruit  yellow,  large,  obovate,  smooth,  flavor  very 
good ;  ripens  late. 

GREEN  WALNUT. 

Branches  spreading ;  fruit  green,  medium  size,  obovate,  smooth, 
flavor  best. 

GREEN  GAGE.     (Pitmaston's.) 

Branches  erect ;  fruit  green,  small,  obovate,  smooth,  flavor  best ; 
hangs  late. 

HOUGHTON'S  SEEDLING. 

Branches  erect,  spreading,  slender ;  fruit  pale  red,  oval,  medium 
size,  flavor  good,  productive.  This  is  claimed  an  American  seedling, 
and  thus  far  has  proved  entirely  free  of  mildew. 

HEART  OF  OAK.     (Massey's.) 

Branches  drooping ;  fruit  green,  very  large,  oblong,  smooth,  fla- 
vor best. 

IRONMONGER. 

Branches  spreading;  fruit  red,  small,  roundish,  hairy,  flavor  very 
good,  productive. 

JOLLY  ANGLER.     (Collier's) 

Branches  erect ;  fruit  green,  large,  oblong,  flavor  best. 

KEEN'S   SEEDLING 

Branches  drooping  ;  fruit  red,  medium,  oblong,  hairy,  flavor  best ; 
early  and  productive. 

LAUREL.     (PARKINSON'S.) 
Branches  erect ;  fruit  green,  large,  obovate,  flavor  best. 


230  THE   GOOSEBERRY. 

PALE  RED. 

Branches  erect,  slender ;  fruit  pale  red,  medium,  oval,  flavor  very 
good,  very  productive.  We  received  this  variety  from  England,  in 
1847,  and  have  fruited  it  yearly  since.  It  so  closely  resembles 
Houghton's  Seedling  that  we  have  somewhat  doubted  the  latter  being 
distinct.  We  have  grown  it  in  good  and  in  poor  soil,  with  and  with- 
out cultivation,  and  have  never  had  it  mildew;  while  for  productive- 
ness we  have  not  its  equal,  a  single  branch  often  producing  two 
hundred  fruit. 

ROARING  LION. 

Branches  drooping  ;  fruit  red,  large,  oblong,  smooth,  flavor  best ; 
hangs  late. 

RED  WARRINGTON. 

Branches  drooping ;  fruit  red,  large,  roundish  oblong,  hairy,  flavor 
best. 

SHEBA  QUEEN.     (Crompton's.) 
Branches  erect ;   fruit  white,  large,  obovate,  downy,  flavor  best. 

WHITESMITH.     ( Woodward's. ) 

Branches  erect ;  fruit  white,  large,  roundish  oblong,  downy,  flavor 
best. 

WHITE  HONEY. 

Branches  erect ;  fruit  white,  medium,  roundish  oblong,  smooth, 
flavor  best. 


THE    AMERICAN    GffiAPE. 

Vitis  labrusca,  L. —  Vitacea  of  Botanists. 

Throughout  nearly  every  portion  of  the  United  States  the  Grape, 
in  its  wild  state  is  found  growing.  Of  these,  classes  are  divided,  the 
vitis  labrusca,  being  our  common  Fox  Grape,  and  from  which  we 
are  yet  to  suppose  the  Diana,  Catawba,  and  Isabella,  are  accidental 
seedlings  ;  while  the  Frost  Grapes  vitis  cordifolia,  may  perchance 
have  been  the  parent  of  the  Elsinburgh,  Clinton,  &c.  Hardy,  and 
almost  equaling  in  delicacy  many  of  the  varieties  of  foreign  Grape, 
they  have  become  the  companions  of  our  advanced  civilization,  until 
almost  every  American  can  sit  under  his  own  vine  and  eat  the  fruit 
thereof.  They  have  made  our  country  already  known  as  a  wine- 
producing  country,  after  repeated  trials  and  failures  with  foreign  va- 
rieties, and  are  destined  to  add  millions  to  our  wealth,  and  temper- 
ance to  the  character  of  our  people.  Records  of  immense  vines  are 
made,  as  growing  on  the  rich  soil  of  our  valleys  bordering  on 
streams  of  waters,  yet,  when  age  is  taken  into  consideration,  we  deem 
them  all  surpassed  by  a  vine  of  Catawba  Grape  which  we  saw  last 
year  growing  on  Kelley's  Island,  in  Lake  Erie.  It  had  been  planted 
out  but  two  years,  yet  had  reached  at  least  three  hundred  feet  in 
length,  with  a  girth,  near  the  ground,  of  main  stem,  five  inches,  and 
had  produced  that  year  over  200  Ibs.  of  fruit. 

The  secret  of  this  extraordinary  growth  rests  in  the  soil  abound- 
ing in  lime,  while  the  wash-water,  soap-suds,  &c.,  &c.,  of  the  house 
had  its  escape  near  the  roots. 

We  may  also  remark,  that,  upon  this  island,  we  have  seen  grapes, 
more  perfectly  grown  and  ripened,  than  in  visiting  any  of  the  vine- 
yards of  the  Ohio ;  and  wine  possessing  all  the  boquet  and  aroma 
so  much  esteemed  by  connoisseurs. 

Vineyards. — The  vineyards  of  the  Rhine  and  of  the  territory  of 
France  have  world-wide  celebrity.  The  quantity  produced  by  the 
latter  country  having  been  stated  as  high  as  900,000,000  gallons  an- 
nually, for  which  nearly  5,000,000  acres  of  ground  were  required. 

"  The  Romans  cultivated  the  vine  at  an  early  period  of  their  his- 
tory, and  used  wine  in  their  libations  at  their  sacrifices.  Romulus, 
however  discouraged  its  use,  which  prevented  the  introduction  of  it 
as  a  beverage  until  his  edict  was  abolished.  The  general  culture 
was  then  encouraged,  and  increased  to  such  excess,  that  it  became 


232  THE   GRAPE. 

necessary  to  restrict  the  use  of  wine  by  severe  laws.  At  one 
time  women  were  prohibited  from  using  wine  in  any  case  whatever, 
under  the  penalty  of  death,  and  men  until  they  had  attained  the 
age  of  thirty  years.  Cato  mentions  that  the  custom  among  rela- 
tions of  kissing  women  when  they  met,  was  to  ascertain  by  their 
breath  if  they  had  been  drinking  wine. 

"  Pliny  gives  an  account  of  a  renowned  Roman  who  so  improved 
his  farm,  near  the  city  of  Rome,  that  in  one  year  the  product  of 
his  vines  sold  for  four  hundred  thousand  sesterces. 

"  The  vine  was  highly  esteemed  by  the  heathen  nations,  and  the 
invention  of  wine  was  ascribed  by  the  Egyptians  to  Osiris,  by  the 
Latins  to  Saturn ;  and  the  Greeks  elevated  Bacchus  to  the  rank  of 
a  deity,  for  having  brought  the  vine  from  Arabia  Felix. 

"  It  is  said  by  Pliny,  that  Bacchus  was  the  first  who  ever  wore 
a  crown,  and  as  the  god  of  vintage,  his  crown  is  formed  of  the 
vine  and  its  twining  branches,  bedecked  with  clusters  of  fruit.  The 
manufacture  of  wine  was  known  to  the  people  in  the  early  part  of 
the  Christian  era,  as  we  are  informed  that  our  Saviour,  at  a  wed- 
ding, changed  the  water  into  wine. 

"At  several  periods  of  the  history  of  the  world,  the  cultivation  of 
the  vine  was  prohibited  by  severe  laws,  but  since  the  twelfth  century 
a  new  impulse  has  been  given,  which  extended  through  all  portions 
of  Europe ;  and  we  now  find  the  banks  of  the  Rhine,  the  moun- 
tains of  Hungary  and  Switzerland,  and  the  plains  of  France  and 
Italy  cultivated  with  more  than  two  hundred  varieties  of  the  grape. 
Those  most  highly  esteemed  in  France  for  the  manufacture  of  wine, 
are  the  Burgundy  grapes,  three  varieties  of  which  produce  the 
champagne  wine.  The  German  and  Swiss  grapes  are  principally 
celebrated  as  wine  grapes,  and  four  or  five  varieties  are  highly 
esteemed  for  their  prolific  bearing  and  regular  crops. 

"  The  Madeira  grapes  are  all  celebrated  for  wine.  The  table 
grapes  of  France  are  principally  the  Chasselas,  the  Frontignac  and 
other  Muscat  grapes."  Noah  planted  a  vineyard  and  made  wine ; 
and  among  the  bessings  of  the  promised  land  are  mentioned  "  wheat, 
barley,  and  vine." 

Although  we  have  record  of  wine  being  made  from  a  native 
grape  in  Florida  as  early  as  1564,  no  vineyards  of  note  are  spoken 
of  in  the  United  States  until  those  established  at  Vevay  and  New 
Harmony,  Ind.,  Lexington,  Ky.,  &c.,  about  1812,  the  originals  of 
which  are  are  now  mostly  destroyed. 

Jefferson  recorded  his  opinion,  that  "  no  nation  is  drunken  where 
wine  is  cheap  ;  and  none  sober  where  the  dearness  of  wine  substi- 
tutes ardent  spirits  as  the  common  beverage."  A  wish  to  sustain 
and  exemplify  this  assertion,  if  not  to  exhibit  the  profitableness  of 
the  pursuit,  would  seem  to  have  held  sway  in  the  minds  of  denizens 
of  the  "  Rhine  of  America,"  i.e.,  the  borders  of  the  Ohio  river, 


THE   GRAPE.  233 

above  and  below  Cincinnati,  where  now,  it  is  probable,  over  ten 
thousand  acres  are  occupied  with  vines  mostly  of  the  Catawba 
grape,  the  produce  of  which  is  made  mostly  into,  what  is  there 
termed,  "dry  wine,"  much  resembling  the  better  class  wines  of  the 
Rhine.  That  the  culture  of  the  vine  and  manufacture  of  wines  within 
the  section  named  is  only  now  in  its  infancy,  no  one  will  pretend  to 
dispute ;  and  ten  years,  we  doubt  not,  will  increase  ten-fold  the  pres- 
ent amount. 

Medical  men  have  looked  upon  this  establishment  of  vineyards 
in  our  own  country  with  favor,  in  a  point  of  view  as  relating  to 
health.  Prof.  Kirtland,  in  1842,  says :  "  During  an  extensive  prac- 
tice in  the  medical  profession,  for  more  than  twenty-five  years,  I 
have  frequently  found  it  important  to  employ  wine  and  other  diffu- 
sive stimulants  as  medicines  ;  and  while  I  am  disposed  to  go  as  far 
as  any  one  in  excluding  strong  drinks  from  the  daily  use  of  people 
in  health,  I  must  express  my  satisfaction  at  finding  we  can  produce, 
in  our  own  country,  a  pure,  healthy  wine,  well  adapted  to  medicinal 
purposes,  and  far  superior  to  the  poisonous  foreign  compounds,  that 
often  find  their  way  to  the  bedsides  of  the  sick,  under  the  names  of 
"  Lisbon,"  "  Madeira,"  &c.,  &c. 

Most  of  the  earlier  planted  vineyards  in  this  country  were  of  for- 
eign vines,  which,  not  succeeding,  native  varieties  were  adopted  ;  and 
at  this  time  only  two,  the  Catawba  and  Schuylkill,  are  advised  to  be 
planted  to  any  considerable  extent. 

Notwithstanding  the  borders  of  the  Ohio  River  have  thus  far  tak- 
en the  lead  in  production  of  wine  and  extent  of  vineyards,  there  is 
no  good  reason  to  suppose  that  the  boundary  where  success  may  be 
had.  On  the  contrary,  abundant  sites  may  be  found  throughout  the 
entire  State  of  Ohio  and  West,  where,  by  application  of  manures 
suited  to  the  wants  of  the  vine,  and  found  deficient  in  the  soil,  equal 
success  would  be  had  as  on  the  Ohio  River — Seneca  County  and 
Kelley  Island  ripening  the  Catawba  equally  as  well,  if  not  superior. 

The  whole  extent  of  Western  Prairies,  rich  in  all  the  constituents 
of  the  Grape  vine, (if  we  except  Potash,  and,  possibly,  in  sections,  the 
phosphates)  are  yet  destined  to  be  tenanted  with  immense  vineyards, 
and  at  no  greater  outlay  of  expense,  for  constituents  toward  success- 
ful culture,  than  the  vineyards  of  the  "  Rhine  of  America,"  which 
have  thus  far  been  made  dependent  on  the  natural  inherents  of  the 
soil,  and  have  already  shown  failure,  i.  e.,  decay  by  rot,  where  food, 
in  the  form  of  potash  and  bone  dust,  has  not  been  supplied. 

North  of  latitude  42,°  however,  it  mav  be  doubted  whether  saccha- 
rine sufficient  can  be  obtained  from  the  most  valuable  wine  grapes  yet 
known,  to  make  wines  in  competition  with  those  grown  farther  South  ; 
but  as  this  subject  is  one  so  extensive  that,  if  thoroughly  written  on, 
would  more  than  occupy  the  number  of  pages  intended  for  this  entire 
book,  we  must  forbear,  and  only  devote  our  space  to  such  instructions 


23i  THE   GRAPE. 

as  will  enable  the  inexperienced  to  make  the  first  start  correctly,  pre- 
mising that  once  interested  and  engaged  in  the  subject,  disposition 
will  be  found, freely  to  avail  himself  of  all  works  yet  issued  devoted 
to  the  subject. 

Propagation.  By  Seed.  —This  course  is  only  pursued  where  intend- 
ed to  originate  a  new  variety.  At  this  time,  large  offers  of  premium 
are  circulated  in  the  journals  of  the  day  for  the  production  of  a 
hardy  grape,  surpassing  the  Catawba  as  a  wine  grape.  Fertilizing 
some  variety  of  the  vitis  vinefera  with  pollen  ofvitis  labrusca,  or  vice 
versa,  will  be  the  course  to  pursue  with  any  expectation  of  success  ; 
the  seed  so  fertilized,  gathered  carefully  and  sown  in  rich  vegetable 
mould.  Cultivation  of  our  wild  grapes  only  increases  the  size  with- 
out ameliorating  their  character. 

By  Cuttings. — These  are  taken  from  the  strongest  vines  of  the 
last  year's  growth,  cut  to  a  length,  embracing  three  or  four  buds,  ac- 
cording as  the  joints  are  long  or  short  of  the  variety  ;  where  possi- 
ble, a  little  piece  of  the  old  wood  left  on  the  lower  end  is  preferred. 
These  being  made  in  the  fall,  when  pruning  the  vines,  are  laid  away 
in  bundles  in  a  cool  cellar  until  spring ;  when,  as  soon  as  the  ground 
is  ready,  they  should  be  soaked  or  swollen  in  a  tub  of  water  for  four 
or  five  days,  or  until  the  buds  become  fully  swollen.  They  are 
then  planted  in  rows,  if  in' the  nursery,  by  bending  into  nearly  the 
form  of  ;i-  half  circle,  as  represented  by  fig.,  which  shows  the  cutting 
as  it  appears  in  about  one  month  from  plant- 
ing. By  this,  it  is  seen  that  the  upper  bud  is 
covered  nearly  an  inch :  in  clayey  soils,  or 
those  retentive  of  moisture,  the  upper  bud 
should  be  just  even  with  the  soil.  The  rows, 
in  nursery,  should  be  three  feet  apart,  and  the 
plants  one  foot  distant  each  in  the  row.  This 
is  the  best  and  most  successful  mode  of  growing  the  grape  vine. 
The  earth  should  be  pressed  firmly  at  the  base  of  the  cutting,  and 
left  light  and  loose  at  top. 

By  Grafting. — The  best  season  to  perform  this  operation  is  when 
the  leaves  are  about  half  grown.  Earlier,  the  sap  is  very  abundant, 
and  at  same  time  watery,  and  grafts  do  not  succeed  well.  Whip 
grafting,  as  it  is  termed,  is  best ;  or,  if  stock  and  graft  are  near  of 
size,  saddle  grafting.  The  graft  should  have  been  cut  early  in  the 
season,  before  any  flow  of  sap  or  swelling  of  buds,  and  have  been 
kept  in  a  cool  yet  moist  place.  The  point  on  the  stock  at  which  it 
is  best  done,  is  at  or  near  the  ground,  and,  after  insertion,  earth  up  a 
small  mound  around  it,  to  protect  from  change  of  temperature,  sun, 
&c.  If  the  operation  be  performed  farther  up  on  the  stalk,  wrapping 


TRANSPLANTING.  235 

the  place  of  union  with  grafting  clay  will  be  requisite.  (Jare  must 
be  taken  that  the  inner  bark  of  both  graft  and  stock  join  each  other 
perfectly,  otherwise  success  will  be  uncertain.  The  practice  is  only 
advised  where  a  new  variety  is  desired  to  be  tested,  as  new  vines 
are  almost  alway  better  than  the  patching  up  of  old,  neglected 
plants,  which  have  never  been  "  cared  for  "  either  in  branch  or  root. 

Transplanting  and  distances. — In  taking  up  the  vines  at  one  year's 
growth  from  the  cutting,  (which  is  best,)  care  should  be  taken  to 
mutilate  as  little  as  possible,  and  also  to  keep  the  roots  from  expo- 
sure to  the  sun,  or  drying  air  or  winds.  Cut  back  the  growth  of  the 
past  year  to  two  buds.  Have  the  ground  mellow,  rich,  dug  deep; 
the  hole  broad;  spread  the  roots  carefully  and  as  naturally  as  they 
grew  ;  after  having  pruned  each  end  and  bruised  or  broken  root  with 
a  sharp  knife,  fill  in  the  earth  carefully  and  finely  until  only  the  two  buds 
are  visible,  then  avoid  treading  on  it.  The  distance  apart,  if  making  a 
vineyard  plantation,  depends  on  the  variety.  That  for  the  Catawba 
or  Isabella  should  be  four  by  six  feet ;  the  Schuylkill  and  Herbe- 
mont,  five  by  seven  feet ;  the  Missouri  and  Clinton,  three  and  a  half 
by  three  feet.  These  two  latter  should  be  pruned  low,  while  the 
former  varieties  may  rise  seven  to  eight  feet. 

Cost  per  acre  of  Vineyard. — The  estimated  cost  of  trenching,  fur- 
nishing cuttings,  stakes,  and  planting  an  acre  of  vineyard,  is  not  far 
from  two  hundred  dollars ;  and  at  the  expiration  of  three  years  it 
may  be  estimated  to  yield  annually  about  200  gallons  of  wine,  at  a 
cost,  however,  for  dressing  vines,  pruning,  gathering,  &c.,  of  about 
seventy-five  dollars ;  leaving,  therefore,  about  one  hundred  dollars  a 
year  (supposing  the  wine  to  sell  at  one  dollar  a  gallon)  as  the  net 
profit  per  acre.  The  quantity  here  estimated  wnl,  -no  doubt,  be 
thought  low  by  many,  but  while  it  will  often  exceed  this  quantity, 
seasons  do  occur  when  even  less  is  the  result ;  and  we  therefore 
stand  on  the  safe  side  if  we  found  our  vineyard  on  this  basis  of  ex- 
pectation. 

Position  and  Soil. — R.  Buchanan,  Esq.,  who  has  written  a  capital 
treatise  on  the  "  Culture  of  the  Grape,"  as  well  as  practically  trained 
the  vine,  has  the  following  on  this  point : 

t:A  hill  side  with  southern  aspect  is  preferred,  although  an  east- 
ern or  a  western  exposure  is  nearly  as  good.  Some  have  recom- 
mended the  north,  on  account  of  safety  from  late  spring  frosts,  but 
it  will  scarcely  afford  sun  enough  to  ripen  the  grapes  in  cold,  wet 
seasons  (if  the  declivity  is  steep),  and  may  perhaps  be  more  subject 
to  '  the  rot.'  Any  undulating  surface,  if  dry,  is  preferable  to  a 
level  one. 

"  The  Soil  best  suited  for  a  vineyard,  is  a  dry  calcareous  loam — 


236  THE  GRAPE. 

with  a  porous  sub-soil — not  retentive  of  moisture ;  if  mixed  with 
some  gravel  or  small  stones,  so  much  the  better.  Some  prefer  a 
sandy  soil  with  a  gravelly  substratum  ;  as  in  this  the  grapes  are  less 
subject  to  rot ;  the  juice,  however,  is  not  so  rich, — lacking  in  saccha- 
rine matter, — and  in  dry  seasons  the  vines  will  suffer  from  the 
drought,  shedding  their  leaves  prematurely,  and  preventing  the 
grapes  from  ripening  well.  In  warm,  sandy  soils,  the  fruit-buds  on 
the  vines,  if  swelled  prematurely  in  autumn,  are  sometimes  killed 
by  the  frosts  of  a  severe  winter. 

"Any  soil  underlaid  by  a  stiff,  wet  clay,  is  to  be  avoided,  as  also 
wet  or  spongy  lands.  No  trees  should  be  allowed  to  grow  within 
one  hundred  feet  of  the  vineyard." 

Preparing  the  Ground. — "  In  autumn,  or  early  winter,  dig  or 
trench  the  ground  all  over,  two  to  two  and  a  half  feet  deep,  with  the 
spade  ;  this  is  far  better  than  plowing  ;  turn  the  top  soil  under. 

"  Wet  spots  in  the  vineyard  may  be  drained  by  small  stone  cul- 
verts, or  by  what  is  termed  a  French  drain,  a  ditch,  with  some  loose 
stones  thrown  into  it  edgewise,  covered  with  flat  ones,  and  filled  up 
with  the  earth  again.  Surface  draining  may  be  obtained  by  concave 
sodded  avenues  of  ten  feet  wide,  and  intersecting  each  other  at  100 
or  120  feet,  thus  throwing  the  vineyard  into  squares  of  that  size. 
This  will  do  for  gentle  declivities  ;  but  steep  ones  must  be  terraced 
or  benched  with  sod  or  stone.  These  benches  should  be  as  broad  as 
they  can  be  made  conveniently,  and  with  a  slight  inclination  to  the 
hill,  that  they  may  be  drained  by  stone  or  wooden  gutters,  running 
into  the  main  trunks,  to  carry  off  the  water  without  washing  away 
the  soil.  This  is  important,  and  requires  good  judgment  and  skill. 

Cultivation  of  the  ground. — The  first  two  years  the  grounds  should 
be  kept  clean-  of  weeds,  by  use  of  the  German  hoe,  a  two  pronged 
instrument.  A  light  plow  is  sometimes  used  in  the  spring,  but  the 
best  vine  dressers  object  to  it.  The  third  year,  and  afterwards,  the 
earth  should  be  kept  clean  until  July,  after  which  time  it  should  not 
be  stirred;  this  especially  through  the  Western  prairie  country. 

Pruning  and  Training. — Tact  and  judgment  are  necessary  to 
perform  this  portion  of  vineyard  work,  and  none  but  general  in- 
structions can  be  given.  Buchanan  says :  "  In  the  spring,  cut  the 
young  vine  down  to  a  single  eye,  or  bud.  at  first ;  if  two  are  left  for 
greater  safety,  take  off  one,  afterward ;  drive  a  stake  six  or  seven 
feet  long  firmly  to  each  plant.  Locust  or  cedar  is  preferred,  but 
oak  or  black  walnut,  charred  at  the  end,  driven  into  the  earth,  or 
coated  with  coal  tar,  will,  it  is  said,  last  nearly  as  long.  Keep  the 
young  vine  tied  neatly  to  the  stake  with  rye  or  wheat  straw  ;  pick 
off  all  suckers,  and  let  but  one  stalk  or  cane  grow. 

"  The  second  spring  after  planting,  cut  down  to  two  or  three  eyes, 


PRUNING   AND   TRAINING-. 


237 


or  joints,  and  the  third  year  to  four  or  five ;  pinching  off  laterals, 
tying  up,  and  hoeing  the  vines  as  recommended  above..  Replant 
where  failures  have  occured.  The  third  year  the  vines  will  produce 
a  few  grapes.  Train  two  canes  to  the  stake  this  year,  and  take  off 
laterals."  We  advise  the  cutting  down  or  pruning  to  be  done  as 
soon  as  the  fall  of  the  leaf  in  autumn,  but  any  time  when  the  frost 
is  not  in  the  wood  will  answer.  "  Pruning  the  fourth  year  requires 
good  judgment,  as  the  standard  stem  or  stalk  has  to  be  established." 
"  Select  the  best  shoot  or  cane  of  last  year,  and  cut  it  down  to  six 
or  eight  joints,  and  fasten  it  to  the  adjoining  stake  in  a  horizontal 
position,  or  bend  it  over  in  the  form  of  a  hook  or  bow,  and  tie  it  to 
its  own  stake.  The  ties  should  be  of  willow.  This  is  the  bearing 
wood.  The  other  cane,  cut  down  to  a  spur  of  two  or  three  eyes,  to 
make  bearing  wood  for  the  next  season. 

"  '  Give  the  shoot  the  first  tie  on  the  stake  nine  inches  from  the 
ground,  and  the  second,  nine  inches  above  it ;  then  bow  it  over  to 
the  neighboring  stake  in  a  horizontal  position,  and  give  it  the  third 
tie  to  the  stake,  at  that  top  of  the  vine.' 

"In  the  succeeding,  and  all  subsequent  years,  cut  away  the  old  bear- 
ing wood,  and  form  the  new  bow,  or  arch,  from  the  best  branch  of 
the  new  wood  of  the  last  year,  leaving  a  spur  as  before,  to  produce 
bearing  wood  for  the  coming  year,  thus  keeping  the  old  stalk  of  the 
vine  down  to  within  eighteen  to  twenty-four  inches  from  the  ground. 
The  vine  is  then  always  within  reach,  and  control." 


Fig.  4.  Fig.  3.       Fig.  2.'        Fig.  1. 

To  show  fall  and  summer  pruning,  the  above  figures  are  inserted. 
Fig.  1.     The  vine  second  year  before  pruning. 
Fig.  2.        "       "     third        "         «  " 

Fig.  3.        "       "    fourth      <<     pruned. 
Fig.  4..      ''       "    fourth      "     summer  training. 


238  THE  GRAPE. 

Summer  pruning,  or  pinching  in,  should  be  cautiously  and  care- 
fully done.  Every  leaf  acts  as  a  lung  to  the  plant,  and,  unless  one 
has  experience,  the  safest  plan  is  to  avoid  any  summer  pruning  ex- 
cept just  pinching  the  extreme  ends  of  shoots  after  the  fruit  has 
acquired  the  size  of  large  shot,  and  taking  away  of  all  suckers.  Dr. 
S.  Mosher  writes  as  follows  upon  this  part  of  pruning : 

"  Soon  after  the  grapes  are  set  and  about  the  size  of  common  shot, 
my  rule  is  to  pinch  off  the  ends  of  the  bearing  branches — leaving 
four  good  leaves  for  the  first  bunch  of  grapes,  and  two  additional 
leaves  for  every  other  bunch  on  the  same  branch — so  that  if  there 
are  three  bunches  there  will  be  eight  leaves  to  supply  their  wants. 
I  have  tried  leaving  these  bearing  branches  to  grow  their  full  length 
without  pinching  them  off,  but  I  tind  they  encumber  the  ground  too 
much,  without  any  perceptible  improvement  of  the  fruit.  After 
these  bearing  shoots  have  been  pinched  off,  especially  if  done  too 
early,  the  buds  in  the  axils  of  their  leaves  will  push  out.  These  I 
pinch  off  also  when  quite  young,  sometimes  permitting  one  or  two 
leaves  to  remain  on  them.  The  leaves  on  these  laterals  do  not  seem 
to  subserve  the  wants  of  the  fruit,  like  the  original  leaves  on  the 
bearing  wood,  which  should  be  carefully  preserved.  At  the  fifth 
spring  pruning,  the  vines  will  have  the  two  good  canes,  as  in  the  pre- 
vious spring,  with  the  addition  of  the  old  hoop  or  circle  that  bore 
fruit.  This  I  cut  off  as  close  down  as  possible  to  the  uppermost 
cane,  and  the  other  two  canes  are  managed  exactly  in  the  same 
manner  as  in  the  preceding  year.  I  never  allow  the  old  stock  to 
rise  more  than  six  to  ten  inches  above  the  ground  ;  the  lower  they  are 
kept  the  more  healthy  they  will  remain  and  be  much  more  easily 
managed.  Pruning  the  vine  for  wine  requires  a  bold  hand  an'd 
much  firmness  of  purpose,  otherwise  the  old  stock  will  get  too  high 
and  become  encumbered  with  too  many  shoots.  It  must  be  borne 
constantly  in  mind  that  one  single  bearing  shoot  or  cane,  having 
from  six  to  ten  eyes,  will  throw  out  as  many  bearing  branches. 
From  these  ten  bearing  branches  it  will  be  easy  to  select  from  ten 
to  fifteen  bunches.  These  bunches,  in  any  ordinary  favorable  season, 
may  be  made  to  yield  one  quart  of  good  grapes,  which  will  make, 
at  least,  a  pint  of  wine.  One  acre  of  ground  planted  three  feet  by 
five  will  contain  2904  vines.  If  each  vine,  then,  yields  one  pint  of 
wine  only,  there  will  be  2904  pints,  or  363  gallons,  from  each  acre. 
This  is  more  than  the  average  yield  per  acre — and  for  the  reason 
only  that  we  are  too  greedy ;  "by  overloading  the  vines,  we  fail 
to  obtain  a  reasonable  quantity,  as  well  as  a  good  quality  of 
wine." 

Dr.  Lindley,  good  authority  in  England,  has  the  following,  rela- 


ITS  CULTIVATION. 


239 


tive  to  autumn  stopping  or  pruning,  which  is  equally  applicable  here  : 
"When,  however,  the  branches  have  grown  for  many  weeks,  and 
are  in  the  autumn  begining  to  slacken  in  their  power  of  lengthening, 
theory  says  it  is  then  right  to  stop  the  shoots  by  pinching  off  their 
ends,  because  after  that  season  newly  formed  leaves  have  little  time 
to  do  more  than  organize  themselves,  which  must  take  place  at  the 
expense  of  matter  forming  in  the  other  leaves.  Autumn-stopping 
of  the  vine  shoots  is  therefore  advantageous  ;  for  the  leaves  which 
remain  after  that  .operation  will  then  direct  all  their  energy  to  the 
perfection  of  the  grapes." 

Trellises  made  by  setting  posts  well  braced  at  either  end  of  the 
row,  and  running  coarse  wire  through  standards  intermediate  from 
post  to  post,  we  have  seen  much  practiced  elsewhere  than  at  Cincin- 
nati, and  with  great  success.  The  vines  are  trained  horizontally  as 
represented  in  the  accompanying  figure. 


And  when  heat  and  full  exposure  to  the  sun's  rays  are  desired, 
we  think  it  preferable  to  the  mode  previously  described. 

For  private  gardens  where  ground  is  scarce,  the  vine  should  be 
well  supplied  at  its  roots  with  liquids  hereafter  named,  and  permitted 
to  run  or  ramble  upon  lofty  trellises.  Spur  pruning,  which  consists 
in  training  the  old  or  main  stem,  and  yearly  cutting  back  the  late- 
rals to  two  or  three  good  buds,  must  here  be  pursued  ;  care  should 
be  taken,  however,  not  to  cut  back  and  preserve  the  same  side 
branches  or  spurs  from  year  to  year,  lest  by  so  doing  they  soon  be- 
come enfeebled,  and  the  fruit  ripens  imperfectly  ;  but  new  side  shoots 
should  1 
the  two  < 
away. 


I  be  yearly  selected  of  the  strongest  growth  and  cut  back  to 
ro  or  three  bearing  buds,  while  that  of  last  year's  bearing  is  cut 


Manures. — The  analysis  made  by  Prof.  Emmons,  of  the  common 
wild  grape  vine  is  as  follows 


240  THE   GRAPE. 

Wood.  Bark. 

Potash,            20.84  1.77 

Soda, 2.06  9.27 

Chlorine,                                            v  0.02  0.40 

Sulphuric  acid,    .        .        „-       .        .        .  0.23  trace 

Phosphate  of  lime,           ....  15.40  5.04 

Phosphate  of  peroxide  of  iron,     .        .        .  1.20  5.04 

Carbonic  acid, 34.83  32.22 

Lime 17.33  39.32 

Magnesia, 4.40  0.80 

Silex,           .        ,'•     .-'=..         .         .         .  2.80  14.00 

Soluable  silica,         ...        .        .        .  0.00  0.30 

Coal  and  organic  matter,      .        .        .        .2.20  1.70 

100.21  100.86 

From  this  any  one  moderately  conversant  with  the  components  of 
soils  can  readily  see  what  is  required  for  his  vines.  Burying  the 
refuse  cuttings  and  leaves,  sprinkling  on  gypsum,  (plaster  of  Paris.) 
and  supplying  freely  the  soap-suds,  and  wash-water  of  a  family, 
with  animal  (or  barn-yard)  manures,  and  wood  ashes,  are  most 
advisable,  aside  from  the  specific  application  of  potash  and  bone  dust. 

Insects  and  diseases. — The  aphis  and  slug,  described  fully  in  "Har- 
ris' Treatise,"  appear  in  the  months  of  May  and  June.  They  are 
easily  destroyed  by  syringing  with  tobacco- water.  The  grape  vine 
flea-beetle,  (Haltica  Chalybea)  a  small,  glossy,  greenish-blue  beetle 
about  three-twentieths  of  an  inch  long,  sometimes  preys  upon  the 
buds,  causing  them  to  appear  as  if  bored.  This  insect  was  first  (we 
believe)  described  by  David  Thomas,  in  Silliman's  Journal  of  Sci- 
ence, and  is  also  noticed  in  Harris'  Treatise.  The  eggs  are  depos 
ited  early  and  soon  change  to  a  greenish,  smooth  worm,  which  preys 
upon  the  tender,  leaf  and  young  bunches.  It  is  destroyed  in  this 
state  by  syringing  with  tobacco-water  or  sifting  lime  over  the  vines 
when  wet  with  dew.  The  rose-bug  (melolontha)  occasionally  attacks 
the  vines  in  great  numbers,  eating  off  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaf 
and  causing  the  vinous  fibres  left  to  look  like  a  sieve.  They  are 
best  destroyed  by  spreading  a  cloth  underneath  and  shaking  tho 
vines  in  the  cool  of  evening  or  near  sun-set.  They  will  fall  and  may 
then  be  burned.  A  few  dollars  expended  in  this  way,  we  have 
known  to  have  saved  the  entire  crop  for  the  year,  as  well  as  prevent 
their  presence  to  any  extent  another  season.  The  curculio  some- 
times attacks  the  grape,  but  thus  far  we  have  never  heard  of  any 
serious  injury  to  the  crop. 

Mildew  is  rarely  met  with,  when  specific  nutrition  has  been  ap- 
plied. It  is  easily  checked  by  free  sprinkling  of  powdered  sulphur 
over  the  vines  and  earth  when  wet  with  dew.  It  is  a  fungus  attack- 


USES — WINE-HOUSE. 


ing  the  plant  when  not  in  perfect  health.  The  rot,  so  much  depreca- 
ted by  Vignerons,  at  Cincinnati,  we  regard  as  attributable  to  same 
cause  as  mildew,  viz :  a  want  of  consistent  food  for  the  perfection  of 
the  fruit.  Some,  we  notice,  consider  it  attributable  to  too  late  and 
clean  cultivation ;  and  as  late  cultivation  only  tends  to  late  growth,  and 
formation  of  new  leaves  to  exhaustion  of  what  is  required  for  per- 
fection of  those  already  formed,  the  theory  is  good,  so  far  as  it 
goes ;  and  possibly  in  soils  greatly  deficient  in  the  constituents  to 
perfect  the  grape,  it  may  in  a  measure  be  the  cause ;  but  in  soils 
well  supplied  with  the  required  food,  late  cultivation  would  only 
cause  the  bursting  of  new  buds  and  continuance  of  growth. 

Uses. — Universally  esteemed  when  well  ripened,  as  a  dessert  fruit, 
the  grape  is  also  highly  valued  by  many  physicians,  as  in  its  free  use 
tending  to  health  and  the  prevention  of  rheumatic  affections  of  the 
human  system.  For  culinary  use,  and  for  making  of  preserves,  they 
are  sought  for,  both  in  a  green  and  ripened  state.  Carefully  gath- 
ered when  ripe,  laid  in  heaps  for  a  few  days  on  the  floor  of  a  cool, 
dry  room,  then  spread  out  for  one  or  two  days,  and  packed  in  shal- 
low boxes  with  layers  of  cotton  batting  at  bottom  and  interme- 
diate between  layers  of  fruit,  as  well  as  between  bunches,  they  may 
be  placed  in  a  cool  room  and  kept  fresh  throughout  most  of  the 
winter.  Last,  though  not  least,  made  into  wine,  a  sketch  of  the  de- 
tails of  which,  with  cuts  illustrative  of  plan  of  a  wine  house  and 
press,  we  extract  from  the  "Western  Horticultural  Review  :" 


A. — Door  opening  to  the  vineyard  by  which  the  grapes  are 
brought  into  the  wine  house. 
B. — Back  door  of  wine  house. 
0. — Front  door  of  wine  house. 
11 


242 


THE   GRAPE. 


£. — Opening  through  which  the  stems  are  thrown  from  the  ma- 
chine. 

E. — Tables  for  picking  over  arid  assorting  the  fruit  previous  to 
being  stemmed. 

F. — Stemming  and  crushing  apparatus. 

G. — Large  press,  capacity  of  one  hundred  bushels. 

H. — Small  press,  capacity  of  forty  bushels. 

L. — Door  opening  into  the  basement. 

Signs  of  Ripeness  of  Grapes. — The  stem  of  the  grape  should  be 
of  a  brown  color.  The  cuticle  of  the  berry  must  be  clear  and 
transparent.  The  berries  should  separate  easily  from  the  stems. 
The  seed  must  be  of  brown  color.  The  juice  must  be  sweet  and 
sticky. 

Do  not  cut  the  grapes  early  in  the  morning  with  the  dew  on,  nor 
during  rainy  weather,  nor  shortly  after  rain. 

Gathering. — The  grapes,  when  fully  ripe,  are  gathered  in  baskets 
containing  about  one  bushel,  as  well  as  in  a  sort  of  "  pannier "  of 
wood,  made  very  light  and  strong,  and  which  is  supported  by  straps, 
or  thongs  of  willow,  on  the  back  of  the  gatherer. 

Picking. — This  consists  in  removing  by  hand,  all  green,  shriveled 
or  decayed  grapes,  which  are  thrown  into  tubs  or  barrels  and 
pressed  separately,  to  make  a  common  wine  or  vinegar.  The  finest 
grapes  are  carried  thence  to  the  stemming  apparatus  where  they  un- 
dergo another  operation. 

Stemming. — Consists  in  separating  the  berries  from  the  stem  ;  it 
is  done  in  F.  (of  the  ground  plan)  by  means  of  the  apparatus  of 
which  a  cut  is  appended. 

^         The  grapes  are  thrown  on 

I            P  /V^     o-^     S     *^e  w*re  s^eve  M.,  which  is 
^^^Jl/^^^^S^to^^^ih,  f  !     °Pen  enough   to  allow  the 
'^^^^^^^i^^^Q^^^  gl    berries  to  pass,  but  retains 
.   »    ^    ia i    the  stems ;  a  little  plank  P., 

is  held  in  an  inclined  position, 
to  which  a  backward  and  for- 
ward movement  is  given, 
so  as  to  force  the  berries 
through  the  sieve,  and  re- 
move out  of  the  way  all  the 


stems  as  they  are  stript. 


R 


Mashing.  —  After    passing 
through  the  stemming  pro- 
cess, the  grapes  fall  into  a 
wooden  mill,  consisting  of  two  rollers  ridged  obliquely,  to  one  of 


VARIETIES.  243 

which  is  attached  a  set  of  screws,  by  which  their  distance  from  each 
other  may  be  graduated  to  the  proper  degree ;  it  being  desirable 
that  every  grape  should  be  crushed,  but  that  the  seed  should  not  be 
broken. 

The  rollers  are  turned  by  hand  ;  the  foregoing  cut  exhibits  in  R. 
R.  a  section  of  these  rollers,  and  that  which  follows  shows  two  men, 
one  stemming,  the  other  mashing  the  grapes.  From  the  rollers,  the 
grape  (being  entirely  separa- 
ted from  the  stem,  and  thor- 
oughly mashed)  passes  into 
the  press,  when  the  first  oper- 
ation of  separating  the  juice  is 
Eerformed.  The  wine  passes 
•om  the  bed  of  the  press  by 
means  of  a  conductor,  into  the 
basement,  from  whence  it  is 
conveyed  into  casks  containing 
260  gallons  each;  these,  though 
by  no  means  so  large  a  size  as 
used  by  some  wine  manufactur- 
ers, are  of  very  convenient  ca- 
pacity for  ordinary  crops.  The 
first  fermentation  takes  place 
immediately,  and  at  the  end  of  six  or  eight  weeks  the  wine  becomes 
perfectly  clear,  or,  what  is  technically  termed,  "  fine  ;"  a  second  fer- 
mentation takes  place  in  the  spring,  about  the  period  of  the  bloom- 
ing of  the  grape.  The  wine  should  not  be  bottled  until  it  is  at  least 
one  year  old,  though  it  is  frequently  bottled  for  immediate  use,  just 
previous  to  the  second  fermentation  ;  this  may  be  done  with  safety, 
if  the  bottles  can  be  kept  in  a  very  cool  place. 

VARIETIES. 

Over  one  hundred  varieties  of  our  native  Grapes  have  been  noticed 
by  Prince,  in  his  "  Treatise  on  Grapes  ;"  but  as  few  are  worthy  cul- 
tivation, therefore  of  no  practical  benefit,  we  have  confined  our  de- 
scriptions to  those  most  known  and  meritorious. 

ADA. 

For  the  following  account  and  description  of  this  new  grape,  we  are  in- 
debted to  the  originator,  Dr.  Valk,  of  Flushing,  L.  I.,  who  produced  it 
in  1845,  from  a  cross  of  the  Isabella  and  B.  Hamburgh  :  "  First  fruit- 
ed in  1850.  The  vine  is  of  strong  and  vigorous  growth,  frequently  mak- 
ing shoots  of  1 2  and  18  feet  in  a  season.  The  shoots  become  partially 
brown  as  the  wood  ripens,  and  wholly  so  when  it  is  quite  ripe.  The 
joints  are  about  six  inches  from  eye  to  eye,  and  the  leaf  large  and 


244  THE  GRAPE. 

handsome.  The  vine  fruits  freely.  The  bunches  are  usually  large, 
very  compact,  the  berries  crowding  against  each  other.  On  some 
bunches  they  will  occasionally  hang  loose.  In  color,  they  are  very 
dark  ;  when  ripe,  almost  black,  and  of  large  size  ;  the  flavor,  sweet 
and  vinous,  very  juicy  ;  the  skin,  thin  and  slightly  acid  and  astringent. 
The  bunches  will  average  a  pound  weight  at  maturity.  The  vine 
requires  and  deserves  careful  cultivation  in  a  rich  and  proper  soil,  to 
do  it  justice  ;  it  is  perfectly  hardy.  A  southern  aspect  suits  it  best, 
and  a  net  tacked  over  it  in  winter,  not  to  protect  it  from  the  frost,  but 
from  the  sun." 

BLAND. 

Eland's  Virginia,          I         Powell, 

Eland's  Madeira,         |         Eland's  Pale  Red. 

Found  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Virginia  by  Col.  Bland.  It  is  not  of 
v^ue  north  of  Philadelphia,  on  account  of  not  often  ripening,  and  is 
by  many  discarded  from  its  habit  of  only  bearing  moderately.  In 
1820,  it  was  well  grown  and  ripened  in  New  Haven,  Conn.,  on  sandy 
soil ;  and  in  1828,  sent  to  Northern  Ohio  by  Geo.  Hoadley,  Esq. 
As  a  table  grape,  in  latitude  where  it  will  ripen,  it  is  of  the  best. 

Foliage,  a  light  shade  of  green,  smooth ;  propagated  by  layers  ; 
bunches,  long,  loose  ;  berries,  round,  on  long  stalks  or  pedicels ;  skin, 
pale  red,  thin  ;  flesh,  slightly  pulpy,  slightly  astringent,  but  of  pleas- 
ant, delicate  flavor.  Late  in  ripening,  and  valuable  for  packing 
away  for  winter  use. 

CATAWBA. 

Red  Muncy,  !         Catawba  Tokay, 

Lebanon  .Seedling,         ]         Singleton, 
Arkansas. 

Through  Dr.  S.  Mosher,  of  Cincinnati,  Dr.  Solomon  Beach  is  said 
to  have  found  this  variety,  in  the  summer  of  1821,  growing  wild  in 
Buncombe  Co.,  North  Carolina,  on  the  border  of  the  Catawba  river. 
We  have  found  this  to  ripen  equally  as  well,  and  as  far  north  as  the 
Isabella,  when  correctly  pruned  and  grown  in  dry  or  well  drained 
soil.  It  is  esteemed  both  for  dessejrt  and  wine  use.  In  growth  and 
foliage,  it  resembles  Isabella,  except  that  the  wood  is  darker  color, 
shorter  jointed,  and  more  round,  and,  at  base  of  every  leaf,  there  is 
a  white  downy  spot. 

Bunches,  medium  size,  shouldered ;  berries,  nearly  round,  large, 
pale  red,  becoming  deeper  when  fully  ripened  in  good  soil,  and  cov- 
ered with  a  lilac  bloom  ;  flesh,  slightly  pulpy,  sweet,  juicy,  with  a 
rich  aromatic,  musky  flavor. 

Too  often  gathered  when  only  just  turned  in  color,  and  then  sour 
arid  unpalatable  ;  hence  the  impression  of  many  that  they  are  not 
equal  to  Isabella. 


THE  AMERICAN  GRAPE.  245 

Pond's  Seedling,  To-Kalon,  Clermont,  White  Catawba,  and  Zane, 
are  su]>varieties  of  the  Catawba,  but  not  equalling  it.  The  "  Mam- 
moth Catawba  "  is  also  a  sub,  which,  under  high  culture,  surpasses 
the  original  only  in  size. 

CLINTON. 

Worthington. 

This  variety  is  claimed  to  have  its  origin  in  Western  New  York, 
but  we  have  seen  vines  taken  from  the  woods  in  Northern  Ohio  that 
so  closely  resemble,  in  both  leaf,  wood,  and  fruit,  that  grown  under 
this  name,  as  to  make  us  doubt  its  coming  from  the  origin  stated. 

It  is  not  a  strong  grower,  although  perfectly  hardy,  and  suited  to 
border  planting  three  feet  apart,  and  stake  training  not  exceeding 
four  feet  high,  in  gardens.  Its  greatest  recommendation  is  that  it 
ripens  some  ten  days  or  two  weeks  earlier  than  Isabella,  and,  there- 
fore, suited  to  higher  or  more  northern  latitudes. 

Foliage,  small  ;  wood,  short  jointed  ;  bunches,  medium  or  small, 
not  shouldered,  compact  ;  berries,  nearly  round,  small,  black,  thin 
blue  bloom,  pulpy,  juicy,  with  a  harsh  flavor  ;  productive. 


"This,"  says  Mr.  Downing,  "is  a  seedling  from  the  Catawba, 
grown  by  Mrs.  Diana  Crehore,  near  Boston,  Mass."  It  is  smaller 
size  than  its  parent,  but  has  the  character  of  maturing  its  fruit  two 
weeks  earlier.  It  is  yet  comparatively  new,  and,  although  stated  to 
have  surpassed  its  parent,  when  grown  at  Mobile-,  at  Cincinnati  it 
has  not  equaled  the  Catawba. 

Bunches,  below  medium  size,  compact  ;  berries,  round,  delicate 
pale  red  ;  flesh,  juicy,  sweet,  little  pulp,  rich,  and  slightly  resem- 
bling Catawba  in  flavor. 

ELSINBURGH. 

Elsinboro,         I         Elsinborough  , 
Smart's  Elingburgh. 

The  spelling  of  this  name  is  matter  of  some  difference  in  opinion 
among  horticulturists,  but  the  manner  we  adopt,  being  that  of  all 
previous  writers,  we  choose  to  continue  it.  The  variety  is  said  to 
have  come  from  a  village  in  Salem  Co.,  N.  J.  It  is  a  nice  little 
grape,  suited  for  the  dessert,  and  for  growing  on  trellises  in  gardens. 
A  moderate,  regular  bearer,  ripening  a  little  before  or  with  Isabella. 

Wood,  slender,  long  jointed  ;  leaves,  five  lobed  ;  bunches,  medium, 
loose,  shouldered  ;  berries,  small,  round,  thin  skin,  black,  covered 
with  blue  bloom  ;  flesh,  without  pulp,  melting,  sweet  ;  "  best." 


246  THE  GKAPE. 

HERBEMONT. 

Herbemont's  Madeira 

The  origin  of  this  is  yet  in  doubt ;  some  claiming  it  same  as  Le- 
noir,  and  a  native ;  others  claiming  it  as  a  French  variety.  Its  hardy 
character  and  resemblance  in  foliage  to  the  River  grapes,  however, 
seem  rather  to  favor  its  being  a  seedling  of  our  States.  In  fruit,  it 
does  not  differ  from  the  Lenoir,  but  in  wood,  N.  Longworth  says, it 
is  quite  distinct. 

Only  moderately  vigorous ;  wood,  dark  color ;  terminal  leaves, 
led  or  brownish;  bunches,  large,  compact,  shouldered  ;  berries,  small, 
round  ;  skin,  thin,  purple,  slight  bloom  ;  flesh,  tender,  without  pulp, 
sweet,  excellent,  juicy,  vinous,  valued  for  dessert,  and  yields  a  wine 
like  Spanish  Manzanella. 

ISABELLA. 

This  variety  has,  thus  far,  been  stated  to  have  originated  in  South 
Carolina,  to  have  been  taken  thence  to  a  garden  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
and  there  given  to  William  Prince,  who  propagated,  distributed,  and 
named  it  after  Mrs.  Isabella  Gibbs,  who  then,  1816,  owned  the  gar- 
den. On  the  authority  of  Lewis  F.  Allen,  it  was  grown  several 
years  previous  at  Norwich,  Connecticut,  as  the  "  Vernet  Grape,"  and 
claimed  to  have  been  brought  from  one  of  the  French  West  India 
Islands.  Other  authority  places  it  as  a  common  variety  of  Spain, 
and  imported  by  a  Mr.  Laspeyre,  who  cultivated  and  sold  it  as 
"  Laspeyre  Grape  "  in  1810.  Geo.  Hoadley,  Esq.,  states  that  in  1824 
it  was  growing  in  Elizabethtown,  N.  J.,  where  it  was  said  to  have 
been  brought  30  years  previous,  from  South  Carolina  or  Georgia. 

We  incline  to  belief  of  its  being  a  native  ;  its  hardihood,  habit, 
and  character,  all  tending  that  way  ;  but,  come  from  whence  it  may, 
its  vigorous  habit  and  productiveness  will  ever  render  it  a  favorite. 

As  a  wine  grape,  it  is  not  esteemed.  Bunches,  large,  rather  loose, 
shouldered  ;  berries,  oval,  large,  dark  purple,  when  fully  ripe  nearly 
black,  covered  with  a  blue  bloom ;  flesh,  tender,  with  some  pulp, 
which  lessens  as  it  ripens,  juicy,  sweet,  rich,  with  slight  musky  aro- 
ma. 

Hyde's  Eliza,  Troy  Grape,  Pennsylvania,  Marion,  Sherman,  Chil- 
licothe  Seedling,  and  Lee's,  are  all  sub-varieties ;  not  equal  to  the 
original. 

LENOIR. 

Sumpter  ?         |         Clarence  ? 

This  differs  from  the  Herbemont  only  in  being  of  "  more  vigorous 
growth,  wood,  light  colored,  with  a  light  blue  cast ;  terminal  leaves, 
green."  So  says  N,  Longworth.  All  we  have  ever  been  able  to 
obtain  have  the  character  of  Herbemont. 


THE   AMERICAN   GRAPE.  247 

IMITATION  HAMBURG. 

A  native  variety  we  have  not  seen.  Its  fruit  is  said  to  be  "  large, 
dark  purple,  or  as  large,  skin,  as  thin,  pulp,  as  soft  and  juicy,  but 
of  inferior  aroma  and  flavor  to  the  Black  Hamburg."  Origin  un- 
known. 

MISSOURI. 

Missouri  Seedling, 

Said  to  be  a  native  of  Missouri :  it  is  of  slow  growth,  short  jointed, 
and,  like  the  Clinton,  suited  to  border  culture  in  gardens.  From  it 
a  wine  is  made  resembling  Madeira. 

Leaves,  deeply  cut,  tri-lobed ;  bunches,  below  medium,  loose ;  ber- 
ries, small,  round  ;  skin,  thin,  almost  black,  very  little  bloom  ;  flesh, 
tender,  little  pulp,  sweet,  and  pleasant ;  "  very  good." 

NORTON'S  VIRGINIA. 

Norton's  Seedling. 

A  native,  unworthy  culture.  Bunches,  long,  little  shouldered, 
compact ;  berries,  small  round,  dark  purple,  pulpy,  harsh. 

OHIO. 

Long  worth's  Ohio,         |         Segar  Box. 

The  original  of  the  vines  now  known  under  this  name  were  some 
cuttings  left  in  a  segar  box "  at  the  residence  of  N.  Longworth,  Esq, 
Cincinnati,  during  his  absence  from  home.  Its  true  origin  is  yet  in 
doubt.  North  of  Cincinnati  it  does  not  succeed,  and  wherever  plant- 
ed should  have  long  range  on  a  trellis.  Only  valued  for  table  use. 

Bunches,  large,  loose,  shouldered ;  berries,  small,  round,  nearly 
black,  blue  bloom  ;  flesh,  without  pulp,  sweet.  Only  suited  to  the 
amateur. 


SCHUYLKILL. 


Schuylkill  Muscadel, 
Alexander, 

'  Spring  Mill  Constantia, 
Madeira,  of  F<wfc,  Pa., 


Muscadine, 

Cape  Grape, 
Clifton's  Constantia, 
Tasker's  Grape, 


From  the  banks  of  the  Schuylkill,  Pa.  Its  value  is  only  as  wine 
grape,  and  for  that,  not  equal  to  Catawba.  We  have  found  it  exten- 
sively distributed  North  and  West  as  the  Isabella.  As  the  leaves 
are  much  more  downy,  it  is  easily  detected  in  foliage,  and  the 
bunches  being  not  shouldered,  while  the  Isabella  is  always  shouldered. 

Berries,  often  large,  roundish,  oval,  thick  skin,  quite  black ;  flesh, 
firm  pulp,  juicy,  musky,  often  harsh. 


248  THE   GRAPE. 

SCUPPERNONG. 

Fox  Grape,  of  the  South,         \         American  Muscadine,  of  the  South, 
Bull  or  Bullet,        "  |         Roanoke, 

A  distinct  southern  species,  vitis  vulpina,  too  tender  for  the  north, 
highly  esteemed  throughout  the  entire  southern  States,  where  it  is 
much  grown  as  a  wine  grape  in  vineyards,  and  is  found  wild  from 
Virginia  to  Florida. 

Species,  dioecious ;  haves,  small,  roundish,  coarsely  serrated,  glos- 
sy on  both  sides ;  young  shoots  slender,  old  wood  smooth.  The 
White  and  Black  varieties  differ  only  in  the  color  of  fruit,  the  White 
being  light  green,  and  the  Black,  dark  red.  with  tendrils  of  vine  cor- 
responding with  color  of  fruit. 

Bunches,  small,  loose ;  berries,  round,  large ;  skin,  thick ;  flesh, 
pulpy,  juicy,  sweet,  with  a  strong  musky  scent. 

Minor's  Seedling,  Shurtleff 's  Seedling,  and  some  others  are  culti- 
vated in  localities,  but  their  good  qualities  seem  destined  to  remain 
in  circumscribed  limits,  not  having  yet  been  seen,  when  cultivated 
away  from  their  first  friends 

From  the  ad-interim  reports  of  the  Pennsylvania  Hort.  Society  we 
copy  the  following  accounts  of,  two  new  seedlings  : 

From  William  Canby,  Wilmington,  Delaware : — A  Seedling 
Grape.  Bunch,  four  and  a  half  inches  long,  by  two  and  three-quar- 
ters broad,  so  compact  as  frequently  to  destroy  the  rotundity  of  the 
berry ;  berry,  from  seven-sixteenths  to  nine-sixteenths  of  an  inch  in 
diameter  ;  roundish,  inclining  to  oval ;  skin,  of  a  violet  color,  thickly 
covered  with  bloom,  and  semi-diaphanous ;  seed,  small,  dark  cinna- 
mon ;  flesh,  tender,  very  juicy,  not  pulpy ;  flavor,  sweet  and  pleasant ; 
quality  ';  best"  for  a  grape  that  will  grow  in  open  culture.  Leaf, 
trilobed,  but  not  deeply,  interruptedly  serrulate,  auriculate. 

From  Gerhard  Schmitz : — A  Seedling  Grape.  Large  ;  oval ;  pur- 
ple ;  bunches,  loose,  large  ;  resembles  the  Isabella  in  appearance  and 
flavor ;  quite  equal  to  it  in  quality,  and  perhaps  a  little  earlier. 


THE    FOREIGN   ORAPE. 


Vitis  vinifera,     L.      Vitacea  of  Botanists. 

From  the  earliest  record  of  foreign  lands,  the  vine  has  ever  been 
held  in  high  esteem  ;  its  fruit  valued  for  the  dessert  as  well  as  for  the 
making  of  wine,  and  itself  held  as  symbolic  of  happiness  and  plenty. 
"  The  pages  of  Scripture  abound  with  allusions  to  the  fertility  of  the 
vine,  as  emblematical  of  prosperity."  To  trace  its  introduction  and  en- 
tire history  up  to  this  date  would  occupy  more  room  than  the  limits  of 
our  present  work  will  admit :  we  shall  therefore  content  ourself  by 
saying  that  the  original  type  of  the  vitis  vinifera  came  from  Persia ; 
that  it  was  probably  cultivated  in  Britain  not  many  years  after  the 
commencement  of  the  Christian  era;  that  the  varieties  native  of 
Britain  and  America,  are  quite  distinct :  that  those  native  of  Britain 
are  not  edible,  while  those  of  our  own  land  embrace  a  number  of 
edible  species.  The  success  of  the  Foreign  varieties,  so  far  as  tried 
north  of  34°  of  latitude,  has  not  been  satisfactory,  few  or  no  varie- 
ties withstanding  the  extremes  of  our  climate,  without  protection. 
Between  1760  and  1770,  Lord  Sterling  imported  large  numbers  of 
foreign  grapes  into  New  Jersey,  with  a  view  to  wine.  The  experi- 
ment failed,  as  have  those  of  Longworth,  and  others  since. 

Of  the  longevity  of  the  vine,  records  are  made  giving  it  existence 
from  six  hundred  years  down,  with  immense  length  of  vine,  and 
stems  six  feet  around,  or  sufficient  to  afford  the  cutting  out  of  planks 
fifteen  inches  broad. 

Propagation. — The  same  practices  as  noted  under  head  of  American 
Grapes  are  applicable  here,  but  that  most  generally  pursued  in  prop 
agating  esteemed  varieties  of  the  foreign 
grape  is  by  eyes,  as  represented  in  adjoining 
figure.  This  is  done  by  selecting  a  strong 
bud  and  cutting  it  off  from  the  remainder  of 
the  branch,  at  about  two  inches  above  and 
below,  and  planting  it  in  a  pot  covered 
about  half  an  inch  deep  with  light  loamy 
soil,  then  plunging  the  pot  in  a  hotbed.  By 
this  means  every  bud  on  a  shoot  can  be 
formed  into  a  plant. 

Outdoor  Culture. — In  sheltered  locations,  warm  yards,  in  cities, 

(249) 


2oO  THE   GRAPE. 

&c.,such  varieties  as  the  Black  Prince,  Trammer  andRoyal  Muscadine, 
may  be  grown  in  the  open  air  by  bending  down  the  vines  in  the 
month  of  November,  and  covering  them  with  tan-bark,  or  other 
mulch,  and  raising  them  again  to  their  position  in  April.  Free  sup- 
ply of  wood  ashes  and  soap-suds  will  be  found  requisite  to  hasten 
their  growth  and  maturity  of  fruit,  as  well  as  prevent  mildew.* 

Cold  Houses. — By  this  term  is  meant  an  enclosed  structure  of 
wood  or  brick,  with  a  sloping  roof  covered  with  glass.  These  struc- 
tures as  made  at  the  east,  and  by  a  few  wealthy  men  at  the  west,  and 
represented  in  the  Horticultural  journals  of  the  day,  are  too  expen- 
sive to  make  the  growing  of  the  better  foreign  grapes  general  at  the 
west.  But  expensive  structures  are  not  necessary  ;  many  a  man  at 
the  west  has  a  south  side  of  a  building  unoccupied ;  this  may  serve 
as  the  back  of  his  cold-house,  by  setting  up  pieces  of  four  inch  scant- 
ling against  the  building,  nailing  boards  to  it  and  filling  in  between 
with  tan-bark,  saw-dust,  or  fine  charcoal,  he  has  the  back ;  now,  four 
inch  square  posts  rising  four  feet  from  the  ground,  at  a  distance  of  say 
fourteen  feet  from  the  back,  boarded  on  each  side,  and  filled  in 
same  as  the  back,  make  the  front  wall ;  leaving,  however,  two  spaces 
six  feet  from  either  end,  of  about  two  feet  square,  for  hanging 
shutters.  Now  the  back  wall  being  ten  feet  high,  the  ends  are  to  be 
made  in  same  way  as  the  front,  giving,  of  course,  the  slope  from 
back  to  front,  and  leaving  out  at  one  end  space  for  a  door-way,  and 
at  the  highest  point  of  sides  near  the  back  at  each  end,  a  space  for 
swinging  shutters  of  say  two  feet  square ;  these  opened  will  give  ven- 
tilation, in  connection  with  those  in  the  front  wall.  This  done,  a 
joiner  will  be  required  to  fit  on  a  plate  of  two  inch  plank  all  around, 
and  fit  in  rafters  and  sash  ;  the  sash  should  be  the  entire  length  of 
width  of  house ;  styles  four  inch  wide  by  one  and  a  half  thick,  bars 
one  inch  wide  beveled  to  half  inch  on  the  under  side,  the  upper 
style  or  head  piece  six  inches  wide,  the  lower  one  fourteen  inches ; 
the  rafters  should  be  placed  so  that  sash  cannot  be  over  forty-two 
inches  wide,  or  sufficient  for  five  lights  wide  of  six  inch  glass.  When 
the  location  of  such  house  is  not  in  a  very  cold  climate,  or  where  the 
thermometer  rarely  falls  below  zero,  cotton  cloth  dipped  in  boiled 
oil  and  varnished  will  answer  a  very  good  purpose ;  but,  perhaps  in 
the  end  not  be  as  cheap,  as  its  durability  will  only  be  about  two 
years.  Those  who  wish  for  more  expensive  houses,  we  advise  to  pur 

*  Geo.Hoadley,  Esq.,  says,  thai  in  1820  to  1830  there  was  growing  in  the  garden 
where  he  then  resided,  in  New  Haven,  Conn.,  many  white  grapes,  received  from 
David  Deforest,  as  White  Sweet-Water,  which  never  mildewed.  This  garden 
was  sixty  or  seventy  rods  from  the  harbor,  (or  salt  water.)  The  prevalent 
winds  were  from  the  harbor,  in  summer,  and  in  storms  the  shrubbery  not  unfre- 
quently  covered  with  spray. 


VINE  BORDERS, — PLANTING   AND  TRAINING.  251 

chase  "Allen's  Treatise  on  the  Grape,"  or  if  possible,  visit  the  grape 
house  of  Wra.  Resor,  Esq.^of  Cincinnati. 

Vine  Borders. — Upon  the  formation  of  vine  borders  for  cold,  as 
well  as  forcing  houses,  more  has  been  written  and  published  than  one 
person  could  read  at  rate  of  ten  hours  a  day,  in  one  entire  month. 
Some  advise  the  formation  of  the  border  all  outside,  while  others 
prefer  inside.  Our  advice  is,  let  the  border  embrace  a  width  three 
feet  inside  the  front  wall  and  six  feet  outside,  making  a  border  nine 
feet  wide  ;  if  sandy  ground,  no  care  will  be  required  to  form  a 
drainage ;  but  if  on  clayey,  retentive  soil,  dig  out  all  the  earth  three 
feet  deep,  form  a  drain  in  center  at  bottom,  leading  away  from  the 
house,  prepare  fresh  virgin  earth  or  turf  from  old  pastures  or  woods, 
and  mix  well  rotted  barn-yard  manure  in  about  equal  quantities,  or 
perhaps  a  little  most  of  the  soil,  add  to  this  one  tenth  in  quantity . 
each  of  gypsum,  (plaster  of  Paris,)  and  ground  bones,  and  one  sixth 
of  wood  ashes ;  let  it  be  well  mixed  before  putting  in  the  border. 
Parings  of  horses'  hoofs,  and  cinders  from  a  blacksmith's  shop,  street 
scrapings,  leather  paring,  old  rags,  bones,  etc.,  are  all  used  and  all 
good,  but  the  above  named  materials,  with  liberal  watering  with 
soap-suds  and  occasional  sprinkling  of  sulphur  (which  will  be  necessary 
at  times  to  check  mildew)  will  for  a  time  give  good  growth  of  vine 
and  fruit. 

Planting  and  Training. — The  vines,  being  obtained  from  a  nur- 
sery, generally  come  in  crocks  or  pots ;  the  earth  should  be  well 
wet,  and  then  by  inserting  the  finger  at  the  hole  at  the  small  end  or 
bottom  of  the  crock,  the  whole  ball  of  roots  entire  is  pushed  out ; 
now  plant  just  outside  the  front  wall,  and  so  that  you  can  run  the 
stem  immediately  under,  leaving  the  roots  only  outside ;  let  each 
plant  stand  half  way  between  each  rafter,  and  as  they  grow 
train  to  a  wire  fastened  at  top  each  of  front  and  back  wall  so  as  to 
be  six  inches  below  the  glass.  Spur  pruning  is  regarded  best  .for 
cold  houses,  and  ts  plainly  described  as  follows :  "  In  pruning  in  the 
fall,  after  the  first  year''s  growth,  each  alternate  eye  is  disbudded  on 
each  side  of  the  cane,  leaving  those  wanted  for  breaking  next  season 
about  fifteen  inches  apart.  The  next  season,  when  pruning  for  spurs, 
the  side  shoots  are  cut  back  to  three  eyes,  or  even  four,  according  as 
the  lower  buds  may  be  plump  and  well  rounded.  In  breaking,  each 
bud  puts  forth  a  shoot ;  the  most  promising  one  nearest  the  top,  and 
the  one  at  the  base,  is  allowed  to  remain,  and  the  other  is  rubbed 
out.  The  top  one  is  allowed  to  bear,  and  the  fruit  on  the  bottom 
one  is  pinched  out.  The  fruit  bearing  spur  is  stopped  three  or  four 
joints  above  the  fruit,  and  the  other  one  next  to  the  base  is  also 
stopped,  when  it  has  grown  seven  or  eight  leaves.  They  are  now 
trained  as  shown  in  the  following  figure. 


252  THE  GKAPE. 

"A.  is  the  bearing  shoot,  and  B.  the  one  not  to  be  fruited 
till  next  year ;  at  next  pruning,"(or  what  is  still  better, 
two  or  three  weeks  previous,)  A.  is  cut  clean  out  to  the 
base  of  B.,  and,  when  the  leaves  fall,  B.  is  cut  back  to 
three  eyes  as  A.  was  last  season,  and^so  on  from  year  to 
year-"  Every  fall  at  approach  of  cold*  weather  take  down 
the  vines,  lay  them  on  the  border  inside  and  cover  with 
tan-bark  four  inches  deep  ;  cover  the  border  outside  same 
depth  with  barn-yard  manure. 

Routine  of  Culture. — The  following  brief  instructions,  from  A.  J. 
Downing,  contain  all  that  is  essential  for  a  cold  house :  "  In  a  vinery 
without  heat  this  is  comparatively  simple.  As  soon  as  the  vines  com- 
mence swelling  their  buds  in  the  spring,  they  should  be  carefully 
washed  with  mild  soap-suds,  to  free  them  from  insects,  soften  the 
wood,  and  assist  the  buds  to  swell  regularly.  At  least  three  or  four 
times  a  week,  they  should  be  well  syringed  with  water,  which,  when 
the  weather  is  cool,  should  always  be  done  in  the  morning.  And 
every  day  the  vine  border  should  be  duly  supplied  with  water. 
During  the  time  when  the  vines  are  in  blossom,  and  while  the  fruit 
is  setting,  all  sprinkling  or  syringing  over  the  leaves  must  be  sus- 
pended, and  the  house  should  be  kept  a  little  more  closed  and  warm, 
than  usual,  and  should  any  indications  of  mildew  appear  on  any  of 
the  branches,  it  may  at  once  be  checked  by  dusting  them  with  flour 
of  sulphur.  Air  must  be  given  liberally  every  day  when  the  tem- 
perature rises  in  the  house,  beginning  by  sliding  down  the  top  sashes 
a  little  in  the  morning,  more  at  mid-day,  and  then  gradually  closing 
them  in  the  same  manner.  To  guard  against  the  sudden  changes  of 
temperature  out  of  doors,  and  at  the  same  time  to  keep  up  as  moist 
and  warm  a  state  of  atmosphere  within  the  vinery  as  is  consistent 
with  pretty  free  admission  of  the  air  during  sunshine,  is  the  great 
object  of  culture  in  a  vinery  of  this  kind. 

Insects. — The  aphis  or  "  vine-fretter,"  is  destroyed  by  fumigating, 
7.  e.,  burning  tobacco  in  the  house,  and  syringing  the  vines  freely  af- 
terward. If  red  spiders  are  troublesome,  syringe  the  vines  at  even- 
ing, and  dust  the  leaves  with  flour  of  sulphur. 

VARIETIES. 

Feeling  that  a  multiplicity  of  varieties  would  only  mislead  and 
confuse  the  practical  man,  and  our  own  experience  with  foreign  grapes 
not  having  been  sufficient  to  enable  us  fully  to  decide  on  which  to 
recommend,  we  adopt  and  describe  few  besides  those  voted  worthy 
of  general  cultivation  by  the  American  Pomological  Society. 


THE  FOREIGN   GRAPE.  253 

BLACK  HAMBURGH. 


Warner's  Black  Hamburgh, 
Red  Hamburgh, 
Dutch  Hamburgh, 
Hampton  Court  Vine, 
Valentine's, 


Purple  Hamburgh, 
Brown  Hamburgh, 
Salisbury  Violet, 
Gibraltar, 
Frankendale. 


This  variety  is  one  of  the  most  esteemed  for  the  vinery.  In 
sheltered  locations,  out  of  doors,  in  cities  south  as  far  as  Cincinnati, 
it  does  well  with  protection  in  winter.  A  good  bearer.*  Bunches, 
large,  shouldered  on  both  sides  ;  berries,  very  large,  roundish  inclin- 
ing to  oval,  brownish  purple,  becoming  purplish  black  when  fully 
ripe  ;  of  sugary  rich  flavor. 

Wilmot's  New  Black  Hamburgh  is  similar,  fruit  larger,  bloom 
very  thick,  flesh  firm,  nearly  or  quite  equal  to  the  common  Ham- 
burgh. 

Allen's  seedling  Black  Hamburgh,  is  of  less  value,  bunches  not  as 
large,  berries,  black,  oval.  Victoria,  heretofore  regarded  as  a  syn- 
onym of  the  old  Hamburgh,  is  now  regarded  as  a  slightly  improv- 
ed sub-  variety. 

BLACK  PRINCE. 

Alicant,  I         Black  Spanish, 

Black  Valentia  Black  Portugal,- 

' 


, 

Boston.  I         Sir  A.  Pytche'sBlack, 

Pocock's  Damascus,  Cambridge  Botanic  Garden, 

Steward's  Black  Prince,         |         Black  Lisbon. 

This  often  succeeds  well,  with  winter  protection  out  doors,  while 
in  the  house  it  is  esteemed  on  account  of  hanging  long  after  fully 
ripe.  A  profuse  bearer.  Bunches,  long,  often  shouldered  ;  berries, 
large,  thinly  set,  oval  ;  skin,  rather  thick,  black,  covered  with  blue 
bloom  ;  flavor  sweet,  excellent  ;  "  very  good." 

Black  St.  Peter's  diners  from  this  in  having  a  thin  skin. 

i  BLACK  FRONTIGNAN. 


Muscat  Noir, 

Muscat  Noir  Ordinaire, 

Black  Frontignac, 

Bourdalcs  des  Hautes  Pyrenee's 


Sir  Wm.  Rowley's  Black, 
Purple  Frontignan, 
Purple  Constantia, 
Muscat  Moir  de  Jura. 


This  is  the  variety  from  which  the  muscadine  wine  is  made.  A 
good  bearer.  Bunches,  long ;  berries,  medium  size,  round,  black ; 
skin,  thin  ;  flavor,  musky  rich. 

BLACK   CLUSTER. 

Black  Morillon,  I         Early  Black, 

True  Burgundy,  Pineau, 

Small  Black  Cluster,  Black  Burgundy, 

Black  Orleans. 

This  variety   is  hardy  and  succeeds  outdoors.     It  is  valued   in 

*  A  vine  of  this  variety  at  Hampton  Court  Palace,  planted  in  1769,  is 
stated  to  produce  annually  over  one  ton  weight  of  fruit. 


254  THE   GRAPE. 

France  for  wine,  but  will  never  take  high  rank  in  this  country.  It 
has  been  pretty  extensively  disseminated  throughout  the  west,  which 
is  our  main  reason  for  noting  it.  It  has  over  forty  synonyms,  but 
those  given  are  all  which  we  have  ever  heard  applied  to  it  in  this 
country.  Bunches,  small,  compact ;  berries,  medium  size,  roundish 
oval,  black,  juicy,  sweet ;  "  good  ;"  distinguished  from  Miller's  Bur- 
gundy, by  absence  of  down  on  the  leaf. 

EARLY  BLACK  JULY.  w  „ 

July  Grape,  I         Madeleine, 

Madeleine  Noir,  Raisin  Precoce, 

Morillon  Hatif,  De  St.  Jean, 

Burgunder,  August  Traube, 

Jacob's  Straube. 

The  habit  of  ripening  its  fruit  by  the  middle  of  August,  or  earlier, 
is  its  chief  merit.  Foliage,  small,  light  green ;  bunches,  small,  com- 
pact ;  berries,  small,  round,  black,  with  a  blue  bloom,  a  little  acid  and 
of  indifferent  flavor  ;  "good." 

GRIZZLY  FRONTIGNAN. 

Grizzly  Frontignac,          I         Red  Constantia, 
Muscat  Rouge,  Muscat  Gris, 

&c.,  &c.,  in  all  thirteen  Synonyms. 

Adapted  only  to  the  house,  where  it  ripens  early,  and  being  of 
"  best"  quality  is  highly  esteemed.  Bunches,  rather  long,  narrrow, 
slight  shoulders;  berries,  round,  medium  size,  grayish  red,  thick 
bloom,  juicy,  rich,  musky,  high  flavor. 

ROYAL  MUSCADINE. 


Chasselas  de  Fontainebleau, 
Golden  Chasselas, 
Chasstlas  Dore, 
D'Arbois, 
Amiens, 

Early  Whit 


Chasselas, 
White  Chasselas, 
Chasselas  Blanc, 
Raisin  d'Champagne, 
Amber  Muscadine, 
Tenerifle.      " 


This  is  highly  esteemed  ;  is  distinguished  from  White  Sweet  Wa- 
ter (often  sold  as  this  variety)  by  its  larger  berries  and  stronger 
growth.  Grown  out  of  doors,  it  requires  not  only  winter  protec- 
tion, but  also  to  be  well  supplied  with  wood  ashes,  as  otherwise  it 
cracks  and  mildews. 

Allen  says,  the  Royal  Muscadine  and  Chasselas  of  Fontainebleau 
are  distinct,  but  only  hi  size  of  bunch.  The  Early  White  Musca- 
dine, he  also  says,  only  varies  from  this  in  ripening  a  few  days  ear- 
lier. 

Bunches  large,  long,  shouldered ;  berries  above  medium,  round, 
greenish-white,  becoming  amber  color  when  fully  ripe,  tender,  rich 
delicious  flavor.  Ripens  middle  to  last  of  September. 


THE   FOREIGN   GRAPE.  265 

MUSCAT  OF  ALEXANDRIA. 


White  Muscat  of  Alexandria, 

Jerusalem  Muscat, 

Malaga, 

White  Muscat  of  Lunel, 

Lunel, 


Frontniac  of  Alexandria, 
Muscat  d' Alexandria, 
White  Muscat, 
Tottenham  Park  Muscat, 
Passe-longue  Musque, 


Passe  Musque. 

Adapted  only  to  house  culture  and  even  then  benefitted  by  arti- 
ficial heat. 

This  is  probably  the  "  Malaga"  grape  brought  to  this  country  in 
jars  and  sold  by  confectioners. 

Bunches  very  large,  loose,  irregular  ;  berries  large,  oval,  pale  am- 
ber, thick  skin,  firm  flesh,  crisp,  musky,  rich  perfumed  flavor,  often 
seedless.  A  strong  grower. 

The  Cannon  Hall  Muscat,  is  esteemed  a  sub-variety  not  equaling 
its  parent. 

TRAMINER. 


Red  Traminer, 
Delaware, 
Fromentin  Rouge, 
Rother  Traminer, 
Rother  Klevner, 
Tokayer, 
Klein  branner, 
Rothclauser, 
Ranfoliga, 


Rothe  I 


Heath, 
Gris  Rouge, 
Fromentean, 
Decimanner, 
Rothedel, 
Rothfranken, 
St.  Clauser, 
Marzimmer, 
Ran  Folak, 


leifler. 


This  variety  was  exhibited  at  the  Ohio  State  Pomological  Con- 
vention in  1852,  as  the  Heath  or  Delaware  Grape,  having  been 
grown  in  Delaware,  O.,  under  these  names.  It  was  stated  to  have 
proved  perfectly  hardy  in  the  open  air,  being  free  from  mildew  or 
rot,  a  productive  bearer,  and  never  failing  to  perfectly  ripen  both 
fruit  and  wood.  Allen  says  of  it  "  a  much  esteemed  wine  grape  on 
the  river  Maine."  It  is  described  in  the  London  Horticultural  So- 
ciety's Catalogue.  It  deserves  a  place  in  every  garden. 

Bunches,  medium  size,  compact;  berries,  roundish  oval,  middle 
size,  uniform,  pale  reddish,  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  without  pulp,  rich 
and  pleasant  flavor.  Ripens  ten  days  before  Isabella. 

WHITE    FRONTIGNAN. 


White  Frontniac, 
Nepeans  Constantia, 
Raisin  de  Frontignan, 


White  Constantia, 
Muscat  Blanc, 
Muscat  Blanc  de  Jura, 


Moschata  Fianca,  Moscado  Bianco, 

Moscatel  Commun,  Muscateller. 


An  old  productive  variety  suited  only  to  the  house.  Bunches, 
middle  size,  rather  long,  rarely  shouldered  ;  berries,  middle  size, 
round,  rather  closely  set ;  skin,  thin  dull  white  or  greenish  yellow, 
thin  white  bloom ;  flesh,  delicate,  sugary,  rich  musky  flavor. 


NECTAKINES. 

The  Nectarine  is  claimed  to  be  only  a  sport  in  nature  from  the 
Peach,  to  which  occasionally  plants  grown  from  seed  return  ;  record 
is  also  made  of  the  Nectarine  tree  producing  both  Peaches  and  Nec- 
tarines on  the  same  tree.  Of  this  we  confess  some  little  unwilling- 
ness of  belief ;  certain,  however,  it  is  that  the  trees  so  closely  resem- 
ble the  Peach,  as  not  to  be  detected  except  when  in  fruit. 

Grown  under  glass,  or  South,  where  the  heat  is  greater  than  at  the 
North,  the  Nectarine  is  a  really  fine  fruit ;  but  here,  it  is  inferior  to 
the  Peach,  possessing  a  flavor,  partaking  of  the  peculiar  flavor  and 
taste  of  the  pit.  When  we  say  the  trees  are  undistinguishable  from 
the  peach,  we  speak  the  general  view ;  closely  examined,  the  wood 
may  be  found  slightly  more  smooth,  and  possibly  a  trifle  firmer  or 
closer  grained.  The  trees  are  usually  propagated  by  budding,  in 
same  manner  and  time  as  the  peach,  and  their  after  culture  is  the 
same. 

The  fruit  of  the  Nectarine  being  smooth  skinned,  is  equally  liable 
to  attack  from  Curculio  as  the  Plum,  and  the  same  remedies  are 
adopted  for  prevention  ;  we,  therefore,  refer  the  reader  to  the  article 
under  head  of  Insects  injurious  to  the  Plum.  The  same  marks  dis- 
tinguishing varieties  in  the  leaf  are  found  in  the  Nectarine  as  in  the 
Peach,  and  used  accordingly. 


CLASS  I.—  Worthy  General  Cultivation. 
BOSTON. 

Lewis,         |         Perkins'  Seedling. 

American.  Claimed  to  have  originated  from  a  peach  stone.  It 
is  probably  one  of  the  very  best  Nectarines  and  well  adapted  to  all 
sections  of  our  country. 

Flowers,  small;  glands,  globose;  fruit,  large,  sometimes  eight 
inches  round,  roundish  oval ;  skin,  light  yellow,  with  deep  red  cheek, 
shaded  off  by  a  mottling  of  red  ;  flesh,  yellow  to  the  stone,  sweet, 
with  a  pleasant,  peculiar  flavor ;  stone,  small,  pointed.  Season,  first 
September.  Freestone. 

(266) 


FOB  AMATEUR  CULTURE.  257 

DOWNTON. 

Foreign.  Floioers,  small ;  <7&mcfc,  reniform;  fruit,  large,  roundish 
oval ;  skin,  pale  green,  with  violet  red  cheek;  flesh,  pale  green,  melting, 
rich,  high  flavor.  Season,  last  of  August.  Freestone. 

EARLY  VIOLET. 


Violet  Hative, 


viuiei  .nauvc, 

Petite  Violet  Hative, 
Early  Brugnon,' 
Brugnon  red  at  Stone, 
Hampton  Court, 
Large  Scarlet, 


New  Scarlet, 

Aromatic, 

~~    ignon  Hatif, 


Violet  Musk, 
Violet  red  at  Stone, 
Lord  Selsey's  Elruge. 


Foreign.  Tree,  very  hardy,  often  confounded  with  Elruge,  from 
which  it  is  distinguished  by  its  deep  red  flesh  and  dark  colored  stone. 

Flowers,  small ;  ^Zawcfo,  reniform ;  fruit,  large,  roundish,  narrowed 
at  apex  ;  suture,  shallow;  skin,  yellowish  green  in  shade,  dark  pur 
plish  red,  mottled  with  pale  brown  dots,  in  sun ;  flesh,  whitish,  red  at 
stone,  melting,  juicy,  rich  and  high  flavored  ;  stone,  roundish,  reddish 
brown  Season,  last  of  August.  Freestone. 

ELRUGE. 

Common  Elruge,         I         Temple, 
Oatland's 


Claremont, 

Anderson's  |         Spring  Grove, 

Foreign.  An  old  variety  that  has  always  maintained  a  first  char- 
acter wherever  correctly  grown. 

Flowers,  small ;  glands  reniform  ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish  oval; 
suture,  distinct  only  at  apex ;  skin,  pale  greenish  shade,  violet  or 
blood  red,  dotted  with  brown  specks  in  sun  ;  fltsh,  greenish,  slightly 
stained  with  pale  red  at  stone,  juicy,  rich,  high  flavor  ;  stone,  oval, 
rough.  Season,  early  Sep.  Freestone. 


CLASS  II. — New  and  untested,  suited  to  Amateur  Pomologists  or 

certain  locations. 

BARKER. 

Foreign.  "  Flowers  small,  glands  reniform.  Fruit  large  obovate,  dark 
.red  next  sun,  pale  yellowish  green  where  shaded ;  flesh  fine,  yellowish 
white,  rayed  with  bright  red  at  the  stone ;  stone  large,  kernel  bitter. 
August  Freestone."  New,  not  yet  fruited  in  this  country. 

DUKE  OF  TELLIER'S. 

Due  du  Tellier's,        I         Du  de  Tello, 
Du  Tilliers,  Duke  de  Tilley, 

Du  Tilly's. 

Foreign.   Flowers  small,  glands  reniform.  Fruit  above  medium, roundish 


ZOO  NECTARINES. 

oblong,  pale  green,  purplish  red  check ;  flesh  greenish  white,  red  at  stone, 
second  rate  flavor.     Last  August.     Freestone. 

EARLY  NEWINGTON. 

Early  Back  Newington,          I         New  Early  Newington, 
Lucombe's  Black,  Luoombe's  Seedling, 

Early  Black. 

Foreign.  Flowers  large,  glandless.  Fruit  large,  roundish  ovate,  point 
at  apex,  pale  green,  with  shades  of  red  marbled  in  sun ;  flesh  greenish 
white,  red  at  stone.  Early  September.  Clingstone. 

FRENCH  YELLOW. 

Foreign.  Fruit  medium,  greenish  yellow,  dull  red  in  sun  ;  flesh  yellow, 
juicy,  rich.  September.  Clingstone.  (W.  R.  P.) 

HUNT'S  TAWNY. 

Hunt's  Large  Tawny,          |         Hunt's  Early  Tawny 

Foreign.  Flowers  small,  glandless.  Fruit  below  medium,  roundish 
ovate,  point  at  apex,  pale  orange,  red  cheek,  russety  specks;  flesh 
orange,  juicy.  Middle  August.  Freestone. 

HARDWICKE. 

Hardwicke  Seedling,          |         Hardwicke's  Seedling. 

Foreign.  Flowers  small,  glands reniform.  Fruit  large,  roundish  oval, 
pale  green,  violet  red  cheek ;  flesh  pale  green,  little  marked  with  red  at 
stone,  juicy.  Las't  August.  Freestone. 

LARGE  EARLY  VIOLET. 

Violette  Grosse. 
Foreign.     Similar  to  Early  Violet,  a  trifle  larger,  and  less  high  flavored. 

NEATE'S  WHITE. 

New  White,  [        Flanders, 

Cowdray  White,  Emerton's  New  White, 

Large  White. 

Foreign.  Flowers  large,  glands  reniform.  Fruit  above  medium,  round, 
white  reddish  cheek  in  the  sun ;  flesh  white,  juicy.  Early  September. 
Freestone. 

ORANGE. 

Pitmaston's  Orange,         I         William's  Orange, 
William's  Seedling. 

Foreign.  Flowers  large,  glands  globose.  Fruit  large  roundish  ovate, 
acute  point  at  apex,  orange  yellow  with  dark  brownish  red  cheek ;  flesh 
yellow,  red  at  stone,  juicy,  sweet.  Last  August.  Freestone. 


UNWORTHY   OF  CULTIVATION.  259 

RED  ROMAN. 

Old  Roman,          I         Brugnon  Violet  Musquee, 
Roman,  |         Brugnon  Musquee. 

Foreign.  An  old  variety  which  proves  best  adapted  to  our  northern 
sections.  Flowers  large,  glandsreniform.  Fruit  above  medium,  roundish, 
greenish  yellow,  with  dull  red  cheek,  and  russety  specks;  flesh  firm,  green- 
ish yellow,  deep  red  at  stone,  juicy,  vinous.  Early  September.  Cling- 
stone. 

STANWICKE. 

As  yet  we  do  not  know  of  this  variety  having  fruited  in  this  country, 
but  from  its  high  praise  in  England,  where  it  originated,  and  the  fact  of 
our  clear,  sunny  clime  adding  to  the  richness  and  sugary  character  of 
both  Peach  and  Nectarine,  as  compared  with  England,  we  are  led  to  sup- 
pose this  will  prove  the  very  best  Nectarine  extant. 

It  was  grown  from  a  stone  brought  from  Syria,  and  is  described  in  the 
journal  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society  as  above  medium  size,  round- 
ish oval,  slightly  heart  shape  at  base ;  pale  greenish  white,  shaded  into 
deep,  rich  violet  in  sun ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  juicy,  rich,  sugary, 'and  with- 
out the  slightest  trace  of  prussic  acid  flavor ;  stone,  middle  size,  ovate,  a 
prominent  sharp  edge,  rugged,  and  of  chocolate  color ;  kernel,  sweet. 


CLASS   III. —  Unworthy  farther  Culture. 

BROOMFIELD. 

American.  Glands,reniform  ;  fruit,  large,  roundish  ;  dull  yellow,  red  cheek  ; 
flesh,  yellow,  pleasant ;  second  rate.  Middle  September.  Clingstone. 

FAIRCHILD'S. 

Fairchi!d's  Early. 

Foreign.  Glands, reniform  ;  fruit,  small,  round ;  yellowish  green,  red  cheek  ; 
flesh,  yellow,  dry,  poor.  Early  August.  Freestone. 

GOLDEN. 

Orange,          |         Fine  Gold  Fleshed. 

Foreign.  Glands.reniform ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish  ovate  ;  light  yellow, 
red  in  sun  ;•  flesh,  orange  yellow,  firm,  sweet ;  second  rate.  Early  September. 
Clingstone. 

MURREY. 

Murry,         |         Black  Murry. 
Foreign.    Glands,reniform  ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish  ovate  ;  pale  green,  red 


260  NECTARINES. 

cheek ;  flesh,  greenish  white,  sweet,  good  flavor ;  poor  bearer.     Last  Aug- 
ust.   Freestone. 


NEWINGTON. 


Scarlet  Newington, 

Scarlet, 

Old  Newington, 

Smith's  Newington, 


French  Newington, 
Sion  Hill, 
Rough  Roman, 
Anderson's  Round. 


Foreign.  Glandless  ;  fruit,  large,  roundish  ;  greenish  yellow,  red  in  sun  ; 
flesh,  firm,  juicy,  deep  red  at  stone:-  Middle  September.  Clingstone. 

PRINCES  GOLDEN. 

American.  Glands,  reniform  ;  about  one-fourth  larger  and  a  week  later  ; 
otherwise,  of  second  quality,  and  resembling  the  "Golden." 

PETERBOROUGH. 

Late  Green,         |         Vermash, 
Genoa  or  Genoese. 

Foreign.  Under  the  last  synonym  it  has,  of  late,  been  disseminated  as  new. 
Glands,reniform ;  fruit,  small,  roundish  ;  green,  with  dull  red  in  sun  ;  flesh, 
greenish  white,  juicy.  Early  October.  Freestone. 

SWEET  YELLOW. 

Jaime  Lisse,         |         Late  Yellow. 

Foreign.  Glands,  reniform  ;  fruit,  small ;  yellow,  with  dull  red  cheek  in 
sun  ;  flesh,  yellow,  dry.  October  *  Freestone.  *  ; 


THE    PEACH. 

Persica  vulgaris,     Dec.     Rosacea  of  Botanists. 

Found  wild  on  the  Himalayan  mountains,  and  not  mentioned  by 
Jewish  history,  it  is  doubtful  whether  the  Peach  is,  as  generally  un- 
derstood, a  native  of  Persia  and  also  of  China.  It  was,  however,  in- 
troduced into  Italy  by  the  Romans,  and,  as  early  as  1550,  was  culti- 
vated in  Britain.  About  the  year  -1680  it  was  introduced  into  this 
country,  andj  with  the  exception  of  portions  of  the  northern  New 
England  States  and  northern  New  York,  it  is  now  cultivated  in  every 
settled  portion  of  our  States.  History  clothes  the  peach  with  hav- 
ing once  possessed  deleterious  qualities,  and  Pliny  mentions  that  it 
was  supposed  the  King  of  Persia  had  sent  them  into  Egypt  to  poison 
the  inhabitants,  with  whom  he  was  then  at  war.  This,  however, 
with  traditions,  making  the  fruit  of  a  Peach  tree,  when  eaten,  to  con- 
fer immortality,  knowledge,  and  the  like,  are  now  regarded  as  mys- 
ticisms of  a  past  age,  of  which,  nought  but  the  tradition  is  left.  In 
portions  of  China,  Spain,  Italy,  and  the  South  of  France,  as  well  as 
our  own  country,  the  Peach  is  grown  without  aid  of  glass,  or  artifi- 
cial, or  condensed  heat,  by  means  of  walls,  etc. ;  we  have  therefore 
looked  to  receive  some  variety  from  thence  that  would  surpass  our 
American  Seedlings,  but,  as  yet,  none  have  been  introduced. 

The  wood  of  the  Peach,  being  of  a  more  open,  coarse  fibre  than 
that  of  most  fruits,  we  find  it  more  susceptible  to  sudden  and  severe 
changes  of  temperature,  and  therefore  less  hardy,  and  of  shorter  du- 
ration. That  this  character  is  materially  affected  by  soil,  seems  not 
to  admit  of  a  doubt;  writers  generally  conceding  that -while  in 
unfavorable  soils  the  Peach  decays  in  four  to  ten  years,  in  favor- 
able soils  it  continues  healthy  and  vigorous  for  forty  or  fifty  years, 
and,  with  the  addition  of  being  annually,  correctly  and  freely  pruned, 
may  be  made  to  produce  regularly  for  near  one  hundred  years. 
Of  this  we  speak  more  at  length  under  the  head  of  SOIL. 

Propagation. — By  Seed.  The  seed  of  the  Peach,  if  carefully 
planted  in  the  autumn,  will  often  vegetate  in  the  ensuing  spring, 
and,  in  good  soil,  make  a  growth  the  first  year  of  three  to  four 
feet ;  but  in  order  to  succeed  surely,  it  is  best  to  gather  the  stones" 
from  late  fruiting  varieties,  of  hardy,  healthy  trees ;  spread  them 
about  four  inches  thick  on  some  light,  sandy  knoll  and  cover  with 
about  four  inches  earth.  In  spring,  when  the  frost  is  fully  out  of  the 
ground,  leaving  it  fit  for  working,  these  stones  will  be  found  to  have 


262  THE   PEACH. 

mostly  cracked  and  the  germ  just  started  ;  they  should  then  be  care- 
fully planted  in  rows,  four  feet  apart,  and  one  seed  every  foot  in  the 
row,  covered  about  two  inches  deep.  The  stones  that  are  not 
cracked  by  the  frost  should  be  taken  and  carefully  cracked,  by  plac- 
ing on  a  wooden  block  and  striking  the  side  edge  with  a  hammer  ;  this 
will  not  injure  the  germ,  as  is  often  done  when  they  are  cracked  by  strik- 
ing the  ends.  Separated  from  the  stone,  the  kernels  should  be 
planted  same  as  above,  but  in  rows  by  themselves,  as  all  are  not  sure 
to  grow,  and,  even  if  they  did,  would  not  as  soon  as  those  already 
started,  and  therefore  the  rows  in  culture  would  often  have  trees  un- 
fitted for  budding  at  same  time ;  or  frequently  those  coming  from 
the  last  named  kinds  would  be  entirely  too  small  for  budding  the 
first  year. 

It  is  well  to  know  that  most  of  the  yellow  fleshed  Peaches  have  a 
tendency  to  produce  varieties  similar  to  the  parent ;  hence  the  in- 
numerable new  sorts  that  now  swell  the  nursery-men's  catalogues, 
and  that  are  yearly  being  introduced  to  the  public  as  "  highly  superi- 
or" If  an  orchard  is  desired  to  be  produced  of  seedlings,  by  select- 
ing seeds  of  the  Yellow  Rareripe,  Crawford's  Early,  Bergen's  Yel- 
low, Lemon  Cling,  and  Crawford's  Late,  it  is  very  probable  a  col- 
lection would  be  obtained  preserving  in  great  measure  the  charac- 
ters, qualities,  and  times  of  ripening  of  these  varieties.  So,  also, 
may  the  periods  of  ripening  of  each  kind  be,  to  a  certain  extent, 
hastened  or  retarded,  by  selecting  pits  of  the  first  or  last  that  ripen 
on  each  particular  tree. 

The  grower  should,  however,  recollect  that  while  there  is  a  strong 
tendency  in  these  varieties  to  reproduce  themselves,  their  capability 
so  to  do  is  often  destroyed  by  the  intermixture,  while  in  flower  of 
some  other  variety  which  is  perhaps  adjoining  them  only  a  few  feet ; 
hence,  in  order  to  feel  any  degree  of  certainty  toward  the  raising  of 
kinds  valuable,  or  resembling  the  parent,  it  is  necessary  that  the 
tree  from  which  the  pits  are  taken  should  stand  perfectly  isolated, 
or  certainly  distant  two  hundred  rods  from  any  other  Peach  tree. 

Those  who  have  not  the  dry  sandy  knoll  whereon  to  place  the  pits, 
to  prepare  them  for  the  ensuing  spring,  may  place  them  in  a  moist 
cellar  until  nearly  the  close  of  winter ;  then  take  them  out,  soak 
them  in  water  two  or  three  days,  spread  them  on  the  ground  and 
cover  two  or  three  inches  of  saw-^u  i  or  leaf  mould  over  them  ;  thus 
exposing  them  to  action  of  fro>t.  '  <  i!  the  season  for  planting. 

By  Budding. — The  seed  sown  as  above  will,  early  in  the  month 
of  September,  be  found  to  have  grown,  in  good  soil,  from  three  to 
four  feet,  when  they  should  be  budded  as  near  the  ground  as  possi- 
ble ;  and  in  October  one-half  of  the  entire  top  should  be  cut  back — 
not  the  limbs  pruned  off,  leaving  bare  stems — but  the  growth  of 
every  limb  should  be  shortened  or  cut  back  one-half;  this  is  to  pre- 


BY  GRAFTING — TRANSPLANTING.  263 

vent  injury  from  high  winds  or  heavy  snows,  which  frequently  break 
the  tree,  just  at  the  insertion  of  the  bud. 

Some  bud  upon  the  plum  stock,  for  the  purpose  of  dwarfing  the 
tree ;  and  when  so  done  the  month  of  August  is  best.  The  exact 
time  cannot  be  stated,  as  seasons  vary  even  in  the  same  section  of 
country,  but  the  watchful  eye  will  soon  learn  to  detect  the  period 
when  the  young  stock  is  about  to  form  its  terminal  bud,  and  then  is 
generally  the  best  time.  If  the  bud  is  inserted  too  early  in  the  sea- 
son, on  the  Peach  stock,  it  is  liable  to  overgrow  and  "  gum." 

Budding  the  Peach  may  also  be  performed  in  the  month  of  June, 
on  trees  of  two  or  more  years  old.  Jt  is  done  in  same  manner  as 
that  in  common  budding,  except  in  selecting  the  buds,  you  select  a 
young  shoot,  of  about  one  to  two  inches  grown,  and,  cutting  it  back 
to  one  or  two  leaves,  you  insert  and  tie  as  in  the  common  mode. 

By  Grafting. — This  is  rarely  performed  at  the  North,  but  may  be 
made  tolerably  successful  if  performed  very  early  on  trees  standing  in 
warm,  light  soil.  A  strong,  sharp  knife  or  spade  should  tirst  be  used 
around,  cutting  off  all  the  roots  of  the  tree,  at  about  one  foot  from 
the  body  of  a  tree  four  feet  high — the  tree  headed  back  about  one 
half,  and  the  lower  limbs  cut  into  about  two  buds  each — the  graft 
inserted  in  the  manner-  termed  tongue  or  whip-grafting,  tied  with 
soft  bark,  and  covered  with  a  ball  of  grafting-clay.  When  the  graft 
has  made  one  foot  growth,  the  ligature  should  be  loosed,  and  the 
lower  limbs  cut  in  smoothly  to  the  body.  Some  cultivators  in  the 
southern  States  graft  into  the  crown  of  the  root,  and  when  the  stocks 
are  small  it  is  a  good  way  ;  but  the  cleft  grafting  mode  is  then  best. 

Transplanting. —  In  transplanting  from  the  nursery  to  the  orchard, 
the  limbs,  or  branches,  should  be  shortened  back  to  the  form  of  a 
pyramidal,  rounded  head,  having  the  lower  limbs  within  two  feet  of 
the  ground,  and  not  exceeding  one  foot  long.  The  side  roots  should 
only  have  their  ends  smoothed  with  a  sharp  knife,  all  broken  or 
bruised  roots  cut  away,  and  the  tap  root  cut  off  to  within  one  foot 
of  the  crown. 

Distances  apart. — On  light,  sandy  soils,  twelve  feet  apart  each 
way  is  sufficient  for  the  peach ;  but  on  good  strong  soil,  the  trees  re- 
quire from  eighteen  to  twenty-five  feet,  in  order,  when  full  grown,  to 
enable  them  to  mature  their  fruit  with  full  exposure  to  the  sun. 

Soil  and  Situation. — The  soil  whereon  to  make  plantations  of  the 
peach  is  a  matter  of  great  import,  as  thereby  hang  the  main  chances 
of  success  or  failure,  The  following  analysis,  made  by  B.  Kirtland, 
Esq.,  of  Poland,  Ohio,  from  three  esteemed  varieties,  viz.,  Yellow 
Rareripe,  Morris  Red  Rareripe,  and  Morrisania,  will  be  found  ex- 
tremely useful  to  every  planter,  as  it  is  easy  to  get  an  analysis  made 
of  soils,  and  from  the  two  the  planter  will  know  at  once  which  par 


264  THE   PEACH. 

ticular  manure  is  required  to  perfect  his  fruit,  and  give  vigor  to  his 
trees.  Equal  quantities  of  limbs  and  twigs  from  the  three  kinds 
above  named,  were  taken,  and  after  having  been  thoroughly  dried 
(whereby  they  lost  about  44  per  cent,  of  water),  carefully  burned 
with  a  moderate  heat,  yielding  as  follows  : 

Charcoal  and  Sand,  .      ^.        ..      .        .         .  3.180 

Silica,      .         .         .     ,  • ;»:  ir^>  ^  tev  <  -**-.,  1 .480 

Per  phosphate  of  Iron, 2.174 

Potash,   .        .    -...;.;;         .         .         .        .  12.545 

Soda,       .         .    •".•„."    '.         .        .      -v       :.  2.000 

Sulphate  of  Lime,  ./*....  2.258 

Lime,     .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  23.951 

Phosphate  of  Lime,       ,.I;..         .         .         .  21.699 

Magnesia,        .     :  „_.      ..         .         .         .         .  7.052 

Peroxide  of  Manganese,   .         .         .         .      >   i/ 1  .800 

Chloride  of  Sodium,         .        V       • .         .         .  .699 

Carbonic  Acid,         .      v.v     ^  '   V      '..''«  33.350 


111.188 

Loss  in  Analysis,      *v       J-  ; ;  . ;;  '•  -v  •'• "  ••  ..':    3.812 


115.000 

These  analyses  show  the  wood  of  the  Peach  tree  as  next  to  the 
Pear  in  amount  of  Phosphates,  and  also  the  erroneous  impression  so 
generally  current,  that  the  Peach  requires  a  light,  sandy  soil.  The 
most  vigorous,  healthy  trees  we  have  ever  seen  are  growing  on  the 
borders  of  the  Ohio  River,  on  what  is  termed  limestone  soil,  and 
where  perfect  drainage  is  naturally  formed  by  the  hills.  On  the 
prairies  the  trees  grow  rapidly,  but  to  us  have  the  appearance  of  a 
forced,  green-house  plant,  and  unable  to  endure  aught  but  genial  air, 
while  feeding  thus  upon  one  or  two  of  the  elements  of  growth,  and 
at  the  same  time  devoid  of  others  requisite  to  the  perfection  of 
healthy  wood.  Lime  and  bone  dust,  we  judge,  will  be  found  espe- 
cially beneficial  in  perfecting  truly  healthy  trees,  capable  of  endur- 
ing the  great  changes  of  climate  on  our  western  prairies.  If  to  this 
application  be  added  the  practice  of  shortening  in  during  the  month 
of  September,  and  perfect  drainage  of  water  from  the  roots,  we  be- 
lieve the  tree  will  be  found  to  endure  more  successfully  the  extreme 
changes  of  climate. 

The  duration  of  the  Peach  tree  we  consider  greatly  dependent 
upon  the  soil  being  properly  drained,  and  containing  the  proper  pro- 
portions of  food  toward  forming  perfect  wood.  The  doctrine  of  ex- 
cretions of  vegetables,  is  one  which  we  are  yet  inclined  to  support, 
having  been  unable  to  succeed,  even  with  renewed  preparation  of  the 


SEASON  TO  TRANSPLANT — CULTIVATION.  265 

soil,  in  growing  two  successive  crops  of  the  same  kind  of  tree 'upon 
the  same  plot. 

A  rank,  luxuriant  tree,  with  shoots  spongy,  sappy,  plethoric,  un- 
ripened,  and  incapable  of  being  matured,  with  the  roots  in  an  un- 
drained,  cold,  or  wet  soil,  is  too  often  regarded  as  thrifty,  when  in 
truth  it  is  but  the  expression  of  a  false  stimulant,  as  in  the  human 
frame,  exciting  only  to  destroy. 

The  situation  of  a  peach-orchard  should,  if  possible,  be  upon  high 
grounds,  as  less  subject  to  extreme  and  severe  changes  of  tempera- 
ture, and  as  tending  to  more  perfect  maturity  of  wood  in  fall  of  year, 
and  later  period  of  blooming  in  spring.  If  the  trees  are  low-branched 
and  well  shortened  in,  supplied  with  requisite  inorganic  elements  in 
the  soil,  the  lay  of  the  land  to  the  east,  south,  or  north  will  only 
affect  the  time  of  ripening  the  fruit :  that  to  the  south  maturing  about 
one  week  earlier  than  that  toward  the  north.  Elevated  situations, 
surrounded  by,  or  bordering  on,  bodies  of  water,  will  often  furnish 
fruits  when  adjacent  valleys  fail ;  and  this  is  especially  true  where 
the  bodies  of  water  do  not  entirely  freeze  over  during  winter :  the 
southern  shores  of  several  of  our  lakes  rarely  failing  to  produce 
peaches  when  the  entire  crop  is  destroyed  five  or  ten  miles  back  in 
the  interior.  Even  slight  knolls  often  protect  the  crop,  an  instance 
of  which  we  had  in  our  own  grounds,  where  trees  were  distant  only 
thirty  feet ;  in  one  night  all  of  the  buds  upon  the  lower  limbs,  or 
more  than  half  way  up,  being  destroyed  on  the  tree  standing  on  what 
would  be  termed  the  level,  while  on  the  tree  on  the  knoll  not  one 
was  injured. 

The  destruction  of  buds  by  extreme  cold  in  the  winter  is  of  rare 
occurrence,  except  the  tree  has  been  excited  by  a  season  of  warm 
weather,  or  has  been  grown  in  the  manner  called  "  thrifty,"  pre- 
viously noted.  Where  trees  are  steadily  and  healthily  grown,  they 
are  capable  of  wishstanding  20°  to  25°  below  zero  without  injury, 
unless  immediately  followed  by  clear,  warm  sun,  or  the  tree  being 
in  an  immature,  unhealthy  state. 

Season  to  Transplant. — Throughout  the  northern  and  western 
States  it  is  best  to  transplant  the  Peach  in  the  spring.  South  or 
Southwest,  fall  or  midwinter  may  be  best — but  from  remarks  of 
many  writers,  we  incline  to  the  belief,  that  early  in  March  or  the 
last  of  February  is  best,  as  they  occasionally  have  some  severe 
changes  in  January,  very  trying  to  newly  planted  trees.  The  ground 
should  alway  be  prepared  in  the  fall. 

Cultivation. — The  ground  about  peach  trees  should  always  be 
kept  clean ;  if  planted  on  light,  sandy  soil,  running  through  an  or- 
chard with  a  cultivator  so  as  not  to  break  the  roots ;  if  upon  rich 
prairie  or  limestone  soils,  the  ground  may  be  plowed  and  cropped 
without  injury ;  but  on  the  sandy,  light  soil  no  crop  except  the  white 
12 


266 


THE  PEACH. 


turnip  should  ever  be  grown,  and  that  pays  best  to  be  turned  under 
by  a  very  shallow  plowing  of,  say,  two  inches  deep.  On  rich,  deep 
prairie  soils,  it  is  best  not  to  stir  the  ground  after  midsummer. 

Pruning. — The  fruit  being  borne  only  on  wood  of 
the  preceding  year,  one  of  the  great  objects  in  pruning, 
is  to  keep  all  parts  of  the  tree  furnished  with  a  regular 
and  constant  succession  of  annual  bearing  shoots.  P. 
Barry,  in  his  "  Fruit  Garden,"  has  the  following,  so  cor- 
rectly descriptive  of  the  mode,  that  we  adopt  it,  together 
with  a  cut  illustrative  of  buds,  on  which  C.  D.  E.  are 
fruit  buds,  F.  G.  H.  leaf  buds,  /.  double  buds,  (7.  triple 
buds ;  the  two  side  buds  being  fruit  buds,  and  the  centre 
one  a  leaf  bud.  By  referring  to  the  branch,  it  will  be 
seen  that  it  is  furnished  with  a  certain  number  of  wood 
buds  and  fruit  buds.  At  the  base,  there  are  always  one 
or  more  wood  buds. 

Now,  if  that  shoot  were  not  pruned,  all  the  fruit  buds 
on  it  would  produce  fruit, — one,  two,  or  three  of  the 
wood  buds  at  the  top  would  make  new  shoots ;  these 
would  necessarily  be  very  weak,  in  consequence  of  the 
number  of  fruit  below  them.  At  the  end  of  the  season 
there  would  be  a  long,  vacant  space,  entirely  destitute  of  a 
young  shoot  or  a  living  bud.  This  is  the  way  that  the  inte- 
rior and  lower  parts  of  treesbecome  so  soon  degarnished. 

But  when  that  shoot  is  shortened,  we  will  say  one  half, 
|D  the  sap  is  retained  in  its  lower  parts,  one  half  of  the 
fruit  buds  are  removed,  and  the  consequence  is,  that 
large  and  fine  fruits  are  obtained  from  those  remaining : 
young  vigorous  shoots  are  produced  from  the  lower 
buds  to  bear  next  year,  and 
take  the  place  of  those  which 
have  already  borne.  In  this 
way  regular  uniform  crops  of 
large  and  fine  fruit  are  ob- 
tained, and  a  constant  succes- 
sion of  young  shoots  is  kept  up. 


To  form  the  head  of  a  stand- 
ard Peach  Tree.  — We  will 
suppose  it  the  intention  to 
form  a  standard  tree,  with  a 
trunk  two  feet  in  height,  and  a 

.,  ,  .1     tree,  with  a  stem  two  let 

round,  Open,  and  symmetrical    and  a  round,  open  head. 

head,  like  figure.     We  take 
a  yearling  tree  and  cut  it  back  to  within  two  feet  and  a  half  of  the 


DISEASES  AND   INSECTS  INJURIOUS.  267 

ground  in  the  spring.  Below  this  cut  a  certain  number  of  shoots 
will  be  produced,  from  which  three  will  be  selected  to  form  the  main 
branches  or  frame- work  of  the  head.  All  the  others  are  rubbed  off 
when  two  or  three  inches  long  or  sooner.  At  the  end  of  the  season 
we  have  a  tree  with  three  branches. 

The  second  year  these  three  branches  are  cut  back  full  one  half 
their  length,  and  from  each  we  take  a  shoot  to  continue  the  branch, 
and  one  to  form  a  secondary  branch.  The  other  shoots  produced 
below  these  are  pinched  or  checked  to  prevent  them  from  interfering 
with  the  growth  of  the  leading  branches.  In  the  fall  of  the  year  we 
have  a  tree  with  six  leading  branches,  and  some  bearing  shoots  be- 
low on  the  older  wood. 

The  third  year  each  of  these  six  branches  is  shortened  one  half,  in 
order  to  obtain  more  secondary  branches,  and  some  fruit  branches 
on  the  lower  parts.  All  young  shoots  on  the  old  wood,  whether 
fruit  branches  or  not,  should  be  cut  back  one  half,  or  as  far  as  may 
be  necessary,  to  cause  the  wood  buds  at  their  base  to  push,  and 
make  shoots  to  bear  next  year. 

The  formation  of  the  head  goes  on  as  described  for  two  or  three 
years  more,  when  it  is  complete  ;  for  peach  trees,  properly  pruned, 
do  not  assume  such  wide  spreading  forms  as  they  do  naturally.  The 
main  branches  and  secondary  branches  should  be  at  equal  distances 
throughout,  and  far  enough  apart  to  give  the  bearing  wood  on  their 
sides  the  full  benefit  of  the  sun  and  air. 

An  equality  of  vigor  should  also  be  preserved  amongst  them  by 
summer  pinching.  It  is  not  uncommon  to  see  a  very  vigorous  shoot 
start  up  in  a  peach  tree,  and  appropriate  so  much  of  the  sap  as  to 
injure  a  whole  branch ;  these  should  be  checked  the  moment  their 
character  is  observed,  unless  they  may  be  wanted  to  fill  a  vacancy. 
Every  part  of  the  branches  should  be  furnished  with  bearing  shoots, 
and  these  should,  every  spring,  be  shortened  in  one  half  or  more,  to 
produce  others  at  their  base,  whilst  those  that  have  borne  are  cut  out." 

With  the  advice  above,  as  well  as  of  most  writers,  to  shorten 
back  or  prune  the  Peach  in  the  Sprinff,  we  do  not  fully  agree ;  be- 
lieving, rather,  that  if  the  operation  be  performed  in  September,  it 
will  enable  the  tree  to  more  fully  perfect  the  remaining  buds,  and 
fit  it  to  endure  changes  of  temperature  during  winter. 

Diseases  and  Insects  injurious.  The  Curl  of  the  Leaf.  The  first 
-  developed  leaves,  in  the  spring,  often  become  diseased  with  a  spongy 
and  malignant  growth,  exhibiting  reddish  blotches  or  swellings  on  the 
upper  side,  that,  after  two  or  three  weeks,  causes  them  to  fall  off.  "  This 
occurs  at  a  period  when  the  vigorous  circulation  of  the  sap  requires  a 
corresponding  action  in  those  important  organs.  A  second  growth  is 
soon  forced  out,  which  ultimately  restores  the  tree  to  its  wonted  force 
and  vigor.  It  is,  however,  evident,  that  though  the  recuperative 


268  THE   PEACH. 

powers  of  nature  may,  for  once,  twice,  or  even  thrice,  restore  a 
growth  of  leaves,  the  shock  must  at  length  impair  the  vitality,  and 
induce  an  unhealthy  condition."  This  curl  of  the  leaf  is  produced 
by  the  punctures  of  a  small  plant-louse,  the  "  Aphis  persica"  fully 
described  by  Dr.  Harris  in  his  work  on  Insects. 

A  mixture  of  tobacco  water  and  strong  soapsuds  applied  with  a 
syringe,  early,  or  as  soon  as  the  leaves  are  one  third  grown,  will  be 
found  a  good  remedy.  Barry  regards  the  curl  of  the  leaf  induced 
by  sudden  change  of  weather — a  number  of  warm  days  that  cause 
the  expansion  of  the  young  leaves,  followed  by  a  cold,  rainy  day ; 
the  more  severe  and  protracted  the  cold,  the  more  severe  and  fatal 
the  curl. 

The  Yellows.  What  is  regarded  as  the  Yellows  is  little  known 
throughout  the  West ;  neither  have  we  ever  observed  it,  to  any  ex- 
tent, in  the  New  England  States,  except  where  trees  were  procured 
from,  or  grown  on  poor,  sandy  soils,  enfeebled  and  imperfect  from 
their  first  start.  That  it  may  be  perpetuated  by  innoculation,  or 
sowing  seeds  from  trees  diseased,  we  have  no  doubt ;  it  therefore 
behooves  every  tree  grower  to  be  careful  from  whence  he  procures 
his  pits  for  stocks.  Prof.  Kirtland  says :  "  It  is  questionable  whether 
any  distinct  disease  occurs,  to  which  this  name  is  applicable.  Per- 
haps it  is  only  a  collection  of  symptoms  arising  from  causes  acting 
either  individually  or  collectively.  Facts  seem  to  favor  this  view, 
though  the  insight  of  popular  opinion  is  in  favor  of  its  being  a  spe- 
cific and  contagious  disease."  Depredations  of  the  ^Egeria  exitiosa, 
Aphis  persica,  exhaustion  of  elements  in  the  soil,  and  want  of  correct 
pruning  appear  to  be  the  primary  causes,  and,  in  reference  thereto, 
Prof.  Kirtland  further  remarks :  "  In  estimating  the  power  and  ex- 
tent of  these  causes,  it  should  be  recollected  that  an  injurious  im- 
pression, acting  constantly  upon  successive  generations  of  either 
animal  or  vegetable  species,  may  ultimately  establish  a  hereditary 
entailment  that  may  be  propagated  in  the  form  of  predisposition 
to  disease,  or  disease  itself.  The  converse  is  equally  true  in  pro- 
ducing health  or  physical  development. 

These  several  causes  have  been  exerting  their  influence  on  the 
Peach  tree  for  a  long  term  of  years,  impairing  the  stamina  and 
health  of  its  fruit  germs.  These  impressions  have  been  propagated 
and  re-propagated,  in  conjunction  with  the  action  of  the  primary 
causes  of  impairment,  till  at  length  we  have  only  a  sickly  progeny." 

The  remedy  is  to  cut  down  and  destroy  all  diseased  trees ;  the 
preventive  is  judicious  cultivation. 

Mildew.  This  is  the  name  applied  to  a  minute  fungus  which  at- 
tacks the  ends  of  the  young  branches  of  some  particular  varieties, 
termed  serrated  or  glandless.  It  checks  growth,  and  renders  the 


THE  PEACH   WOBM. 


269 


tree  unsightly.  Application,  by  means  of  a  syringe,  of  one  ounce  of 
nitre  to  one  gallon  of  water,  in  proportion,  will  destroy  it,  and,  at 
the  same  time,  add  to  vigor  and  health  of  the  tree.  Dusting  of  sul- 
phur is  by  some  advised. 

The  Peach  worm  or  Borer -,  ^Egeria  exitiosa,  was  known  as  early 
as  before  the  commencement  of  the  present  century,  and  has  been 
repeatedly  described.  There  are  two  sexes,  and  so  remarkably 
different  that  some  natu- 
ralists have  almost  hesita- 
ted in  arranging  thorn. 
"The  insect,  in  its  perfect 
state,  is  a  slender,  dark 
blue,  four  -  winged  moth, 
somewhat  like  a  wasp.  It 
commences  depositing  its 
eggs  in  the  soft  and  tender 
bark  at  the  base  of  the  trunk,  usually  about  the  last  of  June,  but  at 
different  times,  from  June  to  October.  The  egg  hatches,  and  be- 
comes a  small  white  borer 
or  grub,  (fig.  a),  which 
eventually  grows  to  three 
fourths  of  an  inch  long,  pen- 
etrates and  devours  the  bark 
and  sap  -  wood,  and,  after 
passing  the  winter  in  the 

tree,  it  enfolds  itself  in  a  cocoon,  (fig.  b  ,  under  or  upon  the  bark, 
and  emerges  again  in  a  perfect  or  winged  form  in  June,  and  com- 
mences depositing  its  eggs  for  another  generation." 

Multiform  have  been  the  prescribed  remedies  for  protection 
against  this  insect,  but  none  have  been  found  infallible ;  and  the 
careful  cultivator  will  find  the  use  of  a  sharp  knife,  once  in  June, 
and  again  in  September,  applied  to  cutting  out  the  worm,  whose  lo- 
cation is  easily  discovered  by  exudation,  near  the  crown  of  the  roots, 
of  gummy  matter — a  far  better  preventive,  and  also  really  cheaper, 
than  heaping  up  of  ashes,  cinders,  etc.,  etc. 

Gathering. — If  for  immediate  use  the  peach  should  not  be  gath- 
ered until  fully  ripe,  but  if  intended  for  market  it  is  necessary  often 
to  gather  while  yet  firm. 

Characters  and  Classification. — The  general  outward  characters  of 
many  kinds  are  so  nearly  similar  that  it  is  necessary  to  resort  to 
other  means  than  exhibited  in  the  fruit  in  order  to  identify  varieties. 
This,  even  with  all  the  means  at  command,  is  often  very  difficult, 
owing  to  the  numerous  seedlings  constantly  being  produced.  The 
distinction  of  freestones  and  clinsgtones  (melters  and  pavies  of  the 


270 


THE  PEACH. 


English)  is  the  most  natural  and  well  understood  ;  next,  the  distinc- 
tion by  means  of  what  are  termed  glands  on  the  leaves,  as  also  the 
indentations  or  irregular  edge  of  the  leaf  termed  creneate,  serrated, 
and  coarsely  serrated  ;  and  last  the  distinction  by  means  of  the  flow- 
ers, as  large  or  small.  This  last  is  open  only  to  examination  a  short 
period,  and  therefore  is  not  used  except  by  the  careful  amateur  po- 
mologist,  or  correct  nurseryman. 

The  accompanying  figures  are  illustrative  : 

Figure  1,  the  ser 
rated  without  glands; 
figure  2,coarsely  ser- 
rated, and  with  glo- 
bose glands;  figure 
3,  creneate  and  with 
reniform  or  kidney 
shaped  glands.  "The 
form  of  the  glands," 
observes  Lindley, 
"  as  well  as  their  po- 
sition, is  perfectly 
distinct ;  they  are 

_Fig.  1.  Fig.  2.        Fig.  "3.  fully    developed    in 

the  month  of  May,  and  continue  to  the  last  permanent  in  their  char- 
acter, and  are  not  aifected  by  cultivation.  The  globose  glands  are 
situated,  one,  two,  or  more,  on  the  foot  stalks,  and  one,  two,  or 
more,  on  the  tips  or  points  of  the  serratures  of  the  leaves.  The  reniform 
glands  grow  also  on  the  footstalks  of  the  leaves,  but  those  on  the  leaves 
are  placed  within  the  serratures,  connecting,  as  it  were,  the  upper 
and  lower  teeth  of  the  serratures  together ;  their  leaves,  when  taken 
from  a  branch  of  vigorous  growth,  have  more  glands  than  the  leaves 
of  the  globose  varieties.  It  will,  however,  sometimes  happen,  that 
glands  are  not  discernable  on  some  of  the  leaves,  especially  on  those 
produced  from  weak  branches ;  in  this  case,  other  branches  must  be 
sought  for  which  do  produce  them."  Lindley,  as  well  as  most  wri- 
ters since,  have  rendered  these  classes,  with  sub-classes  or  divisions, 
founded  mainly  on  the  structure  of  the  leaves,  but  we  have  prefer- 
red, in  this  fruit  as  well  as  others,  to  embody  the  distinction  in  the 
text  descriptive  of  a  variety,  and  confine  ourself  to  the  practical 
every  day  wanted  division  of  "  best,"  "  very  good,"  and  "  good." 
The  word  "Melocoton"  only  meaning  "peach,"  we  have  dropped,  and 
only  use  it  in  connection  with  the  synonyms. 

Uses. — The  various  uses  made  of  the  peach  are  so  well  known  as 
not  to  require  a  word,  yet  the  profit  to  be  obtained  from  drying  or 
preserving  fresh,  the  fruit,  when  distant  from  market,  induces  us  to 


PRESERVING  THE   FRESH   FRUIT.  271 

extract  the  following  descriptions.  Downing  says,  "  in  Western 
New  York,  and  indeed  in  most  parts  of  the  country  where  peaches 
are  largely  cultivated,  the  fruit  is  dried,  and  in  this  state  sent  to  mar- 
ket in  very  large  quantities.  The  drying  is  performed,  on  a  small 
scale,  in  spent  ovens;  on  a  large  scale,  in  a  small  "dry  ing  house 
heated  by  a  stove,  and  fitted  up  with  ventilated  drawers.  These 
drawers,  the  bottoms  of  which  are  formed  of  laths,  or  narrow  strips 
sufficiently  open  to  allow  the  air  to  circulate  through  them,  are  filled 
with  peaches  in  halves.  They  are  cut  in  two  without  being  peeled, 
the  stone  taken  out,  and  the  two  halves  placed  in  a  single  layer  with 
the  skin  downward.  In  a  short  time  the  heat  of  the  drying  house 
will  complete  the  drying,  and  the  drawers  are  then  ready  for  a  sec- 
ond filling.  Farther  south  they  are  spread  upon  boards  or  frames, 
and  dried  in  the  sun  merely  ;  but  usually,  with  the  previous  prepa- 
ration, of  dipping  the  peaches  (in  baskets,)  for  a  few  minutes  in 
boiling  water  before  halving  them." 

Preserving  the  fresh  fruit. — Thomas  describes  the  process  as  fol- 
lows :  "  Prepare  the  canisters  in  the  best  manner,  of  good  tin — 
about  seven  or  eight  inches  in  length,  and  four  to  four  and  a  half  in 
diameter.  Whatever  be  the  size,  they  should  be  uniform,  that  they 
may  be  heated  alike.  The  fruit  selected  should  be  just  ripe  and  no 
more,  free  from  specks  or  bruises.  When  the  canisters  are  filled, 
the  tops  are  to  be  carefully  soldered  on,  leaving  a  hole  in  them 
about  the  size  of  a  small  pin  for  the  escape  of  the  air.  They  are 
then  to  be  set  in  a  vessel  of  water,  to  be  kept  boiling  moderately, 
until  the  temperature  of  the  fruit  is  raised  to  that  of  the  water. 
The  way  in  which  this  is  ascertained,  is  to  put  a  drop  of  water  on 
the  pin  hole,  which  will  continue  to  bubble  as  long  as  the  air  escapes 
from  the  canister.  When  the  internal  temperature  is  equal  to  that 
of  the  water,  no  more  air  will  escape.  The  water  is  then  to  be 
wiped  off,  and  a  drop  of  solder  immediately  put  in  its  place.  The 
boiling  water  should  be  raised  as  near  to  the  tops  of  the  canisters  as 
possible,  so  as  not  to  cover  them.  If  the  operation  has  been  pro- 
perly conducted,  the  ends  of  the  canisters  will,  shortly  after  the  cool- 
ing has  taken  place,  be  depressed,  in  consequence  of  the  external 
pressure  of  the  atmosphere.  The  degree  of  heat  to  which  the  fruit 
is  subjected  does  not  cook  it  in  the  least.  It  is  proper  that  the  can- 
isters should  be  set  in  a  cool  place.  The  vessel  in  which  the  water 
is  to  be  kept  boiling,  must  of  coarse  have  a  level  bottom  ;  and  every 
one  who  is  disposed  to  try  the  experiment  can  devise  one  for  him- 
self." 


272  THE  PEACH. 


VAEIETIES. 

The  varieties  of  the  peach  have  within  a  few  years  been  largely 
increased,  but  as  the  fruit  is,  when  matured,  quickly  perishable,  we 
have  endeavored  to  select  out  only  those  that  are  really  valuable, 
and  that  will  furnish  a  perfect  succession  from  earliest  to  latest. 
Many  varieties  are  undoubtedly  good  in  their  immediate  locality, 
and  often  perhaps  equal  the  best,  yet  there  seems  no  necessity  for 
increasing  the  numbers  unless  some  evident  superiority  is  found 
either  in  fruit  or  tree. 

The  periods  of  ripening,  which  we  have  attached  to  each  variety, 
mark  its  character  on  the  southern  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  in  northern 
Ohio.  At  Cincinnati  it  will  often  be  found  two  weeks  earlier,  while 
at  Boston  or  Buffalo  it  will  be  eight  or  ten  days  later. 


CLASS   I. —  Worthy  General  Cultivation. 
BERGEN. 

Bergen 's  Yellow. 

American.  Tt  much  resembles  Yellow  Rareripe,  but  ripens  about 
ten  days  later  ;  a  moderate  regular  bearer.  Flowers,  small ;  glands, 
reniform  ;  fruit,  large,  globular ;  depressed,  broad  suture,  distinct, 
rather  more  than  half  round  ;  skin,  deep  orange,  with  a  broad  red 
cheek ;  flesh,  yellow,  melting,  and  of  luscious  flavor.  Season,  early 
September.  Freestone. 

BREVOORT. 

Brevoort's  Morris.         |         Brevoort's  Seedling  Melter. 

American.  A  moderate  but  regular  bearer.  Flowers,  small ; 
planets,  reniform  ;  fruit,  medium  to  large,  round ;  rather  broad  dis- 
tinct, suture,  deep  at  apex ;  skin,  dingy,  white,  with  a  bright  red 
check ;  flesh,  firm,  slightly  red  at  stone,  sweet  and  high  flavored. 
Reason,  early  September.  Freestone. 

CRAWFORD'S  EARLY. 

Crawford's  Early  Melocoton,         |         Early  Crawford. 

American.  As  a  market  fruit,  one  of  the  most  deservingly 
popular  of  the  yellow  fleshed  varieties;  productive.  Flowers, 


WORTHY   GENERAL  CULTIVATION.  273 

small ;  glands,  globose ;  fruit,  large,  oblong,  oval,  sometimes 
roundish,  point  at  apex  prominent ;  suture,  shallow ;  skin,  yellow, 
with  red  cheek ;  flesh,  yellow,  juicy,  and  when  ripened  in  warm 
sunny  weather,  rich  and  sweet,  at  other  times  slightly  sub-acid. 
Season,  last  of  August  to  10th  of  September.  Freestone. 

CRAWFORD'S  LATE. 

Crawford's  Late  Melocoton,         |         Crawford's  Superb  Melocoton. 
Crawford's  Superb  Malacatune. 

American.  One  of  the  most  valuable  yellow  fleshed  late  varie- 
ties, deserving  place  in  all  collections ;  productive.  Flowers,  small ; 
glands,  globose ;  fruit,  large,  roundish ;  suture,  shallow ;  skin,  yel- 
low, with  dark  red  cheek ;  flesh,  yellow,  red  at  the  stone,  juicy, 
vinous,  and  like  the  foregoing,  depends  on  warm  sunny  weather  to 
make  it  sweet.  Season,  last  of  September  and  first  of  October. 
Freestone. 

COOLEDGE'S  FAVORITE. 

Cooledge's  Early  Red  Rareripe. 

American.  Tree  very  hardy  and  productive.  Flowers,  small ; 
glands,  globose ;  fruit,  medium  to  large,  roundish,  largest  on  one 
side ;  suture,  at  apex  only ;  skin,  white,  with  a  bright  red  cheek 
often  mottled;  flesh,  melting,  juicy,  rich,  sweet  delicious  flavor. 
Season,  20th  to  last  of  August.  Freestone. 

COLUMBIA. 

American.  Tree,  moderate  grower,  hardy,  young  wood  a  pur- 
plish cast,  moderate  regular  bearer.  Flowers,  small ;  glands,  reni- 
form ;  fruit,  large,  roundish,  with  a  shallow  suture  half  round  ;  skin, 
singularly  marked  and  striped  with  dark  red ;  flesh,  yellow,  often 
exhibiting  a  red  streak  next  the  skin,  rich,  juicy,  and  excellent  flavor. 
Season,  middle  to  last  of  September.  Freestone. 

EARLY  YORK. 

Serrate  Early  York,         |         True  Early  York. 

Much  confusion  has  arisen  with  growers  respecting  this  peach, 
owing  to  the  same  name  having  been  applied  to  seedlings  in  New 
Jersey.  Tree,  hardy,  productive,  and,  from  the  period  of  ripening, 
one  of  the  very  best.  Flowers,  large;  leaves,  serrated  without 
glands;  fruit,  medium,  roundish,  oval;  suture,  slight;  skin,  with 
pale  red  dotted  on  greenish- white  in  the  shade,  and  becoming  dark 
red  where  exposed  to  the  sun  ;  flesh,  greenish-white,  tender,  melting, 
full  of  rich  sprightly  juice.  Season,  middle  of  August.  Freestone. 


274  THE  PEACH. 

EARLY  NEWINGTON. 

Early  Newington  Freestone,         |         Newingtoii, 
Smith's  Newington. 

Foreign.  This  variety  ripens  directly  after  the  forenamed.  Tree, 
hardy,  moderately  productive  ;  flowers,  small ;  glands,  reniform  ; 
fruit,  large,  roundish,  one-half  always  largest ;  suture,  distinct ;  skin, 
yellowish  white,  dotted  and  streaked  with  red,  the  cheek  a  rich  red ; 
"flesh,  white,  red  at  the  stone,  to  which  many  particles  adhere ;  (if 
not  fully  ripe,  it  has  the  habit  of  a  cling;)  juicy,  rich,  vinous  flavor. 
Season,  20th  to  last  of  August. 

GEORGE  THE  FOURTH. 

American.  Tree,  vigorous,  hardy,  regular,  good  bearer ;  flow- 
ers, small ;  glands,  globose ;  fruit,  above  medium ;  suture,  broad 
and  deep,  making  one  half  larger  than  the  other ;  skin,  yellowish 
white  dotted  with  bright  red,  on  one  side  a  rich  dark  red  cheek ; 
flesh,  pale  red  at  the  stone,  melting,  juicy,  rich,  luscious  flavor. 
Season,  last  of  August.  Freestone. 

GROSSE  MIGNONNE. 


Royal  Kensington, 
Grimwood's  Royal  George, 
"    New  Royal  George, 
Large  French  Mignonne, 
French  Mignonne, 
Swiss  Mignonne, 
Purple  Avant, 
Early  Purple  Avant, 
Early  May, 
Early  Vineyard, 
Vineuse, 

Neil's  Early  Purple, 
Johnson's  Early  Purple, 
Superb  Royal, 
Royal  Sovereign, 
Ronald's  Seedling  Galande, 
Pourpree  Hative, 
Belle  Beaute, 
Pourpree  de  Normandie, 
Vineuse  de  Fromentin, 
Mignonne, 
Early  Purple. 

Foreign.  The  Grosse  Mignonne  or  Large  Favorite  was  a  favorite 
peach  in  France  in  time  of  Louis  XIV.,  and  is  everywhere  esteemed, 
although  in  this  country  it  is  seldom  that  the  true  variety  is  cultiva- 
ted. The  true  variety  has  large  flowers,  while  that  often  grown  has 
small  flowers. 

Flowers,  large  ;  glands,  globose  ;  fruit,  large,  roundish,  apex  de- 
pressed, with  a  deep,  hollow  suture ;  skin,  dull  greenish  yellow, 
mottled  with  red,  and  with  a  purplish  red  cheek-;  flesh,  yellowish 
white,  marked  with  red  at  the  stone,  juicy,  melting,  rich,  high,  vin- 
ous flavor  ;  stone,  small,  very  rough.  Season,  about  20th  August  to 
1st  September.  Freestone. 

HEATH. 

Heath  Clingstone,         I         Fine  Heath, 
White  Heath,  |         Red  Heath. 

American.  This  variety  is  extremely  valuable  in  the  middle,  and 
southern  and  western  States.  In  the  northern  States  it  does  not 


WORTHY  GENERAL   CULTIVATION.  275 

always  ripen  well,  but  the  fruit  may  be  gathered,  wrapped  in  paper 
same  as  oranges,  and  laid  in  a  cool  room  and  kept  until  Christmas. 
It  often  reproduces  itself  from  the  stone,  and  Bayne's  New  Heath 
partakes  of  no  new  qualities  over  many  other  of  its  seedlings.  The 
trees  are  very  hardy,  often  producing  on  our  western  soils  when 
all  others  fail. 

Flowers,  small ;  glands,  reniform  ;  fruit,  large,  oblong,  narrowing 
to  both  ends,  with  a  swollen  point  at  apex ;  suture,  one  side,  distinct ; 
skin,  downy,  cream  colored  white,  a  tinge  of  red  in  the  sun ;  flesh, 
greenish  white,  adhering  closely  to  the  stone,  juicy,  rich,  luscious 
flavor.  Season^  October.  Clingstone. 

HYSLOP. 

Hyslop's  Clingstone. 

American.  This  variety  should  take  the  place  of  Heath  in  all 
northern  localities,  and,  indeed,  deserves  a  place  in  every  garden, 
however  small.  From  not  finding  it  noticed  in  any  work  since  Ken- 
rick's  issue,  we  had  supposed  it  probably  a  synonym,  but  have  been 
unable  so  to  detect  it.  Trees  are  hardy,  vigorous  and  productive ; 
flowers,  small ;  glands,  reniform  ;  fruity  large,  oblong,  roundish ; 
skin,  white,  with  a  deep  rich,  red  cheek ;  flesh,  very  juicy,  melting, 
rich  and  luscious.  Season,  early  in  October.  Clingstone. 

JAQUES. 

Jaquish,         |         Jaques  Rareripe, 
Jaques  Rareripe. 

American.  A  very  desirable  market  variety ;  good  flavor  ;  and 
very  certain  bearer. 

Flowers,  small ;  glands,  reniform  ;  fruit,  large,  roundish  ;  distinct 
suture  ;  skin,  downy,  dull  yellow,  with  red  cheek  ;  flesh,  yellow,  red 
at  the  stone,  juicy,  rich,  slightly  sub-acid.  Season,  middle  of  Sep- 
tember. Freestone. 

MORRIS  RED. 

Morris  Red  Rareripe,         |         Red  Rareripe, 
Large  Red  Rareripe. 

American.  Has  been  confounded  with  George  the  Fourth,  and 
also  with  GrosseMignon,  from  both  of  which  it  is  distinct.  The  Large 
Early  York  of  N.  Jersey  most  nearly  resembles  it,  but  is  quite  dif- 
ferent. It  is  universally  esteemed.  Trees,  vigorous  and  productive ; 
flowers,  small ;  glands,  globose ;  fruit,  large,  roundish ;  slightly 
depressed  at  apex ;  suture,  well  marked  ;  skin,  greenish  white,  with 
a  lively  red  cheek  ;  flesh,  greenish  white,  red  at  the  stone,  melting, 
juicy,  rich,  sweet  flavor.  Season,  last  of  August.  Freestone. 


276  THE  PEACH. 


MORRIS  WHITE. 


Morris  White  Rareripe, 
White  Rareripe, 
Luscious  White  Rareripe, 
Lady  Ann  Steward, 


White  Malacaton, 
Cole's  White  Malacaton, 
Freestone  Heath, 
Morris  White  Freestone, 


Philadelphia  Freestone. 

American.  This  Variety  is  most  suited  to  the  southern  and  south- 
western States,  where  it  is  a  most  delicious  fruit ;  but  grown  at  the 
north,  it  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  for  preserving  in  brandy,  and 
always  commands- a  high  price  therefor.  Tree,  vigorous,  moderate 
bearer  ;  flowers,  small ;  glands,  reniform ;  fruit,  large,  oval ;  suture, 
moderate,  swollen  point  small ;  skin,  downy,  greenish  white,  be- 
coming a  creamy  white  when  fully  ripe,  rarely  a  purplish  tinged 
cheek ;  flesh,  white  to  the  stone,  moderately  firm,  sweet  and  rich. 
Season,  middle  of  September.  Freestone. 

MALTA. 

Peche  Malte,  I         Italian, 

Malte  de  Normandie,          |         Belle  de  Paris. 

Foreign.  The  true  Malta  is  less  known  than  a  spurious  sort  hav- 
ing globose  glands,  which  is  most  generally  grown.  The  true  Malta 
is  a  delicious  fruit  for  the  private  garden,  but  not  desirable  for  mar- 
keting ;  flowers,  large  ;  leaves,  serrated,  without  glands  ;  fruit,  above 
medium,  roundish,  flattened,  with  a  broad,  shallow  suture  on  one 
side ;  skin,  pale,  dull  green,  marked  on  the  sunny  side  with  broken 
spots  and  blotches  of  dull  purple  ;  flesh,  greenish,  with  a  little  dark 
red  at  the  stone,  very  juicy  arid  melting,  rich,  vinous,  delicious  flavor. 
Season,  last  of  August.  Freestone. 


LATE  ADMIRABLE. 


Royale, 
La  Royale, 
Peche  Royale, 
Bourdine, 
Boudin , 


Nar  bonne, 
Teton  de  Venus, 
French  Bourdine, 
Judd's  Melting, 


Pourpree  Tardive. 


Motteux's, 


Foreign.  An  old  variety,  the  trees  of  which  have  proved  suc- 
cessful wherever  grown.  Moderate,  regular  bearer.  Flowers,  small ; 
glands,  globose ;  fruit,  large,  roundish,  inclining  to  oval ;  suture, 
bold,  apparently  making  two  halves  of  the  fruit — a  swollen  point  at 
apex ;  skin,  yellowish  green,  with  a  cheek  of  two  shades  of  red, 
mingled,  or  marbled  ;  flesh,  greenish  white,  juicy,  melting,  delicate, 
delicious  flavor.  Season,  about  20th  September.  Freestone.  We 
have  often  seen  the  foregoing  named  fruit,  the  Malta,  under  this 
name. 


WOKTHY   GENERAL   CULTIVATION.  277 


LEMON  CLINGSTONE. 


Kennedy's  Carolina, 
Kennedy's  Lemon  Clingstone, 
Long  Yellow  Pine  Apple, 


Largest  Lemon, 


Pine  Apple  Cli 
Yellow  Pine 


lingstone, 
Apple. 


American.  The  flavor  of  this  variety,  except  grown  in  warm 
climate  and  good  soil,  would  not  place  it  among  the  first  class ;  but 
the  uniform  hardihood  and  productiveness  of  the  tree,  together  with 
the  fine  appearance  of  the  fruit,  making  it  very  desirable  for  market- 
ing purposes,  has  induced  us  to  retain  it.  Flowers,  small ;  glands, 
reniform  ;  fruit,  large,  oblong,  with  a  projecting  point  at  apex  like 
unto  a  lemon ;  skin,  fine  yellow,  with  a  dark  brownish  red  cheek, 
becoming  sometimes,  in  certain  locations  South,  almost  a  crimson 
red  ;  flesh,  firm,  yellow,  tinged  with  red  at  stone,  juicy,  sprightly, 
vinous,  sub-acid  flavor.  Season,  middle  to  last  of  September. 
Clingstone.  The  "Yellow  Blanton  Cling"  is  only  a  sub-variety, 
ripening  a  few  days  later. 

NEW  YORK  RARERIPE. 

Livingston's  New  York  Rareripe,      I         Honest  John, 
Large  Early  York,  Haine's  Early  Red. 

Early  York  of  New  Jersey. 

American.  The  synonyms  which  we  attach  to  this  variety,  we 
are  aware,  are  questioned  by  some  good  pomologists,  but  after 
having  grown  and  examined  the  trees  under  the  several  names,  we 
confess  ourselves  unable  to  distinguish  any  material  difference,  cer- 
tainly not  sufficient  to  make  distinct  descriptions  requisite.  Trees, 
vigorous,  healthy,  moderate  but  good  bearers;  flowers,  small; 
glands,  globose  ;  fruit,  above  medium,  roundish  ;  skin,  whitish,  with 
marblings  and  dots  of  red,  with  a  clear,  rich,  red  cheek,  where  ex- 
posed to  the  sun ;  flesh,  almost  white,  fine-grained,  very  juicy,  rich, 
mild,  excellent  flavor.  Season,  last  of  August.  Freestone. 

NIVETTB. 

White  Rareripe,  I         Veloute  Tardive, 

Nivette  Veloute,  *  j         Dorsetshire. 

Foreign.  An  old  variety,  which  succeeds  most  admirably 
throughout  all  Northern  sections,  and,  where  known,  equally  well 
South.  Trees,  upright,  healthy  growth,  regular  bearers ;  flowers, 
small ;  glands,  globose ;  fruit,  large,  roundish,  inclining  to  oval ; 
suture,  shallow,  point  or  apex  slightly  depressed ;  skin,  yellowish 
green,  and,  when  exposed  to  sun,  a  bright,  lively,  red  cheek  ;  flesh, 
greenish  white,  tinged  with  reddish  pink  at  the  stone,  juicy,  melting, 
with  a  rich,  delicious  flavor.  Season,  early  in  September.  Free- 
stone. 


278  THE  PEACH. 

OLDMIXON. 

Oklmixon  Cling,  |  Oldmixon  Clingstone. 

American.  Of  the  clingstone  peaches  we  think  this  and  Hyslop's 
the  best,  and  deserving  place  in  every  collection.  Flowers,  small ; 
glands,  globose  ;  fruit,  large,  roundish  oval ;  suture,  well  marked, 
and  one  side  of  fruit  slightly  larger  than  the  other,  without  mamelon, 
or  swollen  point;  skin,  yellowish  white,  with  red  more  or  less 
dotted,  and  becoming  bright  red  cheek  where  exposed  fully  to  sun ; 
flesh,  pale  white,  juicy,  rich,  high  and  excellent  flavor.  Season,  early 
in  September.  Clingstone. 

OLDMIXON  FREESTONE. 

Oldmixon  Clearstone. 

American.  Said  to  have  been  produced  from  seed  of  the  Old- 
mixon, which  we  think  somewhat  doubtful.  It  is,  however,  a  variety 
meriting  place  every  where,  as  it  always  produces  a  crop,  appearing 
to  withstand  late  spring  frosts  better  than  many  others,  and  for 
market,  its  ripening  just  at  a  period  when  most  other  varieties  are 
out,  makes  it  extremely  desirable.  Flowers,  small ;  glands,  globose ; 
fruit,  large,  roundish,  slightly  oval,  one  side  swollen ;  suture,  appa- 
rent only  at  apex ;  skin,  a  mingling  of  yellowish  white  and  pale 
green,  more  or  less  marbled  with  dull  red,  and  having  a  deep  red 
cheek  in  the  sun ;  flesh,  white,  tinged  with  red  at  stone,  rich,  sweet, 
vinous,  excellent  flavor.  Season,  5th  to  15th  September. 

PRESIDENT. 

American.  Trees,  healthy,  productive,  similar  to  the  Rareripes  ; 
a  valuable  market  fruit ;  flowers,  small ;  glands,  globose ;  fruit, 
large  or  above  medium,  roundish  oval ;  suture,  shallow  ;  skin,  downy, 
pale  yellowish  green,  with  a  red  cheek ;  flesh,  white,  red  at  the 
stone,  juicy,  sweet,  rich,  high  flavor ;  stone,  rough,  and  unless  fully 
ripe,  the  flesh  adheres  slightly  to  it.  Season,  middle  of  September. 
Freestone. 

PRINCE'S   RED  RARERIPE. 

Late  Red  Rareripe. 

American.  Trees,  vigorous,  productive,  and  fruit  of  a  grayish 
appearance,  distinguishing  it  from  all  other  varieties ;  flowers,  small ; 
g lands,  globose ;  fruit,  large,  roundish  oval,  with  a  depressed  suture 
and  sunken  point  at  apex  ;  skin,  downy,  pale  grayish  yellow,  mottled 
and  marbled  with  red,  and  with  a  red  cheek  mottled  with  fawn-co- 
lored specks ;  flesh,  white,  deep  red  at  stone,  juicy,  melting,  rich, 
luscious  flavor.  Season,  early  in  September.  Freestone. 


WORTHY  GENERAL  CULTIVATION.  279 

ROSEBANK. 

American.  Originated  with  James  Dougall,  Esq.,  C.  W.  Trees, 
heal  thy,  moderate,  but  regular  bearers;  Leaf,  serrated  without  glands ; 
fruit,  above  medium,  round,  compressed  at  the  apex  ;  suture,  deep, 
extending  somewhat  more  than  halfway  round  ;  skin,  whitish  yellow 
with  a  red  cheek,  where  fully  exposed  to  the  sun,  the  red  becomes 
almost  purple;  flesh,  thick, whitish  yellow,  very  little  red  about  the 
stone,  juicy,  rich,  excellent  flavor.  Season,  middle  of  September. 
Freestone. 

TILLOTSON. 

Early  Tillotson. 

American.  This  variety  requires  a  strong  soil,  otherwise  it  is 
liable  to  mildew.  The  trees  are  hardy,  but  not  good  bearers  while 
young,  nor  are  they  rapid  growers.  Its  period  of  maturity  must, 
however,  give  it  place  for  market  purposes  as  being  the  earliest 
good  fruit  yet  known.  For  small  gardens  where  only  three  or  four 
days  are  little  consequence,  it  is  not  advisable  to  plant  it.  Flowers, 
small ;  haves,  glandless,  serrated ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish ;  skin, 
nearly  white,  dotted  with  red  and  becoming  dark  red  in  the  sun ; 
flesh,  whitish,  red  at  the  stone,  to  which  the  flesh  partially  adheres, 
juicy,  rich,  high  flavor.  Season,  variable,  we  having  fruited  it  as 
early  as  29th  July  and  again  not  until  10th  of  August,  but  always, 
however,  a  few  days  before  Early  York ;  and  we  only  note  this  here 
in  order  to  show  that  no  certain  dates  will  answer  from  year  to 
year  in  any  fruit. 

VAN  ZANDT'S  SUPERB. 

Waxen  Rareripe. 

American.  A  variety  not  suited  to  market  purposes,  but  highly- 
desirable  in  small  gardens  for  dessert  use.  flowers,  small ;  glands, 
globose,  obscure ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish,  ona,  side  enlarged  ;  su- 
ture, distinct  but  not  deep ;  skin,  white,  beautifully  sprinkled  and 
marbled  with  clear  red,  cheek  red,  dotted  with  carmine  ;  flesh,  whit- 
ish, tinged  with  red  at  the  stone,  juicy,  sweet,  very  fine  flavor.  Sea- 
son, early  in  September. 

WALTER'S  EARLY. 

American.  A  popular  orchard  variety,  adapted  to  light  soils. 
Trees,  healthy  and  productive ;  flowers,  small ;  glands,  globose ; 
fruit,  above  medium,  globular,  flattened ;  skin,  white,  with  a  rich 
red  cheek ;  flesh,  whitish,  tinged  with  red  at  the  stone,  juicy,  sweet, 
fine  flavor.  Season,  last  of  August.  Freestone. 

WHITE  IMPERIAL. 
American.     A  valuable  variety  for  the  northern  parts  of  our 


280  THE  PEACH. 

country,  being  hardy  and  vigorous,  and  a  regular,  moderate  bearer. 
South,  the  trees  grow  too  rapid,  while  the  fruit  is  insipid.  It  seems 
to  do  equally  well  in  sandy  or  loamy  soil,  but  in  the  former  will 
probably  sooner  require  some  specific  stimulant.  Flowers,  small ; 
glands,  globose ;  fruit,  large  or  above  medium,  roundish,  broad,  de- 
pressed at  apex ;  suture,  not  deep,  but  well  marked,  and  the  fruit 
often  one  side  enlarged;  skin,  yellowish  white,  tinged  or  marbled 
with  light  purplish  red  towards  the  sun  ;  flesh,  nearly  white,  melting, 
juicy,  sweet,  delicate,  delicious  flavor.  Season,  last  of  August.  Free- 
stone. 

WARD'S  FREESTONE. 

Ward's  Late  Free,         |        Ward's  Free 

American.  We  have  examined  this  variety  for  several  years, 
and  were  we  to  have  but  one  late-ripening  variety,  should  unhesi- 
tatingly select  this.  The  Weld's  Freestone  spoken  of  by  Mr.  Man- 
ning, in  the  second  volume  of  the  Horticulturist,  we  strongly  sus- 
pect to  be  this  variety.  It  is  a  variety  highly  successful  among 
orchardists  in  Delaware,  and  so  far  as  we  have  seen,  equally  valua- 
ble at  the  North.  Trees,  vigorous,  healthy,  not  too  rapid  growth ; 

flowers,  small ;  glands,  ;  fruit,  above    medium,  roundish  ; 

skin,  yellowish  white,  with  a  red  cheek  where  exposed  to  the  sun ; 
flesh,  nearly  white,  rarely  tinged  with  red  at  the  stone,  juicy,  vinous, 
and,  for  a  late  peach,  sweet  and  delicious  flavor ;  for  late  preserving 
it  is  invaluable.  Season,  early  October.  Freestone. 

YELLOW  RARERIPE. 

Yellow  Red  Rareripe,  I         Marie  Antoinette, 

Large  Yellow  Rareripe,        |         French  Rareripe. 

American.  As  a  market  or  garden  variety,  this  has  no  equal 
among  yellow-fleshed  fruits.  Cultivators  should,  however,  be  care- 
ful of  the  correctness  of  their  trees,  as  an  old  sort,  far  inferior,  and 
often  known  under  name  of  Yellow  Malacatune,  is  frequently 
grown  for  this  variety.  Flowers,  small ;  glands,  globose ;  fruit, 
large,  roundish;  suture,  shallow,  extending  rather  more  than  half 
round,  a  small  point  at  apex ;  skin,  deep  orange  yellow,  dotted 
somewhat  with  red,  the  cheek  rich  red,  shaded  off  in  streaks ;  flesh, 
deep  yellow,  red  at  the  stone,  juicy,  melting,  rich,  vinous,  nearly  first- 
rate  flavor.  Season,  20th  to  last  August.  Freestone. 


FOB  AMATEUR    CULTURE.  281 

CLASS  II. — New  and  untested;  adapted  to  certain  locations,  or 
gardens  of  Amateurs. 

ALBERGE. 


Yellow  Alberge, 
Al  berge  Jaune, 
Purple  Alberge, 
Red  Alberge, 
Golden  Mignonne, 


French  Rareripe, 
Peche  Jaune, 
Gold-Fleshed, 
Yellow  Rareripe  of  some 
Hardy  Galande, 


Golden  Rareripe. 

Foreign.     Flowers,  small ;  glands,  globose ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish  yel- 
low, purplish  cheek  ;  flesh,  yellow,  red  at  stone.    Middle  Aug.    Freestone. 

ALLEN. 

American.    Small,  roundish ;  white,  red  cheek ;  juicy.    Freestone.    Mid- 
dle Sept.     (Cole.) 

ATWATER. 

American.     Closely  resembles  President,  and  may  prove  identical. 
BELLEGARDE. 


Early  Royal  George, 
Red  Magdalen, 
French  Royal  George, 
Smooth-leaved  Royal  George, 
Violette  Hative, 


Violette  Hative  Grosae, 
Brentford  Mignonne, 
Ronald's  Mignonne, 
Large  Violet 
arly  Galande. 


Foreign.  Flowers,  small ;  glands,  globose ;  fruit,  large,  round,  with  a 
point ;  suture  shallow,  yellowish  green  ;  red  cheek ;  flesh,  little  red  at 
stone ;  juicy.  Freestone.  Early  September. 

BARNARD. 

Early  Barnard,         |         Yellow  Barnard. 

American.    Much  resembles  Alberge. 

BACHELDER. 

American.  Large  ;  round,  white,  with  deep  blush ;  flesh,  white,  juicy. 
Freestone.  Middle  September.  (Cole.) 

BRIGGS. 

American.  Large,  roundish  ;  whitish,  red  cheek ;  flesh,  white,  red  at 
stone ;  sweet  Freestone.  Early  September.  (Cole.) 

BLOOD  CLINGSTONE. 

Claret  Clingstone,         |         Blood  Cling. 

American.  Valuable  only  for  pickling  and  preserving  ;  flowers,  small ; 
glands,  reniform  ;  fruit,  often  measuring  twelve  inches  round  ;  suture,  dis- 


Z»2  THE  PEACH. 

tinct,  skin,  downy,  dark,  clouded,  purplish  red ;  flesh,  deep  red  through- 
out ;  firm,  juicy.     Last  September 

The  old  French  Blood  Clingstone  is  a  smaller  fruit  than  the  above,  and 
also  has  large  flowers.  The  Blood  Freestone  is  a  variety  of  above,  medi- 
um size,  glandless  leaves,  and  less  valuable. 

BULLARD'S  CLINGSTONE. 

American.  Large,  round ;  white,  with  red  cheek ;  juicy,  fine.  Sep- 
tember. (Kenrick.) 

BULLARD'S  SEEDLING 

American.  Large,  round,  pale  yellow  and  red.  Middle  of  September. 
Freestone.  (Kenrick.) 

CABLE'S  LATE. 

Cable's  Late  Melocoton. 

American.  A  seedling  of  the  old  Eed  Cheek,  and  resembles  Crawford's 
Late,  only  ripening  some  six  days  earlier.  Freestone. 

COLE'S  EARLY  RED. 

American.  Productive ;  flowers,  small ;  glands,  globose  ;  fruit,  medium, 
roundish,  pale  yellow,  mostly  covered  with  red,  often  dry.  Last  August. 
Freestone. 

CHINESE  PEACH. 

Flat  Peach  of  China,         |         Java  Peach. 
Peen  To 

Foreign.  G-lands,  reniform  ;  flowers,  large  ;  fruit,  small,  flattened,  long, 
yellowish  green,  and  pale  red ;  skin,  thin ;  flesh,  pale  yellow,  red  at  stone, 
to  which  it  adheres,  juicy,  delicate,  vinous  flavor  ;  fitted  only  for  the  ama- 
teur's garden.  September ;  July,  at  the  South. 

CLINTON. 

American.  Only  suited  for  marketing ;  flowers,  large  ;  glands,  globose ; 
fruit,  large,  roundish,  yellowish  white  with  red  cheek,  juicy.  Last  of 
August.  Freestone. 

CAMBRIDGE  BELLE. 

Hovey's  Cambridge  Belle. 

American.  Large,  roundish,  white  with  a  blush,  red  cheek,  juicy, 
good.  Early  September.  Freestone.  (Hovey.) 

CLARKE. 

American.  Large,  roundish,  yellow,  red  blush ;  flesh,  yellow,  red  at 
stone,  juicy,  sugary,  fine.  Early  September.  (Cole.) 


FOB  AMATEUR  CULTURE.  283 

DOWN  EASTER. 

Hall's  Down  Easter. 

American.  Large,  roundish,  deep  suture,  yellow,  broad  red  cheek; 
good,  hardy,  productive.  20th  September.  (Cole.) 

DOUBLE  MONTAGNE 

Double  Mountain,         |         Montagne 
Montauban. 

Foreign.  Almost  worthy  a  place  in  first  class ;  flowers,  large  ;  leaves, 
glandless ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish,  pale  greenish  white,  with  two  shades 
of  red  when  exposed  to  the  sun  ;  flesh,  white,  delicate,  juicy,  fine.  Last 
of  August.  Freestone. 

ELMIRA. 

American.  This  variety  originated  in  Miss,  by  M.  W.  Phillips,  Esq. 
We  have  not  seen  it,  nor  a  description,  but  it  is  spoken  of  as  a  Clingstone, 
ripening  a  few  days  earlier  than  Early  Tillotson,  and  being  very  desirable 
in  that  section. 

ELIZA. 

American.  Originated  at  Philadelphia ;  glands,  reniform ;  fruit,  large, 
round,  terminating  in  a  nipple ;  skin,  yellow,  with  mottled  red  cheek ; 
flesh,  yellow,  red  at  stone.  Last  of  September.  Freestone.  (W.  D.  B., 
in  Pomologist.) 

EASTBURN. 

Eastburn's  Choice. 

American.  Large,  roundish,  pale  yellow,  with  red  on  the  sunnyside ; 
flesh,  yellowish,  red  near  the  stem,  juicy,  sprightly.  Last  of  September. 
Freestone. 

FULKERSON. 
Fulkerson 's  Early. 

American.  Leaves,  glandless  ;  specimens  of  the  Fulkerson  Peach  were 
sent  us  20th  of  August,  1851,  by  its  originator,  R.  P.  Fulkerson,  Ashland, 
0.,  from  which  we  made  our  description.  ;  Mr.  Fulkerson  states  it  hardy 
and  productive  when  Yellow  Rareripe,  Tillotson  and  other  varieties  fail ; 
fruit,  medium ;  obtuse,  rounded,  sides  irregular,  unequal ;  suture,  half- 
round  ;  skin,  whitish,  rich,  red  cheek ;  flesh,  whitish  yellow,  tinged  with 
red  at  the  pit,  juicy,  rich,  sweet  and  high  flavored ;  stone  small,  angular, 
flattened.  Freestone.  20th  August. 

GREEN  CATHERINE. 

Doctor  Cooper. 

Probably  Foreign.  Flowers,  small ;  glands,  globose ;  fruit,  large, 
round,  pale  green,  with  red  cheek ;  flesh,  bright  red  at  stone,  tender, 
juicy;  very  fine  South,  inferior  at  the  North.  First  to  middle  Septem- 
ber. Freestone. 


284  THE  PEACH. 

GREEN  RARERIPE. 

American.  Flowers,  small;  glands,  globose.  We  have  not  seen  it. 
Manning  says :  medium  size,  productive,  fine  flavor.  Middle  September 
Freestone. 

GALANDE. 

Hardy  Galande. 

Foreign.  Received  from  France  by  Messrs.  Parsons  &  Co.,  Flushing,  L.  I., 
who  describe  it  thus  :  Flowers,  small ;  glands,  globose ;  fruit,  below  medi- 
um ;  suture,  deep ;  skin,  downy,  dark  blood  color  on  one  side,  on  opposite, 
red  and  yellow  marbled  ;  flesh,  yellow,  red  at  stone,  juicy,  rich,  apricot 
flavor.  Last  August.  Freestone. 

HASTINGS. 

American.  Flowers,  small ;  glands,  globose ;  fruit,  above  medium, 
round,  slightly  flattened ;  yellowish  white,  with  a  purplish  red  cheek ; 
juicy,  delicious.  Early  September.  Freestone.  (Manning.) 

HARTSHORN. 

American.  Large,  roundish  oval,  yellow,  deep  blush ;  flesh,  coarse ; 
keeps  long.  Middle  September.  Clingstone.  (Cole.) 

HALE. 

Bale's  Melocoton. 

American.  Above  medium,  oblong,  flat  at  base ;  suture,  slight ;  yel- 
low ;  flesh,  yellow,  rich,  sweet.  Early  September.  Freestone.  (Cole.) 

HATCH. 

American.  Yery  large,  roundish  pointed ;  suture,  shallow ;  deep  yel- 
low, blush  in  sun ;  flesh,  yellow,  melting,  sweet.  Early  September. 
Freestone.  (Cole.) 

HENRY  CLAY. 

American.  Newly  introduced  by  A.  B.  Lawrence,  Woodville,  Miss., 
by  whom  it  is  thus  described :  Glands,  reniform ;  fruit,  very  large,  deep 
purple  in  sun,  shading  to  bright  pink  and  creamy  white ;  flesh,  grayish 
white,  tender,  peculiar  flavor,  partaking  of  strawberry  and  pineapple ; 
small  stone,  parting  freely  from  the  flesh.  First  August.  September  at 
the  North. 

KENRICK'S  HEATH. 

Heath  Freestone,         |  Heath  Free. 

American.  Flowers,  small;  glands,  reniform;  fruit,  large,  oblong, 
swollen  point  at  apex ;  suture,  slight;  greenish  white,  purplish  red  cheek ; 
flesh,  greenish  white,  red  at  stone,  coarse,  juicy,  sub-acid.  September. 


FOR  AMATEUR  CULTURE.  285 

JOSE  SWEET. 

American.  Flowers,  small ;  glands,  globose ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish, 
broad ;  suture,  deep  ;  greenish  white,  dull  red  cheek,  juicy,  delicious  fla- 
vor. Last  September.  Freestone. 

JONES'  EARLY. 

American.  Glands,  globose ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish,  yellowish  white, 
with  pale  red  in  sun  ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  red  at  stone,  juicy.  Middle 
August.  Freestone.  (Hovey.) 

JONES'  LARGE  EARLY. 

American.  Glands,  reniform  ;  fruit,  large,  roundish  flattened  ;  suture, 
deep  ;  greenish  white  with  crimson  cheek ;  flesh,  white,  melting,  pink  at 
stone.  Middle  August.  Freestone.  (Hovey.) 

INCOMPARABLE. 

Pavie  Admirable,         |         Late  Admirable  Cling. 

Foreign.  Valuable  only  for  market.  Trees,  healthy,  productive ; 
flowers,  small ;  glands,  reniform ;  fruit,  large,  roundish,  swelling  a  little 
on  one  side,  yellowish  white,  with  red  cheek  ;  flesh  yellowish  white,  red 
at  stone,  juicy.  Late  September.  Clingstone. 

MONSTROUS  CLINGSTONE. 


Pavie  de  Pompone, 
Monstrous  Pompone, 
Monstrous  Pavie, 
Pavie  de  Pomponne  Grosse, 


Pavie  Monstrueux, 
Pavie  Rouge  de  Pompone, 
Pavie  Camu, 
Gros  Melocoton, 


Gros  Persique  Rouge. 

Foreign.  A  variety  which  succeeds  finely  in  rich,  deep  soils,  often  of 
very  fine  flavor,  but  apt  to  be  deficient.  Its  very  large  size  makes  it  sell 
readily.  Flowers,  large ;  glands,  reniform ;  fruit,  very  large,  roundish 
oval,  swollen  point  at  apex,  obtuse ;  suture,  marked  half  round ;  skin, 
yellowish  white,  with  red  mostly  overspreading  it ;  flesh,  firm,  yellowish 
white,  deep  red  at  stone,  juicy.  Last  October.  Clingstone. 

MADEIRA. 

Hill's  Madeira,  |  Madeira  Freestone. 

American.  A  variety  now  little  known,  and,  we  think,  never  much 
out  of  southern  Ohio.  Fruit,  large,  roundish ;  suture,  well  marked,  not 
deep ;  yellow,  with  rich  red  cheek ;  flesh,  yellowish,  rather  firm,  rich, 
and,  in  warm  seasons,  sugary  and  delicious.  Early  September.  Free- 
stone. 

MERRIAM. 

American.  Glands,  globose  ;  large,  oval,  light  yellow,  red  cheek ;  flesh, 
yellow,  red  at  stone,  juicy,  sweet.  Last  September.  Freestone.  (Cole.) 

MRS.  POINSETT. 
American.    Origin  in  South  Carolina.     Glands,  globose ;  fruit,  large, 


286  THE  PEACH. 

globular ;  suture,  distinct,  regular ;  skin,  brownish  yellow,  veined  with 
red;  flesh,  yellowish,  juicy,  partially  clingstone.     First  September. 

MOORE'S  FAVORITE. 

American.  Glands,  globose;  fruit, large,  roundish,  white,  bright  blush  ; 
flesh,  white,  juicy,  vinous.  Early  September.  Freestone.  (Cole.) 

MALDEN. 

Early  Maiden. 

American.  Flowers,  small;  leaves,  glandless.  A  variety  originated 
by  Jas.  Dougall,  Esq.,  of  C.  W.,  and,  as  yet,  not  fully  tested.  Fruit,  me- 
dium, roundish  compressed,  one  side  enlarged ;  suture,  distinct ;  skin, 
white,  with  reddish  blush  cheek ;  flesh,  white,  juicy,  sprightly.  Last 
August.  Freestone. 

LINCOLN 

American.  G-lands,  globose ;  fruit,  large,  roundish ;  broad  suture ; 
downy,  yellow,  with  purplish  red ;  flesh,  yellow,  red  at  stone,  juicy, 
sweet.  Early  September.  Freestone.  (Cole.) 

NOBLESSE. 

Vanguard,  |  Mellishe's  Favorite 

Lord  Montague's  Noblesse. 

Foreign.  The  "Double  Montague"  is  said  by  some  to  be  identical 
with  this  old  variety.  We  have  fruited  them  two  years,  but  the  Double 
Montague  under  unfavorable  circumstances,  so  that  we  are,  as  yet,  un- 
willing to  place  them  as  identical,  although  their  identity  is  not  improba- 
ble. Flowers,  large ;  leaves,  glandless  ;  fruit,  above  medium,  roundish 
oblong,  pale  greenish  white,  with  two  shades  of  red  where  exposed  to 
sun ;  flesh,  greenish  white,  melting,  juicy.  Last  of  August.  Freestone. 

NEWMAN. 

American.  Large,  round,  greenish  white,  with  a  blush ;  flesh,  white, 
juicy,  sweet.  Middle  September.  Freestone.  (Cole.) 

ORCHARD  QUEEN. 

Reine  des  Vergers. 

Foreign.  New — comes  with  high  praise;  should  be  tested.  Tree, 
vigorous ;  new  shoots,  reddish ;  glands,  reniform ;  fruit,  large,  oval,  de- 
pressed at  apex  ;  skin,  yellow,  purplish  red  in  sun  ;  flesh,  yellowish  white, 
red  at  stone,  melting,  vinous.  September.  Freestone. 

ORANGE  CLINGSTONE. 

American.  Flowers,  small,  serrated,  glandless;  fruit,  large,  round; 
suture,  well  marked ;  deep  orange,  occasionally  a  dark  red  cheek ;  flesh, 
yellow,  firm,  juicy,  vinous.  Middle  September.  Clingstone. 


FOR  AMATEUR  CULTURE.  287 

OWEN. 
Owen's  Lemon,         |         Owen's  Lemon  Rareripe. 

American.  Glands,  globose;  fruit,  large,  roundish;  suture,  distinct; 
yellow,  purplish  red  in  sun ;  flesh,  yellow,  red  at  stone,  juicy,  sweet. 
Middle  September.  Freestone. 

PARAGON. 

Prince's  Paragon. 

American.  Flowers,  large  ;  glands,  globose ;  fruit,  large,  roundish  oval  J 
yellowish  green,  with  red  cheek ;  suture,  shallow,  terminating  in  a  point 
at  apex ;  flesh,  white,  red  at  stone,  juicy,  sweet,  rich.  Middle  September. 
Freestone. 

POINSETT. 

American ;  originated  in  South  Carolina.  Glandless ;  fruit,  large, 
roundish  oval ;  ruddy  yellow  ;  flesh,  firm,  juicy.  September.  Clingstone. 

POOLE'S  YELLOW. 

Poole's  Large  Yellow,         |         Poole's  Late  Yellow  Freestone. 

American.  Glands,  reniform  ;  fruit,  large,  roundish ;  suture,  half  round ; 
deep  yellow,  dark  red  cheek ;  flesh,  yellow,  red  at  stone,  rich,  juicy.  Last 
of  September.  Freestone. 

SNOW. 

American;  only  suited  to  sunny  exposures,  and  rich,  deep,  warm 
soils.  Flowers,  small ;  glands,  reniform ;  fruit,  medium,  round ;  suture, 
slight;  skin,  thin;  clear  white;  flesh,  white,  juicy.  Early  September. 
Freestone.  The  blossoms  of  this  variety  are  white,  and  the  wood  is  a 
light  green. 

SHANGHAI. 

From  north  of  China.  Flowers,  large ;  leaves,  creneated;  glands,  reni- 
form ;  fruit,  large,  roundish ;  pale  yellow  in  shade,  crimson  red  in  sun ; 
flesh,  pale  yellow,  deep  red  at  the  stone,  to  which  it  partially  adheres. 
(Jour.  L.  H.  Society.) 

SITES'  OLD  ZACK. 

A  variety  esteemed  at  Columbus,  Ohio,  where  it  originated.  Fruit, 
above  medium  ;  yellow,  with  dull  red  cheek ;  flesh,  yellow,  juicy,  separat- 
ing freely  from  the  stone.  1st  to  15th  September. 

SKINNER'S  SUPERB. 

A  freestone  yellow  peach,  originated  at  the  South,  where  it  ripens  early 
in  August,  and  is  regarded  as  "  very  good." 


288  THE   PEACH. 

SAINT  GEORGE. 

Smock,         |         Smock  Free. 

American  ;  valuable  market  sort.  Glands,  reniform  ;  fruit,  large,  oval, 
compressed  sides ;  orange  yellow,  red  in  sun  ;  flesh,  bright  yellow,  red  at 
stone,  juicy,  rich.  Last  September.  Freestone. 

SMITH'S  FAVORITE. 

American.  Glands,  reniform  ;  fruit,  large,  roundish ;  deep  suture ;  yel- 
low, red  in  sun ;  flesh,  yellow,  juicy,  sweet.  Middle  September.  Free- 
stone. 


RED  CHEEK. 


Red  Cheek  Melocoton, 
Hogg's  Melocoton, 
Yellow  Melocoton, 


Malagatune, 
Malacatune, 
Lady  Gallatin, 


Yellow  Malagatune. 

American.  Flowers,  small;  glands,  globose.  The  parent  of  most  of 
the  recently  introduced  yellow  peaches.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  oval ; 
swollen  point  at  apex ;  yellow,  deep  red  cheek ;  flesh,  yellow,  red  at 
stone,  juicy,  a  little  sub-acid.  Early  September.  Freestone. 

RED  RARERIPE. 

Large  Red  Rareripe,         I         Douglass, 
Early  Red  Rareripe,  |         Burgess'  Beauty. 

American.  Flowers,  small ;  leaves,  glandless ;  fruit,  large,  round ;  su- 
ture broad ;  skin,  white,  mottled  with  red,  becoming  quite  red  in  sun ; 
flesh,  whitish,  red  at  stone,  melting,  juicy,  sweet.  Last  August.  Free- 
stone. Sometimes  mildews.  From  this  variety  it  is  probable  most  of  our 
rareripes  have  been  produced. 

RODMAN'S  RED. 

American.  Flowers,  small ;  glands,  reniform ;  fruit,  large,  oblong ; 
mostly  red  in  sun  ;  flesh,  whitish,  firm,  juicy.  Last  of  September.  Cling- 
stone. 

REEVES'  FAVORITE. 

American.  Distinct  from  "  Favorite  "  of  Coxe.  Flowers,  small ;  glands, 
globose ;  fruit,  large,  roundish  ;  yellow,  with  red  in  sun ;  flesh,  yellow, 
juicy,  sometimes  a  little  acid.  Early  September.  Freestone. 

TIPPECANOE. 

American.  Flowers,  small ;  glands,  reniform ;  fruit,  large,  roundish  > 
yellow,  red  in  sun ;  flesh,  yellow,  juicy,  sprightly.  Middle  to  last  Sep- 
tember. Clingstone. 

There  is  also  a  Freestone  variety  under  this  name,  which  originated  in 
Ohio.  It  is,  however,  rarely  grown,  and  we  know  of  no  description,  nor 
have  we  seen  the  fruit. 


FOR  AMATEUR    CULTURE.  289 

TUFT'S  EARLY. 

American.  G-lands,  globose  ;  large,  roundish ;  yellowish  white,  red 
cheek ;  flesh,  white,  red  at  stone,  juicy,  sweet.  Last  of  August.  Free- 
stone. 

TARBELL. 

American.  Large,  roundish,  flattened  at  base ;  suture,  nearly  round  ; 
yellow,  mostly  covered  with  red ;  flesh,  yellow,  red  at  stone,  juicy,  sweet. 
Middle  September.  Freestone.  (Cole.) 

TUFT'S  RARERIPE. 

American.  Glands,  globose ;  medium,  roundish ;  red  and  yellow ;  flesh, 
yellow,  sweet  Middle  September.  Freestone.  (Cole.) 

WELD'S  FREESTONE. 

American.  Flowers,  small ;  glands,  reniform ;  fruit,  large,  roundish 
oval ;  greenish  white,  with  some  red.  First  to  middle  October.  (Man- 
ning.) We  are  inclined  to  regard  this  as  probably  identical  with  Ward's 
Freestone. 

WASHINGTON. 

Washington  Rareripe,         |         Washington  Red  Freestone. 

American.  Flowers,  small;  glands,  globose;  fruit,  large,  broad,  de- 
pressed ;  suture,  broad,  deep,  nearly  round ;  skin,  yellowish  white,  with 
crimson  cheek ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  rich.  Mid- 
dle September.  Freestone,  but  often  adheres  slightly. 

WHITE  CLINGSTONE. 

Large  White  Clingstone,         I         New  York  White  Clingstone, 
Williamson's  New  York,        |         Selby's  Cling. 

American.  The  quality  of  the  variety  would  place  it  in  the  first  class,  but 
in  selecting  of  two,  we  think  the  Oldmixon  preferable  ;  and  as  they  ripen 
at  same  time,  we  have  placed  this  variety  as  only  suited  to  large  orchards. 

Flowers,  small ;  glands,  globose ;  fruit,  large,  round  ;  small  swollen 
point  at  apex;  suture,  shallow;  skin,  yellowish  white,  little  covered  or 
dotted  with  red  where  exposed  to  sun ;  flesh,  whitish,  tender,  melting, 
juicy,  sweet,  high  flavor.  Early  September. 

WASHINGTON  CLINGSTONE. 

American.  Requires  a  warm  climate  and  good  soil  Valuable  South 
not  at  the  North.  Flowers,  small;  glands,  reniform;  fruit,  medium, 
roundish  ;  yellowish  green,  with  gray  specks  and  a  tinge  of  red  in  sun ; 
juicy,  tender,  and  rich,  sweet  flavor.  Last  September. 

WALBURTON. 

Walburton  Admirable. 

Foreign.     Leaves,   glandless,  serrated ;  fruit,  above  medium,  roundish 
oblong ;  greenish  white,  with  red  cheek ;  flesh,  greenish  white,  melting, 
and  separating  freely  from  the  stone.     Late  September. 
13 


290  THE  PEACH. 

CLASS  III. —  Unworthy  farther  culture. 

ACTON  SCOTT. 

Foreign.    Glands,  globose  5  fruit,  medium,  yellowish  white,  red  cheek,  flat, 
pale  white,  often  bitter.    August. 

ASTOR. 

American.     Glands,  globose  ;  fruit,  above  medium,  yellowish  white,  red 
cheek,  deficient  in  flavor.    Last  of  August. 

ANNE. 

Early  Anne,       „  |        Green  Nutmeg. 

Foreign.     Glandless;   fruit,  small,  greenish  white,  poor  flavor.     Early 
August. 

ADMIRABLE. 

Early  Admirable,        |         L' Admirable, 
Belle  de  Vitry. 

Foreign.     Glands,  globose  ;   fruit,  medium,  yellowish  white,  red  cheek ; 
flesh,  red  at  stone.    August. 

ALMOND. 

Foreign.    Glandless ;  fruit  small,  light  yellow,  red  cheek  ;  flesh,  red  at 
stone.    September. 

BELLE  DE  VITRY. 

Admirable  Tardive,         |         Bellis. 

Foreign.    Glandless ;  fruit,  medium,  yellowish  white,  red  cheek ;  flesh,  firm, 
red  at  stone.    Last  September. 

BELLE  DE  BEAUCAIRE. 

Beauty  of  Beaucaire. 

Foreign.    Glands,  globose ;  fruit,  medium,  greenish  yellow,  red  cheek,  juicy. 
August.    Freestone. 

BEAUTY  OF  SALISBURY. 

Foreign.    Trees  mildew ;  fruit,  large,  roundish,  yellowish  white,  red  cheek, 
juicy.    September.    Freestone. 

BALTIMORE  BEAUTY. 

American.    Glands,  globose  ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish,  yellowish  white,  red 
cheek.    August.    Freestone. 

BARRINGTON. 

Buckingham  Mignonne,        |         Colonel  Ausleys. 

Foreign.    Glands,  globose  ;  fruit,  large,  roundish,  whitish  yellow  and  red  ; 
flesh,  tinged  red  at  stone.    September.    Freestone. 


UNWORTHY  OF  CULTIVATION.  291 

BENNETT'S  RARERIPE. 

American.    Glands,  globose  ;  fruit,  large,  whitish  yellow  and  red,  deficient 
in  flavor.    August. 

BELLE  CHEVREUSE. 

Foreign.    Glands,  reniform  ;  fruit,  medium  oval,  greenish  white,  with  red 
cheek ;  flesh,  white,  red  at  stone.    September.    Freestone. 

BELZAR'S  EARLY  RARERIPE. 

American.    Glands,  globose  ;  fruit,  medium  round,  red  in  sun  ;  flesh,  streaked 
with  red.    August. 

CHILIAN. 

American.    Glands ;  fruit,  medium,  yellowish  white,  red  cheek,  defi- 
cient in  flavor.    September.    Freestone. 

CANARY. 

American.    Fruit  medium,  canary  color ;  flesh,  yellow,  not  colored  at  stone, 
to  which  it  adheres  closely.    September. 

CABLE'S  MEDIUM  MELOCOTON. 

American.    Glands,  globose  ;  fruit,  large,  yellow  and  red ;  flesh,  yellow ; 
sub-acid.    September. 

CABLE'S  EARLY. 

Cable's  Early  Melocoton. 

American.    Glands,  globose  ;  fruit,  large,  yellow  and  red  ;  flesh,  yellow,  sub- 
acid.     September. 

CONGRESS. 

Congress  Cling. 

American.    Glands,  reniform  ;  fruit,  large,  whitish,  with  red,  juicy  ;  poor 
bearer.    September. 


CHANCELLOR. 

I         Noisette, 
>r,  Stewart's '. 

igar's  Late  Melting. 


Chanceliere,  , 

Late  Chancellor,         |         Stewart's  Late  Galande, 
"  "ing. 


Foreign.    Glands,  reniform ;  fruit,  large,  oval,  yellowish  white,  crimson 
cheek  ;  flesh,  red  next  stone.    September.    Freestone. 

CAREY'S  MAMMOTH  CLING. 

American.    Glands,  globose ;  fruit,  little  above  medium,  oval ;  flesh,  white. 
September. 

CHARLOTTE. 

Old  Royal  Charlotte,  I         New  Royal  Charlotte, 

Grimwood's  Royal  Charlotte,          |         Kew's  Early  Purple. 

Foreign.    Glandless ;  fruit,  above  medium,  ovate,  greenish  white,  red  cheek ; 
flesh,  white,  red  at  stone.    September. 


292  THE   PEACH. 

CATHARINE. 

Catherine  Cling. 

Foreign.  Glands,  reniform  ;  fruit,  large,  roundish,  oval,  one  side  enlarged, 
yellowish  green,  red  in  sun  ;  flesh,  firm,  yellowish  white,  red  at  stone.  Sep- 
tember. 

DRUID  HILL. 

American.  Glands,  globose  ;  fruit,  large,  roundish,  greenish  white,  red  in 
the  sun  ;  flesh,  greenish  white,  juicy,  far  inferior  to  Ward's  Freestone.  Sep- 
tember. Freestone. 

EMPEROR  OF  RUSSIA. 

Cut  Leaved,         (         New  Cut  Leaved, 
Serrated,  |         Unique. 

American.  Mildews  badly  ;  glandless  ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish,  yellowish 
white,  red  cheek ;  flesh,  firm,  yellowish  white.  August.  Freestone. 

EARLY  ROBINSON  CRUSOE. 

American.  Glands,  globose  ;  fruit,  large,  round,  whitish,  with  red  in  sun. 
September. 

FAVORITE. 


American.  Glands,  globose ;  fruit,  above  medium,  oval,  white,  with  much 
red  in  sun ;  flesh,  firm,  red  at  stone.  September. 

Fox's  SEEDLING. 

American.  Glands,  globose  ;  fruit,  round,  white,  with  red  cheek.  Septem- 
ber. Freestone. 

GEST'S  SUPERB. 

Gest's  large  Freestone. 

American.  Glands,  globose  ;  fruit,  large,  roundish,  yellowish  white  and 
red  ;  flesh,  firm,  sub-acid.  September. 

GOLDEN  BALL. 

American.  Glands,  globose ;  fruit,  large,  roundish,  orange  yellow,  with  red 
cheek  ;  flesh,  yellow,  pink  at  stone,  juicy,  but  not  equal  to  Bergen's  Yellow, 
with  which  it  ripens.  Early  September. 

ISPAHAN. 

Pecher  d'Ispahan. 

Foreign.  Glandless;  fruit,  small,  round,  whitish  green;  flesh,  greenish 
white,  a  little  sub-acid.  September. 

HOFFNER. 
Hoffner's  Seedling. 

American.  Glands,  globose  ;  fruit,  medium  or  above,  roundish,  whitish, 
with  red  in  sun ;  flesh,  yellowish  white.  August.  Freestone. 


UNWORTHY  OF  CULTIVATION.  293 

LA  GRANGE. 

American.  Glands,  reniform  ;  fruit,  large,  oblong,  greenish  white,  little  red 
in  sun  ;  flesh,  greenish  white,  juicy,  iiot  equal  to  many  others  at  same  time 
ripening.  September.  Freestone. 

LATE  YELLOW  ALBERGE. 

October  Yellow,         I         Algiers  Yellow, 
Algiers  Winter. 

Foreign.  Glands,  reniform ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish  oval  yellow  when 
ripe  ;  flesh,  firm,  yellow,  dry.  October. 

LA  FAYETTE  CLINGSTONE. 
American.  Fruit,  large,  oval,  yellow,  red  cheek  5  flesh,  yellow,  poor.  September. 

LA  FAYETTE. 

American.  Fruit,  above  medium,  round,  whitish,  crimson  in  the  sun ;  flesh, 
stained  with  red.  September. 

NONPAREIL. 

Scott's  Nonpareil. 

American.  Glands,  globose.  Fruit,  large  roundish,  oblong,  yellow,  with  red 
cheek,  too  much  like  Crawford's  Late,  to  be  continued.  Freestone.  September. 

OLD  NEWINGTON. 

Newington  Cling,  I         Newington, 

Large  Newington. 

Foreign ;  glandless ;  fruit,  large,  roundish,  yellowish  white  with  red  cheek  ; 
flesh,  pale  yellowish  white,  red  at  stone  ;  juicy.  September. 

PHFLEIGER. 

American  ;  fruit,  large,  yellow,  juicy,  good  flavor,  poor  bearer.  Freestone. 
September. 

MELTING. 

Large  Melting. 

American.  Glands,  globose  ;  fruit,  large,  whitish  with  red  cheek,  flesh,  white, 
red  at  stone  ;  poor  bearer.  September.  Freestone. 

MAGISTRATE. 

Majestrate. 

American.  Glands,  reniform  ;  fruit,  large,  greenish  white,  red  cheek,  flesh, 
juicy,  not  high  flavor.  September.  Freestone. 

MORRISANIA. 

Morrisania  Pound ,         |         Hoffman's  Pound, 
Morrison's  Pound. 

American.  Glands,  globose  ;  fruit,  large,  round,  greenish  white,  dull  red 
cheek  ;  flesh,  yellowish  white  ;  poor  bearer.  September. 


294  THE  PEACH. 

MADELEINE  OF  COURSON. 


Madeleine  de  Courson, 
Red  Magdalen, 
Prue  Red  Magdalen, 


French  Magdalen, 
Madeleine  Rouge, 
Rouge  Paysanne. 


Foreign.    Glaudless ;  fruit  medium,  roundish,  yellowish  white,  red  cheek  ; 
flesh,  white,  red  at  stone.    Last  August. 

MONSTROUS  FREESTONE. 

American.    Glands,  globose  ;  fruit,  large,  round,  pale  yellow  and  red  ;  flesh, 
yellowish  white  ;  poor  bearer.    September. 

STRAWBERRY. 

Rose. 

American.  Glands,  reniform  ;  fruit,  below  medium,  surface  mostly  red  5  flesh, 
whitish ;  too  small.    August.    Freestone. 

RED  NUTMEG. 

Brown  Nutmeg,  I         Avant  Rouge, 

Early  Red  Nutmeg,        |         Red  Avant. 

Foreign.    Glands,  reniform ;  fruit,  small,  round,  pale  yellow,  red  cheek ; 
flesh,  yellowish,  red  at  stone.    Early  August. 

ROYAL  GEORGE. 

Early  Royal  George,          I         Lockyer's  Mignonne, 
New  Royal  George,  Griffin's  Mignonne, 

Millet's  Mignonne,  |         Superb, 

Red  Magdaline. 

Foreign.    Mildews  badly ;   glandless ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish,  pale  white, 
red  dots  and  marbled  red  in  sun  ;  flesh,  whitish  red  at  stone.    Last  of  August. 

ROSANNA. 

Foreign.    Glands,  reniform ;  fruit,  medium,  yellow  and  purplish  red ;  flesh, 
yellow,  red  at  stone.    September.    Freestone. 

SWALSH. 

Double  Swalsh,  |         Swalze.       , 

Foreign.    Glands,  reniform ;  fruit,  medium,  ovate,  yellow,  red  cheek  ;  flesh, 
white,  red  at  stone  ;  poor  bearer.    September.    Freestone. 

SWEET  WATER. 

Early  Sweet  Water,          |         Large  American  Nutmeg. 

There  are  two  varieties  under  this  name  ;  one  with  globose  glands,  and  one 
glandless  ;  neither  as  valuable  as  Tillotson. 

SCOTT'S  EARLY  RED. 

American.    Glands,  globose  ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish,  much  dashed  with  red  ; 
flesh,  whitish,  juicy.    August.    Freestone, 


UNWORTHY  OF  CULTIVATION.  295 

SMITH'S  NEWINGTON. 

Early  Newington,          |         Smith's  Early  Newington. 

Foreign.    Glandless ;  fruit,  medium,  oval,  pale  yellow,  streaked  with  pur- 
plish red  in  sun  ;  flesh,  firm,  pale  yellow,  red  at  stone.    August.    Clingstone. 

SMOCK  CLINGSTONB. 

American.    Large  oblong,  yellow  and  red ;  flesh,  yellow,  juicy,  sub-acid. 
September. 

SPRING  GROVE. 

Foreign.    Glands,  globose  ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish,  greenish  yellow,  red 
cheek  ;  flesh,  greenish  yellow.    September.    Freestone. 

SULHAMSTEAD. 

Foreign.    Glandless,  mildews  ;  fruit,  large,  roundish,  pale  yellow,  red  in  sun ; 
flesh,  yellowish  white,  sweet.    September. 

SLOCUM'S  EARLY. 

American.    Glands,  globose;  fruit,  large,  yellow  and  red;  flesh,  yellow. 
August. 

SlEBOLT. 

American.    Glands ;  fruit,  above  medium,  greenish  yellow  with  red  cheek ; 
flesh,  yellowish  white.    Freestope.    September. 

TICE. 

Tice's  Red  and  Yellow. 

American.    Fruit,  large,  yellow,  red  in  sun  ;  flesh,  yellow,  juicy  ;  poor  bearer. 
September.     Freestone. 

VANDERMARK. 

American.    Fruit,  large,  roundish ;  flesh,  acid.    September.    A  clingstone. 
WHITE  NUTMEG. 

Early  White  Nutmeg,  |         Avant  Blanche, 

White  Avant. 

Foreign.    Glandless ;   fruit,  small,  oval,  greenish  white  ;  flesh  white,  to  the 
stone.    Early  August. 

WHITE  BLOSSOM. 

White  Blossomed  Incomparable,  |         Willow  Peach, 

American.  Glands,  reniform ;  fruit,  above  medium,  oval,  white ;  flesh,  white  to 
etone.     September.    Freestone. 


296  THE   PEACH. 

WEEPING. 

Reid's  Weeping. 

American.    Glands,  reniform  ;  only  ornamental  as  a  tree,  and  does  not  de- 
serve to  be  classed  in  fruits. 

YATES'  EARLY. 

American.    Much  resembles  Early  York,  but  far  inferior. 
YELLOW  ADMIRABLE. 

Orange,  I         Apricot  Peach, 

Abricotee,  |         Admirable  Jaune. 

Foreign.     Glands,  reniform ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish  oval,  yellow,  little  red 
in  sun  ;  flesh,  yellow,  slightly  red  at  stone,  dry.    Freestone.    September. 

ZOAR  BEAUTY. 

American.    Glands,  globose  ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish,  mostly  red  where  ex- 
posed to  sun ;  flesh,  tinged  with  red.    Freestone.    September. 


THE  PEAR. 

Pyrus  communis,  L.     Rosacea  of  botanists. 

NATIVE  of  Europe  and  Asia,  the  pear  has  long  been  cultivated, 
but  not  until  within  the  past  three  centuries  has  there  been  any  con- 
siderable number  of  sorts  esteemed  valuable  as  dessert  fruits,  ex- 
cept they  were  cooked.  Of  Van  Mons,  Knight,  and  others,  and 
their  exertions  in  originating  and  improving  fruit,  have  we  before 
written ;  and  to  their  skill  and  care  do  we  owe  many  of  our  best 
imported  varieties;  while,  in  this  country,  we  are  not  the  less  indebt- 
ed to  such  men  as  H.  A.  S.  Dearborn,  David  Thomas,  M.  P.  Wilder, 
J.  P.  Kirtland,  W.  D.  Brinckle,  and  many  others,  for  the  importation, 
origin,  and  dissemination  of  the  best  varieties  throughout  the  States. 

Our  pioneer  settlers  all  planted  seeds  of  the  pear,  as  well  as  of 
the  apple  ;  and  while  in  nearly  all  the  middle-  portions  of  the  States 
there  are  immense  trees,  healthy  and  vigorous  as  the  native  forests, 
few  of  these  chance  seedlings  prove  in  fruit  more  than  about  one 
remove  from  the  wild  state.  To  this  fact,  and  the  erroneous  impres- 
sion that  "  he  who  plants  pears,  plants  for  his  heirs,"  we  attribute 
the  neglect  of  fruit-growers,  for  years,  to  plant  any  considerable 
number  of  pear  trees.  Gradually,  however,  as  facilities  of  traveling 
have  increased,  giving  opportunity  of  comparing  impressions  with 
practice  and  results,  and  information  become  freely  disseminated 
through  our  agricultural  and  horticultural  journals,  have  pear  plan- 
tations increased,  until  at  this  time  there  are,  probably,  yearly  plant- 
ed in  the  States  not  less  than  one  million  of  trees. 

In  almost  every  State,  there  appear  certain  localities  where  the 
pear  succeeds  most  perfectly,  continuing  to  increase  in  size,  vigor, 
and  productiveness,  from  year  to  year.  The  following  may  be 
selected  from  many:  Danvers  in  Mass.,  Hartford  and  East  New 
Haven  County,  in  Conn.,  Vincennes  in  la.,  Detroit  in  Mich.,  and 
north-western  or  central  New  York.  And  indeed  we  may  find  it 
difficult  to  name  a  section  where,  with  the  appropriate  care  in  cul- 
ture here  pointed  out,  the  pear  may  not  be  grown  healthy  and  pro- 
ductive. 

Propagation.  By  seed.  The  propagation  of  the  pear  by  seed  is 
the  same  as  that  of  the  apple,  if  we  except  the  fact  that,  as  the  roots 
of  the  pear  the  first  year  are  generally  confined  to  the  one  "  tap- 
root," as  it  is  termed,  and  a  few  fibres,  it  is  necessary  that  the  soil 
be  at  least  two  feet  deep.  Old  pasture  ground  or  meadow  trenched 
with  the  spade  is  the  best  for  the  growing  of  pear  seedlings. 

1.3*  (297) 


298  THE   PEAK. 

The  propagating  by  grafting,  budding,  etc.,  is  also  the  same  in  the 
pear  as  in  the  apple,  and  usually  performed  at  same  season.  The 
remarks  we  make  relative  to  root  grafting  on  pieces  of  roots  are 
also  equally  applicable  to  the  pear  as  the  apple.  Some  practise  the 
grafting  on  pieces  of  root,  and  plant  deep  to  induce  the  rooting  of 
the  pear  from  the  graft ;  this  is  easily  done,  but  we  see  no  advantage ; 
and  our  experience  with  trees,  roots  so  formed,  has  not  been  favora- 
ble ;  we  have  found  the  roots  thrown  from  the  pear  small  and  in- 
sufficient to  sustain  the  tree,  while  those  of  the  old  root,  on  taking 
up,  were  diseased,  apparently  from  some  want  of  action  in  the  cir- 
culation of  sap -vessels. 

Hardihood.  The  comparative  hardihood  of  American  over  for- 
eign varieties  has  been  much  lauded,  but  as  yet  we  do  not  think  sus- 
tained by  experiment.  Propagation  on  healthy  or  unhealthy  stocks 
we  think  has  had  more  to  do  with  it  than  aught  else.  Until  within 
a  few  years  past,  most  of  the  pears  worked  on  pear  stocks  in  this 
country  were  on  suckers,  and  this  we  imagine  the  foundation  of 
most  said  respecting  the  comparative  hardihood  of  native  over  for- 
eign varieties. 

Stocks  and  Adaptation  of  Trees  grown  thereon.  Healthy  seedling 
pear  stocks,  usually  two  years  old  and  about  |  to  |  an  inch  diameter  at 
crown,  are  regarded  best  for  grafting  on,  while  the  same  left  to  grow 
until  August,  are  usually  suitable  size  for  budding.  The  quince, 
apple,  thorn,  and  mountain  ash,  are  all  more  or  less  used  for  grow- 
ing what  are  termed  dwarf  trees.  Of  these  the  quince  is  best,  thorn 
next,  and  apple  the  least  desirable.  Of  the  quince,  seedlings  are 
not  desirable  to  use  for  this  purpose,  as  they  do  not  run  even  in 
growth ;  but  cuttings  grown  from  what  is  generally  known  as  the 
Angiers  variety  should  be  procured.  The  thorn  and  mountain  ash 
are  used  often  with  advantage  on  dry  gravelly  or  sandy  soils,  where 
the  quince  roots  do  not  appear  as  well  suited. 

While  a  very  large  number  of  varieties  will  take  and  grow  for  a 
year  or  two  finely,  there  are  comparatively  few  that  succeed  for  a 
series  of  years  in  continued  vigor  and  productiveness,  when  grown 
on  any  stock  but  that  of  the  pear ;  and  while  the  cultivation  is  now 
very  extensive  on  the  quince  root,  we  cannot  but  fear  that  in  eight- 
tenths  it  will  prove  unprofitable  to  the  grower ;  and  in  the  remain- 
ing two-tenths,  require  equally  as  much  care  in  supplying  nutrition 
and  pruning,  as  a  system  of  root  pruning  when  grown  on  pear  roots. 
There  are,  however,  some  sorts  that  the  fruit  seems  improved  by 
being  worked  on  quince,  asDuchessed'Angouleme,  Easter  Beurre,  &c., 
and  this  is  a  strong  item  in  favor  of  the  quince  stock  ;  and  therefore, 
while  advising  its  use,  we  must  not  forget  always  to  mention  that 
without  careful  and  high  culture  the  grower  will  meet  disappointment. 


STOCKS  AND  ADAPTATION   OF  TREES  THEREON.  299 

About  one  hundred  years  may  be  taken  as  the  natural  duration  of 
the  pear  on  pear  roots, when  grown  in  soil  supplied  with  the  elements 
necessary  to  sustain  it- and  about  thirty  or  forty  years  the  natural 
duration  when  worked  on  the  quince  root,  and  regularly  pruned  and 
cultivated.  Instances  are  of  course  recorded  and  known,  where 
trees  exist  for  longer  periods,  while  hundreds  decay  and  are  gone  in 
one  half  the  time.  The  demand  for  pear  trees  on  the  quince  has 
been  so  great  for  some  years  past,  that  too  often  little  regard  has 
been  paid  to  the  stock ;  and  we  have  now  in  our  grounds  rows  of 
bearing  trees  on  quince  roots,  all  of  one  kind,  received  from  France, 
from  which,  although  receiving  the  same  care  and  attention,  there 
may  be  selected  those  that  ere  many  years  must  of  necessity  decay  , 
the  stock  and  tree  are  not  adapted  one  to  the  other.  Again,  as  be- 
fore remarked,  there  are  varieties  that,  while  they  grow  apparently 
well  for  a  few  years,  decay  on  fruiting  the  second  year.  The  suc- 
cess of  the  pear  on  quince  roots  trained  en-pyramid  in  the  old  coun- 
try has  been  confined  to  but  few  varieties,  and  these  kept  under  a 
steady  yet  high  state  of  cultivation.  Orcharding  with  the  pear  on 
the  quince,  in  the  manner  of  most  orcharding  in  this  country,  will 
never  repay  the  first  cost  of  the  trees ;  but  if  trees  are  selected  ot 
varieties  known  to  have  been  long  successful,  and  a  system  of  cul- 
ture pursued  which  shall  meet  the  requirements  of  the  fibrous  roots 
of  the  quince,  then  may  the  grower  look  for  profit  and  pleasure  in 
the  f esult ;  but  equally  gratifying  and  profitable  would  be  the  result, 
if'  we  except  a  few  varieties  of  foreign  origin,  when  grown  on  the 
pear,  and  annually  root-pruned;  added  to  which,  if  one  half  the  trees 
were  taken  out  after  twenty  years,  the  balance  would  form  a  fine 
permanent  orchard  to  be  managed  as  our  apple  orchards.  In  small 
gardens,  where  the  quince  stock  is  ad  vised  by  nearly  all  writers,  (and 
correctly  so,  if  the  right  varieties  are  selected,)  success  will  not  be  had 
without  an  appreciation  by  the  grower  of  the  extent  of  roots  formed 
by  the  quince,  and  the  system  of  culture  required  to  supply  the 
food  of  the  plant,  as  well  as  knowledge  in  how  to  prune,  and  also 
some  little  knowledge  of  the  amount  of  fruit  the  young  tree  is  ca- 
pable of  ripening  and  continue  in  health ;  the  tendency  being  rather 
to  over-production  and  exhaustion. 

Transplanting,  Selection  of  Trees,  and  Distances  apart. — The  roots 
of  the  pear  have  few  laterals  except  grown  on  shallow  rich  soil, 
and  in  transplanting,  it  is  therefore  requisite  to  secure  as  much 
of  the  large  root  as  possible.  If  in  taking  up  they  are  mostly  de- 
stroyed, the  branches  will  have  to  be  shortened  in  and  cut  out.  On 
the  quince  root,  when  well  grown,  there  will  need  little  attention, 
except  to  head  back  to  a  regular  shape,  and  prune  smooth  the  ends 
of  each  root,  as  often  directed  in  this  work ;  and  in  setting,  taking 


300  THE   PEAR. 

care  that  the  earth  is  even  with  the  junction  of  the  pear  on  the 
quince. 

Trees  on  pear  roots  for  the  orchard  or  garden  are  best  at  about 
three  years  old,  and  five  to  seven  feet  high,  well  grown  and  shaped 
as  noted  in  the  apple.  Dwarf  trees  or  those  on  quince  roots,  are 
best  at  one  year  from  the  bud  ;  for,  as  a  general  thing,  the  nursery- 
man has  neither  the  time,  nor  will  the  price  paid  for  trees  as  com- 
pared with  that  of  labor  in  this  country,  warrant  him  in  a  system 
of  careful  and  correct  pruning  in  nursery  row  ;  neither  can  a  tree 
be  so  evenly  shaped  as  when  transplanted  to  more  open  and  exposed 
positions. 

The  distance  apart  of  pear  or  pear  roots  for  large  orcharding, 
should  be  from  twenty-five  to  thirty  feet,  while  that  of  dwarfs  for 
gardens  should  be  ten  to  fifteen  feet.  Dwarfs  are  now  much  plant- 
ed intermediate  in  large  permanent  orchards,  but  as  a  whole,  the 
practice  is  not  to  be  advised,  unless  the  grower  intends  to  cultivate 
such  orchard  with  care  and  attention,  superior  to  the  ordinary 
method  of  plowing,  planting  potatoes,  &c. 

Soil  and  Manures.  —  The  pear  roots  thrive  best  in  a  soil  where 
the  sub-soil  is  at  once  dry  and  moist  ;  that  is,  where  it  is  open  and 
porous  sufficient  to  admit  of  free  drainage,  and  yet  where  the  roots, 
extending  deeply  and  freely  in  it,  reach  moisture  in  season  of  ex- 
treme drought.  Cold  clay  is  a  bad  sub-soil,  and  where  it  exists  in 
the  ground  of  a  prospective  orchard,  it  should  be  deeply  and 
thoroughly  sub-soiled  and  well  drained.  The  pear  on  quince  roots 
succeed  best  in  rich,  deep,  moist,  loamy  ground,  even  enduring  con- 
siderable water  better  than  dry  sand.  The  following  is  the  analysis 
of  the  ash  of  the  pear  as  made  by  Dr.  Emmons  :  — 


Potash,         , 
Soda,        

Sap  wood. 

.     22.25 
.   -       1.84 
0.31 

Bark. 

6.20 
170 

Sulphuric  Acid,         .         .         .        -ai  ' 

0.50 

1.80 

Phosphate  of  Lime,       . 
Phosphate  of  Peroxide  of  Iron, 
Carbonic  Acid,      . 
Lime,         .....        ,-t 
Magnesia,     .         .         .         . 
Silex,        

.     27.22 
0.31 
.     27.69 
12.64 
.       3.00 
0.30 

6.50 

37.29 
30.36 
9.40 
0.40 

Coal,    
Organic  Matter,        .        .        ... 

.      0.17 
4.02 

0.65 
4.20 

100.25  98.30 

From  this  it  will  be  seen  what  most  is  wanted  in  the  soil  to  pro- 
duce healthy  foliage  and  wood  in  the  pear.     As  a  general  thing, 


PRUNING. 


301 


soils  usually  are  or  become  deficient  in  lime  and  the  phosphates,  and 
the  cheapest  remedy  is  liberal  dressing  of  wood  ashes  and  bone 
dust;  or  in  sections  where  bone  dust  is  not  easily  attainable,  dig 
in  around  the  tree  whole  bones  from  the  daily  use  of  a  family,  or 
procured  from  a  slaughter-house.  Potash  dissolved  in  water  and 
applied  to  vegetable  mould  from  the  woods,  and  this  dug  in  around 
the  tree,  is  also  a  cheap  and  ready  way  of  supplying  food  requisite. 
Iron  filings,  etc.,  from  smith-shops  is  also  good,  and  hence  the  im- 
pression of  some,  that  through  it  the  blight  was  cured  or  prevented. 
The  fact  being  only  that  a  certain  element  requisite  to  health  was 
exhausted  in  the  soil. 

Pruning. — In  connection  with  what  we  have  recorded  under  this 
head  on  a  previous  page,  we  add  the  following,  as  directly  applicable 
to  the  pear.  It  is  from  the  experience  of  Thomas  Rivers,  Esq., 
England,  one  of  the  most  successful  pyramidal  pear  tree  growers  in 
the  world : 

"  If  root-pruned  pyramidal  trees  are  planted,  it  will  much  assist 
them  if  about  half  the  blossom  buds  are  thinned  out  with  sharp- 
pointed  scissors,  or  a  penknife,  just  before  they  open ;  otherwise 
these  root-pruned  trees  on 
the  quince  stock  are  so  full 
of  them,  that  the  tree  re- 
ceives a  check  if  they  are 
all  allowed  to  expand.  About 
ten  or  fifteen  fruit  may  be 
permitted  to  ripen  the  first 
season  ;  the  following  season 
two  or  three  dozen  will  be 
as  many  as  the  tree  ought 
to  be  allowed  to  bring  to 
perfection,  increasing  the 
number  as  the  tree  increases 
in  vigor,  always  remember- 
ing  that  a  few  full-sized  ami 
well-ripened  pears  are  to  be 
preferred  to  a  greater  num- 
ber, inferior  in  size  and 
quality. 

Summer  pinching  in  the 
youth  of  the  tree  is  the  only 
remedy,  if  it  is  not  well  fur- 
nished below  j  and  a  severe 
remedy  it  is,  for  all  the 
young  shoots  on  the  upper 
tiers,  including  the  leader, 
must  be  pinched  closely  in 
May  and  June  till  the  lower 


a  02 


THE   PEAR. 


ones  have  made  young  shoots  of  a  sufficient  length  to  give  uniform- 
iiy  to  the  tree.  This  requires  much  attention  and  trouble;  it  is 
better  to  be  careful  not  to  plant  any  tree  for  a  pyramid  that  is  not 
well  furnished  with  buds  and  branches  to  its  base.  A  tree  of  this 
description  may  soon  be  made  to  assume  the  shape  of  the  foregoing 
figure,  which  is  a  perfect  pyramidal  pear  tree,  such  as  it  ought  to  be 
in  July,  before  its  leading  side  shoots  and  perpendicular  leaders  are 
shortened,  which  is  best  done  towards  the  end  of  August :  this  short- 
ening must  be  made  at  the  marks ,  and  all  the  side  shoots  short- 
ened in  the  same  manner ;  and  also  the  leading  shoot.  Hooked 
pruning  scissors  will  be  found  the  best  implement  to  prune  with. 
The  spurs  are  the  bases  of  the  shoots  that  have  been  pinched 
"ji  June, 

Planting  and  after 
management.— As  before 
mentioned,  the  autum- 
nal and  early  winter 
months  are  to  be  prefer- 
red for  planting;  care 
should  betaken  in  select- 
ing trees  that  are  fur- 
nished with  buds  and 
branches  from  bottom 
to  top;  but  if  a  young 
gardener  intends  to 
plant,  and  wishes  to 
train  up  his  trees  so 
that  they  will  become 
quite  perfect  in  shape,  he 
should  select  plants  one 
year  old  from  the  bud  or 
graft;  these  will,  of 
course,  have  good  buds 
down  to  the  junction  of 
the  graft  with  the  stock. 
The  first  spring,  a  tree 
of  this  description  should 
be  headed  down  so  as  to 
leave  the  shoot  about  18 
inches  long  ;  if  the  soil  is 
rich,  from  five  to  six  and 
seven  shoots  will  be  pro- 
duced ;  one  of  these 

—  •I«II.H«T.  must  be  made  the  leader, 

and  if  not  inclined  to  be 
quite  perpendicular,  this  must  be  fastened  to  a  stake.  As  soon  in  sun?.- 


PRUNING   AND  AFTER  MANAGEMENT.  303 

mer  as  the  leading  shoot  is  ten  inches  long,  its  end  must  be  pinched 
off,  and  if  it  pushes  forth  two  or  more  shoots,  pinch  all  off  but  one 
to  about  two  inches,  leaving  the  topmost  for  a  leader  ;  the  side  shoots 
will  in  most  cases  assume  a  regular  shape  ;  if  not,  they  may  be  this 
first  season  tied  to  slight  stakes  to  make  them  grow  in  the  proper 
direction.  This  is  the  best  done  by  bringing  down  and  fastening 
the  end  of  each  shoot,  to  a  slight  stake,  so  that  an  open  pyramid 
may  be  formed  ;  for  if  it  is  too  close  and  cypress-like,  enough  air  is 
not  admitted  to  the  fruit ;  they  may  remain  unpruned  till  the  end 
of  August,  when  each  shoot  must  be  shortened  to  within  eight  buds 
of  the  stem  ;*  this  will  leave  the  tree  like  the  preceding  figure,  and 
no  pruning  in  winter  will  be  required. 

The  second  season  the  trees  will  make  vigorous  growth  ;  the  side 
shoots  which  were  topped  last  August  will  each  put  forth  three,  four, 
or  more  shoots  ;  as  soon  as  these  are  four  inches  long  they  must  be 
pinched  off  to  within  three  inches,  all  but  the  leading  shoot  of  each  side 
branch  ;  this  must  be  left  on,  to  exhaust  the  tree  of  its  superabundant 
sap,  till  the  end  of  August.  The  perpendicular  leader  must  be  top- 
ped once  or  twice ;  in  short,  as  soon  as  it  has  grown  ten  inches,  pinch 
off  its  top,  and  if  it  breaks  into  two  or  three  shoots,  pinch  them  all 
but  the  leader,  as  directed  for  the  first  season ;  in  a  few  years,  most 
symmetrical  trees  may  be  formed. 

When  they  have  attained  the  height  of  six  or  eight  feet,  and  still 
continue  to  grow  vigorously,  it  will  be  necessary  to  commence  root- 
pruning  to  bring  them  into  a  fruitful  state. 

I  have  thus  far  given  directions  for  those  who  are  inclined  to  rear 
their  own  pyramids.  Much  time  and  attention  are  required  ;  but 
the  interest  attached  to  well-trained  pyramids  will  amply  repay  the 
young  cultivator. 

I  will  now  endeavor  to  give  directions  for  the  management  of  trees 
adapted  for  the  gardener  of  mature  age,  who  feels  somewhat  impa- 
tient if  his  trees  do  not  begin  at  once  to  be  fruitful.  A  most  valu- 
able auxiliary  to  precocious  fruitfulness  in  pears  is  the  quince  stock ; 
pears  grafted  on  it  may  be  safely  recommended  for  all  soils  of  mod- 
erate depth  and  fertility,  and  even  for  light  and  sandy  soils  I  am 
induced  to  advise  it,  only  in  those  circumstances  the  trees  must  have 
more  care  and  higher  cultivation.  In  soils  of  that  nature  I  should 
recommend  the  surface  of  the  soil  round  the  tree  to  be  covered 
during  June,  July,  and  August,  with  short  grass,  moss,  or  manure, 
and  to  give  them  once  a  week,  in  dry  weather,  a  drenching  with 
guano  water,  (about  two  pounds  to  six  gallons,)  which  must  be  well 
stirred  before  it  is  used ;  each  tree  should  have  twelve  gallons  poured 
gradually  into  the  soil :  by  this  method  the  finest  fruit  may  be  pro- 

*  There  are  generally  three  or  four  abortive  buds  at  the  base  of  each  shoot ; 
these  must  not  be  reckoned. 


304 


THE  PEAR. 


duced ;  and  as  it  is  very  probable  that,  ere  many  years  elapse,  we 
shall  have  exhibitions  of  pears,  this  will  be  the  mode  to  procure  fine 
specimens  to  show  for  prizes. 

Monsieur  Cappe's  method  of  pruning  in  the  Garden  of  Plants, 
(Jardin  des  Plantes,)  France,  where  all  are  on  their  own  or  pear 
roots,  is  thus  described  by  the  late  A.  J.  Downing  in  the  Horticul- 
turist. These  pyramidal  pear  trees,  it  is  well  known,  are  regarded 
as  the  most  perfect  of  specimens. 

"  M.  Cappe  confines  his  pruning  to  three  seasons  of  the  year.  In 
the  month  of  March,  or  before  the  buds  start,  he  shortens  back  with 
the  knife  all  the  leading  shoots,  fig.  1,  a,  a, — that  is,  the  terminal 
shoots  at  the  end  of  each  side  branch.  Of  course,  this  forces  out  not 
only  a  new  leading  shoot  at  the  end  of  the  branch,  but  side  shoots, 
6,  b,  at  various  places  on  the  lower  part  of  the 
4  J,  *  shoot.  These  side  shoots  are  left  to  grow  till  the 

\  '  /  end  of  May.     They  have  then  pushed  out  to  about 

i  yl  four  or  five  inches  in  length.     The  ends  of  all 

'  J  these  side  shoots  are  then  pinched  off,  leaving 
only  about  an  inch  and  a  half  at  the  bottom  of 
the  shoot. 

"  Fig.  2  shows  one  of  the  branches,  with  the 
side  shoots,  as  they  are  at  the  end  of  June.  The 
dotted  lines,  6,  6,  show  the  point  to  which  these 
shoots  should  be  pinched  off. 

"  The  terminal  or  leading  shoot,  c,  is  left  entire, 
in  order  to  draw  up  the  sap,  which  would  other- 
wise force  all  the  side  shoots  into  new  growth.  Notwithstanding 
this  precaution,  in  luxuriant  seasons  the  side  shoots  will  frequently 
push  out  new  shoots  again,  just  below 
where  they  were  pinched.  This  being 
the  case,  about  the  last  of  August  M. 
Cappe  shortens  back  these  new  side 
shoots  to  about  an  inch  and  a  half.  But 
this  time  he  does  not  pinch  them  off. 
He  breaks  them,  and  leaves  the  broken 
end  for  several  days  attached  and  hang- 
ing down,  so  that  the  flow  of  sap  is  not 
so  suddenly  checked  as  when  the  branch 
is  pinched  or  cut  off,  and  the  danger  of 
new  shoots  being  forced  out  a  third  time 
is  thereby  effectually  guarded  against. 
¥is-  2-  "  The  object  of  this  stopping  the  side 

branches,  is  to  accumulate  the  sap,  or,  more  properly,  the  organizable 
matter  in  these  shortened  branches,  by  which  means  the  remaining 
buds  become  fruit-buds  instead  of  wood-buds.  They  also  become 
spurs,  distributed  over  the  whole  tree,  which  bear  regularly  year 


Fig.i. 


INSECTS  AND  DISEASES.  805 

after  year,  sending  out  new  side  shoots,  which  are  pinched  back  in 
the  same  manner  every  summer. 

;'  In  order  to  keep  the  tree  finely  proportioned,  the  eye  of  the 
pruner  must  be  a  nice  one,  that  he  may,  with  a  glance,  regulate 
the  pruning  of  the  terminal  branches  or  leaders,  which,  as  we 
have  just  said,  are  shortened  back  in  March — for  then  is  the  time 
to  adjust  any  extravagances  of  growth  which  the  tree  may  have  run 
into,  on  either  side :  and  in  the  summer  pinching  the  balance  of 
growth  is  adjusted  by  pinching  the  side  shoots  that  start  out  nearest 
the  ends  of  the  branches,  quite  short,  say  an  inch  and  a  half,  while 
those  that  start  near  the  bottom  of  the  branch,  (or  the  centre  of  the 
tree,)  where  they  have  less  nourishment,  are  left  from  four  to  five 
inches  long. 

"  Understanding  this  mode  of  pruning,  nothing  is  easier  than  to 
form  pyramidal  pear  trees  of  the  most  perfect  symmetry,  and  beauty 
of  form.  But  in  order  to  have  the  branches  regularly  produced 
from  the  ground  to  the  summit,  you  must  plant  a  tree  which  is  only 
a  couple  of  feet  high,  so  that  you  can  form  the  first  tier  of  branches 
quite  near  the  ground,  by  cutting  back  the  leader  at  the  very  outset ; 
for  if  the  tree  is  once  allowed  to  form  a  clean  body  or  stem,  of 
course  it  is  impossible  afterwards  to  give  it  the  requisite  shape  and 
fulness  of  branches  at  the  bottom." 

All  this  our  readers  will  understand  relates  more  especially  to 
the  art  of  pruning,  as  adapted  to  high  or  garden  culture.  Standard 
trees  in  the  orchard  require  only  the  same  or  similar  pruning  to  that 
pursued  in  the  apple ;  very  few  trees,  in  fact,  requiring  aught  but  a 
thinning  out  of  branches,  or  rather  a  preventing,  while  young,  of  the 
branches  becoming  too  thick. 

Insects  and  Diseases. — The  Scolytus  pyri  is  an  insect  described  by 
Harris.  This  is  by  some  counted  as  the  cause  of  a  species  of  blight. 
Its  presence  has,  however,  been  rarely  met  with,  and  doubts  arise 
among  many  cultivators  whether  it  is  as  prevalent,  and  the  cause  of 
as  much  destruction,  as  reported. 

The  Bupestris  divaracata,  and  perhaps  some  allied  species,  is 
found  in  the  larvae  state  under  the  bark,  on  the  bodies  of  both  the 
pear  and  apple ;  and  what  is  often  taken  for  sun-blight,  is  the  effect 
of  this  insect.  The  bark  appears  blackened  on  the  body  of  the  tree, 
on  the  south  or  southwest  side.  Cutting  it  away  carefully  and  de- 
stroying the  larvae  in  months  of  July  to  September,  and  washing 
the  body  first  with  ley-water,  or  strong  soap-suds,  and  covering  it 
with  a  coating  of  gum  shellac,  dissolved  in  alcohol,  is  the  remedy. 

The  slug  Selandria  cerasi  appears  on  the  leaf  of  both  cherry 
and  pear  in  June,  July  and  August.  It  is  about  half  an  inch  long, 
of  a  dull,  greenish  brown,  slimy,  shining,  offensive  appearance. 
It  is  easily  destroyed,  if  -taken  in  time,  by  scattering  ashes  or  even 


306  THE  PEAR. 

dirt  over  the  leaves  early  in  morning,  or  while  the  dew  is  on,  fol- 
lowing up  the  application  some  four  or  five  days.  The  frozen-sap 
blight,  etc.,  often  so  destructive  to  trees  in  the  West,  we  have  re- 
marked on  in  previous  pages,  and  refer  thereto. 

Selection  of  varieties  known  to  be  permanently  successful  on  the 
quince.  —  As  we  have  before  remarked,  while  there  are  a  great  many 
varieties  that  at  first  take  and  grow  well  on  the  quince  stock,  there 
are  but  few  comparatively  that  are  permanently  successful.  It  there- 
fore becomes  the  planter  to  select  with  care,  and  plant  with  a  view 
to  permanence,  only  those  that  are  known  to  succeed.  Of  the  error 
of  planting  indiscriminately,  we  have  had  practical  experience,  as  in 
planting  the  grounds  of  our  present  residence  we  looked  to  the  test- 
ing of  varieties,  and  therefore  ordered  and  planted  one  tree  only  of 
a  sort.  On  a  double  border  so  planted,  containing  over  200  sorts, 
we  have  already,  in  three  years,  discarded  one  half,  and  feel  confi- 
dent that  not  more  than  one  half  of  the  remainder  will  answer  to 
continue  permanently.  As  yet  few  or  none  of  our  American  native 
pears  can  be  depended  on  when  grown  on  the  quince,  and  as  all  in- 
troduced are  of  the  quality  described  when  grown  on  pear  roots, 
we  advise  most  planters  so  to  procure  them. 

Of  those  known  to  succeed  permanently  when  grown  on  quince, 
the  following  may  be  selected  : 


Summer  Dean,  Doyenne  tfEte,    \     Summer  Franc  Real, 


English  Jargonelle, 

Madelaine, 

Long  Green  of  Autumn, 

Beurre  Diel, 

Glout  Morceau, 


Bartlett, 
Beurre  d'Amalis, 
Louise  Bonne  of  Jersey, 
Vicar  of  Wakefield, 
Angouleme,  Duchess  of  ditto, 


White  Dean,  White  Doyenne,      j  Easter  Beurre, 

Gray  Dean,  Gris  Doyenne,  Duchess  of  Orleans, 

Striped  Long  Green  of  Autumn,  |  Beurre  of  Anjou, 

Weary  Soldier,  Soldat  Laboureur,  Boussouck,  Doyenne  JBoussouck, 

Van  Mons'  Leon  Le  Clerc,  j  Passe  Colmar. 

Gathering  of  the  Fruit,  and  Uses. — "  Gather  pears  of  the  summer 
sorts  rather  before  they  are  ripe,  as,  when  thoroughly  so,  they  eat 
mealy  if  kept  above  a  day  or  two ;  even  when  gathered  as  they 
ought  to  be,  in  a  week  or  less  they  begin  to  go  at  the  core.  They 
should  not,  however,  be  gathered  when  they  require  much  force  to 
pull  them  off.  Autumn  pears  must  also  not  be  full  ripe  at  the  time 
of  gathering,  though  they  will  keep  longer  than  the  summer. 
Winter  pears,  on  the  contrary,  should  hang  as  long  on  the  trees  as 
they  may,  so  as  to  escape  frost,  which  would  make  them  flat  in 
flavor,  and  not  keep  well.  Generally  they  may  hang  to  the  middle 
of  October  on  full  standards,  a  week  longer  on  dwarfs,  but  yet  not 


VARIETIES  AND  NOMENCLATURE.  307 

after  they  are  ripe.  The  art  of  gathering  is,  to  give  them  a  lift,  so 
as  to  press  away  the  stalk,  and  if  ripe,  they  readily  part  from  the 
tree.  Let  them  be  quite  dry  when  pulled,  and  in  nandling,  avoid 
pinching  the  fruit,  or  in  any  way  bruising  it ;  as  gathered,  lay  them 
quietly  in  shallow  baskets." 

This  process  of  gathering  at  the  proper  time,  in  connection  with 
their  after  maturing,  in  a  fruit-room  or  house  of  equable  temperature, 
has  often  very  much  to  do  in  deciding  the  quality  of  a  pear.  Many 
varieties  are  entirely  worthless  as  dessert  pears,  unless  so  ripened, 
when,  with  this  care,  they  are  really  the  most  delicious. 

The  old  criterion  of  a  good  pear,  viz. :  one  with  a  sugary  aromatic 
juice,  soft  sub-liquid  pulp  or  melting,  as  in  the  White  Doyenne,  or 
fine  crisp  and  "  breaking,"  as  in  the  Bergamottes ;  firm,  juicy,  yet 
austere  for  cooking,  as  in  the  Pound,  is  equally  good  at  this  day  as  % 
when  first  written. 

The  common  uses  of  the  pear  are  for  dessert,  baking,  stewing, 
drying,  preserving,  marmalades,  and  for  perry.  For  the  latter  use, 
large  orchards  of  the  more  common  hardy  sorts  have  heretofore 
been  planted,  and  the  result  found  more  profitable  than  the  same 
amount  of  ground  appropriated  to  the  apple  for  cider. 

Varieties  and  Nomenclature. — The  number  of  varieties  now^known 
is  something  over  1200,  but  of  these  it  is  more  than  probable  over 
1000  may  be  discarded,  and  then  leave  more  than  have  qualities  to 
sustain  their  continued  culture  when  compared  with  the  best.  Through- 
out the  West,  the  pear  culture  is  only  in  its  infancy,  and  we  there- 
fore place  far  less  in  our  first  class  than  probably  may  seem  worthy 
that  position  by  our  Eastern  pear  amateurs  ;  but  we  would  rather 
our  Western  growers  should  plant  varieties  worthy  their  attention, 
than,  as  a  whole,  devote  time  to  testing.  We  shall  not  pretend  in 
this  work  to  even  note  all  varieties,  but  shall  only  speak  of  those 
most  known  in  our  own  language,  while  we  could  wish  (and  pro- 
bably may  do  so,  as  far  as  possible,  at  a  future  time)  to  transfer 
all  names  into  the  English  language ;  we  have  at  this  time  thought 
best  in  most  cases  to  retain  the  foreign  name,  but  in  the  first  class 
giving  the  English  meaning  directly  underneath,  and  in  same  size 
type.  In  other  cases  where  the  English  rendering  seemed  appro- 
priate, we  have  adopted  it  as  the  standard  name,  giving  the  heretofore 
standard  name  as  the  first  synonym. 

Forms  and  Size  comparative. — Our  forms  illustrative  of  the  terms 
used  in  description,  are  from  the  Transactions  of  the  Massachusetts 
Horticultural  Society.  These  are  founded  on  the  fundamental 
figure  of  a  circle,  and  on  this  is  drawn  the  form  of  the  fruit ;  and 
where  the  circle  forms  not  a  part  of  the  fruit  form,  it  is  shown  by 
dots.  It  should  always  be  recollected,  that  in  the  pear,  pyriform  is 
with  the  small  end  at  the  stem ;  while  in  the  apple  it  is  at  the 
calyx. 


THE  PEAR. 


Oblong. 


Olobular  ;  obtuse  pyrifonn. 


fi'obular;  acute  pyriform 


FORMS  AND  SIZE  COMPARATIVE. 


309 


Obovate ;  acute  pyriform. 


Ovate  pyriform. 


Oblong  pyriform. 


310 


THE  PEAK. 


Oblong  obovate  pyriform. 


Oblong  ovate  pyriform. 


Of  size  comparative,  we  take  the  Seckel  as  small ;  the  White  Do- 
yenne or  Virgalieu  as  medium ;  the  Bartlett  as  large. 


WORTHY  GENERAL   CULTIVATION. 


311 


CLASS  I. —  Worthy  General  Cultivation. 
BARTLETT. 

William's  Bon  Chretien,         |        William's, 
Poire  Guilliaume. 


An  English  variety  originated  about  1770.  Now  extensively 
grown,  and  too  well  known  to  really  need  description.  The  trees 
are  vigorous,  and  early  productive  of  fair  handsome  fruit,  either  on 
pear  or  quince  root. 

Fruit,  large,  ovate,  obtuse  pyriform ;  surface  somewhat  uneven  ; 
color,  clear  light  yellow,  tinged  with  blush  in  sun  when  ripe,  russet 
around  the  stem,  and  minute  russet  dots  over  the  whole ;  stem,  short, 
thick ;  calyx,  medium,  partly  open ;  basin,  shallow,  furrowed ;  core, 
medium ;  seeds,  broad  ovate ;  Jiesh,  yellowish  white,  melting,  juicy, 
vinous.  Season,  middle  August  to  middle  September. 


312  THE   PEAE. 

BELLE  LUCRATIVE — BEAUTIFUL  AND  PROFITABLE. 

Fondante  d'Automne,         |         Seigneur  d'Esperin. 


A  Flemish  variety  ;  tree  of  moderate  growth  ;  productive  bearer, 
young  shoots  long,  yellowish  gray. 

Fruit,  medium,  obovate  pyriform ;  color,  pale  yellowish  green, 
slightly  russeted  ;  stem,  stout,  often  fleshy  ;  calyx,  short,  open ;  basin, 
medium ;  core,  medium ;  seeds,  ovate ;  flesh,  melting,  juicy,  aromatic, 
sweet.  Season,  last  September. 


BEURRE  LANGELIER — LANGELIER'S  BUTTER. 

A  foreign  pear,  newly  introduced :  has  fruited  but  few  times  in  this 
country,  but  may  safely  be  placed  as  best. 

Fruit,  large,  obovate  pyriform,  contracted  toward,  and  terminating 
obtusely  at,  stem ;  color,  light  green,  becoming,  at  maturity,  pale 
yellow,  with  a  dull  red  cheek  in  sun,  and  numerous  gray  russet  dots ; 
stem,  one  inch,  or  more,  long,  angularly  inserted  without  depression ; 
calyx,  medium ;  basin,  shallow,  plaited ;  core,  medium  ;  seeds,  long 
ovate  pyriform ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  melting,  juicy,  fine-grained, 
sub-acid,  slight  perfume.  Season,  November  to  January, 


WORTHY  GENERAL  CULTIVATION. 


313 


BEURRE  DIEL — DIEL'S  BUTTER. 


Diel, 

Diel's  Butterbirne, 
Dorothee  Royal, 
Grosse  Dorothee, 
Beurre  Royal, 


Des  Trois  Tours, 
De  Melon, 
Melon  de  Kops, 
Beurre  Magnifique, 
Beurre  Incomparable. 


Foreign.  Grows 
and  fruits  well  on 
pear  or  quince, 
but  is  best  on 
quince ;  tree,  vig- 
orous, the  foliage 
large;  wood,  olive 
brown  with  gray- 
ish specks ;  very 
productive. 

Fruit  large,  (our 
engraving  is  too 
small  for  an  av- 
erage,) obovate, 
obtuse  pyriform, 
surface  rather  , 
uneven ;  c  o  I  o  r,  I 
dull  green,  bright 
yellow  when  I 
mature,  russet  ' 
specks,  and  scat- 
tered russet  and 
greenish  brown 
patches;  stem, 
stout,  and  slightly 
curved;  cavity, 
narrow ;  calyx,  medium,  open,  long  segments  ;  basin,  abrupt ;  core, 
large ;  seeds,  dark  brown  ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  rather  coarse,  espe- 
cially near  the  core  ;  juicy,  melting,  perfumed.  Season,  October  to 
last  November. 

BRANDYWINE. 

American,  from  the  banks  of  the  Brandywine  river.  Tree, 
thrifty,  rapid  grower,  long  upright  shoots,  regular  and  abundant 
bearer ;  fruit,  medium,  varying  in  form,  generally  obovate  pyri- 
form, running  into  the  stem,  which  is  fleshy  and  rather  obliquely  set ; 
color,  dull  yellowish  green,  marked  with  russet  dots  and  streaks, 
and  much  russeted  about  eye;  calyx,  open,  segments  few;  basin 
smooth,  moderate  depth  ;  core,  small,  compact ;  seeds,  few,  dark 
brown  ;  flesh,  white,  melting,  juicy,  vinous.  Season,  last  of  August, 
first  of  September. 
14 


814 


THE   PEAR. 
BEUBRE  D'AREMBERQ. 


Due  d'Aremberg, 

Colmar  Deschamps, 

L'Orphelines, 

Soldat  Laboureur  of  some, 


Deschamps, 
D'Aremberg  Parfait, 
Beurre  des  Orphelines, 
Orpheline  d'Enghein. 


A  foreign  variety  which  has  been  often  confounded  with  Glout 
Morceau  and  Soldat  Laboureur,  from  both  of  which  it  is  distinct. 
The  wood  is  strong,  long-jointed,  yellowish  brown,  dotted  with  pale 
gray  specks ;  leaves,  narrow,  deeply  serrated ;  trees,  very  hardy, 
bear  young  on  the  pear  root,  annually  and  abundantly  ;  the  fruit 
hangs  well,  and  may  be  gathered  and  ripened  at  will  from  Decem- 
ber to  February.  A  warm,  rich  soil  suits  it  best. 

Fruit,  above  medium,  obovate,  obtuse  pyriform,  tapering  toward 
the  stem,  where  it  often  terminates  in  a  fleshy  junction ;  color,  dull 
pale  green,  at  maturity  light  yellow,  clouded  with  green,  with  traces 
and  patches  of  light  cinnamon  russet ;  stem,  short,  stout,  uneven,  set 
obliquely,  without  depression;  calyx,  small,  closed,  segments  short; 
basin,  rather  deep ;  core,  medium  ;  seeds,  light  brown,  acutely  pointed ; 
flesh,  white,  juicy,  melting,  vinous.  Season,  December  to  February. 


WORTHY   GENERAL.  CULTIVATION. 


BUERRE   BOSC. 

Calebasse  Bosc,         j         Marianne  Nouvelle, 
Bosc's  Flascbenbirne. 


315 


A  foreign  variety  raised  in  1807  by  Van  Mons.  It  is  an  early, 
annual,  and  productive  bearer  on  the  pear  roots,  and  should  have  a 
place  in  the  smallest  collection.  Tree,  vigorous,  with  long  brownish 
olive  shoots  straggling  or  diverging.  The  fruit  varies  some  in  size 
and  form,  as  see  our  checked  outline  in  engraving,  but  it  is  always 
fair  and  smooth. 

Fruit,  large,  obovate,  acute  pyriform ;  color,  dark  yellow,  nearly 


816  THE  PEAR. 

covered,  dotted  and  marbled  with  cinnamon  russet,  slight  brownish 
red  in  sun ;  stem,  usually  long,  slender ;  calyx,  medium,  segments 
partially  erect ;  basin,  round,  shallow,  sometimes  a  little  uneven ; 
core,  small ;  seeds,  blackish ;  flesh,  white,  melting,  juicy,  sweet,  per- 
fumed. Season,  October,  or  last  of  September. 

BUERBE  D'ANJOU. — BUTTER  OF  ANJOU. 

Ne  Plus  Meuris. 


Foreign.  An  old  pear  in  London's  select  list  of  1834,  recently 
introduced  under  a  new  name,  and  grown  on  quince.  It  is  found  of 
the  highest  excellence.  It  succeeds  equally  well  on  pear  or  quince, 
but  largest  on  quince.  Fruit,  large,  oblong,  obovate  pyriform,  ob- 
tuse at  stem ;  color,  pale  yellow,  dull  blush,  and  numerous  small 
specks  of  faint  russet ;  calyx,  open,  segments  thick,  reflexed  ;  basin, 
round,  not  deep,  russeted ;  stem,  short,  curved,  and  obliquely  inserted 
in  a  shallow  cavity ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  long,  pointed  ;  flesh,  yellowish 
white,  melting,  juicy,  vinous,  sprightly,  delicious  to  the  core.  Sea- 
son, October  and  November. 


WOBTHY   GENERAL   CULTIVATION, 
BEURRE  EASTER. 


817 


Beurre  Gris  d'Hiver  Nouveau, 
Doyenne  d'Hiver, 
Doyenne  du  Printemps, 
Bergamotte  de  la  Pentecote, 
Beurre  de  la  Pentecote, 
Beurre  d'Hiver  de  Brurelles, 
Beurre  Roupe, 

Pater 


Du  Patre, 
Beurre  de  Paques, 
Philippe  de  Paques, 
Bezi  Chaumontelle  tres  gro«, 
Chaumontel  tres  gros, 
Canning, 
Seigneur  d'Hiver, 
roster. 


Foreign.  Requires  rich,  warm  soil,  and  some  care  in  ripening, 
when  it  is  one  of  the  very  finest  of  pears.  It  is  best  on  quince. 

Fruit,  large,  globular,  obtuse  pyriform ;  color,  yellowish  green 
with  russet  spots,  and  occasional  specimens  grown  in  sun  have  a 
brownish  russet  cheek  ;  stem,  medium  to  short ;  cavity,  rather  deep  -, 
calyx,  generally  small ;  basin,  narrow  rather  deep;  core,  medium; 


318 


THE  PEAR. 


seeds,  long,  ovate,  acute  pyriform  ;  flesh,  white,  buttery,  juicy,  sweet. 
Season,  January  to  May. 

BlJFFUM. 

American.  Native  of 
Rhode  Island.  It  is 
very  successful  wherever 
grown,  admirably  adapt- 
ed to  standard  orchard- 
ing, an  upright,  strong 
grower,  reddish  brown 
shoots,  always  product- 
ive of  fair,  even-sized 
fruit ;  not,  however,  of 
more  than  second-rate 
quality. 

Fruit,  medium,  ob- 
long, obovate;  color, 
brownish  green,  becom- 
ing yellow,  bright  red, 
suffused  in  sun ;  brown 
dots  and  a  little  russet ; 
stem,  half  to  inch  long, 
slight  depression ;  calyx, 
with  short  recurved  seg- 
ments ;  basin,  round ; 

core,  rather  small ;  seeds,  dark  brown ;  flesh,  white,  buttery,  sweet. 

Season,  September. 

BLACK  WORCESTER. 

Black  Pear  of  Worcester,         |         Parkinson's  Warden, 
Iron  Pear. 

A  valuable  and  profitable  variety  for  marketing  and  cooking  pur- 
poses ;  shoots  dark  olive,  diverging ;  tree,  Hardy,  vigorous. 

Fruit,  large,  obovate,  oblong ;  color,  dull  green,  with  numerous 
marblings  and  specks  of  dark  iron  russet ;  stem,  stout,  in  a  slight  de- 
pression ;  calyx,  rather  small ;  flesh,  firm,  coarse,  austere.  Season, 
November  to  February. 


Boussoucz. 


Doyenne  Boussouck, 
Doyenne  Boussouck  Nouvelle, 


Providence, 
Plymouth. 


Foreign.     A  variety,  we  believe,  first  introduced  to  this  country 
in  1841,  by  Wm.  Kenrick;  tree,  vigorous;  wood,  reddish  brown, 


WORTHY   GENERAL  CULTIVATION. 


319 


sprinkled  with  large  round  grayish  specks;  a  good  and  regular  bearer; 
fine  on  quince. 

Fruit,  large,  globular,  obtuse,  obovate  pyriform  ;  color,  yellow, 
with  tracings  of  russet,  and  large  russet  specks ;  stem,  short,  stout, 
fleshy  at  base  ;  cavity,  shallow  ;  calyx,  medium,  open  ;  core,  medium ; 
seeds,  small,  almost  black,  abortive ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  rather 
coarse,  melting,  juicy,  vinous,  sweet  perfume.  Season,  October. 


COLUMBIA, 


Columbian  Virgalieu, 

Native  of  Westches- 
ter  county,  N.  Y.  With- 
out being  of  more  than 
second  quality,  its  har- 
dihood of  tree,  product- 
ive habit,  and  fruit  uni- 
formly smooth  and  fair, 
make  it  a  valuable  as 
well  as  profitable  varie- 
ty. Tree,  thrifty ;  young 
shoots,  yellowish  brown. 

Fruit,  large  or  above 
medium,  oblong,  obo- 
vate pyriform  ;  color,  at 
first  pale  green,  becom- 
ing, when  ripe,  fine  gold- 
en yellow,  dotted  with 
small  gray  dots ;  stem, 
medium  size,  slightly 
curved ;  calyx,  rather 
small,  partially  open,  or 
half  closed  ;  basin,  shal- 
low ;  core,  medium; 
seeds,  oblong  pyriform; 
flesh,  white,  moderately 
juicy,  sweet.  Season, 
December  to  January. 


Columbian  Virgalouse, 


COIT. 
Beurre  Coit. 


A  new  variety,  raised  by  Col.  Coit,  of  Euclid,  O.     We  first  ate 
of  it  in  1846,  when  we  made  our  notes  in  its  favor.     Since  that  we 


320 


THE  PEAR. 


have  seen  it  several 
times,  and  as  we  write 
this,  September  25,1853, 
have  the  fruit  before  us. 
It  is  worthy  a  place  in 
all  collections.  The  tree 
is  hardy,  vigorous,  up- 
right, spreading  in  form, 
dark  brown  shoots,  and 
early  good  bearer  on  the 
pear  root.  Our  draw- 
ing was  made  from  a 
specimen  pulled  in  Au- 
gust, and  is  below  an 
average  size. 

Fruit,  above  medium, 
obtuse  pyriform,  slight- 
ly angular;  color,  rich 
brown  russet,  mostly 
I  overspreading  a  yellow 
ground,  with  a  brownish 
red  cheek  in  sun ;  stem, 
rather  short;  cavity,  shal- 
low, with  unequal  pro- 
jections ;  calyx,  with  seg- 
ments nearly  erect,  sur- 
rounded by  depressed 
crescent-shaped  furrows  in  a  shallow  basin  ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  black- 
ish ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  melting,  buttery,  juicy,  sweet,  vinous. 
Season,  last  September  and  October. 


DEARBORN'S  SEEDLING. 

Wheeler »s  New  St.  Michael. 

Raised  by  Gen.  H.  A.  S.  Dearborn,  about  1819,  at  Roxbury, 
Mass.  Tree,  vigorous,  erect,  yet  spreading  ;  requires  little  pruning; 
productive  on  the  pear  root. 

Fruit,  rather  small,  roundish,  inclining  to  obovate,  narrowing  a 
little  to  the  stem  ;  color,  pale  yellow,  little  russet  at  base  of  stem, 
and  surface  dotted  with  small  russet  dots ;  calyx,  with  short  thick 
segments ;  stem,  long,  slender,  curved ;  core,  medium ;  seeds,  dark 
brown,  long,  pointed ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  fine-grained,  melting, 
juicy,  sweet,  delicately  perfumed.  Season,  August. 


WORTHY  GENERAL  CULTIVATION. 


321 


DEAN'S  SUMMER. 


Doyenne  d'Ete, 

Summei 


:r  Virg: 


Summer  Doyenne, 
alieu. 


Foreign.  Trees,  moderately  vigorous,  dull  brownish  red  wood, 
early  and  abundant  bearers,  unsuccessful  on  quince. 

Fruit,  rather  small,  roundish,  obtuse  pyriform ;  color,  yellowish 
green,  nearly  yellow  when  fully  mature,  side  exposed  to  sun  with  a 
bright  marbled  red  cheek  ;  stem,  rather  long,  fleshy  at  base,  inserted 
without  depression  ;  calyx,  small,  closed  ;  basin,  shallow  ;  core,  me- 
dium ;  seeds,  small,  dark  brown  ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  rather  coarse, 
buttery,  juicy,  sugary,  sprightly.  Season,  last  of  July. 

DOYENNE  GRIS  D'HFVER  NOUVEAU — NEW  WINTER  GRAY 
DOYENNE.  •    ' 


Foreign.  Re- 
cently imported: 
proves  valuable 
on  the  quince. 

Fruit,  medium 
or  above,  obovate, 
obtuse  pyriform, 
slightly  angular, 
or  one  side  long- 
e  s  t ;  color,  pale 
dull  yellow,  with 
many  small  br own 
russet  specks; 
stem,  short, stout; 
calyx,  medium ; 
basin,  irregular, 
abrupt ;  core,  me- 
dium ;  seeds,  dark 
brown,  long,point- 
ed ;  flesh,  whitish, 
rather  coarse- 
grained, melting, 
juicy,  vinous,  a 
little  astringent 
unless  well  ripen- 
ed. Season,  Jan- 
uary to  May. 


14* 


Doyenne  d'Alencon. 


THE  PEAR. 


DOYENNE  GRAY. 


Gray  Butter  Pear, 
Gray  Doyenne, 
Doyenne  Rouge, 
Doyenne  Roux, 
Doyenne  d'Automne, 


Gray  Dean's, 
Doyenne  Gris, 
Red  Doyenne , 
St.  Michel  Dore, 
Doyenne  Galeux. 


This  has  been  confounded  with  "  Boussouck"  and  with  "  Surpasse 
Virgalieu,"  but  is  distinct.  It  is  a  good  bearer  oa  pear  or  quince, 
a  hardy  tree,  with  upright  grayish  brown  shoots. 

Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  obovate  or  obtuse  pyriforrn  ;  skin,  cov- 
ered with  smooth  cinnamon  russet;  stem,  curved;  cavity,  rather 
deep ;  calyx,  small,  closed ;  basin,  shallow ;  flesh,  white,  fine-grained, 
buttery,  melting.  Season,  October. 

DOYENNE  WHITE. 


White  Dean, 

Virgalieu, 

Butter  Pear, 

St.  Michael, 

Virgaloo, 

Bergaloo, 

Yellow  Butter, 

White  Beurre, 

White  Autumn  Beurre, 


Dean's, 

Warwick  Bergamotte, 

Snow  Pear, 

Pine  Pear, 

St.  Michael, 

Doyenne , 

Doyenne  Blanc, 

Beurre  Blanc, 

And  twelve  others  of  French  and  Dutch 


An  old  variety,  every  where  esteemed  when  well  grown ;  trees, 
hardy,  productive  either  on  pear  or  quince. 


WORTHY   GENERAL  CULTIVATION. 


323 


Fruit,  medium,  obovate  pyriform ;  color,  clear  pale  yellow,  regu- 
larly sprinkled  with  small  dots,  often  a  fine  red  cheek ;  stem,  medium, 
brownish  ;  cavity,  small,  round  ;  calyx,  small,  closed ;  basin,  shallow, 
slightly  plaited ;  flesh,  white,  fine-grained,  melting,  juicy,  buttery, 
delicious.  Season,  September  to  November. 

The  DOYENNE  PANACHEE  is  a  sub-variety,  differing  from  this  in  its 
more  pyriform  shape,  and  its  color  being  yellow,  green,  and  red, 
striped.  It  is  juicy,  not  high  flavor.  Season,  October. 

Dix. 

American.  Origin,  Boston,  Mass.  Tree,  hardy,  vigorous  young 
shoots,  pale  yellow,  upright,  slender,  unproductive  while  young, 
well  suited  to  extensive  orcharding.  Fruit,  large,  oblong  pyriform  ; 
skin,  little  rough,  yellow,  with  russet  dots,  and  around  the  stem ; 
stem,  set  obliquely,  raised  one  side,  short,  stout,  thickest  at  each  end ; 
calyx,  small ;  basin,  shallow ;  core,  marked  with  a  dark  gritty  circle, 
extending  toward  the  stem ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  melting,  a  little 
harsh,  juicy,  sweet.  Season,  October  and  November. 


FULTON. 


American.  Native  of 
Maine ;  tree  very  hardy,  • 
yearly  and  abundant 
bearer,  well  suited  for 
standard  orcharding  at 
the  West;  young  shoots 
slender,  reddish  brown. 

Fruit,  small,  obovate ; 
color,  at  first  gray  rus- 
set, becoming  dark  cin- 
namon russet ;  calyx, 
open,  segments  nearly 
erect ;  basin,  round,  reg- 
ular ;  stem,  one  to  two 
inches  long  ;  cavity,  nar- 
row ;  core,  encircled  by 
a  coarse  line,  but  of  it- 
self small,  compact ; 
seeds,  blackish ;  flesh, 
half  buttery,  moderately 
juicy,  sprightly.  Season, 
October,  November. 


824 


THE  PEAR. 
FLEMISH  BEAUTY. 


Bosc  Sire, 

Imperatrice  de  France, 
BeaurreSpence. 


Foreign.  This  variety  is  deserving  of  far  more  general  cultivation 
than  it  has  yet  received.  It  succeeds  most  admirably  on  the  quince, 
and  on  the  rich  soils  of  Illinois  we  have  seen  it  far  surpass  even  the 
most  highly  nursed  specimens  of  Boston  amateur  gardens.  The  tree 
is  vigorous,  with  upright  dark  brown  shoots. 

Fruit,  large,  oblong,  obtuse  obovate ;  color,  pale  yellow,  mostly 
covered  with  marblings  and  patches  of  light  russet,  and  in  sun  rich 
reddish  brown ;  stem,  one  to  one  and  a  half  inch  long  ;  cavity,  narrow, 
deep ;  calyx,  short,  open  ;  basin,  round,  small ;  core,  medium,  with 
oblong  capsules ;  seeds,  oblong  pyriform ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  not 
very  fine-grained,  juicy,  melting,  sugary.  Season,  last  of  September. 
Does  not  keep  long. 


WORTHY  GENERAL  CULTIVATION.  825 

GLOUT  MORCEAU. 


Goulu  Morceau, 
Gloux  Morceau, 
Beurre  d'Hardenpont, 
Hardenpont  d'Hiver, 
Colmar  d'Hiver, 


Beurre  d'Hiver  Nouvelle, 
Linden  d'Automne, 
Roi  de  Wurtemberg, 
And  five  more  of  German. 
Beurre  d'Areraberg,  of  the  French. 


This  variety  is  regarded  as  among  the  most  delicious  of  Flemish 
pears.  The  rendering  of  its  name  to  sugared  or  honeyed  pear  is  only 
expressive  of  its  quality,  and  equally  so  of  many  more  ;  and  as  this 
cannot  claim  the  title  par  excellence,  we  see  not  but  it  must  retain 
its  original,  and  those  who  grow  it  must  speak  the  name  as  best  they 
may. 

It  is  an  unproductive  variety  while  young,  either  on  pear  or 
quince ;  trees  on  the  latter  stock  even  requiring  ten  years  to  bring 


THE   PEAR. 


them  well  into  bearing ;  once  at  maturity,  it  is  an  abundant  bearer. 
It  is  a  beautiful  grower,  making  a  perfect  pyramidal  head  with  little 
pruning.  It  is  also  easily  distinguished  by  its  dark  olive-green  or 
blue-green  wood  and  its  wavy  leaves. 

Fruit,  large,  obovate,  obtuse  pyriform,  often  angular,  and  surface 
rough ;  color,  pale  greenish  yellow,  russeted  around  the  stem,  and 
traces  of  russet  and  greenish  gray  russet  specks  over  the  whole  sur- 
face ;  stem,  one  to  one  and  a  half  inch  long,  often  without  cavity, 
but  flesh  raised  one  side ;  calyx,  medium,  segments  half  reflexed  ; 
basin,  rather  deep,  often  furrowed  or  uneven,  like  the  general  surface 
of  the  fruit,  which  is  frequently  apparently  scolloped ;  core,  large ; 
seeds,  large,  ovate,  pointed ;  flesh,  white,  fine-grained,  buttery,  juicy, 
sugary,  perfumed.  Season,  December  to  February. 


GOLDEN  BEURRE  OF  BILBOA. 

Hooper's  Bilboa. 


acid  and  harsh.    Season,  September. 


Foreign.  From 
Spam ;  tree,  hardy, 
requires  rich,  strong, 
heavy  soil,  when  it  is 
an  abundant  bearer 
of  fair,  regular,  me- 
dium-sized fruit  of 
second-rate  quality. 

Fruit,  medium,  ob- 
ovate ;  color,  rich 
yellow,  with  russet 
around  the  stem,  and 
many  russet  dots 
and  patches  over 
the  entire  surface ; 
stem,  slender ;  cavity, 
slight ;  calyx,  small, 
mostly  open,  short 
stiff  segments ;  basin, 
shallow;  flesh,  fine- 
grained, melting,  jui- 
cy, sometimes  a  little 


HEATHCOT. 

Gore's  Heathcot 

Native  of  Waltham,  Mass.     This  variety  has  not  received  as 


WORTHY   GENERAL   CULTIVATION.  327 

much  attention  as  it  has  deserved  ;  tree,  hardy,  a  moderate  grower, 
branches  slender,  when  grown  makes  a  compact  head  unless  well 
thinned  out,  young  shoots  reddish  brown. 

Fruit,  medium  or  above,  obovate,  rounded ;  skin,  rough ;  color, 


greenish  yellow,  yellow  increasing  at  maturity,  some  russet  around 
stem  and  eye ;  stem,  medium  ;  cavity,  shallow ;  calyx,  partly  closed ; 
basin,  narrow ;  core,  above  medium ;  seeds,  dark  brown,  pointed  ; 
flesh,  white,  buttery,  juicy,  vinous  and  sprightly.  Season,  October. 

HONEY. 

This  is  a  delicious  little  pear,  received  some  years  since  by  Prof. 
Kirkland,  and  which  we  have  been  unable  to  recognize  with  any 
description  published,  if  we  exce.pt  a  slight  note  in  Prince's  Pom. 
Man.  The  tree  is  moderately  vigorous ;  wood,  yellowish  brown, 
an  early  and  productive  bearer  of  fruit,  uniform  in  size  and  regular 
shape.  Our  drawing  is  too  small. 


THE  PEAK. 


Fruit,  below  medium, 
roundish,  tapering  slightly 
to  the  stem ;  color,  rich 
golden  russet  yellow,  with 
faint  blush,  many  small  red 
russet  dots,  and  occasional 
patches  of  brown  russet; 
stem,  rather  stout,  uneven, 
without  depression;  calyx, 
with  open  half-reflexed  seg- 
ments ;  basin,  shallow,  little 
russeted;  core,  medium; 
seeds,  ovate,  blackish ;  flesh, 
yellowish  white,  juicy,  but- 
tery, a  little  coarse-grained, 
sweet,  perfumed.  Season, 
a  few  days  before  Bartlett. 


JALOUSIE  DE  FONTEBTAY  VENDEE. 


Foreign.  We  have  nev- 
er fruited  a  pear  that  has 
given  us  more  satisfaction. 
On  the  quince  it  is  a  fine 
grower,  and  inclined  to 
over-bear.  It  must  not  be 
confounded  with  the  "Ja- 
lousie," a  third-rate  varie- 
ty. Young  shoots  upright, 
brownish  yellow. 

Fruit,  medium  or  above, 
ovate  pyriform  ;  color,  dull 
yellow,  with  brownish  red 
cheek,  and  patches  and  dots 
of  russet,  often  the  russet  co- 
vering one  half  the  surface ; 
stem,  varying,  often  ob- 
liquely set  on,  with  a  fleshy 
ridge  at  side ;  calyx,  with 
segments  long,  half  open  ; 
basin,  shallow  ;  core,  medi- 
um or  small ;  seeds,  long, 
ovate  ;  flesh,  white,  buttery, 
melting,  juicy,  sweet,  aro- 
matic. Season,  last  Sep- 
tember, early  October. 


WORTHY  GENERAL  CULTIVATION. 


329 


KNIGHT'S  SEEDLING. 

Knight's  R.  I.  Seedling. 


KlRTLAND. 

Seedling  Seckel, 
Kirtland's  Seedling, 
Kirtland's  Beurre 

Grown  f  r  o  m 
seed  of  the  Seckel 
pear  by  H.  T. 
Kirtland,  of  Ma- 
honing  Co.,  Ohio. 
Tree,  vigorous, 
hardy,  early  and 
productive  bearer 
o  n  pear  roots  ; 
shoots,  yellowish 
brown,  upright, 
stout. 

Fruit,  medium, 
often  above,  obo- 
vate,  obtuse  pyri- 


Native  of  Cranston,  R. 
I.  Tree,  vigorous,  har- 
dy, and  early  productive; 
wood,  smooth,  yellowish. 

Fruit,  medium,  obo- 
vate,  tapering  a  little  to 
the  stem ;  color,  yellow- 
ish green,  with  a  brown 
red  cheek  in  sun,  brown- 
ish specks,  and  dull  rus- 
set around  the  calyx  ; 
stem,  medium  or  rather 
long,  curved ;  calyx,  me- 
dium, segments  broad, 
partially  reflexed ;  core 
and  seeds,  medium ;  flesh, 
white,  not  fine-grained, 
melting,  juicy,  sugary. 
Season,  September. 


330 


THE  PEAR. 


form  ;  color,  rich  yellow,  overspread  with  cinnamon  russet ;  stem, 
usually  stout,  medium  length,  curved ;  calyx,  short,  reflexed,  per- 
sistent ;  basin,  shallow ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  short,  ovate,  blackish ; 
jU-sh,  white,  melting,  juicy,  sweet,  aromatic.  Season,  September. 


LOUISE   BONNE  OF   JERSEY* 

Louise  Bonne  de  Jersey, 
Louise  Bonne  d'Avranches, 
Beurre  or  Bonne  Louise  d'  Araudorc, 
William  the  Fourth. 

The  "  Good  Louise  of  Jer- 
sey," from  the  Isle  of  Jer- 
sey, proves  one  of  the  best 
pears  grown  on  the  quince 
stock  in  this  country.  Tree, 
hardy,  very  productive, 
shoots  vigorous,  upright, 
Fruit,  large,  (our  drawings 
were  made  ere  the  fruit  had 
swollen  its  full  size,  and  are 
not  more  than  half  size,) 
oblong  pyriform ;  skin,  glos- 
sy, smooth,  green  in  shade, 
brownish  red  in  sun,  dotted 
with  gray  dots ;  stem,  about 
one  inch  long,  moderately 
stout,  a  little  curved,  fleshy 
enlargement  at  base  ;  calyx, 
open,  segments  large,  reflex- 
ed ;  basin,  shallow ;  core, 
small ;  seeds,  long,  ovate, 
pointed  ;  flesh,  white,  juicy, 
melting,  delicious.  Season, 
October. 


LAWRENCE. 

Native  of  Flushing,  L.  I.  An  abundant  bearer  on  pear  roots,  ex- 
ceedingly desirable  for  Western  orcharding.  Tree,  hardy,  moderate 
growth,  wood  light  yellowish  brown,  rather  thorny.  S.  B.  Parsons 
says, "  Succeeds  very  finely  on  quince." 

Fruit,  above  medium,  long  obovate,  obtuse  at  stem;  color,  dull 
pale  yellow,  marbled  with  dull  green,  small  dark  specks,  and  russet 
at  each  end ;  calyx,  large,  closed ;  basin,  open,  furrowed ;  stem, 
medium  length,  stout,  swollen  at  junction  with  tree ;  cavity,  round, 


WORTHY  GENERAL  CULTIVATION. 


deep  ;  core,  medium ;  seeds,  small,  dark  brown ;  flesh,  yellowish  white, 
juicy,  gritty  at  core,  slightly  sugary.  Season,  November  to  Febru- 
ary. 

LONG   GREEN. 

Verte  Longue,         I         New  Autumn. 
Mouth  Water,  |         Muscat  Fleure, 

Mouille  Bouche. 

This  is  an  old  foreign  variety,  always  excellent,  and  an  abundant 
bearer. 

Fruit,  medium,  oblong,  ovate  pyriform ;  color,  green  with  dark 
green  specks;  stem,  medium  length,  slender;  calyx,  with  long 
reflexed  segments ;  basin,  very  shallow ;  core,  above  medium  ;  seeds, 
dark  brown ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  melting,  juicy,  delicious.  Season, 
October. 

The  Striped  Long  Green,  Verte  Longue  Panachee,  resembles  the 
above,  but  is  smaller,  and  of  no  great  value,  aside  from  its  prettily 
striped  appearance. 

MADELEINE. 

Citron  des  Carmes,         |         Magdalen. 

Foreign.  Tree  very  vigorous, 
strong  grower,  a  little  liable  to 
frozen  sap  blight  on  the  rich  West- 
ern soils,  until  it  has  acquired  the 
age  of  ten  or  more  years ;  very 
productive  on  pear  or  quince  root. 

Fruity  below  medium,  (our 
drawing  one  third  too  small,)  obo- 
vate,  oblong  pyriform  ;  stem,  long, 
slender,  at  base  one  side  of  fruit  a 
little  enlarged  ;  color,  pale  yellow 
ish  green,  a  little  brownish  blush, 
and  russet  specks  on  those  exposed 
most  to  sun ;  calyx,  with  long  per- 
sistent, irregularly  placed  segments; 
basin,  obscure,  slightly  plaited; 
core,  small ;  seeds,  ovate ;  flesh, 
white,  juicy,  melting,  sweet,  slight- 
ly perfumed.  Season,  15th  to  last 
July. 

The  Striped  Madeleine  Citron  dcs 
Carmes  Panachee,  differs  from  the 
former  in  being  striped  with  light 
yellow,  flesh  more  sweet  and  less 


332 


THE   PEAR. 


juicy.     It  is  not  as  vigorous  in  growth,  the  wood  shorter  jointed, 
striped  red  and  yellow,  and  said  to  be  less  liable  to  blight. 


MOYAMENSING. 
Smith's  Moyamensing. 


juicy,  "  best."     Season,  August. 


Native  of  Penn- 
sylvania. Tree  vig- 
orous, wood  yellow- 
ish brown,  with  light 
dots,  regular  and 
abundant  bearer. 

Fruit,  medium, 
roundish,  obovate ; 
color,  lemon  yellow 
with  occasional 
blotches  and  lines  of 
yellowish  russet; 
stem,  short,  stout, 
often  fleshy;  calyx, 
large;  basin,  fur- 
rowed, broad  and 
rather  deep  ;  core, 
medium;  seeds, 
ovate;  flesh, white, 
buttery,  melting, 


NOUVEAU    POITEAU. 
New  Pear. 

Foreign.  Tree  upright,  vigorous,  an  early  bearer,  and  thus  far 
successful  on  both  pear  and  quince  stock. 

Fruit,  above  medium,  obovate,  obtuse  pyriform,  contracted  or  one- 
sided at  neck ;  color,  pale  green  with  many  dark  green  dots,  and  a 
few  russet  stripes  or  blotches  ;  stem,  about  one  inch  long,  medium 
size,  set  on,  and  not  into,  the  fruit ;  calyx,  medium,  with  broad  seg- 
ments half  reflexed ;  basin,  irregularly  contracted ;  core,  medium, 
capsules  long,  ovate  ;  seeds,  obovate  pyriform  ;  flesh,  white,  fine- 
grained, juicy,  melting,  rich  aroma.  Season.  November. 

ONONDAGA. 

Swan's  Orange,         |         Onondaga  Seedling. 

Probably  a  native  of  Farmington,  Ct.  It  takes  its  name  from 
having  been  first  brought  to  notice  by  cultivators  in  Onondaga  Co., 


WORTHY  GENERAL   CULTIVATION. 


333 


N.  Y.  Thus  far  it  succeeds  equally  well  on  the  quince  or  pear  root, 
and  as  a  profitable  market  variety  deserves  extensive  culture.  Tree 
vigorous,  with  strong,  upright,  olive-colored  shoots. 

Fruit.,  large,  ovate,  obovate ;  color,  pale  greenish  yellow,  becoming 
golden  yellow  at  maturity,  many  gray  russet  dots,  and  occasionally 


a  dull  blush  in  sun  ;  stem,  one  to  one  and  a  half  inch  long,  inserted 
without  depression,  but  with  lip  of  fruit  folded  unevenly  around  it ; 
calyx,  rather  small,  closed ;  basin,  shallow,  abrupt,  and  marked  with 
patches  of  cinnamon  russet ;  core,  compact ;  seeds,  small ;  flesh,  white, 
juicy,  buttery.  Season,  October  and  November. 


334 


THE  PEAK. 
PATENCY. 

Paquency,  I         Poire  de  Perigord, 

Poire  de  Payency,  Payenchi, 

Payenchi  de  Perigord. 


Foreign.  Tree  of  vig- 
orous growth,  early  bear- 
er, and  especially  profita- 
ble on  the  quince. 

Fruit,  medium,  pyri- 
form,  extending  into  the 
stem,  which  is  stout,  un- 
even, dark  brown ;  color, 
at  first  dull  pale  green, 
becoming  brownish  yel- 
low at  maturity,  many 
russet  dots  and  patches 
round  stem  and  calyx, 
few  in  centre,  occasionally 
a  tinge  of  dull  red  in 
sun ;  calyx,  open,  seg- 
ments half  erect ;  basin, 
very  shallow ;  core,  small ; 
seeds,  oblong,  pointed, 
dark  brown  ;  flesh,  white, 
rather  coarse,  melting, 
juicy,  sugary,  vinous. 
Season,  October. 


POUND. 


Winter  Bell, 
Bretagne  le  Cour, 
Uvedale's  St.  Germain, 
Uvedale's  Warden, 
Germain  Baker,' 
Lent  St.  Germain, 


Pickering  Pear, 
Du  Tonneau, 
Belle  de  Jersey, 
Piper, 
Union, 
Chambers'  Large, 


Belle  Angevine. 

Foreign.  Tree  strong  vigorous  grower,  very  productive,  very 
valuable  for  cooking,  and  a  profitable  orchard  sort. 

Fruit,  very  large,  oblong  pyriform,  yellowish  green  with  dull 
brown  and  brown  russet  patches  ;  stem,  long,  stout,  curved ;  cavity, 
deep,  oblique,  angular ;  calyx,  large ;  flesh,  white,  firm,  astringent. 
Season,  December  to  March. 


WORTHY  GENERAL  CULTIVATION. 


335 


PRINCE'S  ST.  GERMAIN. 

New  St.  Germain,         |         Brown  St.  Germain. 


Raised  from  the 
seed  of  the  old  St. 
Germain,  nearly  fifty 
years  since,  at  the 
Prince  Nurseries, 
Flushing,  L.  I.  Tree, 
hardy,  thrifty,  very- 
productive  ;  the  fruit 
keeps  well,  and  re- 
quires no  more  care 
to  ripen  than  apples  ; 
shoots,  reddish  brown. 

Fruit,  medium,  ob- 
long, obovate  pyri- 
form ;  color,  green  and 
pale  yellow  marbled, 
and  covered  nearly 
with  brownish  russet 
specks ;  stem,  long, 
slender,  (our  drawing 
shows  only  a  portion 
of  it;)  cavity,  slight, 
narrow ;  calyx,  with 
broad  segments  with- 
out divisions ; 


regular,  even,  not  deep ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  oblong,  ovate ;  flesh, 
white,  juicy,  melting,  sweet,  vinous.     Season,  December  to  March. 

ROSTIEZER. 

Foreign.  Tree,  strong  upright  grower,  large  foliage,  dark  olive- 
colored  wood  ;  an  early,  free,  abundant  bearer. 

Fruit,  below  medium,  obovate  pyriform  ;  color,  dull  green,  reddish 
brown  cheek  in  sun,  whitish  specks,  and  traces  of  thin  russet ;  stem, 
long,  slender,  without  depression  ;  calyx,  medium,  open  ;  basin,  very 
shallow ;  core,  small;  seeds,  ovate,  pointed  ;  flesh,  juicy,  melting,  sweet, 
perfumed.  Season,  last  of  August. 


SECKEL. 


Seckle, 
Sickle, 


Sycle, 


New  York  Red  Cheek, 
Red-cheeked  Seckel, 


The  original  tree  of  this  variety,  according  to  Dr.  Brinckle,  stands 
in  Passyunk  township,  on  the  Delaware  river,  about  three  and  a 


THE  PEAK. 


half  miles  from  Philadelphia.  No  one  variety  has  become  so  gen- 
erally known  in  this  country  as  the  Seckel,  and  in  our  Southern  and 
Middle  States,  no  one  variety  deserves  so  extended  culture.  North, 
it  should,  when  possible,  be  planted  in  warm,  rich,  sandy  loam,  and 

sheltered  situations.  The  tree  is 
of  slow  growth ;  wood,  short-joint- 
ed, stout,  forming  a  round  head, 
and  of  only  medium  size  on  the 
pear  stock,  and  well  suited  to  gar- 
den planting. 

Fruit,  small,  (our  drawing  too 
small  for  a  fair  average.)  rounded, 
obtuse  pyriform  ;  color,  brownish 
green  at  first,  becoming  yellowish 
brown,  with  a  lively  red  russet 
cheek ;  stem,  short,  slightly  curved, 
set  in  a  very  slight  depression ; 
calyx,  small,  open ;  basin,  shallow ; 
core,  small ;  seeds,  broad,  ovate ; 
flesh,  yellowish  white,  juicy,  but- 
tery, spicy,  aromatic,  sweet.  Sea- 
son, September  and  October. 


ST.  GHISLAIN. 


Foreign.  Tree,  upright, 
vigorous  growth ;  young 
shoots,  light  brown;  re- 
quires warm  rich  soil, 
otherwise  a  little  insipid. 

Fruit,  below  medium ; 
generally  pyriform,  but 
varying ;  color,  pale  yellow 
or  yellowish  green,  with, 
dots  of  green  underneath, 
and  marblings  of  russet  on 
surface ;  stem,  generally  : 
curved ;  calyx,  open  ;  basin, 
shallow ;  core,  small ;  seeds, 
obovate,  pointed ;  flesh, 
white,  buttery,  juicy,  and 
sprightly.  Season,  Septem- 
ber. 


WORTHY   GENERAL  CULTIVATION. 
SOLDAT  D'ESPERIN — ESPERIN  SOLDIER. 

Soldat  Laboureur  d'Esperiu 


337 


This  variety  is  usually  grown  in  this  country  under  the  name  of  Sol- 
dat Laboureur.  It  is  entirely  distinct  from  the  "  Soldat  Laboureur  " 
of  the  French,  which  is  regarded  as  our  Beurre  d'Aremberg.  It  was 
grown  by  Major  Esperin,  of  Malines ;  is  of  strong,  vigorous,  upright 
growth,  yellowish  brown  wood,  succeeding  finely  on  the  quince, 
producing  abundantly,  and  its  fruit  well  disseminated  over  the  tree, 
always  large  and  fair,  but  of  only  second-rate  quality. 

Fruit,  large,  generally  oblong  obovate  pyriform,  sometimes  obo- 
vate  pyriform ;  color,  greenish  yellow,  becoming  yellow,  with  many 
patches,  stripes  and  dots  of  russet ;  stem,  short,  stout,  curved,  in  a 
slight  round  depression,  or  rather  a  raised  lip  one  side  ;  calyx,  open, 
sometimes  round,  regular,  and  without  divisions,  others  have  stout 
persistent  segments  in  divisions  ;  core,  compact,  with  outer  concentric 
15 


338 


THE  PEAR. 


lines  ;  seeds,  obovate ;  flesh,  rather  coarse,  juicy,  melting,  perfumed, 
"  very  good."     Season,  December  to  February. 


Foreign.     Tree,  vigorous,  healthy  grower,  early  bearer. 

Fruit,  above  medium,  globular,  acute  pyriform,  sometimes  obo- 
vate pyriform  ;•  color,  yellowish  green,  with  dark  green  specks,  rarely 
a  brownish  red  cheek  in  sun ;  stem,  medium,  swollen  or  fleshy  where 
it  joins  the  fruit ;  calyx,  medium,  open,  segments  varying ;  basin, 
very  shallow,  sometimes  slightly  furrowed  ;  core,  small,  compact ; 
seeds,  oblong,  pointed,  light  brown ;  flesh,  greenish  white,  fine-grained, 
buttery,  juicy,  sprightly,  vinous,  perfumed.  Season,  September. 

STEVENS'  GENESEE. 

Guernsey,         |        Stephens'  Genesee. 

Native  of  Rochester,  N.  Y.     It  is  one  of  the  most  desirable  of 


WORTHY  GENERAL  CULTIVATION. 


339 


pears  for  all  collections,  either  on  pear  or  quince ;  a  fine  grower, 
with  diverging,  dark  gray  shoots ;  productive. 

Fruit)  large,  roundish  obovate ;  color,  greenish  yellow,  becoming 
yellow ;  stem,  rather  stout ;  cavity,  narrow  ;  calyx,  with  short,  stiff; 


connected  segments,  half  reflexed ;  basin,  medium,  regular ;  core, 
medium  ;  seeds,  ovate  pyriform,  blackish  ;  flesh,  white,  half  buttery, 
juicy,  sweet,  aromatic.  Season,  September.  Even  windfalls  of  this 
variety  are  extremely  fine. 

SUMMER  PINEAPPLE 

Ananas  d'Ete,         |         Ananas  of  some, 
Poire  Ananas. 

Foreign.  A  superior  variety  that  deserves  extensive  planting. 
Tree,  vigorous,  dark  brown  wood,  early,  regular  bearer,  fruit  always 
large  and  excellent. 

Fruit,  large,  oblong,  obovate  pyriform,  angular ;  color,  dull  yel- 
lowish green,  with  much  rough  brown  russet  marbling  ;  stem,  largest 
at  base,  or  where  it  joins  the  fruit,  and  with  a  lip  one  side  ;  calyx, 
open,  short  divisions ;  basin,  shallow,  open  ;  core,  compact,  capsules 
small ;  seeds,  long  ovate ;  flesh,  whitish,  fine-grained,  buttery,  melt- 


340 


THE   PEAR. 


ing,  sweet,  perfumed.  Reasr.n,  last  August  and  early  September. 
This  variety  varies  much  in  form.  Our  figures  are  from  specimens 
from  same  tree. 

SURPASSE   VlRGALIEU. 
Surpasse  Virgalouse. 

Origin  uncertain,  probably  an  American  seedling,  first  dissemi- 
nated by  the  late  Andrew  Parmentier,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  It  is  a  regu- 
lar abundant  bearer  on  pear  or  quince,  a  vigorous,  healthy  tree,  with 
yellowish  brown  wood,  upright  growth. 

Fruit,  medium,  varying  in  form  ;  (see  our  drawings,  the  specimens 
from  which  they  were  made  all  being  pulled  by  ourself  from  the 


WORTHY   GENERAL   CULTIVATION. 


341 


same  branch;)  color,  yellowish,  with  brownish  red  in  sun,  minute 
dots,  and  often  sprinklings  of  russet ;  calyx,  generally  small,  erect, 


open ;  basin,  slight ;  stem,  varying ;  core,  medium ;  seeds,  broad 
ovate;  flesh,  white,  fine-grained,  buttery,  juicy,  aromatic.  Season, 
October. 

TYSON. 

This  fine  variety  was  found  in  a  hedge  near  Jenkintown,  Pa., 
about  1792-4.  The  tree  is  of  vigorous,  upright  growth,  with  reddish 
brown  wood,  a  moderate,  regular  bearer. 

Fruit,  rather  below  medium,  roundish  pyriform,  irregular  ;  color, 
dull  yellow,  shaded  with  red  in  sun,  little  russeted,  and  with  nume- 
rous black  specks  ;  stem,  rather  long,  moderately  stout,  curved,  and 
obliquely  attached  to  the  fruit  by  a  fleshy  junction,  swollen  on  one  . 
side ;  calyx,  open,  with  short  segments  ;  basin,  round,  shallow ;  core 
and  seeds,  small ;  flesh,  white,  fine-grained,  melting,  juicy,  sugary, 
aromatic.  Season,  August. 


842 


THE  PEAR. 


THOMPSON'S. 

Foreign.  Tree 
of  vigorous,  d  i  - 
verging  habit; 
young  wood,  yel- 
lowish olive,  with 
grayish  specks; 
bears  on  the  pear 
about  the  sixth 
year. 

Fruit,  large,  ob- 
ovate,  obtuse  py- 
riform,  surface  un- 
even; color,  lemon 
yellow,  with 
brownish  red 
cheek  in  sun,  some 
russet  dots  and 
marblings,  and  rus- 
set at  the  stem ; 
stem,  short,  usually 
planted  or  set  on 
angularly,  with  a 
fleshy  rim  one  side ; 
calyx,  with  connec- 
ted half-closed  segments ;  basin,  round,  narrow,  abrupt ;  core,  medi- 
um ;  capsules  and  seeds,  formed  like  the  fruit ;  flesh,  white,  buttery, 
melting,  sugary,  slightly  aromatic.  Season,  October  and  November. 


URBANISTE. 

St.  Marc,         !        Louise  of  Orleans, 
Beurre  Picquery. 

Foreign.  Moderately  vigorous,  healthy,  hardy,  well-suited  to  rich 
soils  West ;  young  shoots,  upright,  short-jointed,  grayish  yellow,  not 
an  early  bearer,  but  when  in  bearing  produces  regularly  and  abun- 
dant. 

Fruit,  medium,  obovate  pyriform ;  color,  pale  yellow,  with  gray 
dots,  and  a  few  russet  streaks ;  stem,  about  an  inch  long,  rather 
stout ;  cavity,  shallow ;  calyx,  small,  generally  closed  ;  basin,  nar- 
row, abrupt ;  core,  medium  or  small ;  seeds,  obovate  pointed  ;  -flesh, 
white,  yellowish  at  core,  buttery,  melting,  vinous.  Season,  October 
and  November. 


WORTHY  GENERAL  CULTIVATION. 


VAN  MONS'  LEON  LE  CLERC. 

Poire  de  Boulogne,         |         Louise  Bonne  de  Boulogne, 
Celestin. 


343 


Foreign.  Distinct  from  "  Leon  Le  Clerc  of  Van  Mons."  A 
valuable  variety  on  the  quince,  bearing  early  and  abundantly,  and 
of  the  largest  size  fruit.  In  growth  the  tree  is  moderately  vigorous, 
nearly  upright,  yellowish  olive  wood,  with  round  grayish  spots. 

Fruit,  very  large,  oblong,  obovate  pyriform ;  color,  pale  yellow, 
golden  at  maturity,  with  brown  in  sun,  russet  specks  and  patches, 


344 


THE  PEAR. 


some  dark  green  dots,  and  russet  at  base  of  stem ;  stem,  medium 
length  and  size,  curved  ;  calyx,  large,  open,  broad,  reflexed  seg- 
ments ;  basin,  medium ;  core,  medium,  long  ovate  capsules ; 
seeds,  long  ovate,  sometimes  imperfect ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  fine, 
buttery,  melting,  juicy,  sugary,  vinous.  Season,  October  and  No- 
vember. 

VlCAR    OF    WlNKFIELD. 


Vicar  of  Wakefield, 
Le  Cure, 

Monsieur  Le  Cure, 
Dumas, 


Belle  Epine  Dumas, 

Clipn, 

Epine  Dumas, 

Due  de  Bordeaux. 


Foreign,     First  found  growing  wild  in  a  wood  by  M.  Clion,  a 


WOKTHY  GENEKAL  CULTIVATION. 


345 


French  curate  ;  hence  the  names,  Clion,  Le  Cure*,  &c. ;  afterwards  it 
was  grown  in  a  garden  at  Winkfield,  Berkshire,  by  Rev.  Dr.  Rham, 
and  received  the  name  of  Vicar  of  Winkfield,  concentrating  the  two 
associations  in  the  one  name,  and  which,  being  of  our  own  language, 
is  to  be  preferred.  It  is  a  most  profitable  variety,  grown  on  the 
quince  stock,  and  although  only  second  quality,  it  is  always  fair  and 
large.  Tree,  a  vigorous  grower,  with  large,  roundish,  glossy  leaves  ; 
shoots,  diverging,  dark  olive  color. 

Fruit,  large,  oblong,  obovate  pyriform  ;  color,  dull  pale  green  at 
first,  becoming  pale  yellow,  with  sometimes  a  brownish  cheek, 
marked  with  brown  dots  over  the  whole  surface  ;  calyx,  with  open 
reflexed  segments ;  stem,  an  inch  or  more  long,  rather  slender,  ob- 
liquely inserted  without  depression  ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  oblong  ovate ; 
flesh,  greenish  white,  juicy,  sprightly,  "  very  good."  Season,  No- 
vember to  January. 

WASHINGTON. 

Robertson. 

American.  Native  of 
Delaware.  Tree  of  healthy, 
moderate  growth,  with  slen- 
der, diverging,  reddish 
brown  shoots ;  an  annual 
bearer. 

Fruit,  medium,  roundish 
ovate,  or  ovate  pyriform ; 
color,  lemon  yellow,  tinged 
in  sun  with  red  and  reddish 
russet,  and  near  the  stem, 
patches  of  clear  russet ; 
stem,  an  inch  long,  inserted 
in  a  narrow  cavity,  some- 
times almost  obsolete,  and 
then  there  is  a  fleshy  lip 
one  side  of  stem ;  calyx, 
small,  long  pointed  seg- 
ments ;  basin,  round,  regu- 
lar ;  core,  rather  small,  ly- 
ing near  the  apex;  seeds, 
obovate  pyriform,  black- 
ish ;  flesh,  white,  juicy, 
sweet.  Season,  September. 

VAN  ASSCHE. 

Van  Assene.         |        Vanasse, 
Van  Asshe. 

This  is  a  new  pear,  not  yet  fruited  at  the  West,  but  we  have  eaten 
15* 


346 


THE  PEAR. 


of  it  East,  and  have  no  hesitation  in  placing  as  among  those  worthy 
general  culture.  We  copy  our  description  from  Mr.  Barry,  in  the 
Horticulturist  of  February,  1853  :  "  Tree  a  vigorous,  erect  grower, 
dark  shoots,  an  abundant  and  early  bearer,  succeeding  well  on  the 
qiiince.  Fruit,  large,  obovate  obtuse,  largest  near  the  eye,  flattened 
at  both  ends,  occasionally  slightly  ribbed ;  calyx,  small ;  basin,  smooth, 
wide,  rather  shallow ;  stem,  one  and  a  half  inch  long,  rather  slen 
der,  slightly  sunk  ;  skin,  smooth  and  fair,  light  yellow  in  the  shade, 
sprinkled  with  dark  dots,  light  red  on  the  sunny  side,  sprinkled  with 
carmine  dots ;  flesh,  white,  buttery,  melting.  Season,  September 
and  early  October. 


WINTER  NELIS. 


Nellis  d'Hiver, 
Bonne  de  Malmes, 
Beurre  de  Ma  lines, 


La  Bonne  Malinoise, 
Milanaise  Cuvelier, 
Etourneau. 


Foreign.  As  a  standard  winter  pear,  if  we  were  to  select  but  the 
one,  it  would  be  this  variety.  The  tree  is  vigorous,  though  with 
slender  diverging  shoots  ;  very  hardy ;  an  early  prolific  bearer  on 


WOKTHY  GENEKAL  CULTIVATION.  847 

pear  or  quince.  It  requires  rich,  strong  soil  to  produce  good-sized 
fruit,  and  is  well  suited  to  extensive  planting  on  our  Western  lands. 
Fruit,  medium,  roundish  obovate,  narrowing  towards  the  stalk  ; 
color,  yellowish  green,  much  covered  and  dotted  with  gray  russet ; 
stem,  rather  long,  a  little  curved  ;  cavity,  narrow  ;  calyx,  open,  with 
short  segments ;  basin,  shallow ;  core,  medium  ;  capsules,  ovate ; 
seeds,  oblong  pyriform,  curved ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  buttery,  melt- 
ing, sugary,  aromatic.  Season,  November  to  middle  January. 


ZOAR  BEAUTY. 

Zoar  Seedling. 


American.  Native  of  Ohio. 
Tree,  vigorous  grower  ;  dark 
brown  shoots;  early  and 
abundant  bearer. 

Fruit,  a  little  below  me- 
dium, varying  in  form,  usu- 
ally as  seen  in  our  engrav- 
ing ;  color,  light  yellow,  with 
greenish  spots;  red  in  the 
sun,  with  deep  red  spots; 
stem,  generally  long,  slender, 
curved,  plaited,  with  slight 
depression  one  side ;  calyx, 
large,  for  size  of  fruit ;  basin, 
shallow ;  core,  medium  ;  seeds, 
obovate,  or  broad  ovate ; 
flesh,  yellowish  white,  a  little 
coarse,  juicy,  sweet.  Season, 
early  August. 


348 


THE  PEAR. 


CLASS  II. — New  and  untested,  suited  to  certain  localities  or  gardens  of 
Amateurs. 

ALPHA. 

Foreign.  Very  productive.  Fruit,  medium,  oblong  obovate,  pale  yel- 
lowish green,  with  reddish  dots,  brown  blush ;  flesh,  white,  fine-grained, 
buttery,  "  very  good."  October. 

ABBOTT. 

From  Providence,  K.  I.  Fruit,  medium,  oblong  obovate,  dark  green, 
reddish  brown  cheek;  calyx,  small;  flesh,  melting,  sugary,  sprightly, 
Middle  to  last  September. 

ANDREW'S. 


American.  An  early  bearer,  a  little  disposed  to  decay  at  core,  otherwise 
highly  desirable.  Fruit,  large,  (our  drawing  too  small  for  an  average,) 
roundish,  ovate  pyriform,  yellowish  green,  dull  red  cheek,  scattered  dots 


FOR  AMATEUR  CULTURE.  319 

and  russet  patches ;  calyx,  open ;  segments,  long,  half  reflexed ;  basin, 
small ;  stem,  one  to  one  and  a  quarter  inch,  curved,  often  set  without  de- 
pression ;  flesh,  greenish  white,  juicy,  vinous,  nearly  "  best."  September. 

ADELE  DE  ST.  DENIS. 

Foreign.  New.  Fruit,  above  medium,  obovate,  irregular,  yellow,  covered 
with  russet;  calyx,  open,  broad  segments;  flesh,  melting,  juicy.  October. 

ALTHOBPE  CRASSANE. 

Foreign.  Quality  variable ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish  obovate,  rough, 
pale  green,  with  dark  green  suffused  dots,  and  spots  of  russet,  tinge  of 
brown ;  flesh,  white,  buttery,  juicy,  rather  coarse,  "  very  good."  Octo- 
ber and  November. 

AUTUMN  PARADISE. 

Paradise  d'Automne. 

Foreign.  This  is  esteemed  by  many  eastern  writers  as  superior  even  to 
the  Beurre  Bosc,  which  it  much  resembles.  Tree,  of  very  vigorous 
growth,  shoots  at  first  upright,  afterwards  straggling  and  pendulous  ; 
wood,  reddish  brown,  with  large  whitish  gray  specks,  very  productive. 
Fruit,  large,  obovate,  acute  pyriform,  irregular  and  uneven  surface ;  color, 
dull  yellow,  covered  with  bright  russet,  deepening  on  the  sunny  side ; 
calyx,  rather  large,  open ;  segments,  reflexed  ;  basin,  furrowed ;  stem, 
about  one  and  a  half  inch  long,  rather  slender,  obliquely  attached  to  the 
fruit  by  a  fleshy,  and  oftentimes  wriakled  base ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  long- 
pointed  ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  rather  coarse,  buttery,  melting,  juicy, 
delicious.  September  and  October. 

BANKERBINE. 

Foreign.  The  specimens  from  which  we  describe  were  from  Messrs. 
Ellwanger  &  Barry.  Fruit,  medium,  obovate,  greenish  yellow,  with 
small  russet  dots;  stem,  stout;  calyx,  open,  broad  segments;  core, 
large  ;  flesh,  breaking,  coarse.  October. 

BELLE  EXCELLENT. 

Foreign.  Resembles  Louise  Bonne  of  Jersey ;  oblong  pyriform,  yel- 
low, red  blush,  with  raised  specks  on  surface.  October. 

BELLE  DE  NOEL. 

Belle  apres  Noel. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  rather  below  medium,  obovate,  obtuse  pyriform,  pale 
greenish  yellow,  with  few  russet  spots,  dark  red  cheek,  with  carmine  dots  ; 
calyx,  medium ;  segments,  half  reflexed  ;  basin,  shallow,  slightly  furrowed ; 
core,  large;  flesh,  whitish,  melting,  juicy,  "very  good."  December. 

BELLE  DE  BRUXELLES. 

Belle  of  Brussels,         J         Belle  d'Aout. 

Foreign.  Variable.  Fruit,  large,  obovate  pyriform,  deep  yellow,  green- 
ish dots,  tinge  of  red  in  sun ;  flesh,  white,  sweet.  August. 


350  THE  PEAR. 

BELLE  JULIE. 

Foreign.  Tree,  upright  grower;  fruit,  medium,  long  ovate,  yellowish 
green,  cinnamon  russet,  bronzed  red  in  sun ;  stem,  short,  stout ;  calyx, 
medium,  reflexed  ;  flesh,  greenish  white,  juicy,  "  very  good."  October 
and  November.  (Hov.  Mag.) 

BELLE  CANAISE. 

Eliza  d'Heyst. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  below  medium,  globular,  obovate,  pale  greenish  yel- 
low, with  dirty  green  or  brown  specks ;  stem,  slender ;  calyx,  open ;  flesh, 
white,  coarse-grained,  juicy,  "good."  February  to  March. 

BELLE  DE  THOUARS. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium,  pyriform,  angular,  rich  brown  russet ;  short 
stem ;  cavity,  little  plaited ;  calyx,  half  open ;  shallow  basin  ;  core,  small ; 
seeds,  ovate  ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  juicy,  lt  very  good."  October  and 
November. 

BEURRE  BROWN. 


Beurre  Gris, 
Beurre  Rouge, 
Beurre, 

Golden  Beurre, 
Gray  Beurre, 
Beurre  Vert, 


Badham's, 


Isamberi 


Beurre  d'Or, 
Beurre  Doree, 
Beurre  d'Amboise, 
Beurre  d'Ambleuse, 
Beurre  du  Roi, 
Poire  d'Amboise, 
Isambert, 
3  Bon. 


An  old  variety  ;  does  finely  in  warm  rich  soil,  but  a  peculiar  vinous 
taste,  not  admired  by  every  person.  Fruit,  medium,  oblong  obovate,  yel- 
lowish green,  with  thin  russet,  reddish  brown  in  sun ;  flesh,  greenish 
white,  melting,  juicy,  vinous,  sub-acid.  September. 

BEURRE  SUISSE. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium,  obovate  oblong,  striped  green,  red,  and  yel- 
low ;  only  desirable  as  a  curiosity.  October. 

BEURRE  BEAULIEU. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  above  medium,  obovate  pyriform,  yellow,  with  russet 
spots  and  blotches ;  short  stout  stem ;  calyx,  open  ;  basin,  shallow ;  flesh, 
white,  juicy.  October. 

BEURRE  DE  RHINE. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  large,  pyriform,  irregular ;  stem,  stout ;  calyx,  open  ; 
basin,  shallow,  light  yellow,  rough  spots;  flesh,  white,  rather  coarse, 
"  good."  October  and  November.  Grows  well  on  quince. 

BEURRE  CRAPAUD. 
Foreign.    Vigorous  and  productive  on  pear  or  quince,  fine  for  extreme 


FOR  AMATEUR  CULTURE.  351 

northern  sections,  proving  hardy.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  obovate,  deep 
yellow,  red  in  sun,  small  russet  dots ;  stem,  stout,  curved ;  calyx,  partially 
closed ;  core,  large ;  flesh,  yellowish,  melting,  sugary,  juicy,  "  very  good." 
October. 

BEURRE  CHARRON. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  greenish  yellow ;  stem,  long ;  calyx, 
small,  closed ;  basin,  deep  ;  flesh,  juicy,  melting,  buttery,  "best."  Octo- 
ber. (T.  S.  H.  &  Co.) 

BEURRE  DE  BEAUMONT. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  obovate,  yellowish  green,  brownish 
red  in  sun,  covered  with  dark  green  or  russety  specks;  stem,  short; 
calyx,  closed;  flesh,  white,  buttery,  juicy,  sweet,  "very  good."  Last 
September. 

BEURRE  PREBLE. 

American.  Fruit,  large,  oblong  obovate,  greenish  yellow,  with  russet 
and  green  spots  ;  flesh,  white,  buttery,  "  very  good."  October  and  No- 
vember. 

BEURRE  MOLLETT'S  GUERNSEY. 

Mollett's  Guernsey  Chaumontelle. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium,  ovate  pyriform,  yellowish  green,  with  dark 
brown,  russet  in  sun  ;  calyx,  large  ;  stem,  stout ;  flesh,  yellowish,  melt- 
ing, vinous,  "very  good."  December. 

BEURRE  DE  RANZ. 

Beurre  Ranee,          j         Beurre  de  Flanders, 
Beurre  Epine,  Hardenpont  duPrintemps, 

Beurre  Noirchain. 

Foreign.  Very  variable,  rarely  '•  very  good."  Tree,  a  straggling,  pen- 
dulous habit.  Fruit,  large,  oblong,  obtuse  pyriform,  dark  green,  bronzed 
in  sun,  russet  at  crown,  russet  dots  over  surface ;  stem,  long;  calyx,  open  ; 
core,  small;  flesh,  greenish  white,  coarse,  juicy.  December  to  April. 

BEURRE  KOSSUTH. 

Foreign.  New.  Fruit,  large,  turbinate  rounded,  surface  uneven; 
stem  curved,  inserted  upon  a  little  projection;  calyx,  in  divisions, 
dull  yellowish  green,  traced  and  dotted  with  gray  bronze,  yellowish  at 
crown,  greenish  at  stem;  flesh,  fine,  buttery,  sugary,  juice  acidulated. 
(Hov.  Mag.) 

BEURRE  GIFFORD. 

Beurre  Gifford. 

Foreign.  Tree,  moderate  grower,  long  slender  shoots,  dark  reddish, 
good  bearer  on  quince  or  pear.  Fruit,  medium,  pyriform,  yellowish  green 
to  pale  yellow,  red  in  sun,  pale  russet  specks  •,  stem,  long,  slender,  curved ; 


352 


THE  PEAR. 


calyx,  open ;  core,  small ;  flesh,  white,  melting,  juicy,  vinous,  "  very  good." 
Last  of  August.     (Hov.  Mag.) 

BEURRE  MOIRE. 


Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous,  upright  grower,  early,  productive  bearer,  often 
blossoms  the  second  time  in  a  season,  and  sets  fruit,  which  of  course  does 
not  mature ;  new,  promises  well.  Fruit,  large,  obovate,  oblong  pyriform, 
pale  green,  with  dots  of  darker  green,  and  occasionally  a  russet  patch  ; 
stem,  one  inch,  stout,  slight  lip  on  one  side  of  depression ;  calyx,  small  ; 
short  stiff  segments ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  imperfect ;  skin,  thick,  harsh ; 
flesh,  white,  juicy,  vinous,  half  melting,  sprightly,  "  very  good."  Novem- 
ber and  December. 

BEURRE  D'AMALIS. 

Beurre  d'Amanlis,         |         Beurre  d'Amaulis. 

Foreign.    A  free,  vigorous  grower  on  pear  or  quince ;  said  to  bear  well ; 


FOR  AMATEUR    CULTURE.  oO5 

our  experience  has  been  the  reverse.  Fruit,  large,  ovate  obovate,  dull 
yellowish  green,  with  reddish  brown  cheek,  brown  dots,  russet  patches; 
stem,  long,  obliquely  set ;  calyx,  open ;  basin,  shallow ;  flesh,  yellowish,  a 
little  coarse,  often  austere,  "  very  good."  Early  September. 

There  is  also  a  striped  Beurre  d'Amalis,  differing  not  materially,  except 
in  being  striped  red,  yellow,  and  green. 

BEURRE  NANTAIS. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  large,  oblong  pyriform,  pale  yellow,  russet  dots ;  flesh, 
melting,  juicy.  September.  (Hov.  Mag.) 

BEURRE  SUPERFINE. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  large,  pale  green,  traces  ani  patches  of  russet,  dull 
brownish  cheek ;  flesh,  juicy,  melting,  slight  aro  na,  "  very  good."  Mid- 
dle to  last  October.  (Wilder,  in  Hort.) 

BEURRE  VAN  MARUM. 

Foreign.  A  very  early  and  productive  bearer  on  pear ;  the  fruit  always 
fair.  Fruit,  large,  oblong  pyriform,  dull  greenish  yellow;  stem,  long; 
calyx,  large;  flesh,  white,  hardly  "good;"  its  bearing  its  recommendation.. 
October. 

BEURRE  BACHELIER. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  very  large,  oblong,  obovate  pyriform,  greenish  yellow  '•> 
stem,  stout ;  cavity,  deep  ;  flesh,  firm,  sugary.  December.  (Hov.  Mag.) 

BEURRE  MILLET. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  obtuse  pyriform ;  pale  yellow,  with 
large  pale  russet  specks ;  stem,  short,  stout ;  calyx,  small,  open  ;  core, 
small ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  melting,  juicy,  vinous.  November  to  Jan- 
uary. (Hov.  Mag.) 

BEURRE  BRETTOUNEAU. 

Beurre  Bretouneau. 

Foreign.  Does  not  succeed  on  the  quince ;  very  fine  on  pear ;  very 
hardy,  thorny  wood.  Fruit,  large,  obovate,  obtuse  pyriform,  yellow,  dot- 
ted with  russet ;  flesh,  melting,  juicy,  sugary.  February  to  April.  (Riv- 
ers, in  Hort.) 

BEURRE  DE  WATERLOO. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  large,  obovate,  obtuse  pyriform,  dull  green,  rough  skin, 
covered  with  coarse  russet  traces  and  points  ;  calyx,  open ;  basin,  fur- 
rowed;  flesh,  melting,  juicy,  sprightly,  saccharine.  Middle  October. 
(Wilder,  in  Hort.) 

BEURRE  AUDOSSON. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium,  obovate,  acute  pyriform,  yellowish  green  at 
maturity,  dull  red  cheek  in  sun,  and  numerous  russet  dots ;  stem,  short, 


354  THE  PEAK. 

stout;  calyx,   large,  open;   flesh,  melting,  tender,  juicy,   "very  good." 
October.     (Wilder,  in  Hort.) 

BEURRE  SPRIN. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  large,  ovate  pyriform,  yellow,  with  patches,  tracings 
and  dots  of  russet  ;  stem,  short,  swollen  at  base,  obliquely  inserted,  slight 
lip  ;  calyx,  small,  with  segments  united  ;  core,  medium  ;  seeds,  large  ; 
flesh,  yellowish  white,  a  little  coarse,  melting,  juicy,  "  very  good."  Octo- 
ber. We  should  not  be  surprised  if  this  proved  Marie  Louise. 


BEURRE  STERKMAN. 


BEURRE  CLAIRGEAU. 


Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous,  light  yellow  wood.  Fruit,  large,  oblong,  obo- 
vate  pyriform  ;  color,  mostly  russet,  reddish  in  sun  ;  stem,  short,  stout  ; 
calyx,  small,  open  ;  flesh,  yellowish,  rather  coarse,  juicy,  vinous,  "  very 
good."  October,  November.  This  will  probably  prove  one  of  the  most 
valuable,  as  a  large-sized,  first  quality  pear,  and  desirable  as  an  orchard 
variety,  on  the  pear  root.  It  is  yet  quite  new. 

BEAU  PRESENT  D'ARTOIS. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  large,  oblong,  obovate  pyriform,  gray  and  green  spot- 
ted ;  stem,  large,  short  ;  calyx,  short,  broad  ;  flesh,  white,  with  green  lines, 
tender,  juicy,  sugary.  September.  (Hov.  Mag.) 

BERGAMOTTE  D'ESPERIN. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  dull  green,  with  dots  and  patches  of 
russet;  calyx,  closed;  basin,  furrowed;  flesh,  buttery,  melting,  juicy, 
sweet,  "  very  good,"  very  productive  in  clusters.  December  to  February. 

BERGAMOTTE  GAUDRY. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  yellowish  green,  with  russet  dots  ; 
flesh,  white,  tender,  juicy,  "  good."  November. 

BERGAMOTTE  CADETTE. 

Beurre  Beauchamps,         |         Beauchamps, 
Poire  de  Cadet. 


Foreign.  Fruit,  hardly  medium,  roundish  obovate,  pale  green,  rarely 
little  red  in  sun  ;  stem,  long,  stout  ;  calyx,  small,  closed  ;  flesh,  buttery, 
juicy,  sweet  ;  requires  care  in  ripening.  October  to  December. 

BEZI  SANSPAREIL. 
Foreign,     Fruit,  small,  globular,  obtuse  pyriform,  dull  greenish  yellow, 


FOR  AMATEUR  CULTURE.  355 


set,  and  in  sun,  a  little  crimson  ;  stem,  long  ;  cavity,  deep  ;  calyx, 
ments,  long;  core,  medium;  seeds,  purplish  black;  flesh,  yel- 
ite, melting,  juicy,  aromatic,  "  very  good,"  if  not  "  best."  Feb- 
arch. 


much  russet,  and  in  sun,  a  littl 
open;  segm 
lowish  whit, 
ruary  to  March. 

BEZI  DE  NAPLES. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium,  ovate  obovate,  light  yellowish  green,  with 
blotches  and  stripes  of  darker  hue,  occasional  russet  patches  and  dots  ; 
stem,  stout;  calyx,  small;  basin,  furrowed;  flesh,  fine,  buttery,  juicy, 
sweet,  <:  very  good."  Last  September. 

BEZI  DE  MONTIGNY. 
Trouve  de  Montigny,         |         Doyenne  Musque. 

Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous,  brownish  olive  wood.  Fruit,  medium,  obo- 
vate, yellowish  green,  with  russet  specks  and  dots  ;  stem,  long,  curved, 
rather  stout;  calyx,  small,  open,  reflexed  ;  core,  large;  flesh,  white,  fine, 
melting,  juicy,  sugary.  October. 

BEZI  DE  LA  MOTTE. 
Bein  Armudi,         |         Beurre  Blanc  de  Jersey. 

Foreign.  A  vigorous,  hardy  sort,  well  suited  to  orcharding.  Fruit, 
medium,  obovate  rounded,  yellowish  green,  with  many  small  russet  dots  ; 
stem,  short,  rather  stout,  slightly  curved  ;  calyx,  small,  open,  reflexed 
segments  ;  core,  medium  ;  seeds,  plump,  ovate  ;  flesh,  yellowish  white, 
rather  coarse,  sugary,  juicy,  melting,  "very  good."  October. 

BEZI  D'ESPERIN. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  large,  turbinate,  melting,  "  very  good  ;"  good  bearer. 
December  to  January.  (Rivers,  in  Hort.) 

BARONNE  DE  MELLO. 

Foreign.  Grows  fine  and  bears  abundantly  on  quince.  Fruit,  medium, 
obovate,  acute  pyriform,  yellowish  russet;  stem,  short,  stout,  fleshy  at 
base  ;  flesh,  greenish  white,  melting,  juicy,  sub-acid,  "  very  good."  Mid- 
dle October.  (Wilder,  in  Hort.) 

BENOIST  NOUVEAU. 

Foreign.  The  specimen  from  which  we  describe  was  received  from 
Messrs.  Ellwanger  &  Barry.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  obovate,  greenish 
yellow,  brown  cheek,  dull  russet  marblings,  and  indistinct  brown  specks  ; 
stem,  stout;  cavity,  deep,  narrow  ;  calyx,  open;  core,  small;  seeds,  long, 
ovate,  pointed  ;  flesh,  breaking,  juicy,  rather  astringent,  requires  careful 
ripening.  February  to  April. 

The  "Benoist"  of  Rivers  is  large,  and  ripe  in  August;  and  a  "Beurre 
Benoist  "  said  to  ripen  in  October  ;  we  have  not  seen  them. 


356  THE  PEAR. 

BLOODGOOD. 

American.  From  Flushing,  L.  I.  It  has  not,  as  grown  West,  merited 
its  eastern  reputation.  The  tree  is  a  moderate  grower,  with  reddish 
brown,  short-jointed  wood;  a  regular  bearer.  We  think  it  requires  a 
rich,  deep,  warm  soil  to  produce  good-flavored  fruit.  Fruit  medium,  or 
below,  ovate  obovate,  yellow,  with  russet  marblings  and  dots ;  calyx, 
open;  stem,  fleshy  at  base;  core,  small ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  melting, 
"  very  good."  Early  August 

BORDENAVE. 
Smith's  Bordenave. 

The  original  name  lost,  and  this  given  to  it  by  Alfred  Smith,  Esq.,  of 
Hartford,  Connecticut,  who  imported  it  from  France.  Fruit  medium, 
acute  pyriform,  dull  greenish  russet ;  flesh  juicy,  buttery,  sprightly,  "very 
good."  September. 

BONNE  DBS  ZEES. 

Bon  d'Ezee,         |         Bonne  des  Haies. 

Foreign.  Tree  of  short  stocky  habit;  wood  yellowish;  fruit  large,  ob- 
tuse pyriform,  light  yellow  and  pale  red,  and  somewhat  russeted ;  stem 
rather  short,  uneven,  calyx  partly  closed,  short  segments ;  core  large ; 
flesh  yellowish  white, melting, juicy,  sugary,  "very  good."  September. 

BON  CHRETIEN  FONDANTE. 

Foreign.  Tree  vigorous,  hardy,  productive  on  quince  or  pear  ;  fruit 
medium,  roundish,  oblong,  oval,  yellowish  green,  brownish  red  in  sun,  and 
much  russet ;  stem  medium,  curved  ;  calyx  small,  partly  closed  ;  basin  fur- 
rowed ;  core  large  ;  flesh  white,  coarse,  melting,  juicy,  a  little  gritty,  "  very 
good."  September,  October. 

BR ANDES  ST.  GERMAIN. 

Foreign.  Considering  its  season,  R.  Manning,  Esq.,  considers  this  a 
very  desirable  variety ;  tree  moderate  grower,  succeeding  finely  on  quince, 
very  productive ;  fruit  medium,  oblong  oval,  brownish  yellow,  with  smooth 
russet;  stem  short,  stout,  calyx  small ;  flesh  juicy,  vinous,  "  very  good." 
November,  December. 

BROUGHAM. 

Foreign.  Fruit  below  medium,  obovate,  yellowish  russet ;  stem  short, 
calyx  open ;  flesh  yellowish  white,  a  little  gritty,  buttery,  sugary,  "  very 
good."  November. 

BRINGEWOOD. 

Foreign.  Fruit  medium,  pyriform,  yellowish  brown  and  russet ;  stem 
long  and  slender  ;  calyx  open, prominent;  flesh  yellowish  white,  gritty  at 
core,  the  rest  buttery,  "  very  good."  November.  (Hov.  Mag.) 


FOR  AMATEUR  CULTURE.  357 

BRIELMONT. 

Foreign.  Fruit  medium,  obovate  oblong,  angular,  yellow,  with  greenish 
and  russet  specks  ;  calyx  prominent ;  basin  open ;  flesh  white,  melting, 
"  good."  October. 

JDEADNELL. 

Beadnell's  Seedling. 

Foreign.  Tree  vigorous,  abundant  bearer ;  shoots  long,  bright  chestnut 
color,  white  dots ;  fruit  middle-sized,  turbinate,  stalk  short ;  eye  a  little 
open ;  skin  pale  yellowish  green  on  the  shaded  side,  red  next  the  sun, 
much  speckled  with  whitish  gray  dots ;  flesh  melting,  exceedingly  juicy. 
Last  September. 

CAEN  DU  FRANCE. 

Foreign.  Fruit  medium,  roundish  obovate,  mostly  yellowish  russet  and 
reddish,  dots ;  stem  rather  long ;  calyx  open ;  flesh  fine,  juicy,  sweet, 
"  very  good."  December,  January. 

CAPIAUMONT. 

Bern-re  Capiaumont,         |         Beurre  Coloma. 

Foreign.  This  is  a  profitable  orchard  and  market  variety,  on  pear  or 
quince.  A  free  grower ;  branches  grayish  yellow ;  fruit  medium,  globular, 
acute  pyriform,  yellow,  with  cinnamon  red  cheek,  and  russet  dots  and 
streaks ;  stem  curved ;  calyx  large ;  flesh  buttery,  sweet,  a  little  astrin- 
gent, "  very  good."  September,  October. 

CALHOUN. 

American.  Native  of  New  Haven,  Conn. ;  fruit  medium,  roundish, 
yellow,  with  much  of  russet  traced  and  dotted  ;  stem  short;  calyx  small; 
core  medium ;  flesh  yellowish  white,  melting,  juicy,  "  very  good."  October, 
November. 

CAPSHEAF. 

American.  Native  of  Rhode  Island.  Tree  hardy,  wood  yellowish; 
fruit  medium,  roundish  obovate,  yellow,  mostly  covered  with  cinnamon 
russet ;  stem  short ;  calyx  closed ;  core  large  ;  flesh  yellowish  white,  fine, 

TYiAlfinor    inipv    STiropf    "  trorv  trnnA  "       Ontnhor 


CATINKA. 

lars 
will 

j ji         •  —  j     o '       "™ 

seen  it  once.    November. 


Foreign.     New.    Fruit  large,  oblong  pyriform,  yellowish;    flesh  fine, 
juicy,  "very  good,"  and  will   probably  prove  "best."    We  have  only 

Sfifln  it,  nnr»ft.      NVvefiTnhftr. 


CANANDAIGUA. 

Catharine. 

American.    From  Central  New  York ;  fruit  large,  resembling  Bartlett ; 


358  THE  PEAR. 

flesh  white,  fine,  juicy,  "very  good."    September.     A  new  variety ;  tree 
vigorous,  upright  grower,  thus  far  doing  well  on  quince  or  pear,  productive. 

CALEBASSE  D'ETE. 

Summer  Calebasse. 

Foreign.  Tree  vigorous ;  foliage  light  green  ;  fruit  above  medium,  ob- 
long pyriform,  irregular,  dull  green,  little  brown  in  sun,  russet  at  stem 
and  eye ;  stem  long ;  calyx  small ;  core  small ;  seeds  long ;  flesh  white, 
fine,  buttery,  juicy,  sugary,  perfumed.  Last  August.  (Hov.  Mag.) 

CHAPTAL. 

Beurre  Chaptal. 

Foreign.  Fruit  medium  or  above,  roundish,  ovate  obovate,  greenish 
yellow;  stem  curved;  cavity  slight;  calyx  large,  open;  basin  shallow; 
core  medium;  seeds  oblong;  flesh  white,  breaking,  juicy,  "  very  good." 
December,  January. 

CHANCELLOR. 

Green's  Germantown,         |         Early  St.  Germain. 

Probably  a  native  of  Pennsylvania.  Tree  healthy,  abundant  bearer, 
young  wood  slender,  yellowish  brown ;  fruit  large,  oblong  obovate  pyri- 
form, green,  with  minute  brown  specks  and  some  russet  blotches,  rarely 
a  faint  brown  cheek ;  stem  one  inch  long,  rather  thick,  cavity  small,  irregu- 
lar ;  calyx  small,  basin  contracted ;  core  medium ;  seeds  long,  yellowish 
brown;  flesh  melting,  "very  good."  Last  September.  (Brinckle,  in  Hort.) 

CHARLES  VAN  MONS. 

Foreign.  Fruit  below  medium,  obovate  obtuse  pyriform,  yellowish 
green,  brownish  red  cheek,  and  russet  dots ;  stem  slender,  curved,  de- 
pression one  side;  calyx  large,  open;  segments  broad,  completely  re- 
flexed  ;  basin  shallow ;  core  medium ;  seeds  obovate  pyriform ;  flesh 
whitish,  melting,  juicy,  vinous,  "  very  good,"  if  not  "  best"  January. 

CHARLES  VAN  HOOGTEN. 

Foreign.  Fruit  above  medium,  obovate  acute  pyriform,  dull  pale 
yellow;  stem  stout,  enlarged  at  base;  calyx  open;  segments  short; 
flesh  yellowish  white,  melting,  juicy,  "  very  good."  Early  October. 
(Wilder,  in  Hort.) 

CHRISTMAS. 

Noel. 

American.  New,  from  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  Fruit  medium,  ovate  rounded ; 
skin  rough,  bronzed,  russety ;  stem  stout,  slight  depression ;  calyx  small ; 
basin  shallow ;  flesh  a  little  gritty,  juicy,  sweet,  "  very  good."  Decem- 
ber, January.  (Warder's  notes.) 


FOR  AMATEUR   CULTURE. 
CHAUMONTEL. 


359 


Bezi  de  Chaumontelle, 
Beurjre  d'Hiver, 


Winter  Beurre, 
Oxford  Chaumontel. 


Foreign.  Kequires  rich  warm  soil.  Fruit  large,  oblong  obovate ;  skin 
rough,  yellowish,  brownish  red  in  sun,  russet  dots ;  stem  one  inch,  curved ; 
calyx  medium;  basin  deep;  core  small;  seeds  flattened;  flesh  buttery, 
melting,  "  very  good."  November,  January. 


CONSEILLER  RAMUEZ. 

Foreign.  Fruit  medium,  obovate  obtuse  pyriform,  dull  green,  clouded 
and  traced  with  russet;  flesh  melting,  tender,  "good."  October. 
(Wilder,  in  Hort.) 

COLMAR  NEILL. 

Foreign.  Fruit  large,  obovate,  pale  yellow;  flesh  white,  buttery, 
melting,  "good."  October. 

COUNTESS  OF  LUNAY. 


Comtesse  de  Lunay. 


Foreign.  Tree  vig- 
orous ;  very  productive 
on  quince ;  has  been 
much  disseminated  as 
"  Doyenne  d '  Ete.  " 
Fruit  medium,  ( our 
drawing  too  small, ) 
roundish  obovate;  skin 
smooth,  pale  yellow, 
often  thinly  sprinkled 
with  red  in  sun,  some 
russet  specks,  and  rus- 
set at  base  of  stem ; 
stem  long,  largest  where 
it  joins  the  tree;  cavity 
slight,  often  a  little  lip 
one  side  of  stem  ;  calyx 
large,  open,  with  long 
reflexed  segments ;  core 
medium ;  seeds  brown ; 
flesh  white,  rather 
coarse,  melting,  juicy, 
"  very  good.  "  Oc- 
tober. 


360  THE  PEAK. 

COMPTE  DE^  LAMY. 

Beurre  Curte,         j  Dingier, 

Marie  Louise  the  Second. 

Foreign.     Not  equal  to  the  foregoing ;   tree  upright ;    fruit  medium, 
roundish  obovate,  yellow,  brownish  red  cheek,  small  russet  dots ;  stem 
rng,  calyx  small;    flesh  white,  fine-grained,   buttery,    "good."      Early 
October. 

COLLINS, 

Watertown 

American.  From  Watertown,  Massachusetts ;  supposed  a  seedling  of 
white  Doyenne ;  a  regular,  abundant  bearer.  Fruit  large  or  above  medium, 
roundish  obovate,  yellowish  green,  mottled  with  dull  red  in  sun,  some 
russet ;  stem  short,  curved ;  calyx  large,  open ;  core  large ;  flesh  white, 
vinous,  juicy,  sweet,  melting,  "  best."  September. 

COLMAR  EPINE. 

Foreign.  Fruit  large,  roundish  obtuse,  oblong,  dull  green  with  cloud- 
ings of  darker  hue ;  flesh  white,  melting,  vinous,  juicy,  "  very  good." 
September. 

COTER. 

Foreign.  Tree  healthy,  young  wood,  short-jointed,  light  yellow; 
fruit  medium,  regular  obovate,  pale  green ;  flesh  fine-grained,  tender, 
melting,  juicy,  "very  good."  November. 

CITRON. 

American.    Native  of  New  Haven,  Conn.      Fruit  medium,  roundish 
jbovate,   dull  gi 
coarse,  greenish 

CROSS. 

Winter  Cross. 

American.  From  Massachusetts.  Tree  hardy,  slender,  grayish  yellow 
wood ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish  obovate,  deep  yellow,  with  russet  dots 
and  patches  ;  stem  stout ;  calyx  small ;  flesh  white,  melting,  juicy,  "  very 
good."  November,  January. 

GUSHING. 

American.  Native  of  Hingham,  Mass.  Tree  hardy,  of  slender  diverg- 
ing growth ;  fruit  medium,  ovate  obovate,  light  greenish  yellow,  small 
gray  dots,  dull  red  cheek ;  calyx  small ;  stem  one  inch  long ;  flesh  white, 
fine-grained,  melting,  sweety  "  very  good."  September. 

DALLAS. 

American.  From  New  Haven,  Conn.  Fruit  medium,  roundish 
obovate,  dull  yellow,  mostly  covered  with  red  russet;  stem  medium, 


^     .L>iauvt;  01   jjNew   naveii,  vxmii.       XTUII   meumm,    ruui 

obovate,   dull  green,   sprinkled  with  small  russety  dots :   flesh  a  little 
nish  white,  melting,  juicy,  "  very  good."    Last  August. 


FOR   AMATEUR   CULTURE. 


361 


calyx  large,   open  ;    core  rather  small ;  flesh  yellowish  white,  melting, 
juicy,  vinous,  "  very  good."     November. 

I)E  LOUVAIN. 

Poire  de  Louvain. 

Foreign.  Fruit  large,  obovate  acute  pyriform,  dull  greenish  yellow, 
rough  russet  dots  and  patches  ;  stem  long,  medium  size,  curved ;  calyx 
large  ;  basin  shallow ;  core  medium  ;  seeds  blackish  ;  flesh  greenish  white, 
crisp,  juicy,  astringent,  valuable  only  for  baking.  January,  March. 

DBS  NONNES. 

Des  Nones. 

Foreign.  New :  fruit  medium,  turbinate,  clear  light  yellow,  many 
small  brown  dots  ;  stem  long,  slender  ;  calyx  small,  closed  ;  basin  shallow  ; 
flesh  whitish,  melting,  juicy,  sweet,  perfumed,  "very  good,"  perhaps 
"  best."  September.  (Hort.) 

DELICES  D'HARDENPONT. 

Delices  d'Ardenpont.         |         Delice  d'Hardenpont  of  Angers. 


Foreign.  Tree,  har- 
dy, moderate  grower ; 
shoots,  upright,  yellow- 
ish brown,  good  bearer, 
deserves  more  attention. 
Fruit,  medium,  roundish, 
pale  yellow,  with  many 
gray  dots  and  russet  in 
sun  ;  stem,  varying  ;  ca- 
lyx, small,  closed ;  basin, 
round,  slightly  uneven ; 
core,  medium ;  seeds, 
broad,  ovate  ;  flesh,  whit- 
ish, buttery,  melting,  jui- 
cy, almost  "best."  Oc- 
tober. 


DELICES  D'HARDENPONT  DU  NORD  AND  BELGIUM. 

Fondante  Pariselle  du  Cornice  Horticule,         |         Beurre  Cartel  of  A.  Leroy. 

Foreign.     Fruit,  large,  pyriform,  yellow,  gray  spotted ;  calyx,  small ; 
flesh,  coarse,  melting,  sugary,  '*  good."     October.     (Hov.  Mag.) 
16 


362  THE   PEAR. 

DELICES  DE  MONS. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium,  pyriform,  uneven  surface ;  stem,  half  inch 
long ;  calyx,  small ;  skin,  yellowish  green  in  shade,  russet  in  sun,  dotted 
and  spotted  with  gray  ;  flesh,  yellowish,  melting,  juicy,  perfumed,  "  very 
good. 'I  September,  October.  (Hov.  Mag.) 

DELICES  CHARLES  VAN  MONS. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  large,  medium  pyriform ;  skin,  fine,  lemon  yellow,  thinly 
washed  with  russet,  quite  like  the  Golden  Beurre,  which  it  also  resembles 
in  size  and  shape  ;  stalk,  an  inch  and  a  quarter  long,  inserted  without 
depression  ;  calyx,  small,  open,  and  placed  in  a  narrow  and  shallow  basin ; 
flesh,  melting,  vinous,  juicy,  and  refreshing.  Tested  by  us  for  the  first 
time,  20th  September,  1853.  Description  by  Thorp,  Smith  &  Co.,  of 
Syracuse. 

DlLLER. 

Probably  a  native  of  Pennsylvania ;  new.  Tree,  moderately  vigorous ; 
wood,  short-jointe^,  reddish  brown,  a  regular  and  abundant  bearer.  Fruit, 
medium,  ovate  obovate,  angular,  golden  yellow,  sprinkled,  and  in  sun, 
mostly  covered  with  light  cinnamon  russet;  calyx,  open;  basin,  shallow; 


take  first  class  position.     It  must  not  be  confounded  with  the  Dillen,  a 
foreign  variety. 

DILLEN. 

Dillon,         |         Doyenne  Dillen. 

Foreign.  This  has  been  heretofore  considered  a  synonym  of  Beurre 
Diel ;  it,  however,  proves  distinct.  Tree,  not  vigorous,  branches  erect, 
diverging,  grayish  rough  wood.  Fruit  large,  obovate,  obtuse  pyriform, 
greenish  yellow,  russet  at  stem ;  stem,  short ;  calyx,  small ;  flesh,  fine, 
melting,  tender,  juicy,  vinous.  October,  November.  (Hov.  Mag  ) 

DE  SORLUS. 

Foreign.  New.  Tree,  vigorous;  branches,  straight,  erect,  compact; 
wood,  yellowish,  grayish,  white  dots,  free  bearer.  Fruit  large,  turbinate ; 
stem,  one  side,  short,  curved ;  calyx,  small,  closed  ;  color,  yellowish  green, 
gray  russet,  marbled  most  at  stem ;  flesh,  white,  melting,  juicy.  Octo- 
ber, December.  (Hov.  Mag.) 

DOYENNE  ROSE. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  above  medium,  oblong,  ovate  pyriform,  yellow,  blush 
red  cheek,  patches  and  dots  of  russet ;  stem,  stout,  set  without  depres- 
sion ;  calyx,  with  short,  stiff  segments ;  core,  small ;  flesh,  white,  coarse, 
juicy,  "good."  October. 


FOR  AMATEUR  CULTURE.  363 

DOYENNE  ROBIN. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  rather  large,  bergamot-shaped,  greenish,  covered  with 
russet  dots  and  splashes  ;  stem,  usually  very  long  and  thick,  deep,  narrow 
cavity  ;  calyx,  small,  narrow,  moderately  deep  basin ;  seed,  large,  black ; 
flesh,  melting,  somewhat  granular;  flavor,  pleasant;  quality,  "very 
good."  September. 

DOYENNE  SIEULLE. 

Beurre  Sieulle,         |         Sieulle 

Foreign.  A  variety  requiring  high  culture ;  does  best  on  quince,  under 
garden  culture.  Fruit,  above  medium,  roundish  oblong,  dull  yellowish 
green,  with  fine  red  cheek  in  sun,  scattered  russet  specks ;  stem,  stout ; 
calyx,  open;  core,  large;  flesh,  white,  melting,  sugary,  vinous,  juicy, 
"  very  good,"  sometimes  "best."  October,  November. 

DOYENNE  SANTELLETE. 

Sentilet 

Foreign.  An  old  variety,  little  known.  Tree,  vigorous  ;  wood,  stout, 
yellowish.  Fruit,  above  medium,  roundish  pyriform,  dull  yellowish 
green,  traces,  streaks  and  dots  of  russet,  red  in  sun  ;  stem,  long,  slender  ; 
calyx,  small,  open  ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  vinous,  melting,  juicy,  "  very 
good."  October. 

DOYENNE  GOUBALT. 

Chapen. 

Foreign.  Promises  a  valuable  variety  for  orcharding,  on  pear  roots. 
Fruit,  medium  to  large,  obovate,  acute  pyriform ;  surface,  uneven,  dull 
pale  yellow,  with  a  few  traces  of  russet ;  stem,  short,  thick  flesh  next  the 
fruit;  calyx,  small ;  basin,  deep  ;  core,  small  ;  flesh,  melting,  juicy,  sweet, 
"  very  good."  November  to  December. 

DOYENNE  DU  COMICE. 

Doyenne  du  Cornice  of  Angers. 

Foreign.     Tree,  vigorous,   productive.     Fruit,  large,   obtuse  pyriform, 


DOYENNE  DE  FAIS. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  ;  skin,  smooth,  yellow,  often  with  a  fine 
red  cheek ;  stalk,  stout,  about  one  inch  long,  inserted  in  a  deep  cavity ; 
calyx,  spreading,  placed  in  a  deep,  narrow  basin ;  flesh,  white,  fine-grained, 
very  buttery,  melting,  juicy,  rich,  high-flavored  and  delicious.  Tree,  ro- 
bust, and  a  great  bearer.  October.  For  the  above  description,  we  are 
indebted  to  Messrs.  Thorp,  Smith  &  Co.,  of  Syracuse. 


364 


THE   PEAR. 
DUCHESS  OF  ANGOULEME. 

Duchesse  d'Angouleme. 


Foreign.  A  valuable  variety  for  market,  on  the  quince,  and  on  the 
quince  only.  High  culture  of  this  variety  produces  very  large  and  "very 
good"  fruit,  otherwise  it  is  indifferent  in  size  or  character.  Our  drawing 
is  from  a  small  specimen.  Fruit,  large,  oblong,  obovate  pyriform,  dull 
greenish  yellow,  traced  and  dotted  with  russet ;  stem,  rather  long,  stout ; 
calyx,  medium,  partly  open ;  basin,  deep,  uneven  ;  core,  below  medium ; 
seeds,  oblong  pyriform ;  flesh,  white,  buttery,  juicy,  "  very  good." 
October. 

The  Striped  Duchess  d'Angouleme  differs  only  in  the  fruit  being  striped, 
yellow  and  green. 

DUCHESSE  OF  ORLEANS. 


St.  Nicholas. 


I 


Beurre  St.  Nicholas. 


Foreign.     Tree  moderately  vigorous,  upright,  olive-colored  wood,  leaves 
dark  blue  green,  narrow.     Thus  far  productive  and  healthy  on  quince;- 


FOR  AMATEUR    CULTURE. 


365 


one  little  tree,  two  years  planted,  this  season  yielded  forty-three  beauti- 
ful specimens.  Fruit,  large,  oblong,  ovate  pyriform,  greenish,  becoming 
greenish  yellow,  with  stripes  and  patches  of  dull  thin  russet,  sometimes 
red  cheek  in  sun ;  stem,  variable,  fleshy  at  base ;  calyx,  small,  open  ;  short 
segments;  flesh,  melting,  juicy,  "very  good."  October. 

DUNMORE. 


Foreign.     A  good  grower  and  early  bearer  on  pear  roots,  requires  rich, 


366  .    THE   PEAR. 

neath  the  skin ;  stem,  rather  long  ;  fleshy  at  base ;  calyx,  open ;  segments, 
much  reflexed  ;  core,  rather  large ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  buttery,  melt- 
ing, <svery  good."  September  and  October. 

DUCHESSE   OF  MARS. 

Duchesse  de  Mars,          |          Captif  de  St.  Helena. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  below  medium,  oblong  obovate,  yellow,  mostly  covered 
with  russet,  ruddy  in  sun ;  stern,  set  without  depression ;  calyx,  small, 
closed;  core  and  seeds  small;  flesh,  melting,  juicy,  perfumed,  "very 
good,"  if  not  "  best."  October  and  November.  This  succeeds  well,  and 
this  fruit  is  best  grown  on  quince. 

DUCHESSE  OF  BERRI. 

Duchesse  de  Bern,          |         Duchess  of  Berry. 

Foreign.  This  name  has  sometimes  been  applied  to  the  Duchess  of 
Angouleme,  which  is  entirely  distinct.  Tree,  moderately  vigorous,  spread- 
ing, shoots  reddish  brown.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  obovate,  clear  pale 
yellow,  dotted  with  small  russet  specks ;  stem,  short ;  calyx,  small ;  seeds, 
large  ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  rather  coarse,  melting,  juicy,  sugary.  Sep- 
tember and  October. 

DUNDAS. 


Foreign.  Rather  liable  to  drop  before  mature.  Fruit,  medium,  obovate 
ovate,  yellow,  greenish  black  dots,  deep  red  cheek  in  sun ;  stem,  stout ; 
calyx,  small ;  flesh,  yellowish,  melting,  perfumed,  "  very  good."  October 
and  November. 

EARLY  SUGAR. 

Amire  Joannet,         I         Archduc  d'Ete, 
Joannette,  Sugar  Pear, 

St.  John's  Pear,  Harvest  Pear, 

ft.  Jean. 

Foreign.  Only  valued  for  ripening  very  early.  Fruit,  small,  pyriform, 
light  green  to  yellowish,  faint  blush ;  flesh,  white,  sugary,  "  good "  if 
eaten  just  in  perfection,  otherwise  mealy.  July. 

ELIZABETH.     (Edwards'.) 

American.  From  New-Haven,  Ct.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  obtuse 
pyriform,  angular,  lemon  yellow,  russet  specks  and  patches ;  stem,  short ; 
calyx,  large,  open;  core,  large;  flesh,  white,  rather  coarse,  melting,  juicy, 
vinous,  "  very  good,"  often  *'  best."  October. 

ELIZABETH.     (Manning's.) 

'      Elizabeth  Van  Mons,         |         Van  Mons  No.  154. 

Foreign.  Received  under  number,  and  named  by  the  late  Mr.  Man- 
ning ;  young  wood,  reddish  brown.  Fruit,  small,  obovate  rounded,  lemon 


FOR  AMATEUR  CULTURE.  367 

yellow,  red  in  sun,  slight  traces  of  russet;  calyx,  small,  open ;  core,  large  ; 
flesh,  yellowish  white,  melting,  sugary,  juicy,  "  very  good."     Last  August. 

EARLY  BUTTER  OF  CINCINNATI. 


This  is  a  variety  which  our  Cincin- 
nati pomologists  seem  unable  to  recog- 
nize with  any  known  description.  We 
have  been  unable  to  examine  the  fruit 
in  perfection,  but  some  small  specimens 
received,  from  which  our  drawing  was 
made,  induced  a  guess  at  Dearborn  Seed- 
ling. The  original  tree  at  Cincinnati  is 
said  to  have  been  probably  brought  from 
New -Jersey.  It  is  of  upright  growth, 
short-jointed,  yellowish  brown  wood, 
forming  a  handsome  symmetrical  head. 
Fruit  small,  oblong  ovate,  narrowing 
most  to  the  stem,  light  greenish  yellow, 
with  dark  green  specks,  rarely  a  bronzed 
red  in  sun ;  calyx,  prominent ;  seg- 
ments, bold,  reflexed;  core,  compact; 
seeds,  few,  defective ;  flesh,  white,  juicy, 
buttery,  "very  good."  Last  July. 


ECH  ASSERT. 


Echasserie, 
Bezi  d'  Echassie, 


Bezi  de  Chasserie, 
Jagdbirne. 


Foreign.  Poor  grower.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  oval,  pale  green,  yel- 
lowish, dotted  with  gray  when  ripe  ;  calyx,  open ;  flesh,  melting,  buttery, 
sweet,  "good."  November  and  December. 

EYEWOOD. 

Foreign.  Tree  vigorous,  branches  very  strong,  stout,  yellowish  brown 
with  large  white  specks.  Fruit,  below  medium,  obovate,  pale  greenish 
yellow,  russet  traces  and  specks  ;  stem,  long,  slender;  calyx,  small,  open  ; 
core,  large;  flesh,  white,  rather  coarse,  melting,  juicy,  sub  acid,  "very 
good/'  October. 

FIGUE  OF  NAPLES. 


Figue  de  Naples, 
Fig  Pear  of  Naples, 


Comtesse  de  Frenol, 
De  Vigne  Pelone. 


868  THE   PEAK. 

FlGUE. 

Figue  Vert. 

Foreign.  This  is  distinct  from  the  preceding,  and  by  some  counted  su- 
perior ;  tree  vigorous,  hardy,  productive  on  either  pear  or  quince  ;  fruit 
medium,  oblong  pyriform,  green,  much  overspread  with  yellow  and  red 
russet ;  stem  stout,  fleshily  set  upon  the  neck ;  calyx  open,  without  divi- 
sions ;  core  rather  large ;  flesh  white,  juicy,  melting,  slightly  perfumed, 
"  very  good."  November. 

FONDANTE    DE    CHARNEUSE. 

Foreign.  New.  Fruit  large,  obtuse  pyriform,  irregular,  dull  yellowish 
green,  dotted  and  clouded  with  russet ;  stem  stout ;  calyx  open  ;  flesh 
melting,  juicy,  saccharine,  sometimes  astringent,  "very  good."  Early 
October.  (Wilder,  in  Hort.) 

FONDANTE  DE  MALINES. 

Fondante  de  Malines  (Esperin) . 

Foreign.  New.  Tree  vigofous,  productive;  fruit  medium,  roundish 
obovate,  pale  yellow,  traced  and  much  covered  with  red  russet  and  brown- 
ish red,  occasional  spot  of  vermillion  in  sun ;  stem  long ;  calyx  small ; 
core  large;  flesh  white,  buttery,  melting,  sweet,  "  very  good."  October. 

FONDANTE  VAN  MONS. 

Foreign.  Tree  good  grower  and  productive ;  fruit  medium,  roundish 
obovate,  greenish  yellow,  marbled  with  red  and  some  russet  specks ;  stem 
stout,  curved ;  calyx  large,  open  ;  core  large  ;  flesh  yellowish  white,  coarse, 
melting,  buttery,  sweet,  k' very  good."  October. 

FORELLE. 

Trout  Pear,         |         Poire  Truite, 
Forellenbirne. 

Foreign.  Deserves  more  attention  than  it  has  yet  received ;  tree  vig- 
orous, productive  on  quince  or  pear  ;  wood  violet  red,  young  shoots 
downy;  fruit  medium,  oblong  obovate,  dull  yellow  in  shade,  vermillion  in 
sun,  grayish  dots  margined  with  crimson ;  stem  slender ;  calyx  partly  open ; 
core  medium;  flesh  white,  fine-grained,  buttery,  melting,  juicy,  vinous, 
"very  good"  or  "best."  October,  November. 

FREDERICK  OF  WURTEMBERG. 

Frederick  de  Wurtemburg. 

Foreign.  Well  known  and  extensively  grown  in  this  country ;  tree 
very  early  and  productive  bearer,  young  wood  strong,  yellowish  brown ; 
fruit  decays  rapidly  at  core,  often  worthless  ere  the  grower  thinks  it  ripe; 
fruit  large,  angular  pyriform,  uneven  surface,  dull  yellow,  crimson  cheek; 
stem  stout,  usually  set  on  or  thickening  into  the  fruit ;  calyx  open  ;  baniu 
shallow  ;  flesh  white,  juicy,  melting  "  good."  September. 


FOR  AMATEUR  CULTURE.  369 

FREDRIKA  BREMER. 

Virgalieu,  erroneouly,  of  some. 

American.  From  Oneida  county,  New  York,  recently  introduced  by 
J.  C.  Hastings,  Esq.  It  is  said  to  be  an  early  and  productive  bearer, 
which  we  are  disposed  to  believe,  as  a  graft,  two  years  set  this  year, 
produced  fine  specimens.  Fruit  above  medium,  roundish  obovate,  obtuse 
pyriform,  greenish,  becoming  pale  yellow,  with  slight  russet  dots  ;  stem 
one  to  one  and  a  half  inch  long,  rarely  a  cavity ;  calyx  open,  short,  erect 
segments;  basin  rather  deep,  slight  furrows ;  -core  medium  ;  seeds  black- 
ish ;  flesh  white,  a  little  coarse,  melting,  juicy,  nearly  "  best."  October, 
November. 

GANSEL'S  BERGAMOT. 


Broca's  Bergamot, 
Ives'  Bergamot, 
Staunton, 


Bonne  Rouge, 
Gurle's  Beurre, 
Diamant. 


Foreign.  An  old  variety,  with  few  superiors  when  well  grown  It  re- 
quires a  warm,  rich  soil ;  on  cold  clay  it  is  almost  tasteless ;  tree  vigorous, 
spreading,  succeeds  well  on  quince,  productive  ;  fruit  large,  roundish  obo- 
vate, yellowish  brown  russet,  red  in  sun,  russet  dots  and  patches ;  stem 
short ;  cavity  deep  ;  calyx  open  ;  basin  deep  ;  core  large ;  flesh  yellowish 
white,  coarse,  melting,  juicy,  "  very  good,"  or  "  best."  October. 

GANSEL'S  LATE  BERGAMOT. 

Foreign.     A  new  variety  recently  introduced,  very  much  resembling 
the   preceding,  except  its  period  of  maturity  being  extended  into  De-  " 
cember.     It  is  also  said  to  have  less  color  in  sun,  and  the  flesh  entirely 
free  from  granulations.     Tree  vigorous  and  productive  on  the  pear  root. 

GIDEON  PARIDANTE. 

Foreign.  Fruited  with  us  this  year  for  first  time.  Fruit  medium, 
obovate  pyriform,  yellowish  green,  with  brown  red  cheek  in  sun,  and 
marbled  red  russet  over  surface  ;  stem  one  and  a  half  inch  long,  angularly 
planted  with  a  lip  one  side ;  calyx  open,  narrow  segments  ;  basin  shallow ; 
core  medium;  flesh  white,  melting,  sugary,  "very  good,"  nearly  "best." 
Last  September  and  October. 

GRAND  SOLEIL. 

Foreign.  Tree  vigorous,  erect,  well-formed,  productive  ;  fruit  medium, 
roundish,  orange  yellow,  with  a  russety  red  blush,  few  russet  specks  ; 
stem  medium,  swollen  at  base  ;  calyx  small,  closed  ;  core  large  ;  seeds 
obovate ;  flesh  yellowish  white,  little  coarse,  buttery,  melting,  sugary, 
aromatic,  "  very  good,"  nearly  "  best."  November. 

GREEN  MOUNTAIN  BOY. 

American.     Fruit  medium  or  above,  roundish  obovate,  sometimes  an- 
gular pyriform ;  stern  varying ;    calyx  open,  reflexed  segments  ;   golden 
yellow  or  russety  yellow,  with  numerous  russety  brown  specks ;  core 
16* 


370  THE   PEAR. 

rather  large ;  seeds  long,  flattened  ;  flesh  yellowish,  melting,  juicy,  sweet, 
"  very  good."     October. 

HACON'S  INCOMPARABLE. 

Downham  Seedling. 

Foreign.  A  hardy,  productive  variety;  spreading,  rather  drooping 
branches;  deserves  more  attention  than  yet  received;  young  shoots 
slender,  olive  color,  diverging ;  fruit  rather  large,  roundish,  obtuse 
pyriform,  dull  yellowish  green  and  pale  brown,  with  many  russet  streaks 
and  dots ;  stem  rather  long,  straight ;  calyx  with  small  divisions  ;  basin 
shallow  ;  flesh  white,  buttery,  melting,  sugary,  juicy,  nearly  if  not  quite 
"  best."  October,  November. 

HAGERMAN. 

American.  From  Flushing,  L.  I.  Fruit  small,  roundish,  yellow,  over- 
spread with  thin  golden  russet,  red  cheek  in  sun ;  stem  short,  stout ; 
calyx  open,  segments  reflexed  ;  basin  shallow ;  core  small ;  seeds  broad 
ovate ;  flesh  juicy,  sprightly,  pleasant,  "  very  good."  September. 

HANOVER. 

From  Hanover  Furnace,  New  Jersey.  In  size  it  is  usually  rather 
small,  round  obovate,  green,  with  dull  green  russet  markings,  and  a 
brown  cheek;  stem  one  inch,  shallow  cavity,  usually  angular  ;  calyx  open, 
plaited,  sometimes  furrowed,  irregular  basin ;  seeds  large,  plump,  acumi- 
nate ;  flesh  greenish  yellow,  melting,  juicy,  pleasant,  "  good."  (W.  D.  B.) 

HANNERS. 

Hamus. 

Origin  uncertain :  has  generally  been  considered  a  synonym  of  Gushing, 
but  proves  distinct ;  Mr.  C.  M.  Hovey  first  pointed  out  the  error.  Shoots 
upright,  brownish  yellow ;  fruit  medium,  oblong,  rounded  at  crown, 
obtuse  at  stem,  yellowish  green  to  pale  yellow,  with  large  pale  russet 
patches  and  dots  ;  stem  stout,  swollen  at  base  ;  calyx  small,  open ;  core 
large  ;  flesh  white,  melting,  juicy,  vinous,  "  very  good."  September. 

HARVARD. 

Boston  Epargne,         |         Cambridge  Sugar  Pear. 

American.  Native  of  Cambridge,  Mass.  Tree  hardy,  vigorous,  upright, 
productive.  Fruit  medium,  oblong  pyriform,  russety  olive  yellow,  reddish 
cheek;  stem  rather  stout,  not  sunk;  calyx  small;  basin  narrow;  seeds 
long,  obovate;  flesh  white,  juicy,  "very  good,"  liable  to  decay  at  core. 
September. 

HENRIETTA. 

Edwards'  Henrietta 

American.  Native  of  New  Haven,  Conn.  Tree  vigorous,  hardy,  pro- 
ductive. Fruit  medium,  obovate,  obtuse  pyriform,  dull  yellow  crimson 


FOR  AMATEUii   CULTURE.  871 

spots  in  sun,  russet  at  base  of  stem  ;  calyx  closed ;  basin  furrowed ;  core 
large;  flesh  white,  rather  coarse,  melting,  juicy,  "good."     Last  August. 

HADDINGTON. 

Smith's  Haddington. 


American.  From  seed  of  Pound  pear,  grown  by  J".  B.  Smith,  Esq.,  at 
Haddington,  Pa.  Tree  vigorous,  productive  ;  fruit  above  medium,  oblong, 
obovate  pyriform,  greenish  yellow,  brownish  cheek,  and  russet  dots  and 
patches  ;  stem  medium,  cavity  shallow  ;  calyx  medium  ;  segments  short, 
erect ;  core  medium  ;  seeds  long,  ovate  ;  flesh  yellowish,  juicy,  aromatic, 
"  very  good."  January  to  April. 

HENKEL. 

Foreign.  Tree  fine  grower,  young  shoots  grayish  brown ;  an  early, 
very  productive  bearer  on  pear  roots,  valuable  for  orcharding.  Fruit 
large,  obovate,  somewhat  obtuse  pyriform,  dull  yellow,  patches  of  russet 
and  green  specks  ;  stem  long,  curved  ;  calyx  open  ;  segments  short ;  ba- 
sin uneven ;  core  medium ;  flesh  yellowish  white,  rather  coarse,  juicy, 
vinous,  "  very  good."  Early  September. 


372  THE    PEAR. 

HENRY  THE  FOURTH. 

Henri  Quatre,         |         Jacquin. 

Foreign.  Tree  hardy,  good  bearer,  young  shoots  diverging,  yellowish 
brown.  Fruit  small,  roundish  pyriform,  greenish  yellow,  with  small  gray 
dots ;  stem  long,  slender,  swollen  at  base ;  calyx  small ;  flesh  whitish, 
rather  coarse,  juicy,  "  good.  Early  September. 

HERICART. 

Foreigij.  Fruit  large,  obtuse  pyriform,  light  pale  greenish  yellow, 
russet  dots  and  patches ;  stem  long,  slender ;  calyx  small ;  segments  re- 
flexed  ;  core  small ;  seeds  long  ;  flesh  rather  coarse,  breaking,  juicy,  very 
sweet,  "  very  good."  Early  September.  Some  specimens  we  have  had 
of  this  proved  almost  best ;  we  think  it  improves  with  age  of  trees. 

HOSEN-SCHENCK. 

Schenck's  Pear,         I         Schenck's  August  Watermelon, 
Smokehouse. 

American.  From  Pennsylvania.  New.  Fruit  large,  obovate,  yellow, 
melting,  not  high  flavor.  Last  of  August. 

HOWELL. 

American.  Native  of  New  Haven,  Conn.,  recently  introduced  to  no- 
tice. Fruit,  large,  obtuse  pyriform,  pale  yellow,  small  russet  dots,  faint 
red  blush  in  sun  ;  stem,  often  curved,  without  depression ;  calyx,  open  ; 
basin,. irregular;  flesh,  melting, . juicy,  slightly  acidulous,  delicate  aroma. 
October.  (Wilder,  in  Hort.) 

HULL. 

American.  Native  of  Somerset,  Mass.  Tree,  vigorous,  upright ;  wood, 
reddish  brown.  Fruit,  medium,  obovate,  yellowish  green,  dull  red,  and 
russet ;  stem,  long ;  calyx,  half  open  ;  core,  large  ;  flesh,  white,  rather 
coarse,  gritty  at  core,  juicy,  "good."  October. 

INCDNNUE  VAN  MONS. 

Foreign.  Best  on  quince.  Fruit,  medium,  oblong  pyriform,  dull,  pale 
green,  traces  and  dots  of  russet;  stem,  long,  slender;  calyx,  open  ;  basin, 
deep  ;  flesh,  melting,  buttery,  "  very  good."  December  to  February. 
(Wilder,  in  Hort.) 

JAMINETTE. 

Josephine,  I         Sabine, 

Colmar  Jaminette,  D'Austrasie, 

Beurre  d'Austrasie. 

Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous,  not  an  early  bearer.  Fruit,  above  medium, 
obovate,  obtuse  pyriform,  green,  with  russety  brown  dots  and  patches ; 
stem,  stout ;  calyx,  open  ;  flesh,  white,  rather  gritty  at  core,  juicy,  sweet, 
"  good."  November,  December. 


FOR  AMATEUR  CULTURE.  373 

JARGONELLE. 

Epargne,  I         Saint  Sampson, 

Grosse  Cuisse  Madame,  Saint  Lambert, 

Beau  Present,  Sweet  Summer, 

Poire  de  Tables  des  Princes,  Real  Jargonelle, 

Jargonelle  of  the  English. 

Foreign.  An  old  variety,  abundant  bearer,  now  surpassed,  for  all  ex- 
cept large  collections,  by  more  recently  originated  sorts.  Fruit,  large, 
long,  ovate  pyriform,  greenish  yellow,  little  brown  in  sun  ;  stem,  long ; 
calyx,  open,  prominent;  flesh,  yellowish,  coarse,  juicy,  "good,"  often 
"  very  good."  August. 

JEAN  DE  WITTE. 

Nos.  1482,  1082,  and  1602  of  Van  Mons. 

Foreign.  Tree,  moderate  growth,  short-jointed  wood,  upright.  Fruit, 
medium  or  above,  obovate,  narrowing  to  the  stem,  pale  yellow,  little  rus- 
set ;  flesh,  melting,  juicy,  vinous,  slightly  sub-acid,  "  very  good."  No- 
vember to  January. 

JERSEY  GRATIOLI. 

Foreign.  Tree,  moderately  vigorous,  abundant  bearer,  succeeds  on 
quince ;  wood,  stout,  short-jointed.  Fruit,  large,  roundish,  oblong  obo- 
vate, slightly  angular,  greenish  yellow,  blush  in  sun,  russet  specks,  and 
also  at  base  of  stem  and  crown ;  stem,  stout,  obliquely  inserted ;  calyx, 
open,  short  segments ;  core,  medium  ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  little  coarse, 
melting,  juicy,  vinous.  September,  October.  (Hov.  Mag.) 

JOHONNOT. 


American.  Native  of  Salem,  Mass.  Tree  moderate,  healthy  grower, 
upright,  spreading  ;  wood  dark  reddish  brown,  suited  to  orcharding  in  our 
western,  rich  soils,  productive.  Fruit  below  medium,  roundish  obovate, 
angular,  greenish  yellow,  dull  russet ;  stem  stout,  fleshy  at  base ;  calyx 
large,  open;  core  large;  seeds  small;  flesh  white,  rather  coarse,  melting, 
juicy,  vinous,  almost  "best."  September. 

JOSEPHINE  DE  MALINES. 

Foreign.  Not  an  early  bearer  or  a  good  grower,  best  on  pear.  Fruit 
medium,  roundish  obovate,  yellow  blush  in  sun,  traces  and  specks  of  rus- 
set ;  calyx  open ;  core  large ;  flesh  yellowish  white,  melting,  fine,  juicy, 
vinous,  "  very  good."  December,  January. 

JULIENNE. 

Origin  uncertain.  Tree  thrifty,  upright,  light  yellowish  brown  shoots, 
productive,  and  in  warm,  rich,  sandy  soils,  often  very  fine  ;  in  cold  clay  it 
is  inferior,  best  on  quince.  Fruit  below  medium,  roundish,  oblong  obo- 
vate, clear  bright  yellow,  with  a  little  of  fine  russet  marblings  and  patches  ; 
stem  rather  stout ;  calyx  small,  closed  ;  core  compact ;  seeds  blackish ; 
flesh  white,  rather  coarse,  half  buttery,  sweet,  "  very  good."  August. 


374r  THE   PEAR. 

KlNGSESSING. 
Leech's  Kingsessing. 

American.  Native  of  Kingsessing  township,  near  Philadelphia.  Tree 
upright,  vigorous,  somewhat  thorny,  young  shoots  yellowish  green  or 
brownish  olive,  gray  dots.  This,  when  better  known,  will,  we  think,  take 
tposition  in  first  class.  It  is,  however,  not  a  very  early  bearer,  and  on  quince, 
requires  double  working.  Fruit  large,  or  above  medium,  obovate,  some- 
times obtuse  pyriform,  sea-green,  with  patches  of  dark  green  ;  stem  stout, 
fleshy  at  base ;  calyx  small ;  basin  shallow ;  flesh  buttery,  delicate,  "  best." 
Last  August. 

KNIGHT'S  MONARCH. 

Foreign.  A  variety  requiring  very  high  culture;  wood  light  olive 
color.  Fruit  large,  obovate  oblong,  yellowish  brown,  tinged  with  red, 
dotted  with  gray ;  stem  short ;  calyx  open ;  flesh  yellowish  white,  melt- 
ing, juicy.  January. 

KING  EDWARD'S. 

Jackman's  Melting. 

Foreign.  Tree  thrifty,  shoots  upright,  dark  brown.  Fruit  large,  pyri- 
form, yellow,  with  patches  of  dull  russet,  red  cheek  in  sun ;  stem  short ; 
calyx  small ;  flesh  yellowish,  buttery,  melting,  variable,  u  good."  October. 

LAS  CANAS. 

Foreign.  Tree  upright,  vigorous,  early,  good  bearer.  Fruit  medium, 
or  below,  pyriform,  pale  yellow,  partly  covered  with  thin  russet ;  seeds 
black  ;  flesh  juicy,  sweet,  nearly  "  best."  October. 

LA  JUIVE. 

Foreign.  Tree  vigorous,  branches  upright.  Fruit  above  medium,  pyr- 
iform, yellow,  with  gray  specks;  stem  short;  flesh  yellowish,  buttery, 
juicy.  October.  (Hov.  Mag.) 

LAMORICIERE. 

General  Lamoriciere. 

Foreign.  Fruit  medium,  pyriform,  gray,  with  green  dots ;  stem  stout ; 
calyx  large,  closed;  flesh  greenish  white,  melting,  buttery,  juicy.  Last 
September.  (Hov.  Mag.) 

LAHERARD. 

Foreign.  Fruit  above  medium,  obovate,  obtuse  pyriform,  lemon  yellow, 
brownish  red  cheek  in  sun ;  calyx  closed ;  stem  stout ;  flesh  white,  melt- 
ing, juicy,  pleasant,  sub-acid,  "very  good."  October.  Succeeds  on  quince. 
(Wilder,  in  Hort.)  '.* 


FOR  AMATEUR  CULTURE. 
LEWIS. 


375 


Native  of  Roxbury,  Mass.  It  is  a  hardy  tree,  vigorous,  spreading, 
rather  drooping  as  it  grows  old,  always  bears,  and  fruit  always  regular 
and  even  in  size.  If  well  ripened,  it  is  a  fine,  delicious  fruit,  otherwise 
not  more  than  second  quality.  It  is  profitable  as  a  standard  orchard  va- 
riety, but  requires  rich  deep  soil,  or  its  immense  crops  exhaust  too  rap- 
idly, causing  the  fruit  to  be  quite  small  and  insipid.  Fruit,  below  medium, 
roundish  obovate,  obtuse  at  stem  ;  color,  dark,  becoming  pale  green  with 
many  russet  specks ;  stem,  long,  slender,  shallow  depression ;  calyx, 
segments,  broad  in  divisions ;  basin,  almost  obscure ;  core,  above 


medium  for  size  of  fruit;  seeds,  large,  ovate;  flesh,  yellowish  white, 
rather  coarse,  melting,  juicy.  Season,  November  to  February. 

LEE'S  SEEDLING. 

•  American.  Native  of  Salem,  Mass.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  oval, 
greenish  russet,  brown  in  sun  ;  stem,  short ;  calyx,  open  ;  core,  large ; 
flesh,  white,  coarse,  juicy,  "  good."  September. 


376 


THE  PEAR. 
LOCKE. 

Locke's  New  Beurrc. 


American.  From  West  Cambridge,  Mass.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish 
obovate,  yellowish  green,  spotted  with  shades  of  darker  green  and  russet ; 
stem,  medium ;  calyx,  small,  half  closed ;  flesh,  greenish  white,  juicy, 
vinous,  "  good.'1  November  and  December. 

LODGE. 


American.  From  vicinity  of  Philadelphia.  Requires  rich,  warm, 
sandy  soil,  when  it  is  one  of  the  best.;  on  cold  clay  it  is  hardly  "very 
good."  Fruit,  medium,  or  above,  sometimes  large,  varying  in  form,  (see 
our  engraving;)  when  fully  mature,  yellowish,  with  rich  golden  russet, 
and  patches  of  dull  russet;  calyx,  with  short,  half  reflexed  segments; 
core,  medium ;  seeds,  blackish  ;  flesh,  whitish,  a  little  gritty  at  core,  juicy, 
melting,  "  very  good."  September  and  October. 


FOR   AMATEUR  CULTURE.  377 

LlMON. 

Foreign.  This  promises  to  take  a  first-class  rank.  Tree,  moderately 
vigorous,  shoots  long,  slender,  reddish  brown.  Fruit,  above  medium,  ob- 
ovate  roundish,  yellow,  with  faint  red  cheek ;  stem,  rather  short  j  basin, 
shallow  ;  flesh,  white,  melting,  juicy,  nearly  "  best."  August. 

MARIE  LOUISE. 

Forme  de  Marie  Louise,         I         Princess  de  Parme, 
Marie  Chretienne,  Braddick's  Field  Marshal, 

Maria. 

Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous,  rather  straggling,  or  diverging  and  drooping, 
with  olive  gray  colored  shoots ;  requires  rich,  warm,  sandy  soil,  otherwise 
it  is  only  a  u  good"  pear.  It  is  hardy  and  productive.  Fruit,  large,  ob- 
long pyrifbrrn,  dull  green,  becoming  pale  yellow,  with  marblinge,  dots, 
and  patches  of  russet,  and  russet  at  crown  and  base  of  stem ;  stem,  me- 
dium, obliquely  set  in  a  slight  cavity,  or  with  a  raised  lip  on  one  side ; 
calyx,  open,  irregularly  formed  ;  segments,  connected  ;  core,  small ;  seeds, 
broad,  ovate  ;  flesh,  white,  buttery,  melting,  juicy,  vinous,  "  very  good." 
Last  of  September  and  October. 

MARCH  BERGAMOTTE. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium,  obovate,  greenish  yellow;  flesh,  buttery, 
gritty  at  core,  "  good."  March. 

MARTIN  SEC. 

Roussellet  d'Hiver. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium,  or  below,  obovate,  angular,  yellow,  with 
small  specks,  dull  brownish  red  one  side;  stem,  long,  slender;  calyx,  in 
an  abrupt  furrowed  basin ;  flesh,  yellowish,  half  melting,  juicy,  "  good." 
December. 

MERRIAM. 

American.  From  Roxbury,  Mass.  Tree,  thrifty,  productive,  supposed 
a  seedling  from  Gray  Doyenne.  Fruit,  large,  roundish,  dull  yellow,  much 
covered  with  smooth  pale  russet ;  stem,  short ;  calyx,  small,  closed  ; 
flesh,  yellowish  white,  coarse,  juicy,  sugary;  core,  large;  seeds,  dark 
brown.  Last  of  September.  (Hov.  Mag.) 

MARECHAL  DE  LA  COUR. 

Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous,  branches  long,  thorny  at  ends,  early  bearer. 
Fruit,  large,  oblong  pyriform,  or  ovate,  yellowish  green,  vermillion  in  sun; 
stem,  crooked,  inserted  with  a  lip  one  side;  calyx,  large,  open;  flesh, 
white,  fine,  melting,  juicy,  vinous.  October.  (Hov.  Mag.) 

MCLAUGHLIN. 

Origin  unknown ;  probably  an  American  seedling.  Tree,  moderate, 
healthy  grower,  productive.  Fruit,  above  medium.,  oblong,  obtuse  pyri- 


378  >  THE   PEAR. 

form,  pale  yellow,  with  brownish  red  in  sun ;  stem,  short,  & 
junction  with  tree ;  calyx,  open  ;  core,  medium ;  flesh,  yellowi 
a  little  coarse,  juicy,  "  very  good."  November  and  December.. 


MILLOT  DE  NANCY. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium,  obtuse  pyriform,  pale  yellow,  with  patches 
and  traces  of  russet;  flesh,  melting,  juicy,  sugary,  "good."  January. 
(Wilder,  in  Hort.) 

MOCCAS. 

Foreign.       Tree,    very    vigorous,    rapid    growth,    and     productive. 
Fruit,  medium,  obovate  roundish,  greenish  yellow,  brown  cheek  in  sun, 
and  a  few  russet   dots ;   stem,   long,  curved  ;  calyx,  partly  open ;  flesh, 
yellowish,  melting,  juicy,  "very  good."     December. 
i 

MUSCADINE. 
American.     From  near  Newburgh,  N.  Y.      We  have  had  trees  six 


shallow;   flesh,  white,  buttery,  melting,  musky.     Last  August,  first  Sep- 
tember.    Shoots,  stout,  dark  gray  brown. 

NAPOLEON. 

.  Medaille,         |         Roi  de  Rome. 

Foreign  Tree,  vigorous,  upright  grower,  olive-colored  shoots,  fruit 
largest  and  finest  on  quince,  very  productive.  Fruit,  large,  obtuse  to  ob- 
ovate, and  rounded  pyriform,  greenish  yellow,  smooth ;  stem,  varying, 
usually  stout;  calyx,  medium,  open;  flesh,  white,  tender,  juicy,  "good." 
October.  Valuable  as  a  market  sort  on  quince.  Rivers  says  the  Napo- 
leon d'Hiver  is  not  sufficiently  distinct  to  be  retained. 

ORANGE  BERGAMOTTE. 

Orange  Pear. 

Foreign.  An  old  variety,  great  bearer,  valuable  only  for  cooking. 
Fruit,  above  medium,  pyriform,  yellow,  russet  in  sun;  flesh,  yellowish, 
sprightlyfastringent  September  and  October. 

OAKLEY  PARK. 

Oakley  Park  Bergamot. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  obovate,  greenish  yellow,  with  rus- 
set;  calyx,  partly  open;  stem,  slen'der;  flesh,  buttery,  melting,  "good." 
October. 


FOR  AMATEUR    CULTURE. 


379 


OuDINOT.     • 

Beurre  Oudinot. 

Foreign.  Fruit  large,  pyriform,  yellowish  green,  with  brownish  cheek ; 
stem  curved ;  calyx  medium  ;  basin  shallow ;  flesh  fine,  juicy,  "  very 
good."  September. 

OSBORN. 

American.  From  Economy,  la.,  introduced  first  to  notice  by  A.  H. 
Ernst,  Esq.,  of  Cincinnati.  Fruit  small,  ovate  pyriform,  greenish  yellow; 
stem  about  one  inch  long,  set  with  two  or  more  fleshy  ridges  at  base ; 
flesh  white,  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  a  little  astringent,  "good."  Early 
August. 

OSBAND'S  SUMMER. 

Osband's  Favorite,         |         Summer  Virgalieu  of  some. 

American.  Native  of  Wayne  Co.,  N.  Y.  Fruit  below  medium,  ovate, 
obovate  pyriform,  clear  yellow,  small  green  dots,  and  raroly  a  slight  red 
cheek  in  sun  ;  skin  rather  thick  ;  stem  medium,  inserted  in  a  shallow,  un- 
even cavity  ;  calyx  with  open,  long  straggling  segments ;  flesh  yellowish 
white,  rather  coarse-grained,  juicy,  "  good."  Early  September. 


OTT. 


American.  Native  of 
Montgomery  Co.,  Pa. 
This  is  by  many  Eastern 
pomologists  classed  as 
"best:"  specimens  we 
have  had  from  Prof. 
Kirtland  have  not  mer- 
ited more  than  to  be 
classed  "  very  good." 
Fruit  small,  roundish, 
greenish  yellow,  with 
little  russet,  and  rarely 
faint  red  cheek  in  sun  ; 
stem  medium,  a  little 
curved ;  calyx  rather 
large,  open,  reflexed  ; 
core  below  medium  ; 
seeds  blackish  ;  flesh 
yellowish,  melting, 
juicy,  slightly  aromatic. 
August. 


380  THE   PEAR 

•      OSWEGO. 
Oswego  Beurre,         |         Reed's  Seedling. 

American.  Native  of  Oswego,  N.  Y.  Tree  vigorous,  hardy,  succeeds 
well  thus  far,  and  an  early  bearer  on  quince  or  pear  roots;  fruit  medium, 
ovate  obovate  or  obovate  rounded,  dull  yellowish  green,  with  marblings 
and  patches  of  russet ;  stem  short,  stout,  cavity  rather  deep ;  calyx 
medium,  closed;  core  small;  flesh  melting,  juicy,  sub-acid,  sprightly,  "  very 
good."  October. 

PAUL  THIELEN. 

Foreign.  Fruit  medium,  roundish  obovate,  yellow,  with  dull  red  cheek  ; 
stem  long,  obliquely  set;  calyx  open,  segments  short,  upright;  flesh 
rather  coarse,  juicy,  "  good."  October. 


PASSE  COLMAR. 


Passe  Colmar  Epineaux, 

Colmar  Gris, 

Passe  Colmar  Gris, 

Beurre  Colmar  Gris,  dit  Precel, 

Precel, 

Fondante  de  Panisel, 

Fondante  de  Mons, 

Beurre  d'Argenson, 

Regintin, 

Chapman's, 


Colmar 


Colmar  Hardenpont, 
Present  de  Malines, 
Marolte  Sucree  Jaune, 
Souverain, 
Colmar  Souverain, 
Gambier, 
Cellite, 

Colmar  Preule, 
Colmar  Doree, 
Colmar  Van  Mons, 


'Hiver. 


Foreign.  Tree  vigorous,  with  long,  straggling,  half-drooping  shoots  of  a 
lively  brownish  yellow  ;  with  high  culture,  severe  thinning,  and  great  care, 
it  is  a  first-class  sort ;  with  common  ordinary  care,  it  is  worthless.  Fruit 
medium  to  large,  oblong  obovate,  obtuse  pyriform,  yellowish  green,  dull 
yellow  when-  fully  mature,  with  some  russet ;  stem  a  little  more  than 
medium  length,  set  with  slight  depression ;  calyx  partly  open,  basin 
shallow;  flesh  yellowish  white,  buttery,  sweet,  aromatic.  November, 
January. 

PETRE. 

American.  Originated  in  the  old  Bartram  Botanic  Garden,  near  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.  Tree  moderate  grower,  with  slender  yellowish  brown  shoots, 
abundant  bearer;  fruit  medium  to  large,  oblong,  obovate  pyriform,  pale 
yellow,  with  russet  patches  ;  stem  rather  stout,  largest  at  base,  cavity 
abrupt ;  calyx  medium  ;  basin  narrow ;  flesh  whitish,  fine,  melting, 
buttery,  perfumed,  juicy,  nearly  "best."  October.  The  "Bezi  de  la 
Motte"  has  been  disseminated  for  this  variety,  somewhat,  through  the 
West. 

PENGETHLEY. 

Foreign.  Tree  vigorous;  fruit  medium,  obovate,  yellowish  brown, 
russeted ;  stem  medium ;  calyx  small,  partly  open ;  flesh  yellowish, 
juicy,  "  good."  February,  March. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

American.  From  Pennsylvania.  Tree  vigorous,  hardy,  and  moderately 
productive  ;  fruit  large,  obovate  pyriform,  surface  irregular,  yellowish 


FOE   AMATEUK   CULTURE.'  381 

green,  brownish  russet,  marbled ;  stem  stout,  calyx  small,  half  closed ; 
core  small ;  flesh  yellowish,  rather  coarse,  breaking,  juicy,  "  good." 
October. 

PENDLETON. 

Pendleton's  Early  York  Pear. 

American.  From  Connecticut.  Young  wood,  dark  olive ;  fruit  rather 
large,  obovate,  obtuse  pyriform,  pale  greenish  yellow,  russet  specks  ;  stem 
curved;  calyx  open;  flesh  white,  tender,  sweet,  "good."  Last  July. 
(Hov.  Mag.) 

PLOMBGASTEL. 

Dusnas,  I         Plougastel, 

Plumbgartel,      |         Jergils  ? 

Foreign.  Tree  vigorous,  upright,  succeeds  on  quince;  fruit  above 
medium  to  large,  ovate  pyriform,  greenish  yellow,  red  in  sun,  dull  russet 
specks ;  stem  stout ;  calyx  large,  open,  segments  reflexed ;  core  large ; 
flesh  white,  half  melting,  juicy,  "  good,"  or  perhaps  "  very  good."  Sep- 
tember, October. 

POIRE  D'ALBRET. 

Foreign.  Tree  vigorous,  dark  wood,  good  bearer;  fruit  medium, 
pyramidal,  angular,  dark  russet,  bronzed  in  sun  ;  stem  stout,  curved,  swollen 
at  base ;  calyx  partly  open ;  core  small ;  flesh  greenish  white,  coarse, 
melting,  juicy.  October.  (Hov.  Mag.) 

PRATT. 

American.  Native  of  Rhode  Island.  Tree  vigorous,  upright  growth, 
productive  on  pear ;  fruit  above  medium,  obovate  pyriform,  greenish 
yellow,  with  gray  and  russet  dots  and  specks ;  stem  slender  ;  calyx  open  ; 
flesh  white,  fine-grained,  melting,  juicy,  sugary,  "  best."  September. 

POIRE  D'ABONDANCE. 

D'Abondance. 

Foreign.  Fruit  above  medium,  oblong  pyriform,  pale  yellow,  with  rus- 
set dots,  red  in  sun ;  flesh  melting,  juicy,  u  very  good."  October. 

PULSIFER. 

American.  Native  of  Illinois.  Tree  upright,  vigorous ;  shoots  dark 
olive,  early  and  productive  bearer.  Fruit  below  medium,  pyriform  ob- 
tuse, dull  yellow,  with  traces  of  russet ;  stem  short ;  calyx  small,  open  ; 
flesh  white,  melting,  juicy,  sweet,  "  very  good."  Early  August. 

PRINCESS  ROYAL. 

Groom's  Princess  Royal. 

Foreign.  Tree  hardy,  vigorous,  not  an  early  bearer.  Fruit  medium, 
obovate,  dull  pale  green,  dotted  with  russet ;  stem  set  in  shallow  cavity  ; 


382  THE   PEAR. 

calyx  open  ;  segments  short ;  core  large ;  flesh  yellowish,  rather  coarse, 
melting,  juicy,  "  good."     January,  February. 

QUEEN  OF  THE  Low  COUNTRIES. 

Reine  des  Pays  Bas. 

Foreign.  We  have  often  examined  this  sortjbut  have  been  unable  as 
yet  to  fruit  it  in  six  years  that  we  have  had  the  variety.  We  condense 
our  description  from  Downing :  Fruit  large,  obovate,  acute  pyriform,  dull 
yellow,  dotted  and  russeted,  dark  red  in  sun ;  stem  one  and  a  half  inch 
long,  curved ;  calyx  small ;  basin  deep  ;  flesh  white,  buttery,  melting, 
juicy,  vinous,  sub-acid.  Early  October. 

RALLAY. 


pyruuiu.1,  »fu.ii  ruugu,  uuii  ^ciiuw,  uun  ICUUIDJU  uuccn.,  vjvci    i/iac   wiiuic  cjjuto 

of  russet;  stem  slender,  obliquely  set  without  depression;  calyx  with 
crumpled  segments ;  core  large ;  flesh  yellowish  white,  breaking,  juicy, 
gritty  at  core,  "  good."  November,  December. 

RAPALJE. 

Rapalje  Seedling. 

American.  Described  by  Dr.  A.  H.  Stevens  of  New  York,  in  the  Hor- 
ticulturist, from  which  we  extract,  having  never  seen  the  fruit.  Fruit 
medium,  brownish  yellow  or  russet,  oblong  pyriform;  stem  long;  calyx 
in  a  slight  hollow ;  flesh  buttery,  like  White  Doyenne.  Early  September. 

ROPES. 

American.  Its  name  from  that  of  the  gentleman  in  whose  garden  it 
originated,  at  Salem,  Mass.  Fruit  small,  oblong  obovate,  brownish  rus- 
set, tinged  with  red  in  sun ;  stem  short,  rather  stout ;  calyx  small,  open  ; 
core  small;  flesh  yellowish,  rather  coarse,  melting,  "good."  October." 

Ross. 

Foreign.  Tree  vigorous.  Fruit  medium,  obovate,  yellowish  green  and 
russet ;  stem  short ;  calyx  open ;  flesh  yellowish,  rather  gritty,  sweet, 
juicy,  ''good."  January. 

RONDELET. 

Foreign.  Tree  upright,  thrifty,  good  bearer,  suited  to  orcharding. 
Fruit  small,  obovate,  yellow,  dotted  with  russet,  red  in  sun  ;  stem  slender ; 
calyx  erect,  long  segments  ;  core  medium  ;  flesh  yellowish  white,  buttery 
juicy,  sugary,  aromatic,  nearly  "  best."  October. 


FOR  AMATEUR   CULTURE.  383  , 

KOUSSELET  DOUBLE  ESPERIN. 

Foreign.  Fruit  above  medium,  obovate  acute  pyriform,  dull  greenish 
yellow,  covered  with  cinnamon  russet;  stem  long,  stout,  fleshy  at  base; 
calyx  open  ;  basin  deep,  furrowed ;  flesh  white,  melting,  sprightly,  "  very 
good."  October.  (Wilder,  in  Hort.) 

ROSABIRNE. 

Foreign.  Fruit  medium,  obovate,  acute  pyriform,  angular,  surface  un- 
even, russet  on  dull  greenish  yellow ;  stem  fleshy  at  base ;  flesh  white, 
melting,  juicy,  brisk,  sub-acid,  "  very  good,"  may  be  "best."  October. 
(Wilder,  in  Hort.) 

SHELDON. 


American.  Native  of  Western  Central  New  York.  Tree  vigorous,  erect, 
hardy,  good  bearer  on  pear,  young  shoots  short-jointed,  light  yellowish. 
Fruit  medium  or  above,  roundish,  a  little  angular,  sometimes  obovate, 
pale  greenish  russet,  light  red  or  bronzed  in  sun,  little  specked  with  dark 
russet ;  stem  short,  rather  stout,  slightly  curved ;  calyx  medium,  open, 
broad  short  segments  ;  core  rather  large  ;  seeds  dark  brown  ;  flesh  a  little 
coarse,  and  gritty  at  core,  otherwise  melting,  juicy,  sugary,  sprightly, 
aromatic,  nearly  "  best/'  October. 

SKINLESS. 

Sanspeau,          |         Poire  Sans  Pean, 
Fleur  de  Guignes. 

Foreign.  An  old  variety,  that  on  rich,  deep,  strong,  clayey  soils  is 
productive  and  "  very  good."  Fruit  small,  oblong  pyriform,  pale  greenish 
yellow,  light  red  specks  in  sun ;  stem  long,  slender ;  calyx  closed ;  flesh 
white,  juicy.  Early  August. 

SlGNORET. 
Sagaret. 

Foreign.  Fruit  medium  or  below,  roundish  obovate,  greenish  yellow, 
russet  specks  ;  calyx  open  ;  flesh  coarse,  breaking,  hardly  ''good."  No- 
vember. 

SERRUBIER. 

Serrurier  d'Automne. 

Foreign.  Fruit  medium,  oblong  obovate,  yellow,  with  russet  specks 
and  blotches ;  stem  in  a  deep  cavity  ;  basin  shallow  ;  flesh  melting,  juicy, 
"  good."  October. 

ST.  MESMIN. 

Foreign.  Fruit  large,  oblong  ovate,  yellowish  green ;  stem  without 
depression;  calyx  half  open;  flesh  juicy,  "good,"  perhaps  may  be  "very 
good."  October. 


384  THE   PEAR, 

SHURTLEFF. 

Shurtleff's  Seedling. 

American.  Native  of  Boston.  Tree  vigorous,  good  bearer.  Fruit 
medium,  roundish  obovate,  greenish  yellow,  russeted  at  stem,  dotted  with 
russet  speQks,  dark  red  cheek  in  snn  ;  stem  rather  long,  swollen  at  base  ; 
calyx  large,  open  ;  core  large ;  flesh  white,  coarse,  melting,  juicy,  gritty 
at  core.  September.  (Hov.  Mag.) 

SOUVERAINE  D'ETE. 

Foreign.     Fruit  medium,  roundish  obovate,  lemon  yellow,  traced  and 
dotted  with  russet,  bright  red  cheek   in  sun ;  calyx  open ;  stem  short 
flesh  melting,  tender,  juicy,  "very  good."     August. 

STERLING. 

American.  Native  of  Western  New- York.  Tree  thrifty,  upright 
growth,  early  bearer.  Fruit  large,  roundish  obovate,  pale  yellow,  shaded 
with  red  in  sun,  russet  at  base  of  stem ;  stem  long ;  calyx  open  ;  core 
large;  flesh  white,  coarse,  half  melting,  juicy,  "very  good."  Early  Sep- 
tember. 

ST.  MICHAEL  ARCHANGE. 

Foreign.  Fruit  medium,  oblong,  ovate  pyriform,  yellowish  gray  and 
green  spotted ;  flesh  greenish  white,  melting,  buttery,  "  very  good." 
Last  September.  (Hov.  Mag.) 

.  ST.  JEAN  BAPTISTE. 

Foreign.  Tree  moderate  grower,  stout,  short-jointed  shoots.  Fruit 
large,  oblong,  obovate  pyriform,  pale  greenish  yellow,  with  dark  specks ; 
stem  short,  curved,  swollen  at  base  ;  flesh  white,  melting,  buttery,  vinous. 
October.  (Hov.  Mag.) 

STYER. 

Origin  unknown.  Fruit  medium,  roundish,  green,  becoming  yellow, 
with  russet  dots  and  tracings;  stem  varying;  cavity  shallow;  calyx 
imperfect,  basin  narrow,  abrupt,  deep  ;  core  medium  ;  flesh  yellowish  white, 
a  little  gritty  at  core,  buttery,  juicy,  perfumed,  "  best."  September. 

SUMMER  FRANC  REAL. 

Franc  Real  d'Ete,          |         Gros  Micet  d'Ete, 
Fondante. 

Foreign.  Tree  thrifty,  hardy,  good  bearer,  rarely  more  than  "good"  on 
pear  roots,  sometimes  nearly  "  best"  on  quince.  Fruit  medium,  obovate, 
obtuse  pyriform,  dull  green,  becoming  yellowish  green,  with  brownish 
green  dots;  stem  short,  thick;  calyx  medium,  long  segments,  furrowed 
basin,  large  core;  flesh  white,  not  fine-grained,  buttery,  juicy,  sweet. 
September. 


FOB  AMATEUR  CULTURE.  885 

SuZETTE    DE    BAVAY. 
Suzette  de  Bavay  (Esperen) . 

Foreign.  Tree  vigorous,  shoots  light  greenish  brown.  Fruit  medium, 
obovate  pyriform,  dull  yellow  and  russet;  flesh  melting,  juicy,  "very 
good."  February  and  March. 

SUMMER  PORTUGAL. 

Passans  du  Portugal. 

Foreign.  Tree  upright  growth,  shoots  reddish  brown.  Fruit  below 
medium,  roundish  obovate,  pale  yellow,  brownish  red  in  sun ;  stem  one 
inch ;  calyx  erect ;  flesh  white,  juicy,  breaking,  "  very  good."  Last  of 
August. 

TEA. 

American.  Native  of  New-Haven  Co.,  Ct.  Fruit  below  medium, 
roundish  oval,  clear  rich  yellow,  blush  in  sun ;  calyx  with  short  open  seg- 
ments, even  with  surface ;  core  small ;  flesh  whitish,  melting,  juicy,  "  very 
good,"  nearly  "  best."  Last  September. 

THEODORE. 

Theodore  Van  Mons. 

For< 

stem  1 — j,,  ..„ 
flesh  whitish, 

TRIOMPHE  DE  JODOIGNE. 

Foreign.  Tree  very  strong,  vigorous  grower,  not  an  early  bearer. 
Fruit  large  to  very  large,  obovate,  obtuse  pyriform,  greenish,  with  traces 
and  faint  spots  of  russet ;  flesh '  melting,  juicy,  sub-acid,  "good."  No- 
vember. 

UPPER  CRUST. 

American.  Native  of  South  Carolina.  Tree  healthy,  moderate  grower, 
branches  slender,  forming  a  pyriform  head.  Fruit  size  and  shape  of  Dear- 
born Seedling,  green,  with  distinct  irregular  russet  blotches ;  flesh  buttery, 
melting,  "  very  good,"  if  not  "  best,"  July.  (Wm.  Sumner,  in  Hort.) 

VICOMPTE  DE  SPOELBERCH. 

Despoilberg,         !         Bezi  de  Spoelberch, 
Vicompte  de  Spoelberg. 

Foreign.  Tree  moderately  vigorous,  branches  upright,  yellowish  brown, 
with  whitish  gray  specks.  Fruit  large,  obovate,  obtuse  pyriform,  pale 
yellow, when  mature,  little  red  in  sun,  and  russet  patches  and  specks; 
stem  long,  stout,  fleshy  at  base  ;  calyx  medium  ;  segments  short,  erect ; 
core  medium ;  flesh  white,  fine-grained,  buttery,  melting,  juicy,  sugary, 
"best."  December.  New,  comparatively  ;  deserves  trial. 

17 


386  THE  PEAR. 

VESOUZIERE. 

Foreign.  Tree  vigorous,  succeeds  on  quince.  Fruit  medium,  roundish 
obovate,  lemon  yellow,  dotted  with  red  in  sun ;  stem  long ;  cavity  open  ; 
calyx  medium,  open;  basin  shallow;  core  large;  flesh  yellowish  white, 
rather  coarse,  juicy,  sweet,  "good."  November. 

WALKER. 

Fruit  large,  oblong  pyriform,  lemon  yellow,  marbled  with  light  sea- 
green  ;  stem  curved,  fleshy  at  base ;  calyx  open ;  long  segments ;  basin 
shallow  ;  flesh  coarse,  crisp,  juicy,  "  good."  September. 

WESTCOTT. 

American.  Native  of  Cranston,  R.  I.  Fruit  medium,  roundish  obo- 
vate, pale  green  to  light  orange  yellow,  dots  and  blotches  of  russet ;  stem 
slender,  fleshy  at  base ;  calyx  large,  open ;  basin  plaited ;  flesh  white, 
juicy,  melting,  sugary,  "  good."  September. 

WILBUR. 

American.  Native  of  Somerset,  Mass.  Tree  a  moderate  grower,  with 
reddish  brown  shoots,  productive  and  hardy.  Fruit  medium,  oval  obo- 
vate, dull  yellowish  green,  much  russet ;  stem  medium ;  calyx  open ; 
core  large;  flesh  whitish,  rather  coarse,  a  little  variable,  juicy,  " good." 
September. 

WINSHIP. 

Winship's  Seedling. 

American.  Native  of  Brighton,  Mass.  Tree  vigorous,  wood  yellowish, 
early  and  productive  bearer.  Fruit  medium,  ovate  pyriform,  pale  yellow, 
traces  of  russet,  blush  in  sun  ;  stem  long,  slender,  curved  ;  calyx  closed ; 
core  large  ;  flesh  white,  melting,  juicy,  sugary,  "  good."  August. 

WILLIAMS    EARLY. 

American.  Native  of  Roxbury,  Mass.  Tree  moderate  grower,  reddish 
brown  wood.  Fruit  below  medium,  ovate  obovate,  light  yellow,  red 
cheek,  little  russet  at  base  of  stem,  and  a  few  greenish  specks ;  stem  me- 
dium, a  little  fleshy  at  base ;  calyx  large,  open  ;  core  large ;  flesh  yellow- 
ish white,  coarse,  juicy,  sweet,  "  very  good."  September. 

WILLIAMSON. 

American.  From  the  south  side  of  Long  Island.  Fruit  medium,  obo- 
vate rounded,  obtuse  at  stem,  yellow,  with  russet  dots  and  specks,  and 
russet  at  stem  and  crown ;  stem  short,  stout,  narrow,  irregular  cavity ; 
calyx  none ;  basin  deep,  narrow,  russeted ;  seeds  small,  flattened ;  flesh 


FOR    AMATEUR   CULTURE. 


387 


yellowish  white,  fine-grained,  juicy,  sugary,  vinous,  n  very  good/'  if  not 
"  best."     October. 

WlLHELMINE. 


Foreign.  Fruit  .  medium,  roundish  obovate,  greenish  yellow,  gray 
specks,  faint  red  in  sun;  stem  rather  long  ;  calyx  large,  open;  flesh  yel- 
lowish white,  buttery,  sugary,  juicy,  "  good."  February. 


WHARTON'S  EARLY. 


Origin  unknown.  This  variety  we  found  growing  in  the  grounds  of  Prof. 
Kirtland,  who  received  grafts  from  the  south  centre  of  Ohio,  under  this  name. 
We  at  first  thought  it  Catinka,  but  it  ripens  too  soon.  Tree  a  vigorous, 
strong  grower,  wood  yellowish  brown,  large  foliage.  Fruit  above  me- 


388  THE    PEAR. 

dium,  oblong,  obovate  pyriform,  yellowish  green,  with  minute  russet  dots, 
suffused  at  base  with  sea-green,  occasionally  a  russet  trace ;  stem  long, 
slender;  cavity  slight ;  calyx  open;  segments  short,  rounded;  core  me- 
dium ;  seeds  ovate ;  flesh  white,  melting,  juicy,  sweet,  nearly  ';  best." 
Middle  to  last  August. 

WlEDOW. 


Foreign.  Fruit  medium,  oblong  obovate,  acute  pyriform,  greenish  yel- 
low ;  stem  medium,  obliquely  planted  with  lip  one  side;  calyx  small; 
flesh  white,  juicy,  vinous,  perfumed,  "  very  good."  October. 

WILKINSON. 

American.  From  Cumberland,  R.  I.  Tree  thrifty,  hardy,  productive, 
"  good"  in  its  own  locality,  elsewhere  poor.  Fruit  medium,  oval  obovate, 
yellow,  with  brown  dots  and  specks;  stem  rather  long  and  stout;  calyx 
small,  open  ;  flesh  white,  juicy,  sweet.  October  to  December. 

ZEPHERINE  GREGOIRE. 

Foreign.  Fruit  globular,  acute  pyriform  ;  stem  fleshy  ;  color  dull  green, 
thin  covering  of  russet,  brownish  red  cheek ;  flesh  very  melting,  tender, 
juicy,  "  very  good.1'  November.  (Wilder,  in  Hort.) 


CLASS  III.    Unworthy  farther  cultivation. 
ADMIRAL. 

Ainiral,  |      Colrnar  Charnay. 

Foreign.     Large,  roundish  pyriform,  greenish  yellow ;  flesh  coarse,  juicy. 
October. 

V/ADAMS. 
American.     Small,  roundish  obovate,  yellow  russet ;  flesh  coarse.     October. 

ANGLETERRE. 

English  Beurre.  |         Beum'  d'Angleterre. 

Foreign.    Medium,  pyriform,  green  and  russet  ;  flesh  white.     September. 

AMBROSIA. 

Early  Beurre. 
Foreign.     Medium,  roundish  obovate.  greenish  yellow,  russeted.     August. 


UNWOKTHY   OF   CULTIVATION.  389 

ANGLETERRE  NOISETTE. 

Foreign.    Large,  roundish,  dark  green.    September. 
AMBRETTE. 

Tilton,  t        Ambrette  d'Hiver, 

Ambre  Gris,  Belle  Gabriel, 

Trompe  Valet. 

Foreign.    Small,  roundish,  long  stem,  green,  russeted.     November,  January. 
This  is  classed  by  some  as  identical  with  Echassery :  we  think  them  different. 

AMANDE  DOUBLE. 

Amanda's  Double. 

Foreign.    Medium,  pyriform,  yellow  and  red.    September. 

ASTON  TOWN. 
Foreign.    Small,  roundish,  greenish  yellow.    October. 

AUTUMN  COLMAR. 

Foreign.    Medium,  oblong  pyriform,  pale  green.    October. 
AUTUMN  BERGAMOT. 

English  Bergamot,          |         York  Bergamot, 
English  Autumn  Bergamot. 

Foreign.    Small,  roundish,  green,  gray  specks.    September.     The  French 
Autumn  Bergamotte  is  pyriform,  light  yellowish  green,  equally  valueless. 

BELMONT. 

Foreign.    Medium,  roundish  obpvate,  yellowish  green.    October. 
BELLE  ET  BONNE. 

Gracieuse. 
Foreign.    Large,  roundish,  greenish  yellow.    September. 

BERGAMOT,  EASTER. 


Bergamot  de  Paques, 
Bergamot  d'Hiver, 
Bergamot  de  Bugi, 
Bergamot  de  Toulouse, 


Winter  Bergamot, 
Paddington, 
Royal  Tairling, 
Terling, 


Robert's  Keeping. 

Foreign.    Medium  or  above,  roundish  obovate,  greenish  yellow.    February, 
May. 

BERGAMOT  D'HOLLANDE. 


Holland  Bergamot, 
Beurre  d'Alencon, 
Bergamot  d'Alencon, 


Bergamotte  de  Fougere, 

Amoselle, 

Lord  Cheeney's. 


Foreign.    Large,  roundish,  yellowish  green,  with  brown  russet.    For  ever. 


390  THE   PEAK. 

BERGAMOT  PARTHENAY. 
Foreign.  Small,  roundish,  greenish  yellow.  December,  January. 

BERGAMOT  BOUSSIERE. 
Foreign.  Small,  turbinate,  yellowish  green.  December,  January. 

BEURRE  BRONZEE. 
Foreign.    Large,  roundish,  greenish,  dull  russet.     November,  December. 

v  BEURRE  DUVAL. 
Foreign.    Medium,  obtuse  pyriform,  yellowish  green.     October,  November. 

BEURRE  SEUTIN. 
Foreign.    Above  medium,  pyriform,  yellow,  red  cheek.    December. 

BEURRE  KNOX. 
Foreign.    Large,  oblong  obovate,  pale  green,  little  russet.     September. 

BEURRE  COLMAR. 

Beurre  Colraar  d'Automne. 
Foreign.    Medium,  oval  obovate,  pale  greenish  yellow.     October. 

BEURRE  VAN  MONS. 
Foreign.    Medium,  pyriform,  yellowish,  with  russet.    October. 

BEURRE  ROMAIN. 

Gros  Remain. 

Foreign.    Medium,  obovate,  yellowish  green.     October. 

BEURRE  DE  BOLLWILLER. 
Foreign.  Medium,  turbinate,  yellowish  red  in  sun.  Winter. 

BEURRE  KENRICK. 

No.  1599  of  Van  Mons. 

Foreign.    Medium,  pyriform,  greenish  yellow.    September. 
y  BEURRE  HAGGERSTON. 

No.  8  of  Van  Mons. 
Foreign.    Medium,  oblong  obtuse,  yellow.    Middle  August. 

BEZI  VAET. 
Foreign.    Medium,  obovate,  greenish  yellow,  brown  cheek.    November. 


UNWORTHY  OF   CULTIVATION.  391 

BEZI  D'HERI. 

Bezi  Royal. 

Foreign.     Medium,  roundish,  greenish  yellow.    October. 

BEZI  BLANC. 

Foreign.      Large,  oblong  pyriform,  yellowish.    August. 

BON  CHRETIEN,  SPANISH. 

Bon  Chretien  d'Espagne,          |  Spina. 

Foreign.    Large,  pyriform,  yellow,  red  cheek.    December. 
BON  CHRETIEN,  FLEMISH. 

Bon  Chretien  Turc. 

Foreign.    Medium,  obovate,  pale  green,  brown  cheek.    November,  March. 
BISHOP'S  THUMB. 

Beurni  Adam. 

Foreign.     Large,  oblong,  irregular  pyriform,  yellowish  green  and  russet. 
October. 

BURGOMASTER. 

Burgermcister. 

Foreign.    Medium,  long  pyriform,  yellowish  green.    December. 

BOUCQUIA. 
Beurre  Boucquia. 
Foreign.    Large,  angular,  oval  pyriform,  pale  yellow,  red  cheek.    October. 

BURLINGHAME. 

Burlingame. 

American.     Medium,  roundish  obovate,  greenish  yellow.    September. 

BURNETT. 
American     Large,  obtuse  pyriform,  pale  yellow,  russet.     October. 

BLEECKER'S  MEADOW. 

Large  Seckel,         |         Feaster. 
American.    Medium,  roundish,  yellowish.    October,  November. 

BROOME  PARK. 
Foreign.     Medium,  roundish,  brown.    December. 


392  THE   PEAR. 


American.    Medium,  oval,  roundish,  russet  yellow,  red  in  sun.    September. 
CALEBASSE. 

Calebasse  Double  Extra.          |         Caiebasse  d'Hollande. 

Foreign.    Medium,  oblong,  dull  yellow,  russet.    September. 
CALEBASSE  GROSSE. 

Monstrous  Calabash. 

Foreign.    Large,  pyriform,  yellowish,  dull  green.    October. 

CALEBASSE  DELVINQB. 
Foreign.  Above  medium,  obovate  pyriform,  pale  yellow.  October,  November. 

CAPUCIN. 
Foreign.    Large,  oval  obtuse,  greenish  yellow.    October. 

CATILLAC. 

Cadillac,         |         Grand  Monarque, 
Groote  Mogul, 

Foreign.    Large,  turbinate,  yellow  and  brown.    November  to  March. 

CHAPMAN. 
American.    Above  medium,  ovate  pyriform,  yellow.    October. 

CHARLES  OF  AUSTRIA. 

Charles  d'Autriche. 

Foreign.    Large,  roundish,  greenish  yellow,  russeted.    October. 
CITRON  OF  BOHEMIA. 

Great  Citron  of  Bohemia. 
Foreign.     Large,  oblong,  yellow,  red  cheek.     October. 

CLINTON. 

No.  1238,  Van  Mons. 
Foreign.     Large,  obovate,  light  yellow.    November. 

CLARA. 

Claire. 
Foreign.    Medium,  oval  pyriform,  yellow,  with  red.    October. 


UNWORTHY   OF   CULTIVATION.  393 

CHELMSFORD. 

Stone. 
American.    Large,  pyriform,  yellow,  red  cheek.    September, 

COMPRETTE. 

Foreign.    Medium,  obtuse  pyriform,  yellowish  green.    October,  November. 

COPEA. 

American.    Large,  obovate,  acute  pyriform,  yellow.    September,  October. 
COMMODORE. 

Van  Mons,  No.  1218. 

Foreign.    Medium,  obovate,  yellow,  with  red.    October,  November. 
COMSTOCK. 

Comstock  Wilding. 

American.    Medium,  obovate,  yellow,  crimson  cheek*    November,  January. 
COLMAR. 

ColmarDore,         I         D'Auch, 
\  Incomparable,      |         De  Maune. 

Foreign.    Large,  obtuse  pyriform,  yellowish.    December. 

COLMAR  D'AREMBERG. 
Foreign.    Large,  obovate  pyriform,  yellow,  with  russet.    October,  November. 

CRASANNE. 

Bergamot  Crasanne,         |         Cresane, 
Beurre  Plat. 

Foreign.    Large,  roundish,  greenish  yellow,  thin  russet.    October. 

CRAWFORD. 
Foreign.    Medium,  obovate,  yellow,  tinged  with  brown.    August. 

CROFT  CASTLE. 
Foreign.    Medium,  oval  obovate,  greenish  yellow.    October. 

CUVELIER. 
Foreign.    Medium,  obovate  pyriform,  yellow.    October,  November. 

CUMBERLAND. 

Americaa    Large,  obovate,  orange  yellow,  red  cheek.    September,  October. 
17* 


894  THE  PEAR. 

D'AMOUR. 

Ah !  Mon  Dieu,         |         Mon  Dieu. 
Foreign.    Small,  obovate,  pale  yellow  and  red.     October,  November. 

DEARBORN. 
Foreign.    Large,  pyriform,  russeted.    November,  December. 

DE  DEUX  FOIX  LANE. 
Foreign.    Medium,  roundish  obovate,  dull  yellow.    Last  August. 

DOYENNE  D'HIVER. 

Coffin's  Virgalieu. 

Foreign.    Medium,  roundish  obovate,  yellow,  faint  blush.    November. 

DOWNTON. 
Foreign.    Medium,  pyriform,  yellowish  brown.    December,  January. 

Hi   DORR. 
American.    Large,  obtuse  pyriform,  pale  yellow,  red  cheek.    August 

DUMORTIER. 
Foreign.    Small,  obovate,  yellow  rusget.    October. 

DUQUESNE  D'ETE. 
Foreign.    Medium,  obtuse  pyriform,  greenish.    September. 

EARLY  BERGAMOT.         , 
Foreign.    Medium,  roundish,  flattened,  yellowish  green.    August^ 

EXCELLENTISSIMA. 

Foreign.    Medium,  roundish  pyriform,  yellow  and  dull  red.    Winter. 

EARLY  DENZELONIA. 

American.    Fruit  small,  roundish,  yellow  russet.    August. 
EARLY   CATHERINE. 

Roussellet  Hatif,          I         Poire  de  Chypre, 
Early  Roussellet,  Perdrue, 

Cyprus  Pear,  Kattern, 

Green  Catherine. 

Foreign.    Small,  pyriform,  yellow,  red  cheek.    July. 

^EMERALD. 
Foreign.    Medium,  obovate,  green  and  brown.    December. 


UNWORTHY   OF   CULTIVATION.  395 

ENFANT  PRODIGE. 
Foreign.    Medium,  obovate,  acute  pyriform,  dull  yellow.    October. 

FINE  GOLD  OF  SUMMER. 

Fin  Or  d'Ete. 
Foreign.    Medium,  roundish,  yellow,  red  cheek.    August. 

FAMENGA. 
Foreign.     Medium,  obovate,  greenish  yellow.    September. 

FORTUNEE. 

Episcopal,  I         La  Fortunee  de  Paris, 

La  Fortunee  de  Parmentier,         |         Beurre  Fortunee. 

Foreign.    Small,  roundish,  grayish  yellow.     December,  February. 

FOSTER'S  ST.  MICHAEL. 
Foreign.    Medium,  roundish  obovate,  dull  yellow.    September,  October. 

X    FONDANTE    DU    BoiS. 

Foreign.    Medium,  obovate.  greenish  yellow.    December^  February. 

FORME  DE  DELICES. 
Foreign.    Medium,  obovate,  yellowish,  with  russet.    October. 

FRENCH  JARGONELLE. 

Bellissime  d'Ete  I         Red  Muscadel, 

Supreme,  Sabine  d'Ete, 


Supreme, 

Bellissime  ouyicuic, 
Bellissime  Jargonelle, 
Vermillion  d'Ete, 


Supreme, 


Summer  Beauty, 
English  Red  Cheek, 
Red  Cheek. 


Foreign.    Medium,  roundish  obovate,  yellow,  with  red  cheek.   July,  August. 
FRANC  REAL  D'HrvER. 

Franc  Real,         |         Fin  Or  d'Hiver. 

Foreign.    Medium,  roundish,  yellow,  brownish  cheek.    December,  February. 

GBNDESHEIM. 
Foreign.    Large,  obtuse  pyriform,  greenish  yellow.    October,  November. 

GELOGIL. 

Gile-o-gile,  I         Garde  d'Ecosse, 

Poire  a  Gobert,         |         Jilogil. 

Foreign.    Large,  roundish,  reddish  russet.    November,  February. 


396  THE  PEAR. 

GREEN   PEAR  OF  YAIR. 

Green  Yair. 

Foreign.    Medium,  obovate,  green.     September. 
GREEN  CHISEL. 

Sugar. 

Foreign.    Small,  roundish,  green,  with  brown  cheek.    August. 

GRISE  BONNE. 
Small,  pyriform,  green.    Middle  August. 

GREEN  SUGAR. 

Prince's  Green  Sugar. 

American.  Medium,  roundish  obovate,  yellowish  green.  August,  Septem- 
ber. 

HAMPDEN'S  BERGAMOT. 

Bergamot  d'Angleterre,         |         Ellanrioch. 
Fingal's,  Summer  Bergamot, 

Bergamot  d'Ete. 

Foreign.  Large,  roundish  obovate,  yellow.  September.  There  is  also  a 
Summer  Bergamot,  small,  round,  yellowish  green  ;  and  a  large  Summer  Ber- 
gamot, all  equally  worthless. 

HARRISON'S  FALL. 

Rushmore  Bon  Chretien. 

Large,  obtuse  pyriform,  greenish  yellow.    October. 
HESSEL. 

Hazel. 

Foreign.    Small,  obovate,  yellowish  green.    September. 

HUGUENOT. 
American.    Medium,  roundish,  pale  yellow,  spots  of  red.    October. 

JALOUSIE. 
Foreign.    Large,  obovate  pyriform,  russet,  reddish  in  sun.    September. 

LEON  LE  CLERC. 

Leon  Le  Clerc  de  Laval. 

Foreign.    Large,  obovate,  yellow,  few  russet  spots.    December,  February. 


UNWORTHY  OF   CULTIVATION.  397 

LITTLE  MUSCAT. 

Little  Musk,         I         Petit  Muscat, 
Primitive,  |         Muscat  Petit. 

Foreign.     Small,  turbinate,  yellow,  dull  red  cheek.    July. 
LOUISE  BONNE. 

Louise  Bonne  Real,         |         St.  Germain  Blanc. 

Foreign.    Large,  pyriform,  pale  green.    December. 
MARULIS. 

Marcellis. 

Foreign.    Small,  roundish,  greenish  yellow.    September. 

MADOTTE. 
Foreign.    Large,  pyriform,  yellow.    October. 

MESSIRE  JEAN. 


Monsieur  Jean, 
Messire  Jean  Gris, 
Messire  Jean  Blanc, 


Messire  Jean  Dore, 
Mr.  John, 
John. 


Foreign.    Medium,  turbinate,  yellow,  brown  russet.     November,  December. 

MARIE  LOUISE  NOVA. 
Foreign.     Large,  pyriform,  yellow,  with  red  cheek.    September. 

MICHAUX. 

Compte  deMichaux. 

Foreign.    Medium,  roundish,  yellowish  green.    September,  October. 
MOOR  FOWL  EGG. 

Little  Swan's  Egg,         |         Knevett's  New  Swan's  Egg. 
Foreign.    Below  medium,  roundish,  dull  green.    October. 

MUSCAT  KOBERT. 


Poire  a  la  Reine, 

D'Ambre, 

St.  Jean  Musquee  Gros, 


Musk  Robine, 
Early  Queen, 
Queen's  Pear. 


Foreign.    Small,  roundish  pyriform,  greenish  yellow.    July. 

/    MUSKINGUM. 

American.    Large,  roundish  obovate,  greenish  yellow.   August,  September. 

NAUMKEAG. 
American.    Medium,  roundish,  yellow  russet.    October. 


898  THE   PEAR. 

NEIL. 

Colmar  Neil,          I          Poire  Neil, 
Beurre  Neil,  |         Colmar  Bosc. 

Foreign.    Large,  obovate  pyriform,  pale  yellow.     September. 

OLIVER'S  RUSSET. 
American.    Small,  obovate,  roundish,  yellow,  red  russet.    October. 

OWEN. 
American.    Medium,  roundish  oval,  dark  green.    November.     (Cole.) 

PAILLEAU. 

Foreign.    Medium,  pyriform,  greenish  yellow.    September. 
PITT'S  PROLIFIC. 

Pitt's  Marie  Louise,         |         Pitt's  Surpasse  Marie. 

Foreign     Medium,  oblong  pyriform,  yellow  and  brownish  red.    September. 

POPE'S  QUAKER.., 
American     Medium,  oblong  pyriform,  yellowish  russet.    October. 

POPE'S  SCARLET  MAJOR. 
American.    Large,  obovate,  yellow,  red  cheek.    August. 

PRINCESS  OF  ORANGE. 

Princesse  d'Orange,         |         Princesse  Couquete. 
Foreign.    Medium  roundish,  reddish  russet.    October,  November. 

QUEEN  CAROLINE. 

Reine  Caroline. 
Foreign.    Medium,  oblong  pyriform,  greenish  yellow.    November. 

QUEEN  OF  PEARS. 

Reine  des  Poires. 

Foreign.    Large,  obtuse  pyriform,  greenish  yellow.    September,  October. 

QuiLLETETTE. 

Foreign.    Below  medium,  roundish/  greenish,  dull  russet.    November. 

ROUSSELET  DE  MEESTER. 

.  -4 v  I  'X     Ferdinand  de  Meester. 

Foreign.  Medium,  roundish,  yellow,  pale  red  in  sun.  October.  There  is 
another  of  this  name,  large,  pyriform,  greenish  yellow,  but  ripening  at  same 
time,  and  unworthy. 


UNWOKTHY   OF   CULTIVATION.  39 9 

ROUSSELET  OF  RHEIMS. 

Rousselet,  I         Spice  or  Musk  Pear, 

Petit  Rousselet,        |         Late  Catherine. 

Foreign.    Small,  ovate  pyriform,  yellowish  green,  brown  red.     September. 
ROUSSELET. 

Large  Rousselet         |         Gros  Rousselet. 
Foreign.    Medium,  obtuse  pyriform,  greenish,  russety.    August. 

RAYMOND. 
American.    Medium,  obovate,  yellow,  red  in  sun.    October. 

1    STYRIAN.- 

Foreign.    Large,  pyriform,  yellow,  red  cheek.    October. 
SUGAR  TOP. 

July  Pear,  |         Prince's  Sugar  Top, 

Harvest. 

Small,  roundish  ovate,  yellow.    July. 

SUMMER  BON  CHRETIEN. 

Bon  Chretien  d'Ete,  I         Richard's  Beurre, 

Summer  Good  Christian,         |         Musk  Summer  Bon  Chretien. 

Foreign.    Large,  uneven  pyriform,  yellow,  faint  blush.    August,  September. 
SUMMER  ROSE. 


Epine  Rose, 
Poire  de  Rose, 
Caillot  Rosat, 


Caillot  Rosat  d'Ete, 
Epine  d'Ete  Couleur  Rose, 
Thorny  Rose. 


Foreign.    Below  medium,  round  obovate,  yellow,  red  russet.    August 

SUCREE  DE  HOYERSWERDA. 
Sugar  of  Hoyersworda. 

Foreign.    Medium,  oblong  obovate,  yellowish  green.    August. 
SUMMER  THORN. 

Epine  d'Ete,         I         Fondante  Musquee, 
Satin  Vest. 

Foreign.    Medium,  pyriform,  greenish  yellow.    September. 
SUMMER  ST.  GERMAIN. 

Short's  St.  Germain,         |         St.  Germain  de  Martin, 
St.  Germain  d'Ete. 

Foreign.    Medium,  obovate.  pale  green.    August,  September. 


400  THE  PEAR. 

SULLIVAN. 
Foreign.    Medium,  oblong  pyriform,  greenish  yellow.    September. 

SWAN'S  EGG. 

New  Swan's  Egg. 

Fruit  below  medium,  oval  obovate,  pale  green,  dull  brown.    October. 
Swiss  BERGAMOT. 

Bergamot  Suisse. 
Foreign.    Medium,  roundish,  striped  pale  green,  yellow,  and  red.    October. 

SYLVANGE. 

Bergamot  Sylvange.         |         Green  Sylvange. 

Foreign.    Medium,  roundish  obovate,  dull  pale  green.    October. 

TARQUIN. 
Foreign.    Medium,  oblong  pyriform,  dull  yellow.    December,  February. 

VAN  BUREN. 
American.    Large,  obovate,  yellow,  red  in  sun.    October. 

VALLEE  TRANCHE. 

De  Vallee,          |         De  Keingheim. 

Foreign.    Medium,  obtuse  pyriform,  pale  yellowish  green.    August. 

VlRGOULEUSE. 

Poire  Glace,         |         Chambrette, 
Bujaleuf. 

Foreign.    Large,  oval   obovate,  yellowish  green,  gray  dots.    November, 
January. 

WILLIAM.     (Edward's.) 
American.    Medium,  obtuse  pyriform,  yellow,  dotted  with  red.    September. 

WINDSOR. 

Summer  Bell,         |         Konge. 

Foreign.    Large,  pyriform,  dull  yellowish  green.    August,  September. 

WHITFIELD. 
Medium,  obovate,  yellowish  brown.    October. 


UNWORTHY   OF  CULTIVATION.  401 

WURZUR. 

Wurzur  d' Autumn. 

Foreign.    Medium,  pyriform,  yellowish,  russeted.    November. 
WINTER  ORANGE. 

Orange  d'Hiver. 
Foreign.    Medium,  roundish,  yellowish  green.    November,  January. 

YAT. 

Yutte. 
Foreign.    Small,  pyriform,  brownish  russet.     September. 

ZOAR  FLAT. 
American.    Small,  obovate,  green.    September,  October. 


THE     PLUM. 

Prunus  domestica,  L.   Rosacece  of  Botanists. 

THE  Plum  is  found  in  a  wild  state  throughout  the  middle  sections 
of  this  country,  but  the  original  parent  of  the  cultivated  varieties  is 
supposed  to  have  come  from  Asia  Minor.  The  fact  of  production 
in  our  States  of  many  varieties  esteemed  among  the  best,  attests 
the  adaptedness  of  both  soil  and  climate. 

PROPAGATION — By  seed. — The  gathering,  preserving,  and  planting 
of  the  plum  is  the  same  as  we  have  described  under  head  of  peaches, 
to  which,  therefore,  we  refer  the  reader.  Of  the  best  varieties  for 
producing  stocks  on  which  to  bud,  any  free-growing  sorts  may  be 
taken ;  avoiding,  except  wanted  for  forming  dwarf  trees,  those  of 
slow  habit,  and  in  all  cases  avoiding  the  damsons.  The  wild  red  or 
yellow  ( P.  Americana}  is  much  used  by  many  nurserymen,  but 
it  should  always  be  worked  just  at  or  rather  below  the  collar. 
Seedlings  from  it  often  answer  to  work  the  same  season,  and  we 
have  seen  them  used  with  advantage  as  stocks  for  the  peach.  The 
Chickasaw  (P.  chicasa)  is  used  at  the  South,  where  it  is  a  native. 
New  varieties  have  thus  far  been  produced  from  chance  seedlings  ; 
no  person,  to  our  knowledge,  in  this  country,  having  exerted  them- 
selves to  the  production  of  varieties  with  any  special  view  to  the 
preserving  of  separate  or  combined  characters. 

By  Budding. — The  plum  is  generally  and  best  propagated  in  its 
varieties  by  budding.  This  should  be  performed  in  the  month  of 
July.  Strong  stocks  of  free-growing  sorts  should  be  especially  select- 
ed for  inserting  buds  of  such  varieties  as  Green  Gage,  Purple  Favor- 
ite, &c.,  &c. 

By  Grafting. — Where  budding  can  be  done,  we  should  prefer 
never  to  graft.  But  it  not  unfrequently  happens  among  nursery- 
men, that  owing  to  some  causes  buds  fail,  and  this,  too,  when  the 
stocks  if  left  until  another  budding  season  would  become  too  large. 
They  may  therefore  be  grafted  with  success  and  profit,  by  cutting 
them  off  just  at  the  collar,  and  grafting  early  in  the  month  of  March, 
drawing  the  earth  up  around  the  graft,  and  leaving  only  one  bud 
out.  Tan,  bark,  saw-dust,  or  other  mulch  should  be  placed  on  the 
ground,  and  free-growing  sorts,  as  Imperial  Gage,  Lombard,  &c., 
should  only  be  used.  Grafting  on  pieces  of  roots  is  sometimes 

(402) 


CULTURE.  403 

practised,  and  as  successfully,  if  free-growing  kinds  only  are  used,  as 
in  the  apple ;  it  is  also  done  in  same  way :  we  cannot  recommend  it. 

TRANSPLANTING  AND  DISTANCE  APART. — The  plum  tree  is  per- 
fectly hardy,  and  we  prefer  in  all  cases  to  transplant  in  the  fall,  say 
October.  The  shoots  of  the  year  should  be  cut  back  to  form  a 
round  regular  head,  and  all  small  or  slender-grown  shoots  cut  out ; 
The  roots,  with  exception  of  tap-root,  should  only  have  the  ends 
trimmed  smooth,  the  tap-root  should  be  cut  out.  The  distance  apart 
of  the  plum  depends  very  much  on  the  variety ;  such  sorts  as 
Green  Gage,  Cloth  of  Gold,  &c.,  requiring  only  to  be  about  fifteen 
feet  apart,  while  the  Imperial  Gage,  Washington,  &c.,  would  be 
better  at  twenty  feet. 

SOIL  AND  SITUATION. — The  soil  generally  recommended  for  suc- 
cessful growth  and  fruiting  of  the  plum  is  denominated  heavy  clay; 
this,  by  some," is  construed  to  mean  a  soil  so  devoid  of  sand  as  to 
bake  and  crack  open  after  periods  of  heavy  rain;  we  have  been  un- 
able to  perceive  any  special  difference  in  the  success  of  growers  in 
varied  soils,  relative  to  the  growth,  hardihood,  or  bearing  habit.of 
trees.  That  certain  elements  are  requisite  in  the  soil,  wherever  a 
tree  is  planted,  to  supply  suitable  food  for  the  growth  and  perfecting 
of  both  fruit  and  wood,  we  do  not  doubt ;  but  as  yet,  we  are  to  learn 
that  a  cultivator  who  plants  on  clay  soil  will  be  any  more  success- 
ful either  in  health  of  trees  or  procuring  a  crop  of  perfect  fruit,  than 
he  who  plants  on  what  is  termed  usually  a  light  or  sandy  soil,  and 
supplies  that  soil,  if  deficient,  with  the  elements  requisite  for  the  plant 
to  support  health.  Analysis  of  the  plum  tree  and  fruit  has  not,  to 
pur  knowledge,  as  yet  been  made.  The  trees  appear  to  grow,  both 
in  nursery  and  orchard,  equally  well  on  sandy  as  on  clay  soil :  the 
insect  curculio,  and  the  leaf-blight  or  defoliation  of  the  trees  in  July 
and  August,  black  warts,  &c.,  &c.,  are  equally  injurious  in  one  as  the 
other  location.  Native  wild  trees  are  found  growing  in  all  soils, 
and  in  our  rambles  we  have  met  with  trees  equally  healthy  and  pro- 
ductive, equally  attacked  in  fruit  by  curculio,  and  rot  or  decay,  in 
leaf-blight  and  black  knots,  in  all  soils,  from  strong  clay,  through  all 
intermediates,  to  sandy  soils.  We  therefore  say,  plant  the  plum  in 
any  good  soil  which  is  well  drained.  The  situation  suited  to  the 
plum  is  that  where  the  soil  is  well  drained,  and  where  the  most 
convenient. 

PRUNING. — The  plum  grown  as  a  standard  tree,  with  head  formed 
four  to  six  feet  high,  requires  little  pruning,  except  to  shorten  back 
each  summer  or  spring  such  shoots  as  are  becoming  too  vigorous 
and  likely  to  destroy  the  regular  form  of  the  tree,  or  to  cut  out 
weakly-growing  and  unripened  shoots.  A  round-headed  tree,  with 


4:04  THE   PLUM. 

branches  formed  at  two  feet  from  the  ground,  we  consider  best.  In 
order  to  have  this,  trees  one  year  old  from  the  bud  are  best  to  begin 
with ;  the  stem  cut  off  so  as  to  let  two  buds  start  at  about  two  feet 
from  ground,  then  shortened  back  one  half  the  next  year.  After 
which,  if  the  tree  is  of  -the  slow  or  slender-growing  varieties,  it  will 
need  no  farther  pruning  than  the  above-named  standard.  If  it  is  of 
the  strong,  rampant-growing  kind,  it  will  require  both  root-pruning, 
(i.  e.,  passing  round  the  root  of  the. tree  in  a  circle  distant  from  the 
body  two  feet  for  a  tree  of  ten  feet  high,  and  with  a  long,  sharp 
spade,  cut  off  all  the  roots,)  and  at  same  time  shorten  back  the 
year's  growth  one  half.  This  is  best  done  in  August.  This  mode  is 
especially  calculated  for  the  Western  prairies  and  the  warm  South- 
ern States. 

CULTIVATION. — Like  all  other  fruit  trees,  the  plum  does  best  when 
the  ground  is  often  dug  or  hoed  around.  Many  growers  are  also  of 
impression  that  frequent  stirring  the  soil  prevents  attacks  of  cur- 
culio.  Trees  planted  where  swine  have  run  among  them  are  gene- 
rally healthy  and  fruitful ;  but  whether  it  is  owing  to  the  stirring 
of  ground  by  their  rooting,  or  food  supplied  the  plants  in  their  excre- 
ment, is  yet  a  question  undecided. 

MANURES. — The  plum  requires  abundant  food  in  the  soil,  and  this 
is  generally  best  supplied  by  animal  manure  ;  and  where  abundant 
supply  of  animal  manure  has  been  given,  salt  will  be  found  highly 
beneficial :  the  proportion  should  be  controlled  somewhat  by  the 
quantity  of  animal  matter  contained  in  the  soil ;  but  a  dressing  of 
half  an  inch  deep  over  the  whole  ground,  if  applied  in  the  spring, 
may  be  regarded  as  a  medium.  The  benefit  to  the  tree  of  this 
application  will  be  in  its  tendency  to  an  equable  state  of  moisture  in 
the  soil.  Ashes,  in  soils  devoid  of  lime  and  the  phosphates,  will  be 
found  beneficial :  two  bushels  to  a  tree  twelve  feet  high,  and  in 
bearing  state,  will  be  a  guide;  larger  trees  requiring  more,  and 
smaller  ones  less.  Brewers'  grains  are  also  valuable  as  a  manure, 
when  they  can  be  obtained  at  prices  corresponding  with  the  value  of 
animal  manures. 

DISEASES. — The  Black  Warts,  Knots,  or  Black  Gum,  is  a  disease 
affecting  many  plum  trees  at  the  North.  In  the  Southern  States  it 
is  not  yet  much  known.  Its  cause  is  variously  attributed — by  some 
to  insects,  (membracis  bubalis.  See  Harris's  Treatise  on  Insects ;) 
by  some  to  inherent  cause  from  its  parent;  by  some  to  tem- 
perature and  atmospheric  change  on  the  health  and  'vigor  of  the 
tree ;  and  by  others  to  a  diseased  state  of  sap.  After  noting 
that  it  first  appears  in  a  neighborhood  on  trees  grown  from 
suckers,  or  propagated  on  sucker  or  unhealthy  stocks,  we  are  inclined 
to  a  support  of  the  last-named  cause.  Trees  in  a  judicious,  rather 


CULTURE.  405 

high  state  of  cultivation,  and  grown  or  worked  on  good,  healthy 
seedlings,  are  rarely  subject  to  it.  And  a  tree  diseased  by  inocu- 
lation may  be  recovered  by  appliance  of  abundant  food  at  the  roots, 
cutting  away  the  apparent  knots,  and  washing  the  wounds  either 
with  salt  or  copperas-water.  The  latter  is  best.  And  if,  also,  the 
whole  tree  be  watered  with  a  solution  of  one  ounce  of  copperas  to 
two  gallons  of  water,  the  knots  will  disappear. 

Defoliation  of  both  seedling  stocks  and  bearing  trees,  in  the 
months  of  July  and  August,  we  believe  is  caused  by  want  of  some 
specific  ingredient  in  the  soil.  We  have  cured  it  by  dressing  with 
ashes,  and  by  watering  with  copperas-water  as  above  named.  When 
animal  manures  and  salt  have  been  used,  we  have  never  seen  the 
foliage  drop. 

Rot  or  Decay  of  Fruit  is  often  a  very  serious  drawback  to  the 
sanguine  expectations  of  the  fruit-grower.  We  have  supposed  it  to 
arise  from  atmospheric  influence,  and  to  pervade  the  fruit  in  like 
manner  as  fever  and  ague  does  the  human  frame,  but  have  been 
compelled  to  relinquish  this  theory.  Latterly  we  are  inclined  to 
the  belief  that  it  has  its  origin  in  too  great  exhaustion  of  the  sup- 
plies of  the  tree,  by  reason  of  excess  of  quantity  ;  as  trees  that  have 
come  under  our  notice  on  which  only  a  moderate  quantity  of  fruit 
was  permitted  to  mature  have  apparently  been  free,  while  those 
overloaded,  and  only  moderately,  or  not  additionally,  supplied  with 
food,  have  decayed. 

Our  friend,  Professor  Kirtland,  with  some  friends  of  science, 
have,  however,  lately  pronounced  it  a  species  of  fungus. 

INSECTS  injurious. — The  Egeria.  which  is  noted  under  head  of 
peaches,  sometimes,  but  rarely,  attacks  the  plum.  We  refer  to  that 
head  for  its  remedy.  The  Curculio,  or  Plum  Weevil,  (Rhynchcenus 
Nenuphar})  is  an  insect  so  destructive  as  in  some  sections  to  have 
caused  orchardists  to  cut  down  their  plum  trees  and  replant  with 
different  fruit.  Again,  there  are  sections  where  the  insect,  although 
known,  appears  not  to  increase,  or  injure  fruit,  materially  to  affect 
the  crop.  It  was  unknown  in  the  Western  States  until  within  a  few 
years  past,  but  now  pervades  all  sections,  even  to  destruction  often- 
times  of  the  wild  plum.  It  has  been  thoroughly  described  in  "  Har- 
ris's Treatise  on  Insects ;"  and  so  much  is  wrjtten  yearly  relative 
thereto,  that  one  entire  book  of  four  hundred  pages  would  not  con- 
tain it.  Our  accompanying  figure  represents  the  insect  in  its  natural 
size,  i.  e.,  about  one  quarter  of  an  inch  long,  of  a  grayish  ^s^^. 
brown  color,  the  wing-covers  forming  two  little  humps,  yjjft^ 
giving  a  rounded  appearance  to  it,  resembling  a  ripe  hemp- 
seed.  The  head  has  a  long  rostrum,  beak,  or  snout,  projecting, 
with  which  it  punctures  the  fruit,  as  represented  by  the  crescent- 
shaped  mark  on  the  fruit  in  our  engraving.  Early  in  the  month  of 


406  THE  PLUM. 

June  the  curculio  commences  his  task  of  propagation,  and  his  mark 
will  then  be  found  near  the  apex  of  the  fruit,  at  this  time  not  much 
larger  than  a  pea ;  as  the  fruit  increases  in  size,  the  marks  newly  made 
will  be  found  gradually  approaching  the  stem,  until  in 
July,  near  the  close  of  his  labors,  they  will  be  found 
very  near  the  stem.  These  last  marks  in  July  are 
not  often  found,  as  they  are  produced  only  from  a  few 
insects  which  have  escaped  late  from  the  larva  state, 
or,  as  some  say,  have,  owing  to  shallow  imbedding  in 
the  earth  and  great  heat,  been  transformed  from  eggs 
deposited  the  same  season. 
The  eggs,  one  of  which  is  deposited  in  each  crescent  mark,  soon 
hatches  into  a  small  white  larva;  which  enters  the  body  of  the  fruit 
and  feeds  upon  it,  causing,  usually,  its  premature  fall  to  the  ground. 
The  period  at  which  the  young  fruit  falls,  after  being  punctured, 
varies  with  its  age  at  the  time  of  the  injury.  The  earlier  portions 
drop  in  about  two  weeks  ;  but  if  the  stone  is  hard  when  the  egg  is 
laid,  the  fruit  remains  till  near  the  usual  period  of  ripening,  some- 
times presenting  a  fair  and  smooth  exterior,  but  spoiled  by  the  worm 
within. 

The  insect,  soon  after  the  fall  of  the  fruit,  makes  its  way  into  the 
earth,  where  it  is  supposed  to  remain  till  the  following  spring,  when 
it  is  transformed  into  the  perfect  insect  or  beetle,  to  lay  its  eggs  and 
perpetuate  its  race. 

The  curculio  travels  by  flying,  but  only  during  quite  warm  wea- 
ther, or  at  the  heat  of  the  day,  at  which  time  a  person  lying  flat 
upon  his  back  under  a  tree,  and  perfectly  still,  can  observe  their 
movements.  If  the  least  motion  or  noise  is  made,  they  remain 
inactive.  The  insects  mostly  confine  themselves  to  certain  trees,  or 
to  the  same  orchard.  But  the  fact  that  newly  bearing  and  isolated 
orchards  are  soon  attacked,  clearly  shows  that  in  occasional  instances 
they  must  travel  considerable  distances.  Indeed,  they  have  been 
known  to  be  wafted  on  the  wind  for  a  half  mile  or  more,  the  wind- 
ward side  of  orchards  being  most  infested,  immediately  after  strong 
winds  from  a  thickly  planted  plum  neighborhood.  In  the  cool  of 
the  morning  they  are  nearly  torpid,  and  can  scarcely  fly,  and  crawl 
but  slowly ;  hence,  at  this  time  of  the  day  they  are  most  easily  de- 
stroyed. 

The  plum  alone  is,  however,  not  the  only  fruit  subject  to  attack 
from  this  insect,  but  the  peach,  apricot,  nectarine,  and  cherry,  all 
suffer ;  and,  when  a  scarcity  of  fruit,  then  the  tender  branches  of  the 
oak,  wild  plum,  and  other  trees,  receive  the  egg,  and  dropping  the 
same,  after  a  period,  to  the  ground,  its  regular  transformations  are 
continued,  and  the  succeeding  season  the  natural  instinct  of  the 
insect  leads  it  to  the  fruit  again. 

The  preventives  to  injury  from  the  natural  instinct  and  course  of 


CULTUKE.  407 

the  curculio  are  recorded  in  number  more  than  we  care  to  recount. 
Suffice  it  that,  as  yet,  no  certain  agent  or  preventive  has  been  found ; 
trees,  to  our  knowledge,  this  year  producing  abundant  crops,  when 
no  specific  disinfecting  agent  has  been  applied,  while  trees  forty  rods 
distant  have  all  their  fruit  destroyed.  Salt,  sulphur,  lime-water,  etc., 
etc.,  as  variously  recommended,  is  not  a  certain  specific  ;  and  he  who 
uses  is  just  as  liable  to  lose  his  crop  of  fruit  as  he  who  uses  not. 
Hanging  iron  hoops  in  the  trees,  etc.,  etc.,  is  a  little  like  the  old 
Salem  practice  of  nailing  horse-shoes  over  the  door ;  and  the  one  as 
valuable  as  the  other.  The  natural  instinct  of  the  insect  teaching 
it  to  seek  such  place  of  deposit  for  its  egg  as  will  insure  successful 
production,  avoids  all  trees  where  the  soil  is  daily  stirred  under- 
neath, or  where  causes  are  that  the  fruit  shall  drop  ere  required  by 
the  larvae  of  the  insect ;  hence  the  value  of  plantations  made  where 
swine  are  to  run,  or  the  planting  of  single  trees  where  daily  passing 
subjects  them  to  chance  loss  of  fruit.  So  also  that  of  paving,  and  of 
trees  standing  on  sites  where  water  becomes  the  recipient  of  falling 
fruit.  Heavy  soils  are  just  as  much  subject  to  destruction  of  plum 
from  curculio  as  light  soils.  Soils  termed  wet  are  less  subject ;  but 
here  the  tree  does  not  flourish  as  well.  In  large  orchards,  where  there 
is  much  fruit  to  save,  a  man  constantly  employed  with  a  pole  of  about 
ten  feet  longr  having  a  small  cup  or  basin  fastened  at  one  end,  pass- 
ing from  tree  to  tree  and  scattering  dirt  freely,  will  well  repay  the 
cost,  in  the  amount  of  fruit  saved ;  while,  for  small  gardens,  the 
plan  first  introduced,  more  than  twenty  years  since,  by  one  of  the 
most  estimable  horticulturists  of  the  States,  David  Thomas,  of  New- 
York,  is  the  best.  It  is,in  first  preparing  a  short  pole,  having  at  one 
end  a  cushion  made  of  several  thicknesses  of  cloth  or  India-rubber ; 
place  this  cushion  against  the  body  of  the  tree  early  in  the  morning, 
(having  first  spread  a  sheet  or  large  cloth  on  the  ground,  the  dia- 
meter of  the  branches  ;)  then  strike  the  end  with  a  heavy  mallet : 
the  jar  causes  the  insect  to  drop  on  the  cloth,  when  it  may  easily  be 
gathered  and  destroyed.  » 

USES. — The  best  varieties  are  by  many  esteemed  delicious  for  the 
dessert.  Others,  and  even  the  unripe  fruit,  are  used  in  pies,  tarts, 
conserves  and  sweetmeats.  Our  own  taste  compels  us  to  place  the 
plum  in  the  lowest  scale  of  cultivated  fruits,  and  mainly  from  the 
fact  that,  unless  perfectly  ripe  and  fresh  from  the  tree,  if  eaten  in  a 
raw  state,  they  tend  to  flatulence  and  disease.  Dried  or  cooked, 
they  are  regarded  valuable,  and  are  an  article  of  considerable  com- 
merce as  imported  to  this  country  under  name  of  French  prunes  or 
dried  plums.  By  a  selection  of  the  richest  varieties,  there  is  no 
doubt  that  prunes  superior  to  those  of  foreign  preparation  might  be 
easily  obtained.  The  following  description  of  an  oven  purposely 
built  for  prunes,  and  doubtless,  with  some  modifications,  well  adapted 


408 


THE   PLUM. 


to  the  drying  of  other  fruits,  is  given  in  Liegel's  Treatise,  (German,) 
as  quoted  in  the  Horticulturist.  The  amount  of  heat  obtained  by  a 
small  quantity  of  fuel,  commends  it  to  the  particular  attention  of 
those  engaged  in  drying  fruit : 

"  Prunes,"  says  Liegel,  "  have  become  an  important  article  of  com- 
merce. In  order  to  have  them  fair  and  glossy,  they  must  be  sud- 
denly cooled,  when  withdrawn  from  the  oven. 

"The  country-people  in  this  part  of  Germany  prepare  their 
prunes  by  putting  them  into  their  bread-ovens.  I  have  put  up,  for 
my  own  use,  a  very  conveniently  arranged  drying  apparatus,  which, 
after  the  experience  of  many  years,  I  am  induced  to  recommend ; 

and  for  the  construction  of 
which  I  give  the  annexed  draw- 
ing and  explanatory  description : 
"  The  vault  or  exterior  of  the 
oven,  four  and  a  half  feet  long, 
is  surrounded  by  a  brick  wall 
one  foot  thick,  so  that  the  whole 
stove,  abed,  (see  figs.  1  and 
2,)  is  exactly  six  feet  every 
way;  the  front  wall,  n,  being 
only  half  a  foot  in  thickness. 
At  the  top,  the  vault  is  arched 
over  with  six  inches  of  brick- 
work at  the  crown  of  the  arch. 
The  flues,  i  i,  are  about  four- 
teen  inches  square.  The  hur- 
dles or  trays,  m  m,  for  containing  the  prunes,  rest  upon  shelves  fixed 
upon  two  bearers.  It  would  be  better  if  they  rested  upon  rollers, 

so  as  to  admit  of  their  being 
pushed  in  and  drawn  out  with 
greater  ease.  These  lines  of 
trays  are  place  at  a  distance  of 
six  inches  from  the  furnace,  so 
as  to  keep  the  fruit  from  too 
great  a  heat ;  they  may  be  made 
entirely  of  wood,  but  it  will  be 
better  if  the  bottoms  are  of 
open-work,  like  shelves.  Their 
weight  is  such  that  they  may 
be  easily  managed  by  a  woman ; 
but  in  preparing  prunes  on  a 
large  scale,  let  them  be  made 
of  greater  length  and  breadth, 
so  as  to  just  come  within  the 
strength  of  a  m  ore  robust  person. 


WORTHY  GENERAL   CULTIVATION.  409 

"  The  wooden  frame,  h  h,  is  that  on  which  the  two  doors  are  hung. 
The  door,  </,  which  covers  the  arch,  (and  which  is  represented  in  the 
cut  as  open  and  fastened  up,)  shuts  up  the  front  of  the  upper  part 
of  the  oven.  In  the  middle  of  this  upper  door  or  flap  is  a  round 
vent-hole,  for  the  escape  of  the  moist  vapor,  k  is  an  iron  damper 
or  slide,  to  be  placed  in  the  flue  at  /  /,  in  order  to  regulate  the  heat. 

"A  thousand  fully  ripe  quetsches  (prune  plums)  make  about 
ten  pounds  of  dried  prunes. 

"Plums  of  different  kinds  may  be  dried,  either  whole  or  deprived  of 
their  skins  and  stones.  In  the  latter  case,  they  are  styled  prunelles" 

CHARACTERS  AND  CLASSFICATION. — The  characters  of  the  plums 
are  represented  by  the  texture  of  the  flesh  as  combined  with  its 
juiciness  and  flavor  ;  and  what  are  termed  gages  (a  word  really  of 
no  meaning  as  applied  to  the  fruit)  represent  fruits  of  round  form, 
very  delicate,  and  of  a  rich,  sugary,  jnicy,  high  flavor.  The  prunes 
are  known  as  those  fruits  that  are  dry  in  the  texture  of  their  flesh. 
The  character  of  size  is  one  of  which  Washington  may  be  taken  as 
large,  Green  Gage  as  medium,  and  Mirabelle  as  small;  while  the  wood 
being  smooth  or  downy,  needs  no  explanation,  and  the  depressed  line 
on  one  side,  called  a  suture,  is  the  same  as  in  cherries  or  peaches, 
and  often  serves  as  a  guide  in  detecting  varieties.  The  classification 
by  most  writers  of  divisions  of  green,  white,  or  yellow,  and  of  blue, 
or  red,  or  purple,  we  adopt  only  in  our  text  descriptive  of  each 
distinct  variety  ;  preferring  as  a  practical  matter,  here  as  elsewhere 
in  our  work,  to  follow  that  of,  in  short,  best,  very  good,  and  good. 

VARIETIES. — These  are  far  too  numerous  for  any  practical  use ; 
and  while  we  may  have  possibly  reduced  too  much,  we  yet  feel  that 
the  uses  and  wants  of  community  will  be  best  supplied  in  this  fruit 
by  a  few  really  valuable,  and  for  the  particular  purposes  pointed  out 
in  our  text  descriptive. 


CLASS  I.—  Worthy  General  Cultivation. 
BLEECKER'S  GAGE. 

German  Gage. 

RAISED  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  about  forty  years  since,  by  Mrs.  Bleecker. 
The  tree  is  of  healthy,  hardy  habit,  and  a  regular,  sure  bearer. 
Branches,  downy ;  leaves,  dark  green  ;  fruit,  medium  size,  roundish 
oval,  very  regular ;  suture,  slight ;  skin,  yellow,  with  numerous  im- 
bedded white  specks,  and  a  thin  white  bloom ;  flesh,  yellow,  rich, 
18 


410 


THE   PLUM. 


sweet  and  luscious  flavor,  separating  freely  from  the  stone,  which  is 
pointed  ;  stalk,  an  inch  or  more  long,  downy,  inserted  in  a  slight 
cavity.  Season,  last  of  August  here  ;  in  Georgia,  first  of  July.  Dis- 
tinguished from  Prince's  Yellow  Gage  by  its  larger  stalk  and  later 
maturity. 

COE'S  GOLDEN  DROP. 


Bury  Seedling, 
Coe's  Imperial, 


I         New  Golden  Drop, 

Fair's  Golden  Drop, 
n  Gage. 


This  is  an  English  variety.  Tree  only  moderately  productive ; 
and  although  we  should  always  plant,  yet  it  does  not  always  mature 
perfectly  north  of  40°  latitude.  Branches,  smooth ;  fruit,  large, 
oval ;  suture,  well  marked,  one  side  enlarged  ;  skin,  light  yellow, 
much  dotted  or  mottled  with  red  on  side  exposed  to  sun  ;  flesh,  ad- 
hering to  the  stone,  yellowish,  firm,  rather  coarse-grained,  but  rich  and 
sweet ;  stalk,  three-fourths  to  an  inch  long,  rather  stiff.  Season, 
last  of  September.  The  Yellow  Egg  is  often  grown  under  this 
name  at  the  West. 

DENNISTON'S  SUPERB. 

A  variety  originated  in  the  famous  garden  of  Mr.  Denniston, 
Albany,  N.  Y.  Its  great  productiveness,  together  with  its  period  of 
ripening,  more  than  its  quality,  makes  it  desirable.  Branches,  downy  ; 
fruit,  medium,  cr  rather  above,  roundish,  slightly  flattened  ;  suture, 
distinct ;  skin,  pale  yellowish,  overspread  with  a  thin  bloom,  and 
mottled  or  clouded  with  purple  ;  flesh,  thick,  not  juicy,  but  with  rich 
vinous  flavor;  stone,  small,  roundish,  from  which  the  flesh  parts 
freely ;  stalk,  three-fourths  inch  long,  set  in  a  cavity  of  moderate 
depth.  Season,  15th  to  20th  August. 

EARLY  ORLEANS. 


Wilmot's  Early  Orleans, 
New  Early  Orleans, 


Grimwood's  Early  Orleans, 
Hampton  Court, 
Monsieur  Hatif. 


New  Orleans, 

An  English  variety,  which  on  account -of  its  quality  and  early 
maturity  must  always  make  it  popular  as  an  orchard  fruit.  Branches, 
downy ;  fruit,  medium,  round  oval ;  suture,  shallow  ;  skin,  dark  red- 
dish purple  ;  flesh,  yellowish  green,  of  rich,  brisk  flavor,  and  separat- 
ing freely  from  the  stone ;  stem,  usually  about  half  inch  long,  but 
varying.  Season,  first  August. 

GREEN  GAGE. 


Ida  Green  Gage, 

Waterloo, 

King  of  Plums, 

Wilmot's  late  Green  Gage, 

Schuyler  Gage, 

Rensselaer  Gage, 

Isleworth  Green  Gage, 

Grosse 


Wilmot's  Green  Gage, 


Green  Gage, 
New  Green  Gage, 


Brugnon  Gage, 
Bruyn  Gage, 
Bradford  Gage, 
Reine  Claude, 
Grosse  Reine  Claude, 
Reine. 


During  the  last  century,  an  English  family  by  the  name  of  Gage 


WOETHY  GENERAL  CULTIVATION.  411 

obtained  a  number  of  fruit  trees  from  the  monks  of  Charteuse,  near 
Paris.  Among  them  was  a  tree  of  this  plum,  which,  having  lost  its 
name,  was  called  by  the  gardener  the  Green  Gage."  There  are  very 
few  trees  in  bearing  of  the  true  variety  at  the  West,  the  Imperial 
Gage  having  been  often  sold  as  Green  Gage.  The  true  variety  is 
readily  known  by  its  short-jointed,  slow-growing,  spreading,  and 
dwarfish  habit.  It  also  requires  a  rich,  warm  soil  to  insure  fruit  in 
perfection  in  locations  north  of  42  deg.  Branches,  smooth  ;  buds, 
with  large  shoulders ;  fruit,  medium,  round ;  suture,  slight ;  skin, 
yellowish  green,  marbled  and  dotted  on  the  sunny  side  with  red ; 
flesh  separates  freely  from  the  stone,  pale  green,  exceedingly  melt- 
ing, rich,  sprightly,  high  flavor ;  stalk,  slender,  slightly  inserted. 
Season,  midddle  to  last  August. 

IMPERIAL  GAGE. 

Prince's  Imperial  Gage,         I         White  Gage, 
Flushing  Gage,  Jenkinson's  Imperial, 

Superior  Green  Gage. 

This  is  an  American  variety,  originating  at  the  old  nursery  of  Wm. 
Prince,  Flushing,  N.  Y.  In  heavy,  strong  soils  it  is  sometimes 
deficient  in  flavor,  proba,bly  from  a  deficiency  of  some  particular 
element  in  the  soil,  as  it  produces  abundantly,  grows  vigorously,  and 
trees  apparently  healthy.  In  light,  loamy,  or  even  dry,  poor  soils, 
it  is  a  hardy,  productive  variety,  and  the  flavor  often  almost  equal- 
ling a  true  Green  Gage.  As  a  market  variety,  it  is  far  superior  to 
Green  Gage,  and  hardly  surpassed  by  any  other  plum.  Branches, 
slightly  downy,  dark-colored,  upright,  vigorous  ;  fruit,  above  medi- 
um, oval ;  suture,  distinct ;  skin,  at  first  pale  green,  with  a  white 
bloom,  becoming  yellowish  green,  marbled  with  dark  green  stripes ; 
flesh,  greenish,  juicy,  rich,  sprightly  flavor ;  stone,  oval,  with  flesh 
occasionally  adhering.  In  good  seasons  and  soils  it  separates  freely 
from  the  stone  ;  stalk,  long,  hairy,  stout,  inserted  in  an  even  cavity. 
Season,  first  September ;  at  the  South,  July  first. 

.  JEFFERSON. 

An  American  variety,  originated  by  Judge  Buel,  at  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  probably  from  a  seed  of  Coe's  Golden  Drop,  which  in  growth, 
wood,  etc.,  it  closely  resembles.  It  has  been  pretty  extensively 
tested,  both  in  this  country  and  in  Europe,  and  fully  sustains  the 
high  character  given  it  by  the  late  A.  J.  Downing.  The  Bingham  or 
Clingstone  plum  has  occasionally  been  disseminated  for  this  variety. 
In  rich,  high  flavor,  it  does  not  equal  the  Green  Gage,  but  its  large 
size,  great  beauty,  productiveness,  freedom  from  decay,  and  habit  of 
hanging  long  on  the  tree  after  ripe,  render  it  valuable  for  all  collec- 
tions. Branches,  nearly  smooth;  fruit,  large,  oval,  slightly  nar- 


412  THE   PLUM. 

rowed  one  side  toward  the  stalk ;  skin,  at  first  greenish  yellow, 
becoming  golden  yellow  when  fully  ripe,  and  with  a  rich  reddened 
cheek  in  the  sun,  bloom  thin,  white ;  suture,  slight ;  flesh,  separating 
nearly  free  from  the  long  pointed  stone ;  yellow,  almost  orange  yel- 
low ;  juicy,  with  rich  flavor ;  stalk,  an  inch  long,  inserted  without 
depression.  Season,  last  of  August ;  at  the  South,  last  of  July. 

LOMBARD. 

Bleecker's  Scarlet.         |         Beekman's  Scarlet. 

An  American  variety,  which,  as  a  tree,  is  thrifty,  healthy,  hardy, 
and  productive ;  while  the  fruit  appears  less  attractive  than  most 
others  to  the  curculio.  It  is  therefore  very  desirable.  Branches, 
smooth,  bright  purple,  very  thrifty,  leaves  much  crumpled ;  fruit, 
medium,  roundish  oval,  slightly  flattened  at  ends;  suture,  slight; 
skin,  violet  red,  dusted  thinly  with  bloom ;  flesh,  yellow,  juicy,  not 
rich,  but  pleasant  flavor  ;  stalk,  slender,  three-fourths  inch  long,  set 
in  a  broad,  open  cavity ;  adheres  to  the  stone.  Season,  middle  to 
last  of  August. 

LAWRENCE'S   FAVORITE. 

Lawrence  Gage. 

An  American  plum,  raised  from  seed  of  the  Green  Gage  by  Mr.  L. 
U.  Lawrence,  Hudson,  N.  Y.  It  forms  a  tree  of  upright,  thrifty 
growth,  and  bears  young  and  abundantly  of  fruit  much  resembling 
outwardly  the  Green  Gage,  except  being  larger.  Branches,  downy, 
short-jointed;  fruit,  large,  roundish ;  skin,  dull  yellowish  green, 
clouded  with  streaks  of  a  darker  shade  beneath,  and  in  sun,  around 
the  stem  a  mottling  or  dotting  of  brownish  red,  bloom  light  blu- 
ish green ;  flesh,  greenish,  juicy,  rich,  excellent,  only  surpassed  by 
Green  Gage.  When  fully  ripe,  separates  freely  from  the  stone ; 
stalk,  half  inch  long,  slender,  inserted  in  a  narrow  cavity.  Season, ' 
middle  August. 

MCLAUGHLIN. 

An  American  variety,  raised  by  James  McLaughlin,  Bangor, 
Maine.  The  tree  is  very  thrifty,  making  stout,  vigorous  shoots  of 
four  to  six  feet  in  a  season ;  but  forming  a  round,  regular  head. 
Originating  so  far  north,  it  will  unquestionably  prove  a  most  valua- 
ble variety  for  northern  culture.  The  fruit,  in  character  of  quality, 
resembles  the  variety  just  previously  described.  Branches,  smooth ; 
leaves,  broad,  glossy ;  fruit,  above  medium,  roundish,  flattened  at 
ends ;  suture,  obscure  ;  skin,  thin,  tender,  russet  yellow,  sprinkled 
with  a  red  tinge,  which  deepens  to  a  purplish  hue  around  the  stalk ; 
flesh,  adhering  to  the  stone,  dull  yellow,  firm,  juicy,  excellent;  stone, 


WORTHY   GENERAL  CULTIVATION.  418 

roundish ;  stalk,  three  fourths  inch  long,  inserted  without  depression. 
Season,  middle  to  last  of  August. 

MADISON. 

An  accidental  seedling  in  the  Denniston  Garden,  Albany,  N.  Y. ; 
and,  according  to  Dr.  Herman  Wendell,  a  hybrid  from  Bleecker's 
Gage  and  Blue  Gage.  Its  flavor,  late  period  of  maturity,  and  hardi- 
hood, commend  it  to  a  first  place.  Branches,  slender,  smooth; 
leaves,  light  green,  slightly  downy  ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish  oval ; 
suture,  slight ;  skin,  light  orange,  with  a  cast  of  greenish  yellow,  in 
sun  mottled  and  spotted  with  lake  carmine,  bloom  thin,  delicate ; 
flesh,  yellow,  firm,  juicy,  rich  and  sweet,  agreeable  flavor,  separates 
freely  from  the  stone,  which  is  small,  oval,  pointed ;  stalk,  three- 
fourths  inch  long,  inserted  in  a  regular,  not  deep  basin.  Season, 
first  to  fifteenth  October. 

OTTOMAN. 

Imperial  Ottoman 

A  foreign  variety,  but  from  whence  is  uncertain.  We  have  fruited 
it  several  years,  and  as  an  early  variety  have  not  met  its  superior. 
The  trees  are  hardy,  regular,  not  rampant  growers,  and  regular, 
abundant  bearers.  Branches,  slightly  downy  ;  fruit,  medium,  round- 
ish oval,  regularly  formed ;  skin,  greenish  yellow,  marbled  with 
darker  shades  in  stripes  underneath  ;  if  permitted  to  hang  it  becomes 
mostly  pale  yellow,  bloom  thin ;  suture,  only  half  way  down  on 
one  side ;  flesh,  yellowish,  juicy,  rich,  sweet,  delicious,  and  when 
fully  ripe  parts  freely  from  the  stone ;  stem,  downy,  three-fourths 
inch  long,  inserted  in  a  cavity  of  moderate  depth.  Season,  last  July. 

PURPLE  FAVORITE. 

This  variety  the  late  A.  J.  Downing  states  to  have  been  planted 
and  grown  by  his  father.  Although  of  dwarfish,  slender  habit,  the 
trees  are  very  hardy,  and  bear  when  young.  For  large  market  or- 
chards it  is  not  as  valuable  as  some  other  varieties,  but  in  private 
gardens  it  should  always  have  a  place.  Branches,  smooth,  short- 
jointed  ;  fruit,  medium,  or  rather  above,  roundish  obovate ;  skin, 
brownish  purple,  dotted  with  golden  specks,  bloom  light  blue ;  flesh, 
pale  greenish,  juicy,  sweet  and  excellent,  and  separating  freely  from 
the  stone,  which  is  small ;  stalk,  three-fourths  inch  long,  depression 
slight.  Season,  last  of  August. 

PURPLE  GAGB. 

Reine  Claude  Violette,         |         Violet  Queen  Claude, 
Die  Violette  Koning  Claudie. 

A  foreign  variety,  moderate  bearer,  but  high  flavor.     Branches, 


414  THE  PLUM. 

smooth,  short-jointed  ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish,  a  little  flattened ; 
suture,  shallow ;  skin,  violet,  dotted  with  pale  yellow,  bloom  light 
blue ;  flesh,  greenish  yellow,  firm,  sugary,  high  flavor  ;  stone,  oval, 
compressed,  from  which  the  flesh  separates  freely ;  stalk,  an  inch 
long,  set  in  a  narrow  basin.  Season,  about  10th  September,  but 
will  hang  a  fortnight,  shrivelling  slightly. 

PRINCE'S  YELLOW  GAGE. 

American  Yellow  Gage,         |         White  Gage, 
Harvest  Gage. 

A  variety  produced  in  1783  by  the  elder  Mr.  Prince,  of  Flush- 
ing, N.  Y.  The  trees  are  abundant  bearers,  and  the  fruit  carries 
well  to  market  and  always  sells  readily,  wherefore  one  reason  for 
placing  it  in  this  class.  As  a  table  fruit  it  is  often  too  dry,  and  does 
not  deserve  to  be  planted  in  small  gardens  where  market  sales  arc 
not  contemplated.  Branches,  smooth,  short-jointed  ;  leaves,  glossy ; 
fruit,  slightly  above  medium  size,  oval,  broadest  near  the  stalk  ; 
suture,  a  mere  line ;  skin,  golden  yellow,  little  clouded,  bloom  white, 
abundant ;  flesh,  yellow,  sugary,  rich,  sometimes  rather  dry,  parts 
freely  from  the  stone ;  stalk,  an  inch  long,  set  in  a  round  cavity. 
Season,  early  in  August ;  at  the  South,  middle  of  June.  It  is  stated, 
also,  at  the  South  to  ripen  gradually,  to  be  juicy,  and  of  the  best. 

RED  GAGE. 

An  American  plum,  raised  from  seed  of  the  Green  Gage,  by  the 
elder  Wm.  Prince,  in  1790.  The  tree  is  of  hardy,  yet  vigorous 
habit,  wood  dark  reddish  color,  and  producing  abundantly  a  fruit 
rather  small,  yet  of  the  best  flavor.  Branches,  smooth ;  leaves,  crim- 
pled  ;  fruit,  hardly  medium  size,  oval,  rounded  ;  skin,  brownish  red, 
bloom  slight ;  flesh,  parting  freely  from  the  stone,  greenish  amber, 
juicy,  sweet,  delicious ;  stalk,  slender  ;  cavity,  narrow.  Season, 
middle  August. 

SAINT  MARTIN'S. 

St.  Martin's  Quetsche. 

A  German  fruit :  the  word  quetsche,  or  prune,  not  applying  to  this 
fruit,  we  prefer  to  drop  it.  It  is  a  juicy,  not  a  dry  prune  plum.  The 
trees  are  good  bearers,  and  the  time  of  ripening  makes  it  profitable 
for  market  or  preserving.  Branches,  smooth ;  fruit,  medium,  or 
rather  above,  ovate,  broadest  at  base ;  skin,  bright  yellow,  dotted  a 
little  with  brownish  red  in  the  sun,  bloom  white ;  flesh,  yellowish, 
juicy,  rich,  excellent.  Season.,  1st  October,  but  will  hang  two  weeks. 

SCHENECTADY. 
Schenectady  Catherine 

An  American  plum,  originated  at  Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  and  first  in- 


FOE  AMATEUR  CULTURE.  415 

troduced  to  notice  and  described  by  Dr.  Herman  Wendell.  Tree, 
thrifty,  hardy,  and  prolific.  Branches,  smooth,  rather  slender  ;  fruit, 
above  medium,  roundish  oval,  broadest  and  slightly  depressed  at 
stem  end ;  suture,  shallow ;  skin,  rich,  deep  purple,  slightly  netted 
on  the  sunny  side ;  flesh,  greenish  yellow,  fine-grained,  melting, 
juicy,  rich,  sweet,  delicious  flavor ;  stone,  small,  thick,  ovate,  parts 
readily  from  the  flesh  ;  slalJc,  three-fourths  inch  long,  rather  slender, 
inserted  in  a  deep,  narrow  cavity.  Season,  last  August. 

WASHINGTON. 

BoJmar,  I         Franklin, 

Bolmar's  Washington,  Parker's  Mammoth, 

New  Washington,  |         Irving's  Bolmar. 

The  original  tree  of  this  variety  grew  on  what,  in  1818,  was  known 
as  Delancey's  Farm,  and  now  constitutes"  a  portion  of  New-York  city, 
known  as  the  Bowery.  It  was  introduced  to  notice,  grown  and  dis- 
tributed by  Michael  Floy,  Esq.,  American  Editor  of  Lindley's  Guide 
to  the  Orchard.  Without  possessing  high  flavor,  the  uniform  hardi- 
hood of  the  tree,  with  its  productive  habit,  large  size  of  fruit,  and 
often  freedom  from  attack  of  curculio,  renders  it  a  most  popular 
variety,  and  for  market  deservedly  so  at  the  North.  In  Georgia, 
and  other  sections  South,  it  is  said  to  be  entirely  flavorless  and  dry, 
so  that  while  we  cannot  avoid  placing  it  in  the  first  list,  it  is  requi- 
site to  give  this  qualification.  Branches,  downy ;  fruit,  large,  round- 
ish oval ;  suture,  obscure,  except  near  the  stalk ;  skin,  dull  yellow, 
with  faint  marblings  of  green,  and  on  the  sunny  side  some  little  red, 
often  dotted ;  flesh,  yellow,  firm,  sweet,  and  separating  freely  from 
a  pointed  stone;  stalk,  nearly  three-fourths  inch  long,  downy, 
planted  in  a  wide,  shallow  basin.  Season,  last  of  August. 


CLASS  II. — New  and  untested  ;  suited  to  certain  localities,  or  grounds 
of  extensive  Amateur  Pomologists. 

AUTUMN  GAGE. 

Roe's  Autumn  Gage. 

American.  Productive,  branches  smooth.  Fruit  medium,  oval,  broad- 
est at  base,  pale  yellow,  whitish  bloom,  flesh  greenish  yellow,  juicy,  sweet, 
separates  freely  from  a  stone  long,  compressed,  and  pointed  at  both  ends  ; 
stalk  three-fourths  inch  long.  September  15. 

ALBANY  BEAUTY. 

Deniston's  Albany  Beauty. 

American.     Branches  slightly  downy.     Fruit  below  medium,  roundish 


416  THE   PLUM. 

oval ;  skin  whitish  green,  with  purple  dots,  bloom  thin ;  flesh  yellow, 
rich,  sweet,  not  juicy,  separates  freely  from  a  small  pointed  stone ;  stalk 
slender,  one  inch  long.  Last  August. 

BLUE  IMPERATRICE. 

Imperatrice,  I         Imperatrice  Violette, 

Veritable  Imperatrice,  |         Violette. 

Foreign.  A  fine  variety,  almost  worthy  the  first  class.  The  true  Blue 
Imperatrice  must  not  be  confounded  with  Semiana  or  Blue  Imperatrice 
of  some  eastern  growers.  (See  Semiana.)  Branches  smooth,  long,  slender. 
Fruit  medium,  obovate,  tapering  to  the  stalk,  deep  purple,  bloom  blue, 
thick ;  flesh  greenish  yellow,  rich,  sugary,  hangs  long  on  the  tree,  adheres 
to  the  stone.  Last  September. 

BlNGHAM. 

American.  Productive,  branches  downy.  Fruit  above  medium,  oval, 
deep  rich  yellow,  dotted  with  red  in  the  sun ;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  rich, 
delicious,  adheres  to  the  stone;  stalk  three-fourths  inch  long,  slightly  sunk. 
Last  August.  "*•". 

BLUE  PLUM. 

Branches  smooth ;  leaves  rather  small ;  tree  productive.  Fruit  me- 
dium, roundish,  scarcely  oval ;  suture  obscure,  dark  blue,  light  blue  bloom ; 
flesh  yellowish  green,  juicy,  sweet,  adheres  to  the  stone ;  stalk  three- 
eighths  inch  long,  inserted  in  a  shallow  cavity.  Season  middle  July,  in 
Georgia ;  middle  August,  here.  Propagated  by  suckers.  Description  by 
W.  N.  White,  Athens,  G-a. 

BUEL'S  FAVORITE. 

American.  Branches  smooth.  Fruit  large,  ovate ;  suture  half  round, 
pale  green,  little  red  next  the  stalk  ;  flesh  greenish  yellow,  firm,  juicy, 
adhering  to  a  long  pointed  stone ;  stalk  three-fourths  inch  long.  Last 
August. 


CHERRY. 


Early  Scarlet, 
Myrobolan, 
Virginian  Cherry, 


D'Amerique  Rouge, 
Primus  Myrobolana, 
Prunus  Cerasifera, 


Der  Virginia,  Miser  Plum, 

Golden  Cherry. 

A  variety  of  which  many  sub-varieties  have  been  and  are  constantly 
being  produced  from  seed.  Its  chief  merit  is  in  the  tree  being  ornamental, 
and  the  fruit  maturing  early.  Being  very  pretty  for  the  dessert,  commands 
ready  sale.  ^  requires  root-pruning  every  two  years,  in  order  to  make 
it  productive.  Branches  smooth.  Fruit  small,  round,  yellow  and  red, 
shaded  and  mottled  ;  flesh  greenish,  juicy,  pleasant,  adhering  closely  to  an 
oval  stone ;  stalk  short,  cavity  narrow.  Middle  of  July.  The  Chickasaw 
Plum  (Prunus  chicasi)  is  very  similar  to  this. 


FOR  AMATEUR   CULTURE.  417 

CLOTH  OF  GOLD. 

Drap  d'Or,  I         Mirabelle  Grosse, 

Mirabelle  Double,          |         Yellow  Perdrigon. 

Foreign.  Productive,  branches  slightly  downy.  Fruit  below  medium, 
round ;  suture  indistinct ;  skin  bright  yellow,  crimson  specks  in  sun ; 
flesh  yellow,  sugary,  rich,  adheres  slightly  to  the  stone.  Early  August. 

COLUMBIA. 

Columbian  Gage. 

American.  Valuable  market  sort,  productive,  succeeds  well  South ; 
branches  downy.  Fruit  large,  globular,  one  side  enlarged ;  skin  brown- 
ish purple,  with  fawn-colored  specks,  blue  bloom ;  flesh  orange,  rather 
coarse,  dry  but  sugary,  separates  freely  from  stone,  which  is  small,  com- 
pressed ;  stalk  an  inch  long ;  cavity  small,  narrow.  Last  August. 

COOPER. 

Cooper's  Red,          |         Cooper's  Large  Red, 
Cooper's  Large  American. 

American.  Described  by  Coxe,  in  1817,  as  grown  from  a  stone  of 
Orleans.  Some  writers  state  it  to  be  identical  with  "  Smith's  Orleans  ;" 
but  we  do  not  so  consider  it.  Fruit  large,  deep  purple,  with  a  bloom ; 
suture  shallow  and  broad ;  stem  three-quarters  inch  long ;  flesh  coarse, 
yellow,  "good.'1  Last  August. 

CRUGER'S  SCARLET. 

Cruger's,  |         Cruger's  Seedling, 

Cruger's  Scarlet  Gage. 

American.  Productive,  and  comparatively  free  from  attacks  of  cur- 
culio.  Branches  downy.  •  Fruit  little  above  medium,  roundish  oval ; 
skin  lilac  red,  with  thin  bluish  bloom  and  yellow  dots,  in  dark  shade  one 
side,  pale  fawn  color ;  flesh  orange,  rather  dry,  rich,  separates  free  from 
stone ;  stalk  half  inch  long  ;  basin  shallow.  Last  August. 

DE    MONTFORT. 

Foreign.  Branches  downy.  Fruit  above  medium,  roundish,  light  pur- 
ple, spotted  with  brownish  yellow,  and  with  blue  bloom ;  flesh  light  yel- 
low, rich  ;  when  fully  ripe,  parts  freely  from  stone ;  stalk  half  inch  long. 
Middle  August. 

DENISTON'S  RED. 

American.  Branches  smooth.  Fruit  medium,  roundish  oval;  suture 
half  round;  skin  light  red,  with  fawn-colored  dots, bloom  thin  ;  flesh  am- 
ber color,  separates  freely  from  a  small,  oval,  compressed  stone ;  stalk  long, 
slender.  Last  August. 

DOWNTON  IMPERATRICE. 
Foreign.     Branches  smooth,  valued   for  preserving.      Fruit  medium, 


418  THE   PLUM. 

oval,  narrowing- to  the  stalk,  pale  yellow;  flesh  yellow,  melting  ;  unless 
fnlly  ripe,  acid,  then  sweet,  adheres  to  the  stone  ;  stalk  three-fourths  inch 
long.  Last  of  September.  Sometimes  grown  as  Yellow  Egg. 

DOMINE  DULL. 

German  Prune,         |         Dutch  Prune, 
Dutch  Quetzen. 

American.  From  seed  of  the  Dutch  Prune ;  productive  and  valuable 
for  drying ;  branches  smooth.  Fruit  medium  size,  long  oval ;  skin  dark 
purple,  nearly  black,  with  blue  bloom  ;  flesh  yellow,  juicy  at  first,  if 
allowed  to  hang  on  the  tree  becomes  dry,  rich  and  sweet,  adheres  to 
stone  ;  stalk  an  inch  long.  September. 

DUANE'S  PURPLE. 

Duane's  Purple  French,         |         English  Pond's  Seedling. 

Foreign.  Branches  downy.  Fruit  large,  oblong  oval,  one  side  enlarged, 
reddish  purple  in  sun.  pale  red  in  shade,  dotted  with  yellow  specks,  lilac 
bloom ;  flesh  amber  color,  juicy,  slightly  acid,  adhering  to  the  stone ; 
stalk  three-fourths  inch  long,  slender,  narrow  cavity.  Early  August. 

EARLY  ROYAL. 

Royal  Hative,         |         Mirian. 

Foreign.  Slow  grower,  and  tender  tree  far  North ;  branches  downy. 
Fruit  medium,  roundish,  light  purple,  dotted  little  with  dull  yellow ;  flesh 
amber  color,  rich,  parts  from  stone;  stalk  half  inch  long,  stout ;  stone 
small.  Last  July. 

EMERALD  DROP. 

American.  Productive ;  branches  smooth.  Fruit  medium,  long  oval, 
one  side  enlarged,  yellowish  green  ;  flesh  greenish  yellow,  juicy,  adheres 
to  the  stone ;  stalk  three-fourths  inch  long.  Last  August. 

EARLY  PURPLE. 


Foreign.  Fruit  small,  roundish,  brownish  purple,  with  a  scanty  light- 
colored  bloom ;  flesh  greenish  yellow,  highly  perfumed,  sweet,  juicy,  parts 
freely  from  stone.  Early  June  at  South,  July  here.  (W.  N.  White,  in 
Horticulturist.) 

ELFREY. 

Elfrey's  Prune. 

American.  Very  productive,  always  valuable  for  drying,  often  very 
fine  for  the  dessert,  succeeds  admirably  at  the  South  ;  branches  smooth. 
Fruit  rather*  below  medium  size,  oval,  blue ;  flesh  greenish,  sweet,  parts 
freely  from  stone.  Middle  August ;  South,  first  July. 


FOR  AMATEUR  CULTURE.  419 

EARLY  FAVORITE. 

Rivers'  Early  No.  1. 

Foreign.  Branches  downy.  Fruit  medium,  roundish  oval,  purple ; 
flesh  melting,  rich,  sweet.  Early  August. 

EARLY  PROLIFIC. 

Rivers'  Early  No.  2. 

Foreign.  Branches  smooth.  Fruit  little  above  medium,  roundish  oval, 
purple ;  flesh  yellowish,  rich,  sweet,  excellent  flavor.  Early  August. 

FROST  GAGE. 

American.  Does  not  answer  well  in  soils  of  only  moderate  richness, 
requires  rich,  moist,  clayey  soil.  On  the  borders  of  the  Hudson  river, 
where  it  originated,  it  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  late-ripening  market 
varieties.  Branches  smooth,  slender,  upright  habit.  Fruit  below  medium, 
roundish  oval ;  suture  half  round,  deep  purple,  bloom  thin  ;  flesh  greenish 
yellow,  juicy,  sweet,  adhering  to  stone ;  stalk  three-fourths  inch  long. 
First  October. 

GALBRAITH. 

An  early  plum,  said  to  have  originated  with  the  late  Mr.  Galbraith,  near 
Boalsburg,  Pa. ;  and  is  represented  as  being  a  straggling  grower,  but  the 
best  early  plum  cultivated-  in  that  vicinity.  An  inch  and  a  half  long  by 
one  and  five-sixteenths  broad,  oval,  purple ;  stem  five-eighths  of  an  inch 
by  one- fourteenth  ;  flesh  tender,  juicy,  adherent  to  the  stone,  flavor  lus- 
cious, quality  "  very  good"  if  not  "best."  (W.  D.  B.)> 

HULING'S  SUPERB. 

This  variety  we  have  little  doubt  will  eventually  command  a  place  in 
the  first  class  :  at  present  it  has  been  little  grown;  Duane's  Purple  being 
almost  invariably  the  variety  distributed  under  this  name.  Leaves  broad, 
large ;  branches  stout,  downy,  with  a  swollen  knob  behind  each  bud. 
Fruit  very  large,  roundish  oval,  shallow  suture ;  skin  dull  greenish  yellow, 
covered  with  pale  bloom ;  flesh  greenish  yellow,  little  coarse  grain,  rich, 
brisk,  sprightly  flavor,  adheres  partially  to  the  stone;  stalk  an  inch  long, 
swollen  at  its  junction  with  the  tree,  and  set  in  a  round,  small  cavity. 
Middle  August. 

HOWELL'S  EARLY. 

American.  Branches  slender,  gray,  downy.  Fruit  below  medium, 
oval  angular;  suture  indistinct,  light  brown,  greenish  yellow  in  the 
shade,  thin  blue  bloom  ;  flesh  amber  color,  juicy,  sweet,  separates  freely 
from  a  small  oval  stone;  stalk  three-fourths  inch  long,  slender.  Last 
July. 

How's  AMBER. 
American.    Branches  slightly  downy.    Fruit  medium,  roundish ;  skin 


-120  THE   PLUM. 

amber  color,  dotted  and  mottled  with  rose ;  flesh  yellow,  a  little  coarse, 
adhering  to  the  stone,  rich,  fine  flavor.    Season  last  August.    (Hov.  Mag.) 

HOWARD'S  FAVORITE. 

American.  Fruit  large,  roundish  obovate,  slight  neck  ;  stem  one  inch ; 
color  orange  yellow,  shaded  with  red,  and  reddish  spots ;  flesh  yellow, 
juicy,  sub-acid,  "good."  September.  New. 

HUDSON  GAGE. 

American.  Somewhat  like  Imperial  G-age,  but  earlier.  Branches 
downy.  Fruit  medium,  oval,  enlarged  one  side;  suture  obscure ;"  skin 
yellow,  clouded  as  if  underneath  with  stripes  of  green ;  bloom  white ; 
flesh  greenish,  juicy,  sprightly,  and  mostly  parts  from  the  stone,  which  is 
small ;  stalk  half  inch  long.  Early  August. 

IMPERIAL  OF  MILAN. 

Imperiale  de  Milan. 

Foreign.  Fruit  large,  oval,  deep  purple,  juicy,  sugary.  October.  (T. 
Rivers,  in  Hort.) 

ISABELLA. 

Foreign.  Branches  downy.  Fruit  above  medium,  oval,  dull  red,  mot- 
tled ;  flesh  yellow,  rich,  juicy,  parting  freely  from  the  stone  when  fully 
ripe ;  stalk  three- fourths  inch  long.  Last  August. 

ICKWORTH  IMPERATRICE. 

Knight's  No.  6. 

Foreign.  North  this  does  not  ripen  well ;  in  the  Middle  and  Southern 
States  it  promises  yet  to  become  a  first-class  plum,  on  account  mainly  of  its 
period  of  ripening.  Branches  smooth.  Fruit  above  medium,  obovate, 
purple,  with  irregular  tracings  of  fawn  yellow;  flesh  greenish  yellow, 
sweet,  juicy,  and  mostly  adhering  to  a  small  stone ;  stalk  half  inch  long, 
thick.  Early  October.  If  gathered  by  hand,  wrapped  in  'paper,  and  laid 
in  a  dry  place,  will  keep  a  month. 

ITALIAN  DAMASK. 

Damas  d'ltalie. 

Foreign.  Productive,  succeeds  finely  South.  Branches  smooth.  Fruit 
medium,  roundish,  flattened  at  base ;  suture  half  round  ;  skin  violet,  be- 
coming brown  ;  flesh  yellowish  green,  firm,  sweet,  separating  from  a  thick 
oval  stone ;  stalk  half  inch  long,  slender ;  cavity  small.  Last  August 
Bears  well  in  all  soils. 

KIRKE'S. 

Foreign.  Branches  smooth.  Fruit  medium,  round,  dark  purple,  thick 
blue  bloom ;  flesh  greenish  yellow,  firm,  rich,  separating  freely  from  a 
broad  flat  stone ;  stalk  three-fourths  inch  long.  Last  August. 


FOR  AMATEUR    CULTURE.  421 

LONG  SCARLET. 

Scarlet  Gage. 

American.  Branches  downy.  Fruit  medium,  oblong  obovate,  one  side 
enlarged,  tapers  toward  the  stalk,  bright  red  in  sun,  pale  yellowish  red  in 
shade ;  bloom  lilac  ;  flesh  yellow,  rich,  juicy,  acid,  adheres  to  the  stone ;  stalk 
three-fourths  inch  long  in  a  narrow  cavity.  Last  of  August.  A  good 
market  sort,  valued  for  making  jelly. 

MlRABELLE. 
Mirabelle  Petite,          |          Mirabelle  Jaune. 

Foreign.  Branches  downy.  Fruit  small,  obovate ;  suture  distinct ; 
skin  yellow,  spotted  with  red  ;  bloom  white ;  flesh  orange,  sweet,  sprightly, 
separates  from  stone ;  stalk  half  inch  long.  Early  August. 

MAMELONNE. 

Foreign.  Fruit  medium,  round,  with  a  knob-like  protuberance  where 
joined  to  the  stalk,  occasional  specimens  with  unequal  surface  ;  skin  green- 
ish, spotted  with  red;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  rich,  and  parts  freely  from  the 
stone.  Early  August. 

MARTEN'S  SEEDLING. 

A  variety  said  by  C.  Eeagles,  of  Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  to  have  originated 
there,  and  to  be  a  yellow  plum  of  the  finest  quality.  We  have  not  seen  it. 

MEDITERRANEAN. 

This  is  also  said  by  Mr.  Reagles  to  be  a  seedling  of  Central  New  York, 
very  large,  early  and  superior. 

MOROCCO. 

Early  Morocco,         1         Early  Black  Morocco, 
Black  Morocco,  Early  Damask, 

Black  Damask. 

Foreign.  Moderate  bearer.  Branches  downy.  Fruit  medium,  round- 
ish, shallow  suture ;  skin  dark  purple  ;  bloom  thin ;  flesh  greenish  yel- 
low, slightly  adhering  to  the  stone,  juicy,  rich  and  sweet ;  stalk  half  inch 
long.  Early  August. 

MANNING'S  PRUNE. 

Manning's  Long  Blue  Prune,         |         Large  Long  Blue, 
Manning's  Long  Blue. 

American.  A  sub- variety  of  the  German  prune,  and  superior  thereto. 
Branches  smooth.  Fruit  large,  long  oval,  a  little  one-sided ;  skin  dark 
purple,  thick  blue  bloom ;  flesh  greenish  yellow,  firm,  .rather  juicy,  sweet, 
pleasant,  separates  readily  from  a  long  pointed  stone  ;  stalk  long,  slender. 
September. 

MULBERRY. 

American.     Branches  stout,  smooth.      Fruit  large,  oval,  narrowing  to 


422  THE  PLUM. 

the  stalk,  pale  yellow,  with  dots  of  red  in  sun ;  flesh  greenish  yellow, 
coarse-grained,  adheres  to  an  oblong  pointed  stone ;  stalk  an  inch  long, 
slender.  First  September. 

NOTA  BENE. 

Corse's  Nota  Bene,         |  Dictator  ? 


long,  in  a  round  basin.     First  September. 

OCTOBER  GREEN  GAGE. 

Reine  Claude  Tardive,          |          Reine  Claude  d'Octobre. 

Foreign.  Branches  slightly  downy.  Fruit  small,  round,  yellowish 
green,  marbled  and  dotted  slightly  with  red  in  the  sun  ;  flesh  yellowish, 
juicy,  melting,  rich,  separating  freely  from  the  stone  ;  stalk  slender.  First 
to  15th  October. 

ORANGE. 

Orange  Gage. 

American.  Branches  smooth.  Fruit  very  large,  oval,  flattened  at  both 
ends,  bronze  yellow,  clouded  with  purplish  red  near  the  stalk ;  flesh  yel- 
low, coarse-grained,  adhering  slightly  to  the  stone ;  stalk  three  fourths 
inch  long,  in  a  narrow  round  cavity.  Last  of  August. 

PEACH  PLUM. 

Prune  Peche. 

Foreign.  Long  cultivated  at  Schenectady,  N.  T.,  as  the  French  plum,  it 
having  been  received  from  France,  and  lost  its  name  on  the  voyage  :  was 
only  recognized  of  late  as  the  old  Prune  Peche  of  French  authors.  It  is 
tender  at  the  North,  and  an  indifferent  bearer.  Branches  smooth.  Fruit 
very  large,  shaped  much  like  a  peach,  one  side  enlarged,  wider  than  deep, 
light  brownish  red,  with  small  yellow  dots  ;  flesh  pale  yellow,  coarse- 
grained, slightly  sub-acid,  separates  freely  from  the  stone,  which  is  round 
and  much  furrowed;  stalk  short.  Last  July,  first  August. 

PRINCE  OF  WALES. 

Chapman's  Prince  of  Wales. 

Foreign.  Branches  smooth.  Fruit  medium,  oval,  bright  purplish  pink, 
bloom  abundant :  flesh  pale  yellow,  sweet,  separates  from  stone.  Last 
August. 

PRUNE  OF  AGEN. 


Agen  Date,  I  D'Agen, 

Prune  d'Agen,  Prune  d'Ast, 

St.  Maurin. 

Foreign.     Valuable  only  for  drying.     Branches  smooth.    Fruit  medium, 


FOR   AMATEUR   CULTURE.  423 

obovate  flattened,  purple,  with  a  blue  bloom ;  flesh  greenish  yellow,  sweet; 
stalk  short.     October. 

PETER'S  YELLOW  GAGE. 

American.  Eesembles  Cloth  of  Gold.  Tree  rather  longer  jointed,  and 
fruit  separates  freely  from  the  stone.  August. 

QUEEN  CLAUDE  OF  BAVAY. 

Reine  Claude  de  Bavay. 

Foreign.  Branches  smooth.  Fruit  medium,  roundish  oval,  greenish 
yellow,  spotted  with  red ;  flesh  firm,  juicy,  sweet,  rich,  adhering  slightly 
to  the  stone ;  stem  short.  Last  September.  This  variety  has  been,  as 
we  think,  over-praised. 

RED  SAINT  MARTIN. 

Saint  Martin  Rouge,         I         Prunier  de  St.  Martin, 

Saint  Martin,  |         Coe's  Fine  Late  Red, 

Coe's  Late  Red. 

Foreign.  Branches  downy.  Fruit  medium  size,  roundish ;  suture  half 
round,  well  marked  ;  skin  light  purplish  red,  thin  blue  bloom  ;  flesh  yel- 
lowish, juicy,  vinous,  separating  freely  from  the  stone ;  stalk  three-fourths 
inch  long,  stout.  October.  In  Northern  locations  it  does  not  always 
mature  its  fruit. 

RED  DIAPER. 

Diapree  Rouge,         1         Roche  Corbon, 
Minims,  j         Imperial  Diadem. 

Foreign.  Slow  grower,  branches  nearly  smooth.  Fruit  above  medium, 
obovate,  brownish  red  and  purple,  light  blue  bloom  ;  flesh  pale . green, 
juicy,  melting,  very  good ;  stalk  slender,  slightly  hairy,  parts  free  from 
stone.  Last  August. 

ROYALE. 
La  Royale. 

Foreign.  Branches  very  downy.  Fruit  medium  or  slightly  above, 
roundish,  reddish  purple,  with  light  brown  specks,  thick  pale  bloom  ;  flesh 
dull  yellow,  rather  firm,  juicy,  vinous,  parts  freely  from  a  small  roundish 
stone  ;  stalk  three-fourths  inch,  cavity  narrow.  Last  August,  and  hangs 
to  middle  September. 

ROYAL  OF  TOURS. 

Royale  de  Tours,         |  Royal  Tours. 

Foreign.  Branches  downy.  Fruit  large,  roundish  ;  suture  deep,  giving 
appearance  of  one  side  enlarged,  lively  red  in  shade,  violet  in  sun,  minute 
golden  dots,  blue  bloom  ;  stalk  stout,  cavity  narrow  ;  flesh  greenish,  firm, 
with  abundant  juice,  adheres  closely  to  large,  oval,  flattened  stone.  Early 
August. 


424  THE   PLUM. 

SHARP'S  EMPEROR. 

Denyer's  Victoria,         |  Queen  Victoria. 

Foreign.  Branches  downy.  Fruit  large,  roundish  oval,  lively  red  in 
sun,  paler  in  shade ;  flesh  yellow,  separates  from  stone,  pleasant  flavor. 
Middle  September. 

THOMAS. 

American.  Hovey,  in  Mag.  of  Hort,  says  this  is  a  seedling  of  Mr. 
Thomas,  Boston,  Mass.  We  take  from  his  description.  Branches  stout, 
slightly  downy.  Fruit  large,  oblong,  flattened  at  apex,  shallow  suture, 
dark  amber  color,  mottled  and  shaded  with  red,  sprinkled  with  white  dots 
and  whitish  bloom ;  flesh  deep  yellow,  sweet,  separating  from  a  large 
roundish  ovate  stone ;  stalk  half  inch,  stout,  deeply  inserted.  September. 

SMITH'S  ORLEANS. 

La  Delicieusc. 

American.  Originated  by  a  Mr.  Smith,  on  Long  Island,  and  first  de- 
scribed by  Prince.  As  a  market  plum  this  is  a  fine  variety,  but  for  des- 
sert it  is  deficient  in  richness  and  flavor  on  moist  strong  soils.  Branches 
stout,  nearly  smooth.  Fruit  large,  oval  oblong,  largest  at  base ;  suture 
half  round ;  skin  deep  purplish  red,  with  small  golden  specks  and  deep 
blue  bloom  ;  flesh  yellow,  tender,  juicy,  adhering  closely  to  a  large  ovate 
stone  ;  stalk  short,  inserted  in  a  deep  round  cavity.  Last  August. 


YELLOW  EGG. 


Yellow  Magnum  Bonum, 
White  Magnum  Bonum , 
White  Egg, 
Egg  Plum, 
White  Mogul, 
Askew's  Golden  Egg, 
Col.  Young's  Seedling, 


mperial, 
olland, 


White  H 
Wentworth, 
Dame  Ambert, 


Jaune, 


Grosse  Luisante. 


Blanche, 


Foreign.  Numerous  seedlings  are  produced  from  this  variety,  differing 
little  from  the  parent.  "  Long's  Yellow  "  is  one  considerably  distributed 
West.  It  is  a  variety  only  esteemed  for  cooking  purposes.  Branches 
smooth.  Fruit  large,  oval,  narrowing  at  ends,  suture  distinct;  skin 
yellow,  white  dots,  and  thin  white  bloom ;  flesh  yellow,  adhering  mostly 
to  the  stone ;  stalk  long,  surrounded  at  insertion  by  fleshy  ring.  Middle 
to  last  August. 


CLASS  III.—  Unworthy  Farther  Culture. 
APRICOT. 

Apricot  Plum  of  Tours,         I         Abricotee, 
Abricotee  de  Tours,  |         Yel'nw  Apricot, 

Red  Apricot. 

Foreign.    Branches  downy.     Fruit  medium,  roundish,  yellow,  with  red ; 
flesh  yellow,  bitter.    Freestone.    August. 


UNWORTHY  OF   CULTIVATION.  425 

AMERICAN  WHEAT. 

American.     Branches  smooth.     Fruit  small,  round,  blue ;   flesh  greenish. 
Clingstone.     August. 

ADMIRAL. 

Corse's  Admiral. 

Canadian.    Branches  downy.    Fruit  medium,  oval,  light  purple  ;  flesh  green- 
ish yellow.     Clingstone.     September. 

BREVOORT'S  PURPLE.     . 

New  York  Purple,  |         Brevoort's  Purple  Bolmar, 

Brevoort's  Purple  Washington. 

American.    Branches  smooth.    Fruit  large,  oval,  reddish  purple  ;  flesh  yel- 
lowish.   Clingstone.    September. 

BLUE  GAGE. 

Azure  Hative,         |         Black  Perdrigon, 
Little  Blue  Gage. 

Foreign.     Branches  downy.    Fruit  small,  round,  blue  ;  flesh  greenish.  Free- 
stone.   August. 

BYFIELD. 

American.    Branches  smooth.    Fruit  small,  round,  light  yellow  ;  flesh  yel- 
low.   Clingstone.    August. 

BLUE  PERDRIGON. 

Violet  Perdrigon,  I         Brignole  Violette, 

-  Perdrigon  Violette,         |         Battle  Monument, 

Foreign.      Branches  downy.     Fruit  medium,  oval,  reddish  purple  ;  flesh 
greenish  yellow.    Clingstone.    August. 

BEACH  PLUM. 
Native  of  the  sea-coast.    Fruit  small,  reddish,  astringent. 

CROFT'S  EARLY. 

A  small  reddish  blue  fruit,  with  yellow  flesh,  dry  and  devoid  of  flavor. 

August. 

COPPER. 

French  Copper. 

Foreign.     Branches  smooth.     Fruit  medium,  oval,  bluish  copper;  flesh 
greenish.    Freestone.    September. 


Cheston  MatchU 


CHESTON. 

:ss,         I         Matchless, 
Violet  Diaper. 


Foreign.     Branches  downy.    Fruit  small,  oval,  purple  ;  flesh  yellow.    Free- 
stone.   August. 


426  THE  PLUM. 

DIAMOND. 

Foreign.  Branches  downy.  Fruit  large,  oval,  purplish  black ;  flesh  yellow, 
dry.  Freestone.  September. 

DANA'S  YELLOW  GAGE. 

American.  Branches  downy.  Fruit  medium,  oval,  pale  yellow  ;  flesh  yel- 
lowish. Clingstone.  September. 

DAMSON. 

Common  Damson,          |         Purple  Damson, 
Early  Damson. 

A  variety  common  in  all  gardens,  increased  by  seeds  and  suckers  ;  many 
sub-varieties,  under  names  of  Winter  Damson,  Prune  Damson,  Sweet  Damson, 
&c.  Branches  downy.  Fruit  small,  oval,  purplish  blue  :  flesh  greenish,  par- 
tially free.  September  to  November. 

EARLY  YELLOW. 

Jaune  Hative,  Jaune  de  Catalogue, 

Catalonian,  Prune  de  St.  Barnabee, 

White  Primordian,  D'Avoine, 

Amber  Primordian,  Picket's  July, 

Foreign.  Branches  downy.  Fruit  small,  oval,  pale  yellow  ;  flesh  yellow. 
Freestone.  July. 

EARLY  TOURS. 

Precoce  de  Tours,  1         Violet  Hative, 

Early  Violet,  Noire  Hative, 

Violet  de  Tours. 

Foreign.  Branches  downy.  Fruit  medium,  oval,  deep  purple  ;  flesh  green- 
ish yellow,  fibrous.  Clingstone.  Early  August ;  poor  bearer. 

FIELD  MARSHAL. 

*  Corse's  Field  Marshal . 

Canadian.     Fruit  medium,  oval ;  flesh  greenish  yellow.  Clingstone.    August. 

FOTHERINGHAM. 
Sheen,         |         Grove  House  Purple. 

Foreign.  Branches  smooth.  Fruit  medium,  obovate,  reddish  purple  ;  flesh 
greenish  yellow.  Freestone.  August. 

GUTHRIE'S  APRICOT. 

Guthrie's  Apricot  Plum. 

Foreign.  Branches  downy.  Fruit  medium,  oval,  yellow,  with  crimson  dots  ; 
flesh  yellow.  Clingstone.  August. 

GENERAL  HAND. 

American.  Branches  nearly  smooth.  Fruit  large,  roundish  oval,  yellow 
marbled ;  flesh  pale  yellow.  Freestone.  September. 


UNWORTHY   OF  CULTIVATION.  427 

GERMAN  PRUNE. 

Quetsche,  |         Leipzic, 


Common  Quetsche, 
True  German  Prune, 
Turkish  Quetsche, 


Sweet  Prune, 
Damask, 
Quetsche  Grosse, 


^,  VJUGIO^ 

Prune  d'Allemagne. 

A  variety  with  numerous  sub-varieties,  the  best  of  which  is  "  Manning's 
Prune,"  previously  described.  Branches  smooth.  Fruit  long  oval,  purple  ; 
flesh  greenish.  Freestone.  September. 

GHISTON'S  EARLY. 

American.  Branches  smooth.  Fruit  large,  oval,  yellow  ;  flesh  yellow.  Free- 
stone. August. 

GOLIATH. 

Caledonian,  I         Steer's  Emperor, 

Saint  Cloud,  j         Wilmot's  Late  Orleans. 

Foreign.  Branches  downy.  Fruit  large,  roundish  oblong,  purplish  red  ; 
flesh  yellow.  Clingstone.  August. 

GwALSH. 

American.  Branches  smooth.  Fruit  large,  obovate,  dark  purple  ;  flesh  yel- 
low, acid.  Clingstone.  August. 

GIFFORD'S  LA  FAYETTE. 

American.  Fruit  medium,  long  oval,  purplish  blue  5  flesh  yellowish.  Sep- 
tember. 

HORSE  PLUM. 

Large  Early  Damson,         |         Sweet  Damson. 

American.  Seedlings  make  good  stocks  for  budding.  Branches  downy. 
Fruit  medium,  oval,  reddish  purple  ;  flesh  greenish  yellow.  Freestone.  August. 


HOLLAND. 

Blue  Holland,         |         Holland  Prune. 

Foreign.    Branches  downy.    Fruit  medium,  round,  reddish  purple  ;  flesh 
yellowish.    Freestone.     September. 

JUDSON. 

American.    Fruit  small,  roundish  oval,  reddish  pink,  mottled  ;   flesh  yel- 
lowish ;  stone  large,  free.    August. 

LARGE  GREEN  DRYING. 

Knight's  Large  Green  Drying.  -    % 

Foreign.    Branches  smooth.     Fruit  large,  round,  greenish  yellow  ;   flesh 
yellowish.    Clingstone,  insipid.    September. 


428  THE  PLUM. 

LUCOMBE'S  NONSUCH. 

Foreign.     Branches  smooth.     Fruit  medium,  roundish,  yellowish  green  ; 
flesh  greenish.    Clingstone.     August. 


LITTLE  QUEEN  CLAUDE. 


Yellow  Gage  (of  the  English,) 
Petite  Reine  Claude, 
Reine  Claude  Blanche, 


Small  Green  G 
Gonne's  Gree 
White  Gage. 


en  Gage, 
reen  Gage, 


Foreign.    Branches  smooth.    Fruit  small,  round,  yellowish  green,  with  red 
spots  ;  flesh  pale  yellow.    Freestone.    August. 

MUSCLE. 
Foreign.     Only  grown  for  stocks.    Fruit  oblong,  dark  red,  large  stone. 

NECTARINE. 

Caledonian?        |         Howell's  Large. 

Foreign.    Branches  smooth.    Fruit  large,  roundish,  purple  ;  flesh  greenish 
yellow,  partially  clingstone.    August. 

ORLEANS. 

Monsieur,  I         Old  Orleans. 

Monsieur  Ordinaire,       |         Red  Damask, 
Italian  Damask  'of  some. 

Foreign.    Branches  downy.     Fruit  medium,  round,  reddish  purple  ;  flesh 
yellowish.    Freestone.    August. 

PENOBSCOT. 

American.    Fruit  large,  oval,  greenish  yellow,  little  red  in  sun ;  flesh  yellow. 
Clingstone.     September. 

POND'S  SEEDLING. 

Pond's  Purple. 

American.    Branches  downy.    Fruit  medium,  roundish,  purple  ;   flesh  yel- 
lowish.   Freestone.    August. 

PEOLY'S  EARLY  BLUE. 

American.    Branches  downy.    Fruit  medium,  <*blong,  dark  blue  ;  flesh  yel- 
low, partly  free.    August. 

QUEEN  MOTHER. 

Red  Queen  Mother,         |         Pigeon's  Heart, 
Damas  Violet. 

Foreign.    Branches  smooth.    Fruit  small,  round,  purplish  red  in  sun,  amber 
in  shade  ;  flesh  yellow.    Freestone.    September. 

RED  EGG. 

Red  Magnum  Bonum,          I         Red  Imperial  of  some, 
Askew's  Purple  Egg,  Purple  Magnum  Bonum, 

Purple  Egg,  I         Florence. 

Branches  smooth.    Long  and  extensively  grown.  It  is  far  surpassed  by  many 


UNWORTHY  OF   CULTIVATION.  429 

:     "  5^       . 

others  ripening  at  same  time.    Fruit  large,  oval,  deep  red,  with  gray  dots ; 
flesh  greenish,  coarse.    Freestone.    September. 

RED  IMPERIAL. 

Imperial  Rouge,         |         Early  Forcing. 

Foreign.  Branches  slightly  downy.  Fruit  large,  oval,  reddish  violet ;  flesh 
greenish  yellow.  Freestone.  September. 

RED  PERDRIGON. 

Perdrigon  Rouge. 

Foreign.  Branches  downy.  Fruit  medium,  roundish  oval,  deep  red,  lilac 
bloom  ;  flesh  yellow.  Freestone.  August. 

ST.  JOHN'S. 

Prune  de  St.  Jean. 

Foreign.  Branches  downy.  Fruit  medium,  purplish  blue  ;  flesh  greenish 
yellow.  August. 

SEMIANA  OF  BOSTON. 

.  This  has  been  thought  to  be  the  Imperatrice  Violette  of  old  Duhamel.  We 
are  not  prepared  to  sayr  and  as  it  is  condemned  by  all  growers,  do  not  think  it 
worth  looking  after.  Branches  smooth.  Fruit  medium,  oval,  dark  blue  ;  flesh 
harsh,  acid.  Clingstone.  September. . 

»,  .  SUISSE. 

Simiana,  I         Swiss  Plum, 

Prune  Suisse,  Monsieur  Tardif, 

Prune  d'AUesse. 

Foreign.  Branches  smooth.  Fruit  above  medium,  round,  violet  red  ;  flesh 
greenish  yellow,  acid.  Clingstone.  September. 

SIAMESE. 

American.  Branches  smooth,  Fruit  grows  in  pairs,  which  is  its  only  merit, 
pale  yellow ;  flesh  yellow.  Clingstone.  September. 

STABELER'S  SEEDLING. 

American.  Branches  downy.  Fruit  medium,  oval,  greenish  yellow,  with 
white  specks ;  flesh  yellowish.  Clingstone.  August. 

ST.  CATHERINE. 

Foreign.  Branches  smooth,  valued  in  France  for  drying,  surpassed  here  by 
varieties  of  later  origin.  Fruit  medium,  obovate,  pale  yellow,  little  red  in 
sun  j  flesh  yellow.  Clingstone.  September. 

VIRGIN. 

Virginale* 

Foreign.  Branches  smooth.  Fruit  medium,  roundish,  purple ;  flesh  yellow. 
Freestone.  September. 


430  THE  PLUM. 

WILDE'S. 

American.    Fruit  large,  oval  oblong,  greenish  yellow  ;  flesh  yellowish  green. 
Clingstone.    July. 

WHITE  DAMSON. 

Late  Yellow  Damson,          I         Shailer's  White  Damson, 
White  Prune  Damson,          |         White  Damascene. 

Foreign.    Branches  smooth.    Fruit  small,  oval,  pale  yellow,  few  red  spots  5 
flesh  yellow.    Clingstone.    September. 

WHITE  IMPERATRICE. 

White  Empress,          |         Imperatrice  Blanche. 

Foreign.    Branches  smooth.    Fruit  medium,  obovate,  bright  yellow,  few  red 
spots  ;  flesh  yellow.    Freestone.    September. 

WHITE  PERDRIGON. 

Perdrigon  Blanc,         |         Maitre  Claude, 
Brignole. 

Foreign.     Branches  downy.     Fruit  medium,  oval,    greenish  yellow,  red 
spots  in  sun  ;  flesh  pale  yellow.    Clingstone.    August. 


THE   QUINCE. 

Cydonia  vulgaris,  Dec.    Rosacece  of  Botanists. 

THE  Quince  is  a  tree  of  crooked,  tortuous,  rambling  branches,  and 
in  the  usual  neglected  state  in  which  it  is  cultivated,  seldom  reaches 
a  height  of  over  fifteen  feet.  In  rich,  deep  soils,  however,  it  will 
acquire  a  height  of  twenty -five  to  thirty  feet.  While  young  and 
in  the  nursery,  it  is  of  rather  rapid  growth;  but  after  the  trees 
commence  fruiting,  the  growth  is  less  rapid,  and  is  more  spreading 
than  upright.  The  botanical  name,  Cydonia,  is  said  to  be  from  its 
first  attracting  notice  in  the  city  of  Cydon,  Candia.  The  largest 
tree  on  record  is  growing  in  the  neighborhood  of  Geneva,  New- 
York,  and  is,  according  to  the  "  Horticulturist,"  thirty  feet  high, 
with  a  trunk  girthing  six  feet,  and  branches  extending  over  a  circle 
seventy-five  feet  in  circumference.  In  the  Journal  of  the  London 
Horticultural  Society,  a  variety  is  spoken  of  as  existing  in  Persia, 
of  which  the  fruit  acquires  the  weight  of  fifty  to  sixty  ounces,  and 
ripened,  loses  all  its  austerity,  so  that  it  is  eaten  at  the  dessert  like 
a  soft,  ripe  pear.  No  such  variety  has,  however,  yet  found  its  way 
to  our  shores,  and  it  is  somewhat  doubtful  if  it  exists.  The  large, 
pale  pink  blossoms  of  the  quince  make  it  rather  ornamental ;  and 
appearing,  as  they  do,  after  other  fruit  trees  have  done  blooming,  it 
is  almost  certain  to  escape  late  frosts,  and  annually  produce  fruit. 
We  have  often  wondered  at  the  taste  that  cultivates  carefully  a  bush 
of  privet  or  snowberry,  while  the  quince  is  neglected  in  some  se- 
cluded, shaded  corner.  . .  ;,.  ^ 

PROPAGATION. — By  Seed. — The  seed  should  be  saved  by  cutting 
out  the  cores  and  seeds,  and  laying  them  in  a  heap  for  a  few  days, 
or  until  they  become  soft,  when  rubbing  in  water  and  passing  the 
pulpy  part  through  a  sieve  leaves  the  seeds  clear.  They  should 
then  be  mixed  with  damp  sand  in  shallow  boxes,  and  placed  in  a 
cool  cellar  or  outhouse  until  spring — care  being  taken  that  they  do 
not  get  dry,  nor  yet  wet  enough  to  decay.  In  spring,  sow  thinly,  in 
drills,  good,  rich,  deep  soil,  and  cover  about  two  inches  deep. 

By  Cuttings. — These  are  usually  taken  off  in  spring  early,  from 
wood  of  last  year's  growth,  and  are  about  one  foot  long  each.  The 
buds  should  all  be  cut  out,  except  the  two  upper  ones,  and  the 
cutting  set  erect  ten  inches  deep,  in  rich,  moist,  sandy  soil.  If 
ground  is  available  where  moisture  can  be  insured  in  summer, 
without  overplus  in  winter,  the  month  of  September  is  best  for 

(481) 


432  THE   QUINCE. 

making  and  putting  in  the  cuttings.  Small  beds  may  be  made, 
well  shaded  from  noonday  sun,  and  watered  during  the  summer 
season. 

By  Layers. — These  are  usually  made  in  spring,  by  bending  down 
and  pegging,  as  described  in  a  previous  part  of  this  work.  They 
usually  form  roots  the  first  season,  and  will  answer  the  following 
spring  to  be  cut  from  the  parent  plant  and  transplanted  into  nursery- 
rows. 

By  Roots. — Small  pieces  of  the  roots,  from  four  to  six  inches 
long  each,  taken  off  in  spring,  and  planted  with  the  upper  end 
about  two  inches  under  ground,  will  throw  up  fine  shoots  during  the 
season.  For  propagating  the  Cydonia  Japonica,  or  Japan  Quince, 
this  is  decidedly  the  best  way. 

By  Budding  and  Grafting. — The  Portugal  and  Orange  Quince, 
being  the  most  valuable,  are  often  propagated  by  budding  and 
grafting ;  and  when  quince  stocks  for  the  purpose  are  not  on  hand, 
the  common  white  thorn  answers  a  very  good  purpose — often  doing 
even  better  than  the  quince,  in  poor  soils,  or  in  the  hands  of  those 
who  neglect  cultivation. 

SOIL. — The  soil,  for  successful  growth,  should  be  rich,  deep — say 
two  feet — and  regularly  cultivated,  or,  in  other  words,  free  of  grass 
or  weeds.  Barn-yard  manure,  with  salt  in  abundance,  mixed,  and 
allowed  to  lie  six  months  before  being  applied  and  spaded-in  around 
the  trees,  will  often  render  trees  deemed  unproductive,  and  of  poor 
quality,  productive,  and  of  the  best.  New  plantations,  if  to  be 
made  in  old  worn-out  soils,  should  first  have  a  liberal  dressing  of 
virgin-earth  or  leaf-mould  from  woods.  Free  use  of  liquid  manures, 
applied  during  winter  and  spring,  have  to  our  knowledge  kept  a 
plantation  of  the  quince  in  fine  health  and  bearing  for  upwards  of 
thirty  years.  Bog-earth,  or  salt  marsh-mud,  is  frequently  used  in 
the  States  bordering  on  the  ocean  or  salt  water. 

SITUATION. — A  shaded  situation,  and  moist,  has  been  almost  uni- 
versally advised;  neither  of  which  is  at  all  essential.  Shade,  on 
the  contrary,  is  objectionable;  while,  in  soils  well  supplied  with 
manures  and  salt,  moisture  sufficient  will  always  be  found. 

TRANSPLANTING,  PRUNING,  AND  DISTANCE  APART. — The  Quince  is 
hardy,  and  the  fall  is  best  for  transplanting ;  but,  when  not  conve- 
nient, its  roots  strike  so  readily  that  no  one  should  be  deterred,  even 
if  left  until  late  in  spring.  Newly-planted  trees  should  be  pruned 
back  very  closely,  or  say  two-thirds  of  the  last  year's  growth  cut 


INSECTS— USES.  433 

away,  and  all  branches  for  a  distance  of  eighteen  inches  from  the 
crown  cut  away,  thus  leaving  the  tree  with  a  stem  or  body  of 
eighteen  inches — just  sufficient  to  enable  one  to  dig  and  cultivate 
around  it  underneath  the  branches.  The  distance  apart  for  trees 
destined  for  an  orchard  should  be  about  twelve  feet  each  way. 
The  object  of  pruning  orchard  trees  should  be,  to  keep  the  head 
open  and  regular — cutting  away  all  crossing  limbs  and  suckers. 
"  The  bearing  branches,  or  spurs  of  the  quince,  are  small  twiggy 
shoots,  produced  on  wood  at  least  two  years  old.  These  bear  two, 
three,  or  more  fruit-buds.  These  produce  shoots  two  or  three 
inches  long,  on  the  point  of  which  the  fruit  is  borne  singly.  These 
spurs  have  always  wood-buds,  as  well  as  fruit-buds,  and  therefore 
should  be  shortened  back  the  spring  after  they  have  borne,  in  order 
to  produce  new  spurs  at  the  same  point." 

INSECTS,  ETC. — "The  borer  sometimes  proves  a  formidable  enemy. 
It  is  the  larva  of  an  insect  which  attacks  the  wood  of  the  trunk,  near 
the  surface  of  the  ground,  and  works  inwards,  usually  upwards,  but 
sometimes  downwards,  to  a  distance  of  several  inches  into  the  wood, 
during  the  summer  season. 

"As  the  borer  frequently  destroys  the  tree,  various  means  of  pre- 
vention have  been  resorted  to.  The  remedies  described  for  the 
apple-borer  are  found  useful.  When  the  insect  has  once  obtained 
possession,  the  best  method  appears  to  be  direct  attack.  Scrape 
the  soil  from  the  trunk,  and  cut  with  a  knife  lengthwise,  and  not 
across  the  bark  and  wood,  till  the  insects  are  found.  Repeat  the 
operation  once  a  wreek  for  several  times,  as  a  part  escape  the  first 
examination.  Then  cover  the  wounded  parts  with  a  mixture  of 
warm  tar  and  ochre  or  brickdust.  It  is  a  great  saving  of  labor  to 
arrest  early  their  progress;  hence,  trees  should  be  examined  fre- 
quently. They  may  sometimes  be  extracted  by  a  flexible  barbed 
wire,  when  cutting  out  would  too  much  mutilate  the  tree." 

In  spring  or  early  summer  months  the  ends  of  the  branches  often 
turn  black  and  die.  By  some,  this  is  declared  to  be  caused  by  an 
insect,  (scolytus,)  and  the  remedy  said  to  lie  in  the  cutting  off  and 
burning  the  branches.  We  do  not  so  regard  it,  but  believe  it  rather 
caused  by  atmospheric  change ;  as  a  bright,  clear,  hot  sun  imme- 
diately opening  at  about  midday,  after  a  warm,  softening  rain,  will 
often  exhibit  the  result  of  blacking  ends  of  young,  tender  shoots,  in  a 
very  few  hours. 

USES. — The  quince  is  never  eaten  in  a  raw  state,  but  has,  from 
the  days  of  Columella,  been  highly  esteemed  for  making  of  marma- 
lade, preserving,  stewing,  to  give  additional,  flavor  to  tarts  of  apple 
and  of  pastry,  etc.  In  medicine,  the  expressed  juice,  repeatedly 
taken  in  small  quantities,  is  regarded  as  cooling,  astringent,  and 
19 


434 


THE   QUINCE. 


stomachic.  Dried  quinces  are  said  to  be  excellent.  Gathered  care- 
fully by  hand,  the  quince  may  be  wrapped  in  paper,  and,  placed  in 
a  cool  room,  kept  until  near  midwinter. 

VARIETIES. — Of  these  there  are  but  three  really  worthy  of  descrip- 
tion, and,  of  these,  two  only  worthy  cultivation  to  any  extent.  The 
Chinese  Quince  (  Cydonia  Sin^nsis]  is  cultivated  only  as  ornamental. 
Its  fruit  is  egg-shaped,  dull  green,  with  hard,  dry  flesh ;  its  flowers 
rosy  red,  very  pretty.  The  Japan  Quince  ( Cydonia  Japonica)  is 
also  only  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  shrub.  There  are  three  vari- 
eties, bearing  flowers  bluish  white,  scarlet  or  crimson ;  and  of  the 
latter,  with  flowers  nearly  double.  The  fruit  is  dark  green,  hard, 
with  a  pleasant  odor ;  not  eatable. 


ORANGE  QUINCE. 


Apple  Quince, 
Apple-shaped  Quince, 


Angers  Quince. 
Cydonia  v.  Malformis. 


This  is  the  variety  most  generally  grown,  and  most  esteemed. 
When  fully  ripe,  its  rich  golden  yellow  resembles  more  the  color  of 


THE   QUINCE. 


435 


an  orange  than  its  shape  corresponds  to  the  general  form  of  apples ; 
therefore  we  prefer  the  name  orange  to  apple-shaped.  It  is  not  rare 
to  find  it  grown  from  seed,  and  the  seedlings  sold  as  the  Orange 
Quince,  when,  in  truth,  as  many  of  the  seedlings  are  likely  to  pro- 
duce the  pear-shaped  or  even  far  inferior  fruit,  as  seedlings  from  a 
good  pear  or  good  apple,  when  the  parent  was  grown  by  itself.  It 
is  often  gathered  before  ripe,  which  is  not  until  from  the  middle  to 
last  of  October.  If  gathered  too  early,  they  do  not  cook  tender. 
Leaf,  ovate  pointed  ;  fruit,  large,  ovate,  obtuse  pyriform,  varying  to 
obovate  conical ;  stem,  usually  in  a  slight  depression.  When  well- 
grown  and  cared  for,  the  skin  is  smooth,  of  a  rich  golden  yellow. 
Without  care,  it  becomes  small,  knotty,  and  woolly.  Core,  large, 
and  placed  nearest  the  blossom  or  calyx  end ;  seeds,  reddish  brown. 

PORTUGAL  QUINCE. 

Cydouia  Lusitauica.. 


This  variety  is  readily  distinguished  in  the  tree,  by  its  leaf  being 
round,  or  as  wide  as  long,  and  very  downy  underneath.     The  true 


436  THE   QUINCE. 

variety  is  yet  scarce  in  the  West.  It  has  the  reputation  of  being  a 
shy  bearer,  but  trees  in  our  grounds  have  produced  equally  as  abun- 
dant as  the  Orange  Quince.  Fruit,  medium  to  large,  regular  oblong 
pyriform,  smooth,  of  a  paler  yellow  than  the  Orange  variety  ;  core, 
medium,  and  placed  near  the  centre  ;  seeds,  light  brown ;  flesh,  mild, 
less  astringent  than  other  varieties ;  cooks  tender,  and  turns  a  fine 
purple  or  deep  crimson,  hence  highly  esteemed.  It  ripens  about 
ten  days  earlier  than  the  Orange  Quince ;  requires  very  rich,  deep 
soil. 

PEAR  QUINCE. 

Pear-shaped  Quince,         I         Pyriform  Quince, 
Oblong  Quince,  |         Cydonia  Sub.  v.  Pyriform. 

This  takes  its  name  from  the  fruit  being  shaped  much  like  many 
varieties  of  the  pear.  It  is  of  medium  size,  roundish  oblong  or  pyr- 
iform, tapering  to  the  stalk.  Skin,  dull  yellow ;  flesh,  firm,  tough, 
dry,  but  of  high  flavor.  When  stewed  or  cooked,  it  is  less  tender, 
and  the  flesh  less  lively  in  color  than  the  Orange  Quince.  Leaves, 
oblong  ovate.  Season,  last  of  October. 

NEW   UPRIGHT. 

Paris  de  Fontenay. 

A  variety  first  introduced  to  notice  by  Messrs.  Ellwanger  and 
Barry,  of  Rochester,  N.  Y.  It  grows  upright,  strikes  readily  from 
cuttings,  but  after  the  first  year's  growth  seems  to  lose  vigor  and 
afterwards  grows  very  tardily.  It  has  not  yet  fruited. 


THE      RASPBERRY. 

Rubus  Idceus.     Rosacece  of  Botanists. 

* 

A  LOW  deciduous  shrub,  found  wild  in  the  woods,  both  of  this 
country  and  Europe.  The  roots  being  permanent  and  the  stems 
biennial,  they  throw  up  a  number  of  shoots,  which  produce  fruit  the 
second  year  and  die.  Our  present  cultivated  varieties  have  been  pro- 
duced by  high  cultivation  of  seedlings  from  a  variety  no  better  than 
is  to  be  found  common  in  the  fence  corners  of  our  slovenly  farmers. 

PROPAGATION  AND  TRANSPLANTING. — New  varieties  are  produced 
from  seed ;  the  seedlings  having  a  tendency  to  depart  materially 
from  the  character  of  the  parent,  as  in  the  instance  of  the  "  Orange," 
produced  from  seed  of  a  crimson  berry. 

Seedlings  are  easily  grown  by  planting  the  berry  when  fully  ripe, 
about  one  inch  deep,  in  light  loamy  soil,  where  it  is  a  little  shaded. 
They  will  fruit  the  second  or  third  year.  Varieties  are  usually  in- 
creased by  transplanting  the  suckers  or  offsets.  They  can  be  pro- 
pagated by  cuttings,  which  is  done  much  in  the  manner  of  managing 
cuttings  of  the  rose ;  the  care  and  attention  requisite,  making  it 
only  desirable  in  case  of  rare  or  new  kinds.  A  few  varieties,  as  the 
American  Black  and  English  Red,  sometimes  propagate  by  their 
branches  bending  over  until  the  ends  touch  and  become  covered  in 
the  ground. 

In  transplanting,  the  root  should  be  protected  from  drying  winds 
or  hot  suns,  and  the  cane  should  be  cut  back  one-fourth  its  previous 
season's  growth. 

The  rows  should  be  north  and  south,  and  three  to  four  feet  apart, 
according  to  the  vigor  of  the  sort,  and  the  plants  placed  one  every 
two  feet.  Some  plant  three  in  a  hill,  the  hills  four  feet  apart.  We 
think  they  become  matted  too  soon  in  this  way. 

SOIL. — All  cultivators  agree,  that  while  the  raspberry  may  be 
made  to  grow  on  gravelly  loam,  slaty  soil,  or  stiff  cold  clay,  it  can 
be  relied  on  for  a  crop  only  when  planted  in  a  rich  deep  loam,  where 
there  is  moisture,  but  such  drainage  that  water  will  not  stand.  For 
those  whose  gardens  are  upon  soils  naturally  unfavorable,  deep 
trenching,  placing  coarse  barn-yard  manure  at  the  bottom  of  the 
trench,  and  covering  the  surface  with  two  inches  of  leaf-mould  from  the 
woods,  will  often  render  the  plants  productive,  especially  in  wet  seasons. 

SITUATION.  The  situation  should  be  open,  fully  exposed  to  light 
and  air ;  to  this  end  the  advice  to  form  rows  north  and  south. 

CULTURE  AND  TRAINING. — In  large  plantations  the  weeds  are  kept 
down  mostly  with  the  plough  and  cultivator,  hoeing  where  the  culti- 


438 


THE  RASPBERRY. 


Fig.  9. 


vator  does  not  reach.  Where  the  variety  is  hardy,  a  single  prun- 
ing in  the  spring  is  all  that  is  necessary.  This  should  be  done  early 
in  March  or  April,  according  to  the  season  or  section  of  the  country 
where  located  ;  and  consists  in  cutting  away  the  canes  of  last  year's 
bearing,  leaving  four  to  six  of  the  strongest  of  last  year's  growth  for 
the  coming  crop ;  these  to  be  cut  back  one-fourth,  cutting  away  all 
shoots  of  slender  growth,  and  also  all  suckers  unless  wanted  for 
future  planting.  Varieties  requiring  winter  protection  should  have 
the  old  fruiting  canes  cut  away  in  September.  Where  increase  of 
plants  is  wanted,  they  should  not  be  dug  or  hoed  around  early  in 
spring. 

An  English  gardener  in  our  immediate  neighborhood  has  prac- 
tised the  following  modes  of  training  ever  since  our  residence  in  the 
north  of  Ohio  : 

Figure  9  represents  the  canes   prepared  for  fruiting,  in  April. 

The  uprights  are  posts 
made  of  cedar  or  locust, 
four  inches  square  at  the 
bottom,  and  two  inches 
at  top.  The  horizontal 
lines  may  be  of  tarred 
rope  or  annealed  iron 
wire,  coated  with  coal 
tar.  To  the  horizontal  wires  the  canes  are  tied  by  strips  of  bass 
bark,  such  as  is  used  in  budding. 

In  figure  10,  the 
arched  portion  tied  to 
the  stake  in  the  centre, 
represents  the  canes  of 
t  last  year's  growth  pre- 
pared for  fruiting  the 
coming  season. 

•  10-  Figure  11  represents 

the  plants  in  the  fall ;  the  upright  canes  being  those  of  the  season's 

growth,  while  the  arched 
ones  are  those  which 
have  produced  fruit  and 
must  be  cut  away. 

INSECTS.  —  The  rasp- 
berry is  generally  free 
from  destructive  insects. 
Dr.  Munson,  of  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  in  a  paper 
to  the  American  Porno- 
logical  Society,  speaks 


Fig.  11. 


PROFITS — AUTUMN   FRUITING.  439 

as  follows  of  one.  We  have  not  seen  it  West.  "  It  is  a  fungus  of  a 
bright  orange  color,  and  infests  the  under  side  of  the  foliage  of  the 
common  red  raspberry,  Rubus  Idceus,  in  Connecticut ;  and  the  ex- 
haustion occasioned  by  this  fungus  causes  the  plant  to  put  up  a 
multitude  of  spindling  stalks,  and  renders  it  wholly  unproductive.  • 
This  affection  disseminates  itself,  and  I  know  of  no  remedy." 

PROTECTION. — Many  of  the  best  varieties,  like  Red  Antwerp,  re- 
quire protection  in  winter,  north  of  Philadelphia,  in  order  to  insure 
a  full  crop.  This  is  best  and  easiest  done  by  two  men  passing  along 
the,  rows,  one  bending  down  the  canes  to  the  ground,  while  the  other 
with  a  shovel  throws  two  inches  of  earth  upon  them. 

GATHERING  FRUIT. — This  should  be  done  in  the  cool  of  the  morn- 
ing, when  they  are  higher  flavored  than  at  midday. 

USES. — "  The  raspberry  is  held  in  general  estimation,  not^only  as 
one  of  the  most  refreshing  and  agreeable  sub-acid  fruits"  for  the 
dessert,  but  it  is  employed  by  almost  every  family  in  making  pre- 
serves, jams,  ices,  sauces,  tarts,  and  jellies  ;  and  on  a  larger  scale  by 
confectioners,  for  making  syrups;  by  distillers,  for  making  rasp- 
berry brandy,  vinegar,  etc.  Raspberry  wine,  made  in  the  same 
way  as  that  of  currant,  is  considered  the  most  fragrant  and  delicious 
of  all  home-made  wines."  ^Downing.}  Its  fruit,  immediately  suc- 
ceeding the  strawberry,  and  not  liable  to  undergo  acetous  fermenta- 
tion in  the  stomach,  is  regarded  and  prescribed  by  many  physicians 
as  a  promoter  of  health. 

PROFITS. — Seldom  failing  to  produce  a  crop  when  grown  on  suit- 
able soil — requiring  comparatively  little  labor  to  prune  and  keep 
the  plant  in  order ;  always  meeting  ready  sale  at  fair  prices — it  is 
surprising  that  more  attention  has  not  been  given  the  culture  of  the 
raspberry  by  orchardists  and  farmers.  The  "  Red  Antwerp,"  which 
is  mostly  grown  for  the  New- York  market  by  cultivators  on  the 
Hudson  river,  is  stated  to  have  produced  3,300  baskets  of  one  pint 
each,  from  three-fourths  of  an  acre;  and  $1,500  has  been  realized  in 
a  single  season  from  sale  of  product  of  three  acres.  A  plantation 
of  raspberries  will  be  in  perfection  the  third  year,  and  continue  pro- 
fitable five  or  six  years,  when  it  is  best  to  form  a  new  one  on  a 
fresh  piece  of  ground. 

AUTUMN  FRUITING. — Any  variety  may  be  caused  to  mature  its 
fruit  in  the  autumn,  by  cutting  away  all  shoots  in  spring,  and  stop- 
ping in  the  young  shoots  about  midsummer.  It  is,  however,  an 
unprofitable  course,  as  the  plant  is  unfitted  for  another  season's 
fruiting,  except  in  the  same  way,  and  the  yield  is  only  about  one-half. 


440  THE   KASPBERRY. 

CLASSIFICATION  AND  VARIETIES. — We  have  made  but  two  classes 
of  the  raspberry,  from  the  great  difficulty  of  selecting  those  only  for 
a  first  class  which  would  bear  the  mark  of  worthy  general  culture. 
Heretofore,  the  Red  and  Yellow  Antwerps  have  always  been  re- 
garded as  finest  for  the  dessert ;  but  since  the  introduction  of  the 
Fastolf  and  the  Orange,  they  have  by  very  many  been  regarded  as 
surpassed  in  delicacy. 


CLASS  I.—  Worthy  General  Culture,  or  farther  Trial  by  Amateurs. 
AMERICAN  BLACK. 

Thimbleberry,          |         Common  Black  Cup, 
Black  Raspberry. 

This  is  to  be  found  common  around  old  stumps  and  in  fence- 
corners  in  the  country.  Cultivated  in  deep,  loamy  soil,  in  the 
garden,  it  increases  in  size  nearly  one-fourth  ;  and  ripening  very  late, 
will  always  be  profitable  for  market.  For  making  jam,  flavoring 
puddings,  etc.,  it  is  preferred  to  the  more  delicate  kinds.  Shoots, 
long,  rambling,  recurved ;  berries,  dark  purple,  nearly  black,  round, 
flattened. 

COPE. 

A  seedling  of  Dr.  Brinckle's,  yet  little  disseminated.  Foliage, 
light  green ;  fruit,  large,  conical,  crimson,  spines  red. 

COLONEL  WILDER. 

Another  seedling  of  Dr.  Brinc- 
$  kle's,  which  proves  perfectly  hardy 
even  to  the  ends  of  the  shoots.  It 
is  firm,  and  promises  to  be  one  of 
the  most  valuable  light-colored 
berries  for  market  culture.  Shoots, 
strong,  light-colored,  very  hardy  ; 
fruit,  above  medium,  roundish 
conical,  light  cream  color,  firm, 
with  a  sprightly,  fine  flavor.  Pro- 
ductive, and  ripening  its  fruit  in 
succession,  from  early  until  quite 
late  in  the  season.  Raised  from 
seed  of  the  Fastolf,  and  named  in 
honor  of  one  of  the  best  pomolo- 
gists  in  America. 


WORTHY   GENERAL  CULTIVATION. 


441 


GUSHING. 

This  fine  raspberry  was  raised  from  seed  of  the  Double-bearing, 
by  Dr.  Brinckle,  of  Philadelphia,  in  1844.  It  has  not  as  yet  been 
sufficiently  tested  to  judge  of  its  value  for  extensive  culture,  but 
should  receive  attention  of  amateurs.  Shoots,  strong,  vigorous ; 
prickles,  brown  ;  leaf,  plaited,  regular  form ;  fruit,  large,  roundish 
conical,  crimson,  and  of  fine  flavor.  Matures  early.  Said  to  occa- 
sionally produce  a  second  crop  in  autumn ;  and  as  this  is  from  shoots 
grown  the  same  year,  it  will  probably  become  twice-bearing  in  all 
sections  south  of  Philadelphia. 

EMILY. 

A  seedling  from  the  Colonel  Wilder;  little  disseminated;  vigor- 
ous growth,  with  white  spines.  Fruit,  large,  round,  occasionally 
shouldered,  light  yellow. 

FASTOLF. 

..>-;.;^_  Ail  English  variety, 

introduced  with  high 
praise,  which  it  has 
fully  sustained  in  this 
country.  It  is  proba- 
bly a  chance  seedling 
of  the  Red  Antwerp, 
which  it  much  resem- 
bles. Its  name  is  from 
an  old  pile  called  Fast- 
olf  Castle,  near  Yar- 
mouth, Eng.  Through- 
out most  of  North  and 
Western  States  it  will 
need  protection  in  win- 
ter, as  its  canes  are 
not  quite  hardy.  For 
small  gardens,  we  pre- 
fer it  to  Red  Antwerp ; 
but  for  market  culture, 
the  latter  is  best,  on 
account  of  being  more 
firm.  Shoots,  strong, 
are  much  inclined  to 
branch,  light  yellowish 
brown;  fruit,  large, 

roundish,  obtuse  conical,  bright  purplish  red,  soft,  rich,  high-flavored. 

productive;  ripening  its  fruit  in  long  continued  succession. 
19* 


442 


THE   RASPBERRY. 


FRENCH. 

Vice-President  French. 

This  is  a  seedling  of  Fastolf  crossed  with  Yellow  Antwerp,  origin- 
ated with  Dr.  Brinckle,  and  is  yet  little  known.  Fruit,  large,  round, 
crimson,  matures  late ;  spines,  red. 

FRANCONIA. 

Introduced  to  this  country  from  France,  under  this  name;  but  not 
to  be  found  in  any  foreign  catalogue  to  which  we  have  had  access. 
Its  canes  are  nearly  hardy  ;  maturing  good  crops,  without  protec- 
tion, four  years  out  of  five.  Shoots,  strong,  branching,  yellowish 
brown,  with  scattered,  rather  stout  bristles ;  leaves,  rather  narrow  ; 
fruit,  large,  obtuse  conical,  dark,  rich  red,  rich,  rather  acid  flavor ; 
more  firm  than  Fastolf,  and  not  as  much  so  as  Red  Antwerp.  A 
few  days  later  than  the  latter  in  ripening. 

FULTON. 

From  seed  of  French,  fruit,  large,  round,  crimson;  productive, 
and  a  vigorous  grower ;  spines,  red.  One  of  Dr.  Brinckle's  origin. 


GENERAL   PATTERSON. 

Seedling  of  the  Colonel  Wilder ;  vigorous  grower. 
fruit,  large,  round,  crimson. 


Spines,  red ; 


KNEVETT'S  GIANT. 


Imported  from  England 
by  Col.  Wilder,  in  1843. 
This  raspberry  has  proved 
more  hardy  than  any  other 
foreign  variety,  requiring 
no  protection,  and  produc- 
ing uniformly  large  crops 
of  fruit.  Its  texture  being 
firm,  it  will  be  found  pro- 
fitable to  grow  for  market. 
Canes,  strong,  upright,  dis- 
posed to  branch ;  fruit, 
large,  obtuse,  conical  or 
roundish,  deep  red,  and  of 
excellent  flavor. 


WORTHY   GENERAL   CULTIVATION. 


443 


MONTHLY. 

Large-fruited  Monthly,         |         Rivers'  Large-fruited  Monthly. 

This  variety  has  been  lately  introduced,  with  claims  to  excellence 
and  productive  habit.  We  have  fruited  it  but  one  year,  and  cannot, 
therefore,  speak  knowingly,  but  incline  to  the  impression  that,  like 
others  of  its  character,  it  depends  more  on  the  system  of  culture  to 
produce  the  fruit  in  succession,  than  the  actual  habit  of  the  plant. 
Shoots,  long,  slender,  purplish  in  the  sun,  thickly  covered  with 
dark  purple  spines  ;  fruit,  hardly  above  medium,  red,  fine  flavor. 
Barry  says,  "  to  insure  a  good  autumn  crop,  the  canes  should  be 
pruned  in  spring  to  within  a  foot  of  the  ground." 

MRS.  WILDER. 

Seedling  of  Col.  Wilder,  which  it  so  nearly  resembles  as  not  to 
require  distinct  description. 

ORANGE. 

This  variety  was  grown  by  Dr.  Brinckle  from  seed  in  1844.  On 
account  of  being  more  hardy,  it  will  probably  supersede  the  Yellow 
Antwerp,  while  its  late  period  of  ripening,  being  some  ten  days  after 
that  variety ,  will  render  it  highly  valuable  for  marketing.  Shoots, 
vigorous,  with  white  spines  ;  leaf,  irregular  ;  fruit,  large,  ovate,  beau- 
tiful bright  orange  color,  and  of  excellent  flavor,  productive.  By 
many  this  is  regarded  as  the  best  of  all  the  varieties  originated  by 
Dr.  Brinckle. 

RED  ANTWERP. 

New  Red  Antwerp, 
True  Red  Antwerp, 
Knevett's  Antwerp, 

Framboisier  a 

Although  universally  desired,  it 
is  rare  that  the  1rue  Red  Antwerp 
raspberry  is  found  west  of  the  State 
of  New  York.  It  is  a  Dutch  sort, 
originally  from  Antwerp  city.  An 
examination  of  the  Red  Antwerp 
as  imported  from  several  sources, 
all  of  which  prove  incorrect,  leads 
us  to  doubt  whether  it  is  better 
known  in  the  old  country  than  here. 
The  common  Red  Antwerp  is  easily- 
detected  in  its  fruit  being  smaller 
and  round,  while  that  of  the  true  is 
large,  regularly  long  conical,  dull 
red,  with  a  rich  sweet  flavor. 


Burley, 

Late-bearing  Antwerp, 
Rowland's  Red  Antwerp, 
Gros  Fruit. 


-144  THE   RASPBERRY. 

Canes,  moderately  strong,  yellowish  green,  becoming  pale  brown 
early  in  autumn,  covered  below  with  dark  brown  spines,  but  the 
upper  portions,  especially  of  the  bearing  wood,  nearly  smooth.  Ripens 
from  1st  to  10th  July.  The  canes  need  protection  in  winter  through- 
out northern  sections,  in  order  to  secure  a  full  crop. 

YELLOW  ANTWERP. 

White  Antwerp,         |         Double-bearing  Yellow. 

This  variety  is  only  suited  to  small  gardens,  and  even  there  we 
presume  will  soon  give  place  to  the  Col.  Wilder  and  Orange.  It 
sometimes  throws  up  a  succession  of  shoots,  maturing  fruit  for  a  long 
time,  whence  its  synonym  of  Double-bearing.  Shoots,  strong,  light 
yellow,  with  greenish  spines  ;  fruit,  large,  conical,  pale  yellow,  sweet, 
and  excellent.  Requires  protection  in  winter.  In  our  Southern 
States  the  Antwerp  varieties  are  said  to  fail. 

WALKER. 

Seedling  grown  by  Dr.  Brinckle,  which  promises  to  be  valuable  as 
a  market  variety.  It  is  yet  little  known  out  of  Philadelphia.  Fruit, 
large,  round,  deep  crimson,  solid,  adheres  firmly  to  the  stem,  keeps 
long  in  perfection  on  the  plant,  and  bears  carriage  well ;  spines,  red. 


CLASS  III.—  Unworthy  farther  Culture. 
AMERICAN  RED. 

Common  Red,         I         English  Red  of  some. 

Well  known.    Shoots  upright,  light  brown.    Fruit  medium,  roundish;  light 
red,  sub-acid.     Early. 

AMERICAN  WHITE. 

White  Thirableberry. 
Varying  from  above  only  in  color. 

BARNET. 

Cornwall's  Prolific,         I         Cornwall's  Red, 
Cornwall's  Seedling,       |         Large  Red, 
Lord  Exmouth's. 

English.     Shoots  long,  yellowish  green,  branching.    Fruit  large,  soft,  round- 
ish conical,  purplish  red,  agreeable. 


UNWORTHY  OF   CULTIVATION. 


BRENTFORD  CANE. 


445 


English.    Shoots  strong,  branching.    Fruit  medium,  oval  conical,  dull  red. 
Inferior. 

CRETAN  RED. 

From  the  Mediterranean.     Shoots  upright,  hardy.      Fruit  medium,  round, 
deep  red,  acid.    Late. 

Cox's  HONEY. 
English.    Fruit  medium,  yellowish  white,  borne  in  clusters  along  the  stems. 

DOUBLE-BEARING. 


Perpetual  Bearing, 
Siberian, 


Late  Cane, 

Red  Double  Bearing. 


Variety  of  the  Antwerp.    Large,  dull  red,  hardy.    Ripens  late. 

NOTTINGHAM  SCARLET. 
English.    Fruit  medium,  obtuse  conical,  red. 

OHIO  EVER-BEARING. 

Ohio  Raspberry . 

Native  of  Ohio,  and  differing  from  the  American  Black  only  in  producing 
two  inferior  crops  in  a  year. 

VICTORIA. 
English.    Medium,  roundish  conical,  red. 

WOODWARD'S  RED  GLOBE. 
English.    Large  red,  roundish  conical. 

WILMOT'S  EARLY  RED. 
English.    Small,  roundish,  red.    Early. 


THE      STRAWBERRY. 

Fragaria,  (of  species,)  L.     Rosacece  of  Botanists. 

DURING  the  past  ten  years,  or  since  the  advent  of  Hovey's  Seed- 
ling to  the  varieties  of  the  strawberry,  there  has  arisen  a  furor  for 
the  production  of  new  varieties,  until  nearly  every  village  in  the 
United.States  has  its  "  rare  and  unsurpased  seedling,"  cultivated  and 
extolled  with  praise  and  poetry  equalling  that  of  olden  bard ;  while 
savans  wise  on  strawberry  culture,  and  the  structure  of  plants 
botanically,  have  occupied  page  after  page  of  our  Horticultural 
Journals,  much  to  the  amusement,  if  not  instruction,  of  practical 
men. 

A  native  of  the  temperate  latitudes  of  both  hemispheres,  the 
varieties  of  the  strawberry  are  universally  esteemed  among  the 
most  delicious  as  well  as  most  wholesome  of  the  smaller  fruits. 
And  although  it  is  regarded  as  properly  a  habitant  of  cold  climates, 
it  is  successfully  cultivated  in  the  most  southern  latitude  of  this 
country. 

As  a  fruit  embracing  delicious  and  healthful  qualities,  with  full 
and  satisfactory  pecuniary  returns,  it  has  found  a  place  in  every 
garden,  farm,  and  plantation,  from  the  size  of  a  bed  four  feet  square- 
to  the  field  of  five  times  that  many  acres ;  yet  withal,  there  is  not 
sufficient  quantity  grown  to  meet  the  demand.  Olden  records  have 
been  made  of  cures  effected  in  the  human  frame  from  use  of  straw- 
berries. We  consider  the  fact,  that  during  strawberry  season  there 
is  less  of  sickness  in  cities  well  supplied  with  that  fruit,  a  most 
agreeable  testimonial  to  its  healthful  and  invaluable  qualities  at 
the  present  day.  The  distinctive  name  Fragaria  is  highly  expressive 
of  the  fragrant  scent  emitted  by  the  fruit. 

RAISING  FROM  SEED. — When  the  fruit  is  perfectly  ripe,  it  should 
be  gathered  and  cut  into  small  pieces,  or  with  great  care  each  seed 
separated.  Select  ground  of  light  sandy  soil,  where  only  the  morn- 
ing  sun  will  shine  ;  or,  better,  perhaps,  have  ready  a  cold  frame  with 
the  lights  sloping  to  the  north.  Sow  the  seed  at  distances  of  about 
one  inch,  and  cover  lightly  by  sifting  fine  sand,  or,  what  is  preferable, 
vegetable  mould  from  the  woods.  This  done  in  June,  the  plants 
will  need  care  until  al>out  October,  at  which  time,  if  not  grown  in  a 


CULTUKE.  447 

frame,  they  should  have  tan-bark  or  decayed  leaves  strewed  among 
them  to  the  depth  of  two  inches.  Early  in  April  following,  trans- 
plant into  deeply  trenched  ground,  well  manured  with  vegetable 
compost. 

PROPAGATION  FROM  RUNNERS  AND  DIVISIONS. — All  varieties  of  the 
strawberry,  except  the  Wood  and  Alpine,  propagate  rapidly  by 
means  of  runners.  These,  when  a  new  variety  is  procured,  should 
be  carefully  watched,  and  as  fast  as  they  make  joints,  should  be 
pegged  down,  and  have  fine  soil  or  sharp  sand  scattered  over  them 
to  induce  them  more  readily  to  make  roots.  In  this  way  from  fifty 
to  one  hundred  new  plants  can  be  obtained  from  a  single  one  in  a 
season. 

To  secure  a  bed  of  those  most  prolific  in  old  grounds,  select  while 
in  fruit,  and  set  stakes  by  side  of  those  from  which  you  wish  to 
renew ;  after  fruiting,  destroy  all  around,  thus  giving  them  light 
and  room  to  form  abundance  of  new  plants.  The  Wood  and 
Alpine  varieties  are  propagated  easily  from  seed  with  but  little 
variation/  They  are  also  propagated  by  dividing  the  roots  or  cluster 
of  roots  early  in  the  spring. 

FERTILE  AND  BARREN  PLANTS. — It  is  an  old  saying  that  "  every 
person  enjoys  some  hobby  on  which  to  ride."  Mr.  N.  Longworth, 
of  Cincinnati,  has  received  the  credit  of  starting  the  hobby  of  (in 
common  phrase)  male  and  female  strawberry  blossoms;  and  so 
vigorously  has  the  hobby  been  ridden,  that,  with  locomotive  power 
and  speed,  it  has  found  its  way  into  every  journal  in  the  country, 
whether  horticultural  or  otherwise ;  and  so  generally  is  the  dis- 
tinction of  staminate  (male)  and  pistillate  (female)  flowers  under- 
stood, that  we  do  not  deem  it  necessary  here  to  re-describe. 

"  The  European  Wood  and  Alpine  strawberries  always  maintain 
a  natural  character  of  the  blossom,  no  matter  how  cultivated,  and 
therefore  every  blossom  gives  a  perfect  fruit." 


Fig.  2.  Fig.  3. 

Sterile  Staminate  Blossom.  Sterile  Pistillate  Elassom. 


The  "  Scarlets "  and  "  Pines,"  as  they  are  classed,  when  grown 
from  seed  in  highly  cultivated  grounds,  have  a  tendency  to  become 
imperfect  in  either  stamens  or  pistils,  as  the  case  may  be.  and  hence 


448  THE  STRAWBERRY. 

arises  the  necessity  as  well  as  apparent  reality  of  the  terms  male 
and  female. 

In  the  production  of  new  varieties,  even  in  our  wildlings,  the  seed- 
ling plants,  by  means  of  highly  enriched  and  stimulating  soils,  in 
exhibiting  the  full  and  even  enlarged  development  of  one  organ,  the 
other  remaining  imperfect,  has  given  rise  to  the  theory  of  strictly 
barren  (staminate)  and  fertile  (pistillate)  plants,  which  when  once 
formed,  it  is  well  known,  seldom  change.  We  coincide  with  Mr. 
Downing,  that  "  the  organs  are  always  present,  though  imperfectly 
developed,"  and  that  when  "deficient  in  pistils,  (see  Fig.  3,)  they  are 
called  male  plants  ;  if  deficient  in  stamens,  (see  Fig.  2,)  female  plants, 
the  terms  are  incorrect ;"  yet  these  terms  have  become  so  commonly 
accepted  that  we  have  for  the  better  understanding  continued  their 
use. 

This  deficiency  in  the  one  or  other  organ  arising  from  the  original 
state  of  cultivation,  cannot  be  changed  by  placing  the  plant  in  dif- 
ferent soil  and  preserving  an  even  temperature.  The  runners  will, 
when  grown  in  open  air  and  usual  cultivation,  in  nine  hundred  and 
ninety -five  instances  out  of  every  thousand,  continue  to  maintain  the 
habit  of  the  parent  plant.  A  change  from  imperfect  or  perfect  con- 
struction in  the  flower  of  the  strawberry  cannot  be  depenided  on  from 
a  plant  whose  habit  is  once  established,  by  means  simply  of  varied 
cultivation,  although  very  high  and  exciting  cultivation  from  enrich- 
ing of  animal  manures,  will  often  produce  over-luxuriance  of  foliage, 
with  corresponding  decrease  of  fruit  stems ;  hence  the  necessity  of 
forming  beds  or  plantations  of  the  two  distinct  fully  developed  plants, 
and  also  the  care  requisite  to  prevent  the  staminate  or  male  plants 
from  occupying  too  much  ground,  their  supply  of  food  derived  from 
the  root  being  given  to  creation  of  new  plants  by  means  of  runners 
instead  of  fruit,  as  in  the  pistillate  or  female  variety. 

With  this  understanding,  therefore,  that  varieties  are  continu- 
ally being  produced,  in  which  one  organ  is  most  prominently  devel- 
oped, and  measurably  to  the  destruction  of  the  whole  as  a  fruit- 
bearing  flower,  it  has  become  a  requisite  in  planting  to  secure  such 
proportion  of  fruit-bearing  or  pistillate  plants  with  the  fructifying  or 
staminate  varieties  as  to  return  the  desired  yield  of  fruit.  The  pis- 
tillates,  being  regarded  as  the  female,  are  counted  valuable  in  newly 
formed  beds  as  of  ten  to  one  of  staminates  or  males. 

Varieties  however  exist,  like  the  Large  Early  Scarlet.  Burr's  Old 
Seedling,  and  Longworth's  Prolific,  which  have  generally  been  classed 
as  staminate  or  male  plants,  and  yet  produce  abundance  of  fruit. 
These  varieties  possess  both  organs  perfect,  in  proportion  of  about 
three  out  of  five  flowers,  and  we  have  therefore  classed  them  as  her- 
maphrodite. 

VARIETIES  AND  THEIR  CLASSIFICATION. — The  varieties  of  this  fruit 


CULTURE.  449 

have  within  ten  years  past  become  so  numerous  as  to  be  burdensome 
to  the  author  who  describes,  as  well  as  the  amateur  or  nurseryman 
who  grows,  while  for  all  practical  and  useful  purposes,  but  very  few 
are  retained  as  desirable  to  cultivate  where  quantity  of  produce  and 
character,  or  rather  flavor  in  fruit  is  expected. 

The  character  exhibited  in  varieties  often  marks  their  parentage, 
yet,  as  it  is  known  that  a  plant  can  be  fertilized  by  two  or  more 
varieties,  it  is  sometimes  difficult  to  select  the  distinct  class,  and 
writers  are  often  not  a  little  confused  in  endeavoring  to  place  "them. 

Authors  have  classed  the  strawberry  as  SCARLETS,  the  original 
type  being  our  wild  strawberry  ;  PINES,  originating  from  Pine  or 
Surinam  strawberry ;  WOODS  and  ALPINES,  from  the  common  wood 
strawberry  of  Europe ;  HAUTBOIS,  or  High  wood,  from  Bohemia ; 
CHILI,  from  South  America. 

The  SCARLETS  are  designated  in  their  character  by  small  flowers  ; 
long,  thin,  light  green,  sharply  serrate  leaves;  acid  or  sub-acid  fruit, 
of  bright  scarlet  color,  with  seeds  deeply  imbedded. 

The  PINES  are  designated  by  large  flowers  ;  broad,  dark  green 
leaves  ;  fruit  of  pineapple  flavor,  and  generally  soft  in  texture  ;  seeds 
slightly  imbedded. 

The  ALPINES  and  WOODS  have  small  flowers,  perfect  in  their 
organs  ;  small,  thin,  light  green  leaves  ;  fruit  small,  sweet,  and  sepa- 
rating freely  from  the  calyx. 

The  HAUTBOIS  have  large,  pale  green  leaves,  on  tall  foot-stalks, 
the  fruit-stalk  tall  and  erect,  the  fruit  of  a  dull  red  or  purplish  color. 

The  CHILI,  designated  by  hairy,  thick,  obtusely  serrate  leaves,  fruit 
pale  red  and  insipid. 

The  GREEN  strawberries  have  light  green  foliage,  plaited  fruit,  solid 
flesh,  so  unworthy  cultivation  as  rarely  to  be  found  in  this  country. 

We  have  dropped  the  arrangement  into  classes  in  order,  simply 
designating  each  in  our  descriptive  *  text. 

SOIL  AND  SITUATION. — Rich,  deep,  loamy,  inclining  to  clayey  soils 
are  generally  found  to  produce  the  largest  berries  as  well  as  most 
in  quantity  ;  but  a  sharp  sandy  soil,  well  manured  with  compost  of 
animal  manure,  bones,  decayed  weeds,  old  mortar,  brick-dust  or 
rubbish,  has,  to  our  knowledge,  produced  some  crops  equal  to  any 
recorded  in  the  public  journals.  Deep  the  soil  must  be,  say  twenty 
inches,  to  insure  the  perfection  of  an  entire  crop.  If  only  a  mode- 
rately deep  soil  of  six  to  eight  inches,  the  first  berries  will  fill  and 
perfect,  while  the  heat  and  drought  so  usual  throughout  the  West  and 
South-west  in  strawberry  season,  will  cause  too  rapid  exhaustion, 
and  prevent  the  filling  and  perfecting  of  the  remainder. 

Trenches,  three  feet  wide  and  two  feet  deep,  with  one  foot  of 
straw  or  leaves  laid  in  the  bottom,  then  filled  up  with  good  soil,  well 
repays  the  labor  in  the  extra  crop  produced. 


450  THE   STRAWBERRY. 

Where  beds  have  been  long  established  and  rendered  rich  by  dig- 
ging in  liberally  of  barn-yard  manure,  it  frequently  happens  that  too 
much  growth  of  foliage  ensues,  to  the  destruction  of  flowers  or  fruit 
stems.  Where  such  is  the  case,  application  of  one  quart  of  gypsum 
(plaster  of  Paris)  to  every  four  feet  square  of  ground,  with  two 
inches  over  the  surface  of  leaf  or  vegetable  mould  from  the  woods 
or  old  pastures,  will  again  bring  in  fruit.  It  also  often  occurs,  that 
the  staminates  have  become  too  numerous.  These  are  easily  de- 
tected, as  they  flower  some  four  or  five  days  earlier  than  the  pistii- 
lates,  and  may  then  be  drawn  out. 

The  situation  of  a  bed  or  plantation  affects  only  the  earlier  or 
later  maturity  of  a  variety.  A  side  hill  sloping  south-east,  with 
springs  of  water  gushing  from  several  points  near  its  summit,  has 
enabled  an  acquaintance  of  ours  to  send  to  market  the  "  Early 
Scarlet "  strawberry  some  ten  days  or  two  weeks  in  advance  of 
others  who  have  the  same  variety  on  warm  soils  and  open  level 
exposures.  Situations  so  selected  that  water  can  be  supplied 
liberally  throughout  the  fruiting  season,  will  increase  the  product 
nearly  one-third.  Wet  ground,  where  water  stands  after  rains,  or 
springy,  cold  soils,  should  never  be  selected. 

SEASON  FOR  TRANSPLANTING  AND  PREPARATION  OF  PLANTS. — 
South  of  Philadelphia,  the  best  season  for  forming  new  plantations 
is  either  the  last  of  September,  first  of  October,  or  in  March.  In 
latitudes  north  of  this  range  it  will  generally  be  found  best  to  trans- 
plant in  April  or  early  in  May.  July  or  August  planting  in  either 
section  will  be  found  unprofitable,  owing  to  the  clear  drying  heat  of 
our  sun ;  while  September  or  later  planting  in  the  northern  range 
will  require  additional  care,  heavy  mulching  with  tan-bark,  saw-dust 
or  the  like  ;  and  even  then,  many  of  the  plants  will  be  drawn  out  by 
frosts  of  winter. 

The  plants  when  set  should  be  trimmed  of  all  but  two  leaves,  the 
roots  immersed  in  muddy  water,  and  if  possible  a  damp  or  rainy 
time  selected  for  the  work ;  and  in  order  to  have  the  bed  profitable, 
one  hermaphrodite  should  be  planted  to  every  eight  pistillate  plants. 

TIME  OF  RIPENING. — This  varies  according  to  latitude.  In  the 
latitude  of  Cincinnati,  the  season  usually  commences  about  the 
25th  May,  continuing  until  the  first  of  July,  and  for  every  degree 
of  latitude  a  difference  of  ten  days  may  be  counted  on,  either  earlier 
or  later,  as  you  go  north  or  south. 

The  fruiting  season  may  also  be  controlled  at  pleasure  by  means 
of  cutting  foliage  and  flowers,  and  liberal  or  restrained  watering. 
If,  for  instance,  a  bed  of  Jenney's  Seedling  be  taken  of  eight  feet 


CULTURE.  451 

square,  the  first  two  feet  square  shall  be  permitted  to  bloom  and 
fruit  at  its  usual  time ;  the  next  two  feet  shall  have  only  its  first 
fruit-stems  plucked  when  just  about  to  bloom  ;  the  third  shall  have 
its  entire  foliage  and  fruit-stems  cut  close  to  the  ground,  and  when 
the  second  fruit-stems  appear,  they  are  also  to  be  picked  as  in  the 
second  plat ;  the  fourth  shall  be  treated  as  the  third,  but  receive  no 
moisture  after  the  first  cutting  for  a  space  of  ten  days  or  two  weeks. 
The  result  will  be  a  succession  of  fruit  in  order. 

MODES  OF  CULTURE. — Different  varieties  require  measurably  dif- 
ferent modes  of  culture  in  order  to  insure  full  and  perfect  fruit. 
That  of  cultivation  in  hills  of  about  two  feet  apart,  one  plant  to  a 
hill,  the  runners  regularly  destroyed,  is  most  successful  with  the 
Wood  and  Alpine  varieties,  and  also  returns  the  largest  and  most 
perfect  berries  with  nearly  all  the  Scarlets  and  Pines ;  but  at  the 
price  of  labor  in  this  country,  it  is  regarded  as  too  expensive  to  com- 
pare favorably  with  the  following  modes  in  rows  or  strips,  which 
have  been  successfully  and  largely  practised  in  this  country,  and  are 
thus  described  by  A.  J.  Downing : 

"  Culture  in  Rows. — The  rows  should  be  two  feet  apart,  and  the 
plants  of  the  large  growing  kinds  two  feet  from  each  other  in  the 
rows ;  of  the  smaller  growing  kinds,  from  one  foot  to  eighteen  inches 
is  sufficient.  The  runners  must  be  kept  down  by  cutting  them  off 
at  least  three  times  a  year,  and  the  ground  maintained  in  good  order 
by  constant  dressing.  During  the  first  year,  a  row  of  any  small 
vegetables  may  be  sown  in  the  spaces  between  the  rows.  Every 
autumn,  if  the  plants  are  not  luxuriant,  a  light  coat  of  manure  should 
be  dug  in  between  the  rows  ;  but  if  they  are  very  thrifty,  it  must  be 
omitted,  as  it  would  cause  them  to  run  too  much  to  leaf. 

"A  light  top-dressing  of  leaves,  or  any  good  compost,  applied  late 
in  the  fall,  greatly  promotes  the  vigor  of  the  plants,  and  secures  the 
more  tender  kinds  against  the  effects  of  an  unusually  cold  winter. 
Before  the  fruit  ripens,  the  ground  between  the  rows  should  be 
covered  with  straw  or  new-mown  grass,  to  keep  it  clean.  A  plan- 
tation in  rows  is  generally  in  full  perfection  the  third  year,  and  must 
always  be  renewed  after  the  fourth  year." 

Culture  in  Alternate  Strips. — "  Strike  out  the  rows  three  feet 
apart  with  a  line.  Plant  along  each  line,  about  a  foot  apart  in  the 
row.  The  plants  will  soon  send  out  runners,  and  these  runners 
should  be  allowed  to  take  possession  of  every  alte  rnatestrip  of  three 
feet,  the  other  strip  being  kept  bare  by  continually  destroying  all 
runners  upon  it,  the  whole  patch  being  kept  free  of  all  weeds.  The 


452  THE   STRAWBERRY. 

occupied  strip  or  bed  of  runners  will  now  give  a  heavy  crop  of 
strawberries,  and  the  open  strip  of  three  will  serve  as  an  alley  from 
which  to  gather  fruit.  After  the  crop  is  over,  dig  and  prepare  this 
alley  or  strip  for  the  occupancy  of  the  new  runners  for  the  next  sea- 
son's crop.  The  runners  from  the  old  strip  will  now  speedily  cover 
the  new  space  allotted  to  them,  and  will  perhaps  require  a  partial 
thinning  out  to  have  them  evenly  distributed.  As  soon  as  this  is  the 
case,  say  about  the  middle  of  August,  dig  under  the  whole  of  the  old 
plants  with  a  light  coat  of  manure.  The  surface  may  be  then  sown 
with  turnips  or  spinach,  which  will  come  off  before  the  next  season 
of  fruits. 

"  In  this  way  the  strips  or  beds  occupied  by  the  plants  are  reversed 
every  season,  and  the  same  plot  of  ground  may  thus  be  continued  in 
a  productive  state  for  many  years." 

SPECIFIC  NUTRITION. — R.  G.  Pardee,  of  Palmyra,  N.  Y.,  says  :  "  I 
fertilize  the  plants,  on  opening  of  spring,  with  a  liberal  sprinkling  of 
a  solution  of  one-fourth  of  a  pound  each  of  sulphate  of  potassium, 
Glauber  salts,  and  sal  soda,  and  one  ounce  of  muriate  ammonia,  to 
eight  gallons  of  water ;  continue  this  once  a  week  or  ten  days  until 
they  blossom  ;  then  pure  cold  water  until  they  ripen." 

An  old  recipe  published  in  the  "  Friends'  Review,"  Philadelphia, 
says  that  "A  bed  30  feet  by  40  should  have  applied,  about  once  a 
week,  for  three  times,  commencing  when  the  green  leaves  first  begin 
to  start,  and  making  the  last  application  just  before  the  plants  are  in 
full  bloom,  the  following  preparation  :  Of  nitre,  of  potash,  of  Glauber's 
salt,  and  sal  soda,  each  one  pound ;  of  nitrate  of  ammonia,  one-quar- 
ter of  a  pound,  dissolved  in  thirty  gallons  of  rain  or  river  water. 
One-third  applied  at  a  time,  and  the  application  made  at  evening." 
If  dry  weather,  free  application  of  clear  soft  water  should  be  made 
between  the  times  of  using  the  preparation.  Throughout  most  of 
the  Western  soils  there  is  as  yet  no  necessity  for  specific  application 
of  food  to  the  strawberry,  except  it  may  be  in  old  gardens.  For 
field » or  market  culture,  new  clover-ley  will  be  found  better  than 
specific  manures  on  old  grounds.  The  applying  specific  nutrition  in 
solution  to  all  fruit-bearing  plants,  undoubtedly  increases  their  sus- 
ceptibility, while  it  increases  the  vigor,  and  foliage,  and  size  of  fruit ; 
yet  we  doubt  the  success  of  such  increased  action  in  the  soils  of  the 
Western  States,  as  combined  with  the  great  changes  of  climate.  On 
the  other  hand,  we  advise  such  course  as  will  rather  check  than  en- 
hance vigor.  We  append  analysis  of  the  strawberry  plant  made  by 
Mr.  Bilius  Kirtland  for  guidance  of  those  whose  grounds  have  become 
exhausted,  and  who  prefer  this  method : 


WOKTHY   GENKKAL   CULTIVATION". 


453 


GARDEN  STRAWBERRY. 
In  one  hundred  and  sixteen  grains  of  the  ashes  : 

Grains. 

Silica, 6.117 

Charcoal  and  Sand, 3.103 

Perphosphate  of  Iron.  .  .  .  .  1.515 

Lime, 26.539 

Magnesia,  ......  8.908 

Sulphuric  Acid, 1.469 

Phosphoric  Acid, 6.970 

Chlorine  , 708 

Potash, 33.154 

Soda, 2.790 

Carbonic  Acid, 23.008 

114.281 
Organic  matter  and  loss,  .  .  1 .739 

116.020 


CLASS  I. —  Worthy  General  Cultivation. 

BURR'S  NEW  PINE. 

Originated  at  Columbus,  Ohio,  in  1846,  on  a 
clayey  soil.  Flowers,  pistillate,  large  for  the  sex ; 
vines,  hardy,  vigorous,  very  productive ;  fruit, 
large,  obovate  or  rounded,  light  pale  red ;  seeds, 
slightly  imbedded ;  flesh,  whitish  pink,  delicate 
aromatic  flavor,  sweet  an.d  delicious ;  core,  firm, 
long,  rounded,  too  tender  for  a  market  fruit,  highly 
desirable  in  gardens.  Ripens  among  the  very 
earliest. 

WESTERN  QUEEN. 

Originated  at  Cleveland,  by  Prof.  J.  P.  Kirt- 
land,  in  1849,  on  gravelly  loam.  Flowers,  pistil- 
late ;  vines,  very  hardy  ;  foot-stalks,  long  ;  foliage, 
dark,  acuminate ;  truss,  well  spread,  very  pro- 
ductive ;  fruit,  medium  to  large,  regular,  rounded, 
conical,  very  little  inclination  'to  form  a  neck  ; 
color,  rich  dark  glossy  red  ;  seeds,  dark  ;  flesh,  yel- 
lowish stained,  firm,  juicy,  sub-acid,  sprightly  and 
agreeable  flavor  ;  core,  long,  conical.  This  variety 
bears  carriage  well,  and  being  less  acid  as  well  as 
larger  than  Hudson  or  Willey,  should  supersede 
them. 


454 


THE   STRAWBERRY. 


LONGWORTH'S  PROLIFIC. 

Schneieke's    Seedling. 

Originated  at  Cincinnati  at  same  time 
as  McAvoy's  Superior,  and  on  similar 
ground ;  both  on  the  land  of  Mr.  Long- 
worth  known  as  the  "Garden  of  Eden." 
For  market  culture  we  regard  it  of  more 
value  than  McAvoy's  Superior.  Flowers, 
hermaphrodite  ;  vines,  hardy  ;  foot-stalks, 
long,  stout ;  leaf,  broad,  round,  bold,  up- 
right, with  a  curve ;  trusses,  large,  full,  stand 
up  well  from  the  ground;  productive, regu- 
lar, and  sure  bearer.  Fruit',  above  me- 
dium to  large,  generally  regular,  roundish, 
or  obovate,  sometimes  slightly  conical  or 

coxcomb  ;  color,  rich,  dark  crimson ;  seeds,  small,  deeply  imbedded  ; 
flesh,  firm,  bright  red,  with  veins  of  white,  and  a  white  rim  sur- 
rounding the  core,  which  is  obovate  rounded,  sub-acid,  rich,  high, 
not  delicate  flavor;  calyx,  around  stem,  is  large,  long  acuminate, 
and  the  stem  set  deeply  into  the  fruit.  Ripens  medium  season,  or 
with  «  Hudson. " 

McAvov's  SUPERIOR. 

McAvoy's  No.  12. 


Originated  at  Cincinnati,  in  1848,  on  loamy  clay  soil  underlaid 
with  limestone.  Received  the  prize  of  $100  from  the  Cincinnati 
Horticultural  Society,  1851.  Flowers,  pistillate :  vines,  hardy  ;  foli- 
age, broad,  dark,  wavy,  and  sharply  serrated ;  foot-stalks,  long ; 
trusses,  full  and  well  formed  ;  fruit,  very  large,  exceeding  by  one- 


WORTHY  GENERAL  CULTIVATION. 


455 


eighth  that  of  any  other  variety  ;  farm,  varied,  as  shown  in  our  draw- 
ings, generally  roundish,  irregular,  conical,  and  occasionally  slightly 
necked  ;  color,  rich,  dark,  glossy  crimson  ;  seeds,  large,  slightly  im- 
bedded ;  flesh,  red  crimson,  lighted  and  veined  with  white,  the  white 
most  apparent  at  the  apex,  tender,  juicy,  rich,  with  an  exquisitely 
fine,  high  flavor ;  core;  round,  oblong,  rather  open  and  coarse  in  tex- 
ture. Too  tender  to  endure  carriage  long  distances,  desirable  for 
market  gardens  near  town,  as  well  as  for  private  gardens.  Ripens 
at  medium  season. 

JENNEY'S  SEEDLING. 

For  ripening  late — say  one  week  after  "  Long- 
worth's  Prolific,"  or  about  same  time  as  "  Dun- 
dee"— and  for  its  firm  texture,  and  desirable 
qualities  as  a  variety  for  preserving,  we  place 
the  Jenney's  Seedling  in  our  list  for  general  cul- 
tivation. Flowers,  pistillate;  vines,  very  hardy ; 
leaf  and  fruit- stems  both  long,  stiff,  and  up- 
right ;  calyx,  very  large,  distinctive ;  fruit, 
large,  very  regular,  roundish  conical ;  color,  rich, 
glossy  dark  red ;  seeds,  deeply  imbedded  ;  flesh, 
white,  tinged  with  pink  at  the  core,  while  the 
red  of  surface  is  shaded  in  one-sixteenth  of  dis- 
tance, firm,  rich,  sub-acid,  delicious ;  core,  long 
conical,  open  texture,  sometimes  hollow.  Sea- 
son, late.  Very  productive,  3,200  quarts  having  been  gathered  from 
less  than  three-quarters  of  an  acre. 

PROLIFIC  HAUTBOIS. 


Conical  Hautbois, 
Musk  Hautbois, 
Double  Bearing, 


Caperon  Royal, 
Lafayette  (of  some,) 
La  Grange  (of  some.) 


Of  all  the  Hautbois  or  high-wood  class  orf  straw- 
berries, this  we  regard  as  the  only  one  worth  culti- 
vating ;  and  even  this  is  only  adapted  to  private 
gardens  of  those  who  relish  its  peculiar  musky  fla- 
vor. One  pint  of  these  berries,  mixed  with  a  dish 
of  two  quarts  of  any  of  the  Scarlet  or  Pine  varie- 
ties, imparts  a  richness  and  character  that  few  can 
avoid  liking,  after  once  tasting.  Plants  of  both 
sexes  require  to  be  carefully  selected,  in  order  to 
give  product.  Foot-stalks,  long,  bearing  the  fruit 
above  the  foliage ;  vines,  hardy,  and  very  product- 
ive ;  fruit,  medium,  sometimes  large,  rounded  con- 
ical, dark  purplish  red;  seeds,  light  crimson,  prominent;  flesh,  firm, 
musky,  very  rich,  sweet,  and  delicious ;  core,  ovate  conical,  partially 


456  THE   STRAWBERRY. 

hollow.     Ripens  with  "  Western  Queen ;"  and  sometimes,  when  the 
season  is  rainy,  gives  a  partial  second  crop. 

John  Saul,  Washington,  D.  C.,  says  the  Fertilized  Hautbois  of 
Myatt  is  a  larger  fruit  and  better  bearer  than  above. 


CLASS  II. —  Worthy  further  Attention  by  Amateurs,  and  adapted  to 
certain  Localities. 

ALICE  MAUDE.   . 

Princess  Alice  Maude. 

English.  Hermaphrodite ;  large  flowers,  conical,  dark  crimson,  glossy, 
flavor  sprightly,  abundant  bearer,  grown  largely  in  some  sections  of  Vir- 
ginia. 

AJAX. 

English.  Staminate ;  globular,  sometimes  cock's  comb,  dark  crimson, 
fine  flavor.  New. 

BLACK  PRINCE. 

Black  Imperial. 

English. 

lightly  im 

s  at  Newb,     .     .,  , 

of  the  very  highest  flavor  ;  wants  a  rich  loamy  clay ;  core  full,  firm, 
surrounded  by  a  light  pink  line.  There  is  another  variety  of  Black  Prince 
which  is  long,  conical,  somewhat  acid. 

BISHOP'S  ORANGE. 

Orange  Hudson  Bay,         |         Bishop's  New. 

Pistillate  ;  medium,  light  orange  scarlet,  conical ;  fruits  in  clusters,  mod- 
erately prolific ;  desirable  in  warm,  deep,  sandy  soils. 

BURR'S  SEEDLING. 

Burr's  Slammale  Seedling,         J         Burr's  Old  Seedling. 

American.  Hermaphrodite  ;  foliage  light  green,  vines  strong,  vigorous 
and  hardy.  Fruit  above  medium,  roundish  oval,  often  conical ;  seed  light- 
colored  ;  color  light  pale  red ;  flesh  tender,  mild  and  pleasant  flavor,  does 
not  bear  carriage  well,  and  is  of  too  pale  color  to  sell  well  in  market ; 
productive,  and  as  a  fertilizer  for  pistillate  varieties,  valuable. 

BOSTON  PINE. 

American.  Staminate  ;  requires  high  cultivation  in  hills ;  vines  vigor- 
ous. Fruit  large,  roundish,  slightly  conical  ;  seeds  yellow,  slightly  imbed- 


FOR  AMATfiUR  CULTURE.  457 

ded;  color  deep,  rich  shining  red;  flesh  pale  scarlet,  firm,  juicy,  sweet, 
with  a  sprightly  agreeable  flavor.  C.  M.  Hovey,  the  originator  of  this 
variety,  claims  for  it  earliness  and  great  productiveness. 

BREWER'S  EMPEROR. 

English.  Starninate ;  large,  ovate,  dark  red,  hardy,  and  said  to  be  pro- 
ductive. Although  introduced  to  this  country  some  eight  years,  it  has 
not  as  yet  been  much  disseminated. 

BRILLIANT. 

American.  Hermaphrodite  ;  flowers  large.  Fruit  large,  conical,  deep 
crimson,  flavor  excellent,  productive,  plants  vigorous.  W.  K.  P.  in  Hort. 

CALEB  COPE. 

American.  Pistillate  ;  large,  pointed,  scarlet ;  flesh  white,  flavor  good, 
prolific. 

CRIMSON  CONE. 

Dutch  Berry. 

Pistillate ;  flowers  medium.  Fruit  large,  conical,  good  flavor,  slightly 
acid ;  vines  vigorous,  requiring  space,  productive. 

GUSHING. 

American.  Hermaphrodite.  Fruit  large,  color  light  scarlet,  form  ob- 
tuse conical ;  flesh  fine,  flavor  sprightly,  agreeable,  productive.  Originated 
by  Dr.  W.  D.  Brinckle,  of  Philadelphia. 

CLEVELAND. 

American.  Hermaphrodite ;  leaf  large,  ovate  rounded,  dark  green. 
Fruit  large,  varying  from  cock's  comb  to  conical  shape,  irregular ;  color 
dark  purplish  red  on  sunny  side,  opposite  a  rich  clear  vermilion ;  seeds 
ovate  pointed,  prominent ;  flesh  firm,  of  pineapple  flavor,  rich  and  deli- 
cious. A  variety  raised  from  seed  in  1849,  by  Mrs.  D.  H.  Lamb,  of  Cleve- 
land, Ohio. 

CRESCENT  SEEDLING. 

A  variety  originated  at  New  Orleans,  said  to  be  perpetual  bearer.  We 
have  been  unable  to  examine  it.  It  requires  further  testing. 

CHARLOTTE. 

American.  Pistillate;  flowers  medium,  foliage  broad.  Fruit  large, 
obovate ;  color  dark  scarlet ;  flesh  sweet,  sprightly  flavor,  productive. 
W.  R.  P.  in  Hort. 

20 


458  THE  STRAWBERRY. 

CLIMAX. 

Climax  Scarlet. 

American.  Pistillate.  Fruit  medium,  conical,  slightly  necked,  light 
scarlet,  rather  acid,  very  productive.  E.  &  B. 

CORNUCOPIA. 

American.  Pistillate.  Fruit  large,  conical,  scarlet,  productive.  W. 
R.  P.  in  Hort. 

DUNDEE. 

Scotch.  Pistillate ;  leaves  light  green,  foot  and  fruit-stalks  long,  sup- 
porting the  clusters  of  fruit  clear  of  the  ground.  Fruit  medium  to  large, 
roundish  oval,  very  uniform,  light  pale  clear  scarlet ;  flesh  firm,  rich,  acid, 
high  flavor ;  very  productive,  extremely  valuable  as  market  berry,  its  pe- 
riod of  ripening  being  from  five  to  ten  days  after  Willey  or  Hudson. 
Vines  very  hardy. 

DUCHESSE  DE  TllEVISE. 

A  variety  which  as  3ret  we  do  not  know  of  having  been  fruited  in  this 
country.  Mr.  R.  Thompson,  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society,  thus 
describes  it:  Presented  to  the  Society  by  M.  Jamin,  Bourg-la-Reine,  near 
Paris,  September  6,  1851.  Fruit  middle-sized,  ovate,  deep  red ;  seeds 
small,  rather  deeply  embedded ;  flesh  pale  red,  juicy,  with  a  brisk  rich 
flavor;  leaves  large,  roundish,  widely  and  rather  obtusely  serrated  ;  leaf- 
stalks moderately  tall,  very  hairy,  the  hairs  on  these  spreading  horizon- 
tally, but  those  on  the  scapes  and  runners  are  adpressed.  Appears  to  be 
a  good  bearer. 

DUKE  OF  KENT. 

Duke  of  Kent's  Scarlet,      |  Austrian  Scarlet, 

Early  Prolific  Scarlet. 

English.  Staminate.  Fruit  small,  roundish,  conical,  bright  scarlet, 
sharp,  rather  acid  flavor,  valuable  only  on  account  of  its  early  period  of 
ripening;  vines  hardy. 

DUNCAN'S  SEEDLING. 

English.  New.  Fruit  large,  dark  rich  red,  fine  flavor,  productive. 
Lately  introduced. 

EBERLEIN'S  SEEDLING. 

American.  Hermaphrodite  ;  vines  vigorous  ;  flowers  medium.  Fruit 
medium,  conical  compressed;  seeds  light-colored,  prominent;  color  dark 
scarlet,  good,  slightly  acid  flavor.  Early,  moderately  productive. 

GENESEE. 

American.  Hermaphrodite;  vines  luxuriant;  fruit-stalks  stout,  sup- 
porting the  fruit  well  Fruit  large,  roundish,  dark  crimson,  very  produc- 
tive. Ripens  late. 


FOB  AMATEUR  CULTURE.  459 


Green  Pine,         I         Green  Wood, 
Grt 


GREEN  STRAWBERRY. 

B,          |         Gre 
Green  Alpine. 

Cultivated  only  by  the  curious.     Small,  roundish,  whitish  green. 
HOVEY'S  SEEDLING. 

American.  Pistillate.  Flowers  small ;  vines  vigorous  ;  leaves  broad, 
roundish,  distinct  from  all  other  varieties ;  leaf  and  fruit-stalks  short  and 
stout.  Fruit  very  large,  roundish  ovate,  slightly  conical,  with  a  short 
neck ;  color,  when  fully  exposed  to  the  sun,  dark  rich  shining  red ;  seeds 
dark ;  flesh  scarlet,  firm,  bears  carriage  well,  but  is  deficient  in  richness  of 
flavor.  In  rich,  deep,  loamy  soils,  and  supplied  with  a  good  impregnator, 
this  variety  will  give  immense  crops  of'  large  Jine  fruit.  In  common 
or  sandy  soils  it  perfects  only  a  few  large  berries^  We  think  "  McAvoy's 
Superior"  will  entirely  supersede  it.  The  "  Methven  Scarlet"  has  been 
largely  disseminated  in  Illinois  and  farther  west  States  as  Hovey's  Seed- 
ling. Newly  planted  beds  require  a  covering  of  litter  in  winter. 

HUDSON. 

Hudson's  Bay,         I         Late  Scarlet, 
Old  Hudson,  |         American  Scarlet. 

Pistillate.  More  extensively  cultivated  than  any  other  variety  :  its 
hardihood  and  late  period  of  maturity,  together  with  its  fine  rich  acid 
flavor,  so  valuable  for  preserving,  will  contini*.?  for  years  to  bring  it  abun- 
dant in  the  markets  of  our  large  cities.  In  the  rich  clay  lands  around 
Cincinnati  it  grows  to  such  size  as  frequently  to  have  been  mistaken  for 
Hovey's.  It  must,  however,  gradually  give  place  to  such  varieties  as 
Longworth's  Prolific,  Western  Queen,  &c.  Fruit  above  medium,  ovate, 
often  with  a  neck  ;  seeds  deeply  imbedded ;  color  rich  dark  glossy  red  • 
flesh  firm,  of  a  high,  brisk,  acid  flavor.  Should  be  permitted  to  hang  until 
fully  matured.  Season  rather  late. 

HOOPER'S  SEEDLING. 

English.  Stamiuate.  Fruit  medium,  conical,  dark  rich  red,  good  flavor, 
productive.  Late. 

IOWA  MALE. 

American.  Staminate.  Fruit  medium,  round  conical;  seeds  deeply 
imbedded  ;  color  'pale  red  ;  core  ovate  conical,  marked  with  a  greenish 
line  ;  flesh  yellow  ;  flavor  delicate  ;  moderate  bearer. 

JENNY  LIND. 

Staminate.  Size  rather  large ;  form  conical,  perfect,  generally  with 
short  neck ;  seeds  moderately  sunk  in  oval  cavities ;  color  bright  light 
scarlet  ~  flesh  white,  nearly  solid,  heavy,  tender  and  juicy  flavor,  pleasant 
sub-acid,  and  under  favorable  circumstances  highly  perfumed.  Early, 
ripening  with  the  Early  Virginia,  but  more  prolific.  Quality  "very 
good."  (Wilder,  MS.) 


460  THE   STRAWBERRY. 

LARGE  EARLY  SCARLET. 

Early  Virginia. 

American.  Hermaphrodite.  In  the  Eastern  States  this  is  regarded  as 
the  best  early  berry.  West,  it  has  never  sustained  such  character.  Its 
chief  value  may  be  found  as  an  impregnator  of  pistillate  kinds.  Fruit 
medium,  roundish  ovate,  bright  scarlet ;  seeds  deeply  imbedded  ;  flesh  ten- 
der, rich,  slightly  acid  flavor.  Season,  very  early. 

*  METHVEN  SCARLET. 


Methven  Castle, 
Methven, 
Southampton  Scarlet, 


Keen's  Seedling  (of  some  West,) 
Hovey's    do.  "        " 

Stoddart's  do.  "        " 


Scotch.  Pistillate.  Strong  grower.  Fruit  large,  roundish  or  cock's- 
comb-shaped ;  seed  slightly  imbedded  ;  color  dull  scarlet ;  flesh  coarse, 
open  texture  ;  core  large  and  hollow ;  flavor  very  indifferent.  It  some- 
times produces  large  crops,  ripening  some  four  or  five  days  after  the 
height  of  strawberry  season. 

MONTEVIDEO  PINE. 

American.  Hermaphrodite.  Foliage  large  and  vigorous ;  flowers  very 
large ;  fruit  large,  conical,  of  a  pine- apple  flavor,  ripening  late.  (W.  R.  P. 
in  Hort.) 

MONROE  SCARLET. 

American.  Pistillate.  Large,  roundish,  light  scarlet,  good,  very  pro- 
lific. (E.  and  B.) 

McAvov's  No.  1. 

McAVOY'S  EXTRA  RED. 

•  American.  Pistillate.  Two  varieties  originated  at  same  time  and  place 
as  "  McAvoy's  Superior."  They  are  yet  comparatively  untested,  but  with 
exception  of  quality,  the  same  description  will  answer  for  both ;  large, 
roundish,  scarlet;  seed  deeply  imbedded  ;  flesh  stained  with  red;  flavor 
agreeable,  the  extra  red,  sub-acid. 

MOYAMENSING. 

American.  Pistillate.  Foliage  large,  crenate  serratures.  Fruit  large, 
roundish  conical,  deep  crimson ;  seed  crimson,  set  in  rather  deep  depres- 
sions, with  rounded  intervals ;  flesh  red,  flavor  very  fine.  (Trans.  Penn. 
Hort.  So.) 

MAGNIFIQUE. 

American.  Pistillate.  Very  large,  rounded,  orange  scarlet,  pleasant 
flavor,  productive.  (W.  R.  P.  in  Hort.) 

NECKED  PINE. 

Unique  Prairie,          |  Pine  Apple. 

American.  Pistillate.  Fruit  medium,  conical,  always  necked,  light 
scarlet;  flesh  white,  delicate,  a  little  acid,  pleasant  when  fully  ripe; 
little  grown  except  in  private  gardens  at  Cincinnati. 


FOR  AMATEUR  CULTURE.  461 

PRIMORDIAN. 

American.  Pistillate.  Flowers  small.  Fruit  large,  conical,  deep 
scarlet ;  productive.  (W.  R.  P.  in  Hort.) 

PROLIFIC   HUDSON. 

American.  Pistillate.  Fruit  medium,  short  cone,  crimson,  good  flavor, 
ripens  gradually.  (W.  R.  P.  in  Hort.) 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

American.  Pistillate.  Leaf  large,  deep  green.  Fruit  large,  broadly 
conical,  dark  crimson  ;  seed  crimson,  when  shaded,  yellow^  slightly  im- 
bedded ;  flesh  red ;  flavor  fine.  (Trans.  Penn.  Hort.  So.) 

PROLIFIC  SWAINSTONE. 

American.  Hermaphrodite.  Fruit  large,  ovate,  scarlet ;  flavor  fine ; 
productive.  (W.  R.  P.  in  Hort.) 

PRIMATE. 

American.  Hermaphrodite.  Fruit  large,  conical,  deep  scarlet;  pro- 
ductive, fine  for  market.  (W.  R.  P.  in  Hort.) 

REFULGENT. 

American.  Pistillate.  Medium,  ovate  with  a  neck,  scarlet,  fine  flavor ; 
productive.  (W.  R.  P.  in  Hort.) 

RUBY. 
English,   Fruit  medium,  oval,  ruby  red,  fine  flavor,  prolific.    (Hov.  Mag.) 

RIVAL  HUDSON. 

Burr's  Rival  Hudson. 

American.  Pistillate.  Fruit  large,  bright  scarlet ;  flesh  red,  firm,  sub- 
acid,  very  productive.  Originated  same  time  as  "  Burr's  New  Pine,"  and 
is  much  like  "  Hudson,"  its  parent. 

RED  ALPINE. 

Stafford's  Washington  Alpine,         |         Newland's  Mammoth. 

Flowers  perfect.  Fruit  small,  conical,  bright  scarlet,  delicate,  peculiar 
flavor.  Its  principal  value  in  our  climate  is  the  ripening  gradually  a  long 
time.  An  autumnal  crop  may  be  procured  by  destroying  the  early  blos- 
soms. The  "  White  Alpine"  varies  only  in  the  color  of  its  fruit. 

RICHARDSON'S  LATE. 
American.    Hermaphrodite.     Fruit  large,  roundish,  short  neck,  light 


THE   STRAWBERRY. 


scarlet, 
successio: 


rich,  sub-acid,  sprightly  flavor,  moderately  productive,  ripens  in 
ion  until  about  middle  of  July*    ("  M.  P.  W.,  in  Hort.") 


Ross  PHCENIX. 


American.  Staminate.  Fruit  large,  roundish  compressed,  dark  red  ; 
flesh  firm,  good  flavor ;  generally  a  poor  bearer. 

SOUTHBOROUGH. 
Southborough  Seedling,         |         Marshall's  Seedling. 

English.  Pistillate.  Fruit  medium,  ovate,  conical,  sometimes  pointed, 
rich  deep  scarlet ;  seeds  small,  deeply  imbedded,  mild  rich  flavor,  firm 
flesh,  bearing  carriage  well.  We  have  fruited  this  several  years  in  con- 
nection with  "Large  Early  Scarlet,"  (to  which  it  is  a  good  mate,)  and 
found  it  more  productive,  and  ripening  equally  early  in  season.  Vines 
hardy ;  fruit  and  foot-stalks  short. 

SWAINSTONE  SEEDLING. 

English.  Staminate.  Fruit  large  ovate,  light  crimson,  firm  fleshed, 
rich,  delicious  flavor.  Ripens  a  long  time,  but  is  an  uncertain  bearer. 

SALTER'S  VERSAILLAISE. 

English.  New.  Not  yet,  we  think,  here  introduced.  We  copy  de- 
scription of  Mr.  R  Thompson,  of  London  Hort.  Society  : 

Presented  to  the  Society  by  Mr.  John  Salter,  Nurseryman,  Hammer- 
smith, Oct.  24,  1851.  Fruit  large,  ovate,  sometimes  flattened  or  cock's- 
comb-shaped,  dark  red  ;  seeds  rather  deeply  embedded ;  flesh  pale,  juicy, 
and  rich  ;  leaves  middle-sized,  roundish  oval,  widely  serrated ;  leaf-stalks, 
scapes  and  runners  hairy,  the  hairs  spreading  almost  horizontally.  A 
good  bearer. 

ORANGE  PROLIFIC. 

American.  Hermaphrodite.  Fruit  large,  orange  scarlet,  acid,  pro- 
ductive, late.  (E.  &  B.) 

WHITE  ALPINE. 
Varies  from  Red  Alpine  only  in  the  color  of  its  fruit. 

VICTORIA. 

Hermaphrodite,  sometimes  pistillate.  Fruit  medium  to  large,  round, 
conical,  rich  scarlet ;  flesh  firm,  rich,  high,  slightly  acid  flavor.  Season 
with  Hudson  and  Willey.  Some  six  years  since  we  received  this  variety, 
but  have  never  been  able  to  find  it  described,  or  to  recognize  it  as  any 
variety  under  different  name.  The  vines  are  hardy  and  usually  prolific. 

WILLEY. 

Wiley. 

American.  Pistillate.  Undoubtedly  a  seedling  from  Hudson,  as  plants 
taken  from  the  bed  of  Mrs.  Willey,  originally  Hudson,  (from  whence  its 


UNWORTHY   OF  CULTIVATION.  463 

name})  have  some  been  recognized  as  Hudson,  while  others  bear  the  cha- 
racter allied  to,  but  yet  varied.  Fruit  medium  to  large,  ovate,  conical, 
rounded,  rarely  inclining  to  neck,  rich,  dark,  glossy  red ;  flesh  firm,  juicy, 
high  acid  flavor.  Hangs  long,  and  should  be  permitted  so  to  do ;  vines 
very  hardy,  vigorous,  require  severe  thinning,  or  the  fruit  is  materially 
lessened  in  size. 

UNIQUE  SCARLET. 

American.  Hermaphrodite.  Large,  light  scarlet,  sweet,  rich,  delicious 
flavor,  moderate  bearer. 

WHITE  BUSH  ALPINE. 

This  and  Red  Bush  Alpine  differ  from  the  Alpine  previously  described, 
only  in  not  forming  runners ;  but,  growing  in  neat,  compact  bunches,  are 
used  by  many  persons  for  edging  beds  in  kitchen  gardens.  Bearing 
throughout  the  entire  season  renders  it  desirable.  They  are  propagated 
by  dividing  the  roots  early  in  spring.  Andrew  Parmentier,  of  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  first  introduced  the  Bush  Alpines  to  this  country. 

WALKER'S  SEEDLING. 

American.  Staminate.  Fruit  medium  size,  roundish  conical,  very  dark 
crimson  ;  seed  moderately  sunk  ;  flesh  not  quite  solid,  deeply  stained  with 
red,  sprightly  rich  flavor,  of  quality  "  best,"  prolific  for  a  Staminate.  Wil- 
der, MS. 


CLASS  III.—  Unworthy  further  Cultivation. 

ABERDEEN  BEE  HIVE. 
English.    Stamiiiate ;  below  .medium,  scarlet. 

BAIN'S  EXTRA  EARLY. 
Medium  to  small,  round  conical ;  flesh  tinged  with  red,  sweet  and  pleasant. 

BUIST'S  PRIZE. 
American.    Hermaphrodite ;  large,  firm,  moderately  productive. 

BRITISH  QUEEN. 

Hyatt's  British  Queen. 

English.     Staminate  ;  large,  roundish,  scarlet,  rich,  poor  bearer. 

BOSTOCK. 

Rostock. 
English.    Roundish,  poor  bearer. 

COLE'S  PROLIFIC. 
English.    Large,  conical,  good  flavor. 


464  THE   STRAWBERRY. 

COLE'S  LATE  SCARLET. 
English.    Medium,  deep  color,  moderate  bearer. 

Cox's  SEEDLING. 
English.     Large,  light  red,  irregular  shape,  acid. 

COLUMBUS. 
American.    Pistillate,  large,  dark  red,  sweet,  too  tender. 

CRIMSON  PINE. 
Hermaphrodite.    Resembles  Hudson. 

DOWNTON. 

Knight's  Seedling. 

English.     Staminate  ;  large,  irregular  form,  purplish  scarlet,  unproductive. 
DEPTFORD  PINE. 

Myall's  Deplford  Pine. 

English.    Staminate  ;    large,  long  conical,  rich,  scarlet,  poor  bearer,  par- 
tially hardy. 

ELTON. 

Elton  Pine. 
English.     Staminate  ;  large,  light  red,  ovate,  acid,  tender,  unproductive. 

GIANT  ALPINE. 
Medium,  globular,  tasteless. 

GOLIATH. 

German.    Medium  to  large,  scarlet,  irregular,  acid,  vinous.    There  is  also 
an  English  variety,  no  better. 

GROVE  END  SCARLET. 

Alkinson's  Scarlet. 

English.     Hermaphrodite  ;   medium   to  small,  globular,  light  vermilion, 
acid,  early,  productive. 

GLOBE  HAUTBOIS. 
English.    Small,  globular,  unproductive. 

HUNTSMAN'S. 

American.     Pistillate  ;  large,  productive,  flavorless.     Huntsman's  Stamin- 
ate, medium,  dark  scarlet,  good  flavor,  poor  bearer. 

KEENE'S  SEEDLING. 
English.    Staminate  ;  large,  round  cock's  comb,  purplish  crimson,  firm,  rich, 


UNWOBTHY  OF   CULTIVATION.  465 

high  flavor,  tender,  unproductive.    There  is  also  a  pistillate  Keene's  Seedling, 
received  by  N.  Longworth,  of  Cincinnati,  equally  unproductive. 

LA  LIEGOISE. 
French.    Stamtnate  ;  medium,  bright  scarlet,  unproductive. 

LATE  PROLIFIC. 
American.    Pistillate  5  medium,  light  pale  scarlet. 

Lizz  E  RANDOLPH. 
American.    Pistillate ;  medium,  scarlet,  indifferent  grower. 

HYATT'S  ELIZA. 

English.    Staminate  ;  large,  irregular  cock's  comb,  tender  flesh,  hollow  core, 
high  flavor,  poor  bearer. 

MOTTIER'S  SEEDLING. 
American.    Pistillate  ;  resembles  its  parent  "  Hudson." 

MELON. 
Scotch.    Medium,  roundish,  dark  color,  dwarf. 

HYATT'S  ELEANOR. 
English.    Staminate ;  large,  long  conical,  crimson  scarlet,  acid. 

HYATT'S  GLOBE. 
English.    Large,  roundish,  fine  flavor,  tender. 

HYATT'S  HAMMOTH. 

English.     Staminate  ;  large,  irregular  roundish,  dark  crimson,  flavorless, 
poor  bearer. 

HYATT'S  PRINCE  ALBERT. 
English.     Medium,  conical,  purplish  crimson. 

HYATT'S  PINE. 
English.    Large,  bright  scarlet,  fine  flavor,  poor  bearer. 

HYATT'S  PROLIFIC. 
English.    Staminate  ;  medium,  conical,  light  scarlet,  good  flavor,  not  prolific. 

OHIO  HAMMOTH. 

American.    Staminate  ;  large,  light  pale  red,  conical,  hollow  core,  deficient 
in  flavor,  poor  bearer. 
20* 


466  THE   STRAWBERRY. 

OLD  PINE,  OR  CAROLINA. 

Bath  Scarlet,         |         Old  Scarlet  Pine, 
Pineapple. 

American.  Staminate  ;  medium,  conical  with  a  neck,  bright  scarlet,  rich 
flavor,  ripens  when  there  are  many  better  varieties. 

PROFUSE  SCARLET. 
American.    Pistillate  ;  from  seed  of  Large  Early  Scarlet,  which  it  resembles. 

PROFUSION. 
American.    Pistillate  ;  small,  rich,  sweet,  productive. 

PRINCE  OF  ORLEANS. 
Staminate  ;  medium,  delicate  flavor. 

ROSEBERRY. 

English.    Staminate  ;  medium,  conical,  good  flavor,  poor  bearer. 
RED  WOOD. 

English  Red  Wood 

The  wild  strawberry  of  Europe,  easy  of  cultivation,  bears  freely  and  of  long 
continuance ;  small,  red,  roundish  ovate,  sweet  and  delicate.  The  White 
Wood  varies  only  in  color. 

RICHARDSON'S  EARLY. 
American.    Pistillate  ;  medium,  dark  crimson,  acid. 

SCIOTO. 
American.     Pistillate  ;  large,  light  pale  scarlet. 

SCARLET  MELTING. 

American.  Pistillate  ;  ovate  conical,  necked,  light  pale  red ;  flesh  tender, 
juicy,  good, 

TAYLOR'S  SEEDLING. 

American.  Pistillate  ;  medium,  long  oval,  neck  distinct,  light  scarlet,  sweet 
and  agreeable,  hollow  core,  unproductive. 

TRUE  CHILI. 

Palagonian,         I         Greenwell's  New  Giant, 
Greenwell's  French. 

This,  with  the  two  following,  are  little  valued,  and  rarely  grown.  Fruit 
large,  conical,  dull  red,  firm,  hollow  core. 

WILMOT'S  SUPERB. 
English.    Large,  round,  cock's  comb,  scarlet,  poor  bearer. 


UNWORTHY  OF  CULTIVATION.  467 

WILMOT'S  NEW  SCARLET. 
English.    Large,  oval,  bright  scarlet,  poor  bearer. 

WILLIAM  HENRY  HARRISON. 
American.    Staminate  ;  large,  cock's  comb  pointed,  dark  red  ;  flesh  reddish. 

YELLOW  CHILI. 
Fruit  large,  irregular,  yellow,  firm, 


APPENDIX. 


SINCE  the  manuscript  of  the  foregoing  pages  was  placed  in  hands 
of  the  printer,  there  have  been  several  new  fruits  introduced  and 
described,  in  the  Horticultural  Journals  and  Societies'  Transactions  ; 
these  we  have  thought  best  to  add  in  an  appendix.  There  have  also 
been  some  few  omissions,  consequent  on  the  author  not  being  at  hand 
to  correct  the  proofs  until  they  were  stereotyped ;  these  also  we 
have  thought  best  to  insert  here. 

APPLES. 

CLASS  I.     Worthy  General  Cultivation, 
COGSWELL. 

Cogswell's  Pearmain 

American.  Native  of  Connecticut.  It  has  been  grown  in  Mass. 
and  Ohio,  and  succeeds  equally  as  well  as  in  its  native  locality. 
Trees,  moderately  vigorous,  making  rather  long  annual  shoots,  of  a 
dark,  reddish  brown  color. 

Fruit,  large ;  form,  roundish  flattened ;  color,  deep  yellow,  nearly 
covered  with  stripes,  splashes,  and  dots  of  rich  red,  and  a  few  large 
russet  specks  ;  stem,  short,  slender  ;  cavity,  open  ;  calyx,  medium, 
nearly  closed ;  basin,  shallow ;  flesh,  yellowish,  crisp,  sprightly 
sub-acid ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  medium  size,  dark  brown.  Season, 
January  to  March. 

MAIDEN'S  BLUSH. 

American.  Tree  a  rapid  grower,  forming  a  fine  spreading  head  ; 
succeeds,  so  far  as  producing  annually  and  abundantly,  in  all  soils ; 
much  the  best,  however,  in  those  termed  "  limestone  clay."  Valued 
for  cooking,  for  drying,  and  salable  in  market  on  account  of  its 
handsome  appearance. 

Fruit,  medium  to  large ;  form,  roundish,  flattened  ;  color,  clear 
lemon  yellow,  with  red  cheek,  varying  from  faint  blush  to  rich 
crimson;  stem,  short;  calyx,  closed  ;  basin,  medium,  abrupt;  core, 
medium  ;  flesh,  white,  fine-grained,  tender,  sprightly,  rather  sharp 
sub-acid  unless  fully  ripened.  Season,  September  and  October. 


470  APPENDIX. 

CLASS  II.     New  and  untested,  adapted  to  Amateur  Culture,  or  cer- 
tain Localities. 

BERRY. 

American.  Fruit  large,  roundish  oblate,  striped  and  mottled  with 
crimson  on  greenish  yellow ;  green  russet  spots.  October,  November. 

BUEL'S  FAVORITE. 

Spotted  Pippin,      |     Gray  Pippin. 

Fruit  medium,  roundish,  greenish  yellow,  stem  slender,  cavity  deep, 
russeted,  calyx  medium,  flesh  a  little  tough.  November. 

CALLASAGA. 

American.  Fruit  above  medium,  roundish,  dull  brown  on  greenish 
yellow  russet ;  calyx  large,  wide  furrowed  basin.  October,  November. 

CAMAC'S  SWEET. 

American.  Fruit  below  medium,  roundish  conical,  whitish  green, 
clouded  with  green  russet ;  calyx  large,  closed. 

CRANBERRY. 

American.  Fruit  medium,  roundish  conical,  red,  striped  with  carmine, 
gray  russet  dots ;  stem  in  a  narrow,  russeted  cavity ;  calyx  small,  closed. 

DAPPER. 

American.  Fruit  small,  roundish,  yellow,  clouded  with  dull  green,  and 
specked  with  crimson  in  sun ;  calyx  small,  closed. 

MOUNTAIN  SPROUT. 

American.  Fruit  medium,  oblong  truncate,  red  striped,  numerous  white 
dots. 

NICKEJACK. 

American.  From  North  Carolina.  Fruit  large,  oblate,  red  striped  and 
mottled  on  greenish  yellow ;  cavity  deep,  russeted ;  calyx  large,  par- 
tially open  ;  core  small ;  seed  light  brown ;  flesh  tender,  juicy,  delicate, 
"  lest"  Well  adapted  to  the  Southern  States,  not  yet  tested  at  the  North. 

RlTTER. 

American.  From  Berks  county,  Pa.  Fruit  medium,  roundish  oblong, 
shades  of  red  striped,  white  dots ;  stem  short ;  cavity  deep,  narrow ; 
seed  short,  plump  ;  flesh  tender  "  very  good."  October,  November. 


APPENDIX.  471 

SUMMEROUR. 

American.  Fruit  large,  roundish,  red  mottled  and  striped,  large  gray 
dots  ;  cavity  deep  ;  calyx  large.  October,  November. 

The  ten  foregoing  descriptions  of  apples  we  take  from  the  Ad  Interim 
Reports  of  Pa.  Hort.  Society. 

STURMER  PIPPIN. 

Foreign.  Tree  healthy,  good  bearer ;  fruit  rather  small,  roundish  conical, 
yellowish  green  with  brown,  dull  red  in  sun  ;  flesh  firm,  crisp,  juicy,  acid  ; 
keeps  well.  January  to  June. 


GRAPES. 
New  and  untested,  suited  to  Amateur  Culture. 

BRINCKLE. 

Raabe's  No.  1. 

First  fruited  in  1850.  Bunch  large,  rather  compact,  sometimes 
shouldered  ;  berry  five-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  round,  black  ; 
flesh,  solid,  not  pulpy  ;  flavor,  rich,  vinous,  and  saccharine ;  quality, 
"  best."  (Ad.  Int.  Rept.) 

CASSADY. 

An  accidental  seedling  white  grape,  with  native  leaf,  and  dark 
purplish  wood.  Bunch,  of  medium  size,  tolerably  compact,  and 
sometimes  shouldered ;  berry,  below  medium,  five-eighths  of  an 
inch  in  diameter  ;  form,  round  ;  color,  greenish  white  with  occasion- 
ally a  faint  salmon  tint,  and  thickly  covered  with  white  bloom  ;  flesh, 
juicy,  with  but  little  pulp  ;  flavor,  pleasant ;  quality,  "  very  good." 
(Ad.  Int.  Rept.) 

CLARA. 

Raabe's  No.  1. 

Bunch,  medium ;  not  compact ;  berry,  medium  ;  round,  green, 
faintly  tinged  with  salmon  when  exposed  "to  the  sun  ;  flesh,  tender, 
juicy  ;  flavor,  rich,  sweet,  and  delicious  ;  quality,  "  best."  Fruited 
the  present  season  for  the  first  time.  (Ad.  Int.  Rept.) 

CONCORD. 

Native  of  Concord,  Mass.,  and  stated  in  Hov.  Mag.  to  be  very 
early  in  its  season  of  ripening,  and  possessing  the  aroma  of  the 
Catawba. 


472  APPENDIX. 

EMILY. 

Raabe's  No.  2. 

Bunch,  large,  not  very  compact,  occasionally  shouldered  ;  "berry, 
below  medium,  from  three-eighths  to  one-half  of  an  inch  in  diame- 
ter, round,  pale  red ;  flesh,  very  juicy,  with  little  or  no  pulp  ;  flavor, 
saccharine  and  delicious ;  quality,  "  best,"  for  an  out-door  grape. 
Fruited  in  1850  for  the  first  time. 

GRAHAM. 

An  accidental  seedling  raised  by  Mr.  Graham.  It  sprung  up  in 
1845,  and  fruited  in  1850  for  the  first  time.  Bunch,  of  medium 
size,  shouldered,  not  compact ;  berry,  half  an  inch  in  diameter, 
round,  purple,  thickly  covered  with  a  blue  bloom,  contains  little  or 
no  pulp,  and  abounds  in  a  saccharine  juice  of  agreeable  flavor; 
quality,  "  best."  The  leaf  indicates  ita  native  parentage.  It  is 
probably  a  natural  cross  between  the  Bland  and  Elsinborough,  both 
of  which  were  in  bearing  in  the  garden  where  it  orginated.  (Ad. 
Int.  Kept.} 

RAABB. 

Raabe's  No.  3. 

Bunch,  small,  compact,  rarely  shouldered ;  berry,  below  medium, 
round,  dark  red,  thickly  covered  with  bloom  ;  flesh,  very  juicy,  with 
scarcely  any  pulp  ;  flavor,  saccharine,  with  a  good  deal  of  the  Cataw- 
ba  aroma  ;  quality,  "  best."  (Ad.  Int.  Reptl) 


PEACHES. 

CLASS  II.     New  and  untested;  suited  to  Amateur   Culture,  or  cer- 
tain Localities. 

GORGAS. 

American.  Native  of  Philadelphia  ;  originated  with  Benjamin  G-ulliss 
from  a  stone  of  Morris  White.  Leaves  serrate.  Fruit  large,  roundish, 
with  a  slight  prominence  at  the  apex ;  dull  greenish  white,  clouded  and 
blotched  with  red  on  the  exposed  side ;  cavity  wide,  rather  deep  ;  stone 
free  ;  flesh  whitish,  slightly  stained  at  the  stone,  juicy ;  flavor  saccharine 
and  exceedingly  luscious ;  quality  "  best."  Middle  to  end  of  September. 

JANE. 

Baxter's  Seedling  No.  1.  f  V 

Origin,  Philadelphia,  Pa.  Fruit  large,  ten  and  one-half  inches  in  cir- 
cumference, roundish  oblate,  greenish  yellowish  white,  with  a  red  cheek  ; 
free  ;  flavor  delicious ;  quality  "  very  good"  to  "  best."  (Ad.  Int.  Rept.) 


APPENDIX.  473 


PEARS. 

CLASS  II.    New  and  untested.    Suited  to  Amateur  Culture,  or  certain 
Localities. 

DOWNING. 

Doyenne  Downing. 

Foreign.  New,  recently  described  and  dedicated  by  M.  Leroy  (France) 
to  the  memory  of  the  unfortunate  Downing. 

Fruit  medium,  roundish,  irregular;  green  yellowish,  speckled  with 
russet  dots ;  stem  short,  obliquely  inserted ;  flesh  white,  crisp,  juicy, 
sugary,  lightly  acidulated.  Season,  September. 

BARRY. 

Foreign.  New.  Fruit  medium  size,  sometimes  large,  pyriform,  irregu- 
larly shaped ;  skin  rough  red,  spotted  on  the  sunny  side,  yellow  greenish 
on  the  opposite ;  calyx  small,  set  in  a  narrow  basin ;  stalk  obliquely  in- 
serted ;  flesh  white,  coarse,  tender  at  the  centre,  very  juicy,  sugared  and 
perfumed.  Season,  October. 

*  HOVEY. 

Foreign.  New.  ,  Fruit  medium  size,  pyriform,  regular,  resembles  the 
Beurre  Capiaumont,  skin  fair,  smooth,  yellow,  speckled  and  dotted  around 
the  eye ;  calyx  set  outside ;  stem  obliquely  inserted ;  flesh  yellow,  melting, 
juicy,  sugary,  perfumed  and  vinous.  Season,  September. 

GENERAL  TAYLOR. 

|rv, 

Native  of  Maryland.  The  tree  supposed  to  be  the  original  one  grows 
near  Baltimore,  and  is  25  or  30  years  old. 

Size,  under  medium ;  form  turbinate,  obscurely  pyriform.  broad  at  the 
crown ;  color  cinnamon  russet,  becoming  fawn  on  the  exposed  side  ;  stem 
inserted  into  a  very  small  cavity ;  calyx  partially  closed,  set  in  a  broad, 
not  very  deep,  furrowed  basin;  core  medium;  seed  dark  brown,  ovate, 
no  angle  at  the  obtuse  end ;  flesh  yellowish  white,  granular,  becoming 
buttery  and  melting,  but  somewhat  gritty  at  the  core  ;  flavor  as  high  as 
the  Seckel,  aroma  delicious  ;  quality  "best;"  maturity,  November.  (Ad. 
Int.  Rept.) 

REGNIER. 

This  is  a  variety  claimed  through  the  Pennsylvania  Hort.  Society  to 
have  been  grown  from  seed  of  the  White  Doyenne ;  under  that  name  it 
has  repeatedly  received  premiums  there :  hence,  not  having  seen  the  fruit, 
we  conclude  our  description  will  answer  for  both.  The  growth  of  tree 
is  stated  as  its  distinctive  character ;  being  "  more  erect,  full  and  rounded 
in  its  top." 


474  APPENDIX. 

GKLOSSARY 

OF  THE  MORE  COMMON  TEEMS  USED  IN  FRUIT  CULTURE. 

Acute,  sharp  or  angular. 

Acuminate,  drawn  out  to  a  point. 

Alburnum,  the  sap-wood,  as  distinguished  from  the  heart- wood. 

Apex,  point ;  the  part  of  a  fruit  farthest  from  the  foot-stalk. 

Base,  lower  end,  or  that  portion  of  a  fruit,  stalk,  or  part  of  a  plant, 

nearest  the  supporting  part  or  root. 

Basin,  the  hollow  or  depression  at  the  apex  or  crown  of  a  fruit,  surround- 
ing the  calyx. 

Bezi,  a  wilding,  or  natural  seedling. 
Beurre,  a  buttery  pear. 
Border,  artificial  bed  of  enriched  earth. 
Callus,  ring  or  swollen  portion  formed  at  the  base  of  a  cutting,  by  the 

descending  cambium. 

Calvilk- shaped,  much  ribbed,  as  applied  to  apples. 
Calyx,  the  outer  or  green  leaves  of  a  flower,  which,  remaining  on  the 

apex  of  a  pear  or  apple,  are  often  denominated  the  eye. 
Cambium,  the  soft,  newly  formed  wood  beneath  the  bark. 
Canes,  long  bearing  shoots  ;  applied  to  grapes  and  raspberries. 
Clipping,  trimming  down  to  some  definite  shape.  •    • 

Colmar-shaped,  pyriform  or  pear-shaped,  with  a  rather  slender  neck  and 

large  body. 

Conical,  tapering  regularly  towards  the  apex. 
Cordate,  heart-shaped. 
Coxcomb,  applied  to  the  form  of  strawberries  when  much  compressed  at 

the  sides. 

Crenate,  notched  or  cut  like  rounded  or  blunt  saw-teeth. 
Crown,  the  part  of  a  fruit  farthest  from  the  foot-stalk  or  base. 
Dwarfs,  trees  made  diminutive  by  grafting  or  budding  upon  stocks  of 

small  growth. 

JSspalier,  a  tree  trained  flat  upon  a  trellis. 
En  quenouille,  training  to  produce  fruitfulness  by  tying  the  branches 

downwards. 

Fibrous  roots,  the  smaller,  branching,  or  thread-like  roots. 
Forcing,  the  early  ripening  of  fruits  by  artificial  heat  under  glass. 
Head  back,  to  cut  off  the  limbs  of  a  tree,  part  way  down. 
Head  down,  to  cut  off  the  entire  limbs  or  branches  of  a  tree,  or  to  cut 

down  to  an  inserted  bud. 

Inflorescence,  the  manner  in  which  the  flowers  are  borne. 
Lay-in,  applied  to  selecting  and  fastening  to  a  trellis  or  wall,  new  branches 

or  shoots. 

Lay  in  by  the  heels,  to  bury  the  roots  of  trees  temporarily  in  a  trench. 
Leading  shoot,  the  longest  or  main  shoot  of  a  limb  or  tree. 
Lopping,  cutting  the  branch  down  to  the  stem. 
Maiden  plant,  a  tree  of  one  year's  growth  from  the  bud  or  graft. 
Mulching,  covering  the  ground  about  a  tree  with  straw  or  litter  to  prevent 

drying.  ""...''•* 


APPENDIX.  475 

Oblate,  flattened,  so  that  the  shortest  diameter  is  between  the  base  and 
apex,  like  a  flat  turnip. 

Obovate,  reversed  ovate,  being  largest  from  the  foot-stalk  or  towards  the 
apex. 

Obtuse,  rounded  or  blunt. 

Ovate.,  egg-shaped,  being  the  largest  towards  the  foot-stalk. 

Pedicel,  the  subdivision  of  a  flower  or  fruit-stalk. 

Peduncle,  the  flower  or  fruit-stalk. 

Petals,  flower-leaves,  usually  colored. 

Petiole,  leaf-stalk. 

Pomology,  the  science  of  fruits. 

Pyramidal,  like  a  pyramid,  usually  nearly  similar  to  conical,  but  longer. 

Pyriform,  pear-shaped,  having  more  or  less  a  drawn-out  neck. 

Ringing,  the  removal  of  a  ring  of  bark  round  a  branch,  to  impede  the 
descending  sap. 

Serrate,  notched  or  cut  like  saw-teeth. 

Shanking,  a  diseased  shrivelling  of  the  foot-stalks  of  grapes. 

Shorten-in,  to  cut  off  more  or  less  of  the  outer  parts  of  shoots. 

Spongiole,  the  minute  spongy  extremity  of  a  fibrous  root. 

Sport,  an  unusual  departure  or  variation  in  a  new  seedling. 

Spur,  a  short  stubby  shoot  bearing  fruit  or  fruit-buds. 

Standard,  a  fruit  tree  in  open  ground,  or  not  trained  to  a  wall  or  trellis. 

Stock,  seedling  tree,  which  supports  the  inserted  bud  or  graft. 

Stop,  to  pinch  or  cut  off  the  point  of  a  shoot,  to  prevent  its  further  ex- 
tension in  growth. 

Strike,  to  emit  roots. 

Tap-root,  the  main  or  central  descending  root. 

Trellis,  an  upright,  flat  frame,  for  training  fruit  trees  and  grapes  upon  its 
face. 

Wilding,  a  natural  seedling. 


INDEX  TO  THE  DIFFERENT  FRUITS. 


[The  standard  names  are  in  Italic  letters.  The  synonymous  names  in  Roman.] 


ALMONDS. 

PAGE 

Amande  Commune 46 

Amandier  a  petit  fruit  ....  46 

Amandier  a  gros  fruit      ....  46 

Amandier  a  gros  fruit  doux  ...  46 

Amandier  a  coque  tendre       ...  46 

Amandier  des  Dames    ....  46 

Amande  Princesse 46 

Amande  Suftane 46 

Amande  Pistache 46 

Amandier  Pecher 46 

Bitter  Almond 46 

Common  Almond 46 

Common  Sweet 46 

Doux  a  coque  tendre     ....  46 

Great  Soft-Shell 46 

Great-fruited  Sweet       ....  46 

Long  Hard-Shell 46 

Long  Hard-Shell  Almond      .        ,        .  46 

Ladies' Thin-Shell 46 

Large  Persian 46 

Languedoc 46 

Pistachia  Sweet 46 

Peach  Almond 46 

Pecher 46 

Soft-Shell  Sweet 46 

Soft-Shell  Sweet  Almond      ...  46 

Sultan  a  coque  tendre      ....  46 

Sultana  Sweet  Almond       ...  46 

Sultan 46 


APBICOTS. 

Abricot  Royal  .        .   '    . 
Abricot  Peche      .       .    -   . 
Abricot  Commun 
Abricot  Precoce    . 
Abricot  Hatif  . 
Abricotier     .... 
Abricotier  blano 
Albergier  , 

Alberge    .... 
Amande  Aveline  . 
Ananas     .... 
Angoumois   .... 
Anson's  Imperial      .        .    , "  •, 
Blotched  Leaved  Turkey    . 
Black       . 
Blenheim      .... 

Blano 

Bred*  .        . 

(4T6) 


PAOB 

Brussels -    .  52 

Brown  Masculine            ....  52 

Briancon 50 

Brown's  Early 50 

Burlington 50 

D'Alexandrie 50 

DeHollande 48 

De  St.  Jean '    .  49 

De  St.  Jean  Rouge       ....  49 

De  Nancy 49 

De  Nancy 51 

Dubois' Early  Golden      .        .        .        .  49 

Dubois'  Early  Golden  Apricot     .        .  49 

Dunmore 49 

Du  Pape 52 

Dunmore's  Breda     .        .        .        •        .  49 

Early  Golden 49 

Early  Orange    .        •                .  52 

Early  Masculine 62 

Early  White  Masculine    ,       .               .  62 

Gerinine 51 

Gros  Musch 50 

Gros  Precoce 49 

Gros  d'Alexandrie 49 

Gros  Fruhe 49 

Grosse  Germine 51 

Hasselnussmandel        ....  48 

Hemskirke.               50 

Hunt's  Moorpark  ...  49 

Kaisha 50 

Large  Early 49 

Large  Red 50 

Large  Turkey 51 

Moorpark 49 

Musch 60 

Musch-musch 60 

Noir               62 

NewhalVs  Early 51 

Oldaker's  Moorpark  ....  49 

Orange             62 

Persique 48 

Persian 52 

Peach 49 

Peche        • 49 

Peche  Grosse 49 

Purple      .......  *2 

Red  MascnMiM    .....  52 

Royal       .......  51 

Roman gg 

Royal  Peach 49 

Royal  Persian 62 

Royal  Orange 62 


INDEX  OF   FRUITS. 


477 


Royal  George 
Shaker  Para   . 


PAGE 
52 

.  61 
51 

.      51 


Shipley's  Large 
Sudlow's  Moorpark 
Temple's  . 
Transparent  . 
Turkey     . 
Violet    . 

Walton  Moorpark     . 
White  Masculine 
White  Apricot  . 
White  Algiers 
Wurtemburg    . 


APPLES, 

Augustine 166 

Aurora 166 

Autumn  Roma/note 166 

Api  noir 167 

American  White  Winter  Calville     .       .  179 

Abbott  Seedling 119 

American  Pearmain      .       .       .       .64 

Api 87 

August  Apple 181 

Avery  Sweeting 181 

Aromatic  Carolina 121 

Autumnal  Swaar         ....  121 
Autumnal  Sweet  Swaar    .       .       .       .121 

Autumn  Strawberry    ....  65 

Autumn  Bough 66 

Autumn  Sweet  Bough  ....  66 

Autumn  Seek-no-farther         .        .        .  121 

Adams 120 

Adams  Pearmain 12o 

Ashmore 120 

Ashland 120 

Aunt  Hannah 121 

Alexander 120 

Alfriston 166 

American  Mammoth         ....  174 
American  Newtown  Pippin  . 

American  Summer  Pearmain  ...  64 

American  Red  Juneating      .        ...  76 

American  Pippin    .....  166 

American  Golden  Russet      ...  71 

Albemarle  Pippin 120 

Aunt1 8  Apple 120 

Arbroath  Pippin 17! 

Aurore 170 

Autumn  Pearmain        ....  121 

Barr 167 

Bars 167 

Barnhilt 167 

Black  GiUiflower 167 

Bartlett 16S 

Bardin 170 

Baltimore  Pippin 17< 

Beauty  of  America 167 

Black  Annette 167 

Black  Lady  Apple 167 


PAGE 
122 

Bevan  Favorite 122 

Bentley's  Sweet 122     . 

'  --\rthanOood 122 

i  Sweet 122 

Blue  Pearmain 122 

Bledsoe .       123 

Blood 123 

Bohanon 124 

Bourassa 124 

Boston 106 

Brooke's  Pippin 125 

Barlow    .  .        128 

rice 121 

Baltimore  Pippin 67 

Bethletemite 68 

Belmont 69 

Bell/lower 70 

Broadwell 70 

Broadwell  Sweet 70 

Bullock's  Pippin 71 

Bonne  du  Mai 78 

Bullripe 75 

Bard  Apple 75 

Beard  Burden 75 

Belle  et  Bonne 82 

Burlington  Spitzenberg         ...         94 
Black  Coal  .        .        .        .        .128 

Boalsburg 123 

Brabant  BeUflower 124 

Bucks  County  Pippin    ....        125 

Bucks  County 125 

Bracy's  Seek-no-farther         ...        187 

Baltimore 67 

Bay  Apple 73 

Baldwin 66 

Belle-Fleur 177 

Belle-Fleur  Rouge 177 

Bedfordshire  Foundlmg     ...       167 

Benoni 122 

Beauty  of  Kent 167 

Beauty  of  the  West 167 

Bell's  Scarlet  Pearmain         ...       157 

Black  Detroit 130 

Blenheim  Pippin         .        .       .        .        167 

Blenheim  Orange 167 

Black  Apple 123 

Black  American 123 

Borovitsky 168 

Bough 109 

Borsdorffer 167 

Borsdorff 167 

Brabant  Belle  Fleur       ....        124 

Brandy  Apple 171 

Bread  and  Cheese  Apple       ...        102 
Burlington  Greening         .        .        .        .104 

Butter 159,174 

Butter  Apple 125 


168 

Black  Tom 170 

Big  Romanite 176 

Big  Sweet 179 

Big  Hill      .        .        .        .        .        .        .99 

Belpre  Russet 106 

Brown's  Golden  Sweet      .        .        .        .100 

Bailey  Sweet 121 

Belser 122 


Buffingtorts  Early       ....  125 

Burr's  Winter  Sweet       .        .        .   '    .  125 

Betsey's  Fancy 186 

Brown's  Late  Queen 143 

Bush 125 

Beauty  Red 127 

Ben 182 

Catslwad 168 

Cathead  Greening 168 

Calville  Blanche  d'Hiver  .       .        .       .179 

Calville  Rouge  d'Hiver  ....  176 

Calville  Rouge 176 

Capendu 128 

Cayuga  Red  Streak 126 


478 


INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


Gown, 


PAGE 

126 
......    126 

Connecticut  Summer  Sweet       .        .        169 
Caroline    .......    168 

Carolina  Winter  Queen      ...        126 
Canada  Pippin      .....      72 

Challenge       ....  78 

Cloth  of  Gold    ......      78 

Connecticut  Apple  .....         82 

Connecticut  Seek-no-farther     .        .        .115 
Coates'  Greening    .....        116 

Cooper's  Early  White     .        .        .        .127 

Chief  Good     ......        127 

Cracking  .......    129 

Cat  Pippin  ......        129 

Champ  Sweeting      ....  187 

Cole's  Quince  .....  158 

Catehead  Beaufln       .        .        .        .    -    .    175 

Cash  Swett    .....  168 

Cogswell    ......  468 

Caroline         ......        162 

Carolina     .        .  .        .        .        .162 

Carnahan     ......        126 

Cannahan's  Favorite        .        .        .        .126 

Cannon  Pearmain      .       .       .        .        126 

Cat  Face-  ......  126 

Clyde  Zeauty       .....       127 

Cooper       .....  127 

Cane       ..'....  172 

Cockling  Favorite  ...  .127 

Cain        ......  172 

Cumberland     .....  128 

Cumberland  Seedling    ....        128 

Claremont  Pippin      .....    169 

Crane's  Pippin        ....  95 

Caraway  Russet        .....    170 

Concombre  Ancien       ....        162 


Crooked  Limb  Pippin  .  169 

Canadian  Reinette    ...  72 

Canada  Reinette    ....  72 

Carthouse  ...  135 

Cattine  ...  168 

Chandler  ....  168 

Charles' Apple 146 

Chalmers'  Large 169 

Cornish  Gill  {flower      ....  169 

Cornish  July -flower  .....  169 

Court  Pendu  Extra       ....  128 

Court  Pendu  Plat 128 

Court  Pendu 128 

Court  Pendu  Plat  Rougeatre    .               .  128 

Cable's  Gilliflower.        .        .  67 
Court  Pendu  Rond  Gros  .        .       .       .128 

Court  Pendu  Rose       ....  128 
Court  Pendu  Musque       .       .        .        .128 

Coriander  Rose 128 

Court  of  Wick 128 

Court  of  Wick  Pippin   .  128 

Court  de  Wick 128 

Cos  or  Caas 168 

Cole 127 

Cornish  Aromatic       ....  74 
Cranberry  Pippin         .       .        .        .169 

Crimson  Pippin 180 

Cumberland  Spice 128 

Cooper's  Russeting      ....  127 

Darlington 129 

Darlington  Russet        ....  129 

Delight 129 

DeRatteau 162 

Dodge's  Black 128 


PAGK 

Dutches*     .......  131 

Dillingham  ......  130 

Dunlap's  Aurora       .....  166 

Donnelan's  Seedling    ....  169 

Dumelow's  Seedling       ....  169 

Dumelow's  Crab    .....  169 

Dumpling         .....  169 

Dainty  Apple        ...                .  172 

Dangers  Winter  Sweet   ....  74 

Detroit  .......  95 

Detroit     .        .        .       '.     '  .         .        .  130 

De  Bretagne  ._....  72 

D'Espagne        ......  162 

Devonshire  Quarrenden        ...  155 

DeWitt    .......  180 

Doctor          ......  130 

Domine    ......        .130 

Dmcnton  Pippin        .        .        .        .  169 

Downton  Golden  Pippin  .        .        .        .169 

Downy  ......  172 

Drapd'Or          ......  73 

Dickson's  Emperor       ....  181 

Douse        .......  187 

Dow's    .......  137 

Dutch  Pearmain       .....  1T1 

Duchess  of  Oldwiburgh       ...  181 

Dutch  Codlin    ......  169 

Dutch  Mignonne  .....  74 

Dyer  .        .......  75 

Eve        .......  169 

Egg  Top     .......  169 

Egg  Top        ......  169 

English  Winter  Red  Streak      .       .        .161 

Early  Joe       ......  75 

Early  June         ......  84 

English  Summer  Pearmain  .        .        .  121 

Edgerly  Sweet    ......  121 

English  Nonsuch  .....  175 

Emperor    .......  181 

Early  May      ......  162 

Early  Penwock         .....  181 

English  Sweeting  .....  131 

EfAcn  ........  132 

Eustis     .......  132 

Early  Summer  Pearmain  ....  64 

Early  Summer  Pippin   ....  73 

Early  Harvest    ......  84 

Early  French  Reinette  ....  84 

Early  Red  Margaret          .        .        .        .145 

Early  Red  Juneating     ....  145 

Early  Sti-atclerry    .....  76 

Early  Crofton          .....  172 

Early  Sweet  Bough  .....  109 

Easter  Pippin       .....  169 

Edmonton's  Aromatic  Pippin  .        .        .172 

Eighteen  Ounce  Apple  ....  126 


Elton  Pippin 
Emperor  Alexander 


120 
175 
171 


English  Codlin 

English  Golden  Pippin  . 

English  P  asset  ...... 

English  Golden  Russet        .       .        .  131 

Epse's  Sweet      ......  74 

Esopits  Spitzeriburgh           ...  76 

Eve  Apple  .......  145 

Forever  Pippin      .....  168 

Fall  Cheese       ......  170 

Flushing  Seek-no-farther       ...  162 

Fall  Orange        ......  149 

Fink's  Seedling       .....  160 

Frith  Pitcher     ......  174 

French's  Sweet      .....  188 


INDEX   OF   FRUITS. 


479 


PAGE 

Father  Abraham 138 

Fall  Queen,    ....       ^        .  182 

FallWinesap 71 

Fall  Wine 77 

Fallenwalder 79  ! 

Fort  Miami 80  j 

Favorite 182  ! 

Fulton 134 

Frondise 183  I 

Fenton  Sweeting 160  ' 

Ferdinand 133 

Fama  Gusto, 170  | 

Fall  Beauty 182  ! 

Ferris 170 

Fall  Vandervere 113 

FallJenneiMng 132 

Fall  Gennetting 132 

Foundling 132 

Funtling 132 

Plainer 133 

Fall  Harvey 182 

Fall  Pippin 78 

Fameuse 77 

Fallawater 79 

Fenouiilet  Gria 170 

Fenouiilet  Rouge         ....  170 

Flower  of  Kent  ...  .  170 

Flint  Busset 152 

Flushing  Spitzenburgh  .       .        .        .133 

Formosa  Pippin 155 

Fry's  Pippin 128 

French  Pippin       ....         138,149 

French  Crab       .        .       .        .        .        .109 

Franklin's  Golden  Pippin ...  183 

Gate 69 

Golden  Pippin 69 

Garden  Royal 81 

Gray  Vandervere       ....  136 

Golden  170 

Green  Seek-no-farther         .        .        .  137 

Gauzes  Bellftower 170 

Gloucester  'White 170 

Gillefs  Seedling 106 

Gibbon's  Smathhouse     ....  113 

Gibbon's  Smokehouse       .        .       ...  113 

Gabriel 184 

George 135 

Gloucester  Cheese 170 

GoUe  Russet 170 

Garnon's  Apple 128 

Gilpin 184 

Gloria  Mwndi 174 

Glace  de  Zelande 179 

Glory  of  York 155 

Golden  Drop      ......  128 

German  Green 72 

Golden  Spice 75 

Green  Mountain  Pippin        ...  79 

Green  Sweet 88 

Greasy  Pippin 88,95 

Green  Bellflower 95 

Garrttsotfa  Early        ....  135 

Giles 185 

Gully 186 

Giant 171  I 

Golden  Pearmain        .       .       .       .  171  I 

Goodyear 171  \ 

Goodyear's  Seedling      .        .        .        .  171  I 

Governor          ......  171 

Granny  Buff          .        .        .        .        .  168  I 

Granny  EarU 186  \ 

Granniroinkle 186  ' 


PAGE 

Great  Vandevere    .  186 

Gov.  Seward 126 

Golden  Eusset 71 

Golden  Ball 82 

Golden  Harvey 170 


Golden  Pippin 171 

Golden  Reinette    .....  170 

Golden  Eusset  ......  181 

Golden  Sweet 81 

Gray  Apple 99 

Green  Newtown  Pippin       ...  93 

Green  Winter  Pippin        ....  98 

Grise       .......  99 

Gross  Eeinette  d'Angleterre     ...  72 

Gregson  Apple       .        .        .        .        .  168 

Gt-Soenstein 88 

Grave  Slije 83 

Grand  Sachem 171 

Grindstone 166 

Green  Everlasting 166 

Gros  Api  Eouge 
Harkness1  New  Favorite  . 
Hollandburg         .        .    - 
Hollandbury 
Hepper 


87 
176 
172 
172 
171 

Heterich  .  .  172 

174 
104 

84 
116 
116 


Harrigan 

Hampshire  Greening 
Harvest 

Hay's  Winter     . 
Hollow  Crown  Pearmain 
Honey  Greening 
Heicke's  Winter  Sweet 
Howontis  Red 
High  Top  Sweet    . 
Hunter       .        .        .        . 
Hardingham's  Eusaet    . 
Hannah     . 
Howard  Eusset      . 
Hogan        .        .        .       . 
Honey  Sweet 


.   .  89 

.  139 

.   .  189 

.  189 
152 

.  171 
168 

.  161 
150 

Herman 188 

Helen's  Favorite          ....  138 

Hector 188 

Hawley 137 

Horse  Apple 132 

Horse  Block 145 

Honemaker  Pippin 129 

Haskell's  Sweet 137 

Hoinmacher  Apfel 129 

Hay's  Winter  Wine       ....  116 

Haymaker 129 

Hartford  Sweeting       ....  187 

Harrison 187 

Hagloe 137 

Hawtliorden 171 


Hampshire  Yellow 
Herefordshire  Pearmain 
Herefordshire  Bed  Streak 
Hinckman 
Hoary  Mornin 
Hollow-cored  P_ 
HoUan-d  Pippin   . 
Hubbardston  Nonsuch 
Imperial  Vanderyere 


173 

85 
177 
175 
172 

95 
188 

85 
118 


Irish  Pitcher 174 


Indian  Queen 

Indian  Apple     . 

Iron  Apple 

Inman 

Indiana  Jannetting 

Irish  Peach  Apple 


131 
186 
124 
95 
100 
172 


430 


INDEX  OF   FRUITS. 


PAGE 

Ironstone 169 

Joe  Berry 94 

Juicy  Bite 122 

Kelly  White 69 

John  Garretson's  Early         .       '.        .  185 

Jersey  Pippin 139 

Jewetfs  Red 140 

Jewett's  Fine  Bed 140 

James1  Eiver 148 

Jennette 100 

Jersey  Black 123 

Jaber  Sweet 139 

Jefferson 139 


149 

.  166 

175 


95,  104 

86 
.   84 


Jenkins          .... 

Johnson's  Fine  Winter    . 

Jack  Murphy 

Jonathan          .        .  -  . 

Januarea        .... 

Jersey  Greening 

Jersey  Sweeting    . 

July  Pippin       .... 

Juneating       .        .  16B 

Kentish  Fill-basket 172 

Keswick  Codlin 141 

Kenrick1  s  Autumn 172 

Kerry  Pippin 172 

King  Philip 86 

Kirke's  Lord  Nelson    ....  173 
Kirke's  Lemon  Pippin      .        .       .        .178 

Kirk's  Golden  Eeinette        ...  170 

KilhamHill 172 

King  of  the  Pippins    ....  173 
King  George  the  Third     .       .        .        .167 

Knightwick  Pippin       ....  128 
Knight's  Golden  Pippin   .        .        .        .169 

Kaighrts  Spitzenberg          ...  141 

Kingsley           142 

King  Apple          .       .        .        .        .  142 

Kingsbury  Eusset 168 

Kane .  172 

Keim 172 

Kelley  White 169 

Kountz 04 

Knight's  Codlin 179 


Large  Golden  Pippin 

Lady  de  Grey's if 2 

Ladies'1  Blush 173 

Lady  Finger 178 

Long  Island  Russet         .       .       .       .178 

Loan's  English  Pearmatn  .        .       .  178 

Large  Bed  Sweeting 176 

Lane  Sweet 178 

Long  John         .        .        .        .        .       .  173 

Lucombe's  Seedling     ....  178 

Luce's  Early  Joe 178 

Leather  Coat  Eusset      ....  175 

Loring  Sweeting 145 

Loudon  Pippin 144 

Lowre  Queen 144 

Leland  Spice 143 


Laquier 
Lancaster 


142 
142 
148 
148 
144 
144 


Limber  Twig        .... 
Long  Stem         .... 

Loure  Queen 

Leland  Pippin 148 

Lacker 142 

Lake .148 

Lancaster  Greening       .        .       .       .        142 
Late  Strawberry 65  | 


Late  Baldwin 66 

Lady  Washington      .        .        .        .70, 127 

Little  Pearmain 71 

London  Sweet 89 

London  Winter  Sweet   ....  89 

Loring  Sweet 145 

Large  Striped  Pearmain        ...  158 

Lancaster  Queen 158 

Late  Queen 143 

Lecker 142 

Ladies'  Blush  ......  134 

Long  Pearmain 141 

Long  John 141 

Lady  Finger 141 

Lowell 88 

Lippincott 107 

Ladies'  Sweeting 88 

Lady  Apple 87 

Large  White  Juneating         ...  84 
Large  Yellow  Bough       .       .       .       .109 

Lemon  Pippin 178 

Longville's  Kernel 178 

Lyscom 145 

Lyman's  Pumpkin  Sweet         .        .        .156 

Marstoris  Red  Winter         ...  144 

Metoin  Sweet 146 

Marks 146 

Monarch 146 

Honk*?  Favorite 147 

McLeUan 147 


MifflinKing 148 

Montreal 158 

Monks'  Codlin 174 

Mclntire'8  Sweeting 174 

May  Seek-no-farther.    ....  174 

Menagerie  .                       ....  174 

Molasses        .        .       .        .        .        .  174 

Murphy's  Bed           175 

Martin 147 

Mother 147 

Musk  Spice 148 

Munson  Sweeting 148 

Myers11  Nonpareil 148 

Moore's  Sweeting      .        .   *    .       .        .159 

Marble  Sweeting 174 

May  Apple 174 

Mauck 174 

Mother  Davies 174 

Milam,    .        ' 174 

Mamma  Beam 69 

Mygatt's  Bergamot       ....  75 

Mountain  Pippin 79 

Melon     .               89 

Melting 90 


Melt-in-the-mouth         ....  90 

Melting  Mouth 90 

Melting  Pippin       .  95 
Mackie's  Clyde  Beauty     .        .       .        .127 

Major     .        .  ^  .        .        .        .        .  145 

Matchless 94 

Marietta  Eusset      ,       ....  106 

Manomet 145 

Manomet  Sweet 145 

Monmouth  Pippin 92 

MjUcreek  Vandervere    ....  118 

Millcreek 118 

Male  Carle 140 

MargU       .        ...       .        .        .174 

Margaret 143 

MargarethaApfel 145 

Maiden's  Slush 168 

Mela  di  Carlo 146 


INDEX   OF   FRUITS. 


481 


MelaCarla       .           '  M  ,~  ^l 
Meangere  .        .       .       ,   -  & 

PAGE 
146 

.    174 

p., 

Primate 

i.GE 

158 
158 

172 
176 
151 
151 
151 
175 
97 
176 
170 

i:»; 

17)5 
99 
9!> 
W 
152 
15s 
177 
85 
121 
98 
176 
176 

97 

97 
151 
56 
S7 
80 
128 
l:JS 
152 
87 
179 
99 
102 
K7 
lf,2 
150 
12:j 
170 

l-ir, 

14(5 
17(5 
72 
226 
76 
99 
128 
176 
176 
84 
15-2 
152 
106 
SS 
108 

17.; 

1C,7 
154 
154 
154 
154 
102 
178 
17S 
181 
141 
141 
141 

Progress    ....... 

Minister 

147 

Potter's  Large  Gray  Seedling 
Prince's  Ked  and  Green  Sweet. 
Paragon        ...... 

Michael  Henry  Pippin    . 
Monstrous  Pip-pin,       , 

.      91 

174 

Mouse  Apple 

.    147 

People's  Choice  .... 

147 

Pf  differ 

31u>'pJiy 

.     175 

Parsons'  Early  ...... 

New  York  Spice 

143 

Phillips'  Sweeting  .... 

89 

Prolific  Beauty 

Noll's  No  1 

120 

Neveraink 

.     149 

Polly  Brig  lit      

Neisley's  Winter    . 
Newtown  Pippin  of  Sanders    . 
Neverfail 

176 
.    119 

100 

Pomme  de  Rose     .... 

Pryo^s  Red      
Prior's  Eed     

Niack  Pippin 

.    109 

Pitzer  Hill  ...... 

New  Jersey  Eed  Streak  ? 
Nodhead 

181 
.    140 

Pickm&n                       , 

Priestly      

149 

Pole  Cat         

Northern  Golden  Sweet  . 
Nonpareille 

.     149 
175 

Parmin  Eoyal     
Parrnain  dv  Ete       

Niger 

.    179 

Petersburgh  Pippin  .... 

New  York  Gloria  Mundi       . 
Neictown  Spi-teeriberg 
New  Scarlet  Nonpareil  . 
Never-Fail         .... 

174 
.      94 
177 

PennoeWs  Red  Winter 
Pennock     

Pearson's  Plate     .        . 

Newtown  Pippin 

93 

Penndngton^s  Seedling  .... 
Peach  Pond  Swett    . 
Pecker 

Newark  Kind 

.    175 

149 

Newark  Sweeting 

.    126 

Petit  Api  Eouge 

Northern  Spy 

94 

Philip  Wick 

Norfolk  Beauftn 

.    175 

Phillips'  Eeinette      
Pie  Apple      
Pine  Apple  Russet         .... 
Pomine  d'Api  Eouge     .... 
Pompey     ....... 
Pomme  Grise       .        .        .        . 
Pomme  Eoyale        .        .    "^ 
Pomme  Eose         . 
Pound  Eoyal            
Pomme  Eegelans  
Pomme  do  Berlin 

Nonsuch 

175 

Ohio  Favorite 

95 

Old  Golden  Pippin 
Old  English  Codlin 
Old  Pearmain 

171 
.    175 
85 

Old  Nonsuch      . 

.    102 

Oldfleld  . 
Ohio  Wine 

182 
141 

Orange  ..... 
Orndorf 

149 
.    149 

Orne's  Early  .... 
Osborn's  Sweet  .... 

.        ..       149 
.    150 

Pomme  d'Anis              .... 
Pomme  de  Charles  
Pomme  Finale 

Osborn's  Fall  Sweet 
Overman's  Sweet 

150 
.    150 

Pound      

Old  Royal  Russet 
Oscecla      

175 
.    150 
149 
.      95 

Pomme  de  Caen    
Portugal    • 
Pomme  de  Neige          .... 
Povtdr                      
Princesse  Noble  Zoete 
Prifstley  
Priestley's  American     .... 
Prince's  Harvest,  or  Early  French  Eeinette 
Pumpkin  Huxsft  
Pumpkin  Sweet        .... 
Putnam  Eusset     
Queen  Ann        ...... 
Quince  
'  Quaker  Pippin 

Old  Tmc-n  Crab     . 
Ortley         .        . 

Ohio  Nonpareil 

83 

Old  Nonpareil  .       .       V    .;  . 

.        .    175 

81 

Ortley  Apple 

95 

Ortley  Pippin 

95 

175 

Osgood's  Favorite  . 
Owen's  Golden  Beauty     . 
Ox  Apple 

145 
.    162 
174 

.     157 

Ox  Eye    . 

94 

Queen's          .... 

Paradise  Winter  Sice-ft   . 
Patterson  Sweet 
Pennsylvania  Vandervere 
Petit  Api 

.    150 
121 
.    113 

87 

Randal?  s  Beat  
Eandal  Best  

Rafjan                      ,        .       , 

Raritan  Swett 

87 

Ratnbo      .               
Eambour  Franc     »        .        .' 

Pom  me  Royal 
Philadelphia  Pippin  . 

75 
.      78 

Eambonr  d'Ete         . 
Eaundell's  Sweet  
Eed  Spitzenberg 

Pomine  Water 

75 

79 

Ponghkeepsie  Eusset     . 
Pickman  Pippin 

."'    .         §8 

.    152 

Eed  Winter  Pearmain       .... 

21 

482 


INDEX   OF   FRUITS. 


PAGE 

Bed  Pippin     ...         •      .       .  141 

Bed  Phoenix 141 

Bussam 141 

Bed  Sweet  Pippin 159 

Red  Sell/lower 177 

Bed  Seek-no-farther 176 

Red  and  Green  Sweet  ....  176 

Red  Canada 102 

Bed  Cheek  Pippin 92 

Eeinette  du  Canada 72 

Bichfield  Nonsuch         .        .        .        .  102 

Richmond 105 

Bough  and  Beady         ....  153 

Bound  Top 16e 

Buckman's  Pearmain    . 

Reseau  d'Automne 1T7 

Rule's  Summer  Sweeting     ...  177 

Bawrs  Janet 100 

BockEemain 100 

EockEimmon 100 

Bed  Vandervere 113 

Red  Sweet.                       ....  155 

Republican  Pippin     .               .        .  155 

Bed  Cathead 176 

BedAshmore 120 

Bed  Pennock 176 

Bed  Bough 176 

Bed  Basset        .        .                ...  171 

Bed  Gloria  Mundi?       ....  132 

Rome  Beauty 106 

Eoinan  Beauty 106 

Rymer               177 

Roseau 177 

River 177 

Rattle's  Janft 100 

Eaul's  Gennetting 100 

Eaule's  Jannette    .        .        .        .        .  100 

Eawle's  Jennette 100 

Baaisdeirs  Bed  Pumpkin  Sweot  .        .  181 
Eamsdell's  Sweeting         .       .        .        .131 

Bead's  Baker  175 

Bed  Eelle-Fleur 177 

Bed  Winter  Calville      ....  176 

Red  Calville 176 

Bed  Detroit 130 

Bed  Doctor 130 

Red  Gilliftower 176 

Bed  Pumpkin  Sweet        .        .        .        .131 

Red  Streak 177 

Bed  Quarrenden 155 

EedJuneating 76,145 

Red  Astrachan 103 

Red  Ingestrie 176 

Beinette  blanche  d'Espagne    .        .        .162 

Beinette  Triomphante  ....  179 
Eeinette  d'Angleterre        .        .        .        .112 

.  Eeinette  du  Canada  Blanche         .        .  72 

Eeinette  Grosse  du  Canada       ...  72 

Eeinette  du  Canada  a  Cortes        .        .  72 
Beinette  d'Hollande          .        .        .        .138 

Rhode  Island  Greening       ...  104 

Ribston  Pippin 155 

Eival  Golden  Pippin     ....  128 

Bound  Catshead 163 

Boy  ale  d'Angleterre      ....  85 

Eoxbury  Eusset 106 

Eoyal  Pearmain 85 

Roman  Stem 155 

Eomanite 102,134 

Ross  Nonpareil       .        ......       .       •  155 

Eussian. 128 

Sweet  Baldwin 178 


PAGE 

Summer  Bambo 178 

Striped  Mohawk 178 

"  Scandiana  Mala      .....  80 

Selma 156 

Seever's  Bed  Streak       .        .  156 

Stanard 158 

Stanard's  Seedling          ....  158 

St.  Lawrence 158 

Striped  Bellfleur 177 

Shippers  Russet 177 

Shipley  Green 177 


. 
Spring  Grove  Codlin 


178 
149 

178 
178 
178 
178 
156 
156 


Summer  Russtt 
Sweet  and  Sour    . 
Sugar  Loaf  Greening 
Spice  Sweeting 
Seever 

Schoonmaker 

Schoolmocker 156 

Scollop  Gilliflower      ....        156 

Sn<ith*s  Cider 157 

Spring  Pippin     .        .  '      .        .        .        158 

Springport  Pippin 158 

Spice  Russet         ...  160 

Skunk 177 

Sam  Eawlings 172 

Sam  Young 13-1 

Sack  Apple     .... 
Sapson        .... 
Sam's  Crab      .... 
Sanguineus        .        ., 
Scudamore's  Crab  . 
Scarlet  Perfume 
Scarlet  Pearmain 
Scarlet  Nonpareil    . 
Seek-no-further 
Seek-no-further  of  Coxe    . 
Sheep  Nose     • 
Siberian  Bitter  Sweet     . 
Siberian  Crab 
Sigler's  Bed 
Shakers' Yellow      . 
Summer  Hagloe 
Sassafras  Sweet 
Summer  Sweet  . 


157 
173 

70 
177 
1'27 

157 


.    177 

102,  llf> 

107 

.  71,17:5 

.     Utf 

157 

.     1'21 

131 

.    137 


15T 

'triped  Pearmain 153 

Snorter 158 

Sweet  Bell/lower       .  15',) 

Sweet  Pippin        ...                .  155) 

Summer  B-'llftower 15!) 

Summer  Belle  Fleur       ....  15:-> 

Sumiuum  Bonurn 127 

Summer  Cheese 170 

Strawberry 65 

Steele's  Bed  Winter       ....  66 

Snow -.76 

Sutton 85 

Sutton  Beauty 85 

Sweet  Swaar 121 

Sweet  Winesap        .        ,       .       » _..';•  160 

Sparhawk 161 

Striped  B.  I.  Greening      ....  161 

Sweet  Seek-no-farther   ....  170 

Sugar  Sweet 159 

Spiced  Oxeye 118 

Sylvan  Eusset 106 

Striped  June 122 

Sweet  Golden  Pippin       .        .       .        .121 

Sweet  Nonsuch      .        .       .        .        .  112 

Sweet  June       .                ....  139 


INDEX   OF   FRUITS. 


483 


SweetS      h 

PAGE 
109 

White  Seek-no-farther 

PAGE 

162 

fynfpf  Knn>a<nitA 

112 

Wellington  Apple              .       . 

.    169 

Springer's  Seedling 

178 

179 

113 

Willis"1  Sweet    .               . 

.     179 

Striped  Ashmore    . 
Smokehouse       . 

113 
.     113 

Wagener       .        .        .        . 
Wells  .                .... 

.   '     114 
.    161 

157 

Well  Apple     

161 

Sops  of  Wine    . 
Sops  in  Wine 

.    157 

157 

Warren  Pippin  .... 
W'altz  Apple                           . 

.      95 
97 

187 

.    109 

^tturmpr  Pinnin 

468 

123 

Styre 

West's  Spitzenberg     . 

,    129 

145 

Windower              .... 

136 

Stroat                     ' 

.    158 

White  Vaudervere    s 

.    136 

Straat      .                        . 
Stal  Clubs  .... 
Surprise  ..... 

158 
.    113 

178 

White  Sweeting    . 
Wetherell's  White  Sweeting     . 
Winter  Harvey     .... 

162 
.    162 
163 

Sugar  Loaf  Pippin 
Summer  Rose        .        , 
Summer  Queen        .        . 

.     .,          .    178 
107 
.    158 

Winter  Grixon  
White  Margil         .... 
Wnits  Doctor                                    , 

.    168 
174 
.    179 

Summer  Golden  Pippin      . 
Summer  Pearmain    . 
Summer  Pippin 

178 
.-    121 
138 

Watson's  Dumpling 
Whare  Eeinette                        . 
Waxen  Apple         .... 

169 
.      72 
69 

Summer  Rdmbour   . 

.     178 

White  Apple      . 

.      69 

Swaar       .... 
Sweet  Eusset  . 
Sweet  Pearmain 
Sweet  Harvest 
Transparent  de  Zurich  . 
Them's  Red  Streak       . 


158 
108 
152 
109 
109 
179 
179 
160 


Town-send 

Tallow  Pippin 

Tallow  Apple 

Tompkins       .....        .         75 

Tulpahocken      ......      79 

Trenton  Early       .....          81 

Tewksbury  Blush    .....    160 

Tom  Woodward's  Pippin      ...          95 
Terry's  Eed  Streak    .....    102 

Taiwan's  Sweeting      ....        110 

Tallman's  Sweeting   ....  110 

Trumbull  Sweeting      ....        160 

Tart  Bough       .....        .    178 

Tewksbury  Winter  Blush     ...        160 
Tolman  Sweeting       .....    110 

Travers  .......        155 

Twenty-ounce  Pippin     .        .        .        .179 

Tetoftky  .        .        .        .        Ill 

Transparent  Pippin   .....    128 

Transparent  de  Moscovie 
Twenty  Ounce 
Twenty-ounce  Apple     . 
Vandervere  of  Cincinnati 
Vandervere  Pippin       . 
Virginia  Greening         . 
Vermont 
Virginia  Sweet 
Vandyne 

Victuals  and  Drink        . 
Vandevere 

Victorious  Reinette         . 
Vraidrapd'Or 
' 


..... 

Watkins'  Early  ......       64 

Watermelon 

Watson's  Vandervere       .        . 

Warren  Pennock    .  .. 

WaddeVs  Hall 

Walworth 

Walpole     .       .        .       .        . 

WaAemSpv  ...... 

Whitwater  Sweet    .....    162 


89 
113 
181 
161 
161 
161 
162 


Week's  Pippin 

Welles  Sweeting 161 

Westfield  Seek-no-further    ...  115 

White  Bell-Fleur 95 

White  Bellflower           ....  95 

White  Detroit 95 

White  Winter  Calville  ....  179 

White  Calville 179 

White  Spanish  Reinette       ...  162 

White  Juneating 162 

White  Astrachan 179 

White  Pippin 72,95 

White  Spice 75 

Wine  of  Cole 76 

Winter  Sweet 89 

White  Pearmain 91 

White  Winter  Pearmain       ...  91 

White  Ramlo 163 

Williams 163 

William's  Favorite  Eed    .        .        .        .163 

William's  Eed 163 

William's  Early 163 

William's  Early  Eed      .        .        .        .  163 

Willow 164 

Willow  Twig 164 

Willow  Leaf 1C4 

Wood's  Greening 11G 

William  Penn 164 

Window 165 

Wing  Sweeting 165 

Winter  Pearmain 174 

Winter  Wine 116 

Winter  Chandler 168 

Woodward's  Pippin 95 

Wolrnan's  Harvest         .        .        ...  107 
Winter  Gennetting    .        .        .                .100 

Willow  Leaf  Pippin      ....  95 
White  Hawthornden         .        .        .        .171 

Winter  Pearmain  .....  165 

Winter  Queen 180 

Winter  Queening 180 

WineAppls 116 

Wine  Sap 11T 

Wine  Sop 117 

White  Apple 

Williams's  Favorite 163 

Wollaton  Pippin 128 

Woolinan's  Long 95 


484 


INDP:X  OF  FRUITS. 


Winter  Swett  Paradise       .    • 
Wood's  Huntingdon 
Woolman's  Harvest 
Woodstock  Pippin    . 
Woodstock                             «    '  4 

PAGE 

.    '  •  .    128 
107 
.        .    167 

Bigarreau  a  Gros  fruit  Blanc         .  ,    '. 
Bigarreau  de  Kocmont 
Bigarreau  Lanermann    .        .       '.  "     . 
Bigarreau  Gros  Cieurat     . 
Bigarreau  Gros  Monstrueux 
Eigarrcau  a  Gros  Fruit  Konge        -». 
Bigarreau  Tardif  de  Hildesheim  . 
Bigarreau  Marbree  de  Ilildesheim 
Bigarreuu  Blanc  Tardif  de  Ilildesheim 
Bigarreau  Noir  Tardif       .        .  .•  ,  -, 

PAGE 
194 

.    194 
212 
.     199 
199 
.    219 
196 
.    196 
196 
.    196 
213 
194 

Wonnsley  Pippin    . 
Woodpecker           .        .       >  ••••t 

.    179 
63 

Wyker  Pippin             ' 

170 

152 

Yellow  Juneating 

.      84 

113 

York  Eusset  
Yost, 

152 
.     165 

Bigarreau  Noir               . 
Bloodshed's  Amber  .... 

215 
.    214 

Yacht      .       .        .        .      ^ 
York  Imperial  .... 
Yellow  Itigeztric  .       .       .      '« 

166 
.    166 

180 

Bloodgood's  Honey       .... 
Bloodgood's  New  Honey  . 
Eiack  Heart  
Black  Eussian    .                ... 

214 
.    214 
215 
.    215 

Yorkshire  Greening 
Yellow  Newtown  Pippin     . 
Yellow  Pippin 

.        .    ISO 
118 
.      95,  149 

204 
.    189 
189 
.    189 
215 
.    215 

Black  Circassian       .... 
Black  Tartarian  
Black  Eussian   
Black  Ma-zard     

Yellow  German  Eeinette 
Yellow  Siberian  Crab     . 
Yellow  Harvest      . 

.        170 
84 

Yellow  Belle-Fleur 

70 

Black  Honey     ..... 

Yellow  Bellflower 

70 

Black  Orleans         .                       . 

I;'-  (dhn/  I[;'art                        , 

215 
215 

Young's  Long  Keeping 
Zane       ....       ,:      • 

.    169 

180 
180 

Black  Bigarreau         .... 
Black  Bigarreau  of  Savoy 
Bowyers  Early  Heart   .... 
Bouquet  Amarelle     .... 
Bristol  Cherrv        .... 

215 
.    199 
216 
.    216 
215 

Zieber     ...... 

180 

CIIEREIES. 

Allen's  Sweet  Montmorency     . 
American  Amber         .        .        . 

.    219 
.        214 
214 

Bullock's  Heart 

Buttner'  *s  Y'llow 

204 
.     204 
204 
.    211 
215 
.    215 
189 
.    190 
191 
204 

Buttner's  Wachs-Knorpel  Kirsche  . 
Buttner's  Gelbe-Knorpel  Kirsclie 
Buchanan's  Early  Duke    . 
Buttner's  October  Morello    . 
Buttner's  October  Zucker  Weichsel 
Bishop's  Lar^e        .... 

Ambrer  Heart                .        . 

216 

Amber  a  petit  fruit 

.    220 

American  Heart  .        .        . 
Amber  or  Imperial    .       .       4  r-. 
Ambree  de  Choisy         .       .       i 
Arnbree  a  Gros  Fruit 
Ansell's  Fine  Black 

203 
.    208 
189 
.        .    189 
215 
217 

Black  Hawk      
B.'ant     ....                .        . 

Buttner's  Black  Heart 
Buttner's  Herr  Kirsche                      .     , 

204 

.    204 
205 
.    208 

Arden's  Early  White  Heart  . 
Armstrong's  Bigarreau 

216 
.    208 
203 

Ada/mi?  C  -own 

.    203 

Bi'O-wn's  Seedling         .... 
Buttner^s  October    .        .        .      --.X  - 

214 
.    215 
215 

•    206 

Anne 

204 

216 

BeJl^de^ceaum 

214 

Carmine  Stripe        .... 

.    194 

206 
205 

196 

Carnation 

Belle  de  Petit  Brie 

196 

"  208 
189 

Belle  of  Orleans    .        .       .        . 
Belle  de  Orleans 

204 
.    204 

Cerise  de  la  Palembre    .... 
Cerise  a  Noyeau  Tendre    .        .     .   .•      - 

189 
.    189 
211 
.    205 
205 
216 

Bigarreau  Gaubalis 
Bigarreau  de  Lyon     . 
Bigarreau  d'Esperin 
Bigarreau  Noir  Tardive    . 
Baumann"s  May  .        .           '  .  v 
Bigarreau  Belle  de  Eocmont    . 
Belle  de  C/ioiny         .        .        . 

.        199 
.    199 
204 
.    213 
.        214 
.    194 
.    184 

Cerise  Noiivelle  d'Angleterre   .      •  .  •.     , 
Cerise  de  Portugal          .        . 

Cerise  a  Courte  Queue  .... 

Cerisier  a  fleurs  Doubles   .        .        .  <~ 
Cerise  Tardive 

217 
.    216 
220 
.    220 

Benham's  Fine  Early  Duke  . 

.        211 
191 

Belle  et  Magniflque 
Bigarreau  de  Mai       .        .        . 

.        191 
.    214 

Cerise  de  St  Martin      .... 
China  Bigarreau    .        .       .       .- 
Chinese  Heart       

220 

.    205 
205 
.    216 

Bigarreau        

208 
.    208 

"R'"              Pros 

208 

Chinese  Double  Flowering  . 

216 
205 

Bigarreau  Tardif 
Bigarreau  d'  Hoi  lande    .      \ 
"Ricrftrreaii  fJonlour  de  Chair 

.    208 
208 
.    194 

Christiana                          .       . 

206 
.    216 

Cluster      . 

INDEX   OF    FRUITS. 


485 


PAGK    !  PAGE 

C'uxter 216     Four  to  the  Pound 219 

Common  English 215  Fraser's  Black  Tartarian        ...        189 

G<>ron3 215  Eraser's  Black  Heart         .        .        .        .189 

Couronne 215  Eraser's  Black        .        .        .        .        .        189 

Coroun 215  Fraser's  White  Tartarian         .        .        .220 

Coeur  de  Pigeon 194  Fraser's  White  Transparent         ,        .        220 

Coularde 211     Fellow's  Seedling 208 

Common  Bed 194     Gascoigne's  Heart 215 

Commune  ....        .'  194     Gean  Amber 214 

Common  Bed 217      Oration 208 

Common  Sour  Cherry        .        .        .        .217      Groote  Princesse 208 

Crown 205  Grosse  Bigarreau  Couleur  de  Chair     .        194 

Circassian 189  Gros  Bigarreau  Blanc        .        .        .        .194 

C'Mdland 191      Gros  Coeuret 199 

Cleveland  Bigarreau         .        .        .        .191  Gros  Bigarreau  Eougo       .        .        .        .219 

Ci^s  Transparent       .        .        .        .  192      Gridley 217 

Cumberland 205  Grosse  Schwarze  Knoorpel       .        .        .    2*3 

Cumberland  Seedling    .        .        .        .  2C5  Griotte  de  Portugal       ....        203 

Con.'sto(ia         .        .        .        .  •      .        .206  Grosse  Cerise  Eouge  Pale         .        .        .205 

Clarke's  Bigarreau          .        .     *  .        .  212  G dottier  Eouge  Pale     ....        205 

Ciiatenay 214  Griotte  de  Villennes         .        .        .        .205 

CtriM  de  Xavier 215     Gros  Gobet 217 

.  Ojtfs  Late  Carnation     .       .        .        .216  Guinier  a  Fruit  Noir         .        .        .        .215 

C>rwin 216  j  Guigne  Grosse  Noir        ....        215 

Clarke's  Superb 216  !  Guigne  Eouge  Hative       .        .        .        .215 

Clarke's  Bigarreau  ?        .        .        .        .  216  |  Guigne  Noir  Tardiv*     ....        218 

Cerise  Indulle 217  \  Guigne  Gros  Blanc    .        .        .        .        .194 

Cream 217  j  German  May  Duke       ....        195 

Davenport's  Early 216  |  Governor   Wood 196 

Davenport 216  j  Grosse  Guigrfe  Noir  Luisante       .        .        199 

Davenport's  Early  Black  .        .        .        .  216  |  Great  Bigarreau  ? 199 

DeHollande 211  |  Guigne  Noir  Luisante        ...        208 

D'Espagne 211  !  Harrison  Heart 220 

Dwmton 207  I  Herefordshire  Black       ....        215 

Downer's  Late 192  '  Herefordshire  Heart 215 

Downer 192  j  Hildesheim  Bigarreau    ....        196 

Downer's  Late  Bed 192  |  Honey 217 

Downing*  Red  Cheek  .        .        .        .  205  i  Hollandische  Grosse       ....        208 

Double  Flowering  Kentish       .        .        .  216  I  Holland  Bigarreau     .        .        .      -.        .208 

Dredge's  Early  White  Heart        .        .  216     Holmarift  Duke 211 

Dutch  Morello  218  ,  Hyd/fs  Red  Heart 217 

Dwarf  Double-Ftoweriny   .       .        .  216  Hildesheim     ...;..        196 

Double  Heart •    .  189  Hortense     ....                       .    196 

Doctor 192  I  Holland 208 

Delicate 193  !  Hoadley 209 

De  16  a-la-livre 196  j  Hovey 209 

D'E-tperin 204  Herefordshire  White         .        .        .       .216 

Donna  Maria       .       .        .       .        .  206     Hyde's  Seedling 217 

Duchess  of  Pallua 207  j  Hyde's  Late  Black 217 

DuNord 215     Imperial 209 

Du  Nord  Nouvelle 215  |  Imperial  MoreHo 209 

De  Prnsse 215  i  Italian  Heart 208 

DeSpa       . 216  ;  Jeffrey's  Duke 211 

Early  Black 215     Joc-o-Sot 197 

Early  White  Heart 216  Keokuk      ....        .       .       .210 

Early  Purple  Guigne     .        .        .        .  195  '  Kennicott 210 

Early  Purple  Griotte        .        .       .        .  195  I  Kentish 217 

Early  Duke 211     Kentish 217 

Early  May m     .  217     Kentish 194 

Early  Richmond  .        .        .        .        .  194     Kentish  Bed 194 

Elton 194     Kentish  Bed 21T 

Elk!iorn 213  Knevett's  Late  Bigarreau      ...        208 

English  Morello 218  Knight's  Early  Bl<ick      .        .        .       .210 

Ever  Flowering  Cherry         ...  225     Kirtland's  Mary 198 

Early  Prolific 193  Kirtland's  Mammoth       .       .        .       .198 

Elizabeth 207  Kirtland's  Large  Morello       ...        210 

Elliott's  Favorite 207  Knight's  Late  Black        .       .        .       .217 

English  Amber 207     Large  Wild  Black 215 

Favorite 207     Large  Honey 217 

Flesh-Colored  Bigarreau       ...  194  Large  White  Bigarreau         ...        220 

Florence 208  Large  Heart-Shaped  Bigarreau        .        .    194 

Finnish 217  Lauermann's  Kirsche    ....        212 


486 


INDEX   OF   FRUITS. 


PAGE 

Large  Heart-Shaped  Bigarreau  .  .  199 
Large  Eed  Bigarreau  ....  219 
Lady  Southampton's  Yellow  .  .  .218 
Lady  Southampton's  Duke  .  .  .  218 
Lady  Southampton's  Golden  Drop  .  218 

Large  Black  Bigarreau  ....        218 

Late  Arch  Duke 203 

Late  Duke 203 

Late  Duke 211 

Large  Mayduke 211 

Late  Kentish 217 

Large  Morello 218 

Late  Morello 218 

Large  Double- Flower  ing     .       .       .        218 

Lion's  Heart 218 

Lemercier  of  E.  and  B 196 

Late  Bigarreau 199 

Large  Heart-Shaped   ....        199 

Logan 200 

Large  Morello 210 

Lemercier 211 

Lindley 211 

Leather  Stocking 211 

Late  Honey 217 

Lundie  Oean    .  .        .        .       .218 

Louis  Phillip        .       .        .       .        .        218 

Madison 211 

Mary      .       .    ' 211 

Manning's  Early  Black .       .       .       .218 

Mazzard 215 

Manning's  Mottled 211 

Maccarty 217 

Madison  Bigarreau 211 

Manning's  Late  Black  ...  218 
Manning  s  Late  Black  Heart  .  .  .218 

May  Duke 211 

May  Cherry 217 

Merisier  a  fruit  blanc  .  .  .  .  217 
Millett's  Late  Heart  Duke  .  .  .211 

Mottled  Bigarreau 211 

Morris'  Early  Duke  .        .        .        .211 

Montmorency 217 

Montmorency  a  gros  fruit  .  .  .  217 
Montmorency  a  longue  queue  .  .  194 

MoreUo 218 

Muscat  de  Prague 194 

Monstreuse  de  Bavay        .        .        .        .196 

Monstrous  May 205 

Merveille  de  September    .        .       .        .210 

Morris  Duke  ......        211 

Monstreuse  de  Mezel         .        .        .        .199 

Napoleon 212 

Napoleon  Bigarreau 212 

New  Large  Black  Bigarreau          .        .        199 

Ox  Heart 218 

Osceola 200 

Ohio  Beauty     .       .       .  •     .       .       .212 

Ostheim 219 

Ostheimer  Weichsel 219 

Ox  Heart 220 

Pie  Cherry 194 

Pie  Cherry 217 

Plumstone  Morello 219 

Portugal  Duke 203 

Portugal  Duke 211 

Prlnzessin  Kirsche        ....        208 

Prince's  Duke 219 

Precoce 217 

Purple  Ckdgne         .        .-       .       .        .195 

Pontiac 201 

Powhattan, 201 

Proudfoot 212 


\  Proudfootts  Seedling  .    212 

!  President       .        .  .212 

i  Pink  mart 219 

i  Eed  Heart 215 

!  Remington 219 

i  Eemington  White  Heart       ...       219 

Eemington  Heart 219 

Rivers' Early  H 'art     .        .       •"'  li>\i'-' 
Eivers'  Early  Amber         .        .        .        .216 
Eonald's  Large  Black  Heart  ...        189 

Eonald's  Heart 189 

Robert's  Rfd  Heart      ....        212 

Eoyal  Hative 211 

Royal  Duke 211' 

Eonald's  Large  Morello  .  .  .  .218 
Rumsfiy's  Lat?  Morello  ...  219 
Eonald's  Black  Heart  .  .  .  .189 
Eeine  Hortense  ....'.  196 
Rockport 


.  Eockport  Bigarreau 

:  Rod  Jacket        .        .        . 

Richardson   . 

Red  Bigarreau 

Schone  von  Choisy 

Serrulated  leaved  Cherry  . 

Small  May      . 

Spanish  Black  Heart . 

Sparkhawk's  Honey 

Sparrowhawk's  Honey 
'•  Spotted  Bigarreau 

Spanish  Yellow 

Superb  Circassian  . 


'we et  Montmorency 


201 
.  202 

212 
.  219 

189 
.  216 

217 
.  215 

217 
.  217 

208 
.  207 

189 
.  194 

219 


Schwarze  Neue  Herr  Kirsche  .  .  204 
SteretsMay  .  ....  205 

Sweedish 216 

Sweedish  Eed  Heart         ....    216 

Sparhawk 207 

Tartarian 189 

Thompson's  Duke 2ll 

Tobacco  Leaved 217 

Transparent  Guigne  219 

Transparent  Gean 219 

Transparent 219 

Tradescant         .       .        .       .,.,',',: 
Tradescant's  Black  Heart      ...       218 
Turkey  Biaarreau       ....    208,  220 

Turkey  Bigarreau 208 

The  Doctor 192 

Tardif-de-Hildesheim     ....        196 

Tecumseh 203 

Triomphe  of  Cumberland    .        .        .        205 

Tardive  de  Mons 210 

VaiPs  August  Duke     ....        218 

Very  Large  Heart 218 

Virginian  May 194 

Virginian  Wild  Cherry ,        .  .    219 

Virginia  May  Duke    ....        219 

Wendell's  Mottled 218 

i  Ward's  Bigarreau 199 

i  Wendell's  Mottled  Bigarreau    .       .        .213 

I   Waterloo 213 

i  Wax  Cherry 205 

Werder's  Early  Black  ....  218 
Werder's  Early  Black  Heart  .  .  .213 
Werdersche  Frue  Schwarze  Herz  Kirsche  218 

West's  White  Heart 208 

Weichsel  mit  gauzkurzen  stiel      . 
Weening  or  All  Saint's  .        .        .        .220 
reart .216 


INDEX   OF   FRUITS. 


487 


White  Transparent   . 
While  Tartarian  . 
White  Bigarreau 
White  Bigarreau . 
White  Ox  Heart 
Wilder  s  Bigarreau  de  Mai 
Wild  English  Cherry 
War  re  iCs  T>  •«  nsparent 
Wilkinson 

Wellington     .        ... 
Yellow  Honey    .        V     '•.'''•' 
Yellow  Spanish 
Yellow  or  Golden 
Yung  To 


216  I  Hangh,tor>?8  Seedling 


220 
208 
220 
220 
214 
215 


217 
210 


CURRANTS. 


Ironmonger  . 
Keen's  Seedling 
Massey's  Heart  of  Oak 
Melting's  Crown  Bob 
Pale  Red 

Parkinson's  Laurel 
Pitmaston  Green  Gaffe 
Bearing  Lion  . 
Red  Warrington  . 
Taylor's  Bright  Venus   . 
While  Honey 
Woodward's  Whitesmith 

GRAPES. 


229 
229 
229 
230 
229 
229 


1  Ada 248 

American  Blade, 225  Arkansas 244 

Black  Grape 225  Allen's  Seedling  Hamburg  .  .  .253 

Black  English 225  Alicant 258 

Black  Naples 223  ,  Alexander's 247 

Common  Red 225  Amber  Muscadine  ....  254 

Common  Whits 225  Amiens 254 

Cherry 225  American  Muscadine  ....  248 

Champagne 225  August  Traube 254 

Common  Black 225  Black  Cluster 258 

Fertile  Currant  of  Palnau  .  .  .  224  i  Black  Morillon  .  ...  258 

Gondouin  .  .  .  .  .  223  i  Black  Burgundy 258 

Gondouin  Eed 223  Black  Frontignan  .  .  .  .258 

Goliath 224  !  Black  Frontignac 253 

Houghton  Castle 224  j  Blade  Hamburgh 253 

Jefferson 225  I  Black  Prince 253 

Knight's  Large  Red  .  .  .  .  225  I  Black  Spanish 253 

Knight's  Early  Red  .  .  .  .  225  ;  Black  Valentia 253 

KnigWts  Sweet  Red  ....  223  ]  Black  Portugal 253 

Large  Eed  Dutch 224  !  Black  Lisbon 253 

Large  Bunched  Ked  .  .  .  .  224  |  BrincMe 471 

Long  Bunched  Eed 224  Black  Orleans 253 

Large  White 224  Black  St.  Peter's 258 

Mixtouri  Large-fruited  .  .  .  .  225  |  Bland, 244 

Missouri  Eatable 225  Eland's  Virginia 244 

May's  Victoria 224  I  Eland's  Madeira 244 

Missouri -.  225  Eland's  Pale  Eed 244 

Morgan's  Eed 224  Bourdales  des  Hautes  Pyrenees  .  .  253 

Morgan's  White 224  Boston 253 

Missouri  Fragrant 225  i  Brown  Hamburgh  ....  258 

New  Eed  Dutch 224  I  Burgunder 254 

New  White  Dutch 224  Bailor  Bullett 248 

Palnau 224  Cambridge  Botanic  Garden  ,  258 

Eaby  Castle 224  |  Canon  Hall  Muscat  ....  255 

Elvers'  White  Grape  ....  224  Cape  Grape .247 

RedDutvh 224  Catawba 244 

Eed  Grape  .  .  .  .  .  .  224  i  Catawba  Tokay 244 

Eeeve's  White 224  Chasselas  Dore 254 

Red.  Flowering  Currant  ...  223  Chasselas  Blanc 254 

Striped  Fruited 225  Chasselas  de  Fontainebleau  ...  254 

Victoria 224  Clinton  .  245 

White,  Dutch 224  Cassady 471 

White  Crystal 224  Clara 471 

White  Leghorn 224  Concord 471 

White  Pearl 224  CUrmont 245 

White  Grape 224  Clifton's  Constantia  ....  247 

Clarence 246 

G008EBEBBIE8.  Delaware  ....*.  255 

Decimanner 255 

BuerdsilPs  Duckuring  ...  226  D'Arbois  ...'.,  254 

Capper's  Bunker's  ffitt  .  .  .  .  228  De  St.  Jean 254 

CJiampagne 228  Diana  .  .  ...  245 

Collier's  Jolly  Angler  .  .  .  .229  Dutch  Hamburg 268 

CpomptonSheba  Queen  ...  230  Early  Black 258 

Early  Sulphur 229  Early  Black  July 254 

Green  Walnut 229  Early  White  Teneriffe  ....  254 


488 


INDEX   OF   FRUITS. 


PAGE 

Early  White  Muscadine       ...       254 

Elsinijurgh 245 

Elsenborough 245 

Emily 472 

Fromentin  Eouge 255 

Fox  Grape 247 

Frankendale 253 

Fromentean 255 

Frontiac  of  Alexandria 
Gris  Eouge       . 

Graham 

Gibraltar 

Golden  Chasselas  .... 
Grizzly  FronUgnan 
Grizzly  Frontignac 


255 
255 
472 
253 
254 
254 
254 
246 
246 
255 
253 
247 
246 


Herbemont's  Madeira 
Heath  .... 
Hampton  Court  Vine 
Imitation  Hamburg 

Isabella 

Jacob's  Traube 254 

Jerusalem  Muscat .        .        .  255 

July  Grape 254 

Kleinbranner.        .        .        .-      .       .        255 

I^b  anon  Seedling 244 

Lenoir 246 

Long  worth's  Ohio     .        .        ,     \        .247 

Lunel 255 

Marzimmer 255 

Mammoth  Catawba      ....       245 

Minor's  Seeding 248 

Madeleine       .        .  254 

Madeleine  Noir 254 

Madeira 247 

Malaga 255 

Miller's  Burgundy       .        .  254 

Missouri 247 

Missouri  Seedling 247 

Morillon  Hatif 254 

Muscat  of  Alexandria 
Moschata  Bianca 
Moscado  Bianco    . 
Moscatel  Common     . 
Muscat  Noir  Ordinaire  . 
Muscat  Noir  de  Jura 
Muscat  d'Alexandrie     . 
Muscat  Blanc    . 
Muscat  Blanc  de  Jura  . 
Muscateller 
Muscat  Eouge 
Muscat  Gris 
Muscat  Noir 


PAGE 

Eaabe's  No.  8 472 

Eoanoke 248 

Eed  Traminer 255 

Eother  Traminer 255 

Eothcr  Klevner 255 

Eothclauser            255 

Eothe  lieifler 255 

Eothedel 255 

Eothfranken 2.r>5 

Eaisin  Precoce 254 

Eaisin  de  Champagne        ....  254 

Eaisin  de  Froaliznao    .        .        .  255 

KedMuncy 244 

Eed  Hamburgh 253 

Red  Constanta 254 

lioi/al  Muscadine        ....  254 

SLCIauser 255 

Salisbury  Violet 253 

Schuylkill  Muscadell         ....  247 

Schuylkill  Muscadine    .        .        .        .  247 

tieappemong 248 

Segar-Box  Grape 247 

Sir  William  Rowley's'  Black  .'.'.'  253 

Sir  A.  Pytche's  Black        ....  253 

Small  Black  Cluster        .        .        .        .  253 

Smart's  Elsingburg 245 

>prin-  Miil  C<>nM:i;i>ia  ....  247 

Stewards  Black  Prince    ....  '253 

Sumpter 246 

Singleton 244 

255 
255 


255 
255 
255 
253 


255 

.  255 
255 
.  255 
254 
.  254 

.   .   253 

Nepean's  Constantia  ....  255 
Norton's  Virginia  ....  247 
Norton's  Seedling 247  | 


Traminer 

Tokayer  ... 

Taskers  Grape  ...:..  247 

Tottenham  Park  Muscat       ...  255 

ToKalon .245 

True  Burgundy 253 

Valentines      "                   ....  253 

Victoria 253 

Warner's  Black  Hamburgh      .        .        .  253 

Wnite  Catawba 245 

White  Muscat  of  Alexandria   .        .        .  255 

White  Muscat 255 

White  Muscat  of  Lunel    .        .        .        .  255 

Wtiite  Frontignan       ....  255 

White  Constantia 255 

White  Frontniac '255 

WUti  Sweet  Water  .                               .  i'-'tf 

Winne 247 

W^h.^ofs  New  Black  Hamburgh    .        .  253 

Wcrthiugton 245 

Zane 245 


Ohio       .  247 

Passe  longue  Musque        ....  255 

Passe  Musque 255 

Pineau 253 

Pocock's  Damascus        ....  253 

Powell 244 

Pond's  Seedling 245 

Purple  Frontignan 253 

Purple  Constantia 353 


Purple  Hamburg 
Eanfolak 
Banfoliga 
Eaabe     . 
Eaabe's  No.  1 
Eaabe's  No.  4 


25:5 
255 
255 
472 
471 

.        .  471 

Eaabe's  No.  2 472 


NECTARINES. 

Anderson's 257 

Anderson's  (of  some)      .... 

Anderson's  Eound 260 

Aromatic 257 

Barker 257 

Black 

Black  Murry 259 

Boston 256 

Broomfteld 259 

Brugnon  Hatif 257 

Brugnon,  Eed  at  the  Stone       .        .        .  257 
Brngnon  de  Newington 

Brugnon  Masque 259 

Brugnon  Violette  Mnsqnee   ...  259 

Claremont.  257 

Common  Elruge    .       .       .       .     .  .  25? 


INDEX   OF    FRUITS. 


489 


PAGE 

Cowdray  White        ...               .  258 

Duke  of  Telliers 257 

D'Angleterre 

Downton 257 

Due  du  Telliers 257 

Due  de  Tilly  .  257 

DucdeTello      ......  257 

DuTilley's     .                        ...  257 

Early  Violet 257 

Early  Brugnon 257 

Early  Newington 258 

Early  Black  Newington       ...  258 

Early  Black 258 

Elruge    .      N 257 

Emerton's  New  White      ....  258 

French,  Yellow 258 

Fairchild 259 

Fail-child's  Early 259 

Fine  Gold-Fleshed 259 

Flanders 258 

French  Newington 260 

Genoa 260 

Golden 259 

Hardwickes  Seedling    ....  258 

JIardwicka 258 

Hampton  Court 257 

Hunt  s  Tawny 258 

Hunt's  Large  Tawny     ....  258 
Hunt's  Earfy  Tawny         .        .        .        .258 

Jaune  Lisse 260 

Large  Early  Violet         ....  258 

Late  Yellow 260 

Large  White 258 

Late  Green 260 

Large  Scarlet 257 

Lewis 256 

Lord  Selsey's  Elruge         .        .        .        .257 

Lucombe's  Black 258 

Lucombe's  Seedling 258 

Murrey  .        .            fc  .  259 

Murry 259 

New  White    ...  258 

Neat  Whits 258 

New  Scarlet 257 

Newington 260 

New  Dark  Newington  .... 
New  Early  Newington     .        '.        .        .258 

Oatlands.               T       ....  257 

Orange  259 
Old  White      .... 

Old  Newington 2CO 

Old  Roman 259 

Orange      .......  258 

Prince's  Golden 260 

Perkins1  Seedling 256 

Peterborough  (of  some)       .        » 

Peterborough 260 

Petite  Violette  Hative  ....  257 

Pitmaston  Orange 248 

Red  Roman  .  " 259 

Roman 259 

Rough  Roman 260 

Scarlet  Newington 260 

Scarlet 260 

Stanwicke 259 

Sweet  Yellow 260 

SionHill  .                260 

Smith's  Newington       ....  260 

Spring  Grove 257 

Temple's 257 

Verm  ash  (of  some) 260 

Violette  Hative 257 


PAGE 

Violet 

Violette  Angervillieres  .... 

Violette  Musquee 25T 

Violet,  red  at  the  scone  ....  257 
Violet  Musk       .        .        .        .        . 

William's  Orange                                  ,  258 

Williams'  Seedling 258 

Violet  Grosse 25S 


Alberge 281 

Allen 281 

Aticater 281 

Anne 290 

Admirable 290 

Almond 290 

Abricotee 296 

200 
290 


Acton  Scott  ..... 

Admirable  Tardive  . 
Admirable  Jaune  .... 

Algiers  Yellow  .        .        .        .        .        .  '  293 

Algiers  Winter  ......  293 

Apricot  Peach   ......  296 

Ador      .......  290 

Avant  Rouge    ......  294 

Avant  Blanche      .....  295 

Bachclder  .        ......  281 

Baxter's  Seedling,  No.  1              .        .  <472 
Barnard   .        .        .        ...        .        .281 

BdledeBeaucaire       .        .        .       .  290 

Beauty  of  Beaucaire         ....  293 

Bergen's  Yellow    .....  27J 

Brentford  Mignonne  .....  281 

Briggs    .......  2S1 

Behar's  Early  Rareripe        .        ,       .291 

Belle  Chevreusc,    .....  291 

Bennett's  Rareripe  .....  291 

Beauty  of  Salisbury    ....  290 

Barrington       ......  290 

Baltimore  Beauty         ....  290 

Bellegarde                                       .        .  281 

Belle  de  Vitry       ,  2SO 
Bellls  .        .        .        .        .        .        .        .290 

Belle  Beaute  .        .                ...  274 

Belle  de  Vitry  ...                        .  290 

Belle  de  Paris                                .        .  276 

Bergen       .......  272 

Blood  Clingstone  .....  281 

Blood  Cling       ......  2S1 

Bourdine        ......  276 

Boudin        .......  27<> 

Brevooi't         ......  272 

Brevoorfs  Morris     .....  272 

Brevoort's  Seedling  Melter   .        .        .  272 

Brown  Nutmeg         .....  29-i 

Buckingham  Mignonne        .        .        .  29^> 

Bullards  Clingstone       ....  262 

Buttarffa  Seedling       ....  262 

Burgess  Beauty         .....  288 

Careifs  Mammoth  Cling     ...  291 

Callus  Late      ......  282 

Cable's  Late  Melocoton         ...  281 

Cambridge  Belle      .....  282 


....... 

Canary      .                                .  .    291 

C/iillian         ......  291 

Cable's  Mediwin  Melocoton     .        .  .291 

Cable's  Early        .....  291 

Cable's  Early  Melocoton  .        .        .  .291 

Crawford's  Late   .        .        .        .        .  273 

Crawford's  Superb  Melocoton  .        .  .    273 


490 


INDEX  OF   FKU1TS. 


PAGE    |  PAGE 

Chinese  Peach 282  j  Gest's  Superb 292 

Charlotte 291  H  Grosse  Persique  Eouge         ...  285 

Catherine  Cling 292  I  Gest's  Large  Freestone     .        .        .        .292 

Cardinale '       .  \  Galand 284 

Catherine 292  George  the  Fo^trth 274 

Chancellor 291  :  Gold  Fleshed 281 

Chancelliere   ......  291  '  -Golden  Mignonne 281 

Clinton 282  i  Green  Nutmeg 290 

Claret  Clingstone  .        .        .        .        .  281  '•  Grosse,  Mignonne 274 

Cole's  Early  Red 282  Grimwood's  Eoyal  George    ...  274 

Cooledffe's  Favorite      ....  273  Grimwood's  New -Royal  George      .        .  274 

Cooledge's  Early  Eed  Rareripe       .        .  273  Griffin's  Mignonne         .        ,       .        .  294 

Colonel  Ansley's 290  Grimwood's  Eoyal  Charlotte    .        .        .291 

Congress 291  ;  Green  Catherine 283 

Congress  Cling 291  '  Gros  Malecaton         .                               .  285 

Cole's  White  Malocoton    .        .        .        .  276  ;  Golden  Ball 292 

Columbia 278  Hatch 284 

Crawford's  Late  Melocoton      .        .        .  278  Hale's  Melocoton 284 

Crawford's  Early         ....  272  Hale 284 

Crawford's  Early  Melocoton     .        .        .  272  Hartshorn 284 

Crawford's  Superb  Malacatune    .        .  273  Hastings 284 

Cut-Leaved 292  Hall  s  Down-Easter       ....  283 

Down-Easter 283  j  Honest  John 277 

Doctor  Cooper 283  Hardy  Galande       .                               281, 284 

Douglass         .        ,        .        .        .        .  288  !  Hoveyt  Cambridge  Belle        .        .       .282 

Double  Montague 288  j  Heath's  Freestone         .        .        .       .  284 

Double  Mountain 283  I  Ho/ner 292 

Dorsetshire 277  i  Hoffner's  Seedling         ...  292 

Druid  Hill 272  i  Henry  Clay 284 

JSMea 283  |  Haiue's  Early  Eed  27T 

Elmira 288  i  Heath  Clingstone 274 

Early  York,  of  New  Jersey     .        .        .277  Hath 274 

Early  Crawford 272  Hoffman's  Pound      .        .        .        .        .298 

Early  Galande 281  j  Hogg's  Melocoton 288 

Early  Barnard 281  j  lit/slop 275 

Early  Maiden 286  j  Hyslop'a  Clingstone       ....  275 

Early  RoUnson  Crusoe       .        .        .  292  j  Hill's  Madeira 285 

Eastburn's  Choice 283  |  Ispahan 292 

Eastburn 283  Incomparable 285 

Early  Anne 290  Italian 276 

Early  Tillotson 279  Jane 272 

Early  York 273  |  Jaqucs 275 

Early  Newington  Freestone         .        .  274  Jaquish     • 275 

Early  Newinyton     ....    274, 295  Jaqper  Eareripe 275 

Early  Sweet- Water        .        .        .        .  294  Jose  Sweet 285 

Early  Admirable 290  |  Jonts'  Early 285 

Early  Purple  Avant      .      .'.      f.       .  274  Jones'  Large  Earit/         .        .        .        .285 

Early  May 274  i  Java        ......  282 

Early  Vineyard 274  Johnson's  Early  Purple    .        .        .        .274 

Early  Eed  Nutmeg 294  ;  Judd's  Melting 276 

Early  White  Nutmeg    .        .        .        .  295  fcnrick's  Untili       .        .        .        .        .284 

Early  Purple 274  Kew  Early  Purple         ....  291 

Early  Eoyal  George       .        .        .        281,  294  i  Kennedy's  Carolina 277 

Early  Eed  Rareripe 288  i  Kennedy's  Lemon  Cling  27T 

Edgar's  Late  Melting     ....  291  :  Lafayt  tt&  Clingstone       .       .        .        .298 

Emperor  of  Russia         ....  292  !  La  f  ay  f  tie 298 

French  Eareripe    ....        280, 2S1  Large  Melting 298 

Fulkerson 288  Late  Chancellor 291 

Fulkerson'8  Early       ....  >  Large  Early  York 277 

Favorite 292  Large  American  Nutmeg     .        .        .  294 

Favorite  Eed 292  i  L'Admirable 290 

Flat  Peach  of  China        .        .        .        .  282  |  Large  French  Mignonne       ...  274 

Fox's  Seedling      ...  292  j  La  Eoyale 276 

French  Mignonne 274  !  Late  Admirable 276 

French  Eoyal  George    .       ,       .        .  281  |  La  Grange       . 298 

French  Magdalen 294  I  Large  Eed  Eareripe       ....  275 

Freestone  Heath 276  j  Large  Eed  Eareripe 288 

French  Bourdine 276  j  Lady  Ann  Steward       ....  276 

Fine  Heath 274  j  Late  Eed  Eareripe 277 

Gorgas 472  I  Lady  Gallatin 288 

Golden  Eareripe 281  j  Large  Yellow  Eareripe      .       .       .       .280 

Green  Rareripe ^84  :  Late  Admirable  Cling  .       ...  285 


INDEX   OF   FRUITS. 


491 


T  nrge  White  Clingstone   . 
Lnt>  Yellcno  Alberge 

.        .P2S9 

293 
.    277 

Orange  Clingstone      r 
Orange        ...... 

PAGE 

286 
296 

Orchard  Qit^f-n 

286 

Large  Newington  .        .     ''•    v.\ 

293 

277 

Old  Royal  Charlotte 
Philadelphia  Freestone 

Paragon            .               .        . 

.    291 
276 

287 

Lord  Montague's  Noblesse    . 
Lockyer's  Mignonne  . 
Lord  Fauconberg's  Mignonne 
Long  Yellow  Pine  Apple  . 
Luscious  White  Eareripe 
Livingstone's  N.  Y  Rareripe    . 

286 
.   -494 

.    '   .    277 
276 
.    277 
2SG 

Peehfr  d'  Ispahan 
Poinsftt     
Pool?  s  Yellow 
Phfaiger 

292 
.    287 
.        £87 
293 

PaVie  Admirable    .... 
Pavie  de  Pomponne 
Pavie  de  Pomponne  Grosse  . 
Pavie  Eouge  de  Pompone 
Pavie  Cauin 
Pavie  Monstreux      . 

Ppfllfi  TJrtVAlft 

285 
.    285 
285 
.    285 
285 
.    285 
276 

Magistrate       .... 
Majestrate       

.    293 
293 

Madeira    .       .        .       .       . 
Madeira  Freestone  .        .       -.  ,  »   ^ 
Mei'riam   ..... 

.    285 

.        285 
.    285 

Mrs.  Poinsett        . 

235     Peche  Malta 

.    276 

286 

Peche  Jaune  
Peen-To     
Pine-Apple  Clingstone  . 
Pourpree  de  Normandie  . 
Pourpree  Hative    .        . 
Pourpree  Tardive      . 
Poole's  Large  Yellow    . 
Poole's  Late  Yellow  Freestone 
President       
Prince's  Red  Rareripe  . 
Purple  Avant         .... 
Purple  Alberge  . 

.        281 
.    282 
277 
.    274 
274 
.    276 
287 
.    287 
.        278 
.    278 
274 
.    281 

Melting  
Morrisania' 

293 
.    293 

Monst-ous  Freestone    . 
Madeline  of  Courson 
Maid-en          

294 
.    294 
286 

Madeleine  de  Courson      .    '*f***f 
Madeline  Rouge     . 

Malta        .               ... 

.     294 
294 
.    276 

Malte  de  Normandie      . 

276 

933 

Malacatune    
Marie  Antoinette 
Mellish's  Favorite  .        .       •;  :    . 
Mignonne   
Millet's  Mignonne  .        .    •>  '»•>'---•» 

288 
.    230 
236 
.    274 
294 

Prince's  Paragon    .... 

287 

Rwce1*  Favorite 

288 

Eonald's  Mignonne 
Eed  Eareripe     ... 

281 
.    275 

288 

288 

Montauban     
Motteux's           .... 
Morris's  Red  Eareripe  . 
Morris  Red.       .... 
Morris  White  Eareripe  . 
Morris  Whit1-    .... 

233 
.        .    276 
275 
.        .    275 
276 
276 

Eed  Magdalen   
Eeine  des  Vergers  .... 
Rfd  Nutmeg 

.    294 

286 
294 

Eed  Avant     
Rfd  Cheek         

294 

288 

Eed  Magdalen 

281 

Morris  White  Freestone 

276 
.    293 

Eed  Cheek  Malocoton 
Eed  Alber<*e 

.    288 
281 

Morrison's  Pound  . 

'      .        293 

Eed  Heath 

274 

Monstrous  Pavie 
?>lonstrous  Pompone      .        .    '^>i 
Mon&ti-ottH  Cttng&to-ne     .  .  ~  '*?• 
Newin^ton  Cling    . 

.    235 
235 
.    235 
293 

Eeid's  Weeping      .... 
Eoyal  Kensington      . 
Eonald's  Seedling  Galande    . 
Eoval  Sovereign 
Eoyale 

.        295 

.    274 
274 
.    274 
276 

New  Eoyal  George    .        . 
Narbonne       .        .        .    •..-,  -?:''. 
New  Cut-leaved 
Neill's  Early  Purple        .     ••  ^-     -, 

.    294 
276 
.    292 
274 

Eouge  Paysanne       . 

.    294 

Roi/a.1  George 

294 

New  Eoyal  Charlotte      !  .     -  .: 
New  York  White  Clingstone 

.    291 
289 
.    274,  293 

294 

Rosebank  

Rodman  V?  Red 

288 

NiwAt*            .... 
Nivette  Veloutee 

.        277 
277 

Shanghai  . 

287 

Sites  OldZack      .... 

Skinner's  Superb 

287 
287 

Noisette  

2!)  I 

NoirdeMontreuil  . 
New  York  Rareripe 
Newman        .                       .    * 

.    286 

.    '  .    277 
286 
293 

Saint  George 

288 

Smock        .... 

288 

SmitVs  Favorite  .... 
Swalsh* 

288 
294 

Swaize    ...... 

Smock  Clingstone    .        .        .       . 

294 
.    295 
295 

Oicen 

287 

O  vpn'<?  Lomon 

237 

Owen's  Lemon  Rareripe 
Oldmixon                         , 
October  Yellow             .    —  •- 

287 
.    278 
293 

Sloou-m's  Early        .        .        .        . 
Smith's  Newington      .       . 
Sangivinole  'i  Chair  Adherents 
Scott's  Early  Red  .       ,       .       » 

.    295 
295 

294 

Oldmixon  Freestone 
Oldmixon  Clearstone     . 
Oldmixon  Clingstone 
Old  Newington    .       .       .  -  *< 

.    278 
.        278 
.        .    278 
293 

Serrated 

292 

Selby's  Cling  
Smock  Freestone 

.        289 
.    288 

492 


INDEX    OF    FKLT1S. 


Smith's  Newington  „   . 
Smith's  Early  Nencingtc1: 


PACK 

274 
„  ________  .....        .        .    274,295 

Smooth  -leaved  Eoyal  George        .        .  281 

Snow  ........  2S7 

Stewart's  Late  Galande         ...  291 

Strawberry       ......  294 

Superb  Eoyal         .....  274 

Superb        .......  294 

Sweet  Water  ......  294 

Swiss  Mignonne        .....  274 

Serrate  Early  York        ....  273 

Scott's  Nonpareil        .....  298 

Sulhamstead  ......  295 

Siebott       .......  295 

True  Early  York    ....  273 

TUlotson    .......  279 

Tv/Ps  Early  ......  289 

Tuffs  Rareripe       .....  239 


....... 

Teton  de  Venus       ....        r  276 

Tippecan-oe   ......  288 

True  Eed  Magdalen  .....  294 

Tice        .......  295 

Tice^s  Red  and  Yettow   .        .        .       .295 

Unique   .......  292 

Vandermark    .*....  295 

Violet  Hative  Grosse     ....  281 

Vanguard  .                       ....  286 

Van  Zandt'8  Superb    ....  279 

Veloutee  Tardive       .....  287 

Violette  Hative      .....  281 

Vineuse      .......  274 

Vineuse  de  Fromentin  ....  274 

Ward's  Freestone    .....  280 

Ward's  Late  Free  .....  280 

Ward's  Free       ......  280 

Weld's  Freestone.  .....  289 

Washington  Eareripe       .        .        .        .289 

Wallurton    ......  289 

Walburton  Admirable      .        .        .        .289 

Waxen  Bareripe    .....  279 

Washington      ......  QS9 

Washington  Eed  Freestone  . 

Walter's  Earl:/ 

Washington  Clingstone 

Weeping  .......  296 

White  Eareripe       ....        276,  277 

White  Malacaton        .....  276 

White  Nutmeg      .....  295 

White  Avant     ......  295 

White  Imperial    .....  279 

White  Blossomed  Incomparable      .        .  295 

White  BLosaom.      .....  295 

Willow  Peach    ......  295 

Williamson's  New  York        ...  289 
White  Heath     .....        .274 

White  C'inffgtone  .....  289 

Yates'  Early     ......  296 

Yellow  Admirable         ....  296 

Yellow  Malocoton      .....  288 

Yellow  Malagatune       ....  288 

Yellow  Alberge         .....  281 

Yellow  Kareripe    .....  231 

Ye/,low  Rareripe     .....  230 

Yellow  Pine  Apple        ....  277 

Yellow  Eed  Eareripe        .        .        .        .280 

Yellow  Barnard     .....  281 

Zoar  Beauty    ......  296 


279 


PAGE 

Adele  d'  St.  Denis 349 

Admiral 883 

Amiral .  288 

Adam's 888 

Angleterre  Noisette         .        .        .        .  3S9 

Ambrette 889 

Ambre  Gris 389 


Ambrelte  d'Hiver  .....  8S9 

Ah  !  Mon  Dieu  ......  89-3 

Alpha     .......  343 

Althorpe  Crassaune       .       .        .       .849 

Amire  Joannet       .....  866 

Amlrotiia  .......  388 

AmandeDoulle   .....  389 

Amanda's  Double      .....  889 

Arnoselle         ......  389 

Andrews    .......  348 

Anan-as  ....... 

Ananas  d'Ete     ......  339 

Ananas    .......  839 

Anyleterre        ......  388 

Angora  ....... 

Archiduc  d'Ete  ......  866 

Aston  Town  ......  889 

Autumn  Colmar      .....  389 

Autumn  Bergamot      .        .        .        .389 

Autumn  Paradise  .....  349 

Baronne  de  Mello        .        .        .        .  355 

Bankerline       ......  349 

Beurre  Suitse       .....  350 

Beurre  BfauUeu      .....  350 

Beurre  a'  Rhine    .....  850 

Beurre  Charron     .....  851 

Beurre  Noirchain  .....  851 

Beurre  Kossuth        .....  351 

Beurre  Gi/ord     .....  851 

Beurre  Gifford  ......  851 

Beio-re  Moire       .....  352 

Beurre  Nantais      .                ...  353 

n,  arrc  ^upcrline         ....  3.03 

Beurre  Bw.hdicr     .....  353 

Bcur-rs  Mill,  t        .....  853 

B,urreBr<Vmineau        .        .        .        .358 

Bewrre  de  Waterloo     ....  853 

Bcurra  Awtoss&n    .....  853 

BeurreSprin       •  354 

Beurre  St<ikman    .....  854 

Beurre  Clairqeau             '•       •        -  354 

Beurre  Colonia  ......  857 

Beurre  Chaptal       .....  S33 

Beurre  Curtotof  A.  Leroy        .        .        .  861 

Beurre  St.  Nicholas        ;       .        .        .  864 

B-urre  Oudinot      .....  879 

Beurre  ScvUn.      .....  390 

Beurre  de  Bolliclller       ....  SL'O 

Beurre  Adam  ......  891 

Storiinghame    ......  891 


Hrinticwood 
Bridmont 


Brandyirlne     . 
Belle  Angevine 
Brown  St.  Germain 
Bonne  des  Zees     . 
Bonne  d'Esee    . 
Belle  Epine  Dumas 
Beurre  Lanylier     , 
Beurre  Eaxter 
Beurre  Coit 
Belle  Excellent     . 


856 
357 
356 
818 
313 
334 


856 
844 
812 
817 


INDEX   OF    FRUITS. 


493 


PAGE 

Belle  de  Noel 349 

Belle  Apres  Noel 349 

Belle  Julie 350 

Belle  Canaise 350 

Belle,  de  Tltouars 350 

Belle  Gabriel    , 889 

Beau  Present  d'Artois    .        .       .        .354 

Be-ryamot  cTJSsperin    ....  854 

Bergamot  Gaudry 854 


Benouut  Nouveau 
B-adneU  . 
Beadnell's  Seedling 
B;:-rgamot  Boussiere 
Bei-gamc-t  Parthenay 
I'or^ainot  d'Alencon 
Bezi  de  Spoelberch 


855 
357 
357 
390 
890 
889 
385 


B,-,.i  San.'pareil       \ 854 

Be-A  <T  Naples 355 

Bezi  d'Esperin 355 

JBesiSlano 391 

Bon  Chretien  Spanish    . 

Bon  Chretien  Flemish     '.  .  .^ 

Burgomaster    .... 

Bujaleuf , 

Bonne  des  Haies 


.    391 

.        .        891 
.    391 
400 
.    856 
478 
.    811 

Badham's 850 

Belle  d^Bnixelles 849 

Belle  d'Aout 349 

Beau  Present 878 


Barry 

Bartlett 


Bellissime  d'Ete 
Bellissime  Supreme  . 
Bellissime  Jargonelle    , 
Belmont    . 
Belle  et  Bonne 
Beurre  ITaggerston 
Beurre  d'Angleterre 
Beurre  Boucquia 
Benrre  de  Capiumont 
Beurre  Gris 
Beurre  PvOUge        . 
Beurre  d'Or 
Beurre  Doree 
Beurre  d'Ambois 
Beurre  du>Eoi 
Beurre 


895 
395 
895 
389 
389 
390 
388 
391 
357 
350 
850 
850 
350 
350 
350 
350 

Beurre  cCAnjou 316 

Benrre  Vert 850 

Beurre,  Bone 315 

Beurre  d'Amalis 852 

Beurre  d'Arnaulis  .     •  .        .        .        .        852  , 

Beurre  d'Amanlis 852  ! 

Beurre  Diel 313 

Beurre  Eoyale 81 

Beurre  Magnifique         .... 
Beurre  Incomparable        ....    313 

Beurre  K:iox, 390 

Beurre  K' nrick      .  .    3DO 

Beurre  Ducal 890 

Beurre  Prello 351 

Beurre  Colmar 390 

Benrre  Colmar  d'Automne       .        .        .890 
Beurre  de  Beaumont   ....        851 

Peurre  Van  Mom 890 

Beurre  Romain 890 

Beurre  deRanz       ....  851 

Beurre  Eance 851 

Beurre  Epine 851 

Beurre  de  Flandre         ....       851 

Beurre  llronzee 890 

Beurre  d'Alencon 889 


PAGE 
Beurre  d'Hiver  .       .    - .       .       .       .359 

Beurre  Fortunee 895 

Beurre  d'Hardenpont       ....  325 

Beurre  d'Hiver  Nouvelle       ...  325 

Beurre  d'Aremberg  .        .               .        .  325 

Beurre  d'Austrasie         ....  372 

Beurre  Colmar  Gris,  dit  Precel      .        .  380 

Beurre  d'Argeneon        ....  880 

Beurre  de  Malines 346 

Beurre  Van  Jfarum    ....  853 

Beurre  Spence 324 

Beurre  (Jrapaud 850 

Beurre  Picquery        .        .      ^-        .        .842 

Beurre  Beaucbamps      ....  354 

Beurre  Blanc  de  Jersey    ....  355 

Beurre  Curte 360 

Beurre  Plat .393 

Bergaloo          „ 322 

Beurre  Blanc 322 

Beurre  or  Bonne  Louise-d'Araudore    .  838 

Beurre  Niell 897 

Beurre  Sieulle 863 

Beurre  d'Aremberg         ....  814 

Beurre  des  Orphelins    ....  314 
Beurre  de  la  Pentecote    .        .        .        .817 

Beurre  d'Hiver  de  Bruxelles       .        .  317 

Beurre  Eoupe 317 

Beurre  de  Paques         ....  317 

Beurre  Gris  d'Hiver  Nouveau         .        .  317 

Belle  de  Brussels 849 

Bezi  Va<t 390 

Bezi  (Vfferi 891 

Bezi  Eoyale 891 

Bergamotte  de  Paques  ....  389 

Bergamotte  d'Hiver 389 

Bergamotte  de  Bugi      ....  889 

Bergamotte  de  Toulouse  ....  389 

Bergamotte  d"1  Holland*       ...  389 

Bergamotte  de  Fouegre    ....  389 

Bergamot  d'Ete 396 

Bergamotte  d'Angleterre  .        .        .        .396 

Bergamotte  Snisse         ....  400 

Bergamotte  Cadeite        ....  354 

Bergamotte  Crassane     ....  393 

Bergamotte  Sylvange        ....  4CO 

Bergamotte  de  la  Pentecote  .        .        .  817 
Bezi  de  Chaumontelle       .        .        .        .859 

Bezi  d'Echassey 367 

Bezi  de  Chasserie 367 

Belle  de  Jersey 334 

Beauchamps 354 

Be~i  de,  Monticny        ....  855 

B,  side  la  Matte 855 

Bein  Armudi 355 

Belle  de  Flanders 324 

Bfll  Lucrative 312 

Bezi  Chaumontelle  tres  gros    .        .        .  317 

y.7.s7/ d/As  Thumb 391 

/'/0(/oY,Y>ocZ 356 

meeker1*  Meadow       ....  391 

Black  Worcester 818 

Black  Pear  of  Worcester      .        .        .  818 

Bon  Chretien  d'Ete 399 

Jioucguia 891 

Bosc's  Flaschenbirne        ....  815 

Bonne  Eouge 369 

Bon  Chretien  Fondante         .        .        .856 

Bouche  Nouvelle 324 

Bosch 824 

Bosch  Sire      ....  324 

Boston  Epargne 870 

Bon  Chretien  d'Espagne       ...  891 


494 


INDEX    OF    FRUITS. 


Bujaleuf 

PAGE 

Colmar  JS'pine        .       .       .       . 
Colmar  Ncill    .... 
Comtesgede  Fresnol     . 
i  Compte  dc  Michaux  .        .        . 

PAGE 

360 
.    359 

867 
397 

Bourgerinester  
Bonne  do  Malines  .        .        . 

.    891 
S46 

Brougham,       

.    856 
850 

Colmar  Tioso.  . 

^397 

Brocas  Bero'amot       .... 

.    869     Colmar  des  Champs 

314 

Braddock's  Field  Standard   .        . 

37T       CnLunu.hi. 

819 

891 

Columbian  Virgalieu 
Columbian  Virgalouse  . 
Conwtodc  
Comstock  Wilding        .       ,;-.,\v 
C!nl*nfi  f 

.     819 
319 
.    393 
393 

.     893 
830 

Bretagne  le  Cour    . 
Brown  St  Germain  . 

834 

Brandon  St.  (rermai'n, 
Bw'fcLYn, 

318 

Buffuin   

81S     Co'.mar  Dore  . 

Burnett              .        .        .   -   . 
Butter  Pear    
Captif  d1  St.  Helena  .        .        ... 

Cal0f>av80  D&!,x  inye 
Chapin                                       »•     "*\ 

.    891 

822 

.     8(56 
392 
863 

!  Colmar  d'Hiver 
•  Colmar  Jaminette         .        .    -    .• 
1  Colmar  Gris        .... 
Colnuir  Souveraine 
Co!  mar  Van  Mons    . 

.     325.  3SO 
.       '  87J 
.        .     8S<> 
380 
.     830 
838 

392 

Citron  of  Bohemia 
Cailliot  Rosat         .... 
Oaletxtsse  d'Ete        .... 
Caen  du  France  .... 
Gatinka,             ..... 

.    892 
899 
.    85S 
.        357 
.    857 

Golmur  d'Areniberg 
Cohflar  Neil  .        .        .    '  .  .  **.•« 
Colmar  Freule  . 

.    389 
897 

,    830 

Colmar  Doree         , 
Crawford  .... 

893 
893 

CtinandaigtMi 

35T 

Croft  Cattle           .        .     b;**1^-.1: 
Gross 

393 
860 

857 

Celestln  . 

343 

OrwitQ'M       .       .       .       *"'"»'' 

893 

Cluiptal 

.     358 
858 

Cresane      .... 

393 

Cuiftse  fifa/Iame    .       .      '•;'  '.  V 
Cuisso  Madame  .... 

Charles  Van  Mons  .... 

.    858 

Charles  Van  Iloogten  . 
Chrixtmas                        .      "«.    'V" 

.        358 
.     858 
860 
319 
859 
.    359 
.        359 
.    360 

Cashing        
Cumberland- 

860 
893 

Voter 

Cyprus  Pear 

394 

doit    
Conseiller  Ramuez 
Countess  of  Lit/nay 
Comtesse  de  Lunay 
Collins               

Cuvelier    

.    893 

Dcdla*    .... 

860 

J)e  Sorlus 

862 

De*  Nonnes  
Des  Nones         .... 
Despoelberg    ..... 

861 
.    861 

885 

Coffin's  Virgalitu 
Call  lot  Rosat  d'Eto 
Oapiwmowt           .... 

394 
.     899 
857 
315 

Deliee  d'Hardenpont  of  Angers 
Delisfs  d'lfai'deripont  o'u  Nord, 
ffium                                   ^  •  '  ;'t  •' 

.    861 
and  Bd- 
861 

Cabot      .               .... 
Capsih"af  
OcttttbcwM                          . 

Calebasse  Double  Extra  .        .''.,' 
Calebasse  d'llollande     .        .  _     .  ' 
(jale'xmte  Orotse    .•      .       »?       . 
Capu.'in        

Claire          .        .       .       -.      '.    .    ,/ 
Calko  t!-n        .        .        .        .\    -:-'".'; 
Canning      .        .        .        .    '\  *    ''  ^  * 
Camilla-' 

392 
.    357 
392 
.    892 
892 
.    392 
892 
.    392 
.        357 
.    31T 
392 

Ddizes  de  Mons 
Dflice-3  Charles  Van  Monz 
Dillon        
J)earborn                             ,     •"  . 

.    362 
362 
.     862 

894 

De  df-utt  foix  Lana  . 
Downing       ...»   ~~  \ 

394 
473 

Doyenne  Downin" 

473 

Doyenne  Boussock  Nouveile 
Doyenne  Grit  d?  riicer.Noufcau 
Doyenne  d'Alencou 
Doyenne  Gray         .       ^    -v"-,  r  -/ 

818 
.    821 
821 
.    822 

Cadilloe      .        .        .        *,£*£&£ 
Cellite    
Cfielmsford       
Ckarles  of  Austria 
Charles  d'Autriche 

.    392 
380 
.    393 
892 
392 

Doynne  Whit  A                     . 

322 

Doyenne  Musque 
Doyenne  Dillen      .        .       >  "    .'' 
Doyenne  Ro<>e  .... 

.   sr>5 

862 
.    362 

363 

Chaumontel  tres  gros     . 
Chaumontel       ..... 

817 
.    859 

380 

T^uennfl  S  'if  nil  'A 

363 

Doyenne  Santellettd      .       •*  -.=-%' 

863 
.    363 

Chambers'  Large       .... 
Chainbrette    ' 

.    834 

400 
.    360 

Doyenne  d  n  Cornice    , 
Doyenne  de  Fctis     .        . 

3(53 
.    363 

894 

Citron  des  Cannes  . 
Clara                                     « 

831 

.    892 

.    394 

Dorr       .       . 
D'Ambre   ..... 

894 
*.    897 

394 

Clinton 

892 

Cuon  
Compte  de  Lamy 
Comprette  

.    844 
360 
893 
893 

D  ]  Amour               ,        .       *       «/ 

.    881 

D'Aremberg  Parfait     . 
D'Auch      

.        814 
.    893 

.    898 

D'Austrasie    

872 

INDEX   OF    FRUITS. 


495 


Dillen    

PAGE 

362 

p 

Enfant  Prodige    

AGK 

885 

Dearborn's  Seedling 

.    320 

8<3 

DeVallee       .... 

400 

Epine  Eose     

yyy 

DeKeinzheim    . 

.        .    400 

Epine  d'Ete  Coaleur  Eose 

889 

Des  Trois  Tours    . 

313 

Epine  d'Ete    

899 

De  Melon  .        .        . 

.    813 

34(3 

Dean's  Summer    . 

.        .        821 

Eyewood        

861 

De  Lourain      . 

.    861 

844 

Delice-i  d'  Hardenpont 
Delices  d'Ardenpont 
De  Vigne  Pelone    . 

861 
.        .    361 
367 

Eliza  d'Heyst         
Episcopal  ....... 
Fondante  Pariselle  du  Cornice  Horticule 

;;r>:> 
898 

8<;i 

Deschamps         . 

.    314 

Figue        

868 

De  Maune       .        .        .      ,,«,„ 

898 

Figue  Vert      

868 

De  Tonneau       . 

.    834 

Feaster       .  »    

891 

813 

Fondant?,  de  Charneuse     . 

868 

Diel    

.        .    313 

Fondante  de  Malines      .... 

863 

Diarnant         .... 

369 

Frederika  Bremer       .... 

HI5U 

Dingier      

.    360 

Famenf/a  

896 

Dix.        

323 

Foster's  St,  Michael      

895 

Dorothee  Eoyale 
Doyenne  d'Ete       .  •     . 

.    313 
.        .        321 

French  Jargonelle          .... 
Ferdinand  de  Meester   .... 

890 
898 

Doyenne'    

.    322 

Fingal's      

8!Hi 

Doyenne  Blanc      . 
Doyenne  Panache   . 

322 
.    323 

Figue  of  Naples  
Fig  Pear  of  Naples    

867 

367 

Doyenne  Galeux    . 

322 

Fin  Or  d'Hiver      

895 

Doyenne  Boussouck 

.818 

888 

Doyenne  Gris 

822 

Flemish  Beauty    

324 

Doyenne  Eouge 

.    322 

Flemish  Bon  Chretien    .... 

syi 

.        .        322 

Fondante        

«S4 

Downhain  Seedling  . 

.    370 

899 

817 

Fondante  Van  Mons  .... 

868 

Doyenne  du  Printempa    . 
Doyenne  d'Automne      . 

.317 
322 

Fondante  d'Automne       .... 
Fondante^lu  Bois       .... 

813 

890 

Dunwrtier        . 

.    394 

Fondante  de  Panisel         .... 

8SO 

Dunmore       .... 

365 

Fondante  de  Mons 

8S1I 

Duchentse  ofAngouleme  . 

.    364  I  Forme  de  Delices     
.       .       866  i  Forelle  !8B 

890 
868 

Duchesse  de  Mars      . 

.    366 

Forellen-birne    

868 

Duchesse  of  Orleans    . 

864 

Forme  de  Marie  Louise 

*77 

Dn-ntfaH     

.     366 

Fortunte  

896 

DuPatre    

814 
.    817 

Frederic  do  Wurtomburg     . 
Frederick  of  Wurtemburg    . 

86S 
868 

Dumas    

.        .        844 

Franc  Real.  d'JIiver    .... 

890 

Due  de  Bordeaux 
Duchess  of  Berri  . 

.    344  j  Franc  Eeal  d'Ete      
866  !  Franc  Eeal     "V:v; 

«s4 
890 

Duchess  of  Berry      .        .  •>      . 

.    866 

Franklin     

«T;{ 

Dusnas   

381 

Fine  Gold  of  Summer 

890 

Duqu-^ne  d'Ete, 

.    394 

Fin  Or  d'Ete     

890 

Early  Druzelona 

894 

Fulton    

.-:•':; 

Ect.  -I.'/  Butter  of  Cin       .      .. 

.        .    867 

GanrclVs  Late  Bergamot 

369 

Early  St.  Germain 

358 

Gideon  Pandante        .... 

::<;<.» 

Elizabeth  Van  MOM 

.        .    366 

'General  Ta'/lo-r       

47:* 

Excellent  iss-ima   . 

894 

General  Lamoriciere     .... 

374 

.    366 

Green  Catherine                .... 

894 

388 

Green's  Germantown    .... 

868 

Early  Bergamot 

.    '    .    894 

Grand  Sottel    

«<!<» 

Early  Queen  .... 

397 

Green  Mountain  Bo  >/  . 

:V/.» 

.    394 

890 

.        .        394 

Grite  Bonne         

:!!>(} 

Easier  Beurre         .      ~. 

.    817 

Gros  Rousscllet        

«!>!> 

Eatter  Bergamot  . 

889 

GanzePs  Bergamot      .... 

868 

.        .    367 

Garde  d  Ecosso  

890 

Echasserie      .... 

.        .        867 

Gende-sheim  

89,", 

Edward's  Elizabeth 

.    866 

5{:!4 

Edward's  Henrietta    . 

.        .        870 

Gil-o-gile        

896 

.->        .    400 

Gil-o-gil    

890 

Ellanrioch       .... 

396 

886 

Emerald    

.        .    894 

825 

English  Red  Cheek 

.        .        395 

Golden  Beurre       

850 

.    888 

Golden  Beurre  of  Btitioa, 

826 

889 

Gore's  Heathcot    

«5i« 

English  Autumn  Bergamot 

.    889 

Goulu  Morceau        

825 

496 


INDEX   OF   FRUITS. 


Green  Chisel 

PAGE 

396 

Jergil's   

PAGE 

881 

Green  Sugar    . 

.    896 

.    874 

Grosse  Cuisse  M* 

dunie  .        .        . 

Kirtland       

Gros  Micet  d'Ete 

.    384 

Kirtland's  Seedling    .... 

.    829 

389 

Kirtland's  Beurre  

329 

Gray  Beurre 

.    350 

Knight's  Seedling    .... 

.    829 

Grosse  Dorothee 

818 

Knight's  E.  I.  Seedling 

829 

Gray  Doyenne   . 

.    322 

Kattern       

.    394 

Gray  Butter  Pear  .... 
Gray  Deans        

822 
.    822 

King  Edward's    
Knevett's  New  Swan's  Egg 

874 

.    897 

Green  Pear  of  . 

Yair    .       .       . 

896 

Knight's  Monarch       . 

374 

Green  Yair 

.    896 

.    400 

Great  Citron  of 

Johemia      . 

392 

Laherard      .        .        .        .    -v,  '  J~  , 

s     874 

Green  Sylvauge 

.    400 

.    399 

Grand  Monarque 

.        392 

Late  Catherine       

399 

Groote  Mogul    . 
Groom's  Princes 

Royal 

392 
881 

Leech's  Kingscsting 
Lee's  Seedling                              .       . 

.    374 

875 

Gurle's  Beurre  . 

.    869 

Lamoriciere      

.    374 

Guernsey 

.        338 

La  Juive       

374 

Henriitia  . 

.    370 

Las  Canas        

.    874 

Henkd   . 

371 

Large  Seckel  '   . 

891 

Haddington     . 

.    371 

La  Fortunee  de  Parmentier    . 

.    395 

870 

La  Fortunee  de  Paris    .        .        .       j 

895 

Hanover    . 

.    870 

.    330 

370 

La  Bonne  Malinoise       .        .       j      ~. 

846 

.    870 

.    896 

.        473 

Leon  le  Clerc  de  Laval         .        .  ..    . 

896 

-.    827 

Lewis         

.    875 

Harrison  Fall 

396 

Lent  St.  Germain.        .        .       •  '"'•'« 

834 

Harvest  Pear     . 

.... 

866,  899 

Le  Cure     

.    844 

ffampderis  Ber{ 

jamot  . 

896 

Linwn    

877 

Hazel  . 

.    396 

Little  Muscat    

.    897 

370 

Little  Musk                                    , 

39T 

Hacon's  Incomp 

arable    . 

.    370 

Little  Swan's  Egg      .... 

.    397 

Hardenpont  d'Hiver      . 
Hardenpont  du  Printemps 

825 
.    851 

Linden  d'Automne        .        .        .       , 
Lodge        

325 
.    376 

Hessel    . 

396 

Lcng  Green    

331 

Henry  the  Fourt 

h    . 

L'Orpheline        

.    814 

Henri  Quatre 

872 

Lord  Cheney's       

889 

.    872 

Louise  Bonne  de  Jersey    . 

.    830 

Heathcot 

820 

Louise  Bonne  of  Jersey 

339 

Hooper's  Bilboa 

.     826 

Louise  Bonne  d'Avranches 

.    330 

Holland  Bergam 

>t 

389 

Louise  Bonne 

897 

Hull  .        . 

.    872 

Louise  Bonne  Eeal    .... 

.     397 

896 

Locke      • 

876 

Jfosen  Schenck  . 

.    372 

Locke's  New  Beurre 

.    876 

372 

Louise  of  Orleans  

342 

Inconnue  Van  Mons 
Iron  Pear       

*    .    372 
818 

Louise  Bonne  cle  Boulogne 
Marechal  de  la  Cour  . 

.    343 
877 

mperatrice  de  I 

ranee      .       »  x-  * 

.    324 

March  Eergamtt     .... 

.    877 

n  comparable 

393 

Martin  See    

877 

.    850 

.    377 

?ambert  lo  Bon 

350 

M'-Laughlin  

877 

ves'  Bergaaiot 

.    369 

Monstrous  Calabash  . 

.    892 

Jargonelle     . 

378 

Mouille  Bouche     

331 

Jargonelle,  Fre 

nch 

.    895 

.    832 

Jacquin  . 

.        372 

Millot  de  Nancy  

877 

.    896 

Madotte     .        .        .     ^.        .        . 

.    397 

J<i!ou*ie  de  Fon 

tenay  Vendee    . 

828 

Marulis        

897 

Jackman's  Melti 

ig    •  -     •       «       • 

.     374 

Marcellis    

.    397 

Jaadbirne 

307 

."•fadflein",  or  Citron  des  Carmcs 

831 

.    372 

Madeleine  

Jilogil     . 

895 

Magdalen        

331 

Joannette  . 

.    366 

Md'iiHin'/'K  E'izabeth 

.    366 

Johonnot 

373 

Marianne  Nouvelle       . 

815 

.    372 

John 

397 

Marie  Louise  the  Second 

360 

July  Pear  . 

.    899 

Marie  Louise    

.    377 

Julienne 

873 

Marie  Chretienne   

877 

Jean  de  Witte  . 

.    873 

Marie  Louise  Nova 

.    897 

Jersey  Gratiole 

873 

Marotte  Sucre  Jaune     . 

380 

Josephine  de  Malvnes 

.    373 

Melon  de  Kops  

.    813 

INDEX   OF   FKUIT8. 


497 


PAGE  PACE 

Medaille 377     Plombgatkl  .        .        .        .        .        .  381 

Messire  Jean 397  ,  Plumbgartel 881 

Messire  Jean  Gris 397  i  Plougaatel 881 

Messire  Jean  Blanc 397     P*ut  Tlddcn 380 


Messire  Jean  Doreo 

Mi':haux 

Milanaise  Cuvelier 

Mon  Dieu          .... 

Moor-Fowl  Egg    .... 

Moor-Fowl  Egg 

Mouth  Water         . 

M'Metfftt  Guernsey  Beurre 

Mollett's  Guernsey  Chaumontelle 

Moccas 

Monsieur  Jean — .  ,     -- 

Monsieur  le  Cure      .        .        .        .        .344     Perdreau 

Mr.  John 397     Petit  Muscat 

Muscat  Petit 397 

Muscat  Robert     .....        397 
Muscat  Fleure 331 


897 
397 
346 
394 
397 

881 
351 
851 
377 
397 


Payency        .        .        .        .        .        .        334 

Pater  Noster 317 

Passans  du  Portugal 

Paquency  .... 

PaUleau 

Paradise  d'Automnc 

Parkinson's  Warden 

Paddington        .        .        . 

Passe  Colmar 

Passe  Colmar  Epiueaux-  . 

Passe  Colmar  Gris 


80S 
834 
393 
849 
818 
889 
33'J 
330 
880 
S'J-i 
897 


Musk  Eobine . 

Muscadine  .... 
Musk  Summer  Good  Christian 
Muskingum  .... 
New  Swan's  Egg  . 

Napoleon, 

Naumkeag    .... 
New  York  r.od  Cheek      . 
New  Autumn 
NePlusMeuris 
New  St.  Germain  . 


Petit  Eousselct  . 

Petre 8W 

Pennsylvania 860 

397     Philippe  de  Paques       .        .        .        .  817 

377  i  Pitts  I'rotajic 893 

899  i  Pitt's  Surpa'sse  Marie     ....  898 

397  i  Pickering  Pear 834 

400  ;  Piper 38i 

378  :  Poire  Guillaume 811 


397  ;  Poire  des  Tables  des  Princes 

385  :  Poire  a  la  Koine 

831  ;  Poire  de  Chypre    .      •  ./.      . 

316  ;  Poire  Sans  Peau 

835  •  Poire  de  Eose 


873 
31' 7 


8S3 
8d9 


Nelis  d'Hiver 344     Poire  Ananas 889 


897  i  Poire  d'Amboise 

899     Poire  de  Cadet  . 

332     Poire  de  Louvaia  . 

832  I  Poire  Truite 

358  1  Poire-Glace    .... 

390     Poire  Niell 

892     Poire  a  Gobert 

Pope1*  i^-arl-et  Mtijor 
Pope's  Quaker 
Pound       .... 
814     Primitive        .... 
832  <  Prince's  Sugar   . 
332     Prince's  Sugar-Top 
873     Prip.cesse  de  Panne 
873     Priu-atKofOrawjA      . 

379     Princes^e  Conqueto 
879     Precel        .  .    v    .  • ;  * 

879  :  Present  de  Ma'incs 
«79  i  Pitt's  Marie  Louise  . 
Prince's  St.  G&.'^ain,  . 
Pulsifer     .... 
Princess  Royal    .       . 
Queen  Caroline 
Queen  of  Pears    . 
Queen's  Pear 

Queen  of  the  Low  Countries 
Quillctette 

Raymond      .... 
Eeed's  Seedling 

Payeuchi  de  Perigord   .        .        .        .       834  j  Regnier         .... 

Poire  de  Payency 834  I  Eoussellet  d'Hiver    . 

Poire  de  Perigord         .  .        .        834  I  Roussellet  Double  Esperin . 

Poire  St  Andre         .        •       .       .        .    835  !  Rosabirne 

1'oirede  Boulogne       .       .        .  843     ~ 

Poire  d?Albret 881 

Poire  d'Abondance     ....       881 

Pratt         ...'...    881 

Plymouth v:r"-  f» 

Providence 818 


Niell 

No.  8  of  Van  Mons  . 

Nouveau  Poiteau         , 

New  Pear 

Noel       .... 

No.  1599  of  Van  Mons 

No.  1238  of  Van  Mons  . 

Oakley  Park 378 

Oakley  Park  Bergamot ....        878 

Oxford  Chaumontel 359 

Orpheline  d'Enghein 
Onondaga 
Onondaga  Seedling 
Orange  Bergamot  . 
Orange  Pear  . 
Oudinot     . 
Osborn  . 

Osband?s  Summer    . 
Osband's  Favorite 
Ott     . 


Oswego  Beurre 

Olivers  Russft     . 

Owen 

Orange  d'Hiver 

PendMon . 

Pendleton's  Early  York 

Pengiihely 

Parmentier 

Penfield 


350 
854 
861 
863 
4dO 
397 
395 
893 
398 
334 
397 
396 
399 
377 
393 
893 
893 
33J 
83:) 
393 
335 
331 
831 
393 
898 
897 
832 
898 
399 
380 
473 
377 
383 


Eichard's  Beurre 899 

RapcOje 882 

Eapaljc's  Seedling 882 

Rattay 882 

Bed  Muscadel 895 

Eeal  Jargonelle 878 


498 


INDEX  OF   FKUITS. 


Eed  Check         ......  895 

Eed  Beurre    ...... 

Bed  Doyenne    ......  322 

Eeine  ties  Pays  Baa       ....  882 

Eeiue  Caroline           .....  898 

Eeine  des  Poires    .....  393 

Eed-cheeked  Seckel  .....  835 

Eegintiu         .        .....  880 

Eousselet  Hatif  ......  394 

Itouaselzt  de  Rheims    .        .        .        .  399 

Eousselet    .......  899 

Eoi  de  Eome          .        .                .        .  378 

Eoi  de  Wurtemberg  .....  825 

Rounselet  de  Meest&r    ....  898 

Jtoftierer    .......  335 

Robertson       ......  345 

Eoyal  Tairling  ......  389 

Eoberts  Keeping  .....  889 

Ropes        .......  382 

.......  382 

882 


'  Smith's  Pennsylvania       . 
j  Snow  Pear 

Spanish  Bon  Chretien    . 

Spice  or  Musk  Pear       . 

Spina  ... 

St.  Jean  . 

St.  John's  Pear 

St.  Jean  Musquee  Gros 


PAGE 

.  380 
322 

.  391 
399 

.  391 
366 
866 
397 


Rondolet 

Eushmore  Bon  Chretien       .        .        . 

lioussellet  .......  899 

Souveraine  d'Ete  .....  884 

Styer  ........  884 

St.  Jean  £apti*te  .....  884 

St.  MesmAn       ......  883 

Sterling          ......  884 

St.  Michael  Archange     .        .  *     .       .384 

Skurtteff        ......  884 

ShurtleflFs  Seedling   .....  384 

Sagaret   .......  883 

Schenck's  August  Watermelon        .        .  872 

Schenck's  Pear      .       .        .  ^  .        .  872 

Sentilet      .......  868 

Serrurier      ......  883 

Seigneur  d'Esperin  .....  312 

Seedling  Seckel      .....  329 

Soldat  d'Esperin     .       .        .        .        .837 

Soldat  Labourer  d'Esperin    ...  837 

Soldat  Labourer,  of  some         .        .        .  814 

Smith's  Moyamensing   ....  332 

Smith's  Bordenave    .....  356 

Smith's  Haddington       .        .        .        .  371 

Smokehouse       ......  872 

St.  Galen       ......  336 

St  Mare    .        .               ....  842 

St.  Nicolas      ......  364 

Sheldon     .......  383 

Signoret        ......  883 

Serrurier  d'Automne        .        .        .        .  383 

Summer  Virgalien          .        .        .        321,  379 


.  ... 

St.  Germain  d'Ete      .....  399 

I  St.  Michael     ......  322 

i  St.  Michel  Dore  .        .        .322 

|  St.  Gaislain            .           ....  386 

/St.  Andre          ......  338 

St.  Germain  Blanc  397 
/St.  Germain      ...... 

St  Germain  Gris   ..... 

'  St.  Germain  Panachee      .... 

/Styrian  .......  399 

j  Stevens'  Genesee       .....  838 

i  Stephen's  Genesee         ....  338 

Striped  Germain     ..... 

Striped  Long  Green 

Staunton    .                       ....  369 

8iu*ar  Pear      .....        366,  396 

Sugar  Top       ......  399 

Summer  Bergamot        ....  896 

Summer  Doyenne     .....  821 

Supreme         ......  395 

Summer  Beauty       .....  395 

Swtnmer  Portugal       ....  885 

Summer  Franc  Real       .       .       .       .384 

Summer  Rose       .        .        .       .        .  399 

Sucre*  de  Hoyerswerda  ....  399 

Sugar  of  Iloyersworda         ...  899 

Summer  Thorn       .....  899 

Summer  Bon  Chretien        ...  899 
Summer  Good  Christian  .        .       .        .399 

Summer  St.  Germain  ....  399 

Summer  Bell     ......  400 

Sullivan        ......  400 

Surpasse  Marie  Louise      .... 

Surpasfte  Virgalieu    ....  840 


Swixs  Bergamot   .....        400 

Sweet  Summer         .....    873 

Swan's  Egg   ......       40o 

Sylvange  .....        ,        .    40v» 

Syckle  .....        .3:35 

ore 


Tiieodo 


. 

S'immer  Pine  Apple       . 
Summer  Calebasse 
Suzette  de  Baaay 
Suzette  de  Bavay  Esperin 
Stone 

Swan's  Orange 
Saint  Sampson 
Saint  Lambert 
Sabine  d'Ete 
Sanspeau  or  Skinless     . 
Satin  Vert 

Saint  Germain  de  Martin 
Sabine 
Seckel 
Seckle 

Seigneur  d'Hiver  .        .  \ 
Short's  St  Germain 
Sieulle 
Skinless 
Sickel 


, 

339 
853 
385 
385 
393 
832 
878 
373 
895 
883 
899 
899 
872 


817 
899 


,  Theodore  Van  Mons 
!  Tarquin 

Tilton 

Tea 

Terling 


885 
400 
389 
885 
889 


Thorny  Eose      ......  899 

T/iompsori's    ......  342 

Trouve  de  Montigny  ...  .855 

Trout  Pear      ......  868 

Ti/fson         .......  841 

friomph  de  Jodoigne  ....  885 

Trompe  Valet    ......  889 

Upper  Crust  ......  385 

Union  ........  8-34 

Urbanists       ......  842 

Uvedale's  St.  Germain      .        .       .       .384 

Uvedale's  Warden  .....  384 

Van  Assche       ......  345 

Van  Assene     ......  845 

Vanasse 


Van  Ashe        ......       345 

Vesauziere        ......    886 

5  j  VaUee  Franche    .....     '400 


INDEX    OF   FRUITS. 


499 


Yan  Mons,  No.  1218 
Van  Mons,  No.  154         . 
Van  Bur  en 

VOM  Mow  Leon  le  Clere 
Van  Mons,  No.  1238 
Vermillion  d'Ete    . 


PAGE 


366 
400 
843 
892 
895 


.... 

Verte  Longue     ......  831 

Verte  Longue  Pa-nachee      .       .        .  831 
Virealieu     ......    869,322 

Viiialoo  ...  822 

Vicar  of  Winkfield  .....  344 

Virgouleuse     .....        322,400 

Vioompte  de  Spoelberch  ....  885 

Vicompte  de  Spoelberg  ....  385 

Wetkott     .......  886 

Wheeler's  New  St  Michael  ...  320 

White  Dean        ......  322 

WinxMp         ......  386 

Winship's  Seedling    .....  386 

WOUamson    ......  886 

W.iartoris  Early      .....  887 

Wredow  .......  888 

Walker       .......  886 

Watertown      ......  360 

Warwick  Bergamot  .....  322 

Washington  ......  345 

White  Doyenne  ......  322 

White  Beurre         ....  322 

White  Autumn  Beurre      .        .        .        .322 

William's  Bon  Chretien         ...  311 

Windsor            ......  400 

William's  Early   .....  386 

William  the  Fourth  .....  833 

Wilbur           ......  886 

Wilkinson  .......  888 

Winter  Bergamot  .....  389 

Winter  Cross      ......  860 

Winter  Beurre       .....  359 

Winter  Bell        ......  834 

Winter  Nelia         .....  344 

Wilhelmine        ......  88T 

Wilhelmina    ......  887 

Williams     ......        .  811 

Wicdow  .......  888 

William,     ......  400 

Wldtfield        ......  400 

Wurzur      .......  401 

Wurzur  d'  Automne       ....  401 

Winter  Orange        .....  401 

Yat  ........  401 

York  Bergamot  ......  889 

Yutte       .......  401 

Zepherine  Oregoire  .....  888 

Zoar  Beauty  ......  347 

Zoar  Seedling     ......  847 

Zoar  Flat      ......  401 

PLUMS. 

Askew's  Purple  Egg      ....  428 

Askew's  Golden  Egg        ....  424 

Admiral        ......  425 

Abricotee  de  Tours    .....  424 

Abricotee        ......  424 

AgenDatte         ......  422 

Amber  Primordian        ....  426 

American  Yellow  Gage    .        .        .        .414 

American  Wheat  .....  424 

Apricot      .......  424 

Apricot  Plum  of  Tours  .       .       .       .  424 

Autumn  Gaffe  ......  415 

Azure  Hative  .                      .  '-.  '-*       .  425 


PAGE 

Albany  Beauty 415 

Blue  Plum, 416 

Battle  Monument 425 

Beekmans  Scarlet. 412 

BfachPlum      .        .        .        .        .        .425 

Bingham, 416 

Bleecker's  Gage 409 

Blue  Gage 425 

Black  Perdrigon 425 

Blue  Perdrigon 425 

Blue  Jmperatrice 416 

Blue  Holland 427 

Bleecker's  Scarlet 412 

Black  Morocco 421 

Black  Damask 421 

Bolmar 414' 

Bolmor's  Washington        ....  414 

Bruyn  Gage 410 

Bradford  Gage 410 

Brugnon  Gage 410 

Brignole 430 

Bre/voarCs  Purple        ....  425 

Brevoort's  Purple  Bolmnr        .        .        .  425 

Brevoort's  Purple  Washington     .        .  425 

Brignole  Violette 425 

Bue£s  Favorite 416 

Bury  Seedling 410 

Bt/Jield 425 

Chapman's  Prfhce  of  Wales     .        .        .422 

Cheston  Matchless 425 

Cooper's  Eed 417 

Coe^s  Fine  Late  Bed      ....  423 

Col.  Young's  Seedling       ....  424 

Croffs  Early 425 

Copper  425 

Catalonian 426 

Caledonian 427 

Caledonian -428 

Ciierry 416 

Cheston 425 

Chickasaw  Plum     ...  .  402 

Cos's  Golden  Crop        ...        .410 

Coe's  Imperial 410 

Cooper's 417 

Cooper's  Large  Eed 417 

Cooper's  Large  American      ...  417 

Columbia 417 

Columbian  Gage 417 

Corse's  Admiral 425 

Corse's  Field  Marshal     ....  426 

Corse's  Nota  Bene 421 

Coe's  Late  Bed      .....  423 

Common  Damson 426 

Common  Quetsche         ....  427 

Cruger's  Scarlet 417 

Cruger's 417 

Cruger's  Seedling 417 

Cruger's  Scarlet  Gage    ....  417 

Cloth  of  Gold 417 

DeMontfort 417 

Dictator 422 

Duane's  Purple 418 

Dana's  Yellow  Gage       .       .       .       .426 

D'Avoine 426 

DameAubert  424 

Dame  Aubert  Blanche  ....  424 

Dame  Aubert  Jaune 424 

D'Amerique  Eouge        ....  416 

Damson 426 

Damas  d'ltalie 420 

D'Agen 422 

Damas  Violet .' 428 


500 


INDEX    OF   FJRUITS. 


PAGE 

Damask 427  j 

DcVirginie 416 

Denniaton  Red 417 

Denniston's  Albany  Beauty  .        .       .  415 

Denniston 's  Superb         .        .        .        .  410  ; 

Denyer's  Victoria 424 

Diamond 426  • 

Diapree  Rouge 423  , 

Die  Violette  Koniginn  Claudie         .        .  413  j 

Do-wnton  Imperatrice  ....  417 

DomineDull 418  ! 

Drap  d'Or 417 

Dutch  Prune 418 

Dutch  Quetzen 418 

Duanc's  Purple  French     .        .        .        .418 

Early  Favorite 41  & 

Early  Prolific 419 

Early  Forcing 429 

Early  Purple   .       .       .        '       .        .418 

Early  Yellow 426 

Early  Scarlet 416 

Early  Damson  426 

Early  Orleans 410 

Early  Morocco 421 

Early  Black  Morocco         .        .        .        .421 

Early  Damask 421 

Early  Tours 426 

Early  Violet   ......  426 

Early  Royal     .        .        .        .  •     .        .418 

Egg  Plum 424 

Etfrey 418 

Elfry's  Prune 418 

Emerald  Drop 418 

English  Pond's  Seedling        ...  418 

Fair's  Golden  Drop 410 

Flushing  Gage 411 

Florence 428 

Fotheringliain 426 

Franklin .415 

front  Gaffe 419 

French  Copper 425 

field  Marshal 426 

Galoraitk 419 

Guthries  Apricot         ....  426 
Guthrie's  Apricot  Plum    .        .        .        .426 

General  Hand 426 

Gi/ord's  Lafayette 427 

German  Gage 409 

German  Prune 418 

German  Prune,     .....  427 

Ghtetortii  Early 427 

Golden  Gage 410  _ 

Gonne's  Green  Gage          .        .        .        .  428  j 

Golden  Cherry  Plum     ....  416 

Goliath 427 

Green  Gaya 410 


lola  Green         _ 
Imperial  of  Mile. 
Imperial  de  Milan  . 
Imperial  Diadem 
Imperial  Rouge      . 
Isleworth  Green  Gage 
Isabella. 
Italian  Damask  . 
Italian  Damask  . 
Ickicorth  Imperatrice 
Imperial  Ottoman  . 
Imperial  Gage 
Imperatrice  Blanche 


.    410 

420 
.    428 


411 

430 


Imperatrice 416 

416 
.    415 
427 
.    426 
.        426 
.    411 
411 


Grosse  Heine  Claude 
Grosse  Reine  . 
Grosse  Luiaanfe 
Grove  House  Purple 
Grimwood's  Early  Orleans 


410 
410 
424 
420 
410 
427 


Imperatrice  Violette 
Irvine's  Bolmar 
Juason 
Jaune  Hative 
Jaune  de  Catalogue 

,/,     .-.'fl/VWJ, 

Jenkin's  Imperial 

Kirto?*       ....... 

Knkht's  Large  Drying  ....  427 

Kni-hfsNo.  6     ......  420 

King  of  Plums        .....  410 

Lawrence's  Favorite        ....  412 

Lawrence's  Gage     .....  412 

Large  Green  Drying      ....  427 

Large  Early  Damson      ....  427 

Large  Long  Blue        .....  421 

Late  Yellow  Damson     ....  430 

LaDelicieuse     ......  424 

La  Royale        ......  423 

Leipzic       .......  427 

Little  Queen  Claude     ....  428 

Little  Blue  Gage        .....  425 

Lombard        ......  412 

Long  Scarlet     ......  420 

Lucombe's  Nonsuch      ....  428 

'<l<  timing's  Prune     .....  421 

MoLauahlin  ......  412 

Madison    .......  418 

Mamelonne    ......  421 

Marten's  SewMing    .....  421 

Mediterranean      .        .        .        .        .  421 

Maitre  Claude     .        .        .'  .        .430 

Matchless        ......  425 

Manning's  Long  Blue  Prune     .       .        .  421 

Manning's  Long  Blue     ....  421 

Mirabello  Double       .....  417 

Mirabelle  Grosse     .....  417 

Mirabelle  .......  421 

Mirabelle  Petite      .....  421 

Mirabelle  Jaune         .....  421 

Miser  Plum     ......  416 

Mimms       .......  423 

Miriam    .......  418 

Monsieur    .......  428 

Monsieur  Ordinaire        ....  428 

Monsieur  Hatif  ......  410 

Monsieur  Tardif 


Harvest  Gayo     .        .        ,        .  ,414 

Hampton  Court     ....        -410 

Holland 427 

Holland  Prune 427 

fforse  Plum 427  j 

Hoiceirs  Early 419  i 

Howell's  Large 42S 

Jfiul-ion  Gage 420  •• 

Hiding*  Superb 419  j 

ffow's  Amber 419  • 

Howards  Fatorite 420  ' 


Morocco 


421 


Mulberry 421 

Myrobolan 416 

Muscle 428 

New  Washington       .        .        .        .        .415 

New  York  Purple 425 

New  Early  Orleans 410 

,New  Orleans 410 

Nectarine 428 

Noire  Hative 426 

Nota  Bene 422 

Old  Orleans     .       .       .       .        .       .428 


INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


501 


PAGE  ' 

Orleans 428  !  Stdbeler's  Seedling 

Orange 422  i  Saint  Martin's  Quetsche 

Orange  Gage 422  '   ~ 

Ottoman -     .  418 

October  Green  Gage        .       .       .       .422 

Parker's  Mammoth        ....  415 

Peter's  Yellow  Gage        .       .       .       .  423  , 

Picket's  July 426    Schuyler's  Gage 410 


PAGB 

429 
.    414 

Saint  Catherine 429 

Saint  Martin 423 

Saint  Martin  Bouge 
St.  Maurin  . 
Saint  Cloud 


422 

427 


Prince  of  Wales 
Penobscot 
Prune  of  Agen  . 

Prune  de  St  Jean 

Petite  Eeine  Claude 428 

Peach  Plum  .                        ...  422 

Peoly1*  Early  Blue                                  .  428 

Perdrigon  Eouge 429 

Perdrigon  Blanc 430 

Perdrigon  Violette          ....  425 

Pigeon's  Heart 428 

Pond's  Seedling 428 

Pond's  Purple    .                        ...  428 

Princes  Imperial 410 

Prune  de  St.  Barnabe        .        .        -       .426 

Prince's  Yellow  Gage  ....  414 

Prune  Peche 422 


423 


Precoce  de  Tours.  . 

Prune  de  la  St.  Martin       .... 

Pruned' Agen  .        .  422 

Prune  d'Ast 422 

Prune  d'Altesse 429 

Prune  Suisse 429 

Purple  favorite 418 

Purple  Gage 418 

Purple  Egg 428 

Purple  Magnum  Bonum        .        .        •  428 

Quetsche 427 

Quetsche  Grosse 427 

Queen  Victoria  .  ...  424 


422  ;  Scarlet  Gage  ". 420 

428  &a**a**            429 

422     Shatters  White  Damson        ...  430 

429  Sheen 426 

Sharp 's  Emperor 423 

Siamese «.        .429 

Simiana 429 

Small  Green  Gage 428 

Smith's  Orleans 424 

Steer's  Emperor 427 

Superior  Green  Gage     ....  411 

Suisse 429 

Sweet  Damson 427 

Sweet  Prune 427 

Swiss  Plum 429 

Thomas 424 

True  Large  German  Prune    .        .        .  427 


426 


428 
423 
424 
410 
422 
422 


jueen  Mother 

Queen  Claude  of  Bavay  . 

Eed  Apricot   . 

Bensselaer  Gage 

Eeine  Claude  Tardive    . 

Eeine  Claude  d'Octobre    . 

Eeine  Claude  d'Bavay   ....  428 

Red  Saint  Martin 423 

Red  Diaper 423 

Royal  of  Tours 423 

Red  Egg 428 

Red  Imperial 429 

Eeine  Claude 410 

Eeine  Claude  Violette       .        .        .        .413 

Eeine  Claude  Blanche    ....  428 

Eed  Gage   .......  414 

Eed  Damask  ......  428 

Eed  Magnum  Bonum        .        .  '     .        .  428 

Eed  Queen  Mother         ....  428 

Red  Perdrigon 429 

Eed  Magnum  Bonum    ....  428 

Eed  Imperial 428 

Eoe's  Autumn  Gage       ....  415 

EocheCorbon 423 

Royale 428 

Itoyale  de  Tours 423 

Eoya!e  Tours  .        .        .        .        .        .  423 

Koyai  Hative 418 

Rivers' Early,  No.  1       ....  419 

Rivers'  Early,  No.  2 419 

Saint  Martiris 414 

Schenectady 414 

Schenectady  Catherine .        ...  414 

Sea 418 

St.  John's       .        .        .    „.        .        .  429 


Turkish  Quetsche 
Veritable  Imperatrice 


,        .  427 

^ 416 

VioletPerdrigon 425 

Violette  .               416 

Violet  Diaper 425 

Violette  Hative       .        .        .        •       .  42C 

Violet  de  Tours 426 

Violet  Queen  Claude      ....  413 

Virginian  Cherry 416 

Virgin    . 429 

Virginale 429 

Waterloo 410 

Washington 415 

Wentworth 424 

White  Gage 411,414 

White  Priinordian 426 

White  Imperatrice 480 

White  Empress 430 

White  Magnum  Bonum    .        .        .        .424 

Wrhite  Mogul  ......  424' 

White  Imperial .        .        .-      .        .        .424 

White  Holland 424 

White  Egg 424 

White  Damson 48ft 

White  Prune  Damson        ....  430 

White  Damascene 430 

White  Perdrigon 430 

White  Gage 428 

Wilmofs  Green  Gage       .        .        .        .  410 

Wilmot's  New  Green  Gage    ...  410 
Wilmot's  Late  Green  Gage       .        .        .410 

Wilmot's  Late  Orleans  .  427 

Wild 480 

Wilmot's  Early  Orleans  .        ...  410 

Yellow  Apricot 424 

Yellow  Perdrigon 417 

Yellow  Magnum  Bonum  ...        -  424 

Yellow  Egg 424 

QUINCES. 

Angers 434 

Apple-shaped 434 

Chinese 434 

Japan 434 

Oblong 435 

Orange 484 

Pear 435 


502 


INDEX  OF   FRUITS. 


PAGE 

Portugal 486 

Pyriform         ......  435 

Paris  de  Fontenay 485 

New  Upright 435 

KASPBEEEIES. 

American  Red 444 

American  Black 440 

American  White 444 

Barnet 444 

Black  Easpberry 440 

Brentford  Cane 445 

Burley 443 

Cope        .* 440 

(Monti  Wilder 440 

Gushing 441 

Cornwall's  Eed 444 

Cov?s  Honey 445 

Common  Red 444 

Common  Black-Cap        ....  440 

Cornwall's  Prolific 444 

Cornwall's  Seedling        ....  444 

Cretan  Red 445 

Double-Bearing     .        .       .       .        .  445 

Double-Bearing  Yellow     ....  444 

Emily 441 

English  Eed,  of  some        ....  444 

Ever-Bearing  Ohio      ....  445 

French 442 

Fulton 442 

faetolff 441 

Franconia 442 

Framboisier  a  Gros  Fruit .        .        .        .443 

General  Patterson        ....  432 

Rowland's  Eed  Antwerp   ....  443 

Knevct's  Antwerp  ...  448 

Knevei's  Giant 442 

Large-Fruited  Monthly .        ...        .  443 

Late-Bearing  Antwerp      ...  448 

Large  Eed 444 

Late  Cane 445 

Lord  Exmouth's 444 

Monthly 443 

Mrs.  Wildf/r 443 

New  Eed  Antwerp 448 

Nottingham,  Scarlet      ....  445 

Oranfte 443 

Ohio  Easpberry 445 

Perpetual  Bearing 445 

Elvers' New  Monthly     ....  443 

Eed  Double-Bearing 445 

Rf.d  Antwerp 443 

Siberian 445 

Thimble  Berry 440 

True  Eed  Antwerp            ....  448 

Vice-Prcsident  French  .        .        .        .  442 

Victoria 445 

Walker 444 

White  Thimbleberry         ....  444 

White  Antwerp 444 

Woodwards  Red  Globe  ....  445 

Wilmofs  Early  Red     ....  445 

Yellow  Antwerp 444 

STRAWBERRIES. 

Aberdeen  Bee-Hive         .        .        .        .468 

American 'Scarlet 459 

Atkinson  Scarlet 464 

Austrian  Scarlet 458 

Alice  Maude 456 


PAGE 

Ajax 456 

Bath  Scarlet 466 

Boston  Pine 456 

Burr's  Eival  Hudson       .        .        .       .461 

Bain's  Extra  Early     ....  463 

Buixfs  Prize 463 

Bostock 463 

Bishop's  Orange 456 

Bishop's  New 456 

Black  Prince 456 

Black  Imperial 456 

Breicer's  Emperor 459 

Burr's  New  Pine 458 

Burr's  Seedling 456 

Burr's  Staminate  Seedling    .        .        .  450 

Burr's  Old  Seedling  .                                 .  457 

Brilliant 456 

British  Queen 468 

Caleb  Cope 457 

Vrimson  Cone 457 

,   .   .  457 

.  458 

.  458 

.   .   .  463 
464 


Charlotte 
Climax      . 
Climax  Scarlet 
Cole's  Prolific  . 
Cole's  Late  Scarlet 

Cox's  Seedling 464 

Columbus 464 

Caperon  Eoyal 455 

Gushing 457 

Cleveland 457 

Crescent  Seedling        ....  457 

Cornucopia 458 

Crimson  Pine 464 

Duke  of  Kent's  Scarlet      .        .        .        .458 

Duncan's  Seedling       ....  458 

Deptford  Pine  ....               .  4C4 

Dmcnton 4C4 

Double  Bearing 455 

Dundee 453 

Duke  of  Rent 458 

Dutch  Berry 457 

T>uches*e  de  Trevisse       .       .       .       .458 

Elton  Pine 464 

Early  Prolific  Scarlet         ....  458 

Elton       .               464 

Elton  Seedling •     .  464 

English  Eed  Wood         ....  4fi6 

Eberlevn's  Seedling 458 

Genesee 458 

Globe  Scarlet 4fi4 

Green  Strawberry        ....  459 

Green  Alpine 459 

Green  Pine 459 

Giant  Alpine 46* 

Goliath 464 

Grove  End  Scarlet 46* 

Globe  Hautbois 464 

GreenWood              4c9 

Greenwell's  New  Giant .        ...  466 

Hovey's  Seedling 459 

Hudson 459 

Hudson's  Bay 459 

Hooper's  Seedling         ....  459 

Huntsman's       .        .               ...  464 

Iowa  Male 459 

Jenny  Lind 459 

Jenney's  Seedling 455 

Kfen's  Seedling 464 

Knight's  Seedling 464 

Late  Prolific.     ......  46o 

Lizzie  Randolph 465 

Large  Early  Scarlet        .       .       .       .460 


INDEX   OF    FRUITS. 


503 


PAGE    I  PAGE 

Late  Scarlet 459  I  Prolific,  or  Conical  Hautbois        .        .  455 

Longwortli's  Prolific       .       .        .        .    454  ,  Princess  Alice  Maude    ....  45G 

Lafayette  of  some 455     Primordian 461 

La  Grange  of  some 455     Prolific,  Hudson 461 

La  Liegoise 465     Prolific  Swainstone        .        .        .        .461 

Marshall's  Seedling    .        .        ...        .462     Primata         ......  4G1 

Magnifique 460     Prince  of  Orleans 4G8 

MeAvoy-'s  Superior 454  ;  Rostock 463 

McAvoys  No.  12 464  i  Refulgent 461 

MoAvotfsNo.l 460  i  Red  Alpine 401 

A&Avotfa  Extra  Red    .        .        .        .       460     Red  Wood 460 

Montevideo  Pine 460     Roseberry 466 

Monroe  Scarlet 460     Ross  Phoenix 462 

Moyamensing, 460  '  Ruby 461 

Mo'ttier's  Seedling         .        .        .        .       463     Rival  Hudson .461 

M(/alVs  Prince  Albert      .        .        .        .    465  !  Richardson^  Late        .        .        .        .  41! I 

My  ait's  Prolific 465  !  Richardson's  Early         .        .        .        .  46S 

Melon 465  i  Suiter'*  Versaillaise    ....  462 

Methvtn  Scarlet 460  '.  Stafford's  Alpine 461 

Methven  Castle 460     Southborwugh        ...                .  46i 

Musk  Hautbois 455     Southborough  Seedling     ....  46-3 

Myatt's  British  Queen        ....    463  i  Scioto .  460 

Mtjat?9  Pine 465     Scar-let  Melting 466 

Myatt's  Deptford  Pine       .        .        .        .464     Schneicke  Seedling        .  .454 

My  ate  s  Eliza 465     Southampton  Scarlet         ....  460 

MyaWs  Eleanor 465     Swainstone  Seedling   .        .       .        .  462 

Myatfs  Globe 465  !  True  Chili 466 

Myatfs  Mammoth 465      Taylor's  Seedling         .        .        .  466 

Newland's  Mammoth     ....        461     Unique  Prairie 460 

Necked  Pine      • 460      Unique  Scarlet 463 

Old  Scarlet 465      Victoria 462 

Old  Pine 465      Wilmofs  New  Scarlet          ...  466 

Orange  Hudson's  Bay    .        ...       456  '   Willey 462 

Old  Hudson 459     Wiley 462 

Orange  Prolific 462      William  Henry  Harrison      .        .   ,    .  466 

Ohio  Mammoth 465  ;   Walker's  Seedling        ...        .463 

Pennsylvania 461  i  Western  Queen 453 

Profuse  Starlet 466  i  Wilmofs  Superb 426 

Profusion 466  !  Wfiite  Alpine 463 

Patagouian 466  j   White  Bush  Alpine       .        .        .        .    •  466 

Pine  Apple 460, 465  '  Yellow  Chili 466 

APPENDIX. 

j  Concord 471 

!  Emily 4T2 

Berry 470  j  Graham 472 

BueVs  Favorite 470     Baabe 472 

Cogswell 469  j-  Raabe's  No.  1 471 

Cogswell  Pearmain   .....    469     Raabe's  No.  2 472 

Cranberry 470     Raabe'sNo.S 472 

Oamac'a  Sweet 470     RaaMs  No.  4 471 

Oallasaga 470 

Pr.pper 470  PEACHES. 

Gray  Pippin 470 

Maiden's  Blush 469  j  Baxter's  Seedling,  No.  1   .        ,       .       .472 

-  Mountain  Sprout 470  j  Gorgas 472 

Nickejack          .        .        .       .        .        .    470  i  Jane 472 

Hitter 470 

Spotted  Pippin 470  PEAKS. 

Summerour 471 

Sturmer  Pippin 471  |  Barry 473 

Downing 473 

GRAPES.                                     Doyenne  Downing       ....  473 

General  Taylor 473 

Brincklo         ...                               471  j  Hovey    .......  478 

Casawly      . 471  !  Regnier      .        .       .       ,  .        .473 

Clara  * 471  ' 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


Almond,  its  history,  propagation,  soil,  hardihood,  cultivation  and  uses,  page  45;  varieties,  46. 

Analysis  of  the  apple,  58;  of  the  grape,  240;  of  the  peach,  264;  of  the  pear,  800;  of  the 
strawberry,  453. 

Appendix,  469. 

Apricot,  its  history,  propagation,  47;  soil  and  diseases,  stocks,  uses,  varieties,  48. 

Apple-borer,  60 ;  moth,  61. 

Apple,  its  history,  profits  of  growing,  annual  planting  west,  53;  duration  of,  fruit,  bearing  age 
of,  propagation  by  seed,  54;  modes  of  grafting,  budding,  55;  by  layers,  cuttings,  cutting 
of  scions,  selection  of  trees  from  nursery,  influence  of  climate,  location,  56 ;  influence  of 
stock,  hardihood,  bearing  increased  by  budding  or  grafting,  transplanting  and  distance, 
57;  soil  and  manures,  58;  cultivation,  pruning,  insects  and  diseases,  59;  remedies  for,  61; 
terms  used  in  description,  62  ;  forms,  63 ;  meaning  of  terms,  uses,  varieties,  64. 

Aphis,  woolly,  62. 

Barry,  P.,  80,  63. 

•Bark  Louse,  61. 

Blackberry,  its  culture  and  varieties,  181. 

Budding,  shield,  22;  annular,  28. 

Canker-worm,  its  habits,  60;  to  destroy,  61 

Caterpillar,  to  destroy,  60. 

Cappe  on  pruning,  304. 

Cherry,  its  history,  182 ;  for  street  planting,  propagation  by  seed,  188 ;  budding,  time  when, 
grafting,  time  when,  modes,  to  grow  from  roots,  transplanting,  184 ;  distance  apart,  stan- 
dard trees,  dwarf  trees,  soil  and  situation,  185 ;  cultivation  in  nursery,  in  orchard,  prun- 
ing and  training,  186 ;  to  protect,  insects  and  diseases,  uses,  187 ;  gathering  fruit,  classifi- 
cation, engravings,  185 ;  varieties,  189. 

Curculio,  its  habits,  description  of,  405;  preventive  remedies  for,  407. 

Curl,  of  leaf  in  peach  trees,  267. 

Cross-breeding,  to  obtain  new  varieties,  21. 

Currant,  its  history,  propagation,  transplanting,  soil  and  situation,  221;  culture,  pruning,  insects, 
uses,  222;  varieties,  228. 

Cuttings,  how  to  make,  to  plant,  26. 

Dwarf  trees,  of  the  cherry,  185;  of  the  pear,  806. 

Duration  of  varieties,  88. 

Dubreil  on  pruning,  83. 

Fruitfulness  promoted  by  root-pruning,  82, 

Fruit,  history  of,  15;  west,  16;  value  as  food,  19;  varieties,  origin  of,  20;  propagation  of,  bud- 
ding, 22;  grafting,  24;  degeneracy  of,  limited  age  of,  influence  of  soils  on,  88;  influence 
6f  stocks,  climate,  39 ;  gathering,  time  when,  how,  40 ;  room  for  keeping,  41 ;  cellars 
for,  44. 

Grafting,  whip  or  tongue,  splice,  crown,  saddle,  side,  24 ;  cleft,  wax,  25 . 

Grafts,  to  restore,  to  preserve,  to  send  by  mail,  wrapping  or  tying,  25. 

Gooseberry,  its  history,  book  of,  numbers  of,  where  successful,  propagation  by  seed,  224 ;  cut- 
tings, grafting,  transplanting,  soil  and  situation,  culture,  pruning,  227 ;  mildew  and  reme- 
dies, uses,  varieties,  228. 

Grape,  American.  Classes,  history,  immense  vines  of,  vineyards,  231 ;  movable  frame  for, 
method  of  suspending,  43 ;  among  the  ancients,  232 ;  propagation  of,  234;  transplanting, 
cost  of  vineyard  per  acre,  position  and  soil  for,  285 ;  preparing  ground,  pruning  and  train- 
ing, 286;  analyses  of,  insects,  &c.,  240;  uses,  241;  ripening,  gathering,  &c.,  242;  varie- 
ties, 248. 

Grape,  Foreign.  History,  success  of,  propagation,  249;  cold-houses  for,  250;  vine  borders, 
planting  and  training,  251 ;  routine  of  culture,  insects,  varieties,  252. 


GENERAL   INDEX. 

Hoadley,  George,  17,  250. 

Hybridizing,  20. 

Introductory  remarks,  15. 

Insects  injurious  to  the  apple,  60;  to  the  cherry,  187;  to  the  currant,  222;  to  the  grape,  240  ; 

to  the  peach,  267;  to  the  pear,  805;  to  the  plum,  404;  to  the  quince,  435. 
Kennicott  on  Fruits  in  Illinois,  18 ;  on  their  uses.  19.  :    „ 

Knots  or  warts  on  the  plum,  404. 

Kirtland,  J.  P.,  17,  20.  ^ 

Layers  of  shrubs,  of  the  grape,  26. 
Labels  of  wood,  of  zinc,  88;  of  tin,  87. 
Manures,  for  the  apple,  58;  for  transplanting,  23;  for  the  grape,  240;  for  the  peach,  264;  for 

the  pear,  300 ;  for  the  plum,  404 ;  for  the  quince,  432 ;  for  the  strawberry,  452. 
Mice,  to  deter  from  girdling  trees,  23. 

Mildew,  on  the  gooseberry,  223;  on  the  grape,  241 ;  on  the  peach,  268. 
Mulching  newly -planted  trees,  29. 
Nectarine,  history  of,  varieties,  256. 
Packing  trees,  29. 
Peach,  history  of,  propagation,  261 ;  transplanting,  soil  and  situation,  263 ;  analyses  of,  264 :  prun  - 

ing,  266;  characters,  269;  use-!,  270;  preserving  fresh,  271 ;  varieties,  272. 
Pear,  history  of,  propagation,  297 ;  hardihood,  stocks  for,  298 ;  transplanting,  selection  of  trees, 

299 ;  soil  and  manures,  analyses,  300 ;  pruning,  301 ;  insects  and  diseases,  306 ;  selection 

of  varieties  on  quince,  gathering  and  uses,  306 ;  varieties  and  forms,  307. 
Preface,  iv. 

Planting,  how  to  be  done,  28. 
Plum,  history  of,  propagation,  402;  transplanting,  soil  and  situation,  pruning,  403;  cultivation, 

manures,  diseases,  404;  insects,  405;  uses,  407;  characters,  varieties,  409 
Prunes,  how  to  dry,  408. 

Pruning,  30 ;  to  remove  large  branches  at  time  of  transplanting,  31 ;  the  roots,  to  induce  fruit- 
ing, 82 ;  its  theory  and  principles,  to  form  particular  shapes,  33 ;  the  apple,  59 ;  the  cherry, 

186;  the  currant,  222;  the  gooseberry,  227;  the  grape,  236;  the  peach,  266. 
'  Quince,  history  of,  propagation,  431 ;  soil,  situation,  transplanting,  pruning,  432 ;  insects,  uses, 

433;  varieties,  434 

Rabbits,  to  prevent  from  girdling  trees,  23. 
Raspberry,  history  of,  propagation,  soil  for,  437 ;  pruning  and  training,  insects,  438 ;  protection 

for,  uses,  profits  of,  autumn  fruiting,  439 ;  classification  and  varieties,  440. 
Rivers  on  pruning,  301. 
Runners,  when  to  remove,  26. 
Rust  on  the  apple  leaf,  62. 

Soil  for  trees,  how  to  prepare,  27 ;  influence  of,  38. 
Stocks,  influence  of,  39 ;  for  grafting  or  budding  on,  55 
Step-ladders,  40. 
Strawberry,  history  of,  propagation,  446 ;  fertile  and  barren,  447 ;  varieties,  448 ;  soil  and  situation, 

449 ;  season  to  transplant,  450 ;  culture  of,  451 ;  manures  for,  452 ;  analysis  of,  458. 
Suckers,  27. 

Seedlings,  their  tendency,  20. 
Sea  spray,  its  effects  on  mildew  in  grape,  250. 
Thomas,  J.  J.,  21. 
Training,  varied  forms  of,  86. 
Trees  girdled.  23 ;  transplanting,  soil  for,  27 ;  super-phosphate  of  lime  for,  28 ;  how  to  plant,  28 ; 

time  when,  29;  packing,  care  of  when  received,  29;  pruning,  30;  training,  85;  labels  for, 

86 ;  protection  of,  against  mice,  rabbits,  form  most  desirable,  87. 
Varieties,  introduced  to  Ohio,  17;  Illinois  and  Wisconsin,  18;  origin  of,  propagation,  20 ;  to 

produce  now,  21. 

Vinery,  cheap  mode  of  building,  250. 
Vineyards,  cost  of,  per  acre,  236. 


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Brandy  and  Salt, 

A  Remedy  for  various  Internal  as  well  as  External  Diseases,  Inflammation  and  )  ocai 
Injuries.  By  Rev.  Samuel  Fenton.  12J  cts. 

Southern  Agriculture. 

Comprising  Essays  on  the  Cultivation  of  Corn,  Hernp,  Tobacco,  Wheat,  &c.    $1. 

The  Cottage  and  Farm  Bee  Keeper : 

A  Practical  Work,  by  a  Country  Curate.    50  cts. 

A  Book  for  Every  Boy  in  the  Country. 

Elements  of  Agriculture.  Translated  from  the  French,  and  adapted  to  General  Use, 
by  F.  G.  Skinner.  25  cts. 

Rural  Architecture ; 

Comprising  Farm  Houses,  Cottages,  Carriage  Houses,  Sheep  and  Dove  Cotes,  Pigeriea, 
Barns,  &c.  Ac.  By  Lewis  F.  All«n.  $1  25. 

The  American  Muck  Book. 

The  American  Muck  Booh ;  treating  of  the  Nature,  Properties,  Sources,  History, 
and  Operations  of  all  the  principal  Fertilizers  and  Manures  in  Common  Use,  with 
Specific  Directions  for  their  Preservation,  and  Application  to  the  Soil  and  to  Crops; 
drawn  from  Authentic  Sources.  Actual  Experience,  and  Personal  Observation,  as  Com- 
bined with  the  leading  Principles  of  Practical  and  Scientific  Agriculture.  By  J.  D. 
Browne.  $1.25 

Youatt  on  the  Pig. 

A  Treatise  on  the  Breeds,  Management,  and  Medical  Treatment  of  Swine  ;  with  direc- 
tion for  Salting  Pork,  Curing  Bacon  and  Ha*ss.  By  WrruYouatt,  H..S.  Illustrated  witr 
engravings  drawn  from  life.  60  cts. 

Youatt  on  the  Dog. 

By  Wm.  /ouatt,     Splendidly  illustrated.    Edited,  with  Additions,  by  E,  J.  Lewis.  M  JD 

$1  50. 

The  Poultry  Book. 

By  „' :hn  C .  Bennett,  M.D.    84  ot«. 


Books  for  Sale  by  C.  M.  Saxton. 


The  American  Poulterer's  Companion, 

With  illustrations.    By  C  N.  Berwnt.    f  1. 

American  Poultry  Book. 

By  Micajah  Cock.    38  cts. 

The  Rose  Culturist. 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  its  Cultivation  and  Management.    50  etr- 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  Honey  Bees, 

Their  Management,  &c.    By  Edward  Townley.    50  oto, 

The  American  Fruit  Book. 

By  S.  W.  Cole.    50  cts. 

The  American  Veterinarian. 

By  S.  W.  Cole.    50  cts. 

The  Gardener's  Text  Book. 

By  Peter  Adam  Sohenck.    50  cts. 

The  American  Gardener. 

By  William  Cobbett.    50  cts. 

The  Farmer's  Land  Measurer. 

By  James  Pedder.    50  ots. 

New  England  Fruit  Book. 

By  John  M.  Ives.    56  cts. 

Practical  Treatise  on  Fruits, 

Adapted  to  New  England  Culture.  By  George  Jkques.    50  eU 

Farmer  and  Emigrant's  Hand  Book. 

A  Guide  to  Clearing  the  Forest  and  Prairie  Land,  &c.,  Ac.     By  Josiih  T.  Marshall 
|1. 

Farmer's  Barn  Book. 

By  Youatt,  Clater,  Skinner  and  Mills.    $1  2ft. 

Hind's  Farriery  and  Stud  Book. 

Edited  by  J.  S.  Skinner.    $1. 

Mason's  Farrier  and  Stud  Book. 

Edited  by  J.  S.  Skinner.    $1  85. 

Stewart's  Stable  Economy. 

A  Treatise  on  the  Management  of  Sorses.     Edited  \  y  A.  B.  Allen.    $1. 

Sugar  Planter's  Manual. 

By  W.  S.  Evans,  M.D.    $1  25. 

Treatise  on  Hothouses  and  Ventilation. 

By  R   S.  Suckars     |1  K 


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Ornamental  and  Domestic  Poultry. 

By  Rev.  Edmund  Saul  Dixon,  A.M.    With  Large  Additions  by  J.  J.  Kerr,  M.D.    Witk 

illustrations      $1. 

Canfield  on  Sheep, 

Their  Breeds  Management,  Structure,  and  Diseases.     Wr&  Illustrative  Engravings  »«d 
an  Appendix      Edited  by  H.  J.  Canfield.     $1. 

Book  of  Flowers, 

In  which  are  described  the  various  Hardy  Herbaceous  i'erennials,  Annuals,  Shrubby 
Plants  and  Evergreen  Trees  desirable  for  Ornamental  Purposes.    By  Jos.  Breck.    75  eta 

Experimental  Researches  on  the  Food  of  Animals, 

The  Fattening  of  Cattle,  and  Remarks  on  the   Food  ol   Man.     By  Robert  Dtmd<ur 
Thompson,  M.D.     75  cts. 

The  American  Flower  Garden  Companion, 

Revised  and  enlarged.    By  Edward  Sayres.    75  eta, 

The  Farmer's  Treasure. 

A  Treatise  on  ths  Nature  and  Value  of  Manures,  and  Productive  Farming.    By  F 
Faulkner  and  Joseph  A.  Smith.     75  cts. 

The  Practical  Farrier. 

By  Richard  Mason.    76  eta. 

The  American  Farrier. 

By  Barnum.    75  eta. 

Principles  of  Practical  Gardening. 

By  Ge«».  W.  Johnston,  Esq.    $1  85. 


Buchannan  on  the  Grape. 

60  c« 

Spooner  on  the  Grape. 


The  Cultivation  of  American  Grape  Vines,  and  making  of  Wine.     By  Alden 
38  cts. 

The  Young  Gardener's  Assistant. 

By  Thomas  Bridgeman.    $1  50. 

The  Florist's  Guide. 

By  Thos.  Bridgeman.    50  cts. 

The  Kitchen  Gardener's  Instructor. 

By  Bridgeman.    50  CTS. 

The  Fruit  Cultivator's  Manual. 

By  Bridgeman.    50  cts. 

The  Horse, 

Its  Habitf  Diseases  ai:<2  Managercam,  iu  Ihe  Stablo  and  on  the  Read,  &c     95  o»« 


6  Books  for  Sale  by  C.  M.  Saxton. 

The  Fruit,  Flower,  and  Kitchen  Garden. 

By  Patrick  Neili,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  adapted  to  the  United  States.    $1  2S. 

Ladies'  Companion  to  the-  Flower  Garden. 

By  Mrs.  Loudon.    Edited  by  A.  J.  Downing.     $1  25, 

The  Fruits  and  Fruit  Trees  of  America. 

By  A.  J.  Downing.    $1  59. 
Do.  do.  do.  do.  colored,    15  00 

Dictionary  of  Modern  Gardening. 

By  Gco.  W.  Johnston.    Edited  by  David  Lanireth.    $1  50. 

The  Rose  Fancier's  Manual. 

By  Mrs.  Gore.    $1  50. 

Parsons  on  the  Rose. 

The  Rose  :  its  History,  Poetry,  Culture,  and  Classification.    By  S.  B.  Parsons.    $1  50. 

Hovey's  Fruits  of  America. 

Containing  richly  colored  Figures  and  full  Descriptions  of  all  the  Choicest  Varietiei 
cultivated  in  the  United  States,  in  12  numbers.    $12. 

History,  Treatment  and  Diseases  of  the  Horse, 

With  a  Treatise  on  Draught,  and  Copious  Index.     $2. 


Rural  Economy, 

In  its  Relations  with  Chemistry,  '. 


,j  Physics,  and  Meteorology.     By  J.  B.  Boussingault. 
Translated,  &c.,  by  George  Law.     $1. 

Liebig's  Agricultural  Chemistry. 

Edited  by  Lyon  Playfair,  Ph.D  ,  F.G.S.,  and  William  Gregory,  M.D..  P.R.S.E.     $1. 

The  Modern  System  of  Farriery, 

As  Practised  at  the  Present  Time  at  the  Royal  Veterinary  College,  and  from  Twenty 
Years'  Practice  of  the  Author,  George  Skevington,  M.R.V  C.    $5. 

Ewbank's  Hydraulics: 

A  Descriptive  and  Historical  Account  of  Hydraulic  and  other  Machines  for  Raising 
Water.     $2  50. 

The  Fruit  Garden. 

By  P.  Barry.    $1  25. 

The  American  Fruit  Culturist ; 

Containing  Directions  for  the  Culture  of  Fruit  Trees  in  tn?  Nurs  *ry,  Orchard,  and  Gar 
den.     By  John  J.  Thomas.     $1  25 

The  Rose  Manual. 

By  Robert  Bu  1st.     75  cts. 

The  Plants  or  Boston  and  Vicinity. 

By  J&cob  Bigalow,  MX      *l  M 


Books  for  Sale  by  C.  M.  Saxton.  7 

The  Indian  Meal  Book; 

Comprising  the  bea  Receipts  for  the  Preparation  of  that  Article.  By  Miss  Leslie.  25 et* 

The  Horse's  Foot, 

And  How  to  Keep  it  Sound.     By  William  Miles.    25  cti. 

Catechism  of  Agricultural  Chemistry  and  Geology 

By  J.  F.  W.  Johnston.    25  cts. 

Chemistry  Applied  to  Agriculture. 

By  Le  Count  Chaptal.    50  ct» 

British  Husbandry. 

Three  Vols.  and  Supplement.     $5. 

Loudon's  Arboretum. 

Eight  Vols.     $25. 

Loudon  on  Gardening. 

London's  Encyclopedia  of  Gardening.     $10 

Loudon  on  Agriculture. 

London's  Encyclopedia  of  Agriculture.    $10. 

London  on  Trees,  &c 

Loudon's  Encyclopedia  of  Trees,  Shrub*  Jte. 

Loudon  on  Plants,  &c. 

Loudon's  Encyclopedia  of  Plants,  &c. 

The  Farmer's  Library. 

Two  vols.  8vo.  English.    $5 

The  Farmer's  Dictionary. 

By  D.  P.  Gardner.     $1  50. 

Practical  Treatise  on  the  Grape  Vine. 

By  J.  Fisk  Allen.     Boards,  $1 ; 

Practical  Treatise  on  the  Veterinary  Art. 

By  J.  Briddsa.     75  cts. 

Sheep  Husbandry. 

By  Henry  S.  Randall.    $1  50. 

A  gricultural  Chemistry. 

By  Justus  Liebig.    Cloth,  $1 ;  cheap  edition.  25  cU. 

Animal  Chemistry. 

By  J.  Liebig.    Cloth,  JO  cts. ;  cVtap  ed  pap«r,  35  ota 

Liebig's  Complete  Works. 

In  one  vol    ><>.     $1. 


8  Books  for  Sale  by  C  M,  Saxton. 


Cot  age  and  Farm  Houses. 

By  A.  J.  Downing.     $2 

Country  Houses, 

By  A    I.  Downing.     |\ 

Sportsman's  Liorarj. 

By  T.B.Johnson.     Englisi  edition.     |5 

Landscape  Gardening. 

By  A.  J.  Downing.     &  50. 

Cottage  Residences. 

By  A.  J.  Downing    $2. 

Chaptal's  Agricultural  Chemistry, 

With  Notes.     $1 

American  Husbandry. 

By  Gaylord  and  Tucker.     $1. 

Gardener's  Dictionary. 

By  Geo.  Don,  F.L  S.    4  vols.  quart       $10. 

Journal  of  Agriculture. 

Edited  by  John  S.  Skinner     3  vols.     $6. 

Downing' s  Horticulturist. 

Half  morocco.    Per  Vol.  yearly  Vols.     $3  75. 
Do.  do.  half  yearly  "  2  00. 

The  Complete  Produce  Reckoner, 

Showing  the  Value  by  Pound  or  Bushel.     By  R.  Robbins      75  eta. 

The  American  Shepherd. 

By  L.  A.  Merrill.     $1. 

The  Principles  of  Agriculture. 

By  Albert  D.  Thaer.     $2  50. 

Lectures  to  Farmers  on  Agricultural  Chemistry 

By  Alexander  Petzholdts.     75  ct*. 

The  Complete  Farrier. 

By  John  C.  Know  son.    25  ct«. 

The  Complete  Cow  Doctor. 

By  J.  C.  Knowlson.     25  ct«. 

Milch  Cows. 

ByGuenon.     38  ct«. 

A.  Home  for  All ; 

Or  a  New.  Cheap,  and  Su^erier  mod«  of  Building.    By  O.  S.  Fowler.     50  ott. 


Buoksfor  Sale  by  C.  M.  Saxton* 
The  Poultry  Breeder. 

By  George  P.  Burnham.     25  oU 

The  American  Fowl  Breeder,    25  cts. 
The  Farmer's  Companion. 

By  Judge  Buel.    75  cts. 

The  Farmer's  Instructor. 

By  Judge  Buel.    $1. 

European  Agriculture, 

From  Personal  Observation.     By  Henry  Coleman.    2  vol».          $5  Oft 
Do.  do.  do.  1  rcl.  4  flfc 

The  Gardener  and  Florist.     25  ct*. 
The  Honey  Bee. 

By  Sevan.    31  cts. 

Elements  of  Practical  Agriculture. 

By  John  P.  Norton.    50  cts. 

Rogers'  Scientific  Agriculture.    75  cts 
Mills'  Sportsman's  Library.   $1. 
Stable  Talk  and  Table  Talk.   $1 
Hawker  and  Porter  on  Shooting.    93 1* 
Field  Sports. 

By  Frank  Forrester.    2  vols.     $4 

Fish  and  Fishing. 

By  Frank  Forrester.    $2  50. 

The  American  Angler's  Guide. 

By  J.  J.  Brown.    $1  50. 

Johnson's  Farmer's  Encyclopedia. 

Edited  by  G.  Emerson,  M.D.     $4. 

Scientific  and  Practical  Agriculture. 

By  Alonzo  Gray.    75  cts. 

Theory  and  Practice  of  Agriculture, 

By  A.  Partridge.    12  oto. 

Armstrong  on  Agriculture,   soc* 


10  Books  for  Sale  by  C.  M.  Saxton. 

Hovey's  Magazine  of  Horticulture. 

Published  monthly.    Per  annum  $2. 

Downing'  Horticulturist. 

Published  monthly.    Per  annum  $3 

Gilpin's  Landscape  Gardening. 

English  edition.     $2  50 

The  Gardener's  Calendar. 

By  M.  Mahon.    $3  50. 

Agriculture  for  Schools. 

By  Rev.  J.  L.  Blike,  D.E.     $1. 

Text  Book  of  Agriculture. 

By  Davis.    50  cts. 

The  American  Agriculturist  and  Farmer's  Cabinet 

Published  monthly.    Per  annum  $1. 

Weeks  on  the  Honey  Bee. 
Cottages  and  Cottage  Life. 

By  Elliott.    $2  25. 

Chemical  Analysis. 

By  Fresinus  and  Bullock.    $1. 

Applied  Chemistry. 

By  A  Parnell.     $1. 

The  Vegetable  Kingdom, 

Or  Handbook  of  Plants.    By  L.  D.  Chapin.    $1  9ft, 

The  Muck  Manual. 

A  new  eu'tion.    By  Samuel  L.  Daia.    $1. 

Youatt  on  the  Horse. 

Edited  by  J.  S,  Skinner.    $1  50, 

Clater's  Farrier.   soots. 
The  Dog  and  Sportsman. 

By  J .  S.  Skinner.     ot% 

The  Bird  Keeper's  Manual,   so  cts. 
The  American  Herd  Book. 

By  Le*ls  F.  Allen.    |P.- 

The  American  Orchardist. 

ByJ  Kenrick.    75et». 


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